bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sebuah Upaya Memutus Impunitas: Tanggung Jawab Komando Dalam Pelanggaran Berat Hak Asasi Manusia
Authors: Nusantara Abdul Hakim G 
Published: April 2023

Impunitas yaitu membiarkan para pemimpin politik dan militer yang diduga terlibat dalam kasus pelanggaran berat Hak Asasi Manusia seperti, kejahatan genosida, kejahatan kemanusiaan, dan kejahatan perang tidak diadili merupakan fenomena hukum clan politik yang dapat kita saksikan sejak abad yang lalu hingga hari ini. Pada abad yang lalu negara-negara Eropa gaga! membentuk pengadilan internasional sebagaimana direkomendasikan Perjanjian Versailles untuk mengadili Raja Wilhelm II berkaitan dengan kekuasaannya yang melawan moralitas internasional. Impunitas dinikmati pula oleh Kaisar Hirohito. Amerika Serikat selaku pemenang perang memutuskan tidak mengadili tokoh penjahat perang dunia ke II ini dan bahkan melindungi dan membiarkannya sebagai Kepala Negara Kerajaan Jepang. Sampai hari ini kita masih terus menyaksikan drama impunitas yang terus dinikmati para pemimpin politik clan militer yang diduga tidak hanya melakukan pelanggaran berat hak asasi manusia tetapi juga diduga telah merampok uang negara dalam skala yang amat luar biasa besarnya. Dari mulai Idi Amin, Mangistu Haile Mariam, Mobutu Seseko, Pinochet. Soeharto, dan lain sebagainya. Para mantan penguasa itu sebagian telah pergi dari dunia menernui raja akhirat. Namun sebagian lainnya tetap enak-enak menikmati hasil korupsinya di hari tuanya tanpa pernah bisa disentuh oleh hukum. Pada saat yang sama kita menyaksikan drama pengadilan pura-pura atau pengadilan se-olah-olah yang mengadili dan menghukum serdadu serdadu berpangkat rendah dengan hukuman yang acap ringan clan melawan nurani keadilan masyarakat. Masih terus berlangsungnya fenomena impunitas menunjukkan pertimbangan-pertimbangan kepentingan politik, ekonomi jangka pendek dan bahkan militer masih dominan ketimbang kepentingan penegakan HAM dan keadilan.
Penyelesaian Pelanggaran Hak Asasi Manusia Yang Berat; Belajar Dari Pengalaman
Authors: Nababan Asmara 
Published: April 2023

This article discuss the concepts of gross human rights violation, individual responsibility in international crime, element of crime of human rights violation, the concept of command responsibility and the settlement mechanism of human rights violation. The writer asks us to take lesson learn from the experiences of Timar-Timurand Tanjung Priok trial and "the stuck" in the investigationprocess in Trisakti, Semanggi I don II and Mei cases in the hand of Attorney General. The realities show that so many weaknesses are needed to be handled immediately. For that reason, it is important to make amendment of UU No. 2612000 of Human Rights Court. The writer also discuss the hybrid tribunal in Cambodia, Timar Leste and Sierra Leone as an effort to give preference to the state to conduct its obligation and in other side also to guarantee that the court is conducted in mutual accord with international standard.
Persidangan Campuran: Mencari Keadilan Di Timor Timur
Authors: Katzenstein Suzanne 
Published: April 2023

The Hybrid tribunal is a system that share judicial accountability jointly between the state in which it function and the United Nations. Based on "the lesson learn" from the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (!CTR), the hybrid model endeavor to combine the strengths of the ad hoc tribunals with the benefits of local prosecutions. The hybrid model's great• est risk is that rather than incorporate the best of the international and local judicial systems, it may reflect the worst of both. This article identifies the weakness in East Timor's hybrid tribunal and examines their underlying causes. Two big questions in this article are: First, is the theoretical ideal of the hybrid model attainable in practice? Second, is a constrained judicial mechanism preferable to none?The critical analysis offered by this article is motivated by a desire to understand the weaknesses of the tribunal so that they may be avoided in the future.
Red blood cell segmentation and classification from microscopic images using machine learning
Authors:   , Naruenatthanaset Korranat 
Published: April 2023

Red blood cell morphology analysis plays an essential role in diagnosing many diseases caused by RBC disorders. This manual inspection is a long process and requires practice and experience. Since recent computer vision and image processing in the medical imaging area can provide efficient tools, it can help hematologists to automatically analyze images from a microscope in a reduced time and cost. This research presents a new method to segment and classify RBCs from blood smear images. The process started from data collection, which a new application was created for precisely labeling. The normalization was done to reduce the color space and allowed the trained model to not be biased on color. Then, overlapping cells were separated using a new method to find concave points and use direct ellipse fitting to estimate the shape of a single RBC. Lastly, classification using EfficientNet-B1 on 12 red blood cell classes was done. However, to classify multiple classes with deep learning, imbalance problems are common in medical imaging because number of normal samples is always higher than number of rare disease samples. The imbalanced handling techniques were analyzed to deal with this problem. Experimental results showed that the weight balancing technique with augmentation had the potential to deal with imbalance problems.
Semi-supervised Thai sentence segmentation using local and distant word representations
Authors:   , Saetia Chanatip 
Published: April 2023

A sentence is typically treated as the minimal syntactic unit used for extracting valuable information from a longer piece of text. However, in written Thai, there are no explicit sentence markers. We proposed a deep learning model for the task of sentence segmentation that includes three main contributions. First, we integrate n-gram embedding as a local representation to capture word groups near sentence boundaries. Second, to focus on the keywords of dependent clauses, we combine the model with a distant representation obtained from self-attention modules. Finally, due to the scarcity of labeled data, for which annotation is difficult and time-consuming, we also investigate and adapt two techniques, allowing us to utilize unlabeled data. The first one is Cross-View Training (CVT) as a semi-supervised learning technique, and the second one is a pre-trained language model (ELMo) to improve representation. In the Thai sentence segmentation experiments, our model reduced the relative error by 7.4% and 18.5% compared with the baseline models on the Orchid and UGWC datasets, respectively. We also applied our model to the task of punctuation restoration on the IWSLT English dataset. Our model outperformed the prior sequence tagging models, achieving a relative error reduction of 7.6%. Ablation studies revealed that utilizing n-gram representations was the main contributing factor for Thai, while the semi-supervised training helped the most for English.
Redesigning weakly supervised localization architectures for medical images
Authors:   , Preechakul Konpat 
Published: April 2023

Point localization is a task that aims to identify the location but not the extent of an object of interest in an input image.
A success localization is when a model predicts a point which is within the boundary of an object of interest.
This task has been successfully learnt using only image-level annotation i.e. image classification.
This setting is known as weakly-supervised point localization.
Weakly-supervised point localization is particularly useful in medical imaging task where not only the decision of a model is required by also the explanation. The better the explanation the more useful the model is.
Usually done with class-activation map (CAM), the precision of the localization is heavily constrained by the resolution of the feature map output from a model.
In this thesis, we explore approaches to scale up the output feature map of a model to accommodate high-precision weakly-supervised point localization on chest x-rays.
Development of authentication-based CAPTCHA mechanism on touch screen environment
Authors:   , Nanglae Nilobon 
Published: April 2023

CAPTCHA is a simple security test that was introduced to distinguish among humans and bots for decades. CAPTCHAs have been widely used on commercial sites, such as email service, and social networking sites, for protecting the system from automated software attackers. However, various techniques have been invented to break CAPTCHA, and one of these techniques is the 3rd party attacks. So, the design of CAPTCHA is unable to distinguish between human users and illegitimate human attackers. Thus, this research proposed a new type of CAPTCHA that is individually generated for an individual user. The proposed technique merges between biometrics and the user’s profile to obtain the most suitable CAPTCHA that cannot easily be broken by all intruders, even the human in the CAPTCHA farm. Besides, this proposed CAPTCHA can be used as a temporary password for every user, every login time, because of its randomness and uniqueness. The performance evaluation of this proposed technique indicates that if a user knows the full CAPTCHA, the system can determine the true user with 100% accuracy, but for the intruders, only 51.0% of the intruders would be identified as if they were the true user. Nonetheless, the bots attack must spend a very long-time solving and more failed attempts, which, in real-life working, it could be interrupted by the time limit of the system. Therefore, all bots cannot gain access as required.
The effect of direct taxes on income and wealth distribution in Thailand under comprehensive income concept
Authors:   , Limteerakul Voramast 
Published: April 2023

This thesis research comprises three studies, each of which investigates the inequality of income and wealth in Thailand from 1996 to 2017 and the impact of personal income tax and taxes on real estate on that inequality. Shorrocks Index decomposition technique is applied to examine the key drivers of inequality in the country in the first two studies. In the third study, the analysis is developed under the Heckman Selection Model to estimate the effect of personal income tax policy reform on the individual. The overall results demonstrate that accrued capital gains from asset ownership are the main drivers of income inequality, and that more than half of the total inequality stems from entrepreneurs. Personal income tax has very limited and diminishing redistributive impact due to the small tax base and the specifics of tax policy reforms, which broaden the tax base, but reduce the tax payers’ liabilities. Tax benefits are positively correlated with income, and professionals comprise the group that receives the greatest benefit. Inequality of real estate ownership is much higher than income inequality. The main source of inequality comes from high income households, particularly households in Bangkok Metropolis and other urban regions. Thus, land and building tax would raise more revenue for local government and reduce income inequality more effectively than have the previous taxes on real estate. Personal income tax benefits related to or dependent on level of income should be revised and made more restrictive. Additionally, the government should emphasize policies that promote savings and investment among low and middle income groups and provide equality in financial access to small entrepreneurs in order to help them thrive in the market. Land and building tax ought to be universally applied, and any exemptions to this tax should be granted to economically vulnerable groups.
Overcoming the Transport Limitations of Photopolymer‐Derived Architected Carbon
Authors: Baglo Kjetil , Sauermoser Marco , Lid Markus , Paschke Thomas , Afif Abdulla Bin , Lunzer Markus , Flaten Andreas , Steinert Martin , Bock Robert , Torgersen Jan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPhotopolymer derived carbon grows in popularity, yet the range in available feature sizes is limited. Herein, the focus is on expanding the field to low surface to volume ratio (SVR) structures. A high temperature acrylic photopolymerizable precursor with FTIR and DSC is described and a thermal inert‐gas treatment is developed for producing architected carbon in the mm scale with SVR of 1.38×10−3 µm−1. Based on thermogravimetric analysis and mass spectrometry, two thermal regimes with activation energies of ≈79 and 169 kJ mol−1 are distinguished, which is reasoned with mechanisms during the polymer's morphologic conversion between 300 and 500 °C. The temperature range of the major dimensional shrinkage (300–440 °C, 50%) does not match the range of the largest alteration in elemental composition (440–600 °C, O/C 0.25–0.087%). The insights lead to an optimized thermal treatment with an initial ramp (2 °C min−1 to 350 °C), isothermal hold (14 h), post hold ramp (0.5 °C min−1 to 440 °C) and final ramp (10 °C min−1 to 1000 °C). The resulting carbon structures are dimensionally stable, non‐porous at the µm scale, and comprise an unprecedented variation in feature sizes (from mm to µm scale). The findings shall advance architected carbon to industrially relevant scales.
Microwave absorption properties and quantum chemistry of organic sulfur compounds in coal
Authors: Ge Tao , Wang Yuqing , Xu Jingyao , Liu Dinghao , Wei Yulu , Wang Zhaohui 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe microwave absorption properties of dielectrics determine the promotion degree of microwave energy to chemical reaction. The wave‐absorbing characteristics of organic sulfur compounds in high‐sulfur coking coal need to be studied to improve the efficiency of microwave desulfurization of coal. In this study, the imaginary part of complex dielectric constants (ε′′) and dielectric loss tangent (tanσ) of benzene mercaptan, difurfuryl disulfide, and benzothiophene were characterized. The dipole moment, molecular configuration, and frontier molecular orbital energy of organic sulfur compounds were simulated and calculated under the different external energy fields. The migration law of mercaptan, sulfide, and thiophene in coal in microwave field were analyzed. The results show that theε'′and tanσof benzothiophene slightly changed with the change in microwave frequency in the frequency range of 500–2500 MHz, and the microwave absorption properties are weaker than those of benzene mercaptan and difurfuryl disulfide. Therefore, difurfuryl disulfide and benzene mercaptan molecules are more active in the microwave field than benzothiophene. The sulfur components in benzene mercaptan and difurfuryl disulfide can dissociate in the form of small inorganic sulfur molecules of carbon sulfides and disulfides, respectively. After microwave irradiation, the relative content of mercaptan and thioether in coal was decreased, whereas the relative content of thiophene remained almost unchanged.
Mattic epipedon fragmentation strengthened the soil infiltration capacity of a hillside alpine meadow on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Liu Yi‐Fan , Fang Hui , Leite Pedro A. M. , Liu Yu , Zhao Jingxue , Wu Gao‐Lin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDegradation of hillside alpine meadow ecosystems is a widespread problem that usually results in the fragmentation of the mattic epipedon (ME). The mattic epipedon plays a well‐known role in the hydrological cycle of alpine ecosystems due to its high water‐holding capacity. However, little is known about how ME fragmentation alters soil infiltrability—a key soil property that influences runoff and erosion processes as well as soil moisture dynamics. To address this issue, we contrasted the infiltration rates and soil and plant characteristics of preserved meadow patches (with full ME) and patches at two stages of ME fragmentation, namely, half ME and without ME. Our results showed that mattic epipedon fragmentation reduced aboveground plant biomass (mainly of sedges) by 58.6–65.6 g m−2 and root biomass by 5,643–10,054 g m−2. Soil compressive strength (11.6 kg cm−2) and total soil porosity (52%) of fragmented meadow patches without ME were significantly lower than in those with half (17.9 cm−2 and 62%, respectively) or full ME (31.7 cm−2 and 62.5%, respectively). In contrast, non‐capillary porosity and aggregate stability slightly increased with fragmentation and were highest at patches without ME. Importantly, soil infiltration rates in hillside alpine meadows greatly increased as a result of mattic epipedon fragmentation. Initial infiltration rates were approximately 10 and 20 times higher at patches with half ME and without ME (177 mm h−1 and 326 mm h−1, respectively) than at patches with the full ME (17 mm h−1). Moreover, steady‐state infiltration rates were approximately 6 and 9 times higher at patches with half ME and without ME (60 mm h−1 and 88 mm h−1, respectively) than at patches with the full ME (17 mm h−1). Overall, mattic epipedon fragmentation improved soil infiltrability by changing the soil and plant characteristics. These findings suggest that mattic epipedon fragmentation will lower runoff maintenance and have drastic effects on the water provisioning function of hillside alpine meadows on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.
Nipple‐areola‐complex preservation and obesity—Successful in stages
Authors: Daly Lauren , Tsai Jacqueline , Stone Kim , Wapnir Irene , Karin Mardi , Wan Derrick , Momeni Arash 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe superiority of nipple‐sparing mastectomy (NSM) on breast aesthetics and patient‐reported outcomes has previously been demonstrated. Despite 42.4% of adults in the United States being considered obese, obesity has been considered a contraindication to NSM due to concerns for nipple areolar complex (NAC) malposition or ischemic complications. This report investigates the feasibility and safety of a staged surgical approach to NSM with immediate microsurgical breast reconstruction in the high‐risk obese population.MethodsOnly patients with a body mass index (BMI) of >30 kg/m2 who underwent bilateral mastopexy or breast reduction for correction of ptosis or macromastia (stage 1), respectively, followed by bilateral prophylactic NSM with immediate microsurgical breast reconstruction with free abdominal flaps (stage 2) were included in the analysis. Patient demographics and surgical outcomes were analyzed.ResultsFifteen patients with high‐risk genetic mutations for breast cancer with a mean age and BMI of 41.3 years and 35.0 kg/m2, respectively, underwent bilateral staged NSM with immediate microsurgical breast reconstruction (30 breast reconstructions). At a mean follow‐up of 15.7 months, complications were encountered following stage 2 only and included mastectomy skin necrosis (5 breasts [16.7%]), NAC necrosis (2 breasts [6.7%]), and abdominal seroma (1 patient [6.7%]) all of which were considered minor and neither required surgical intervention nor admission.ConclusionsImplementation of a staged approach permits NAC preservation in obese patients who present for prophylactic mastectomy and immediate microsurgical reconstruction.
Chlorinated Narrow Bandgap Polymer Suppresses Non‐Radiative Recombination Energy Loss Enabling Perylene Diimides‐Based Organic Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Efficiency
Authors: Gao Xiang , Tong Xinzhu , Xu Meichen , Zhang Linhua , Wang Yinuo , Liu Zhihao , Yang Lvpeng , Gao Jianhong , Shao Ming , Liu Zhitian 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe scarcity of narrow bandgap donor polymers matched with perylene diimides (PDI)‐based nonfullerene acceptors (NFAs) hinders improvement of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) value of organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, it is reported that a narrow bandgap donor polymer PDX, the chlorinated derivative of the famous polymer donor PTB7‐Th, blended with PDI‐based NFA boosts the PCE value exceeding 10%. The electroluminescent quantum efficiency of PDX‐based OSCs is two orders of magnitude higher than that of PTB7‐Th‐based OSCs;therefore, the nonradiative energy loss is 0.103 eV lower. This is the highest PCE value for OSCs with the lowest energy loss using the blend of PTB7‐Th derivatives and PDI‐based NFAs as the active layer. Besides, PDX‐based devices showed larger phase separation, faster charge mobilities, higher exciton dissociation probability, suppressed charge recombination, elevated charge transfer state, and decreased energetic disorder compared with the PTB7‐Th‐based OSCs. All these factors contribute to the simultaneously improved short circuit current density, open circuit voltage, and fill factor, thus significantly improving PCE. These results prove that chlorinated conjugated side thienyl groups can efficiently suppress the non‐radiative energy loss and highlight the importance of fine‐modifying or developing novel narrow bandgap polymers to further elevate the PCE value of PDI‐based OSCs.
Regional Planning and Optimization of Renewable Energy Sources for Improved Rural Electrification
Authors: Shahrom Sarah Farhana , Aviso Kathleen B. , Tan Raymond R. , Saleem Nor Nazeelah , Ng Denny K. S. , Andiappan Viknesh 
Published: April 2023

AbstractOver 13% of the global population (most of which are rural communities) still lack access to electricity. A typical resolution to this would be to generate more electricity from existing power generation infrastructure. However, the urgency to meet net-zero global greenhouse gas emissions means that this resolution may not be the way forward. Instead, policymakers must consider decarbonization strategies such as renewable energy systems to generate more electricity in rural communities. As policymakers aim to encourage renewable energy generation, existing power plant operators may not share the same perspective. Operators typically wish to ensure profit margins in their operations as decarbonization efforts may be costly and reduce the profit. A balance must be struck between both parties so that the energy sector can continue to meet rising energy demands and decarbonization needs. This is a classic leader–follower situation where it involves the interplay between policymaker (as energy sector regulator) and industry (as energy sector investor). This work presents a bi-level optimization model to address the leader–follower interactions between policymakers and industry operators. The proposed model considers factors such as total investment, co-firing opportunities, incentives, disincentives, carbon emissions, scale, cost, and efficiency to meet electricity demands. To demonstrate the model, two Malaysian case studies were evaluated and presented. The first optimized networks is developed based on different energy demands. Results showed that when cost was minimized, the production capacity of the existing power plants was increased and renewable energy systems were not be selected. The second case study used bi-level optimization to determine an optimal trade-off $ 1.4 million in incentives per year, which serves as a monetary sum needed by policymakers to encourage industry operators to decarbonize their operations. Results from the second case were then compared to the ones in the first.