bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Characteristics and Cytopathogenic Effects of Influenza A and B in Cultures of Human Embryo Tissues
Authors: Mogabgab William J. , Simpson Georgie I. , Green Irving J. , Dierkhising O. C. , Wilson L. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Recently isolated strains of influenza A and B have been propagated by serial passages in cultures of human embryo lung and kidney. Titers of infectious or hemagglutinating virus of either type were equivalent in kidney cultures. Comparable titers were found in lung cultures inoculated with influenza B, but were much lower in those infected with influenza A.
Influenza A strains propagated in cultures of human tissues agglutinated human type O erythrocytes at a higher titer than fowl erythrocytes at 4°C and did not agglutinate the latter cells at 24°C unless passaged in the chick embryo. Influenza B strains propagated in either system agglutinated both kinds of erythrocytes similarly.
The antigenic composition of influenza A or B as determined by hemagglutination-inhibition was not significantly altered by passages in human tissue culture or in the chick embryo.
Incremental rates of tissue culture lines of influenza viruses were greater in kidney cultures than in the amniotic sac, and in both the influenza A strain was the faster. Growth of influenza B was similar in cultures of lung or kidney.
More tissue culture propagated virus was required to infect the allantoic sac than the amniotic sac and hemagglutinating titers were lower in the former.
For determinations of titers of infectivity, periods of growth were required which varied according to the virus and the system utilized; i.e., influenza A propagated in kidney cultures 2 days in the latter and 3 days in the amniotic sac, and its chick embryo adapted counterpart 2 days in that host; influenza B propagated in lung cultures 4 days in the latter as well as in the amniotic sac, and the chick embryo line 3 days in that host.
The results of infectivity titrations of the tissue culture line of influenza A were higher in kidney cultures than in the amniotic sac, while the reverse was found with the influenza B virus propagated in lung cultures and titrated in the latter system and in the amniotic sac.
Five passages with influenza A and nine passages with influenza B in the chick embryo did not significantly alter the characteristics of either in human tissue culture. Titers of PR8 and Lee, however, were lower than those of the latter virus in human lung cultures.
Cytopathogenic effects accompanied multiplication of influenza A and B viruses in human embryo kidney cultures and influenza B in lung cultures.
A Quantitative Study of the Passive Arthus Reaction in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Bullington S. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A typical Arthus reaction may be induced in the rabbit uveal tract by the simultaneous injection of adequate amounts of antigen (crystalline egg albumin or bovine γ globulin) into the anterior chamber or the vitreous and of homologous rabbit antibody intravenously. The reaction is an acute, fibrinous, hemorrhagic uveitis which reaches its peak in less than 24 hr and subsides rapidly. Maximal and minimal reactions required respectively 12 mg and about 1 mg of antibody N (when both eyes reacted simultaneously). Reversed reactions (maximum and minimum) were produced with 0.24 and 0.03 mg approximately of antibody N given in the eye at the same time as intravenous antigen. It was possible to produce both direct and reversed reactions with diphtheria toxoid and horse antitoxin at comparable levels.
When antigen or antibody was injected into the vitreous, it persisted for several days. These substances, however, disappeared rapidly from the anterior chamber. Direct reactions elicited one or more days after antigen injection into the vitreous were increased in intensity and occurred with unusually low levels of intravenous antibody. This did not happen with the reversed reaction. Evidence is presented to show that the enhancement might be due to localization or fixation of antigen in a more reactive site.
Attempted direct and reversed reactions in the cornea failed completely to produce either a typical Arthus response or a delayed opacity comparable to that resulting from local tuberculin injection in a tuberculin-sensitive rabbit. Instead there occurred an iridocyclitis comparable to that which occurred with vitreous or anterior chamber injections.
Arthus reactions were readily produced in the conjunctiva and were accompanied by the formation of a plasmoid aqueous comparable to that seen following the subconjunctival injection of glycerine or hypertonic saline solution.
It did not prove possible to produce a reaction of the wheal and flare type by local sensitization with small amounts of antibody and the later intravenous injection of antigen.
These findings in the rabbit are contrasted with the results of similar experiments in the guinea pig, in which neither an Arthus nor a wheal and flare type of response could be produced by antigen and homologous rabbit antibody injected in various doses and sites and at various intervals in time. Histamine in the anterior chamber of the guinea pig eye gave a well defined reaction.
Quantitative Studies of Lipid-Soluble Tissue Antigens as Exemplified by the Wassermann Antigen-Antibody System
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Knipp Eleanor A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An analytic procedure is described for the estimation of the Wassermann antibody in human and rabbit sera in absolute weight units. The quantitative ninhydrin reaction was applied to the estimation of antibody uptake by suspensions of cardiolipin, lecithin and cholesterol. The uncertainty introduced in these analyses by the failure to decomplement the sera has been discussed.
The reaction curves obtained with Wassermann antibody and cardiolipin can be described by the Heidelberger-Kendall equation as applied to quantitative precipitation or agglutination. Calculations based on the values for precipitable antibody N indicate that standard serologic tests for syphilis may detect as little as 0.014 μg of Wassermann antibody N.
Data are also given with respect to the heat lability of the Wassermann antibody and the inhibitory effect of normal human serum on aggregate formation by this antibody with suspensions containing cholesterol, lecithin and cardiolipin.
The Influence of Colostrum on Antibody Response in Baby Pigs
Authors: Hoerlein Alvin B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Comparisons have been made between the antibody response to non-living antigens in baby pigs deprived of colostrum, baby pigs receiving normal (“non-immune”) colostrum and pigs receiving “immune” colostrum.
Baby pigs under 8 weeks of age deprived of colostrum did not produce a measurable serologic response to the antigens used.
Baby pigs that received normal (“non-immune”) colostrum responded to antigens when inoculated at 3 weeks of age. This response increased markedly to 6 weeks of age.
Passive transfer of antibodies through “immune” colostrum interfered with active antibody production between 3 and 6 weeks of age.
The inoculation of ovine RBC produced a response which differed in some respects from the antigen-antibody reactions studied. Part of this appears to be associated with intrauterine sensitization to this complex antigen.
Anaphylactic shock resulted from both active and passive (effected through “immune” colostrum) sensitization.
Studies of Complement-Fixing and Neutralizing Antibodies against Certain Adenoviruses
Authors: Katz Sidney , Jordan William S. , Badger George F. , Dingle John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of neutralization and complement-fixation tests for antibodies against adenovirus types 1, 2, 3, and 4 were compared in 41 persons who did not have disease attributable to these agents at the time sera were drawn for testing. There was a dissociation between the results of the two tests with regard to the presence or absence of antibody and the magnitude of antibody titers in individual sera. In another group of 5 persons, varying degrees of persistence of complement-fixing antibody titer were demonstrated from periods of 1 year to 7 years or more. Finally, 20 to 26 persons with neutralizing antibody against adenovirus type 4 in 1954 were found to have such antibody in sera available 5 to 7 years previously. It is suggested that differences in the rate of disappearance of complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies might explain, at least in part, the previously noted dissociations.
The Cytotoxic Activity of Rabbit Immune Globulin Prepared from Tissue Cultures of Human Skin and Whole Human Placenta
Authors: Bassett C. Andrew L. , Campbell Dan H. , Evans Virginia J. , Earle Wilton R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation of rabbit immune globulins from tissue cultures of human skin cells and whole human placenta is described. An assay of the cytopathogenic effect of the anti-skin immune globulin demonstrated a profound activity against human cells of ectodermal and mesodermal origin. No effect on mouse liver epithelium and mouse subcutaneous (strain L) cells was found. A selective cytotoxicity was demonstrated by the anti-placental immune globulin in vitro. Only fibroblast-like cells were destroyed in cultures of mixed cells arising from skin. The cytotoxic activity of anti-skin globulin could be effectively inhibited by the presence of chicken plasma or pooled, frozen, human serum.
Differential Action of Ammonium Chloride on the Response of the Sensitized Gut to Ovalbumin, Serotonin, and Histamine
Authors: Feigen George A. , Nielsen Christen B. , Sutherland G. Bonar 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The presence of physiologically active principles in perfusates of chemically irritated lungs has been described by Steiner (1) and Bartosch (2). Garan (3) insufflated various hydrocarbons and ammonia into the isolated lungs of guinea pigs and found that the output of physiologically active materials, as assayed on the guinea pig gut, was greatest after treatment with ammonia. He inferred that the perfusate contained histamine on the basis that it caused the atropinized gut to contract, and showed the activity of the extract to be reduced after incubating it for 24 hr with the histaminase preparation, Torantil. Subsequent work of Schild (4) showed that the amount of active material produced from the rat's diaphragm by treatment with ammonium chloride varied with the pH of the medium and therefore that the magnitude of the release was dependent upon the fraction of undissociated ammonia present.
A Comparative Study of Antibody Inactivation of Tobacco Mosaic Virus
Authors: Rappaport Irving , Siegel Albert , Owen Ray D. , Wildman S. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five strains of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) were inactivated by three different antisera. All strains are related antigenically and fall into at least three distinct groups. These relationships are in basic harmony with those previously uncovered (1, 2).
The masked and common strain of TMV can be distinguished by the inactivation method.
The data suggest that the amino acids histidine and methionine probably are not involved in the antigenic structure associated with the nfectivity of Holmes' ribgrass.
Studies with Measles Virus
Authors: Ruckle Gisela , Rogers Kenneth D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-five cases of clinical measles were investigated using tissue culture techniques for isolation and identification of the causative agent. Isolation of measles virus was successful in 9 early cases. In all patients from whom the agents could not be isolated the failure was correlated with the presence of serum antibody that emerged soon after appearance of rash.
Propagation of the agents recovered and neutralization tests were carried out in HAM tissue. The tissue culture behavior and immunologic properties of 9 measles virus agents investigated were indistinguishable.
Immunologic relationship of 6 agents was examined by cross-neutralization tests. Neutralization and complement-fixation techniques have been utilized to measure the antibody response to infection, the persistence of antibody in children recovered from the disease, in adults, and the relationship of antibody level in cord and maternal blood. The neutralizing antibody level in different lots of γ-globulin was also determined.
Antibody Response of Mice Treated with 2-Mercaptoethyl-Guanidine Hydrobromide and Lethal Doses of X-Radiation, and its Significance to the Relation of Antigen to Host
Authors: Makinodan Takashi , Shekarchi Isabel C. , Congdon Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No important difference between sheep and rat agglutinin production was observed in normal and MEG mice. The sheep agglutinin response was higher than rat agglutinin response in the 475-r, 700-r, 950 r-IBM, and MEG-950 r mice. Such difference was based on the induction period of agglutinin response, peak agglutinin titer, and on the mean total agglutinin response. The rate of recovery of the immune mechanism of MEG-950 r mice was almost comparable to that of the 475-r mice. The rate of recovery of the immune mechanism of MEG-950 r mice was not significantly different from that of the 950 r-IBM mice. The results permit the deductions: that MEG protects predominantly nonantibody producing cells; that either multiple types of antibody producing cells exist or some antibody producing cell has the ability to recognize the difference between (a) homologous, (b) closely related heterologous and (c) distantly related heterologous antigens; and that the degree of destruction of antibody forming cells by x-irradiation is in the order mentioned.
Partially Inactivated Poliomyelitis Virus: Initiation of Infection in Tissue Culture
Authors: Schultz P. , Rightsel W. A. , Timm E. A. , Taylor A. R. , McLean I. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Detailed comparisons were made between formalin-treated suspensions of poliovirus, and the course of inactivation produced by ultraviolet irradiation, iodine, betapropiolactone, and heat. The studies show that formalin alone produces a unique delay in initiating infection of sensitive tissue culture cells as evidenced by the rate of appearance of plaque formation. Prolonging the time of treatment or increasing the concentration of formalin results in an increased delay in appearance of plaques. Other factors such as storage, pH, presence of inactive virus particles, or residual formalin do not account for the delayed infection observed. In addition, virus suspensions treated with formalin continue to show a delay in cellular degeneration whether formalin is neutralized or removed by dialysis. The possible mechanisms involved are considered and the importance of the phenomenon is discussed.
Serologic Reactions of Extracellular Soluble Substances of Crown Gall Bacteria (Agrobacterium Tumefaciens)
Authors: Pinkes Alexander H. , Neill James M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of the experiments demonstrated that extracellular substances obtained from supernatant fluids of glucose broth cultures of A. tumefaciens possess serologic properties. The substances reacted with relatively high dilutions of antisera produced by immunization with Type 27 pneumococci or with the B512 strain of L. mesenteroides, although they reacted only with low dilutions of antisera produced by immunization with A. tumefaciens bacterial cells. In contrast, the washed cells of A. tumefaciens failed to react with the Type 27 and B512 antisera but were agglutinated by relatively high dilutions of the A. tumefaciens antisera.
Data from absorption experiments presented good evidence that the A. tumefaciens extracellular soluble substances, the specific capsular polysaccharide (S) of Type 27 pneumococcus, and the capsular antigen of the B512 strain of L. mesenteroides were closely similar to each other in serologic properties, which suggest that all 3 of these materials must possess some chemical features in common. However, the A. tumefaciens substances differ from the pneumococcal and leuconostoc capsular antigens in that they do not occur on the cellular surfaces in sufficient amount to function as dominant antigens in agglutination tests with the washed bacteria cells.
Although chemical data on the A. tumefaciens soluble substances used in our experiments have not yet been obtained, the substances resemble the “gum” described by Connor, Riker, and Peterson in respect to low solubility in ethanol, and are certainly distinct from the low molecular weight glucosan of A. tumefaciens which has been chemically defined by Hassid and associates.
The Relation of Antigen to Antibody (Precipitin) in Vitro
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There is little accurate knowledge concerning the fate of foreign protein introduced into the body. It appears in the blood and in some instances is excreted in relatively small quantity in the urine but this method of elimination offers no satisfactory explanation of its long continued persistence in the blood nor of its final disappearance. Those who have studied the fate of protein introduced into immunized animals have found that the antigen enters the blood and some have observed no difference in rapidity of disappearance between the normal and the immune animal. The subject is one of broad interest for there is no line of separation between relatively bland substances such as horse serum or egg white on the one hand, and on the other hand toxic substances such as the serum of lower vertebrate and of invertebrate species and other products of the animal or vegetable kingdom.
Observations on the Protective Action of Normal Serum in Experimental Infection with Bacillus Diphtheriae
Authors: Mackie T. J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In carrying out test inoculations in guinea-pigs with B. diphtheriae and diphtheroid bacilli for purposes of identification, where control animals were injected with the particular strain plus a certain amount of diphtheria antitoxin, it was noted that these animals were protected against lethal doses of B. diphtheriae by normal horse serum as well as by the specific immune serum. Though this observation did not involve any quantitative comparisons between the effect of the normal and the immune serum, the fact that normal horse serum should act protectively in the same way as the serum of a specifically immunized animal seemed of considerable importance and suggested the further investigation of the phenomenon. This normal serum effect is also of general interest in relation to “non-specific therapy” where alien protein (e.g., animal serum, bacterial protein, etc.) injected parenterally is found to exert a favourable influence on the course of various infections in a non-specific manner.
On the Classification of the Phenomena of Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Cooke Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. By Arthur F. Coca. Robert Doerr was the first to recognize the need of a classification of the phenomena of hypersensitiveness. In attempting such a classification Doerr (7), unfortunately chose as the main heading the term Allergie (allergy) which had been introduced by von Pirquet. This choice was particularly unhappy because Doerr felt obliged in using it to observe with some strictness the etymological significance of the term (altered reactivity). The result of this observance was the inclusion in Doerr's category of allergies of phenomena of such different nature as to make their association valueless if not positively confusing. There seems, for example, to be no advantage in associating in one category two so widely different phenomena as the well known morphine tolerance and morphine idiosyncrasy.
Doerr's subdivision of “allergic” phenomena into those exhibited to non-antigenic substances and those exhibited to antigenic substances is also inadvisable because such subdivision necessitates a confusing separation of identical conditions of hypersensitiveness in human beings, merely in accordance with the presence or absence of antigenic property in the exciting agent.
Studies in Endothelial Permeability. II
Authors: Petersen William F. , Levinson S. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The fact that anaphylactic shock in the dog is associated with phenomena largely neuroendothelial in character as contrasted to the neuromuscular reaction that predominates in the guinea pig has led to an extensive study of these alterations in the vascular relations. It has been found that the effect on the lymph flow is quite similar to that when lymphagogues of 1st class are injected, i.e., an increased flow of lymph that is more concentrated in solids. This has been ascribed to the increased intraportal pressure. This increase in intraportal pressure has been assumed by some to be due to factors in which the liver is not directly participating, by others, such as Mautner and Pick (1) and Simmonds (2), actual vasoconstriction in the liver is held to be causative. Jaffe (3) has demonstrated smooth muscle fibers about the smaller veins in the liver and states that they are seen most easily when the liver is engorged and the capillary spaces distended.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Naff George , Myrvik Quentin N. , Henelt Edward , Soto-Figueroa Eva 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum levels of bactericidin activity against Bacillus subtilis were studied in several disease states in humans. Myocardial infarction produced a marked rise about the fifth postsymptom day. Patients with lobar pneumonia demonstrated maximum titers during the acute phase of their disease, usually during the first hospital day. Metastatic malignancies also resulted in elevated serum levels. Several other conditions produced little effect on serum bactericidin levels.
The Effect of Tuberculin on Peritoneal Exudate Cells of Sensitized Guinea Pigs in Surviving Cell Culture
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Matoltsy Margit 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Washed peritoneal exudate cells of guinea pigs with tuberculin sensitivity and of normal control animals were maintained in surviving cell cultures in stationary tubes. The culture medium was 20% normal homologous serum to which varying concentrations of old tuberculin, glycerin, or “purified protein derivative” were added. The cultures were studied by direct microscopy, by total viable cell counts, by vital staining with neutral red and trypan blue and by differential counts taking into account both cell type and cell size. The exudates contained polymorphonuclear leukocytes, lymphocytes, and large macrophages; but the predominant cell type was intermediate in size and appearance between the lymphocyte and macrophage, showing considerable cytoplasmic basophilia but ingesting neutral red in a manner characteristic of macrophages.
A clearly defined drop in total cell count occurred early (18 hr) in tubes containing antigen, and a marked relative rise late (72–90 hr). The early fall involved all cell types but appeared to affect large macrophages markedly. The late rise was attributed largely to superior cell survival observed in the presence of antigen and in part to proliferation. The presence of antigen also produced a hastening of maturation of the intermediate cells and possibly of lymphocytes towards typical large macrophages.
These findings are interpreted as suggesting a stimulatory effect of antigen on sensitive cells of at least one type. The implications of such an interpretation are examined briefly.