bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study on Airplane Ceiling
Authors: Breguet Louis , Roy Maurice 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The useful torque exerted on the propeller shaft depends principally on the altitude, on the throttle setting, and on the r.p.m. of the engine. While the French Section Technique d’Aeronautique postulates that the variation of torque with altitude depends mainly on the density, the authors believe that, given good altitude adjustment and a carburetor heated to a constant temperature, the variation of torque depends directly on the relative pressure at altitude.
Having established formulas for power variation with altitude, it is possible to calculate the ceiling theoretically, provided the characteristics of the plane have been determined by tests in horizontal flight at any altitude and at any load whatsoever.
To obtain the greatest possible ceiling it is essential that:
1 The engine should turn at full throttle the greatest possible r.p.m.
2 The weight of the machine per horsepower at the ground should be as low as possible.
3 The span loading should be as low as possible.
4 The propeller should be designed to have maximum efficiency at the condition of minimum power.
With a specially designed plane and an unsupercharged engine the authors estimate that an altitude of 13,000 meters can be reached, beating previous records by some 2000 meters.
A few simple tests at one altitude with a careful record of all the elements involved can be made to give all the plans and propulsive group characteristics. The theory and practice of such experiments are fully developed in the paper.
To make full use of supercharging it is apparently necessary to change not only the pitch but also the diameter of the propeller. An alternative proposition would be to employ a variable-speed gear between engine and propeller. This fascinating idea is in some respects easier to realize than the propeller of variable pitch and diameter.
Both supercharging with altitude and undercharging at the ground offer possibilities of increasing ceiling.
Some Economical Aspects of Airplane Design
Authors: Kleinhans Schuyler 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Airplane design requires a very clear idea of the duties to be performed. Specifications should include full information as to engine power, load, top speed, landing speed, climb, range of operation, restrictions of dimensions, special arrangements for docking or storing, and factors of safety desired. The paper contains computations and graphs for planes with one, two, or three engines. It shows gains in pay load with reduction of top speed and increase in power loading. The three-engined plane suffers in comparison due to greater resistance from the greater division of power.
The Radially Tapered Disk Spring
Authors: Brecht W. A. , Wahl A. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper disk springs, both flat and dished, having radially tapered cross-sections are considered. The advantages of such springs are discussed. Equations are developed by approximate and more exact methods for calculating the strength and flexibility of such springs. The theoretical work is checked up by numerous tests, including both strain and deflection measurements. It is concluded that springs of this type may be of advantage in certain applications.
Torsional-Vibration Dampers
Authors: Den Hartog J. P. , Ormondroyd J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the authors present a theory of the action of friction dampers on systems in torsional resonance, with special application to gas- and Diesel-engine installations. Model tests carried out to check this theory are described. The effect of introducing springs in the Lanchester damper is also discussed.
Steady Forced Vibration as Influenced by Damping: An Approximate Solution of the Steady Forced Vibration of a System of One Degree of Freedom Under the Influence of Various Types of Damping
Authors: Jacobsen Lydik S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper the author presents a general method of obtaining approximate solutions of the steady forced vibration of a damped system of one degree of freedom for the case of sinusoidally varying disturbing forces.
The approximation consists in expressing all the damping terms of the original differential equation by a single equivalent damping term, proportional to the first power of the velocity of motion.
In the case of a system influenced by a centrifugal disturbing force and damped by constant friction and by friction proportional to the first power of the velocity, experimental evidence is in good agreement with the approximate solution.
While the paper deals solely with a system of one degree of freedom, there is no reason aside from complexity why the approximate solution cannot be applied to systems of several degrees of freedom.
Atmospheric Pollution and Sunlight
Authors: Drinker Philip , Thomson Robert M. , Choate Sarah P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Records of daylight taken in Boston over a period of 16 months are correlated with dust counts, wind velocity, and per cent relative humidity. Results indicate a slight inverse relationship between dust counts and daylight (coefficient = −0.1861) and dust counts and wind velocity (coefficient = −0.1501). At the recording station on the southern edge of the city 68 per cent of the maximum daylight possible was received. Although conclusive proofs are lacking it seems probable that natural causes more than smoke pollution account for this transmission figure. Measurements of solar ultraviolet light by the acetone-methylene-blue method are plotted for six stations in Massachusetts. The degree of atmospheric pollution in the vicinity of the Boston recording station is not sufficient to destroy the therapeutic value of sunshine, even during the winter months.
A Study of Electric House Heating
Authors: Stevenson A. R. , Faust F. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The use of oil and gas as fuels for domestic heating furnaces has been developed to avoid the inconvenient features of coal. Electricity as a source of heat has been given little consideration, particularly because of the idea that it is too expensive, although otherwise it is an ideal heat source. Two principal ways of using it are described—the direct conversion of electricity to heat, and the use of electricity as a source of energy to drive a heat pump. A plan is described based on using electric energy off peak in order to obtain low power rates and of storing the heat generated to be used as required.
Carbonization-Plant “Lurgi” Process of Lehigh (N. D.) Briquetting Company
Authors: Toltz Max 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The first operating installation of the German “Lurgi” process for treating low-grade fuel is described. The process is particularly adapted to North Dakota lignite; and the carbonized-coal residue, with pitch by-product as a binder, is pressed into merchantable briquets, which burn as a smokeless fuel with high recoverable heat value.
The Bin System of Pulverized Coal
Authors: Kreisinger Henry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The advantages of the bin system for handling pulverized coal are given as follows: Dependable feed of coal to furnace within a wide range of rating of the boiler. Easy adjustment of primary and secondary air. Coal can be pulverized in the off-peak period. Mills can always be operated at full rating. Uniform fineness of coal. Breakdown of mill does not interfere with boiler operation. Increased moisture or ash content does not affect maximum steam output of boilers. Wear on mill does not affect fineness of coal nor capacity of boiler. Clean and noiseless boiler room. High thermal efficiency of boiler plant.
Recent Instances of Embrittlement in Steam Boilers
Authors: Straub Frederick G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author discusses briefly the cause of the recent boiler explosion at Crossed, Arkansas, attributing the failure to embrittlement produced as a result of using soda-ash treatment on a water too low in sulphate content. Other instances of cracking of seams in steam boilers are also described. Emphasis is placed upon the regular inspection of leaky seams in steam boilers, particularly when the boiler water does not meet the A.S.M.E. recommendation.
Use of Alloy Steels in Iron- and Steel-Mill Equipment
Authors: Johnson E. R. , Bamberger O. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Substituting alloy steels for the ordinary carbon steels in its mill equipment is the practice of the Central Alloy Steel Corporation when occasion arises to make a change. Elimination of breakdowns and costly repairs is claimed to be furthered by certain uses of the alloys. A gradual building up of the alloy-steel equipment is taking place. Producing alloy steel itself, the initial cost is low. There are three requirements which permit the substitution of alloy steels: (1) Increase of the physical properties of strength, ductility, and toughness. (2) The ability to withstand wear and abrasion. (3) Resistance to corrosion.
Manufacture of Large Weldless Forged-Steel Pressure Vessels
Authors: Cox John L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes in detail the various steps taken in the manufacture of large weldless forged-steel cylinders for high-pressure boiler drums and for various uses in the oil-refining and chemical industries. It covers the melting, casting, and heating of the ingot; cutting-off, piercing, and expanding the billet; forging, treating, and machining the cylinder; and illustrates a number of ways in which the ends of the cylinder can be closed.
Design and Construction of Hot Saws for Cutting Heavy Sections
Authors: Pearson A. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Sawing is an ancient art and it may be said without fear of contradiction that its origin dates from primeval times. A stone or a shell with a ragged edge may have served as the implement, and the pressure or feed, as well as the speed, were then, as now, very important factors in the undertaking. Other methods of cutting have been found, but the abrasion process is still the one that is most generally employed for cutting heavy material to length. In the use of this process, as in sawing, the cutting tool is generally harder than the material being sawed. The author describes saws for cutting hot and cold metals and gives results of tests on a variety of saws.
Management of the Small Manufacturing Plant: Its Characteristics and Advantages
Authors: Field Crosby 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Having ascertained by the four standards of comparison of size of plant that small plants greatly predominate this paper suggests two reasons for this large proportion: first, that constantly changing needs are being fulfilled by new products, requiring plants in the pioneer and expansion phases of industrial life, which plants must be relatively small; and, second, the higher efficiency that small plants seem to possess.
In order to arrive at a basis of measurement by which plants may be compared, their differences in each of their activities are evaluated in an approximate fashion, and these form a composite figure which has great influence on the plant’s chances of success. Although this factor has been quite generally understood, no name has yet been given to it; hence the name “degree of uniquity” is suggested, and the effect of volume and other operating influences on this factor are discussed.
In discussing the personnel of a small plant relative versatility is stressed and also the tremendous advantage enjoyed by the small plant in having the higher incentive of part ownership for the higher executives and the immediate and concrete interrelation between effort and resulting bonuses among the subordinate keymen. General organization, research, retaining of consultants, etc., are mentioned.
Management of a Large Plant: How to Retain the Advantages of the Small Plant
Authors: Reynders A. B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Experience shows that one man cannot efficiently supervise more than ten others. Each assistant should have definite duties and responsibilities in order to become a regular superintendent or foreman. A carefully planned organization with clearly defined duties for each position will accomplish much, but the selection of proper men is of great importance. The success of a small concern depends almost entirely upon its personnel. As the organization grows its functioning consumes more time, and a large corporation must function through written instructions. A large plant has the advantage of quantity production and can also obtain the advantages of the small plant by careful attention to details. The advantages usually considered as resulting from a small plant are quick action, low-production cost of small quantities, and close relationship of employee and employer. The paper discusses each of these advantages and outlines methods of obtaining them in large organizations.
The Application of Aerial Tramways to Long and Short Hauls
Authors: Morrison M. P. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aerial tramways are of value where no other means of transportation is possible and also in competition with other methods of transportation. The difficulties of an engineering nature are easily overcome. The advantages over other methods are independence of weather conditions, independence of ground conditions such as crossing streams, roads, ravines, and mountains, thus avoiding expensive tunneling or trestle work, and the easy protection of property by guard screens over railroads, highways, and buildings. With aerial tramways, the length and capacity are unlimited from an engineering standpoint. Tramways have been built up to 54 miles. An extremely long tramway can be built in several sections. There are tramways with a capacity up to 300 tons per hour in successful operation. Extreme length and capacity are sometimes limited from a commercial standpoint, where long railroad hauls are more economical. In the handling of material a small amount of labor is required. A tramway of 200 tons per hour can be operated by one man and a helper, with no rehandling of material. The aerial tramway is applicable for large construction jobs. There is a 220-tons-per-hour tramway for dam construction running 24 hours per day. Among tramways of special design are the tramway at Alabaster, Mich., which carries 300 tons per hour of gypsum rock from a shore bin to a lake dock 6600 ft. out; a tramway at Gerlach, Nev., which carries 100 tons per hour of gypsum rock 5¼ miles to a discharge terminal with the special feature of discharging into a bin or of forming a big stock pile outside of the station. Passenger tramways have not been built in this country to any extent on account of the opposition to this means of transportation.
Automatic Control of Oil-Pipe-Line Stations: First Report of the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Automatic Pipe-Line Pumping Stations
Authors: Ford J. B. , McMahon J. B. , Williamson T. D. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a fully automatic oil-pipe-line pumping station built by the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Automatic Pipe-Line Pumping Stations. The station is in operation at the grounds of the International Petroleum Exposition at Tulsa, Okla., and is being used as an experimental laboratory to complete the development of automatic pumping and to fully test out and coordinate the equipment units used in its construction. When this development is completed, the committee will make a final report indicating all changes, and will give a description of the piping and electrical circuits finally resulting from this research.
Economic Design of Oil-Pipe-Line Transportation Systems
Authors: Wolf Oscar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Carriers of energy and transportation systems for gas or oil should be so designed that the sum of their total yearly charges (fixed charges plus all operating expenses) is a minimum. This paper presents the basic cost data entering into the design of an oil-pipe-line system as a function of the known quantites, usually given in the form of:
(1) The permissible maximum working fiber stress of the steel in pipe
(2) The physical characteristics of the oil to be transported
(3) The length of the prospective line
(4) Elevation of initial and terminal points of the system
(5) Daily capacity for which the system is to be designed
(6) Period of years during which all non-salvageable investments are to be retired by a proper depreciation reserve
(7) Interest, depreciation, and tax, and insurance rates.
It is possible to express the total pressure heads to be overcome, and consequently the power requirements of such a system, as a function of these given terms. The resulting equation, representing the sum of the fixed charges and operating expenses Y + X, can then be differentiated, and by making the first differential coefficient equal to zero, the most economical pipe diameter, pipe-wall thickness, and station spacing can be determined.
It will be found that a system designed according to these principles, but without regard for the requirements of mechanical strength of the pipe, will result in a layout calling for pipe diameter, pipe-wall thickness, and station working pressure considerably at variance with established practicability. It is therefore necessary to base such computations not merely upon hydraulic considerations, but the question of sufficient wall thickness to insure mechanical strength must be introduced in a manner so as to reflect requirements which, in the past, have been found satisfactory in fulfilling these conditions.
Illustration by means of an actual example reveals the very striking fact that a difference of one commercial size in the pipe diameter of such a system may affect the total yearly cost by sums of such magnitude that the carrying out of such basic calculations is amply justified.
Printing-Plant Operation Without Alibis; Is It Possible?
Authors: Ortman Hadar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author describes printing-plant operation as “the industry of alibis,” and he asserts that it is easy to designate duties and to prepare specifications and instructions so that responsibility may be placed where it belongs and mistakes may be properly traced and their repetition prevented. He summarizes the principles of successful management and operation under eight heads.
Heat Transfer in the Locomotive Superheater
Authors: Fry Lawford H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The author’s method for calculating heat transfer in locomotive flues is applied to determine the heat transfer in the superheater flues and tubes. It is applied to three sets of experimental data obtained from two locomotives on the Altoona locomotive test plant. In each case the firebox temperature and the rate of flow of the gases of combustion through the flues are taken as points of departure. The Fry method is used to calculate the temperature drop along the evaporative flues and along the superheater flues, and the transfer of heat to the evaporative surface of the flues containing the superheater pipes and to the superheater pipes. The results of the calculations indicated are shown in tabular form in comparison with the observed results.
Modern Method of Manufacturing Classical Furniture
Authors: Kimp Harry 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Modern methods of manufacturing classical furniture eliminate nearly all hand operations. They are simplified by the use of the “rod” drawn on basswood to full size, from which measurements are taken by workmen for the construction of each piece of a suit. In this paper the author describes a process for preparing and drying lumber through various machine operations from the start to the completed furniture, preparatory to shipment.
Measuring Fire Resistance of Wood
Authors: Truax T. R. , Harrison C. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The Forest Products Laboratory has devised the fire-tube test to accurately measure in definite terms the property of wood to resist the spread of flame. As an acceptance test, the fire-tube method promises to be useful in evaluating the factors and conditions which affect the fire resistance of wood, as well as a means of working out the problems of those in the business of treating wood with fire retardants.
Mass Production of Radio Cabinets
Authors: Richards Archer W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The great demand for radio cabinets made it necessary for manufacturers to arrange their methods and machinery on a highly productive basis. The author in this paper tells of the production methods and machinery used by the Grigsby-Grunow Company. Lumber is purchased already dried and cut to exact dimensions for standard designs of cabinets. The material is received in matched sets, so parts are started through the mill immediately upon receipt and much storage space is saved and several handlings are eliminated. More rigid inspection is necessary with this method than with others so specifications for material were given careful attention. The paper describes the plant equipment, inspection methods, plant layout, and handling methods.
Comparative Analysis Optimal Designs for Passive, Electrified, and Net Zero Energy Residential Buildings
Authors: Schwartz Emily , Krarti Moncef 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a life cycle cost-based optimization analysis is carried out to compare the energy and cost performance of diverse sustainable designs of a residential building. These designs include code optimal, net zero energy building, and passive house. It is found that in the case where natural gas is employed, a total energy savings of 77% is optimal. The cost optimal design for electrification achieves 100.12% of energy savings relative to the baseline design but results slightly high life cycle cost than that of the gas cost optimal design. In addition, the results indicate that due to the additional capital costs for the required energy efficient measures, the passive house case is less economically optimal than NZEB design options. Overall, the most cost-optimal designs are found to be for natural gas heated homes with marginally better energy performance than the applicable currently energy efficiency code with 10 kW solar panels.
On Stationary Flow of Dense Plasma under Localized Energy Deposition
Authors: Abramov I. S. , Gospodchikov E. D. , Shalashov A. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents a one-dimensional gas-dynamic model that gives an opportunity to establish the necessary conditions for the emergence and determine characteristics of a stationary flow of a compressible continuous medium with nonlinear thermal conductivity, an example of which is a fully or partially ionized plasma, in the presence of a localized heat source with a given power.