bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Pneumococcus Capsular Polysaccharides on the Degradation of Rabbit Antibodies in Mice
Authors: Gitlin David , Mönckeberg Fernando , Janeway Charles A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice injected intraperitoneally with potentially immunizing and immunologically paralyzing doses of pneumococcus type II, III and XII polysaccharides were subsequently given radioiodinated rabbit antibodies intravenously and the disappearance of the labeled proteins from these mice was studied. It was found that: The degradation of rabbit antibodies specific for a given polysaccharide followed a triphasic disappearance pattern when injected into mice that had received 500 μg of that polysaccharide even 35 days earlier. this behavior was attributable directly or indirectly to specific interaction of the antibodies with the antigen.The interaction of rabbit antibodies with specific polysaccharide in vivo accelerated the formation of antibodies against rabbit γ-globulin by the mouse.Rabbit antibodies when mixed with their specific polysaccharides prior to injection also accelerated the formation of antibodies to rabbit γ-globulin by the mouse. Rabbit antibodies in complexes formed with specific polysaccharide in the zone of antigen excess and immediately injected into mice disappeared, as did rabbit antibodies in mice given 500 μg of homologous polysaccharide.Small or immunizing doses of polysaccharide had no apparent effect on the metabolism of rabbit antibodies given 35 days later, whether the antibodies were specific for the polysaccharide or not.
These studies suggest that the specific immunological paralysis induced in mice by pneumococcus polysaccharide is not due to continuous neutralization of antibodies by tissue-fixed polysaccharide.
Intradermal Reactions in Man to Autologous Erythrocytes Sensitized with Tuberculin or Endotoxin
Authors: Sell Stewart , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human subjects were injected intradermally with their own erythrocytes sensitized with old tuberculin or Escherichia coli endotoxin. Erythrocytes sensitized with tuberculin induced a delayed inflammatory response in tuberculinpositive subjects but no inflammatory reaction in tuberculin-negative ones. Erythrocytes sensitized to endotoxin induced an immediate 5-hr inflammatory reaction with a delayed component in all subjects. Unsensitized cells remained at the site of injection, but cells sensitizied to OT or suspended in OT were removed by the delayed reaction in tuberculin-positive subjects. Endotoxin-sensitized cells or cells suspended in endotoxin also remained at the site of injection despite the immediate reaction in all subjects.
These results indicate: a) that antigens adsorbed in blood cells elicit the same reaction as the unabsorbed antigen in vivo; and b) that the intradermal injection of sensitized erythrocytes is a useful technique for distinguishing between the behavior of different types of bacterial antigens, as illustrated in the present study by the differences between the reaction to tuberculinsensitized and endotoxin-sensitized erythrocytes.
Induced and Spontaneous Recurrent Parasitemia in Chronic Infections with Avirulent Strains of Toxoplasma Gondii
Authors: Remington Jack S. , Melton Marjorie L. , Jacobs Leon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Parasitemia was shown to occur spontaneously in animals chronically infected with certain strains of Toxoplasma. This was demonstrated in mice, rabbits, and guinea pigs, but not in rats infected with the Toxoplasma strains tested. This parasitemia was found to persist in the presence of high antibody titers and in animals showing resistance to challenge with a virulent strain of Toxoplasma.
The Effects of Pretreatment with X-Rays on the Pathogenesis of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis in Mice
Authors: Hotchin John , Weigand Heribert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The protective effect of x-ray pretreatment on mice infected with LCM virus was quantitatively compared using two different virus and mouse strains. The x-ray dose effect was host controlled, and under optimal conditions 500 r protected for 4 to 8 days; this period coincided with severe leukopenia. X-irradiation caused a slight increase in virus titer in brain and blood, while eliminating signs of disease and mortality. The conclusion is made that infection with the virus used is intrinsically harmless, and the protective effect of x-rays is due to a suppression of the disease-producing immune response of the host resulting in a state of tolerant immunity similar to immunological paralysis.
Spotted Fever Vaccine; Potency Assay by Direct Challenge of Vaccinated Mice with Toxin of Rickettsia Rickettsii
Authors: Bell E. John , Stoenner Herbert G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A mouse protection test, devised for the assay of Rocky Mountain spotted fever vaccine, determined the minimal quantity of vaccine capable of protecting mice against 2 LD50 toxic doses of Rickettsia rickettsii. This technique, which has several advantages over the standard guinea pig potency test, gave relatively consistent results. Thus, potency values were usually reproducible within 0.5 log dilution of vaccine, but variations as great as 0.8 log were observed. Several samples of yolk-sac products and tick-tissue (Dermacentor andersoni) vaccines which varied from 1 to 14 years in age exhibited mouse protection titers of from 1.0 to 2.2 logs. The minimal doses of vaccine required to protect guinea pigs and mice against challenge with R. rickettsii were similar. An antitoxin test similar to the standard method for potency assay of typhus vaccine was also studied. Minimal doses of spotted fever vaccine capable of stimulating a demonstrable amount of antitoxin in the serum of vaccinated guinea pigs were also capable of inducing resistance in these animals. Marked resistance was found to develop in both mice and guinea pigs by the 3rd day following vaccination. Serum antitoxin also developed rapidly in guinea pigs, reaching maximal titer by the 5th day after vaccination. When immunized guinea pigs were challenged with doses of R. rickettsii varying from 50 to 5000 ID50, the resulting vaccine protection titers were similar. However, a challenge dose of 5 ID50 resulted in a 4-fold increase in protective titer.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By means of precipitation with ammonium sulfate, the major globulin and albumin fractions of thyroid extract have been isolated. The required levels of precipitant are, respectively, 1.60 to 1.70 M and 2.50 to 3.00 M. Each fraction seems highly purified by ultracentrifugal analysis. The method is readily reproducible, and does not require any special equipment. It is adaptable to handling of large quantities of extract solution. A new protein fraction of thyroid extract, thyralbumin, has been isolated and partially characterized.
The Passive Transfer to Normal Dogs of Skin Reactivity, Asthma and Anaphylaxis from a Dog with Spontaneous Ragweed Pollen Hypersensitivity
Authors: Patterson Roy , Sparks Dale B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The spontaneous ragweed pollen hypersensitivity disease of a dog has been passively transferred to normal dogs. Wheal and erythema type skin reactivity, asthma and anaphylaxis were transferred by a heat labile serum factor. Extravasation of Evans blue dye in reactive sites in passively sensitized skin sites increased visibility of the Prausnitz-Küstner reactions. Postmortem examination of dogs dying of anaphylaxis showed marked changes in the liver and intestines.
Some Serological Properties of Staphylococcal Cells and Cell Walls
Authors: Yoshida A. , Heden C.-G. 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
The present studies indicate that Staphylococcus aureus strain 18Z contains at least seven antigenic components, and the cell walls possess at least two. Among these components, one protein antigen which has positive electric charge at pH 7.4 is mainly contained in the cell walls.
It was also shown that the virulent strain and the avirulent mutant strain contained the same antigenic components. However, the interesting question—whether or not the virulent strain may possess an antigen which is not contained in the avirulent strain— could not be settled. It is of course quite possible that an antigenic component which is responsible for virulence is not extractable by the methods described above.
Dr. Gunnar Haukenes has isolated a carbohydrate from Staphylococcus aureus which he considers to be group-specific and identical with the A carbohydrate of Wieghard and Julianelle (7). Dr. Haukenes has found this carbohydrate in the 18Z parent strain and its several mutants (Personal communication from Dr. Per Oeding).
An arguable hypothesis is that the difference in virulence between 18Z-D and 18Z-A and 18Z-C is dependent upon an extracellular cytopathogenic factor; no evidence for this hypothesis was obtained by Kapral and Li (1). Perhaps a more probable hypothesis is that strain 18Z-D possesses some subtle metabolic defect of unknown nature.
Studies of Antisera to Adult Human Hemoglobin
Authors: Naylor G. R. E. , Adair M. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 20 rabbits immunized with adult human hemoglobin, 10 eventually gave good precipitating antisera, 5 gave weak antisera and 5 had not produced precipitins after three courses of injections. When mixed with hemoglobin all the antisera gave red precipitates and were able to precipitate completely adult and cord blood hemoglobin in optimal proportions or antiserum excess. The antisera did not agglutinate human red cells. Three of six antisera tested were able to annul the action of carbonic anhydrase. Absorption experiments with two antisera showed a serological distinction between the major hemoglobin components of a cord blood and an adult blood. Reactions of the antisera suggest the presence of two or more antigenically distinct hemoglobins in a single sample of blood from one adult.
Hemagglutination by Mixtures of Human γ-Globulin and Heterogenetic Bacterial Antigen
Authors: Neter E. , Gorzynski E. A. , Anzai H. , Bokkenheuser V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Study on hemagglutination by mixtures of heterogenetic bacterial antigen and corresponding antibodies revealed the following results: Mixtures of antigen and γ-globulin cause agglutination of human erythrocytes that have been treated with either pancreatic protease, trypsin, ficin, bromelin, or papain.Crude extracts of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, and Listeria monocytogenes are all effective.Serum Fractions II 1, 2 and II 3 are both effective.Serum containing this antibody in comparable titer does not cause hemagglutination in the presence of antigen.Absorption of heterogenetic antibody from γ-globulin considerably reduces the hemagglutinating capacity of γ-globulin in the presence of antigen.This hemagglutination reaction is inhibited by human and animal serum; the serum factor(s) is heat stable at 75°C and only slightly affected at 100°C. Ultrafiltrates of serum are ineffective. Egg yolk, but not egg white, in high dilutions inhibits the reaction. Mixtures of cardiolipin and lecithin or cholesterol are also effective as inhibitors.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The interactions between human sera and human and monkey thyroid antigens were studied by the fluorescent antibody method, complement fixation, and tanned cell hemagglutination.
Three types of antibodies which stain human thyroids were demonstrated in human sera by the fluorescent antibody method. The antigens are characterized by staining of: a) thyroid colloid, b) cytoplasm of thyroid epithelium, and c) thyroid nuclei. Antibodies to thyroid colloid and to the cytoplasm of thyroid epithelium frequently occur together. Some sera appear to contain only antibodies to the cytoplasm of the thyroid epithelium. Antibodies to thyroid colloid and to the cytoplasm of thyroid epithelium were further differentiated by: a) differences in the chemical stability of the two antigens, b) selective removal of antibodies which stain thyroid colloid by adsorption with thyroglobulin. Sera which stained the cytoplasm of thyroid epithelial cells by the fluorescent antibody method also fixed complement with human thyroid microsome, to a lesser extent with human thyroid mitochondrial fraction and not at all with the nuclear fraction. Adsorption of sera, even with well washed microsomes, removed both the cell and the colloid staining antibodies. Immunofluorescent staining of the cytoplasm of thyroid epithelium occurred with the patient's own thyroid sections in three cases thus confirming the autoantibody nature of the reaction. All sera which stained thyroid colloid by the fluorescent antibody method also gave strong hemagglutination reactions. The converse was not always true. Hemagglutination occurred with the patient's own thyroid extracts in two cases thus confirming the autoantibody nature of this type of reaction. One of 17 sera studied stained all three thyroid consituents, the colloid, the cytoplasm of the epithelial cells, and the thyroid nuclei. Nuclear staining and colloid staining antibodies were removed by selective adsorption. Sera containing nuclear antibodies (mostly from patients with lupus erythematosus) stained no other component of thryoid sections but stained nuclei of all organs. Pathologic diagnosis and serologic findings were compared in 46 thyroidectomized patients. Thyroglobulin autoantibodies occurred in all chronic nonspecific thyroiditis cases. No other generalization could be made.
Studies on the Effect of Complement on Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Frick Oscar L. , Stiffel Claude , Biozzi Guido 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The reduction of hemolytic complement to 10% or less by human γ-globulin aggregates and antigen-antibody complexes in mice has no effect on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis induced by homologous antibody.
In general anaphylaxis in mice treated with Hemophilus pertussis the decomplementation by human α-globulin aggregates has no effect, whereas the antigen-antibody decomplementation produces a significant protection which is probably due to a shocking effect from this treatment.
Quantitative Studies on Surface Phagocytosis
Authors: Weaver R. E. , Seastone C. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Clotted human blood possessed greater phagocytic and bactericidal activity against encapsulated pneumococci and β-hemolytic streptococci than did heparinized blood, evidently a manifestation of surface phagocytosis. The effect of a fibrin surface on the efficiency of the phagocyte in the presence of specific opsonin, as measured by the bactericidal effect, varied with experimental conditions; this effect was not great in either direction.
A Study of Passive Sensitization of Guinea Pigs with Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Rosenberg Leon T. , Tachibana Dora K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was induced at sites sensitized with antigen-antibody complexes in antigen excess and a subsequent injection of antigen. Seventeen guinea pig antisera, seven rabbit antisera and one mouse antiserum to two antigens, egg albumin and bovine plasma albumin, were studied.
Sensitization of guinea pig skin sites occurred with complexes prepared with guinea pig antisera at various antigen excess ratios. Complexes prepared with either rabbit antisera or the mouse antiserum did not sensitize. A longer time of induction of PCA was required when antigen-guinea pig antibody complexes were employed than when equal amounts of free antibody were injected.
These results are interpreted to mean that antigen-guinea pig antibody complexes dissociate in vivo in guinea pigs. Rabbit complexes and mouse complexes appear not to dissociate in guinea pigs.
Detection of Antibodies in the α-2 and γ-Globulin Fractions of Human Tuberculous Sera
Authors: Allerhand Jona , Zitrin Charlotte M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human tuberculous and nontuberculous sera were fractionated by means of the continuous flow paper electrophoresis method. Precipitin tests were then performed, using the α-2 and γ-globulin fractions as the sources of antibody, with OT, PPD, and an unheated culture filtrate of tubercle bacilli as the sources of antigen. Both the tuberculous and control sera gave negative results before fractionation. After fractionation, the control sera remained negative. Of the 14 patients' sera, 12 became positive, 7 with both fractions, 3 with γ-globulin alone and 2 with α-2 globulin alone. The α-2 globulin fraction, in those cases where both were positive, generally precipitated earlier than the γ-globulin fraction.
In a comparison between the agar doublediffusion test with whole serum and the precipitin test with fractions of the same serum, the latter was positive in seven out of eight samples, whereas the former was positive in three out of the eight.
Demonstration of Gm 1(a) and Anti-Gm 1(a) Specificities by Tanned Cells Coated with Individual γ-Globulins
Authors: Epstein Wallace V. , Fudenberg Hugh 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The detection of rheumatoid factors by human Rho cells coated with incomplete Rho antibody is based on a reaction determined by the genetic (Gm) specificity of the 7 S γ-globulin coating the cells. Both pooled human γ-globulin (Cohn Fraction II) and rabbit γ-globulin lack this specificity and thus are unable to distinguish the anti-Gm specificities of the several rheumatoid factors.
The present study demonstrated that 7 S γ-globulins isolated from normal human sera by chromatographic techniques and coated on tannic acid-treated sheep erythrocytes retain their Gm specificity. The Gm 1(a) character of several sera and their 7 S γ-globulin fractions and the anti-Gm 1(a) specificity of several rheumatoid sera were established by correlating the inhibitory capacity of a panel of sera with their Gm 1(a) positivity or negativity as established by the sensitized D cell test. Heating the isolated γ-globulin to 56°C before coating cells was usually necessary to provide test cells with Gm specificity, whereas preheating the γ-globulin to 63°C destroyed Gm specificity.
A major limitation of the Gm test system is the scarcity of anti-Rho sera capable of distinguishing rheumatoid factors of various anti-Gm specificities.
The described system eliminates the need for anti-Rho sera of Gm 1(a+) phenotype and permits the Gm 1(a) classification of normal sera, as well as the detection of rheumatoid factor of anti-Gm 1(a) specificity.
Cytotoxicity of Anti-Tissue Antibodies
Authors: Ehrlich G. , Halbert S. P. , Manski W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Duck anti-adult rabbit lens sera demonstrated striking cytotoxicity against rabbit lens epithelium in tissue culture, whereas unimmunized duck serum was without effect. In addition, duck antisera to 26-day-old fetal rabbit lenses revealed similar cytotoxic effects. Duck antisera to rabbit sclera or cornea showed only minimal damaging effects on rabbit lens epithelium. These data confirm and extend earlier observations on the differences in specificity of cytotoxic antigens in various tissues from a single species. Homologous antisera prepared in the rabbit against pooled rabbit lenses, did not reveal cytotoxic effects on rabbit lens epithelium. Rabbit antisera against human, bovine, frog and marine fish (menhaden) similarly failed to damage rabbit lens epithelial cells, although all of the antisera contained numerous precipitating organ-specific antibodies active against rabbit soluble lens components. The data thus indicate that the antigens involved in organ specificity of the lens were not concerned in the cytotoxic reactions.
A Tissue Culture Assay for Variola Virus Based upon the Enumeration of Hyperplastic Foci
Authors: Pirsch James B. , Purlson Elliott H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The observation of hyperplastic foci in monolayer cultures of HeLa cells infected with variola virus led to the development of a tissue culture assay for this virus. The specificity of the assay was demonstrated by the fact that heat inactivation or exposure to immune serum reduced the capacity of the virus to produce the areas of hyperplasia. The proliferative lesions can be counted as early as the second day of infection; formation of secondary foci has never been detected. A linear relationship has been demonstrated between the numbers of foci formed and the concentrations of variola virus present in the inocula. The precision of the assay was established with a series of parallel titrations of a standard suspension of variola virus both in tissue culture and on the chorioallantoic membranes of embryonated chicken eggs. Counts derived from the tissue culture assay were four times higher and showed consistently less variation than those obtained by the pock method. The new tissue culture assay is simple to perform and economical of time and equipment.
Histochemical and Biochemical Changes in the Chorioallantoic Membranes and Allantoic Fluids of Embryonate Eggs Infected with Influenza Virus
Authors: Kelly Richard , Greiff Donald , Anderson Doris 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The endodermal cells of chorioallantoic membranes, from eggs infected with the PR8 strain of influenza virus, fixed and stained with alcian blue PAS stain 24 hr postinoculation, showed a diminution in the histochemical reaction for acid mucins; a negative reaction 48 and 72 hr postinoculation; stainable material reappeared at the 96th hr and increased up to 144 hr. Strongly positive reactions for the periods above were observed in the cells of membranes from noninfected eggs. Sections of membranes from infected and noninfected eggs stained with fluorescent PAS stain, acridine orange stain, and Bismarck brown stain showed histochemical changes similar to the above. The staining reactions of cells of membranes from eggs inoculated with virus inactivated by ultraviolet irradiation were similar to those from noninfected eggs. The reactions of membranes from eggs producing incomplete virus paralleled those of membranes from eggs inoculated with complete, active virus.
The staining reactions of the positive material of the endoderm was not altered by incubating sections of membranes from noninfected eggs with diastase or testicular hyaluronidase; sections incubated with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase resembled those from infected eggs 48 hr postinoculation. These data suggested a possible alteration in the amounts of total, bound and free sialic acids in the allantoic fluids of eggs infected with influenza virus. The total sialic acid content of allantoic fluids from noninfected and infected eggs increased with time, the variations observed were not significant; bound sialic acid in fluids from noninfected eggs increased with time, the levels in fluids from infected eggs remained unchanged; the levels of free sialic acid in fluids from infected eggs were significantly higher than those in noninfected eggs.
The relationships between neuraminidase of viral origin, mucopolysaccharide, mucoprotein and inhibitor substance of allantoic fluid are discussed.
Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Fitch Frank W. , Winebright James 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The role of dose of antigen, the route of its injection, and the presence or absence of the spleen in the primary and secondary agglutinin response of the rat have been studied using purified, soluble flagellin from Salmonella typhosa as antigen. Within the range studied, injection of larger quantities of antigen generally resulted in higher circulating agglutinin levels in both the primary and secondary response. Compared with the results obtained when particulate flagella was used as antigen, the effect of splenectomy and the effect of route of injection were less marked. The general pattern of agglutinin response was also different after administration of the two forms of antigen. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.