bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid Time-Lapse Monitoring of Geological Carbon Storage
Authors: Gonzalez Keyla , Misra Siddharth 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Precision monitoring of the subsurface carbon-dioxide plume ensures long-term, sustainable geological carbon storage at a large scale. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) can accurately map the evolution of the CO2 saturation during geological carbon storage. To better monitor the CO2 plume migration in a storage reservoir, we develop an unsupervised spatiotemporal clustering to process the CO2 saturation maps derived from the ERT measurements acquired over 80 days. Using dynamic time wrapping (DTW) Kmeans clustering, four distinct clusters were identified in the CO2-storage reservoir. The four clusters exhibit Davies-Bouldin (DB) index of 0.71, Calinski-Harabasz (CH) index of 262791, and DTW-silhouette score of 0.58. Unlike traditional clustering methods, the DTW K-means incorporates a temporal distance metric. Compared to DTW KMeans, traditional clustering methods, such as agglomerative and meanshift clustering, exhibit a lower performance with DB index of 0.95 and 1.01, respectively, and CH index of 131593 and 69438, respectively. Statistical analysis indicates that contrast stretching and fast-Fourier transform are strong geophysical signatures of the spatiotemporal evolution of CO2 plume. We also identified a strong correlation between injection flow rate and the spatial evolution of high CO2 content. A tensor-based feature extraction was critical for capturing both the temporal and spatial components relevant to the evolution of CO2 plume in storage reservoir.
Maintaining the Integrity of Geothermal Wells During the Construction Process
Authors: Al Fakih Abdulqawi , Natasya Sarah , Balamir Ozgur , Sebbane Slimane , Dhanto Michael Ari 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Geothermal well construction activity has been accelerating considerably to assist in meeting the zero carbon emissions goal of many countries and industries by 2050. In some areas, the geothermal well construction methods are inherited from oil and gas wells, and the construction activity is carried out using the same equipment and similar processes and guidelines. This is particularly visible when it comes to well-control management. However, as more and more oilfield professionals enter the geothermal arena, it becomes essential to understand the differences between oil and gas and geothermal wells that heavily impact the construction of the geothermal well. There is an emerging need to differentiate between the oil and gas and geothermal well control and well integrity criteria required to drill conventional geothermal wells. Considering the broad range of geothermal well types and their associated flow conditions, the authors limited the discussion to conventional geothermal wells and, more specifically, to the geothermal wells drilled in volcanic fields.
Common failures pertaining to well control that were recorded throughout the history of geothermal well drilling (starting circa the 1920s) revolve around the handling of thermal (steam) kicks. After careful investigation, the root causes of most of the steam kicks were found to be (i) engineering and crew incompetence and lack of specific experience, (ii) lack of targeted risk assessment, and (iii) lack of clear standard work instructions to be followed during routine drilling and well control operations. A clear need was then identified for a specific well control procedure and detailed drilling plan enhancements, which would also address the differences between well control operations during drilling hydrocarbon and geothermal wells.
This paper lays out the basics of the preferred approach to maintain the geothermal well integrity by well control during its well construction process, intended to reduce risk and improve performance. It will also illustrate the main differences between geothermal and hydrocarbon well control during the well construction phase.
Potential Evaluation on the Artificial Geothermal Energy of Post Steamed Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Dong Xiaohu , Zhang Hao , Lu Ning , Xiao Zhan , Lyu Xiaocong , Liu Huiqing , Chen Zhangxin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Steam injection process is usually the primary extraction method for heavy oil reservoirs. But, in recent decades, with the steam injection operation continues, most of the steamed heavy oil reservoirs have achieved a depleted status (residual oil zone). Meanwhile, for most post steamed heavy oil reservoirs, the average formation temperature can reach above 150℃. It indicates that they can be considered as a potential artificial geothermal energy source. In this work, those post steamed heavy oil reservoirs are proposed as a source of artificial geothermal energy, and the extraction potential is evaluated.
A heavy oil reservoir simulation model is firstly constructed based on a geological model which involves a five-spot well pattern of steam flooding operation in Shengli oilfield, Sinopec. This model can be used to represent a depleted status of a steamed heavy oil reservoir. Subsequently, based on this five-spot well pattern of steam flooding, a geothermal heat extraction model is developed. In order to accurately evaluate the extraction potential of this artificial geothermal energy, the wellbore heat loss is also considered by using a discretized wellbore model. Thus, two different extraction methods of water injection and CO2 injection are simulated. Then, based on the simulation model, the factors that control the heat extraction rate in high temperature depleted heavy oil reservoirs are also discussed. Results show that a post steamed heavy oil reservoir can be a potential source of geothermal energy. By using the existing steam flooding well pattern, the initial investment is reduced, thus, a high-efficient development can be achieved. From the simulation results, it is found that the method of geothermal energy extraction in high temperature depleted heavy oil reservoir (165 ℃, 2 MPa) using CO2 can achieve a high-speed geothermal energy extraction process in the early stage (&lt;1.5 years). In comparison, a method of water injection process performs better within a longer time period (&gt;1.5 years). Simultaneously, it is found that the bottom-hole pressure, heat extraction time and CO2 injection rate can have the biggest impact on the heat extraction rate.
Because of the high temperature condition, the post steamed heavy oil reservoirs can have a huge potential of heat mining. The technology of geothermal energy extraction can further enhance their development value and prolong the working life.
Numerical Models for Upscaling of Caprock Properties from Small Sample Laboratory Testing
Authors: Cerasi Pierre Rolf , Ringstad Cathrine , Skorpa Ragnhild 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work had as objective to provide simple numerical models capable of bridging between small sample or cuttings mechanical tests in the laboratory and reservoir-scale models. Numerical models are developed for tests such as the Brazilian indirect tensile test and the direct shear punch test. Intermediately upscaled shale models can be developed to model shale caprock behavior under subsurface storage operations such as CO2 or H2 storage. Of importance to creating a useful material model is to take into account the anisotropic nature of shale caprock, by introducing parallel weak planes in the models. Simulating laboratory tests allows one to tune spacing and properties of such planes with no need for microscopic and detailed accuracy. The effect of weak plane spacing and orientation on the elastic deformation of a layered material is investigated using a simple finite difference scheme. In uniaxial deformation, weakening or hardening is included through a stress-dependent stiffness modulus. Strength dependence on weak plane orientation is modelled using the finite element code DIANA. Tuning of weak plane frequency and stiffness contrast to rock bulk results in stress strain plots where the upscaled stiffness corresponds to simple analytical models. This makes it possible to specify anisotropy parameter inputs for large-scale models. Further tuning to laboratory experiments is possible through the use of the stress-dependent stiffness, making more accurate predictive upscaled models. Similarly, results from tensile strength and shear strength numerical testing highlight the fractures and their interaction with weak planes.
Visualization of Surfactant Flooding in Tight Reservoir Using Microfluidics
Authors: Scerbacova Alexandra , Pereponov Dmitrii , Tarkhov Michael , Kazaku Vitaly , Rykov Alexander , Filippov Ivan , Zenova Elena , Krutko Vladislav , Cheremisin Alexey , Shilov Evgeny 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Surfactant flooding is among the most studied and widespread EOR technologies that is being introduced into tight and low-permeable reservoirs to mobilize trapped oil. Typically, the selection of formulations for chemical flooding is associated with numerous challenges and constraints such as time-consuming core flooding tests, the high cost of the tests with modern saturation control methods, and a limited amount of core samples. To overcome these issues, microfluidic technology was applied to optimize the screening of surfactant compositions for flooding. The workflow of this project consisted of five main steps: (1) fabrication of microfluidic chips, (2) surfactant screening in bulk, (3) surfactant flooding in microfluidic chips, (4) image analysis and data interpretation.
Silicon-glass microfluidic chips, which are 2D representatives of the reservoir porous media, were used in the experiments. The porous structure geometry was developed based on CT images of core samples from a particular field with low permeability. For the selected surfactants, interfacial behavior on the boundary with n-decane was studied and correlated with hydrocarbon recovery ability. The results obtained revealed that the IFT patterns have a significant influence on displacement efficiency. Thus, the surfactant compositions with a lower initial IFT than the equilibrium value achieved higher recovery factors.
The Race to Conquer the Hydrogen Business: The Seven Territories of Australia's Strategy
Authors: Trujillo Maria Isabel , Veen Paulien , Szemat-Vielma Waldemar , Escobar-Burnham Esther 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Australia has embarked on a fast race to become the leading hydrogen provider in the Asia Pacific, supported by countries such as Japan and South Korea as firm customers. The seven territories of Australia are developing their business strategies to achieve competitiveness and a place in the race.
A strategy based on a strengths, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis has been derived from each territory, considering the current state-of-the-art hydrogen technologies and their main drivers. These strategies have been benchmarked against the Australia Council National Hydrogen Strategy and the Australia Electricity Market Operator Strategy regarding the scenario of a hydrogen superpower for Australia to become an essential player in the hydrogen market using the IBA (Interactive Bundle Analysis) framework.
The seven territories’ strategies were analyzed, and a set of recommendations are derived from this analysis with the aim to reinforce each territory strategy, providing the Australian Federal Government a framework to assess which project to finance projects first and assist in de-risking them to attract private capital, which is essential for the country to become a large-scale hydrogen producer and exporter.
This analysis recommends that should Australia focus on the development of blue hydrogen first and secures market share via Western Australia using steam methane reformer (SMR) and Victoria with the brown coal gasification, both fitted with the corresponding carbon capture and storage (CCS). In parallel, the Australian Federal government should incentivize Tasmania to produce green hydrogen followed by Queensland and Western Australia while other territories need to develop as per their individual strengths.
Discussion on the Wettability Alteration Behavior Induced by CO2-Brine-Silica Interaction and Its Effect on the Performance of Hybrid Steam-CO2 Flooding
Authors: Li Yu , Liu Huiqing , Luo Chen , Dong Xiaohu , Wang Qing , Liu Chuan , Wang Zhipeng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Hybrid steam-CO2 flooding, mature technology to enhance oil recovery, promotes the deposition of asphaltene from heavy oil and the CO2-brine-silica interaction to change the wettability of silica surface. The asphaltene deposition can promote lipophilicity of the silica surface while the CO2-brine-silica interaction can enhance its hydrophilicity. Therefore, aiming to study the wettability alteration during hybrid steam-CO2 flooding, we explore the interaction characteristics of CO2 with oil and brine on the silica surface.
In this work, a series of experiments are conducted to reveal the wettability alteration of silica by the interaction of CO2 with different fluids under different conditions. The CO2-brine-silica interaction experiments and the CO2-oil-silica experiments are carried out in the temperature and pressure-resistant vessel to comprehensively acquire the silica under the influence of various fluids in the static process. In addition, based on the core flooding experiments, computerized tomography (CT) technology is applied to realistically and automatically extract the dynamic contact angle in the dynamic process.
The result of contact angle from CO2-brine-silica interaction experiments shows the interaction between CO2 and brine evidently enhances the hydrophilicity of the silica surface under high temperature, and the ability of CO2 and brine to promote the increase of hydrophilicity is much greater than that in the absence of CO2. Moreover, the result of contact angle from CO2-oil-silica experiments indicates the increase of temperature and CO2 pressure makes the silica surface covered by heavy oil present the tendency of hydrophobia. The micro-CT images from core displacement experiments are automatically processed by an intelligent algorithm to extract the remaining oil distribution and display the data of dynamic contact angle. Under the influence of steam, the remaining oil mainly performs the form of membrane oil attached to the silica surface. Furthermore, the edges of the remaining oil take on an irregular shape and the contact angle reflecting hydrophobicity reach 45.2% after steam flooding. After the stage of CO2 flooding, the obvious reduction in membrane oil thickness occurs and the number of contact angles reflecting hydrophobicity decreases to 35.3%. Moreover, the oil film gradually transforms into many oil droplets on the surface under the steam and CO2, which may be conducive to the migration of heavy oil in a porous medium.
Taking static and dynamic characteristics of contact angle into account under different environments, the conditions and mechanism of wettability alteration can serve as a perspective for CO2 application in pore-scale displacement.
Utilization of Microfluidics Technology for an Efficient Polymer Screening Process in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Applications
Authors: Al Ismaili Safa , Gaol Calvin , Langanke Nils , Ganzer Leonhard 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This work introduces an efficient approach in addition to the traditional scheme of polymer screening for the application of enhanced oil recovery. Microfluidics technology which requires less sample volumes, and less time consumption, is applied to the polymer screening procedure. This approach delivers an efficient screening process and enables the upscaling of polymer flow behavior in porous media.
This work investigates three commercial polymer products, A, B, and C, which vary in average molecular weight at shear rate (0.1 – 1000 s−1) and temperature (20°C– 60°C). Fifteen polymer solutions with different concentrations are made from the three products and screened through three evaluation stages. The first stage is measuring the bulk shear viscosity of the polymer solutions in the rheometer. The second stage is conducting single-phase polymer flooding through a novel micromodel. The stage of this approach applies the results from the earlier stages by running two-phase flooding experiments that implement polymer flooding for reservoir conditions of an oil field in Oman. The micromodel structure used in this work is generated based on X-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT) images of a Bentheimer core plug. Thus, the micromodel's porosity, permeability, pore, and grain size distribution are similar to the core plug. This characteristic gives an upscaling potential to a larger scale, such as core plug or even a field implementation.
A database with bulk shear viscosity and model fits (Power law & Carreau) is generated from the rheometer measurements for polymers A, B, and C. A novel 3D surface model that relates the shear rate, temperature, bulk viscosity, and concentration is developed from the data in the first stage. The single-phase flooding experiments allow the investigation of the behavior of polymer in porous media under shear and extensional flow. Furthermore, the comparison of bulk shear viscosity and in-situ viscosity shows the potential to support the analysis of an empirical constant (C-factor). In addition, polymer injectivity and retention are investigated by analyzing the pressure drop and residual resistance factor after each single-phase polymer flooding experiment. The last stage of this work provides the improvement of displacement efficiency and the recovery factor, which measures the success of the approach.
The novelty of this approach is the utilization of the linear Bentheimer micromodel for delivering an efficient polymer screening process. This micromodel reflects similar rock properties as Bentheimer rocks, which provide the potential to upscale the results from microfluidics to reservoir rocks. In addition, the novel 3D surface model developed in this work allows comprehensive screening, which is accomplished through combining the parameters required in polymer evaluation at one domain.
Red biases sex categorization of human bodies
Authors: Chen Na , Nakamura Koyo , Watanabe Katsumi 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Color is associated with gender information (e.g., red-female). This study aimed to investigate whether the color red could influence the categorization of human bodies by sex. Visual stimuli were created using body silhouettes with varying along the waist-to-hip ratio from female to male perceptions. These stimuli were presented in conjunction with red, green, and gray colors, which were used either as body color (Experiment 1) or background color (Experiment 2). Participants were instructed to categorize the sex of the body stimuli as either male or female by pressing labelled keys. The results revealed that the color red had distinct effects on body perception, contingent on its role as a body color or background color. Specifically, when used as a body color, red induced a feminine body perception, whereas as a background color, it leaned towards a perception of masculinity. These findings highlight the significance of color cues in shaping gender-related body bias.
An explication of the 800-day COVID-19 pandemic spread behaviour of seven countries from different continents and the world total in a non-linear time series framework
Authors: KAVAL Mesut , TATLIPINAR Hasan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The time series consisting of 800-day COVID-19 spread data from USA, Germany, Brazil, India, Japan, Egypt, Turkey, and world total taken from the Our World in Data database, was analysed within the framework of non-linear time series. Correlogram diagrams, Fourier power spectra and Lyapunov exponents were examined for each series and it was seen that they did not behave linearly. For these non-linear time series, the lag time and embedded dimension were calculated and 3-dimensional phase spaces for each case were constructed. By examining the constructed phase space profiles, the spread dynamics of COVID-19 in each country and the world total is discussed comparatively. As a result of the phase space analysis, it was seen that the spread of COVID-19 was complex and three different complex behaviour patterns emerged according to the examined countries. This behavioral decomposition was also seen in the correlogram diagrams of the countries, the Fourier power spectrum and the Lyapunov exponents. The nonlinear time series method we used will contribute to the understanding of the qualitative characteristics of the complex behaviour of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Stabilizing negative charge in organic molecules for high-efficiency, long-lifetime delayed electroluminescence
Authors: Huang Tianyu , Wang Qi , Zhang Hai , Xin Yangyang , Li Guomeng , Zhang Yuewei , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

The internal quantum efficiencies of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) have reached 100%. However, the combination of a high efficiency and a long operational lifetime is still a major conundrum of commercialization. Here, we develop TADF emitters with auxiliary acceptors to stabilize negative charge by delocalizing electron distribution, not only strengthening the intrinsic molecular stability in both excited and anionic states, but also leading to faster exciton consumption by balancing triplet-up-conversion and singlet-radiation. The targeted compounds as emitters in OLEDs exhibited high maximum external quantum efficiencies of 27.9-37.1% and remarkably long LT95s (times to 95% of the initial luminance) of 446 and 628 h for blue and greenish-blue devices at 1,000 cd m-2, which can be further extended to 451 and 2,491 h by using them as sensitizers for blue and green multi-resonance (MR) emitters with y color coordinates of 0.27 and 0.71, respectively.
Electrodialysis: as a potential technology for 4-nitrophenol abatement from wastewater
Authors: Lopez Manuel , Cornaglia Laura María , Gutierrez Laura Beatriz , Bosko María Laura 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
4-Nitrophenol is a widely used emerging pollutant in various industries, including the production of agrochemicals, drugs, and synthetic dyes. Due to its potential environmental harmful effects, there is a need to study its reuse and removal from wastewater. In this study, electrodialysis technology was used to separate 4-Nitrophenol ions using a four-compartment stack. The effects of supporting electrolyte concentration, pH, voltages, and current density on the performance of electrodialysis for separating 4-nitrophenol were investigated. A high extraction percentage of 77% was achieved with low energy consumption (107 kwh kg− 1) when high 4-nitrophenol flows and transport numbers were reached.