bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The book first identifies the international law that is applicable to sea-dumped chemical weapons and analyses dissonances in those legal regimes. The next step is an analysis of how any discovered lacunae in the applicable legal regimes can be remedied by legal strategies, such as the amendment of existing treaties, the adoption of new legal instruments, the interpretation of existing treaties or their modification through subsequent state practice, and the application of customary international law. Finally, based upon states’ responsibilities to protect and preserve the marine environment, the potential liability of states for damage caused by sea-dumped chemical weapons and for the costs of their cleanup will be investigated.
Responsibility for the Remediation of Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons and Possible Legal Liability
Authors: Dawson Grant 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Attempts to hold states liable for the damage caused by sea-dumped chemical weapons may face significant legal, political, and practical obstacles. However, with the development of the law since the dumping took place, states, under the intertemporal rule of international law, may have to reassess the situation in relation to their past dumping and the effects that it is having in the present on the marine environment. There are current and ongoing legal obligations, which were voluntarily undertaken by states, that mandate the continual preservation and protection of the marine environment. Thus, both states that conducted the dumping and also states that have SDCWs under their jurisdiction or control have a legal obligation to protect the marine environment, as well as their neighbouring states, from the adverse environmental effects of degrading and submerged chemical munitions. Nevertheless, states have sought cooperative solutions to the problem of SDCWs, rather than casting the issue in terms of liability. Thus, despite the sound legal arguments that states can be held liable to remediate SDCWs that they dumped in the past and/or are currently within their jurisdiction or control, it is likely that the problem of SDCWs will continue to be dealt with in terms of voluntary state cooperation, rather than legal liability.
The Forge on Windmill Field Lane
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of the village blacksmith Samuel Brown, the third of three generations of blacksmiths who had owned and worked in the smithy on Windmill Field Lane at the heart of the common field system; emphasizes the importance of metalworking in the community, especially where there was significant demand for tools in the coalmining industry developing in the southern part of the parish, but also notes the significance of the smith’s role in making and mending a wide range of domestic and agricultural equipment; identifies the client base of the smithy and discusses the significance of the site for the exchange of news and gossip amongst the customers; reconstructs the skills and techniques used by the blacksmith and the risks and rewards of the trade; concludes with Brown’s sudden death, speculates about what might have killed him, and outlines the subsequent fate of the shop in which he had worked and the tools which he had wielded.
A ‘Mean Tenement’ on Wash Lane
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of William Nock, one of fifteen colliers resident in Chilvers Coton in 1684; notes the residential zoning of the coalworkers and links it to the shifting spatiality of mining activity over the previous century; emphasizes the significance of the reopening of the Griff colliery and the enormous expansion in the demand for coalmining labour; uses the remarkable account books for the Griff colliery to reconstruct labour participation rates and compensation arrangements for the workforce in the winter of 1684‒5; notes the extensive demand for labour other than by skilled coalminers, and demonstrates the influx of migrant workers from beyond the parish boundary; stresses the risky, expensive, and discontinuous nature of colliery enterprise, especially the sudden termination of production in 1688‒9 and the enormous investment required to reanimate it in 1700‒9; discusses the changes in coalmining technique from pillar-and-stall to longwall methods and the resulting recruitment of a specialist but truculent workforce from Shropshire; describes the environmental devastation that coalmining entailed; emphasizes Nock’s skill, expertise, and authority as a colliery bailiff but notes that even he was insufficiently wealthy to leave probate material after his passing; closes with an analysis of the sole extant inventory left by a Chilvers Coton coalminer in this period.
The Mason’s Farm on the Arbury Demesne
Authors: Hindle Steve 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A study of the master craftsman Andrew Hardy, who was both bricklayer and stonemason on the Arbury estate and a substantial farmer in his own right; traces Hardy’s career as a bricklayer at Arbury, noting his role in the building of the stable block, but emphasizing that he was a newcomer to the parish; describes the tools and techniques he used to build walls; characterizes his unusually close (first-name terms) relationship with his landlord and employer, and describes their meetings in and around the workplace; reconstructs the tasks he undertook in the summer and autumn of 1689 and the compensation that he received; analyses the household economy of the Hardy family, noting the significance of his wife’s contribution in dairying; describes the sudden demise of both Hardy and his wife in the winter of 1701‒2 and discusses the testamentary provision he made for his children, including an apprenticeship premium for one of his sons who grew up to be a stonemason and helped build the parish workhouse.
Lamentable Objects
Authors: Shortslef Emily 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores literary moments that take up the question of what it means to be a good audience. It argues that in their representation of sympathetic audience reception, poetic forms of female complaint register a shift in ethical paradigms of virtuous literary reception. Focusing on key texts of female complaint—including Shakespeare’s The Rape of Lucrece—it shows how these poems imagine the ethical duty of the viewer to consist in sympathetically affirming the artfully constructed sadness of aesthetic objects. In Richard II, the famously plaintive king attempts to turn himself into just such a lamentable object, in order to elicit sympathy for his sadness rather than judgment for his failings. The play offers a critique of this new ethical paradigm, neither recuperating art’s ethical utility nor valorizing sympathy, but making sympathetic reception itself the object of ethical judgment for “good” audiences.
Living Single
Authors: Harris Amy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Even as some siblings married in the 1760s, pre-existing domestic and social patterns persisted, shaping how married siblings and in-laws socialized and ran households. In their twenties and thirties, the Sharp siblings, with their musical evenings and sailing trips up and down the Thames with friends, built their social lives around good music, good food and wine, and good company, not necessarily around finding good spouses. Their social patterns connected to later household arrangements. As the siblings acquired households, they perpetuated connections built on siblinghood, friendship, and music, not on courtship, marriage, or parenting. In the process, they created a shared, almost egalitarian decision-making process, running counter to hierarchical understandings of domestic and familial relationships. All the siblings experienced householding separate from marriage—some for only a few years, some for decades.
Epilogue
Authors: Harris Amy 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This section focuses on Catherine Sharp, the niece who lived over twenty-five years after the death of her aunts, uncles, and cousins. It highlights her efforts to memorialize the family including the preservation, in conjunction with her cousin Mary’s descendants, of the family’s archive. It outlines how the books, manuscripts, instruments, and music were sold, preserved, or donated to archives and libraries and how various family monuments were designed. The chapter then concludes with a short account of the family archive’s provenance. It first resided with Mary Sharp’s descendants, the Lloyd-Bakers of Hardwicke Court, Gloucestershire. In the middle of the twentieth century, a never-married, childless descendant deposited the records in Gloucestershire Archives and loaned the family portrait to the National Portrait Gallery.
Echo and Response
Authors: Houghton-Walker Sarah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the nature of echo, and on the literal echoes which are depicted within Wordsworth’s poetry. In particular, it recognizes the nature of the experience recorded in Wordsworth’s lines on the Boy of Winander: his vocal concert of call and response with the owls who live there sustains an echoic character ultimately without specific origin, which allows the lines to gesture powerfully towards the sublime. It also focuses on the more disorientating, deceptive echo of the cuckoo. In doing so it dwells on the different forms of recapitulation and recollection, and of variation within repetition, which echo can suggest, and it again attends to the significance of a posture of listening.
Introduction
Authors: Stover Tim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This introductory discussion sets out the primary aims of the book, i.e. to offer an examination of the influence of Valerius Flaccus’ Argonautica on the epic poetry of Silius Italicus (Punica), Statius (Thebaid, Achilleid), and Claudian (De Raptu Proserpinae). The chapter touches briefly on the relative chronology of the Flavian epics and establishes the methodology adopted by the author with respect to analysing intertexts, which entails largely restricting analysis to points of contact between the Argonautica and the Punica, Thebaid, Achilleid, and De Raptu Proserpinae individually, without expanding the focus to include the use of similar language and themes in other authors. The chapter concludes with a brief illustration of combinatorial imitation, a topic that is not the primary focus of the book but one that nonetheless offers a viable avenue for future study.
Statius’ Achilleid
Authors: Stover Tim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the exploration of Statius’ engagement with Valerius by turning to an analysis of his allusions to the Argonautica in his unfinished Achilleid. In it the author elucidates how Statius’ allusive interaction with Valerius reveals the extent to which the Argonautica contributed to the conception, construction, and tenor of the Achilleid. The chapter demonstrates that Statius intertextually declares the Argonautica to be an important model before examining how Statius’ refashioning of Valerius’ epic enriches the Achilleid’s exploration of a range of important themes, such as literary belatedness, generic propriety, and gender dynamics. From this analysis, it emerges that a full appreciation of the aesthetic complexities of Statius’ most audacious poetic endeavor requires scrutinizing his reworking of Valerian material.
Claudian’s De Raptu Proserpinae
Authors: Stover Tim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter sees the book’s study of Valerius’ influence on the epic tradition move beyond the Flavian era (69– 96 ce) and into the world of later Latin epic by examining Claudian’s allusive interactions with Valerius’ Argonautica in the De Raptu Proserpinae. In so doing the author contributes a new chapter to the reassessment of Claudian’s poetry which has been under way for the past three decades, while also offering the first sustained analysis of Claudian’s engagement with Valerius. This chapter demonstrates that Claudian too, like Valerius’ Flavian contemporaries, programmatically presents himself as an epigone of the Argonautica, before going on to elucidate how Claudian uses allusion to Valerius’ narrative to enrich his poem in various ways.
Conclusion
Authors: Stover Tim 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This concluding section draws together some of the threads of the foregoing investigation. It contains a brief discussion of how Silius, Statius, and Claudian engage with Valerius’ text in unique ways, as well as the ways in which they share points of contact in their allusive interactions with the Argonautica. The author notes that Silius frames the Punica as the culmination of the historical process begun in Valerius’ Argonautica, presenting himself not as Valerius’ competitor, but as his continuator. The author then points out that in the Thebaid Statius’ approach to Valerius is subversive, a strategy he does not, however, repeat in the Achilleid, for which Valerius’ Argonautica emerges as a key ‘prequel’. Claudian tends to use allusion to the Argonautica for contrastive purposes. The chapter ends by noting that some key themes from Valerius’ epic appear to have been especially attractive to his successors, such as civil war, Gigantomachy, Troy, and familial dysfunction.
Austerity from the Left
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Austerity became the predominant fiscal policy response to the Great Recession in Europe. After a brief period of `emergency Keynesianism' from 2008 to 2010, even the centre-left abandoned plans for deficit spending and accepted austerity as the dogma of the day. The book explains how this came about and explores its political consequences. It combines qualitative and quantitative methods and draws on a wide range of empirical evidence to study both the demand- and supply-side of politics. Based on this evidence, the book argues that a complex interaction of electoral and ideational pressures pushed social democratic parties towards orthodox fiscal policies. As government debt became a taboo following the Greek sovereign debt crisis, social democratic parties endorsed austerity to increase their perceived economic competence and fiscal credibility. This decision was legitimized by economic ideas inspired by supply-side economics, which had become popular among social democrats at the end of the twentieth century. Although the book shows that social democratic austerity was not inevitable, powerful feedback effects of the Third Way thus trapped and divided the centre-left during the crisis. This undermined the ability of social democratic parties to oppose austerity and eventually contributed to their electoral crisis in the shadow of the Great Recession.
Introduction
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 begins by laying out the puzzle that the book addresses. It argues that austerity became the dominant macroeconomic policy in response to the Great Recession and that even social democratic parties supported this austerity settlement. The chapter then lays out the reasons why social democratic austerity is surprising and summarises the book’s main argument. It contends that it is necessary to study both the electoral and elite politics of austerity to understand the behaviour of social democratic parties across Europe. Taking both of these aspects seriously, the introduction explains the research design and the scope of the book. It concludes by providing a short outline of the book.
Social Democratic Austerity
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 situates the book in the context of the existing literature and outlines the analytical framework. The chapter begins by reviewing the policies that the centre-left pursued before the Great Recession. Afterwards, it summarises existing explanations for social democratic austerity and argues that they are not sufficient to explain it. The chapter then provides a new theoretical framework to explain partisan choices for macroeconomic policies. It argues that politicians are constantly in search of electoral majorities and need to respond to public opinion. Yet, parties in Europe are not just conveyor belts for electoral interests; they are also rooted in distinct ideological traditions. Parties balance electoral demands with their economic ideas and political objectives. The theoretical framework, therefore, highlights the importance of both the electoral and ideational foundations of macroeconomic policies and focuses on the interaction of public opinion, economic ideas, and the dominant political discourse.
Attitudes towards Austerity
Authors: Bremer Björn 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 studies the popular politics of austerity, i.e. the demand-side of politics. It uses data from the Eurobarometer to examine Europeans’ attitudes towards government debt from 2010 to 2015. The results show that a large number of voters felt uneasy about their country’s government debt in the wake of the Greek sovereign debt crisis, believing that measures to reduce the public deficit and debt could not be delayed in their country. The chapter then proceeds to study the public’s debt aversion across Europe systemically. It uses regression analysis to examine the country- and individual-level determinants of preferences towards fiscal policy. The results show that less well-off people are less concerned about government debt, generating a positive relationship between income and wealth and debt aversion. On the aggregate level, voters respond to changes in the economy in an anti-Keynesian fashion: they are more likely to support fiscal consolidation during busts than during booms. Moreover, an individual’s subjective experience of the economy influences their support for fiscal consolidation.
Cost Differences in Temple-Building between Rome and the Provinces
Authors: Domingo Javier 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Some of the largest architectural projects in Roman towns and cities were religious buildings. They were often dedicated to the imperial cult, built within huge porticoed squares, and lavishly decorated with large amounts of imported marble. They were, therefore, projects that required a considerable financial investment—investment about which we rarely have any details. However, we can attempt to glean information by applying the building cost calculation methodology that has been developed over the last few years. This chapter applies this calculation methodology to a range of buildings with interesting results. Based on the study of temples in North Africa, costs recorded in the epigraphy of temple buildings do not always reflect the true cost of their construction. There are also notable differences in cost between complexes built in Rome and their provincial imitations, as demonstrated by comparison of the Forum Pacis of Rome and the Provincial Forum of Tarragona. This study also allows us to estimate the financial investment in one of the most important imperial cult complexes built in a provincial city—Tarraco—at a particularly outstanding moment of its history. Although results must be considered as approximate values, we can now cautiously introduce building costs into the analysis of architecture. This allows us to compare different constructions and better calibrate the effort made by specific towns or local elites in undertaking certain building projects, and, consequently, to evaluate the effort and economic resources required by towns when imitating the grand building projects of Rome.
Sacred Flocks and Herds? The Implications of Animal Sacrifice at Rural and Suburban Romano-Celtic Shrines
Authors: King Anthony C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This is a chapter about animals—the origins and husbandry of those that ended up as deposits of bones on Romano-Celtic temples in Britain and Gaul. The presence of animals at temples might seem straightforward: worshippers come to a temple with animals and after they are sacrificed, the bones, or, at least, a selection of the sacrificed carcasses, are deposited on the site. However, the title of this chapter, with its question mark after ‘sacred flocks and herds’, is an exploration of this deceptively simple picture, with two speculations as points of focus. One is that some temples maintained their own flocks and herds, in part because of their location away from settlements and population, so that they were an integral element of the temple economy. Secondly, that there are enclosures in the landscape around some of the temples, outer temenoi or areae that sometimes enclose many hectares, and that these are the spaces where these animals were kept, possibly temporarily before a festival or a similar event. Using archaeological, zooarchaeological, and related evidence, this chapter examines the implications of rural sanctuaries as potential landholders in the context of their contribution to the economy of Roman Britain and Gaul.
Simply Responsible
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This book defends a general theory of responsibility, arguing that the blameworthy artist is responsible in just the same way that the blameworthy thief is. Individuals can be responsible for all kinds of different activities, but the basic responsibility relation is the same in every case. Individuals are responsible for the things they do first, then blameworthy or praiseworthy for having done them in light of whether they’re good or bad, according to a variety of standards. Moreover, the book develops this view with modest theoretical resources, offering minimal accounts of agency, control, blame and praise, and desert, delivering a comprehensive picture of being responsible for all the many things humans do.
The Basic Responsibility Relation
Authors: King Matt 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws on widespread symmetry between moral and non-moral cases of responsibility to make the initial case for a basic responsibility relation. Not only do individuals blame and praise others for their moral doings, but they also blame and praise them for their non-moral doings. Across the cases, individuals evaluate those doings by applying evaluative standards to determine if they were good or bad. When responsible, those good and bad things done reflect positively and negatively on those who did them. Finally, the same considerations make blaming and praising them inappropriate across all the cases. The parallels across the cases indicate that there is a single responsibility relation they all share—the basic responsibility relation—which grounds positive and negative evaluations of agents in light of the positive and negative features of the thing done. The chapter also considers the relevance of possible asymmetry between the cases.
Conditions
Authors: Stevens Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Where a payment, or other performance, is rendered pursuant to an agreement, under which it is agreed to have been conditional, if that condition fails the recipient must make restitution of what has been received. Although the agreement between the parties may be an enforceable contract, it need not be, because of, for example, absence of consideration, lack of intent to create legal relation, want of certainty, lack of capacity, or want of a required form. The relevant condition is found in the agreement between the parties, not in the mind of one or the other. The meaning of such conditions are always a matter of construction of the individual agreement, although the law has default rules in many contexts (such as the sale of goods). Such conditions may be waived, and are not necessarily the same as any obligation of counter-performance. This ground of claim is quite different from that based upon restitution of a performance that was unjustified. It is unnecessary to either avoid or terminate the parties’ agreement as a pre-condition of recovery on this ground.