bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reform Movements and their contribution to Social Welfare: A Conceptual Exposition
Authors: Kumar P.M Suresh 
Published: March 2023

Social Reform aims at introducing radical changes in the existing social order either because certain practices have become redundant or because it is harmful to a specific section of the population. Reforms are achieved through a range of means, from protest militancy to charismatic spiritualism, compassionate humanism, or social philanthropy. It is closely connected with social welfare. Attainment of welfare follows desired groundwork achieved through reforms. Rather, dispelling evil is the function of reform while sustaining the change that has been achieved, and building on it through improving well-being is the task of welfare. Social reform in that sense is a pre-runner of social welfare. Reform targets practices that are grounded in beliefs. These beliefs are nurtured by tradition, custom, and religion. Tradition gives continuity to the practices; customs give sanctity and religion endorses them. All three are mutually complementary. Practices that are widely shared reflect the tenacity of beliefs that reinforces the social order of any given point in time. Reform does not negate the prevalence of a social milieu, instead recognizes its existence as an entity. It aims at changing certain practices which might have originated as a custom through tradition, within the framework of an established social order. In this way, the results of reform are integrated into the value framework of society. Over a period of time, it becomes a universal practice. Thereby change paves the way for stability. This study aims at drawing the instances of the Ezhava community and the Pulaya community who in traditional Kerala suffered injustice through discrimination and social ostracism in the caste-ridden society of ancient India. An extensive review of the literature and focus group discussions with resourceful respondents was undertaken for the collection of data.
India’s Partition through the lens of Gender: Trauma and Triumph interconnected
Authors: Ghosh Sreyasi 
Published: March 2023

The horrible tragedy of modern Indian history is India’s Partition and the consequent refugee problem. A total of 18 million people were victims of this bloody incident; undoubtedly 10 million and more had been compelled by circumstances to abandon their homes. According to Ram Chandra Guha, author of India After Gandhi, nowhere in known history had the transfer of so many millions taken place in so few days. Women were the worst sufferers of Partition because their life was terribly affected by rape, murder, plunder and devastating bloodbath of communal riots. Prafulla Kumar Chakravarty in his book entitled Marginal Men depicted the fathomless trauma of uprooted people. Actually, refugee crisis was cause of severe headache of the newly created states. In the West the crisis did not take a never- ending shape and ended after a short while. The story of Eastern Frontier was quite different. According to Bipan Chandra, the flow of refugees did not stop upto 1971 in the Eastern Frontier and it can be added that the refugees from the East was an alarming problem for the Government of India.
Khwaja A. Khalique in his article entitled Genesis of Partition has rightly raised the pertinent issue that the unwanted incident of India’s Partition benefitted no one.
Undoubtedly the Partition benefitted none but affected the life of women in both Eastern and Western Frontiers in the ghastliest manner. In this article I have tried my best to discuss its tremendous influence on womenfolk of our beloved motherland.
Avoiding Plastic Product Failure by Proper Plastic Selection and Design
Authors: Paloian Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Plastic product failures are directly attributed to one of the following four reasons: omission of a critical performance requirement, improper materials specification, design error, and processing/manufacturing error. Therefore, product failures can be minimized or eliminated if all of these parameters are comprehensively examined during the design process. This article focuses on all of these factors, except processing-related failures, which are outside the design and engineering domain. It is dedicated to the identification and avoidance of common problems associated with the selection and designing of plastic parts. The article provides information on the material-related design criteria that depend on the applications, environmental conditions of use, and performance requirements. It discusses physical properties of plastics based on their relevance to real-world environmental conditions. The most-common design problems related to design considerations are also covered.
Flammability Testing of Plastics
Authors: Lock Andrew 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A material is flammable if it is subject to easy ignition and rapidly flaming combustion. The plastics that are most widely used are the least expensive and tend to be the most flammable. This article describes the two basic approaches to improving the fire resistance of a polymeric material: modifying or substituting the basic polymer so that exposure to heat and oxygen will not produce rapid combustion, and using flame-retardant additives. It also provides an overview of the burning process and presents two flammability test methods.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanisms in Polymers
Authors: Pruitt Lisa , Wat Amy , Malito Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article reviews generalized test methodologies for fatigue characterization of polymers and examines fatigue fracture mechanisms in different engineering plastics. It provides detailed micromechanistic images of crack-tip processes for a variety of semicrystalline and amorphous engineering polymers. The article describes fracture mechanics solutions and approaches to the fatigue characterization of engineering polymers when dealing with macroscale fatigue crack growth. It includes mechanistic images for high-density polyethylene, ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene, nylon 6, 6, polycarbonate, and polypropylene. The article describes the micromechanisms of toughening of plastics and uses a macroscale approach of applying fracture mechanics to the fatigue life prediction of engineering polymers, building on the mechanistic concepts. It also describes the factors affecting fatigue performance of polymers.
Photochemical Aging and Weathering of Polymers—The Basics
Authors: Feil Florian , McGreer Matt , Cordo Oscar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article describes the processes involved in photochemical aging and weathering of polymeric materials. It explains how solar radiation, especially in the UV range, combines with atmospheric oxygen, driving photooxidation and the development of unstable photoproducts that cause various types of damage when they decompose, including the scission of carbon bonds and polymer chains. The article illustrates some of the degradation reactions that occur in different polymers and presents an overview of the strategies used to prevent such reactions or otherwise mitigate their effects.
Mechanical Testing and Properties of Plastics—An Introduction
Authors: Thackeray Kayla , Hinkley Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This article briefly introduces some commonly used methods for mechanical testing. It describes the test methods and provides comparative data for the mechanical property tests. In addition, creep testing and dynamic mechanical analyses of viscoelastic plastics are also briefly described. The article discusses the processes involved in the short-term and long-term tensile testing of plastics. Information on the strength/modulus and deflection tests, impact toughness, hardness testing, and fatigue testing of plastics is also provided. The article describes tension testing of elastomers and fibers. It covers two basic methods to test the mechanical properties of fibers, namely the single-filament tension test and the tensile test of a yarn or a group of fibers.
Moisture-Related Failure of Plastics
Authors: Brown Michelle 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article provides an overview of the physics and math associated with moisture-related failures in plastic components. It develops key equations, showing how they are used to analyze the causes and effects of water uptake, diffusion, and moisture concentration in polymeric materials and resins. It explains how absorbed moisture affects a wide range of properties, including glass transition temperature, flexural and shear modulus,creep, stress relaxation, swelling, tensile and yield strength, and fatigue cracking. It provides relevant data on common polymers, resins, and fiber-resin composites.
Ultrasonic Nondestructive Analysis of Plastics
Authors: Kulowitch Paul 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOf the many different nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques, ultrasonic inspection continues to be the leading nondestructive method for inspecting composite materials, because measurements can be quantitative and the typical defect geometries and orientations lend themselves to detection and characterization. This article focuses on the three common methods for ultrasonic nondestructive inspection of plastics, namely pitch-catch, through-transmission, and pulse-echo, as well as the three basic types of ultrasonic NDE scans: the A-scan, B-scan, and C-scan. The discussion includes the linear and phased array systems that are sometimes used for large-scale inspection tasks to reduce scan times, the various gating and image processing techniques, and how ultrasonic data are interpreted and presented. A brief section on future trends in ultrasonic inspection is presented at the end of the article.
Hubungan Prestasi Belajar dan Motivasi Belajar Dengan Minat Meneruskan Pendidikan Peserta Didik
Authors: Nurdin Gaby Maulida , Wahid Masyitha , Mardiana Mardiana 
Published: March 2023

Setiap siswa memiliki motivasi belajar dan prestasi belajar yang berbeda sehingga minat atau dorongan untuk menempuh pendidikan yang lebih tinggi juga berbeda. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui hubungan antara motivasi belajar dengan minat melanjutkan pendidikan peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene (2) untuk mengetahui hubungan antara prestasi belajar dengan minat melanjutkan pendidikan peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene. (3) untuk mengetahui hubungan antara prestasi belajar dan motivasi belajar dengan minat melanjutkan pendidikan peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene. Populasi penelitian yaitu seluruh siswa kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene dengan jumlah 156 orang. Adapun teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik simple random sampling yang terdiri atas 112 siswa dengan perwakilan masing-masing kelas XII MIPA. Pengumpulan data motivasi belajar dan minat siswa untuk melanjutkan pendidikan menggunakan angket yang disebarkan dalam bentuk google form melalui aplikasi WhatsApp, dan pengumpulan data prestasi belajar menggunakan nilai rapor (evaluasi kognitif) peserta didik kelas XI MIPA pada pelajaran biologi semester genap tahun pelajaran 2020/2021. Hasil penelitian ini adalah (1) terdapat hubungan antara motivasi belajar dengan minat melanjutkan pendidikan pada peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene diketahui dari nilai signifikansi (0,000). (2) tidak terdapat hubungan antara prestasi belajar dengan minat melanjutkan pendidikan pada peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene yang ditunjukkan melalui nilai signifikansi (0,141). (3) terdapat hubungan antara motivasi belajar dan prestasi belajar dengan minat melanjutkan pendidikan pada peserta didik kelas XII MIPA SMA Negeri 1 Majene dengan melihat nilai signifikansi (0,000).
Pemodelan Matematika SIR dengan Pengaruh Vaksinasi pada Penyebaran Covid-19 di Sulawesi Selatan
Authors: Abdy Muhammad , Rifandi Muhammad 
Published: March 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyusun model SIR pada penyebaran COVID-19 dengan pengaruh vaksinasi, analisis kestabilan dan simulasi model SIR pada penyebaran COVID-19 di Sulawesi Selatan. Metode yang digunakan untuk membangun model adalah model persamaan diferensial dengan mempertimbangkan faktor vaksinasi sebagai parameter, analisis model menggunakan metode matrix next generation untuk menentukan bilangan reproduksi dasar dan kestabilan model penyebaran COVID-19. Simulasi model numerik menggunakan data sekunder jumlah kasus COVID-19 di Sulawesi Selatan. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah Analisis model memberikan bukti kestabilan titik kesetimbangan. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh juga dapat dilihat bahwa vaksinasi sangat berpengaruh terhadap penyebaran covid-19, sehingga diperlukan adanya kesadaran bagi masyarakat Sulawesi Selatan untuk mengikuti anjuran pemerintah agar melakukan vaksinasi hingga tiga kali guna mencegah atau menurunkan laju penularan covid-19. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan bilangan reproduksi dasar, diperoleh R0 = 0.653784 sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa keadaan penularan penyakit covid-19 di Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan sudah terkendali.
"Health" construct in the structure of consciousness of student youth
Authors: Falkovska L. M. , Havrylovska K. P. , Mizichko L. V. 
Published: March 2023

The article reveals the results of empirical research of social ideas of students about health, namely – the features of systematization, the content of this construct, and the presence of line of conduct of recreational behaviour in young people`s minds. The methodological basis is principles of the theory by S. Moskovichi on the essence and nature of social ideas which construct and define the social nature of cognition of certain groups and indicate a certain attitude towards social objects. It has been proved that the most appropriate in these circumstances is the application of the psychosemantic method (by V. F. Petrenko), which allows to study features of stable social ideas of student youth regarding health by means of using the capacities of the Statistics 13.0 program. The article states that subjective ideas regarding the health status of freshmen and fourth-year students differ in the direction of increasing realism and absence of declarativeness in judgments of senior students. Reconstruction of the psychosemantic space of "health" construct revealed four relatively independent factors: "health-promoting circumstances", "evidence of health", "methods of health-improvement" and "health benefits" which determine the main tendencies in the attitude of student youth to health. In accordance with the obtained results, the conclusions have been made on the necessity of developing state, public and personal programs which should orient, organize and motivate young people towards choosing actually effective health practices.
Held in Suspense
Authors: Chatterjee Syantani , Chamorro Luciana , Montero Fernando 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Promises of incorporation, threats of punishment, and fragile, revocable entitlements mark the signature of a modality of governance dedicated to the production of subjects who are neither included nor excluded from political or economic orders, but who are provisionally appended to them as though hanging by a thread. A wide array of political regimes renders these subjects simultaneously indispensable and expendable. The authors examine promise, threat and revocability as modalities of governance appearing across liberal and illiberal registers as a means to displace the costs, risks and responsibilities of political and economic projects onto the indeterminate subjects they simultaneously produce. The authors ask what subjects do as they are held in suspense, by studying the collectivities, social orders, and forms of political organisation that emerge amongst subjects as they anticipate the authorisations and the censures, the arrival and the forfeiture of governance.
Aane Wala Hai
Authors: Chatterjee Syantani 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Bharatiya Janata Party won the 2014 parliamentary elections in India, popularising the slogan ‘Achhe din aane wale hai’ (‘Good days are coming’). Even as the good days remained elusive, in 2019, the party won the popular vote again, with an additional promise of culling out putative ‘infiltrators’ from India by announcing ‘NRC aane wala hai’ (‘NRC is coming’). Drawing on ethnographic research carried out between 2016 and 2019 in a largely Muslim working-class neighbourhood next to one of Asia's largest garbage dumps in Mumbai, this article attempts to grasp the force of the state through its affective deferral by examining this aane wala hai form of governance – the forever-deferred, the always-arriving, the ready-to-strike – that is predicated upon weaponising deferral into a tactic of governance.
Waiting for Dignity Housing
Authors: Jonnalagadda Indivar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this article, I track a housing scheme introduced in Hyderabad, India, to redevelop slums (in situ) into two-bedroom apartments. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, I argue that existing forms of governance cyclically enact a suspension of poor people's lives and often dispossess the poor of one set of rights in the process of delivering another set. In their own descriptions of these schemes, displaced communities emphatically account for the forms of suffering they repeatedly incur, which are unaccounted for in the records of the state. In their experience, governance is not only arbitrary and labyrinthine, but it also entails necessary experiences of dispossession that ironically accompany schemes for their development. This regime of dispossession that chronically underlies schemes for poverty alleviation is what I call ‘cruel governance’. Over time, this mode of development accompanied by dispossession has resulted in cynical realignments of subaltern politics towards the state and its projects.
DOĞU VE BATI TÜRKÇESİ ÖRNEKLEMİNDE -mAGXnCA VE -mAyIncA ZARF-FİİL EKİNDEKİ ŞART İFADESİ
Authors: KALEGERİ Çiğdem 
Published: March 2023

Eski Türkçede -gınça/-gınçe ve seyrek olarak -kınça/-kinçe şeklindeki zarf-fiil eki, Doğu Türkçesinde -GInCA/-GUnCA ve Batı Türkçesinde -IncA/-UncA biçiminde devam etmiştir. Bu ekle kurulan zarf-fiiller ile temel tümcenin yüklemi arasında öncelik-sonralık, nedensellik, zaman bakımından sınırlandırma ve kimi zaman da şart ilişkisi kurmak mümkündür.
Bu ekin olumsuz kuruluşlarında ise Doğu Türkçesinde öncelik-sonralık ve şart, Batı Türkçesinde sınırlandırma ve şart ifadelerinin öne çıktığı görülmektedir. Bu zarf-fiil ekinin olumsuz biçimi, eklendiği fiilin gerçekleşip gerçekleşmemesine bağlı olarak tümcenin yükleminin bildirdiği hareket ya da oluşun gerçekleşip gerçekleşmeyeceğinin söz konusu olduğu durumları ifade etmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu ekle oluşturulan zarf-fiillerle bir şart anlamı da sağlanmaktadır.
Çalışmada elde edilen verilerden yola çıkarak Doğu Türkçesinde -mAGInCA/-mAGUnCA ve Batı Türkçesinde -mAyIncA biçimindeki bu olumsuz zarf-fiil ekinin hangi koşullarda şart ifade ettiği saptanmaya çalışılmıştır. Böylece şart ifadesinin iki lehçede farklılaşan gelişiminin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Bu çalışmada, Eski Türkçedeki -gInçA/-kInçA ekinin olumsuz biçiminin Doğu ve Batı Türkçesindeki kullanımları için Gülistan ve Tezkîretü’l-Evliyâ’nın Farsçadan Doğu ve Batı Türkçesine yapılmış çevirileri taranmıştır. Söz konusu ekin olumsuz biçimleri belirlenerek anlam ve işlevleri, yüklemle ilişkileri ve bulundukları tümcelerdeki yüklemlerin özellikleri incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. Doğu ve Batı Türkçesindeki aynı eserlerin seçilmesinin yapılacak karşılaştırmayı daha güvenilir kılacağı düşünülmüştür.
Dynamics of blood cells during a routine laboratory examination
Authors: Taye Mesfin 
Published: March 2023

Centrifugation is a commonly performed laboratory procedure that helps to separate blood cells such as red blood cells _RBCs_, white blood cells _WBCs_, and platelets from plasma or serum. Although centrifugation is a routine procedure in most medical laboratories, the factors that affect the efficacy of the centrifugation process have never been studied analytically. In this paper, we examine the effect of the centrifugation time on the efficacy of the centrifugation process by studying the dynamics of the blood cells via the well-known Langevin equation or equivalently, by solving the Fokker-Plank equation. Our result depicts that the speed of the centrifuge is one of the determinant factors concerning the efficacy of the centrifugation process. As the angular speed increases, the centrifugal force steps up and as result, the particles are forced to separate from the plasma or serum. The room temperature also considerably affects the dynamics of analyse during centrifugation. Most importantly, the generation of heat during centrifugation steps up the temperature within a centrifuge and as a result, not only the stability of the sample but also mobility of analyse is affected. We show that as the centrifuge temperature steps up, the velocity of the cells as well as the displacement of the cell in the fluid increases. We then study the dynamics of the whole blood during capillary action where in this case the blood flows upward in a narrow space without the assistance of external forces. Previous investigations show that the height that the fluid rises increases as the surface tension steps up. The viscosity of the fluid also affects the capillary action but to date, the dependence of the height on viscosity has never been explored due to the lack of a mathematical correlation between the viscosity of blood and surface tension [1]. In this work, we first examine the correlation between surface tension and viscous friction via data fitting. Our result exhibits that the viscosity of the blood increases linearly as the surface tension increases. The mathematical relation between the height and viscous friction is derived. It is shown that the height of the blood that rises in capillary increases as the viscous friction steps up. As the temperature of the room steps up, the height also decreases. The dependence of erythrocytes sedimentation rate on surface tension is also studied. The results obtained in this work show that the erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR increases as surface tension steps down.
Occurrences of Indo-Pacific Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) off the West Coast of Penang Island, Malaysia
Authors: Rajamani Leela , Ali Nurul Filzati , Rodriguez -Vargas Luz Helena , Abdul Rahman Azimah 
Published: March 2023

The Indo-Pacific finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) occurs in a narrow strip of shallow marine waters less than 50m deep. The finless porpoise although recorded in Malaysia has not been comprehensively studied. The documentation of the occurrence and distribution of finless porpoise in west and north-west Penang was carried out from 2011 to 2019.This included interview surveys every 3 months from December 2012 to December 2013, a collation of published literature and conducting preliminary boat surveys in 2019. A total of 240 structured, individual interviews were done with the local community. Based on the interview surveys, there were 6 sightings (n=6/240, 2.5%) of finless porpoises in 2013. Published data indicated that there were 19 sightings of finless porpoises in 2013 and 3 sightings in 2014. Twenty mortalities of finless porpoises have been recorded. Boat surveys recorded 14 sightings of finless porpoise with an encounter rate of 0.106 sightings per hour. Mean group size was 2.6 ± 0.4 SE. The finless porpoise appears to occur in Teluk Bahang, Pantai Kerachut, Sungai Pinang and Sungai Burung in west Penang. Overall, the data suggests that there is a consistent population where line transect surveys can be done to further elucidate the population status of finless porpoises in Penang.