bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Mitochondrial Replacement Therapies
Authors: Mann Jeffrey R. , Herbert Mary , Zander-Fox Deirdre L. , Adhikari Deepak , Carroll John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Positive impacts on human health can occasionally arise from adopting techniques and approaches developed for entirely different purposes. Mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT), also referred to as mitochondrial donation, is an example. Its origins date back to the development of embryo micromanipulation techniques in the 1980s. These techniques, originally designed to investigate how the nucleus and cytoplasm interact to instruct the process of embryonic development, are now on the cusp of being introduced into the clinic as the only realistic hope for preventing the propagation of a debilitating set of genetic diseases. While there is little doubt that the risk associated with carrying out these long-established techniques is far outweighed by the clinical impact of preventing genetic disease, their adoption represents an unprecedented level of intervention in early human development. The authors reassess development of the technologies using a lens which may inform and improve their adoption into clinical practice.
Why We Hate
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Humans are such violent and hate-filled animals. At the group level, think of the endless wars—First World War, Second Word War, Korea, Vietnam, and so the dismal list expands. At the individual level, humans show hatred and suspicion—prejudice—against fellow humans. Outsiders, class, color, sexual orientation, handicap, religion, women. The Mexican wall. Brexit. There are few characteristics that people have not at some time despised and use as the basis for belittlement and exclusion. How does this book speak to this paradox? In one word: agriculture. Ten thousand years ago humans changed from hunter-gatherers into farmers, and with this came unexpected consequences. A massive population growth, coveting of each other’s property, women reduced to little more than childbearing, and so much more. Culture changes far faster than biology: “Our modern skulls house a Stone age mind.” This is the challenge faced in Why We Hate: The Roots of Human Conflict. First comes the empirical background; next problems of war and prejudice are discussed in the light of previous analyses of these topics; finally, the empirical and the cultural are brought together and suggestions are offered for a more understanding and happier future.
Introduction
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Humans are evolved primates, modeled by the Darwinian agency of natural selection. It is important to understand the nature of this selection. It works always for, and only for, the reproductive success of the individual, the single human, and relatives who can aid the individual by proxy. Selection never works for the good of the group. Pure altruism, giving without return, does not exist. This explains the human paradox. It is in the individual’s interests to be social; but, if threatened, the individual can as readily turn nasty. There is no inborn compulsion to be nice to those who do not reciprocate. Hatred emerges.
The Biology of Prejudice
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
What is prejudice? A hostile attitude to other human beings. What is its source? Here, this chapter refers to a division between ingroup—those in one’s group or class or society—and outgroup—those who are not, although today with our huge societies, there can be internal fragmentation into ingroup and outgroup. Ingroup bias is primary. It is to others in their group that people look for help, which they reciprocate. If an outgroup poses no threat, its members can simply be ignored. However, if an outgroup starts to threaten—for instance by taking our goods or our women or simply pushing us aside—evolved emotions emerge, and hatred and suspicion and struggle ensue as the outgroup is excluded.
The Culture of Prejudice
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers prejudice in its various forms, from the side of culture—history, literature, religion (including theology), philosophy, and more—drawing on causal hypotheses based on thinking about in-group versus out-group demands. The aim is to try to identify similarities and differences in our attitudes, friendly or otherwise, towards outsiders. Building on the Darwinian-grounded scientific treatment of chapter 2, particularly about the selective factors operative when we were hunter-gatherers, now pushed sideways by the coming of agriculture, topics covered include foreigners, immigrants, class, race (including slavery), sexual orientation, religion, disability, Jews, and women. It is shown that although each topic has its own particular issues, there are common threads running through all cases of prejudice.
Moving Forward
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Judgements about hatred are a function both of the facts and of the moral judgements made about them. The chapter opens, appropriately, with a discussion of morality, arguing that all moral systems come together in arguing that the good is thinking and behaving in ways that our natural to human beings. Armed with this insight, we return to the topics of the whole book—war and prejudice—and argue that, with increasing self-knowledge, there is the possibility of reversing the cultural consequences that came with the turn of hunter-gatherers to agriculture. This optimism is encouraged by the progress already made, both in restraining conduct in war and in moving to reduce prejudice against those targeted.
Busoni’s Architectural Structures
Authors: Knyt Erinn E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 elucidates Busoni’s evolving approach to musical structure, showing that Busoni’s early approach was organicist, while his mature approach also included the design of musical montages. Furthermore, it reveals that architectural principles provided him with ideas about how to move beyond linear formal models to achieve these new structures. In two pieces, the Piano Concerto, BV 39 (1906), and the two-piano version of the Fantasia contrappuntistica, BV 256b (1922), Busoni illustrated his conception of the structures with architectural drawings. In many instances, specific architectural styles were catalysts for his idiosyncratic formal approaches. Furthermore, the chapter reveals parallels between Busoni’s ideas and those of contemporary Jugendstil architects as well as those at the Weimar Bauhaus. For instance, it shows similarities between Oskar Schlemmer’s “ambulant architecture” in the Triadisches Ballet and Busoni’s textural layering in Arlecchino, BV 270.
In Search of Jonathan
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book analyses the character of Jonathan in 1 Sam 13–2 Sam 1 and in contemporary fiction. The first part of each chapter is devoted to the literary portrayal of Jonathan in the final form of the biblical text. It seeks to establish an interpretation that allows Jonathan to be read as a psychologically cohesive character. This part raises a series of questions. What kind of man is Jonathan who shows initiative, daring, and clear leadership ability (1 Sam 13–14), yet also is willing to lay down his crown before the usurper David’s feet in humble submission (1 Sam 18–23)? What kind of son is Jonathan who rebels against Saul and takes David’s part in the conflict between the two men, yet remains loyal to his father until the bitter end on Mt Gilboa? The second part of each chapter investigates the depictions of Jonathan in contemporary fiction, with focus on novels, short stories, and poetry. It explores how a wide range of modern retellings of the David saga highlight, transform, and subvert the biblical portrayal of Jonathan. This part responds to the series of questions raised in the first part. Together, the two parts demonstrate how fictional retellings both deepen and challenge the ways that scholars interpret the biblical text.
Jonathan, Homoeroticism, and Masculinity
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Jonathan’s relationship with David, whether platonic or homoerotic, plays an important role in any study of Jonathan. This chapter opens with a succinct history of interpretation of the homoerotic nuances in the biblical texts, in dialogue with ancient Near Eastern texts and modern scholarship. It likewise provides a concise discussion of masculinity studies and their relevance for understanding the relationship between Jonathan and David. The chapter highlights the inherent ambiguity of the descriptions of Jonathan in 1–2 Samuel. Jonathan comes across as a very masculine man, as exemplified by his military heroism, articulate and eloquent speech, and judicious and upright personality. At the same time, he defies gender expectations in his relationship with David, for whose sake he gives up his own claim to the throne in humble adoration. Overall, Jonathan becomes a more coherent character when the readers assume that his feelings for David have erotic undercurrents.
A Little Bit of Honey (1 Samuel 13–14)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Samuel 13–14 and in the selected modern fictional retellings. It investigates the relationship between Jonathan and his father Saul, with focus, on the one hand, on Jonathan’s lack of obedience to and concomitant defiance of his father, and, on the other hand, Saul’s jealousy of his son and his ultimate willingness to have him killed. It also investigates the exact meaning and implication of Saul’s soldiers’ decision to ‘redeem’ Jonathan, understood to mean that another man dies in Jonathan’s stead. As a result, Jonathan can be read as a charming mixture of a courageous, defiant, and frank youngster, who becomes wrecked with guilt for having allowed someone else to die for him. This reading, in turn, provides a possible explanation for Jonathan’s later willingness to lay down his life for David.
The Neglected Princess (1 Samuel 19:1–7)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Samuel 19:1–7 and in the selected modern fictional retellings. It investigates Jonathan’s position between his father and David. At the same time, it also examines the ways in which the three Saulides (Saul, Jonathan, and Michal) compete for David’s love, with focus on how interpreters may envisage these interpersonal relationships and what light they shed on Jonathan’s character. The parallel but also contrasting roles that Jonathan and his sister Michal play highlight the excluding character of homosociability. Jonathan and David’s relationship preserves and reinforces the gender structures of the surrounding patriarchal society, with the result that Michal is pushed into the margins of the narrative. Michal, being a woman, cannot compete against her brother for David’s attention.
The Wounded Gazelle (1 Samuel 31 and 2 Samuel 1)
Authors: Tiemeyer Lena-Sofia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the portrayal of Jonathan in 1 Sam 31 and in David’s lament in 2 Sam 1:17–23, as well as in the selected modern fictional retellings. It ponders the motivation behind Saul’s decision to face the Philistines on Mt Gilboa, despite his foreknowledge that the battle would be lost (1 Sam 28:19) and to what extent his foreknowledge makes him culpable for Jonathan’s death. It also discusses Jonathan’s decision to remain at his father’s side rather than joining David and how some retellings transform Jonathan’s death into an act of self-sacrifice. Turning to David, the chapter investigates his decision to remain with the Philistines rather than either fighting Saul and Jonathan or join them. It also asks to what extent David’s reaction upon hearing about Jonathan’s death is a sincere outpouring of grief or a play for the galleries.
Politeness Is Political
Authors: Gayle Mahalia 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
If, when we look at France, we see in its history only the era in which Liberté, Fraternité, and Égalité were regnant, we are guilty of a misreading rooted in the success those notions have had over the past two centuries and in the extent to which most people are invested in them. My paper will take the reader back in time to the birthplace of the notion of equality which has made such worldwide gains that it is easy to forget the violent resistance that this notion encountered at its inception. The politeness Bergson promotes in his speech is related to the aristocratic spirit of distinction and is caught up in a web of values which lends a very different meaning to the terms Liberté, Fraternité, and Égalité, with which we are so familiar. Bergson’s speech is historically contextualized to reveal the way in which he connects the terms of the motto of the French Republic with elite interpretations of the words; interpretations that radically diverge from popular notions thereof.
Programming Politeness
Authors: Murphy Keith M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In his 1892 essay “Politeness”—a modest sort of “mirror for princes” addressed to students at one of France’s most acclaimed lycées—Henri Bergson described and promoted what amounts to a basic mechanics for harmonious interaction. He outlines three different forms of politeness, including “of minds,” “of manners,” and “of the heart,” each of which corresponds with the three most French of virtues—liberty, equality, and fraternity. The core of his argument is that through the enactment of politeness, whose effects are felt at multiple scales, from the interpersonal to the polity, a better and more just world will emerge. This argument resonates deeply with similar orientations in the world of design that also operate from a more contemporary position of social improvement. This chapter expands on its author’s earlier argument that design is a fundamental vector through which humans provision for each other the basic conditions for living. Bergson’s notion of politeness is used to show that debates about relative “goodness” or relative “badness” that haunt many design disciplines are, just below the surface, really debates about the ethical stances that humans take toward one other—but at one-degree removed, mediated through the forms of designed things. The discussion is organized around two complementary cases—“polite computing” and the design of “useable” software; and “hostile architecture” and the design of antagonistic spaces.
Introduction
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A telephone strike by the Brotherhood of Electrical Workers seemed all but certain to curtail the media-dependent 1968 Democratic Convention in Chicago. At the last minute, however, the city’s Democratic Mayor Daley, working with local union leaders, reached a back-room agreement. This arrangement undercut the strike. It also entailed that, to the anger of many Convention delegates, TV coverage of the anti-Vietnam war protests and police rioting that were taking place on the streets outside was limited and delayed. This episode exemplifies a long-lasting and general feature of US telecommunications history: that networks have both shaped and been shaped by a divided US society. From the Post Office to the internet, telecommunications systems have interacted with social power relations, and been caught up in recurrent structural conflicts and struggles for justice by workers, consumers, political radicals and reformers. Crossed Wires’ broad sweep necessitates reliance on an unusually extensive secondary historical scholarship. Getting close to the ideas and priorities held by people who built and operated successive telecommunications systems, and who clamored to have use of them, also mandates a second research strategy: intensive reliance on specialized libraries and archives, seeking traces of their thinking: posters, circulars, news-sheets, letters, union records, and the like. A precis of the book provides a chapter-by-chapter itinerary.
Consumption and Public Utility
Authors: Schiller Dan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Nascent during the 1920s, established during the Depression, and bearing fruit throughout the early postwar decades, were public utility–based programs to expand and enhance mass-purchasing power. Infrastructure-reliant household services, from indoor plumbing and electricity to telephones were essential to this program. In telecommunications, however, its results were disparate. One of the nation’s network infrastructures—the telegraph, always a specialized business service—became moribund. During the 1930s, by contrast, the Post Office was modernized and enlarged to support both civic and commercial functions. In the decades after World War II, its role as a conduit for commodity circulation became ever more dominant. The telephone system underwent an epic technological upgrade as federal and state regulators engineered inclusion: upward of 90 percent of US households enjoyed telephone service by the 1970s. However, the network was again concurrently reoriented around the marketing and consumption of commodities, including telephones themselves.
Philosophical Researchers’ Aims and Processes
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the primary aims of philosophical research and the key processes that philosophical researchers may use when developing their arguments. A typical process includes constructing a philosophical problem; building an argument through critique, extension, creation, and/or defining terms; and aiming to guide practice. Philosophical researchers aim to illuminate and investigate individuals’ unconscious beliefs, principles, values, and assumptions in order to imagine what could be. Such action necessitates identifying and describing a problem within present music teaching and learning practices. High-quality philosophical research addresses problems that are sufficiently narrow (focusing on a limited aspect of a single complex topic), realistic (resonating with many music educators’ past and present encounters), and significant (dealing with a pervasive and timely topic). Philosophical researchers might start their problem construction process with the question “What are currently the most pressing problems within the profession?” Philosophical researchers can explain and justify these problems through real or hypothetical narratives as well as texts. Having detailed a problem, philosophical researchers often build their arguments through combinations of critique, extension, and creation. Importantly, philosophical researchers define and clarify terms central to their inquiry. While philosophical researchers aim to guide practice, they typically avoid proposing prescribed solutions.
Considerations of Quality in Qualitative Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes how excellence and quality can be demonstrated in qualitative research and provides criteria for discerning these qualities as a consumer of qualitative reports. Researchers are advised to make carefully considered choices about the terms they adopt, such as “validation,” “verification,” “credibility,” and “trustworthiness,” for describing qualitative inquiry. The chapter discusses design elements and validation strategies that researchers can use to enhance the credibility of their research, as well as ways that research participants and external reviewers can be involved in these processes. Strategic actions that researchers can take include pursuing triangulation or crystallization, presenting negative case analysis, engaging in reflexive practices, and taking steps to recognize and manage their own subjectivity. Participants can be actively engaged in validation through member reflections, by interacting with the researcher in the field over a prolonged period of time, or through more intense collaboration with researchers in various phases of the research. Additional validation strategies call for external reviewers to audit the research process and products and for readers to assess the potential transferability of research findings based on thick description provided by the researcher. We conclude the chapter with guiding questions readers can use to discern quality in the research reports they consume.
Experimental Research
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to experimental design. Experimental research designs are used to address questions of cause and effect, such as “What can be?” and “What if?” A simple definition of experimental research is that a primary independent variable (e.g., a new teaching method) is manipulated by the researcher to determine its effect on a dependent variable (the outcome). Researchers conducting experiments generally set out to test a particular theory and/or hypothesis about some aspect of music teaching or learning. As first steps, the researcher will clarify the problem under consideration, provide a rationale or the need for the study, and conduct a thorough review of literature related to the problem. After clearly defining the research problem, researchers write a statement of purpose, followed by research questions and/or hypotheses. The methods section typically includes detailed descriptions of how the study was organized and conducted, including information on the participants; measures of the outcome, equipment, and materials; and procedures. After an analysis of the data collected, the results are presented by answering each of the research questions. In the final section, the research report describes the conclusions reached based on the results. Another type of experimental research is ex post facto research, which is conducted after a treatment has already occurred.
Descriptive Statistics
Authors: Miksza Peter , Shaw Julia T. , Kapalka Richerme Lauren , Hash Phillip M. , Hodges Donald A. , Cassidy Parker Elizabeth 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces descriptive statistics, that is, how numbers are used to summarize and describe data gathered in quantitative research. Prior to analysis, it’s important to examine the values in your database (i.e., spreadsheet) and examine it for data entry errors or anomalies. Next, you should always visualize your data via plots and summarize the data by calculating measures of frequency, central tendency, and variability. For interval-/ratio-level data, you can also create histograms and box plots to visualize frequency distributions. The mean, median, and mode are measures of central tendency that will help you understand the most “representative” or “typical” single value. In a normal distribution (i.e., bell curve), the mean, median, and mode are the same. Interval-/ratio-level data are also often described according to the degree to which the values follow the shape of normal distribution properties. Measures of variability provide the degree of spread among values in a distribution. These include minimum/maximum values, range, variance, standard deviation, and quartiles. When data do not conform to a normal distribution, indices other than the mean and standard deviation, such as the median, mode, minimum, maximum, range, and quartiles, should be used to describe the central tendency and variability of that variable. Frequency counts and percentages are often used to summarize ordinal- and nominal-level data, and bar plots are used to visualize such data.