bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applied Trace Element Nutrition in the Bovine Animal
Authors: Coffey Robert T. 
Published: March 2023

Within the scientific and academic community there have been great accomplishments in understanding the epidemiology and pathogenesis of cattle diseases. Even so, the food animal industry continues to suffer significant monetary losses from disease pathogens and non-infectious disease disorders. As practicing veterinarians, our knowledge is limited only because of our inability to keep pace with the various disciplines within the scientific community. The area of biochemistry and cellular physiology, once thought to be subjects limited to the classroom, may hold the answer to improving the basis of effective and profitable herd health programs.
Many livestock disease situations are a result of multifactorial health damaging situations that revolve around environment, area of origin, genetics, disease exposure, nutrition and agricultural practices. More significant in our industry is the highly aggressive sales approach utilized in animal health advertising that imply production problems are handled and cured through the use of a particular product. These realities are in conflict and create a serious clinical problem for the animal health specialist. Producers expect solutions to be quick and usually revolve around vaccination and treatment programs. Understanding nutrition and the impact it has on overall health is one way in which to remove this conflict and make better use of the biologicals and pharmaceuticals we have in our arsenal.
By incoporating basic knowledge on cellular physiology, assay techniques for the protective oxidative (metallo) enzymes, and the use of computerized spreadsheet data analysis, my practice has developed an exciting and challenging approach to total herd health. It requires discipline, time, and continuing education. Resolving the conflict does not involve finding "new" cures, but rather a re-evaluation of cultural and scientific data already in existence with proper application to the intensified cattle production industry.
Accept the challenge!
Anthelmintic Usage in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Cheney John M. 
Published: March 2023

Cattle feeding in the United States has changed dramatically over the past two decades. In the past, most of the cattle were fed by farmer-feeders in lots with less than 1000 head capacity. Today the majority of cattle fed are in much larger lots. Colorado feedlots last year fed approximately 2.4 million head of cattle and about one half of these were fed in lots with a capacity of over 32,000 head. All indications today point to this trend continuing with more and more cattle being fed in larger lots. As these lots have become larger, management practices have also changed. Cattle feeders are no longer farmers and cowboys, rather they are businessmen who know the entire cattle industry.
As the cattle feeding industry has changed, so has the role of the feedlot veterinarian. The veterinarian is no longer asked to vaccinate, dehom, castrate or even treat most sick animals in the feedlot. The role of the feedlot veterinarian today is to advise and consult the feedlot operator. To do this effectively, the veterinarian must also understand the entire cattle industry and give economically sound advice to management. Part of that advice is an internal parasite control program which does not cost the producer but rather makes money for him. It may not sound like much when you figure it only costs $1.50 to $3.00 to worm a 700 pound steer, but when you worm 30,000 animals and the cost is $45,000 to $90,000 you talk real money. This brings me to the title of this paper: To Worm or Not To Worm.
Catless Cat Carriers and the AABP
Authors: Gardner Charlie 
Published: March 2023

In dairy practice it is quite common to do surgical procedures in barns. One minor but definite problem we deal with is getting all the needed drugs and equipment into the barn where the surgery is to be performed.
We now find that doctors prefer the cat carriers over the wooden cases, even though they don't hold quite as much. I have also used cardboard "banker's boxes" to carry the same equipment. These take up even less room in the truck, and carry everything I need as long as -I lay the bottles of scrub and alcohol down.
New Ethos and Ethics for the Year 2000
Authors: King Lonnie J. 
Published: March 2023

The implications of science and technology for society and government have grown enormously over the last few decades and will continue to do so. Geographical borders are less relevant today than locations and considerations of trading partners. The global economy has overshadowed any single national economy, and scientific and technical advances are leaving past animal health practices and policies obsolete. In many countries, animal agriculture is management of these risks within the framework of fair trade is inexorably forcing animal health officials and practitioners to reconsider past policies and programs, the methods of decision-making, legislative guidelines, and the delivery of services directed to animal health. Besides changes in global markets, new sensitivities and constituencies are developing that are profoundly influencing agricultural policy. Together, these issues are molding a new domestic policy that will evoke a new ethos and ethics in food animal agriculture and the veterinary profession.
First, we will examine these contemporary issues in more depth. Then, we will consider how these issues affect our profession and you personally. Finally, we will look at prescriptions for change and how veterinary medicine collectively and you and I, personally, can consider appropriate strategies to be well positioned in the year 2000.
The forces reshaping agriculture will continue to foster a climate of change and new opportunity for veterinary medicine. These major forces include new markets and trading partners, new constituents, changes in domestic policy, and changes in decision-makers, especially Congress. Now, and in the future, we will continue to face critical choices that will determine the future and quality of new services because of the strength of these forces. A new veterinary ethos and ethics is demanded.
Nutrition and Management of Newly-Arrived Cattle
Authors: Armbruster Steve 
Published: March 2023

The key to success in starting new cattle is setting realistic goals and objectives. For most producers the primary goal is to maximize profit. With this goal, objectives are needed for death loss, morbidity, medical cost, weight gain, feed conversion and cost of gain.
One difficulty in setting goals and objectives in a starting program is the moving target. Each new group of cattle offers a unique challenge. Another problem is that valid objectives are often not compatible. For example, the ration that results in the best weight gain and feed conversion may not give the lowest morbidity and mortality.
Despite these difficulties, producers should define goals and objectives in writing. Then a detailed plan is needed for each group of new cattle. Plans will be similar in basic structure, yet flexible enough to suit each circumstance.
In a nutritional program, the fundamentals are easily defined. Simply stated, proper nutrition is 1) defining animal requirements, and 2) satisfying those needs with appropriate feedstuffs. Although the fundamentals are easily stated, they are challenging to implement because many variables influence animal needs and feed quality.
The Net is Gross
Authors: Klingborg Donald J. 
Published: March 2023

Veterinarians are in a natural position to interact with dairymen within the scope of financial herd health. They are on the dairies frequently, see management as it is and not as it is supposed to be, understand the interactions of feeds, facilities, cows, labor and management, and are among the most trusted of service providers.
Today dairy farmers rely more on capital and less on labor and land. Additionally, major changes in the lending business climate has resulted in a decrease in commercial banks willing to make loans of less than one million dollars. Liability concerns and awards have made bankers reluctant to offer management advice or counsel of any type.
Veterinarian's ongoing monitoring programs within the herd health area, including reproduction, calf, mastitis and nutritional programs, fit well with financial monitoring. There are more non-veterinary consultants promoting their services, frequently in areas traditionally thought of as within the veterinarian's scope of expertise. The profession needs to solidify its position with the dairy industry and providing seivices within the financial area can help both dairymen and veterinarians. Accumulating and reporting this data along with other herd management monitors makes sense. The profession needs to continue its movement towards a fee for knowledge reward system and away from being paid only for technical labor. Finally, veterinarians are also lenders to dairymen, and need to protect their investment by assisting their debtors to be profitable, liquid and solvent.
Laboratory Diagnosis of Virus Infections in the Feedlot
Authors: Mock Richard E. 
Published: March 2023

Laboratory confirmation of clinical diagnosis can serve an important role in the maintenance of a health program in the feedlot. There is an abundance of scientific literature and review articles documenting the involvement of viruses in bovine respiratory disease.1,2 Laboratory tests can supply information on which viruses are involved in causing clinical disease. This information can assist in making informed decisions for future vaccination, treatment and herd health programs. Routine suiveillance testing can supply data on the changing disease conditions of a feedlot and assist in maintaining client satisfaction.
To obtain good diagnostic laboratory results it is important that the appropriate samples are collected early in the course of the disease. The samples should be chosen according to the clinical conditions and the differential diagnosis. Due to the time required in conducting laboratory tests and getting the complete results, all possibilities should be thoroughly anticipated in submitting samples to assure that the laboratory results will assist in the diagnosis.
This report summarizes some of the available laboratory tests and their utilization for diagnosis of viral infections in the feedlot.
Assessing Vaccine Efficacy in the Feedlot
Authors: Ribble Carl S. 
Published: March 2023

How can you decide which vaccines to recommend to your feedlot clients? The purpose of this presentation is to develop a framework for the bovine practitioner for assessing the value of a commercial bacterin, toxoid, or vaccine by examining the scientific literature. A logical approach to reading this literature would help differentiate published trials that could help you in practice from useless or entirely misleading trials. The principles are also extremely useful for carrying out trials within feedlots in your own practice.
To demonstrate, I will refer generally to bovine respiratory disease (BRD) vaccines, and more specifically to recent research examining the effectiveness of a particular commercial Haemophilus somnus bacterin. Determining the effectiveness of this bacterin could be difficult because the organism is associated with a variety of clinical diseases, referred to generally as hemophilosis,1 and it has been implicated as one of the potential initiators of the BRD complex.2,3 How do you decide whether to recommend the use of this bacterin, or any other vaccine, for the prevention of hemophilosis or BRD?
7% Saline IV, A New Approach to an Old Problem
Authors: Hines J. A. 
Published: March 2023

In our practice we became interested in the use of Hyper saline after seeing some research on its use in calves and horses that was done at Ohio State University.
For years we had been using commercial fluid concentrates and diluting them for our fluid therapy. At best this procedure left much to be desired. Transporting large volumes of sterile water, calculating correct dilution, time required to administer fluids and cost to the client limited its use.
New Insight in the Management of Acute Bovine Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Lekeux P. , Genicot B. , Linden A. , Desmecht D. , Close R. 
Published: March 2023

Acute bovine respiratory diseases (ABRD) are the most important cause of sanitary economic losses in cattle. These problems are increasing despite the use of preventive and therapeutic agents. This could be due to several factors like increase of the population density in the cattle units, increase of the virulence of the pathogens, increase of air pollution, etc. Another explanation could be that, in the past, bovine respiratory diseases have been analysed at a pathological but not functional level. In the light of new information on bovine pulmonary function in health and disease, it appears that, before the occurrence of irreversible and of course untreatable lung damages, there are some reversible dysfunctions at the level of pulmonary ventilation, perfusion or gas diffusion. An early and appropriate correction of these dysfunctions is of a critical importance in order to decrease the rate of mortality and chronic pneumonia.
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the pecularities of the bovine pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology in order to try to improve the efficiency of the treatment of ABRD.
The prevention of ABRD, although highly important, is not analysed in this paper.
Rapid Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Viremic Cattle by Flow-Cytometry
Authors: Wolf G. , Rademacher G. 
Published: March 2023

A fast and simple assay with high sensitivity to BVDV in blood samples independent of blood storage and clinical status of animals. is described. A pan-pesti virus reactive monoclonal antibody Cl6 (BVDV-p 80/125 specific) was applied for immunofluorescence (IF) in flow cytometry with leukocytes and for IF with infected bovine kidney cells as a reference method. From 304 blood samples of patients of the veterinary clinic 63 NCP- and 7 CP- BVDV strains were isolated. There is a high BVDVspecific IF in granulocytes and monocytes, whereas in lymphocytes the IF intensity per cell is weaker. The percentage of antigen positve cells varies from 1% to 87 % (mean 22%) in granulocytes/monocytes and 0% to 37% (mean 8%) in lymphocytes. There is a total correlation between conventional BVDV-diagnosis with tissue culture isolation and leukocyte analysis with flow cytometry. After blood freezing or storage at +8°C for 6 weeks BVDV detection in leukocytes is not significantly influenced.
Flow cytometry provides a quantitative, objective analysis of leukocyte associated BVDV-antigen. Both low levels of antigen per cell and low percentages of antigen positive cells are detectable. Direct leukocyte analysis with flow cytometry is a rapid (2 hours). easy and reliable method for detection of viremic cattle.
Neue Trends bei der Entwicklungvon Vakzinen für Rinder
Authors: Straub O. C. 
Published: March 2023

New Direction in Vaccinology in Cattle
The development in the formulation of vaccines for cattle are reviewed and the vaccines currently in use, live attenuated, subunit and inactivated, are briefly described. For BHVl and BVD vaccines, the combinations and their application under various conditions are described together with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages. Vaccines still in the trial and development stage are also presented. The advantages of these vaccines in terms of their potentially greater safety are highlighted and the increasing importance of adjuvants for them is discussed.
Considerations for Developing Regulatory Policy to Prevent Importation of Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases
Authors: Tabachnick W. J. , Walton T. E. , Chase C. C. L. 
Published: March 2023

Epidemiologic and entomologic investigations on bluetongue viruses have provided important information upon which to develop meaningful, less restrictive but safe regulatory policies for the international movement of ruminants and germplasm. The result of changes would be economic gain for all countries concerned with continued protection against the importation of foreign diseases. The goal of regulations should be to safely protect indigenous animals, but to do so without needlessly interfering with trade.
It is apparent that research on bluetongue disease has been beneficial and new information on other arthropod-borne pathogens, their vectors, and their hosts will continue to be useful to protect ruminant livestock. Continued research along the lines reviewed here on culicoides spp. 19 and other vectors of arthropod-borne diseases and these pathogens must be supported.
French and Spanish summaries on PDF.
Repeated Occurence of Akabane and CNS Defects in Calves
Authors: Hamana K. , Kamimura S. , Taura Y. 
Published: March 2023

Akabane virus was first confirmed in 1975 (2) as a causative agent of the big outbreak of abortion, arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in 1972-73 in Japan. Akabane vaccine was developed soon after the- virus discovery. However, Akabane disease has occurred several times thereafter at the interval of two to five years. No vaccination and early change of cattle generation will be the main reason.
In this report, the recent outbreak of calves with central nervous system (CNS) defects was investigated in comparison with the past Akabane and Chuzan (7) disease.
Influence of a Health Program on Dairy Heifer Productivity in Minnesota
Authors: Williamson Norman B. 
Published: March 2023

It has been previously noteds that heifers, although they represent the future production potential of herds, were commonly the most neglected group of animals on Minnesota dairy farms. Many calved at ages far beyond the recommended 24 months and 28 months was the average calving age of heifers entering the Minnesota Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) record system1. On the other hand it was not unusual for the author to observe large and well grown heifers that had not been bred on farm visits.
Heifer raising costs in Minnesota were estimated at $1353 to 24 months of age while beyond this the cost increased to $1.92 per day. 7 A partial farm budgets for an average Minnesota dairy herd estimated a potential gross benefit of $5,548 from all heifers achieving first calving at 24 months. Yet when this study started few preventive medicine and monitoring techniques for heifers were used in Minnesota, so there appeared to be a potential to profitably influence heifer raising programs.
A clinical trials to evaluate a co-ordinated delivery of preventive medicine procedures to heifers was designed. The project's major aim was to determine the influence of several intervention procedures delivered as a heifer health program on growth, survival and productivity. A second aim was to document the growth and survival of heifers on some Minnesota dairy farms, since little or no documented information was available.
German and Spanish Summaries in PDF.
Bovine Genome Study and Its Goals
Authors: Womack James E. 
Published: March 2023

The consensus conclusion of several recent major international livestock genetics conferences is that genomic localization of economic trait loci and subsequent marker-assisted selection for these traits will rapidly facilitate genetic improvement of livestock. Genetic improvement of cattle, specifically for efficiency of food utilization, reproductive performance, resistance to disease, and higher quality of beef and dairy products ranks high among the world's agricultural research needs. The necessary tool for large scale improvement of such a diverse array of phenotypes by marker-assisted selection is a 20 centiMorgan map of the bovine genome, consisting of highly polymorphic loci that can be easily scored by teams of investigators studying the segregation of desirable traits. This same map can subsequently be developed to a high level of resolution in regions around genes of particular interest and used to isolate and clone genes involved in the expression of economically important traits.
Experiments in our laboratory (1, 2, 3) and others (4, 5) demonstrate that the methods that have revolutionized human genetics in the last decade can do the same for cattle genetics. Bovine cells readily hybridize with mouse L cells or hamster E36 cells and segregate cattle chromosomes (1). Genetic analysis of these segregating hybrid cells has produced the current syntenic map of the cow which consists of more than 270 genes including markers of every bovine chromosome. Fifteen of the autosomal syntenic groups have been assigned to chromosomes. Our laboratory has participated in these assignments (6, 7). We have selected genes for physical mapping based on their potential role in key physiological processes and their value in defining the limits of chromosomal conservation with the human and mouse maps. We have used Southern blotting of more than 200 bovine and heterologous probes and more recently, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with published primer sequences to generate these maps.
Accuracy of Predicting Twins By Rectal Palpation in Dairy Cows
Authors: Callahan C. J. , Horstman L. A. 
Published: March 2023

Dairymen in the USA look upon twinning in dairy cows as an undesirable and unwanted event because of the strong association with abortions, stillbirths, dystocias, retained fetal membranes, uterine infections, infertility, increased culling and possible reduced milk production.
The possible causes associated factors and consequences of twinning have been reviewed.(1-4) Unfortunately there is evidence that twinning in dairy cows is increasing.5 Whether the adverse effects of twinning can be eliminated or reduced by improved feeding and management practices has not been substantiated. In order to apply such practices, there must be an accurate method to determine the presence of twins.
The objective of this study was to assess the accuracy of rectal palpation in predicting twins in 25 herds.
Economic Evaluation of Antibiotic Therapy During the Treatment of Acute Coliform Mastitis
Authors: DeGraves Fred J. 
Published: March 2023

Mastitis is the most costly disease of dairy cattle. Traditionally, most of the cost of mastitis has been attributed to production losses from subclinical cases. Because of this, economic evaluations of the cost of mastitis have focused mainly on contagious mastitis. 1 The relative importance of acute coliform mastitis has recently increased. Acute coliform mastitis appears to be the major mastitis loss on many well managed dairies with a low incidence of contagious mastitis.
The major impact of acute clinical coliform mastitis is production loss from udder and multiple organ system damage and deaths. Because of the sudden onset of severe clinical signs, most cases are generally treated aggressively and with great expense. Although a variety of drugs are used in the therapy of acute coliform mastitis, the economic impact and the efficacy of these treatments has received little research attention.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the economic impact of treating clinical cases of acute coliform mastitis with gentamicin or sodium ceftiofur and to examine the degree of therapeutic efficacy required for acute coliform mastitis to be treated economically.
Whither and How Food Animal Medicine Approaches the Millennium
Authors: Dahl John C. 
Published: March 2023

We have had the advantage of hearing from Dr. Ed Jesse, Dr. Robert Cropp and Mr. Richard Catta, so we are better informed than only a few hours ago on the various --- and complicated, aspects of milk pricing and marketing, the shifting demographics of the dairy industry, and the challenges facing dairy producers in the years ahead leading us to the millennium.
Where will the food animal veterinary practitioner be in these coming years of change and challenge? What role will we play in helping to influence and shape the future of "our" dairy industry?