bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impoverishing effects of out-of-pocket healthcare expenditures in India
Authors: Sriram Shyamkumar , Albadrani Muayad 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:
Out of the 1.324 billion people in India (2016), around 12.4% of the population is below the poverty line. In India, out-of-pocket health expenditure (OOP) expenses account for about 62.6% of total health expenditure – one of the highest in the world. High OOP health expenditures push many households into poverty. This study aims to identify the impoverishing effects of OOP health expenditures in India.

Methods:
Data from the recent national survey by the National Sample Survey Organization – Social Consumption in Health 2014 are used to investigate the effect of OOP health expenditure on household poverty. Poverty headcounts and poverty gaps were estimated at the household level before and after making OOP healthcare payments. A logistic regression model is for predicting the effect of various factors on the incidence of impoverishment due to OOP health expenditures.

Results:
There were 65,932 households in the sample. The total poverty headcount in the population before making OOP payments was 16.44% and it increased to 19.05% after making OOP payments. This 2.61% increase in the poverty headcount corresponds to 6.47 million households. Logistic regression results showed that medium and large households, household members with increased duration of stay in the hospital, utilization of private health facility and the presence of chronic illness increased odds of impoverishment due to OOP health expenditures.

Conclusions:
Health insurance programmes must be expanded to cover outpatient and preventive health services, include people above the poverty line, cover the whole household irrespective of the number of members living in the household and the coverage threshold limits must be increased. Urban poor must be enrolled in health insurance programmes without any delay.
Impact of COVID-19 on Mental Health of Aged Population in India
Authors: Bhargava Rachna , Kathiresan Preethy , Balhara Yatan Pal , Sharma Megha , Phiri Peter , Rathod Shanaya 
Published: December 2022

Introduction:
The COVID-19 pandemic impacted the lives of millions of people around the world. The stress due to the increased risk of morbidity and mortality among the elderly along with the lockdown measures can impact the mental health of older aged adults. Hence, the current study aimed to assess the mental health impact of COVID-19 pandemic on older adults in India.

Methods:
The current study was part of an online, cross-sectional survey conducted in eight countries. For the current study, participants were included if they were Indians, were at least 55 years of age, had Internet access, were residing in India, and were willing to participate in the study. A semi-structured questionnaire to assess the sociodemographic data and worries related to the COVID-19 pandemic, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), and Impact of Events Scale-Revised were applied.

Results:
A total of 181 older adults participated. The most common worries were the impact of COVID on society (65.2%) and on friends and family (50.8%). About 14.9%, 2.8%, and 14.9% of participants were screened positive for depression, probable posttraumatic stress disorder, and anxiety based on PHQ-9, IES-R, and GAD-7, respectively. There was a significant association of both depression and anxiety with preexisting mental illness, worry about transmitting COVID to others, ability to care for others, impact of COVID-19 on one's own health, finances, and society.

Conclusions:
Higher levels of altruism and “psychological jointedness” in the Indian family could have led to this unique finding that older adults were more worried about the impact of pandemic on others, than self.
A Study on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Persons with Preexisting Psychotic Disorder, their Coping Strategies, and Compliance with Preventive Measures
Authors: Sood Mamta , Chadda Rakesh Kumar , Shukla Tulika , Patel Rekha , Ratra Dhriti , Mohan MohaPradeep , Singh Swaran P. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted persons with preexisting psychiatric disorders negatively. There is a lack of studies on the impact on people with preexisting psychotic disorder.

Aims:
We studied the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on patients with a preexisting psychotic disorder and whether they were following the recommended preventive measures for COVID-19. We also studied coping strategies used by them and their caregivers. We compared persons with first-episode psychosis (FEP) and chronic psychotic disorders (CPD).

Methodology:
The study sample was a part of the National Institute of Health Research Psychosis Research Group cohort. The subjects belonged to two groups: FEP consisted of patients with the first episode of psychosis, with the duration of illness ≥3 months and ≤2 years, and CPD group consisted of patients with psychosis, with the duration of illness ≥2 years. They were interviewed telephonically on a semistructured questionnaire. Thematic analysis was done to identify coping strategies.

Results:
Fifty patients were interviewed: 24 in the FEP (26·12 ± 8·0 years) and 26 in the CPD group (34 ± 7.5 years). Forty-six (92%) patients reported difficulty in access to hospitals and 32 (64%) had difficulty in contacting a doctor. Eight (16%) of them reported worsening of symptoms and 12 (24%) reported irregular adherence to treatment. The two groups differed significantly on doing household chores, occupational functioning, and financial issues. The majority of them used emotion-focused coping strategies. Three-fourth (79.1%) of the patients in the FEP group were following all four recommended preventive measures, whereas, in the CPD group, three-fourths (73.1%) were able to follow only one measure.

Conclusion:
The COVID-19 pandemic had impacted FEP and CPD groups differently. CPD group could follow recommended preventive measures less frequently than FEP.
Determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in water, sediment and soil using high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: James Stella , Ele Yaya Estifanos , Singh Chandravanshi Bhagwan , Zewge Feleke 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. The purpose of this study was to develop a method for the extraction and determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from the soil, sediment, and water, and to investigate its stability in water using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The recoveries of the spiked compound from water and soil samples was found to be in the range of 80 to 100%. The yield of 2,4-D during acidification of the corresponding amine was 93.84-99.98%. A calibration curve for the method showed good linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9996). The LOD was determined to be 0.45 µg/mL while the LOQ was 2 µg/mL. From the analysis of the samples, 2,4-D was not detected in sediment or soil samples from the Wafiko or Kontola sites (Ethiopia), respectively. The 2,4-D concentrations in soil samples from Bochessa, and water samples from Wafiko and Sher sites (Ethiopia) were high, ranging from 68.22 to 167.7 mg/L which exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) regulatory agency standards of 70 µg/L. A 45-day experiment on spiked water samples from Lake Koka (Ethiopia) demonstrated that the acidic form of 2,4-D is stable in water with 73.46 ± 2.00% recoveries. The developed method can be used to determine 2,4-D residues in soil, sediment, and water.
KEY WORDS: 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Lake Koka, Sediment, Soil, Stability, Water

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 251-263.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.1
Synthesis, characterization, theoretical study and biological evaluation of Schiff base and their La(III), Ce(IV) and UO2(II) complexes
Authors: M. El-Barasi N. , F. Algazale S. , M. El-Ajaily M. , A. Maihub A. , M. Miloud M. , H.  Al-Noor T. , A. Mubarak Hayfaa , Mousa Kareem Mohanad 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT. A new three metal complexes of La(III), Ce(IV) and UO2(II) ions have been synthesized based on a Schiff base derived from the condensation of L-histidine and anisaldehyde. All prepared compounds were characterized by different spectroscopic techniques and Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The complexes were proposed to have an octahedral structure based on the investigated results. The optimized shape, numbering system, and dipole moment vector of Ligand and La, Ce, and UO2 (1:1) chelates were investigated. The Schiff base ligand and complexes exhibit moderate action against all of the bacteria tested, with P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp., and E. faecalis respectively being the order of inhibition.

KEY WORDS: 2-Anisaldehyde, Biological activity, DFT, L-Histidine, Metal complexes, Schiff base

Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2023, 37(2), 335-346.
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v37i2.7
Evaluation of bio-active constituents and In vitro antioxidant potentials of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Dracaena mannii, Euphorbia hirta and Senna alata
Authors: Anigboro Akpovwehwee Akporhuarho , Akeghware Onoriode , Avwioroko Oghenetega Jonathan , Tonukari Nyerhovwo John 
Published: December 2022

The current study investigated the phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Dracaena mannii, Euphorbita hirta and Senna alata. The phytochemical analyses of the leaf extracts showed varying amounts of important compounds such as tannins, phenols, alkaloids, flavoniods, protein and carbohydrates. Findings from the in-vitro free radical mopping abilities of the ethanolic leaf extracts against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl and nitric oxide radical (NO•) as well as the reducing power and total antioxidant capacities revealed abilities to quell oxidative stress with S. alata > E. hirta > D. mannii excluding the NO• radical inhibition activity. This relationship was also reflected in the IC50/EC50 values obtained, suggesting that the S. alata ethanolic leaf extract has the best antioxidant potential while E. hirta showed better activities than D. mannii. Thus, the leaves of S. alata could be further investigated for other biological potentials and possibly employed in the application of leaves against diseases that are implicated by oxidative stress.
Analysis of perceived causes of conflicts among yam farmers in cross river state nigeria
Authors: J B Effiong , D A Iyamah 
Published: December 2022

This study assessed the causes of conflicts among yam farmers in Cross River State. The major objectives of the study were to; identify the socio-economic characteristics of yam farmers in the study area, identify the type of conflicts prevalent in the study area and assessed the causes of conflicts among yam farmers in the study area. A well structured questionnaire was used to elicit data from respondents. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to obtain information for the study. Descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentage, mean and standard deviation were used to analyse data obtained from respondents. The results of the socio-economic characteristics of the respondents revealed that a large number of the respondents had formal education, were married (58.0%), were aged between 20 to 40 years (49.0%), had household size 1-7 (75.0%) and were mostly farmers (60.0%). It was equally observed that conflicts were of many types across the zone namely; intergroup conflicts (͞X-2.04), family conflict (͞X=2.02), communal conflicts (͞X-2.05) and Tribal conflicts (͞X-1.99) among many others. The main causes of conflict among yam farmers were; land encroachment (͞X=2.83), Disagreement among family members on land issues (͞X=2.75), straying of cattle into yam farms (͞X=2.66) and land disagreement among traditional authorities (͞X=2.62) among very many others. The study recommend that land boundaries should be properly delineated and garsseted from time to time by traditional rulers in conjunction with the government of the day. This will help curb some cases of land conflicts in the study area.
SARS-COV-2 enfeksiyonu olan hastalarda laboratuvar parametrelerin prognoz değeri
Authors: KESKİN Adem 
Published: December 2022

Bu çalışmada, insanlık için en son küresel biyolojik tehlike olduğu varsayılan	koranavirüs-19 (COVID-19) hastalığının prognoz sürecinde önem arz eden laboratuvar parametrelerini değerlendirmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, COVID-19 hastalığı ve laboratuvar parametrelerinin esas alındığı literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Bu literatür taraması sonucunda 25 adet makalenin değerlendirilmesi ile çalışma oluşturulmuştur. Laboratuvar parametreleri, üç ana başlık altında kategorize edilmiştir. Bu başlıklar, hematolojik parametreler, koagulasyon parametreleri ve inflamatuar parametrelerdir. Hematolojik parametrelerde lenfosit sayısının düşük çıkması, hastalığın her aşamasında görülen bir durum olduğu saptanmıştır. Prognozun kötüye gidişatında nötrofil sayısının yüksekliği ön plana çıkmaktadır. Hastalığın şiddetinin artması ile birlikte nötrofil/lenfosit oranında yükseklik belirtilmiştir. Buna ek olarak trombosit düşüklüğü de gözlenebilmektedir. Koagulasyon parametrelerinde ise, COVID-19 hastalığını ağır geçirenlerde artan protrombin zamanı ve D-dimer düzeylerinin yüksekliği ön plana çıkmaktadır. İnflamatuar parametrelerden C-reaktif protein (CRP) düzeylerinin yüksekliği, hastalığın her aşamasında gözlenebilen bir durumdur. Buna ek olarak, hastalığın seyri kötüye gittikçe C-reaktif protein düzeyleri de daha çok yükselmektedir. Ayrıca, prokalsitonin ve ferritin yüksekliği de hastalığın durumu ağırlaştıkça gözlenmektedir. Sonuç olarak, hastalığın seyri boyunca, lenfositopeni ve CRP düzeylerinin yüksekliği ön plana çıkarken, hastalığın daha agresif bir hale dönmesiyle birlikte, artan protrombin zamanı, nötrofil/lenfosit oranı, nötrofil sayısı, D-dimer, prokalsitonin ve ferritin düzeyleri yüksekliği ortaya çıkmıştır.
Monoethanolamine Treatment of Fish Wastes and Salmon Guts to Increase It Palmitoylethanolamide and Anandamide Contents
Authors: DİAMANTE Lemuel 
Published: December 2022

This study was carried out to determine the palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) and arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA) or anandamide contents in selected fish wastes, treating the fish wastes with highest PEA and AEA with different concentration of monoethanolamine (MEA) solution, incubation temperature and time, as well as the ratio of MEA solution to fish waste to further increase its PEA and AEA contents.
Based on the results of the preliminary experiment, a fractional factorial design experiments was done with 4 factors including MEA concentration, incubation time, incubation temperature and dosing ratio (MEA solution:salmon guts). The results showed that the MEA content ranged from 2.25 to 8.06 mg/g sample, the PEA content ranged from 17.4 to 300.2 µg/g sample while the AEA content ranged from 1.3 to 19.0 µg/g sample all on a wet weight basis of all the FD treated samples. The FD treated sample with the highest MEA, PEA and AEA using an MEA solution concentration of 250mM from pure MEA chemical, incubation time of 0.5 hour, incubation temperature of 6oC and a dose ratio of 6 mL MEA solution:100 g salmon guts. The MEA, PEA and AEA contents of the different samples were analysed using the Yates algorithm to determine which of the four factors were more important. The results showed that MEA, PEA and AEA contents were significantly affected by the concentration of MEA solution used in dosing the salmon guts, followed by the incubation time and then a slight effect of dosing ratio while the incubation temperature has no significant effect.
Parental reasons for sending children to a rural day and boarding school
Authors: Baker Robert , Andrews John 
Published: December 2022

This article reports results from a survey conducted in 1990 on parental views of various aspects of education in a small independent day and boarding school. While the principal focus of the research was on attitudes towards specific areas of the curriculum, this article presents data on two inter-related questions:

The main reasons for sending a child to the school.
The importance of various possible influences and sources of information in choosing the school.

Most previous Australian research on parental reasons for choosing independent schools has focussed on schools located in metropolitan areas with exclusively or primarily day student enrolment. Data from the present study are drawn from a school located in a rural area. Unlike previous research, comparisons can be made between information provided by parents of three groups of children: day students; boarders who could attend a local school; boarders who do not have access to a local school.
Creative use of digital technologies: Keeping the best and brightest in the bush
Authors: Bannister Barbara , Cornish Linley , Bannister-Tyrrell Michelle , Gregory Sue 
Published: December 2022

Abstract:

Gifted students have been provided the opportunity to study three core subjects through an academically selective virtual high school in western NSW, Australia. At the same time they continue to attend their local public high school for their other subjects. This article presents the mechanisms that have provided this opportunity, and describes successes and challenges that have been overcome. Students are located across 385,000 km2 and meet online through web conferencing to engage in real time. They are also able asynchronously to access study materials in an online repository.
Key words: Rural education, virtual schooling, on-line repository
Education and Equity in Rural China: A critical introduction for the rural education field.
Authors: Roberts Philip , Hannum Emily 
Published: December 2022

The aim of this paper is to introduce issues pertinent to rural education in China to the rural education field and encourage the field to engage with scholarship on this topic. While there is a significant international body of work on the educational concerns of rural China in the comparative education literature, there is no such attention in the rural education field (outside of China, of course). A search of the two main international rural education academic journals, the Australian-based â€˜Australian and International Journal of Rural Educationâ€™ (including its predecessor Education in Rural Australia), and the USA-based â€˜Journal of Research in Rural Educationâ€™ show no articles dealing with rural education in China. A search of the EBSCO database confirms this lack of attention. Yet, the field of rural education (å†œæ‘æ•™è‚², Nongcun Jiaoyu) in China is well-established and very active.
The Post-Schooling Transitions of Remote Indigenous Secondary School Graduates: A Systematic Scoping Review of Support Strategies
Authors: Rutherford Katrina , McCalman Janya , Bainbridge Roxanne 
Published: December 2022

School completion has been hailed by many as the â€˜holy grailâ€™ of Indigenous education, and 42% remote-living Indigenous students now attain year 12 completion each year. But for a range of complex reasons, only 60% of these graduates translate this achievement into further engagement in study, training or employment. This systematic literature review examined the evidence for strategies that support the post-schooling transitions of these students. Adhering to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, it examinedthe scope and quality of the existing evidence and appliedqualitative meta-synthesis to elucidate the conditions that enable or hinder, and strategies that support post-schooling transitions. Findings suggested that lower rates of post-schooling study or employment uptake are influenced by: historical misalignment of education approaches with community values and aspirations; limited opportunities in remote communities; and other socio-economic factors. Strategies were found to bemost effective when cross-sectoral education/employment and community partnerships were formed, and remote communities were integralin the planning and implementation process. Strategies to improve transitions included: embedding Indigenous and Western knowledge systems in education, task-based learning, explicitly addressing studentsâ€™ language needs, providing immersion experiences such as in universities, and mentoring programs to widen studentsâ€™ aspirations. However, the evidence-base remains weak and further research is needed to understand the impact of strategies on studentsâ€™ aspirations and their immediate and long-term post-schooling transitions.

Keywords: remote; Indigenous; transition; post-secondary; pathways; aspiration
Education and change in rural areas in the 1990s: Chicken Little was not wrong
Authors: Mason Robb , Randell Shirley 
Published: December 2022

The economic and social conditions of rural Victoria are changing. The concepts and practices that have supported the work of the Country Education Project (CEP) in rural Victoria have to change accordingly. The paper looks at the changes impacting upon rural Australia and examines in particular the subject of disadvantage. Disadvantage is a concept that in practice is drawn from a period of stability and relative affluence. Present circumstances may well require a different interpretation, one more in accord with lifelong educational principles. The policy development of the CEP is then analysed and challenges and issues for that organisation outlined.
Accessible Stories within Mediascapes
Authors: Greco Gian Maria , Rizzo Alessandra , Spinzi Cinzia 
Published: December 2022

This article presents the first steps in the investigation of the potential for digital storytelling and digital museums to be used as instruments for access, as enablers of epistemic and poietic agency. Digital storytelling and migration museums are used as a case study to explore in what ways digital storytelling impacts meaning-making processes performed by migrants, allowing them to become active creators and disseminators of their own experiences. Through the combination of corpus linguistics, systemic functional linguistics, and lexical semantic analysis, an ad-hoc comparable corpus of migrant narratives in English and in Italian was cross-examined in order to scrutinise the conceptual categories activated in these stories. The mixed-methods analysis led to the identification of the most common lexico-semantic features forming the knowledge frames of the experiential world of migrants. Results show that each national narrative makes use of its own grammar and lexico-semantic domains, a set of semantic and syntactic patterns associated with the production of stories of migration within the context of transmedia textual subtypes. These domains are strategic, as they give access to marginalised stories within digital museum settings.
Lay summary
Adopting the perspective of accessibility studies, digital storytelling is interpreted as a series of instruments for access, as an enabler of epistemic and poietic agency. That is, digital storytelling empowers people to express their voice and become active creators and disseminators of their own experiences.
In order to investigate the potential of digital storytelling as a tool for access, we created a comparable corpus made of migrant narratives in English and in Italian spread across museum platforms. Then we cross-examined the corpus through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methodologies in order to examine the conceptual categories activated in these stories. More specifically, we analysed and identified which linguistic strategies have been employed by the storytellers to inform the audience, what knowledge frames have been adopted to tell their experiences and expectations, and what similarities or differences exist among stories told by migrants who have settled down in different parts of the world.
Showing that each national narrative makes use of its own semantic and syntactic patterns, our results support the idea of digital storytelling as an access enabler and digital museums as novel environments which jointly empower people with the tools and conditions to take a proactive role.