bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Housing as asset and payment: Construction, speculation, and financialization at the European periphery
Authors: Musaraj Smoki 
Published: September 2023

AbstractConstruction booms have dominated Albania's economy and politics since the late 1990s. These booms continued even during times of illiquidity. One of the sources of financing construction in Albania is the practice ofklering(in‐kind payments). In this practice, developers pay subcontractors in (future) apartments in exchange for materials and labor. I argue that, in klering transactions, housing serves as an asset and a means of payment. The practice of klering emerged at the interface of postcommunist transformations, neoliberal reforms, and the fetishization of housing as an asset of more durable and multifaceted economic and cultural value. While grounded in the local histories and values of housing, klering is made possible by a fuzzy property regime, systemic corruption, and widespread informality. At the same time, klering echoes other global patterns pertaining to housing, such as the rise of asset economy, financialization, and money laundering through real estate purchases. The klering economy echoes speculative logics and practices that are prevalent across and that link centers and peripheries, formal and informal markets. These economic logics generate uncertainty and ambiguity; they mobilize social networks and cultural imaginaries; and they thrive on and further reproduce deep social and economic inequalities.
A ritual of indistinction
Authors: Saha Roy Sayantan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe state of exception is classically understood as a situation devoid of laws and marked by the sovereign's absolute powers. This picture is unsettled by offering a more tenuous account of the state of siege, showing that normal laws and processes can be a constitutive dimension of modern exceptional regimes. Through an ethnography of a permanent space of exception in India, I argue that emergency regimes as forms of structural injustice are marked by affective intensities and anger directed against state power. Irom Sharmila's 16‐year hunger strike in the state of Manipur was one such affective act that challenged state authority. The police mitigated this challenge through the minutia of rules and processes targeting the protester's body. The state's legal response to the hunger strike showed that emergency powers are better understood not by the sovereign's fantasy of absolutism but as the messy affective mediation of the normal and exceptional.
Notes towards an Afterword: On “Hundreds for Katie”
Authors: Lepselter Susan 
Published: September 2023

SummaryThis afterword performs a contradiction. It simultaneously describes a theoretical argument against finalization while serving as a type of conclusion to “Hundreds for Katie,” a multi‐authored, curated project engaging and honoring the influential work and mentorship of Kathleen Stewart upon her recent retirement from the University of Texas. “Hundreds for Katie” is a collaborative endeavor and comprises various experimental, often personal, styles and formats. Despite their poetic and theoretical diversity, each piece in the collection is about one hundred words long, honoring the same poetic form in the final collaboration of Kathleen Stewart and Lauren Berlant, a collection of hundred‐word pieces published in The Hundreds (2019). This afterword attempts to engage some of the capacities in ethnographic voicing Kathleen Stewart pioneered. Like the other pieces in the collection, my article uses poetic license to achieve a specific affective and aesthetic effect.
From IDA to IIROC: Has self‐regulation in the Canadian investment industry evolved?
Authors: Lokanan Mark , Sharma Kush 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis article analyzes the enforcement practices of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada (IIROC) and compares them with its predecessor, the Investment Dealers Association of Canada (IDA). The study collected data from IIROC's tribunal cases decided between June 2008 and December 2019 and compared them with data on the IDA's enforcement of complaints from 1984 to 2008. The findings reveal no statistically significant difference in the fines imposed by the two regulatory bodies. Furthermore, IIROC has refrained from issuing lenient penalties such as retaking examinations/courses or mandating terms and conditions for offenders. The results also indicate no significant impact on the number or distribution of offense types committed in the industry over time. Most notably, the Ontario Securities Commission, the Canadian Securities Regulators, and the new Self‐Regulatory Organization of Canada should consider these findings when formulating policies concerning the role of self‐regulation in the financial markets.
Wing pattern diversity in Eunica butterflies (Nymphalidae: Biblidinae): phylogenetic analysis implies decoupled adaptive trends in dorsal sexual dimorphism and ventral eyespot evolution
Authors: Garzón‐Orduña Ivonne J. , Silva‐Brandão Karina Lucas , Willmott Keith , Freitas André V. L. , Wahlberg Niklas , Brower Andrew V. Z. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractButterfly eyespots are wing patterns reminiscent of vertebrate eyes, formed by concentric rings of contrastingly coloured scales. Eyespots are usually located close to the wing margin and often regarded as the single most conspicuous pattern element of butterfly wing colour displays. Recent efforts to understand the processes involved in the formation of eyespots have been driven mainly by evo‐devo approaches focused on model species. However, patterns of change implied by phylogenetic relationships can also inform hypotheses about the underlying developmental mechanisms associated with the formation or disappearance of eyespots, and the limits of phenotypic diversity occurring in nature. Here we present a combined evidence phylogenetic hypothesis for the genus Eunica, a prominent member of diverse Neotropical butterfly communities, that features notable variation among species in eyespot patterns on the ventral hind wing surface. The data matrix consists of one mitochondrial gene region (COI), four nuclear gene regions (GAPDH, RPS5, EF1a and Wingless) and 68 morphological characters. A combined cladistic analysis with all the characters concatenated produced a single most parsimonious tree that, although fully resolved, includes many nodes with modest branch support. The phylogenetic hypothesis presented corroborates a previously proposed morphological trend leading to the loss of eyespots, together with an increase in the size of the conserved eyespots, relative to outgroup taxa. Furthermore, wing colour pattern dimorphism and the presence of androconia suggest that the most remarkable instances of sexual dimorphism are present in the species of Eunica with the most derived eyespot patterns, and are in most cases accompanied by autapomorphic combinations of scent scales and “hair pencils”. We discuss natural and sexual selection as potential adaptive explanations for dorsal and ventral wing patterns.
The impact of patriarchal culture on Somali women's participation in politics
Authors: Abdullahi Abdulkadir Mohamed , Williamson Kim , Ahmed Mohamed Yusuf 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMotivationThe political progress has been slow. The patriarchal clan traditions perpetuate gender discrimination, bestowing absolute priority upon all men for public affairs, while clan women remain voiceless, voteless, and restricted to private (household) affairs.PurposeTo better understand why, despite the minimal formal constraints on women's participation in political life, informal institutions and customs determine the social, economic, and cultural constraints on women such that they are often poorly equipped and/or reluctant to participate in public political activity.Methods and approachBased on secondary literature, the article seeks to explain how the influences of the clan patriarchal system exert a negative impact on the political participation of Somali women. It identifies four structural categories, cultural, social, economic, and political, by which patriarchy has persistently impeded the participation of Somali women in the nation's politics.FindingsAlthough women have contested the patriarchal system in Somalia through their participation in public decision‐making processes in different sectors and their participation in politics, including an increasingly higher level of education and more participation in the labour force, their numbers are still insufficient compared to men.Policy implicationsGiven that patriarchy has been identified throughout the world as one of the main obstacles to women's participation in political and socioeconomic processes, there is a need for official quotas for women's representation in politics to balance severe gender inequalities, achieve full realization of human rights and influence the issues raised and how political policies are shaped. There is also a need for political representation to imprint their competence as decision makers. The article sets out recommendations for tackling the four main structural barriers to achieving this, so that women can fully contribute to the development of Somalia, on a par with men.
Unveiling invisible farm‐to‐farmPRRSV‐2 transmission links and routes through transmission tree and network analysis
Authors: Pamornchainavakul Nakarin , Makau Dennis N. , Paploski Igor A. D. , Corzo Cesar A. , VanderWaal Kimberly 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe United States (U.S.) swine industry has struggled to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) for decades, yet the causative virus, PRRSV‐2, continues to circulate and rapidly diverges into new variants. In the swine industry, the farm is typically the epidemiological unit for monitoring, prevention, and control; breaking transmission among farms is a critical step in containing disease spread. Despite this, our understanding of farm transmission still is inadequate, precluding the development of tailored control strategies. Therefore, our objective was to infer farm‐to‐farm transmission links, estimate farm‐level transmissibility as defined by reproduction numbers (R), and identify associated risk factors for transmission using PRRSV‐2 open reading frame 5 (ORF5) gene sequences, animal movement records, and other data from farms in a swine‐dense region of the U.S. from 2014 to 2017. Timed phylogenetic and transmission tree analyses were performed on three sets of sequences (n = 206) from 144 farms that represented the three largest genetic variants of the virus in the study area. The length of inferred pig‐to‐pig infection chains that corresponded to pairs of farms connected via direct animal movement was used as a threshold value for identifying other feasible transmission links between farms; these links were then transformed into farm‐to‐farm transmission networks and calculated farm‐levelR‐values. The median farm‐level R was one (IQR = 1–2), whereas theRvalue of 28% of farms was more than one. Exponential random graph models were then used to evaluate the influence of farm attributes and/or farm relationships on the occurrence of farm‐to‐farm transmission links. These models showed that, even though most transmission events cannot be directly explained by animal movement, movement was strongly associated with transmission. This study demonstrates how integrative techniques may improve disease traceability in a data‐rich era by providing a clearer picture of regional disease transmission.
How does climate change affect small scale fisheries? A case study of the Lower Amazon in Brazil
Authors: Furtado Maura da Silva Costa , Queiroz Joaquim Carlos Barbosa , Bentes Bianca , Gouveia Nelson de Almeida , de Lima Marcus José Alves , Ruffino Mauro Luis , Isaac Victoria 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEffects of global climate change on inland artisanal fisheries have received little attention from scientists. We investigated fisheries of the Lower Amazon in Brazil using a wavelet analysis of a 13‐year data series of fishery catches, environmental variables, and climatic indices, to determine how these variables affected catches of different species. The catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of gillnet and line fisheries increased over time. Relative humidity, latent heat, and sea surface temperatures influenced productivity of both fisheries. El Niño had a negative and immediate effect on gillnet CPUE, while its effect on line fishing was positive, with an eight month lag. Our findings indicate that fishery productivity was modulated by climate events, which influenced ecosystems and modified habitats and ecological niches, andthereby impacted fishery productivity.
The distributive politics of privately financed infrastructure agreements
Authors: Woodhouse Eleanor Florence 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPrivately financed infrastructure agreements (PFIAs) are increasingly being used across the globe, bringing private money into the delivery of public goods. How does introducing private actors to such a process change how we think about distributive politics? I investigate this question using both quantitative and qualitative analyses, uncovering a relationship consistent with PFIAs being used as distributive goods and exploring how the credit‐claim potential of PFIAs may affect their distributive use. My quantitative analyses (on 16 middle‐income countries) present evidence suggestive of a relationship between electoral variables and the likelihood of a PFIA being present in a district. In districts aligned with the national ruling party, PFIAs are more likely to be concentrated in swing districts than core districts. I find that this relationship is more pronounced for PFIAs that are more directly attributable to the government. My qualitative press analysis provides insights into how politicians use various features of PFIAs to create credit‐claiming opportunities.
Advancements in Nipah virus treatment: Analysis of current progress in vaccines, antivirals, and therapeutics
Authors: Mishra Gayatree , Prajapat Vishal , Nayak Debasis 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNipah virus (NiV) causes severe encephalitis in humans. Three NiV strains NiV‐Malaysia (NiVM), NiV Bangladesh (NiVB), and NiV India (NiVI reported in 2019) have been circulating in South‐Asian nations. Sporadic outbreak observed in South‐East Asian countries but human to human transmission raises the concern about its pandemic potential. The presence of the viral genome in reservoir bats has further confirmed that NiV has spread to the African and Australian continents. NiV research activities have gained momentum to achieve specific preparedness goals to meet any future emergency—as a result, several potential vaccine candidates have been developed and tested in a variety of animal models. Some of these candidate vaccines have entered further clinical trials. Research activities related to the discovery of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have resulted in the identification of a handful of candidates capable of neutralizing the virion. However, progress in discovering potential antiviral drugs has been limited. Thus, considering NiV's pandemic potential, it is crucial to fast‐track ongoing projects related to vaccine clinical trials, anti‐NiV therapeutics. Here, we discuss the current progress in NiV‐vaccine research and therapeutic options, including mAbs and antiviral medications.
Novel approaches for leadless pacemaker implantation in the extra‐cardiac Fontan cohort: Options to avoid leaded systems or epicardial pacing
Authors: Goulden Christopher J. , Khanra Dibbendhu , Llewellyn Jennifer , Rao Archana , Evans Alison , Ashrafi Reza 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundFontan surgery, a palliative procedure for single ventricle patients, often leads to the need for permanent pacing. Epicardial pacing has limitations, while transvenous pacing carries risks in the Fontan circulation. This case series introduces a novel approach of leadless pacemaker implantation in the extra‐cardiac Fontan (ECF) cohort to overcome these limitations.MethodsThe study includes four cases of leadless pacemaker (Micra™) implantation in patients with ECF. Procedures were performed under general anesthesia with guidance from trans‐esophageal echocardiography. Various access routes were used, including trans‐carotid and trans‐fenestration approaches. Procedural details, parameters, and follow‐up data were collected.ResultsAll leadless pacemaker implantations were successful, with satisfactory electrical parameters and stable pacing postprocedural outcomes during short‐term follow‐up. One patient required closure of their fenestration for symptomatic desaturation post procedurally.ConclusionsLeadless pacemaker implantation via trans‐carotid and trans‐fenestration approaches appears to be a feasible back up option for pacing in Fontan patients where other options have been exhausted or there is a patient choice to avoid surgery. These techniques provide an option to avoid leaded systems or epicardial pacing, reducing the need for multiple thoracotomies and addressing challenges associated with surgical pacing leads. Further studies are needed to evaluate long‐term outcomes and assess the broader application of leadless pacemakers in the Fontan population.
Nonrenewable resource use sustainability and public debt
Authors: Clootens Nicolas , Magris Francesco 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe sustainability of resource use and the management of public finances are both long‐run issues that are linked to each other through savings decisions. To study them conjointly, this paper introduces a public debt stabilization constraint in an overlapping generation model in which nonrenewable resources constitute a necessary input in the production function and belong to agents. It shows that stabilization of public debt at a high level (as share of capital) may prevent the existence of a sustainable development path, that is, a path on which per capita consumption is not decreasing. Public debt thus appears as a threat to sustainable development. It also shows that higher public debt‐to‐capital ratios (and public expenditures‐to‐capital ones) are associated with lower growth. Two transmission channels are identified. As usual, public debt crowds out capital accumulation. In addition, public debt tends to increase resource use which reduces the rate of growth. We also provide a numerical analysis of the dynamics that shows that the economy is characterized by saddle path stability. Finally, we show that the public debt‐to‐capital ratio may be calibrated to implement the social planner optimal allocation according to which the growth rate is increasing in the degree of patience.
Simvastatin induces human gut bacterial cell surface genes
Authors: Escalante Veronica , Nayak Renuka R. , Noecker Cecilia , Babdor Joel , Spitzer Matthew , Deutschbauer Adam M. , Turnbaugh Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDrugs intended to target mammalian cells can have broad off‐target effects on the human gut microbiota with potential downstream consequences for drug efficacy and side effect profiles. Yet, despite a rich literature on antibiotic resistance, we still know very little about the mechanisms through which commensal bacteria evade non‐antibiotic drugs. Here, we focus on statins, one of the most prescribed drug types in the world and an essential tool in the prevention and treatment of high circulating cholesterol levels. Prior work in humans, mice, and cell culture support an off‐target effect of statins on human gut bacteria; however, the genetic determinants of statin sensitivity remain unknown. We confirmed that simvastatin inhibits the growth of diverse human gut bacterial strains grown in communities and in pure cultures. Drug sensitivity varied between phyla and was dose‐dependent. We selected two representative simvastatin‐sensitive species for more in‐depth analysis: Eggerthella lenta (phylum: Actinobacteriota) and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (phylum: Bacteroidota). Transcriptomics revealed that both bacterial species upregulate genes in response to simvastatin that alter the cell membrane, including fatty acid biogenesis (E. lenta) and drug efflux systems (B. thetaiotaomicron). Transposon mutagenesis identified a key efflux system in B. thetaiotaomicron that enables growth in the presence of statins. Taken together, these results emphasize the importance of the bacterial cell membrane in countering the off‐target effects of host‐targeted drugs. Continued mechanistic dissection of the various mechanisms through which the human gut microbiota evades drugs will be essential to understand and predict the effects of drug administration in human cohorts and the potential downstream consequences for health and disease.
Stability of Three‐Dimensional Printed Custom‐Made Metaphyseal Cone for Tibial Bone Defects Reconstruction: A Finite Element Analysis and Biomechanical Study
Authors: Wang Xinguang , Li Xinyu , Wang Cheng , Geng Xiao , Chen Bo , Dong Ziyang , Li Yang , Zhao Minwei , Li Zijian , Li Feng , Wang Caimei , Tian Hua 
Published: September 2023

ObjectivesThe reconstruction of bone defects in tibial revision knee arthroplasty is challenging. In this study, we evaluated the primary stability of a novel three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed custom‐made metaphyseal cone for Anderson Orthopedic Research Institute (AORI) IIb or III bone defect reconstruction in tibial revision knee arthroplasty using the combination of finite‐element analysis and biomechanical experiments.MethodsIn the finite‐element analysis, AORI II b and III medial tibial bone defects were designed at varying depths. A novel 3D‐printed custom‐made metaphyseal cone was designed and used to reconstruct the bone defect with or without a stem in simulated revision total knee arthroplasty (RTKA). A no‐stem group and a stem group were established (based on whether a stem was used or not). Von Mises stress and micromotion were calculated with varying depths of bone defects, ranging from 5 mm to 35 mm, and then micromotions at the bone–implant interface were calculated and compared with the critical value of 150 μm. In the biomechanical experiment, the no‐stem group was used, and the same bone defects were made in four synthetic tibias using patient‐specific instruments. Micromotions at the bone–implant interface were investigated using a non‐contact optical digital image correlation system and compared with the critical value of 150 μm.ResultsWhen the bone defect was <30 mm, micromotions at the bone–implant interface in the finite‐element analysis were all below 150 μm both in the stem groups and no‐stem groups, whereas those in the biomechanical experiment were also below 150 μm in the no‐stem group.ConclusionsThe 3D‐printed custom‐made metaphyseal cone in RTKA has excellent primary stability and does not require stems in reconstructing tibial AORI type IIb or III bone defects with a depth of <30 mm.