bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of shock index in healthy cats and in cats presenting to an emergency room with shock
Authors: Fadel Leandro , Rabelo Rodrigo Cardoso , Fantoni Denise Tabacchi , Machado Gustavo , Duarte Marina Candido , Schaefer Gabriela da Cruz , Oliveira Mariana Pires , Fadel Jessica de Oliveira Lara Castanheira , Morais Kamila dos Santos , Pereira‐Neto Glaucia Bueno , da Costa Fernanda Vieira Amorim 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectiveTo prospectively compare the shock index (SI) in a population of healthy cats with a population of cats presenting to the emergency room (ER) deemed to be in a state of shock.DesignProspective cohort study of cats.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty‐seven healthy control cats were enrolled to establish a reference interval, and 27 cats were enrolled that were presented to the ER with clinical signs of shock. Shock was defined as abnormalities in at least 2 of the following inclusion criteria: plasma lactate concentration > 2.5 mmol/L; peripheral vasoconstriction (at least 2 of the following parameters: capillary refill time >3 s, rectal‐interdigital temperature gradient [RITG] >8°C, femoral pulse not palpable, pale mucous membranes); or systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 100 mm Hg.InterventionsUpon presentation, SI (SI = heart rate [HR]/SBP), HR, SBP, and RITG were recorded in both groups, along with peripheral venous blood sampling for lactate measurement.Measurements and Main ResultsThe mean SI in the control group was 1.47 ± 0.2 and was 1.87 ± 0.47 in the shock group (P = 0.001). Using equality in sensitivity and specificity of 0.7, an SI cutoff point of 1.54 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49–0.86) was determined with an estimated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.78 (95% CI: 0.65–0.90). HR, plasma lactate concentration, and RITG did not differ between the groups. Systolic arterial blood pressure (P = 0.01), rectal temperature (P = 0.02), and interdigital temperature (P = 0.04) differed significantly.ConclusionsThe SI is a noninvasive, easy, and reliable parameter for distinguishing cats in shock from normal cats.
Retrospective evaluation of acid–base analysis in dogs and cats with diabetic ketosis (2017–2021): 96 cases
Authors: Cuddy Lindsay N. , Hopper Kate , Burkitt‐Creedon Jamie M. , Epstein Steven E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the acid–base balance of diabetic animals with ketosis and to identify underlying mechanisms of acid–base changes using semiquantitative analysis.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsEighty‐one client‐owned dogs and 15 client‐owned cats with diabetes and concurrent ketosis presented to a university teaching hospital.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThe medical records database was searched from January 2017 through December 2021 for dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus and ketones present in urine or blood samples that also had venous blood gas and serum biochemical assays performed within 24 hours of each other. Traditional analysis identified normal acid–base status in 20% of dogs and 7% of cats. A simple metabolic acidosis with an elevated anion gap was observed in 17% of dogs and 20% of cats, and a metabolic alkalosis was present in 4% of dogs and 7% of cats. The semiquantitative approach identified metabolic acid–base disorders in all animals. One or more acidifying processes were evident in 100% of dogs and 100% of cats, 1 or more alkalotic processes in 93% of dogs and 100% of cats, concurrent alkalotic and acidotic processes in 85% of dogs and 100% of cats, and unmeasured anions in all cases.ConclusionsDogs and cats with diabetic ketosis can have variable and complex acid–base disorders that may be better recognized using semiquantitative analysis. Diagnostic criteria such as low pH or a high anion gap may prevent the clinical recognition of diabetic ketoacidosis.
Volume kinetic analysis of two crystalloid fluid bolus rates in anesthetized cats
Authors: Liao Pen‐Ting , Raivs William , Clark‐Price Stuart , Gerken Katherine , Duran Sue 
Published: January 2025

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the volume kinetic between 2 crystalloid fluid bolus rates in anesthetized cats.DesignProspective, randomized, dose–response study.SettingUniversity laboratory.AnimalsTen convenience‐sample, purpose‐bred domestic shorthair and medium hair cats.InterventionsIntravenous 20 mL/kg balanced crystalloid fluid over 10 (G10) or 40 (G40) minutes under anesthesia in a randomized order with at least a 5‐day washout period.Measurements and Main ResultsSerial measurements of hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and PCV were performed up to 60 minutes after conclusion of the fluid bolus. Plasma dilution was calculated with the Hb dilution method and fitted to a 2‐compartment microconstant kinetic model using nonlinear mixed‐effect models. The apparent central plasma volume (Vc) was similar between the 2 groups (G10: 81.2 ± 23.8 mL/kg and G40: 78.8 ± 10.2 mL/kg). The apparent peripheral volume (Vp) of G10 (4.81E+8 ± 2.66E+8 mL/kg) was twice that of G40 (2.36E+8 ± 6.44E+7 mL/kg). The rate constant from Vc to Vp (K12) of G10 (0.057 ± 0.0196/min) was almost twice that of G40 (0.0302 ± 0.00807/min). The elimination constant of G10 (0.0113 ± 0.00672/min) was almost twice that of G40 (0.00534 ± 0.00279/min). The peak plasma expansion was similar between G10 and G40 (20.7 ± 1.9 and 19.1 ± 5.1 mL/kg). Area under the curve for plasma dilution versus time of the first 90 minutes from the beginning of the boluses was not statistically different between G10 and G40.ConclusionsThe volume expansion over time was not different likely due to the slow elimination. The plasma dilution to crystalloid bolus between subjects is varied in anesthetized cats. Clinicians should consider the slow elimination and return of crystalloid fluid from the Vp to Vc when prescribing fluid therapy in anesthetized cats.
Inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase α induced blood–brain barrier breach in female Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Liktor‐Busa Erika , Levine Aidan A. , Young Sally J. , Bader Colin , Palomino Seph M. , Polk Felipe D. , Couture Sarah A. , Pires Paulo W. , Anderson Trent , Largent‐Milnes Tally M. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe endocannabinoid system's significance in maintaining blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity under physiological and pathological conditions is suggested by several reports, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we investigated the effects of depletion of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG), one of the main endocannabinoids in the central nervous system, on BBB integrity using pharmacological tools. Female Sprague–Dawley rats were injected with the diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) inhibitor LEI‐106 (40 mg/kg, i.p.), followed by assessment of BBB integrity via in situ brain perfusion. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, western immunoblotting, light transmittance experiments and pressure myography were also used to further examine the results of DAGLα blockade on the BBB and vascular reactivity. We found that DAGLα inhibition caused BBB opening in cortical brain areas, manifesting as increased sucrose transport measured by in situ brain perfusion. This was accompanied by reduced levels of 2‐AG and decreased detection of the tight junction protein zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1). The protein level in cortical areas of neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (NPAS4), encoded by an activity‐dependent immediate early gene, was increased without the presence of cortical spreading depression after LEI‐106 administration. We also observed a significant increase in pressure‐induced constriction within the parenchymal microcirculation after inhibition of DAGLα, possibly altering shear stress in the microcirculation. These results support the role of endogenous 2‐AG in maintaining normal tight junction function. This improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of endocannabinoid system function at the neurovascular unit can help to unlock the therapeutic potentials of cannabinoids in central nervous system disorders associated with BBB dysfunction.
imageKey points
The administration of the diacylglycerol lipase α (DAGLα) inhibitor LEI‐106 (40 mg/kg, i.p.) induced blood–brain barrier (BBB) opening of cortical brain areas in female Sprague–Dawley rats.
This BBB disruption was accompanied by reduced levels of 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) and decreased detection of the tight junction protein zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1).
The protein level in cortical areas of neuronal PAS domain protein 4 (NPAS4), encoded by an activity‐dependent immediate early gene, was increased without the presence of cortical spreading depression after LEI‐106 administration.
A significant increase in pressure‐induced constriction within the parenchymal microcirculation was also observed after inhibition of DAGLα, possibly altering shear stress.
These results support the role of endogenous 2‐AG in maintaining normal tight junction function.
Evening Alpha-Lactalbumin Supplementation Alters Sleep Architecture and Reduces Morning Reaction Time in an Athletically Trained Population With Sleep Difficulties
Authors: Barnard Jackson , Roberts Spencer , Lastella Michele , Callahan Damien L. , Aisbett Brad , Condo Dominique 
Published: January 2025

Evening consumption of a whey protein rich in the amino acid tryptophan, alpha-lactalbumin (ALAC), has previously shown to benefit sleep—particularly among poor sleepers. Given trained populations often experience sleep difficulty, this study investigated whether evening supplementation of ALAC would influence sleep outcomes, mood, and next-day cognitive performance within a trained population with sleep difficulties. Nineteen trained participants (females, n = 11) with sleep difficulties (Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire: 8.1 ± 3.1; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: 10.5 ± 4.1) completed this double-blinded, counterbalanced, randomized, crossover trial. Forty grams of ALAC or control were supplemented 2 hr presleep for three consecutive nights in a controlled environment, with sleep measured using dry electroencephalography. Blood samples were taken on the first evening of each experimental trial, with mood, sleepiness, and recovery assessed across the evening and morning. A cognitive testing battery was also completed each morning. During the ALAC condition, the primary findings were that participants had raised plasma tryptophan levels (p < .01), increased nonrapid eye movement Stage 2 sleep duration (CON: 205.9 ± 33.3; ALAC: 216.5 ± 33.1 min), reduced rapid eye movement duration (CON: 110.8 ± 27.9; ALAC: 99.7 ± 23.1 min), and improved reaction time in cognitive tests involving sensory motor speed, spatial orientation, and vigilant attention (p < .05). Data suggest evening supplementation of 40 g ALAC alters sleep architecture and improves next-morning reaction time in trained populations with sleep difficulties. Therefore, trained individuals experiencing sleep difficulty may benefit from acute ALAC supplementation to assist next-day performance. Future research should investigate this effect within habitual environments, outside of a tightly controlled setting.
Motives of Peer Volunteers Aged Over 50 in Physical Activity Programs: A Scoping Review
Authors: Bilsborough Helena , Davies Amy , Todd Chris , Stathi Afroditi , Hawley-Hague Helen 
Published: January 2025

Peer-volunteering schemes can facilitate health improvement via increasing physical activity levels. Understanding what motivates peer volunteers is valuable for the feasibility of volunteering schemes. This scoping review aims to explore the motivations of peer volunteers aged over 50 who participate in programs that promote physical activity. Four databases were searched in March 2023 with no date restrictions. The inclusion criteria were adults over 50 years of age, experience in physical activity peer-volunteering schemes, assessed volunteer motivation, and uses English language. Nine studies were included (252 participants, aged 54–85) Peer-volunteer and volunteering characteristics were extracted from the papers. An inductive thematic analysis approach was taken to analyze the motivation data. The themes were then mapped onto theoretical constructs of motivation. Three themes of motivation emerged that could enable us to better design peer-volunteer recruitment strategies: altruistic (giving back), personal improvement (meeting goals), and past experience (helping others overcome experienced barriers). The review suggested that peer-volunteer motivations fall in line with the mechanisms of motivation suggested by psychological theories such as social cognitive and self-determination theories. To improve peer-volunteer uptake and retention, appropriate theoretical frameworks should be employed to inform the content of future interventions to ensure that volunteers will have their motivations met.
Epidemiology and outcomes of patients with cardiac arrest in the emergency department of a lower middle-income country
Authors: Edmond Marie Cassandre , Fang Anna Potter , Poola Nivedita , Normil Manouchka , Payant Sherley Jean Michel , Luc Pierre Ricot , Rimpel Linda , Checkett Keegan , Strokes Natalie , Calixte Manise , Marsh Regan H , Rouhani Shada A 
Published: January 2025

BackgroundAdvanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) for cardiac arrest is a cornerstone of emergency care and yet remains poorly studied in low- and middle-income countries. We characterised the clinical epidemiology and outcomes of cardiac arrest and ACLS in an ED in central Haiti, a lower middle-income country with a nascent emergency care system.MethodsWe conducted a prospective observational study of adult and paediatric patients who suffered cardiac arrest in an academic hospital ED in central Haiti from January 2019 to August 2020. Patients were identified prospectively at the time of clinical care. Data on demographics, comorbidities, clinical presentation, management with or without ACLS and outcomes were extracted from patient charts using a standardised form and analysed in SAS V.9.4. The primary outcome was survival to 24 hours after arrest.ResultsWe identified 161 patients who suffered cardiac arrest in the ED. The mean age was 45 years; 55.9% were female, and 82.6% were aged >18. Common presenting diagnoses were pneumonia (16.1%), sepsis (14.9%), congestive heart failure/cardiogenic shock (11.2%) and cerebrovascular accident (10.6%). Few patients were on cardiac or oxygen saturation monitors (23.1%; 63.5%) prior to arrest. 43 (27%) patients received ACLS (two patients missing data). Among these, 58.1% had initial rhythm assessed, and 2/25 (8%) patients had shockable rhythms. The median time to arrest was 23.6 hours. Sustained return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in two patients (4.7%). Among patients for whom ACLS was not initiated, the majority were due to poor prognosis (66.4%) or irreversible cause (22.4%) in the setting of available resources. One patient survived to 24 hours; none survived to hospital discharge.ConclusionIn this lower middle-income setting, cardiac arrest in the ED was associated with poor survival despite ACLS. Survival may be impacted by limited resources for prearrest monitoring as well as for ongoing critical care.
Effects of improved partner notification on the transmission of HIV andN. gonorrhoeaamong men who have sex with men: a modelling study
Authors: Reitsema Maarten , Wallinga Jacco , van Benthem Birgit H B , Op de Coul Eline L M , Van Sighem Ard , Schim van der Loeff Maarten , Xiridou Maria 
Published: January 2025

ObjectivesMen who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionally affected by HIV in the Netherlands. Partner notification (PN) is an important element in controlling the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV. We investigated the effects of improving PN on the transmission of HIV andNeisseria gonorrhoeae(NG) among MSM in the Netherlands.MethodsWe developed an agent-based model that describes the transmission of HIV and NG among MSM. In the baseline scenario, 14.3% and 29.8% of casual and steady partners of the index case get notified and tested for HIV/STI after 3 weeks (percentage notified and tested (PNT)). We examined the following scenarios: (1) increase PNT to 41% for both partner types; (2) decrease the time between the index and the partners tested to 1 week and (3) combine scenarios 1 and 2. Effects are expressed as cumulative change from the baseline simulation over 15 years.ResultsIncreasing PNT could lead to a decrease in gonorrhoea cases of 45% (IQR 39.9% to 49.9%), with an increase in the number of HIV/STI tests of 4.4% (IQR 1.6% to 7.3%), but no change in HIV infections (−5.4%; IQR −21% to 7.9%). Decreasing the time between tests could lead to a change in new NG infections of −14.2% (IQR −17.2% to −10%), no change in HIV infections (8.2%; IQR −1.3% to 20%) or in the number of HIV/STI tests performed (−0.4%; IQR −1.5 to 0.6%). Scenario 3 led to a change in NG infections of −56.8% (IQR −63.8% to −47.4%), no change in HIV infections (11.5%; IQR −11.1% to 33.9%) or in the number of HIV/STI tests (−0.5%; IQR: −4.9% to 4.3%).ConclusionsIncreasing the percentage of sexual partners notified and tested for HIV/STI may have only a small effect on HIV but could reduce the number of new NG infections substantially. However, it could lead to an increase in the number of HIV/STI tests performed.
Discovering motifs to fingerprint multi-layer networks: a case study on the connectome of C. Elegans
Authors: Sharma Deepak , Renz Matthias , Hövel Philipp 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Motif discovery is a powerful and insightful method to quantify network structures and explore their function. As a case study, we present a comprehensive analysis of regulatory motifs in the connectome of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Leveraging the Efficient Subgraph Counting Algorithmic PackagE (ESCAPE) algorithm, we identify network motifs in the multi-layer nervous system of C. elegans and link them to functional circuits. We further investigate motif enrichment within signal pathways and benchmark our findings with random networks of similar size and link density. Our findings provide valuable insights into the organization of the nerve net of this well-documented organism and can be easily transferred to other species and disciplines alike.

Graphical abstract
Unveiling the flux tube structure in full QCD
Authors: Baker M. , Cea P. , Chelnokov V. , Cosmai L. , Papa A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We present lattice Monte Carlo results on the chromoelectric field created by a static quark–antiquark pair in the vacuum of QCD with 2+1 dynamical staggered fermions at physical masses. After isolating the nonperturbative, confining part of the field, we characterize its spatial profile for several values of the physical distances between the sources, ranging from about 0.5 fm up to the onset of string breaking. Moreover, we compare our results with a model of QCD vacuum as disordered chromomagnetic condensate.
Fertility Rates in Cambodia: A Bumpy Road
Authors: Sokteang Sean , Ou Pichetra , Pirtea Paul , Ziegler Dominique de 
Published: January 2025

In ancient times, Cambodia was home to one of the largest city complexes on earth, Angkor. At its apogee in the 12th century, the whole city of Angkor expanded over [Formula: see text] hectares and had a population of 1–2 million people, which was only equaled by that of Ancient Rome. Angkor subsequently declined but remained occupied until the 18th century, at the beginning of the French protectorate. In modern times, Cambodia became embedded in the global conflict against the occupying Japanese troops during World War II. This was followed by a lasting war that engulfed the whole Southeast Asia area, but the toll paid by the population remained limited. In the second half of the 20th century, Cambodia suddenly became the site of an acute drama, one of the worst that the world has known since the Holocaust. The Khmer Rouge regime led to the collapse of the whole country’s social system and triggered a brutal rise in mortality—direct and induced—and gender imbalance. Together with increased mortality, which eradicated approximately a third of the country’s population, there was a profound drop in fertility. The nearly total collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime after Cambodia was freed in 1979 was followed by an important rise in fertility leading to a rebound effect or “baby boom” during the 80s. Today, as in 1960 before the Khmer Rouge drama, global fertility rates in Cambodia are similar to those of its neighbor, Vietnam. Total fertility rates, which neared six children per woman in Vietnam and Cambodia in 1960, have, however, dropped in both countries and stand just at population replacement level.
Myoepithelioma‐Like Tumor of the Vulva
Authors: Ma Jiansheng , Meng Qingda , Chen Fangshu , Wei Jiang 
Published: January 2025

Background: Myoepithelioma‐like tumor of the vulvar region (MELTVR) is a rare mesenchymal tumor that typically arises in the female vulva.Case Presentation: Here, we report a case of a 48‐year‐old woman who presented with a 2‐year history of subcutaneous mass in the vulvar region. As the mass rapidly increased in the last 2 months, personal slight swelling pain appeared. Histologically, the tumor exhibited a distinctive feature of abundant tumor cells and sparse mucus regions. While each region appeared alternately, the sparse mucus region was about 30% of the whole tumor. The tumor had two types of cells, namely, epithelioid and spindle cells. The tumor‐rich region demonstrated a cell type of epithelioid, showing hermaphroditic cytoplasm, the center‐located nucleus, and abundant chromatin of fasciculate or cord‐braid arrangement, whereas the cell of the mucus region was fusiform or epithelioid with partial vacuole‐shaped and small visible nucleolus, exhibiting red‐stained cytoplasm and loose chromatin. Immunohistochemically, vimentin, smooth muscle actin (SMA), and P16 were diffuse positive in tumor cells, whereas desmin, cytokeratin (CK), P40, P63, CK5, HMB45, MyoD1, myogenin, S100, and SOX10 were all negative. While the proliferation index of Ki‐67 was about 7%, the expression of SMARCBl/lNI‐1 protein was absent. The pathological diagnosis is myoepithelioma‐like tumor of the vulva (right labia majora). Finally, the tumor was surgically and completely removed, and no recurrence or metastasis was found after 6 months of follow‐up.Conclusions: Histologically, the morphology of MELTVR is changeable and variation existed for each individual tumor. Moreover, it needs to be differentiated from various other types of tumors, whereas more reports and studies are required to further clarify MELTVR.