bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Involved in the Cytotoxicity of Normal Guinea Pig Serum for Cells of Murine Tumor TA3 Sublines Treated with Neuraminidase
Authors: Hughes R. Colin , Palmer Peter D. , Sanford Barbara H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of two ascites sublines of the TA3 tumor cell with neuraminidase under conditions that removed 70 to 75% of the total cell surface sialic acid exposes receptors on the cell surface that react with cytotoxins in normal serum from unsensitized guinea pigs. Removal of comparable amounts of cell surface sialic acid from TA3 cells by trypsin in the form of sialoglycopeptides did not render the cells susceptible to lysis by the guinea pig serum. Treatment of neuraminidase-treated cells with trypsin under identical conditions reduced the susceptibility of the cells to lysis by only 35 to 40%. The requirement for neuraminidase appears to lie in the hydrolysis of glycoside linkages between sialic acid residues and penultimate sugars in cell surface glycoproteins and possibly glycolipids, with exposure of new terminal oligosaccharide sequences. Simple changes in the net surface charge or membrane fluidity of TA3 cells brought about by neuraminidase treatment were considered less likely to be responsible for the increased susceptibility of the treated cells to lysis. Hapten inhibition studies on the cytotoxic effects of normal guinea pig serum on neuraminidase-treated TA3 cells using glycoproteins with defined terminal oligosaccharide sequences have in general been unconvincing. However, glycoproteins containing terminal β-galactosyl residues showed weak but definite inhibitory activity. The presence of such residues at the surface of both sublines of the TA3 tumor cell was demonstrated by agglutination of the cells with a galactose-binding lectin from Ricinus communis.
The cytotoxicity of the normal guinea pig serum against neuraminidase-treated TA3 cells was concentrated in the 19S IgM fractions of guinea pig immunoglobulins and was labile to mild heat treatment and during storage at 4°C. No agglutination of neuraminidase-treated TA3 was found with guinea pig serum either at 37° or 4°C. The role of similar cytotoxins in C3H mouse serum in the transplantation properties of the strain-specific TA3-St and the nonspecific subline TA3-Ha and derivatives derived from them by neuraminidase treatment are briefly discussed.
Stimulation of γ-Globulin Synthesis and Specific Antibody Production by a Factor Released by Activated Lymphocytes
Authors: Rosenthal Moshe , Stastny Peter , Ziff Morris 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using a radioactive immune coprecipitation technique, supernatants of lymph node cells from immunized rabbits incubated with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were shown to enhance γ-globulin synthesis and anti-KLH antibody production of KLH-primed and nonprimed lymphoid cells from the peripheral blood and lymph nodes in the presence of KLH in vitro. Similarly, when KLH-stimulated supernatants were added both to BSA-primed and nonprimed lymphocyte cultures in the presence of BSA, increases in γ-globulin and anti-BSA synthesis were observed. The data presented provide evidence that a soluble factor is released by antigen-stimulated lymphocytes which enhances immunoglobulin and specific antibody production in a nonspecific manner. The evidence obtained suggests that the factor may be a lymphokine which either directly or indirectly stimulates bone marrow-derived lymphocyte function in both the primary and secondary responses.
Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis by Normal and Leukemic Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes
Authors: Nies Kenneth M. , Oberlin M. Anne , Brown John C. , Halpern Michael S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Short-term tissue cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes isolated from normal individuals and patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were endogenously labeled with radioactive amino acid and the intracellular and extracellular immunoglobulin isolated by immune precipitation. Even though individual cells from occasional CLL cultures expressed both γ- and µ-chains on their surface as determined by immunofluorescence, each culture in all cases studied synthesized either IgG or IgM but not both. By contrast, cultures of normal peripheral-blood lymphocytes synthesized both IgG and IgM. All normal cultures and certain CLL cultures released labeled immunoglobulin into supernatant fluids.
Spleen Cell Cytotoxicity in New Zealand Black Mice (NZB) with Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Liburd E. M. , Russell A. S. , Dossetor J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New Zealand black mice (NZB)2 develop disease spontaneously which is similar in many ways to human systemic lupus erythematosis (SLE) and is characterized by autoantibodies, nephritis, (1, 2) and perivascular cellular infiltration. These mice have also shown a decreased capacity with ageing to reject tumors induced by Moloney sarcoma virus (3). Cantor and co-workers (4) have demonstrated that the capacity of spleen cells from NZB mice to mount a graft-vs-host reaction also decreases with age. Both of these observations indicate reduced efficacy of the thymus-dependent immune system or thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells), but do not show whether programmed T cells are responsible for some of the cellular autoimmunity in this disease.
We have investigated the ability of spleen cells from diseased NZB mice to elicit a cytotoxic effect against fetal target cells, in vitro, by a modified form of the colony inhibition, or lymphocyte cytotoxicity system (5, 6).
Specific Heterologous Enhancement of Immune Responses
Authors: Rubin Arnold S. , MacDonald A. Bruce , Coons Albert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In cultures of thymocytes or spleen cells from tetanus toxoid-primed mice, the addition of 1 ng of toxoid generated the release of a soluble factor which was capable of nonspecifically enhancing the in vitro immune response of normal mouse spleen cells against sheep erythrocytes. When active supernatants were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 and Bio-Gel P-150, the active material eluted with molecules of approximately 75,000 m.w. Column fractions from similarly-treated supernatants from cultures of normal thymocytes or spleen cells, maintained with or without tetanus toxoid, were inactive. The enhancing activity recovered from the column fractions was degraded by treatment with the enzyme protease. A factor present in the supernatant fluid of cultures containing equal numbers of histoincompatible (allogeneic) spleen cells had similar properties. The enhancing factor was further purified by a combination of ammonium sulfate fractionation, Sephadex gel filtration, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Differentiation of Lymphoid Cells: Effect of Serum and Other Mitogenic Agents on the Selective Induction of Immunoglobulin M Secreting Lymph Node Cells in Tissue Culture
Authors: Zimmerman Daniel H. , Kern Milton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit lymph node cells incubated in a serum-free medium exhibit a relatively low level of incorporation of [3H]thymidine into DNA. Fetal calf serum stimulated this incorporation as much as 65-fold. On the other hand, rabbit serum from the same animal that was the source of the cells did not effectively support [3H]thymidine incorporation (only a 0- to 2.7-fold greater incorporation than serum-free medium) and such autologous serum was inhibitory when added in conjunction with fetal calf serum. This same behavior for both fetal calf serum and autologous serum was observed when the emergence of enhanced immunoglobulin M production was assessed rather than [3H]thymidine incorporation.
The emergence of enhanced immunoglobulin M production was markedly inhibited when either concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, or pokeweed mitogen was incubated with such cells in tissue culture. In contrast, bacterial endotoxin increased immunoglobulin M production about 2- to 4-fold. Concanavalin A did not inhibit the secretion of immunoglobulin M when added to cells which already exhibit enhanced immunoglobulin M production, i.e., at 48 hr in tissue culture. However, if concanavalin A was added at 24 hr or earlier its full inhibitory activity was manifested.
Immunoglobulin (Ig) Allotype Markers on Rabbit Lymphocytes: Separation of Cells Bearing Different Allotypes and Demonstration of the Binding of Ig to Lymphoid Cell Membranes
Authors: Jones Patricia P. , Cebra John J. , Herzenberg Leonard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes from peripheral blood and Peyer's patches of b5b9 and b4b5 rabbits were membrane stained with rhodamine- and fluorescein-labeled anti-allotype reagents. Up to 63% of peripheral blood lymphocytes and 15% of Peyer's patch lymphocytes were found to double stain for both allotypes on their membranes. With a fluorescence-activated electronic cell sorter, cell populations were fractionated according to membrane allotype. A double pass separation procedure after staining yielded four distinct cell populations: one each of cells single-stained for one of the two allotypes, one containing cells double-stained for both allotypes, and one of unstained cells. Properties of the cells bearing two allotypes were examined. Cells put into culture after they were stripped of their membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) with Pronase regenerated their membrane Ig; however, the proportion of cells bearing both allotypes was greatly reduced. This suggested that the lymphocytes were restricted to the synthesis of membrane Ig molecules of a single allotype at a given time. It was found that a high proportion of rabbit lymphocytes could bind exogenous Ig from serum in vitro and probably also in vivo, explaining the presence of molecules of both allotypes on individual cells.
Studies of Antibodies to Non-Type-Specific Antigens Associated with Streptococcal M Protein in the Sera of Patients with Rheumatic Fever
Authors: Beachey Edwin H. , Ofek Itzhak , Bisno Alan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies against the non-type-specific (NTSM) antigens in purified M protein preparations were found to be widely distributed in human sera but were consistently present, and in highest titer, in the sera of patients with acute rheumatic fever. These NTSM antibodies were measured by complement-fixation (CF) and passive hemagglutination (PHA) using as antigen purified M30, a serotype now rarely encountered. The sensitization of human blood group O erythrocytes for the PHA test afforded the opportunity to identify antigens in M protein preparations that have, like teichoic acid, an affinity for red cell membranes. Red blood cells were sensitized with M protein and with teichoic acid, respectively, and were compared as absorbents of serum NTSM antibodies. PHA antibodies were removed in reciprocal fashion by both sensitized erythrocyte preparations suggesting that the absorbed M protein contains teichoic acid. Either teichoic acid or M protein sensitized erythrocytes absorbed only a portion of the CF antibodies to M30 protein present in rheumatic fever sera. In contrast, streptococcal protoplast membranes absorbed virtually all of the CF antibody. These results show that purified M proteins of group A streptococci contain at least two NTSM antigens which are also present in streptococcal protoplast membranes and to which rheumatic fever patients are hyperimmune. One of these is teichoic acid or a closely related antigen.
Induction of Cell-Mediated Immunity and Tolerance to Homologous Collagen in Guinea Pigs: Demonstration of Antigen-Reactive Cells for a Self-Antigen
Authors: Senyk George , Michaeli Dov 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although normal guinea pigs exhibit no immunity against heterologous (human, mouse) and homologous collagens, cell-mediated immunity to these collagens can be induced in these animals after immunization with a heterologous (human) or the homologous (guinea pig) collagen in Freund's complete adjuvant. Furthermore, guinea pigs may be made specifically tolerant of their own collagen, and such tolerance is not broken by the subsequent induction of cellular immunity to a cross-reacting antigen, the human collagen. These results demonstrate the presence in guinea pigs of antigen-reactive cells capable of recognizing a self-antigen, with the possibility of subsequent induction of either immunity or tolerance, and argue against the assumption that self-tolerance is due to the absence of specific antigen-recognition cells.
Analysis of Antibody Populations to Oligo-Alanine Determinants
Authors: Kolb Hubert , Weiler Eberhardt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In order to characterize the variable (v-) regions of anti-oligo-D-alanine antibodies, we determined the velocity constant of the antibody-antigen-association reaction. This was done in an indirect hemolysis system by measuring the rate of the binding reaction between antibodies to oligo-D-alanine and their corresponding antigenic determinants coupled to sheep red cells. A strong correlation was found between the forward rate constant of IgG1- and IgG2a-anti-D-ala antibodies. In “fast” sera, antibodies of both subclasses were fast, in “slow” sera both were slow. It was concluded that in a given individual the v-regions of IgG1- and IgG2a-anti-D-ala antibodies are similar.
Role of Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immunity on the Recovery of Chickens from Fowlpox Virus Infection
Authors: Morita Chiharu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of thymectomy and bursectomy in chickens on the recovery from fowlpox virus infection was examined. It was found that the virus titer in the lesions the 2nd week after infection was well correlated with the migration inhibition test of splenic cells. Healing time after the infection also was correlated with the migration inhibition test of splenic cells. These findings suggest that cell-mediated immunity plays a more important role in the recovery than does humoral immunity. However, the mechanism of humoral immunity was not excluded since the mortality was significantly higher in bursectomized-thymectomized chickens than in thymectomized chickens.
Cellular Site of Action of Various Adjuvants in Antibody Responses to Hapten-Carrier Conjugates
Authors: Hamaoka Toshiyuki , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The adjuvant action of concanavalin A (Con A), Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), beryllium sulphate (Be salt) and Bordetella pertussis vaccine have been analyzed in a system measuring humoral immune responses to hapten-carrier conjugates in mice. For the definition of the cellular locus of their action, the effect of these adjuvants on adoptive secondary anti-hapten antibody responses was studied. Spleen cells from 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) primed donors, which normally fail to develop adoptive secondary anti-DNP responses to a heterologous conjugate such as DNP-bovine γ-globulin (BGG), can be stimulated to do so when an appropriate dose of adjuvant is administered with DNP-BGG. The capacity for the adjuvants employed to exert this effect requires the presence of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, since depletion of such cells by treatment of the donor cell inoculum with anti-θ serum and complement in vitro before adoptive transfer abrogates the response to DNP-BGG plus adjuvant. Moreover, evidence is presented which demonstrates that these substances exert their adjuvant action through the small number of unimmunized BGG-specific T lymphocytes in the donor cell inoculum. This conclusion derives from the failure of adjuvants to augment adoptive secondary anti-DNP responses to the DNP derivative of a non-immunogenic copolymer of d-glutamic acid and d-lysine for which there are few or no specific, functional T cells.
Alternate Complement Pathway: Elevation of Cobra Venom-Induced Hemolytic Activity in Sera of Tumor-Bearing Mice
Authors: Brai Melchiorre , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have recently reported that sera of cancer patients possess greater lytic capacity for unsensitized erythrocytes after interaction with a cobra venom protein, CVF, (1). This antibody independent lytic process results from utilization of the terminal complement components (C3 to C9) through an alternate pathway that can be initiated by an enzymatically active complex formed by CVF, C3 proactivator (properdin factor B) and other serum constituents (2–4). A hemolytic assay for this reaction sequence has been described in (5).
For minimizing the number of variables inherent in studies of this type with sera of hospitalized patients, an experiment was designed to evaluate levels of CVF-mediated lytic activity in the sera of tumor-bearing mice. Toward this end, mice of both sexes (25 ± 2g), were inoculated subcutaneously with 0.5 mg of 3-methylcholanthrene (3MC) dissolved in sterile corn oil. The largest experimental group contained mice of the Swiss-Webster strain maintained as an outbred colony in this Institute.
Mapping the H-2-Linked Genes Governing, Respectively, the Immune Responses to a Glutamic Acid-Alanine-Tyrosine Copolymer and to Limiting Doses of Ovalbumin
Authors: Dunham Edward K. , Dorf Martin E. , Shreffler Donald C. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice of inbred strains having known crossovers within the H-2 gene complex have been used to map the two H-2-linked immune response genes governing, respectively, responsiveness to a synthetic glutamic acid-alanine-tyrosine terpolymer and to limiting doses of ovalbumin. Both genes have been found to be within the H-2 complex between the K and D loci and have been further localized to the segment between the K and Ss-Slp loci.
Macrophage-Mediated Resistance to Intracellular Infection Induced by Poly-L-Glutamic Acid
Authors: Axline Stanton G. , Mendenhall Joy W. , Remington Jack S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of poly-L-glutamic acid (PLGA) to induce resistance to infection with an intracellular bacteria was examined. PLGA conferred significant protection in mice against subsequent challenge with an ordinarily lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes. Enhanced resistance, as manifest by a decrease in overall mortality and prolongation of time to death, could be demonstrated for time periods up to 44 days after PLGA treatment. Peritoneal macrophages from PLGA-treated animals were resistant to in vitro challenge with Listeria. Such resistance could be demonstrated for time periods up to 60 days after PLGA treatment. These findings suggest that “activated” macrophages are the effector cells in the PLGA-induced resistance observed.
Effect of Concanavalin A on the Homing of Labeled T Lymphocytes
Authors: Gillette Ronald W. , McKenzie Gail O. , Swanson Margaret H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment in vitro with concanavalin A was found to alter markedly the distribution of 51Cr-labeled lymph node cells to the lymphoid organs of syngeneic recipient mice. The accumulation of labeled cells in recipient spleens was greatly increased at the expense of cell migration to the lymph nodes. This effect was abrogated by addition of a competitive inhibitor of concanavalin A. The data suggest that pyranoside groups on lymphocyte membranes are associated with the homing and recirculating properties of thymus derived cells.
Characterization of a Second Normal Antigen that Cross-Reacts with CEA
Authors: Burtin P. , Chavanel G. , Hirsch-Marie H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The recent discovery of an antigen present in normal tissues that cross-reacts with the carcinoembryonic antigen of gastrointestinal tumors (CEA)3 was made in several laboratories (1, 2). This antigen received different names, including that of nonspecific cross-reacting antigen (NCA) given by von Kleist, Chavanel, and Burtin (2). A study of the perchlorosoluble antigens present on the stools of non-cancerous and cancerous patients (3) led us to identify another antigen that cross-reacts with CEA which later on was found in normal tissues. We propose to name it NCA 2.
Materials and Methods. The different categories of samples of stools and meconium were described in another paper (3). These samples were extracted volume/volume by 1 M perchloric acid, then precipitated with ammonium sulfate at 100% saturation, dialyzed and lyophilized.
These perchloric extracts, dissolved in deionized water, were precipitated by an equal volume of absolute ethanol.
Rate of Hemolytic Antibody Production by Single Cells in Vivo in Rabbits
Authors: Conrad Robert E. , Ingraham Joseph S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Published estimates of the rate of synthesis and secretion of antibody molecules by antibody-forming tissues in vitro range from 0.5 to 5000 molecules per cell per second. In the present paper we describe an experimental approach to the estimation of the absolute rate of antibody secretion per cell by undisturbed antibody-forming cells in vivo.
There is evidence that most of the serum antibody appearing during the rapid rise to peak titer after a single intravenous (i. v.) injection of sheep erythrocytes into rabbits is made in the spleen. Plots of serum antibody titers typically exhibit an initial exponential rise followed by an arithmetic rise during which most of the antibody is produced and from which a constant rate of antibody production can be calculated. Rabbits immunized with a single i. v. injection of boiled sheep erythrocyte stromata were bled frequently, then sacrificed during the period of constant arithmetic antibody production and their spleen cells assayed by the liquid plaque assay technique to detect plaque-forming cells (PFC) making IgM hemolysin. Total splenic PFC were calculated based on spleen weights. The number of extrasplenic PFC was also taken into consideration and an allowance was made for PFC in the liver and blood. The rate of antibody production per milliliter in each animal was obtained from computer analysis of data for photometric 50% hemolysin units vs time and was converted to the rate of total hemolysin production based on total serum volume for each animal. This data, together with a literature value for molecules per RBC for 50% hemolysis, led to values for molecules of hemolytic antibody per PFC per second ranging from 8000 to 20,000 with a mean of 12,000 for seven rabbits. Our estimation of the protein-synthesizing machinery required for a cell to manufacture IgM antibody at this rate leads us to conclude that an average-sized plasma cell could do this if the messenger RNA is relatively stable or if gene expansion occurs to provide rapid transcription to maintain the level of messenger required.
Stimulation of Phagocytic Release of Neutral Protease from Human Neutrophils by Cholinergic Amines and Cyclic 3′,5′-Guanosine Monophosphate
Authors: Ignarro Louis J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to elucidate the actions of cholinergic agents and cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) on phagocytic release of a lysosomal neutral protease from human neutrophils in the presence of aggregated IgG-rheumatoid factor complex. Neutrophils (5 × 106) and complex were incubated in a balanced salt solution, pH 7.4, at 37°C for 15 min in the absence and presence of various cholinergic agents and cyclic GMP analogs. Acetylcholine, acetyl β-methylcholine, carbamylcholine, and pilocarpine, but not choline, provoked a 74% to 94% increase in enzyme release at 10-7 M. Atropine, but not hexamethonium, blocked the accelerating action of acetylcholine on enzyme release. Cyclic GMP as well as three of its analogs also enhanced release of neutral protease from phagocytosing human neutrophils (71% to 136% increase at 10-7 M). Guanosine 5′-monophosphate or triphosphate did not provoke enzyme release and atropine did not block the effect of cyclic GMP. Neither the cholinergic agents nor cyclic GMP affected release of cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase, thus indicating maintenance of cell viability during lysosomal enzyme release. The data suggest that human neutrophils have muscarinic receptors that respond to cholinergic agents by acceleration of lysosomal enzyme release, perhaps via a mechanism involving intracellular cyclic GMP.