bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing the Right
Authors: Drolet Jean-François , Williams Michael C. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Once considered an exhausted vestige of the past, the radical right has re-emerged in the early twenty-first century as one of the most striking and in many eyes most troubling challenges to the contemporary world order. Along with this re-emergence, sweeping historical and global narratives of anti-liberalism have been revived and reformulated within Western democracies and beyond. This chapter traces the historical lineages of this resurging strand of radical conservatism. While these movements are often seen as “knee-jerk” reactions to globalization, today’s radical right also has its own intellectual vanguard that mobilizes long-standing historical narratives and intellectual legacies to produce ideologically and emotionally powerful attacks on liberal institutions and rationalities of government. Only by taking these narratives seriously is it possible to come to terms with today’s radical right and develop compelling and effective responses to it.
Introduction
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The book’s central claim is that US financial sanctions generate political risk in the international currency system. Political risk is defined here as the potential for a political act to raise the expected costs of using a currency for cross-border transactions or as a store of value. Over time, the accumulation of political risk in the system creates incentives for governments to adopt anti-dollar policies to promote the use of currencies or assets other than the dollar for investment and cross-border transactions. Of course, anti-dollar policies may fail. Thus, on their own they do not imply that the dollar is playing a diminishing role in a country’s international economic relations. They merely indicate that the government is attempting to bring about such a shift. When sanctions-induced anti-dollar policies do successfully reduce reliance on the dollar, it signifies de-dollarization—the intentional reduction of the dollar’s role in a nation’s cross-border economic activities. The book explores this argument with a series of empirical chapters that examine the first two decades of the twenty-first century, a period in which the United States steadily increased its use of financial sanctions against foreign adversaries and pariah states.
The Source and Exercise of American Financial Power
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains how dollar dominance gives the United States the unrivaled capacity to cut off foreign actors from their dollar-based assets and from the global dollar-based financial system. It unpacks the mechanics of the correspondent banking system in which US financial institutions serve as intermediaries in most cross-border financial transactions. It then describes the critical role played by presidential Executive Orders and the US Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control in overseeing and enforcing the US financial sanctions regime. Finally, the chapter presents original data documenting how the United States has used its financial sanctions capabilities with increasing frequency in the first two decades of the twenty-first century, targeting states with specific characteristics. These data are used to illustrate how political risk associated with the dollar varies across countries and over time: the risk of facing sanctions is not equally distributed.
Sanctions, Political Risk, and the Reserve Currency Role
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the dollar’s position as the world’s leading store of value. This enables the United States to freeze foreign actors’ dollar-based assets, effectively cutting adversaries off from their financial wealth. Washington has employed such measures in concentrated efforts to pressure politically connected elites in target countries and as part of broad strategies to coerce or topple authoritarian regimes. The chapter then presents empirical case studies of Russian and Turkish reactions to US sanctions. Though the evidence is strongest in the Russian case, both countries responded with heightened anti-dollar rhetoric, suggesting that Washington’s actions generated political risk concerns in both countries. This rhetoric was accompanied by a suite of anti-dollar policies designed to reduce dependence on the currency. The aim was ostensibly to reduce both countries’ vulnerability to US financial pressure in the future.
Payment Politics
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 presents analyses indicating that US sanctions provoked anti-dollar policy responses and may have led to modest de-dollarization in cross-border payments. First, it considers whether central bank currency swap agreements correlate with US sanctions. Such swap agreements can facilitate cross-border trade settlement in non-dollar currencies. The evidence suggests that sanctions, though not the risk of sanctions, are related to the propensity to sign swap deals. Moving beyond anti-dollar policies to measures of de-dollarization, the chapter demonstrates that sanctioned countries, and those at greater risk of facing sanctions, rely less on the dollar for trade settlement—which suggests a link between sanctions and de-dollarization. The chapter concludes by exploring experimental data from a survey of over 1,000 multinational firms in Vietnam. The data illustrate that information about the growing use of US sanctions increases firm managers’ interest in learning about cross-border payments systems based on the euro or the renminbi.
Conclusion
Authors: McDowell Daniel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The conclusion considers how US policymakers should respond to the challenges identified in the preceding chapters. While the increased use of financial sanctions is unlikely to jeopardize the dollar’s status as the world’s pre-eminent global currency, targets are adapting to the tool. In time, these adjustments can weaken the effectiveness of US financial coercion, diminishing Washington’s capacity to achieve its aims during international crises. There are methods that can be used to achieve foreign policy objectives that do not politicize the dollar and provoke countervailing currency measures. Other tools that do not present the same risks to the future exercise of US power exist and can be used in place of financial coercion. Policymakers should adopt a more circumspect approach to financial sanctions with an eye toward preserving the efficacy of the tool for the moments where financial coercion really counts.
Twenty Key Elements of High-Participation Negotiations
Authors: McAlevey Jane F. , Lawlor Abby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter enumerates the twenty key elements of high-participation negotiations. It covers the challenges of organizing a union. The key elements together are expected to turn routine activities into opportunities, build maximal power for the workers’ side, and see their fundamental source of strength as existing within the demonstrable and verifiable power of workers to move each other to action. High participation in negotiations typically influences everything as it often results in winning better contracts and developing a robust political mobilization structure. Moreover, a high-participation approach to negotiations translates to directly helping skeptical workers overcome their doubts about collective action and sharpening workers’ understanding of their employer.
A Punch in the Face (NJEA)
Authors: McAlevey Jane F. , Lawlor Abby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into New Jersey Governor and Republican presidential candidate Chris Christie targeting New Jersey Education Association (NJEA) members. Christie’s efforts to demolish the union by dismantling benefits for K-12 employees, slashing education funding, and expanding charter schools in a largely pro-union blue state boosted his reputation within the Republican Party. However, New Jersey teachers refused to let political grandstanding destroy the top-ranked public education system. The chapter explains that Jennifer Larsen and Alex DeVicaris approached open bargaining with the theory to revamp how associations functioned to become more open and member-driven. According to Marisa Walsh, the open bargaining approach ties people together as a community and lets them feel invested in the success of the educational community and contracts.
Deduction and Necessity
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 explicates the two main arguments that have been offered for the second step of the knowledge argument: the inference from the epistemic gap to a corresponding modal gap. The chapter briefly discusses the argument from the new fact thesis, on which learning old (previously known) truths in new ways implies learning new truths as well—new truths that are not necessitated by old ones. The chapter then discusses a second argument, from implausible modal implications of a posteriori physicalism. Specifically, a posteriori physicalism implies that there are a primitive a posteriori necessities—necessary truths that are not necessary in virtue of following a priori from a priori truths and non-modal truths about the actual world. Finally, the chapter discusses Chalmers’s two-dimensional version of the knowledge argument.
Consciousness and Fundamentality
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers whether, if sound, the knowledge argument shows that there are brute facts about consciousness. Strawson and Goff each present arguments that would, if sound, vindicate that conditional claim. This chapter argues that they are mistaken. To establish brute facts about consciousness, it is not enough to show there is an ontological gap between the physical and the phenomenal. One would have to show that there is an ontological gap between the non-phenomenal and the phenomenal. Yet the knowledge argument works partly by exploiting specific features of the physical: features some non-phenomenal entities might lack. That possibility, the chapter argues, shows that the knowledge argument does not generalize in the way that establishing brute facts about consciousness would require.
Modern Racial Ideology as Naturalizing Juridical Science
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces the first element of international law’s modern racial ideology, “legal functionalism.” The discussion begins with the critique of German legal science in the work of Rudolph von Jhering, and then moves into the work of the French jurist, Francois Geny. The chapter then examines the rise of functionalism in international legal thought, and how functionalism helped birth a modern racial ideology through the elaboration of a new logic of inclusion.
On the Inevitability of Racial Borders
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 asks whether it remains valuable to analyze the sovereign’s right to exclude in the context of globalization. The chapter’s answer is “yes.” It is a commonplace criticism of globalization to say that global governance is undemocratic. The nature of the claim often turns on the assumption that for democracy to be effective, it must attach to a discrete people. The demand for democratic closure is a demand for borders that align with a shared culture, or common ethnos. The chapter examines how these typical characterizations of a bounded demos smuggle a conception of the racial xenos.
The Polish Legislation on Administrative Procedure
Authors: Piątek Wojciech 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of how administrative procedure developed in Poland between 1920 and 1970, with a focus on the influence exerted by the 1925 Austrian General Administrative Procedure Act. The analysis contains information about historic and legal circumstances in which new Polish legislation before and after the Second World War was passed, as well as specific procedural regulations devoted to discovery proceedings, the right to a hearing, a party’s duty to give reasons, and a system of legal remedies. The influence of both the Austrian General Administrative Procedural Act from 1925 and Austrian legal culture is taken into consideration. It is illustrated in two dimensions as a form of legal regulation and in the personal context of Polish lawyers, mainly judges, who were educated in the Austrian zone before the First World War (when Poland was under the occupation of Austria, Prussia, and Russia from 1795 to 1918), and influenced the Polish legal order with Austrian legal culture in various fields. One of those lawyers was the first president of the Polish Supreme Administrative Court (SAC), established in 1922, Jan Sawicki, whose biography is presented as an example of Austrian–Polish legal interactions. Nevertheless, the input of Polish academia, the practice of the administrative authorities, and the jurisprudence of the SAC, are not omitted. Those factors composed with the impact of the Soviet regime after the Second World War meant that the influence of the Austrian legislation on the administrative procedure in Poland was significant but not entirely overwhelming.
The Austrian Legislation on Administrative Procedure
Authors: Augsberg Ino 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThe chapter explains the reception of the Austrian Administrative Procedure Act (APA) in Germany. In doing so, it not only addresses the particularities of the German federal system. It also sheds light on the different reception of the Austrian ideas in the times of the Weimar Republic, under National Socialism and in the young Federal Republic. The background to the analysis is the relationship between Austrian and German law in general and legal scholarship in particular, which, despite numerous similarities, is also marked by striking differences. In this regard, the reception of the Austrian APA can serve as an exemplary illustration of this relationship.
The Spanish Model of Administrative Procedure (APA 1889/APA 1958)
Authors: Barnes Javier 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with the Spanish model of general administrative procedure law, which began with the Act of 1889, was profoundly reformed 69 years later by the Act of 1958, and is still of notable influence in the Ibero-American world. This chapter outlines the features of this model, such as the legal concept of administrative procedure. This historical and comparative analysis of the Spanish model seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the autonomy of the different families and generations of administrative procedure, as well as the role of ‘codification’ in the field of administrative procedures, and how this is neither equivalent nor comparable to the process of civil codification. It also provides some lessons on comparative methods in the field of administrative procedure.
The Austrian AVG
Authors: Zumbini Angela Ferrari 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents an outline and reconstruction of the essential elements and characteristics of the Austrian procedural model followed by an in-depth examination of some comparative scenarios together with a number of reflections of an institutional nature aiming to resolve some apparent contradictions. The analysis shows that the roots of the Austrian Administrative Procedure Act of 1925 are embedded in the solid foundations of administrative case law from the imperial era. Indeed, the AVG simply transposed into positive law many aspects of the principles that emerged in the 50 years of activity of the Verwaltungsgerichtshof. However, it should not be forgotten that codification was primarily adopted in order to fulfil an international treaty and allow loans to Austria in order to restore its economic and financial situation—an external imposition for economic reasons. A genesis so contextualised also allows a complete understanding of the AVG’s structural and functional aspects. The objectives of uniformity, simplification, and efficiency contribute to creating a minimal and adaptable model that at the same time affords protection to the rights of the parties involved. Moreover, the fundamental and distinctive features of the Austrian procedural model thus reconstructed constitute a guideline for interpreting its paths of entry into other legal systems, both in terms of positive law and the history of ideas. These paths of entry showed precisely how the AVG of 1925 dominated the scene of administrative law and its dogmatics in Central Europe for at least 50 years.
Prologue
Authors: Lok Matthijs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the prologue, the polarization of the European Past in the early twenty-first century is discussed. Proponents of the European Union usually promote a narrative of an inevitable successful, peaceful integration after centuries of internal conflict and war. Self-proclaimed ‘conservatives’, by contrast, view the recent history of Europe as one of decline and betrayal by its cosmopolitan liberal elites. Parallels, subsequently, are drawn between the polarization of the past in the twenty-first and twentieth century and in the age eighteenth-century revolutions. Just as after the world wars of the twentieth century, a broad spectrum of writers, academics, statesmen, and officials in the decades around 1800 turned to history to make sense of a confusing and troubling world.
An Unfinished History
Authors: Lok Matthijs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The second chapter (‘An Unfinished History’) describes the construction of a canon of ‘European historians’ in the eighteenth century, as well as an enlightened narrative of European history. The chapter, moreover, will demonstrate how this historical narrative and the notion of ‘modern Europe’ was adapted by the French revolutionary Nicolas Bonneville in 1789 for revolutionary purposes, showing the political malleability and politicization of enlightened historiography in the revolutionary decade. The chapter will point to the similarities between the interpretation of European history by revolutionaries and counter-revolutionaries alike, for instance related to the ideas of European freedom, pluralism, or moral and spiritual regeneration.
Equilibrium against Empire
Authors: Lok Matthijs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The fifth chapter (‘Equilibrium against Empire’) discusses the reinvention of eighteenth-century theories of the European balance by those opposed to the Napoleonic imperial system. German authors, in particular, articulated the idea of Europe as a pluralist continent, whose unique freedom was the result of centuries of political and cultural fragmentation and lack of centralization, and who presented the German Empire and the German Nation as the crucial building blocks of this system. I will mainly investigate the case of Adam Müller, ‘the German Montesquieu’, and his work ‘The Elements of Statecraft’ (1809). I frame Müller as an enlightened Christian cosmopolitan, but I will also point out the boundaries of his cosmopolitanism. In many ways the counter-revolutionary authors such as Müller and Friedrich (von) Gentz both rejected and adapted Kant’s plan for a ‘perpetual peace’.
The Pluralist Republic
Authors: Lok Matthijs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The sixth chapter (‘The Pluralist Republic’) follows the trajectory of Niklas Vogt, a Catholic historian and political advisor of the archbishop of Mainz, and teacher of Metternich. In developing his pluralist idea of the ‘European Republic’, Vogt drew on sources from different countries and languages, including, of course, German sources, exemplifying the transnational character of enlightened ideas of European diversity. Vogt’s idea of a pluralist European Republic, representative of late-Enlightenment reformist thought, was, moreover, subsequently used to defend the cause of the Counter-Revolution, the Napoleonic Empire and, more half-heartedly, the Vienna order, demonstrating the political elasticity of this concept.
Revivals of Historical Europeanism
Authors: Lok Matthijs 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The ninth chapter (‘Revivals of Historical Europeanism’) begins with a discussion of counter-revolutionary views on empire. Then the chapter demonstrates that the perspective of historical Europeanism allows us to study the renewal and adaptation of political traditions beyond the traditional ideological dividing lines of nineteenth-century conservatism, liberalism, and socialism. This chapter argues that enlightened notions of historical Europeanism and cosmopolitanism survived in the age of romantic nationalism in unsuspected and surprising ways. Throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, these ideas of European history and civilization were rediscovered and adapted to new political contexts. The watersheds of the ‘revolutions’ of 1830, 1848, 1871, 1918, and 1945 were important turning points in the remaking of the historical Europeanist tradition.
Boundary Work between Computational ‘Law’ and ‘Law-as-We-Know-it’
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter enquires into the use of big data analytics and prediction of judgment to inform both law and legal decision-making. The main argument is that the use of data-driven ‘legal technologies’ may transform the ‘mode of existence’ of law as-we-know-it, whose characteristics depend on its text-based nature. To explain why and how computational ‘law’ would be different, the author deciphers the mathematical assumptions of machine learning and natural language processing, opening the black box of algorithmic ‘insights’ at the level of its underlying research design. This allows her to compare the force of such computational ‘law’ with the force of law as-we-know-it. She then identifies some of the challenges as to legal protection, demonstrating the need for ‘by design’ approaches to anchor rule of law safeguards in the architecture of computational ‘law’, clarifying how and why ‘legal protection by design’ is not equivalent with ‘legal by design’ or ‘techno-regulation’.
Social Experimentation in an Unjust World
Authors: Barrett Jacob , Buchanan Allen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
There is a resurgence of interest in social experimentation as a means of promoting social progress, including progress in justice. In this chapter, we first advance an argument in favor of social experimentation drawing on its capacity to resolve uncertainty both about how to achieve socially valuable goals and about which goals are worth pursuing. We then identify four challenges: the information problem (experiments may not yield relevant information), the selection bias problem (potentially informative experiments may not be undertaken), the uptake problem (the information generated by experiments may not be put to good use), and the risk problem (experiments may carry unacceptable risks). Finally, we argue that certain injustices can exacerbate all four problems, rendering social experimentation a less reliable path to progress, and, in cases of severe injustice, perhaps even a regressive force. The upshot is not that we should abandon social experimentation, but that we should temper our expectations and focus on constructing conditions under which experimentation is more likely to be progressive. Specifically, to render social experimentation a more reliable engine for social progress of any sort, we must remedy or mitigate the injustices that diminish its value.