bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Domestic Political Vulnerability and Unwanted War
Authors: Ko Jiyoung 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates how domestic political vulnerability, or the lack thereof, leads to different strategic decisions of leaders confronting popular nationalism. It examines how American popular nationalism contributed to the outbreak of the War of 1812 between the United States and Great Britain. While American popular nationalism exerted pressure on the country’s leaders to declare a war against mighty Great Britain over several maritime issues, it resulted in divergent outcomes across the Jefferson and Madison administrations—the status quo under Jefferson and war under Madison. The chapter demonstrates that the key difference between the two leaders was their domestic political vulnerability. Madison was forced to initiate an unwanted war despite the low likelihood of complete victory in the face of a powerful nationalist opposition aligned with the nationalistic public, whereas Jefferson did not face such a dire domestic political situation.
The Rohingya Refugee Situation
Authors: Gorlick Brian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the refugee-producing situation in Myanmar and the ongoing regional, political, and operational limitations—including within the United Nations—to promote solutions for Rohingya refugees. It argues that while the humanitarian situation continues to receive international support and is progressing, there is an urgent need to explore viable justice, accountability, and mitigation measures under international law and practice. The chapter further asserts that some options and solutions require significant shifts in policy by the Bangladesh government and other nation-states. It observes that several years after Rohingya refugees from Myanmar entered Bangladesh in 2017, there are still no long-term solutions in sight. It is noted that while many displaced Rohingya in the region live in dismal conditions, the situation is further complicated by the internal armed conflict in Myanmar and lack of political will by the authorities to motivate voluntary repatriation.
Immigration, Policies, and Socioracial Hierarchies
Authors: Freier Luisa Feline , Oba Leon Lucar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses socioracial hierarchies and sociopolitical reactions to specific groups of migrants and refugees in Latin America. It argues that socioracial hierarchies are fluid and context-dependent, working by ranking individuals and groups based on their perceived physical and socioeconomic characteristics. First, the chapter examines the broader system of socioracial relations in Latin America in which ethno-racial groups occupy different political, economic, and cultural power ranks. It then theorizes that the role of socio-racial discrimination as a conditioning factor for the reception of forcibly displaced populations in the context of immigration and refugee policies in the region is a product of both racialization and the process of class-based categorization. In conclusion, the chapter uses Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory to examine the paradoxical liberalization of immigration and refugee policies in the region and the cases of so-called extracontinental immigration of Haitians and Africans to Argentina and Brazil and of Venezuelan displacement to Peru.
Access to Labor Market Justice for Migrant Workers in Australia
Authors: Boucher Anna 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on access to justice and impediments that migrant workers face in pursuing legal claims and court actions that enforce labor rights. In doing so, the chapter draws on qualitative and quantitative data on migrant workers’ rights in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It refers to the broader justice scholarship from sociolegal intersectional studies on barriers that prevent immigrant workers from enforcing their legal rights. The chapter concludes that, globally, the visa status and visa rules in the labor market can limit the labour rights of migrant workers. It also concludes that considerable attention should be paid not only to the extent of labor rights violations within the workforces of host societies, but also to the agency of migrant workers’ legally enforce their violated rights.
Gender-Related Traits as Reflected in Conflict Resolution Behaviors
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers geometric tests (especially circulant correlation analyses) and psychometric tests (particularly confirmatory factor analyses) regarding the circumplexity of simulated, theory-driven matrices of correlations among “lower-order” interpersonal traits, using LISREL. It emphasizes idealized correlations among subclinical versions of lower-order traits that can be viewed as blending dominance and nurturance (i.e., assured-dominant, arrogant-calculating, cold-quarrelsome, aloof-introverted, unassured-submissive, unassuming-ingenuous, warm-agreeable, and gregarious-extraverted). The chapter also includes idealized correlations among clinical versions of lower-order traits that can be considered as combining dominance and nurturance (i.e., domineering, vindictive, cold, socially avoidant, nonassertive, exploitable, overly nurturant, and intrusive). Readers will be able to (1) enter LISREL input files for geometric and psychometric analyses and (2) obtain output files that should reproduce the results reported in this chapter. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 4, in which the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised Version (IAS-R) is introduced.
Hell
Authors: Aran Gideon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter opens with a participant-observer’s thick description of the arena of suicide terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the lethal explosion. The author was on the ground with the ZAKA team to recount the sights, sounds, and smells of the scene of horror as experienced by the Jewish ultra-Orthodox volunteers. A detailed representation of the sites of Palestinian massacre in Jerusalem during the Intifada is followed by a discussion of the religious logic of the deep structure of these concrete manifestations of hell. The chapter ends with a comparative analysis of the peculiar symbolically rich deathwork of ZAKA in various morbid arenas.
New Torah
Authors: Aran Gideon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The topic of chapter 5 is the Jewish religious canopy of ZAKA which consists of traditional elements as well as experimental, innovative and quite radical ones. This chapter examins the rabbinical codex and the mystical myth that guide the ritual behavior of the organization in the arena of terrorism, attempting to adjust Orthodox norms and symbols to fit revolutionary circumstances, to meet the challenge posed by the horrors of the Intifada. ZAKA is analysed in terms of its old-new belief system and detailed manual of rules that rationalize and direct violent death management.
The Spell of Tearing the Body Apart
Authors: Aran Gideon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 focuses on the human body, particularly the mutilated dead body. The Palestinian human bomb and the Israeli ultra-Orthodox ZAKA volunteer embody two mythological human urges: to tear the body apart and to piece it together. The two opposing but complementing arch-types of dismemberment and its cure are dialectically related as manifested in the Middle-Eastern scene of suicide terrorism in the immediate aftermath of the explosion. The ritual death management that characterizes ZAKA enables observations on several body-relevant peculiar phenomena, like the diffuse and mutable border between life and death, the momentary reemergance of vestiges of ancient biblical religiosity centered on a priestly cult of sacrificing flesh and blood, and bodily metaphors of the nation and sacred canonic books. Rabbinic Judaism tends to cover the naked body whereas ZAKA’s death specialists rediscover the bare body and inadvertently expose its outside and inside, thus redeeming the carnal aspect of Jewish heritage– as distinguished from the spiriritual and rational - from a certain denial.
Pious Counterterrorism
Authors: Aran Gideon 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 9 ZAKA is discussed in the context of Israeli-Palestian troubled co-existance, and seen from the perspective of the Israeli desparate attempt to meet the challenge of Palestinian border crossing for armed hostile purposes. This chapter proposes the hypothesis that the ultra-Orhodox volunteers are dedicated but unacknowledged counter-terroism protagonists. Curiously ZAKA is the functional equivalent of the ISA and Border Police. Preoccupied by issues of blood purity inspired by visions that blend ancient myth of grandeur with traumatic collective memory of medieval and early-modern times, the ritual deathworkers fulfil an effective role in contemporary Israeli civil society. Analysis of ultra religious symbolic action in the arena sheds light on hitherto unexplored aspects of Palestnian suicide terrorism.
The Violent Persecution of Minorities
Authors: Cronin Bruce 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how the legal prohibition of mass violence against particular social groups became a universal principle under general international law, and how this reflects the special status that international human rights law extends to the integrity of certain defined groups and their members. In doing so, it examines the extreme forms of persecution, including genocide, ethnic cleansing, and apartheid, and explores the special protection given to national, ethnic, religious, and racial minorities. As such, it focuses on how the international community developed a universal prohibition against genocide, ethnic cleansing, and apartheid.
Writing the Brain
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Writing the Brain: Material Minds and Literature, 1800–1880, examines the intersections of literature and brain anatomy in England and the United States between the years 1800 and 1880. These decades were not only marked by major milestones in the mapping of the human brain, but also saw scientists and literary authors generally engage with the public in the same venues, be they publishing houses, monthly periodicals, or daily newspapers. Writing the Brain tracks how writers of fiction and poetry encountered novel scientific discoveries about the material nature of cognition—and how literature, in turn, influenced scientific theorizing. In a period that laid some of the foundations for modern neuroscience, material brains became a topic of intense popular interest, and their echoes can be found in many of the canonical texts from the time—from Whitman to Dickens, and from Dickinson to Tennyson—as well as in some of the textual rediscoveries presented in this study. Theorizing the brain as a cultural object, this book analyzes its discursive self-fashioning through various fields of media, be it literature, science, or technology. It argues that the cultural force of brain anatomy and its attendant theories of material minds posed a number of ontological and epistemological quandaries that shaped the era’s literatures and sciences. Writing the Brain traces these historical trends to excavate an often overlooked, entangled history of early neuroscientific insight and literary expression.
Rattle-Brained
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines literary renditions of insanity as a means for authors to debate the material nature of cognition. It describes an anatomically justified psychology that draws from and simultaneously critiques medical notions of insanity and the practice of institutionalization. Focusing on the work of Robert Montgomery Bird, Wilkie Collins, and Emily Dickinson, it proposes that these authors narrate insanity as a metacognitive act (an instance where a speaker can observe him- or herself think) in order to interrogate the psycho-physiological limits of thought as such. Drawing from the work of Benjamin Rush and Pliny Earle, these writers arguably laid the conceptual groundwork for the mimetically unreliable narrators of modernity by following the brain science of their day to its logical extremes and discovering the limits to their own biological mind and, consequently, to their authorial voice.
Pioneers of Modern Astronomy
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Galileo Galilei, the “father of science,” built his own telescope and in 1609 used it to observe the Moon. He saw no evidence of life and accurately described the Moon’s craters, which he saw were unlike those of the Earth. He was even able to measure the height of lunar mountains. He also discovered moons orbiting around Jupiter and that Venus had phases like the Moon’s, both of which confirmed Nicolaus Copernicus’s theory. This offended the Church, which forbade him from agreeing that the Earth was at the center of the solar system and placed him under house arrest. Robert Hooke was the first to try to discover the origin of lunar craters. Since he knew of nothing that could fall from above to create them, he concluded that their cause must lie below the surface, as does the source of volcanoes on the Earth. Hooke believed that life existed on the Moon, as did most other early scientists. To dislodge this idea took three centuries. Hooke deduced that the Moon must have gravity, which would explain how it remained in place in space.
The Moon’s Myriad Craters
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Famed geologist James Dwight Dana visited the Hawaiian Islands and saw the lava pool at the summit of Kilauea, which he thought was a model for lunar craters. He came to believe that the dark regions of the Moon’s once-molten surface had cooled first, before the bright regions. He equated these with the ocean basins and continents of the Earth, which he said were permanent features, a conclusion that misled geologists for decades. German scientist Ernst Chladni was the first to recognize the existence of meteorites, launching a new field of science. The nineteenth century’s two most important books on the Moon appeared in the 1870s, one espousing a meteorite impact origin for lunar craters and the other a volcanic origin. Unfortunately, the latter view prevailed, and geologists did not accept the meteorite impact origin of the Moon’s craters until the 1960s.
The Rise and Fall of the Nebular Hypothesis
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The first to explain the origin of the planets and moons was Pierre-Simon Laplace in his 1796 book, Exposition for the System of the World. His theory would dominate science throughout the next century and come to be accepted as a given. He held that the solar system had begun as a hot, rotating gas cloud. As it spun, centrifugal force threw off blobs of gas that coagulated into planets. The planets then repeated the process to create their moons. By the last few decades of the eighteenth century, enough evidence had come to light to call the nebular hypothesis into question, if not to falsify it. This opened the way for three different theories for the origin of the Moon. The fission theory resembled the nebular hypothesis in holding that the gravity of the Sun had pulled off a bulge in the proto-Earth which became the Moon. The co-accretion theory held that the Moon and the Earth had formed near each other and thus were like sister planets. The capture theory imagined that the Moon had started out in some distant region of the solar system but drew near enough to be captured into orbit by the Earth’s gravity.
Giant Impact
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Lunar scientist William Hartmann, early in his career, identified a 1000-kilometer-wide bullseye-like impact basin that is hard to see from the Earth because much of it is on the Moon’s farside. This got him thinking that the early solar system must have been populated by many huge objects, some as big as Mars. But today they are all gone. Hartmann came to believe that they had collided with each other and been swallowed up, leaving the eight planets we observe. This process of “giant impact” would explain many of the bizarre and seemingly random features of the moons and planets, including that each planet has a different axial tilt, the opposite of what the nebular hypothesis predicted. Hartmann proposed the hypothesis at a 1974 meeting, by which time computers had enough power to simulate the giant collision that could have produced the Moon and the Earth.
Green Light for Giant Impact
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Mariner 10 mission to Mercury in 1974 showed that planet’s face to be as heavily cratered as the Moon, helping to persuade scientists to accept the fundamental role of impact in the history of the solar system. Like many scientific ideas, giant impact had been proposed in the 1940s but had been ignored. In the 1980s, scientists took the idea up again in a burst of activity. A 1984 conference found that giant impact was at least tentatively accepted by most lunar scientists. Many began to regard such collisions as inevitable in the early solar system, but that did not necessarily mean that one caused the Moon. Nevertheless, as one science reporter summed up, the giant impact hypothesis had “breathed new life into a long-stagnant field.”
Summing Up and Looking Ahead
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Scientists fooled themselves into believing that the Moon harbored life and that the Moon’s craters were volcanic, despite the complete absence of evidence for either notion. The origin of the Moon turned out to be one of the most intractable problems that scientists have ever tried to solve, as one theory after another failed. Yet the scientists never gave up. Now we know that during the course of the random violence of the early solar system, an enormous contingent event took place, one that left a planet on which life could arise, become intelligent, and figure out how lucky it was.
Preference, Reason, and Agency
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a theory of freedom of choice, called ultimate freedom. Ultimate freedom might be called reflective freedom or alternatively, for special emphasis on rational defensibility of preference, defensible freedom. Ultimate freedom has two dimensions. The first is freedom of choice among alternatives or optionality. The theory is based on the role of higher-order preference in choice, reason, agency, and freedom. The chapter distinguishes between first-order states like desire and belief that may arise in us unreflectively, leading directly to action, in contrast to higher-order states of preference and acceptance that are under the direction of reason and may guide us to reflective choice and decision. The chapter compares this account to that of Daniel Kahneman’s distinction between System 1, guided by feeling and impression, and System 2, guided by reason and statistics.
Freedom of Choice
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the aim is to further elaborate a conception of ultimate freedom of choice resulting from higher-level preference, most notably a power preference over a structure of preference that is the primary explanation of choice. This ultimate freedom of choice is located at a unification of a source theory of freedom (Harry Frankfurt, 1971) and developed by Carolina Sartorio (2016), with a traditional leeway theory of freedom. The chapter affirms that free choice is an expression of an ultimate preference as a source of ultimate freedom entailing that the person has alternative possibilities of choice and preference. Ultimate freedom resulting from a power preference combines a source theory with a leeway theory of freedom. It is consistent with nomological determinism when the power preference is the primary explanation of choice.
Moral Responsibility and the Flicker of Freedom
Authors: Capes Justin A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This book addresses a long-standing controversy in the literature on free will and moral responsibility concerning whether Frankfurt cases—thought experiments of a sort devised by Harry Frankfurt—are counterexamples to the so-called principle of alternative possibilities (roughly, the principle that a person is morally responsible for what he did only if he could have avoided doing it). Frankfurt and many others contend that Frankfurt cases are counterexamples to the principle, but here it is argued that, far from being counterexamples to the principle, Frankfurt cases actually provide further confirmation of it, a conclusion that has important implications for our understanding of free will and moral responsibility.
The persistence and forms of bipartisanship
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“The persistence and forms of bipartisanship” argues that bipartisanship remains more prevalent in US foreign policy than is commonly understood and that foreign policy bipartisanship regularly takes multiple forms. Democratic and Republican elected officials continue to cooperate on many international issues despite the high levels of overall polarization in American politics today. But while the classic image of bipartisanship equates the concept with unity in Washington, contemporary foreign policy bipartisanship often coexists with intra-party divisions or disagreement between Congress and the president. The chapter outlines factors that contribute to polarization or different forms of bipartisanship, explains how polarization and bipartisanship influence the conduct and effectiveness of US foreign policy, and previews the rest of the book.
Bipartisanship in congressional voting
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“Bipartisanship in congressional voting” uses an original data set of important votes in the US Congress from 1991 to 2020 to identify patterns in political alignments on domestic and foreign policy issues. The analysis shows that bipartisanship is more common on foreign policy than on domestic policy, and that polarization is increasing more slowly on international than on domestic issues. The data also reveal that strong polarization is rare on foreign policy, while intra-party division, agreement between Congress and the president, and disagreement between the branches of government each occurs regularly. The voting patterns further indicate that international economic issues involve strong bipartisanship less often and involve intra-party division more often than international security issues. These findings set the stage for the remainder of the book, which investigates factors that contribute to polarization or different forms of bipartisanship on foreign policy issues.
The Trans-Pacific Partnership and international trade
Authors: Tama Jordan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
“The Trans-Pacific Partnership and international trade” examines the factors that contributed to intra-party divisions in the United States on a landmark trade agreement negotiated by Barack Obama. Although the pro-trade orientation of Republican-leaning business groups and the protectionist positions of Democratic-leaning labor unions led more Republicans than Democrats to support the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), variation in the economic characteristics of congressional constituencies and the lack of a left-right ideological fault line on trade policy facilitated splits within both parties. When Donald Trump became the Republican Party’s standard-bearer, his protectionist positions further eroded support for the TPP among congressional Republicans, preventing the agreement from going into effect. The chapter also reviews more briefly the political dynamics associated with two other Trump-era trade debates, over the use of tariffs and negotiation of the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA).