bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Precipitating Antibody Production in Germfree Chickens
Authors: Wostmann B. S. , Olson G. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Germfree and conventional chickens depicted three differences in their antibody response to a single sensitizing injection of BSA: (1) germfree chickens seem to require 1 more day to produce a detectable circulating precipitating antibody, (2) both groups reach their peak antibody production on the 8th day after sensitization, but the germfree chicken had approximately one-half the amount of circulating antibody in comparison to the conventional chicken, (3) the germfree group maintained a proportional higher level of antibody after day of peak production than did the conventional bird. Possible explanations for these differences are presented for consideration.
Electrophoretic studies of the antiplasmas showed a parallel increase in the γ-globulin region, which on the 8th day after antigen injection was approximately 300 to 400 mg/100 ml over normal base levels for the two groups, and then subsequently returned toward the normal. A determination of the half-life of the γ-globulin fraction of the germfree and conventional animals depicted no difference in the metabolic degradation of the protein.
It appears that even with the quantitative differences in the RES of the germfree chicken it is still capable of producing an effective response to an antigenic stimulation.
Thermostable Ethanol-Insoluble Antigens of Brain
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Tuggac Maide , Campbell Walter A. , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera were obtained by immunization of rabbits with thermostable, ethanol-insoluble fractions of bovine, porcine and human brain. By means of these antisera, brain-specific antigens could be detected in a variety of serologic reactions. In double diffusion gel precipitation tests, the brain-specific reaction was represented by one hazy precipitation line. In immunoelectrophoresis the brain-specific line appeared in the anodal part of the electrophoretic field. Anti-porcine and anti-bovine brain BE sera combined not only with brain preparations of the homologous species origin but also with those originating from a heterologous species. However, the interspecies cross-reactions were much weaker than the homologous reactions. Evidence was presented that the antigens under study are not artifacts but are present in “native” preparations. The brain-specific antigen was predominantly present in the cerebral gray matter, it was not found at all in the sciatic nerve. The antigen under study was serologically distinct from the previously described thermostable, ethanol-insoluble, adrenal-specific antigen. It was also distinct from the brain lipid antigen known since the 1920's.
Prevention of Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Shigella Antigens in Neonatal Mice by Homologous Spleen Cell Transplants
Authors: Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen cell suspensions were prepared from newborn, normal adult and Shigella immune adult NIH mice and transferred to recipient newborn NIH mice receiving a single inoculum of Shigella soluble antigen (SSA) derived from alcohol killed Shigella paradysenteriae. Whereas injection of SSA into untreated newborn mice results in specific immunologic unresponsiveness to Shigella with a duration of approximately 8 weeks, transfer of the spleen cell suspensions prevented establishment of unresponsiveness. Viable spleen cells from newborn, normal or Shigella immunized adult donor mice were capable of preventing establishment of unresponsiveness. Heated spleen cell suspensions, spleen cell extracts and suspensions of mouse lung, liver and kidney cells were not effective. These observations suggested that transfer of homologous donor spleen cells to SSA injected newborn mice may increase the ratio of available lymphoid cells to antigen and, in effect, may decrease the concentration of antigen below a postulated critical threshold level necessary for establishment and maintenance of unresponsiveness.
Dynamic Aspects of the Formation of Serum Antibody in Rabbits
Authors: Ingraham Joseph S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By use of a soluble protein antigen which is rapidly eliminated from the circulation and a sensitive photometric passive hemagglutination titration for antibody, it was possible to observe the increase of serum titer against bovine serum globulin over a 104- to 105-fold range.
The early rise in titer followed an exponential progression with doubling times of 2.2 to 3.7 hr. This was usually followed by a second phase with a doubling time of 3.6 to 6.2 hr. Either time is appreciably shorter than the generation times which have been reported for mammalian cells.
Following the early exponential phase, most of the antibody was synthesized at or close to the maximal absolute rate attained, giving an arithmetic increase in titer. This arithmetic phase was analyzed mathematically to show that the experimental curves could be accounted for as the difference between a constant rate of formation and exponential decay.
The rate of formation of antibody fell to a very low level within 12 hr of peak titer. In four of the six rabbits about one-fourth of the antibody at peak titer had a half-life much shorter than those previously reported for rabbit anti-protein antibodies.
Published data for serum antibody during the reinjection response to a variety of antigens is reviewed. It is suggested that an early exponential rise of titer followed by production of most of the antibody at a constant rate may be characteristic for the secondary serum antibody response in rabbits after a single intravenous reinjection of many antigens that are rapidly cleared from the circulation. Furthermore, such a sequence of exponential and arithmetic phases is consistent with what is known of the cellular response in lympoid tissues following antigenic stimulation.
Primary and Secondary Antibody Response in Rats to Bacterial and Sheep Erythrocyte Antigens
Authors: La Via Mariano F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The response of rats to primary and secondary stimulation with bacterial and sheep erythrocyte antigens has been examined. Response to RBC and Str consists of a rapid rise and fall both after primary and secondary injection. The bacterial antigens elicit a rise of titer similar to that produced by RBC and Str. This titer, however, persists for a long period of time in a steady state fashion and second injection leads to a titer rise not very much higher than the steady state level. Cellular proliferation after first and second injection of all antigens shows a similar sequence of events differing only in degree of magnitude but showing essentially the same cell types.
The Influence of Phase on the Protective Potency of Q Fever Vaccine
Authors: Ormsbee Richard A. , Bell E. John , Lackman David B. , Tallent George 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Q fever vaccines made from purified Coxiella burneti in phase I and tested in guinea pigs were shown to possess protective potencies 100 to 300 times greater than comparable phase II vaccines when the challenge rickettsiae were in phase I. Significant differences in vaccine potencies of Q fever vaccines made from different strains were explained on the basis of phase differences rather than strain differences. The relative potencies of phase I and phase II vaccines were shown to depend upon the phase of the challenge rickettsiae. Phase I antigen injected into guinea pigs convalescent from Q fever was shown to produce higher and more persistent levels of complement-fixing and agglutinating antibodies than phase II antigen. It was shown that the agglutination-resuspension test reflected accurately the immune state of vaccinated guinea pigs before challenge, whereas this was not true of the complement fixation test.
The Influence of Hydrocortisone and Certain Electrolyte Solutions upon the Phagocytic and Bactericidal Capacity of Leukocytes Obtained from Peritoneal Exudate of Rats
Authors: Allison Fred , Adcock Martha H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal capacity of leukocytes obtained from the peritoneal exudate of rats both untreated and pretreated with intramuscular cortisol was studied in vitro. Phagocytosis of a mouse virulent, encapsulated strain of type I pneumococcus and an avirulent type XIV Streptococcus was accomplished on a suitable surface and the viability of engulfed organisms assayed in slide cultures. Under these conditions, with a phosphate buffer of high ionic strength to suspend the bacterium-cell mixtures, it was found that pretreatment with cortisol at a level of either 1.75 or 7.0 mg/kg for 3 days or longer impaired the ability of PMNG to kill bacteria. Further investigation revealed that suspending solutions of lower ionic strength increased the intensity of phagocytosis and the killing efficiency of exudate leukocytes from untreated animals and abolished the effects of glucocorticoid pretreatment. An explanation for this was not evident although there was evidence to suggest that the divalent cation, magnesium, restored bactericidal efficiency previously impaired in the high ionic phosphate buffer.
From this information it is suggested that pretreatment with cortisol may induce a metabolic change at the molecular level that interferes with the killing and destruction of ingested bacteria. It is conceivable that this alteration may contribute to an enhancement of infection associated with glucocorticoid previously noted in experimental animals and in man.
Studies on Human C′1-Esterase
Authors: Haines Anne L. , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
C′1-esterase was isolated by column chromatography on DEAE and TEAE cellulose of a euglobulin fraction of human serum. The final product, purified 2400-fold with respect to serum, contained 3800 enzyme units/mg of nitrogen, as measured by zero-order hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATE). The purified preparation migrated as an α2-globulin on paper electrophoresis but was heterogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The susceptibility to hydrolysis of synthetic substrates, listed in decreasing order of activity, was: N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester, N-acetyl-L-tyrosine methyl ester, benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester, p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester, and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine ethyl ester. Nonsusceptible substrates included L-lysine methyl ester. Maximal hydrolysis of ATE occurred at a final concentration of substrate of 5 × 10-2 M (Km = 1.9 × 10-2 M), pH 6.7 to 8.0, ionic strength below 0.20, and 38.8°C (apparent energy of activation = 10,400 calories/mole). No dependency of esterolytic activity on divalent cations was demonstrable. These properties are similar to those of previous preparations of human and guinea pig C′1-esterase obtained either from less purified fractions of serum or from elution of antigen-antibody-complement complexes.
Possible explanations for the observed physicochemical heterogeneity are discussed. The function of this highly purified preparation of human C′1-esterase in the complement system is presented in the following article.
Effects of 5-Idoo-2-Desoxyuridine (IDU) on Herpesvirus Synthesis and Survival in Infected Cells
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Dukes C. Dean 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of cells with IDU immediately following a 2-hr period of virus adsorption completely suppressed the production of new infectious virus but did not prevent the synthesis of new viral components. Both fluorescent and electron microscopy revealed the formation of large amounts of viral material in drug-treated, infected cells, although most input infectious virus disappeared. Ragged, naked, structurally imperfect particles were produced in the presence of IDU. It appeared, therefore, that the antiviral activity of IDU was due to an interruption in the assembly of viral components, not in their production.
Anti-A1 Specific Lectin from a Central American Leguminous Plant
Authors: Brilliantine Laura , Aranda Louise H. , Foster Doreen M. , Allen Nancy K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An anti-A1 specific lectin has been found in an extract of Crotalaria breviflora, a leguminous plant from Costa Rica. α-Lactose and l-rhamnose did not neutralize the agglutination reaction for human blood group A1 when tested against extracts of C. breviflora and Crotalaria selectron, but inhibited the reactions with groups A2, B, and O cells. A comparison of the variability of reactivity of different species of Crotalaria to subgroups of human type A is reported.
Agglutination by Antibody of Erythrocytes Sensitized by Virus Hemagglutinin
Authors: Lim K. A. , Pong W. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When goose erythrocytes are treated with HA of Japanese encephalitis, dengue or Langat viruses, at the optimum pH for hemagglutination, the washed erythrocytes are agglutinable by antibody at pH 7.6.
HA is rapidly adsorbed and the sensitized erythrocytes under optimum conditions of preparation may be stored for many days. Nonspecific inhibitor causes slipping of agglutination of sensitized erythrocytes at low serum dilutions. This can be avoided by treatment with kaolin although it is not essential to do so.
The sensitized erythrocyte agglutination test is at least as specific as the CF or HAI tests. Diagnostic tests on human sera suggest that the SEA test may have a higher degree of specificity especially if 1-day-old chick erythrocytes are used for preparing antigens.
Inhibition of Immediate and Delayed Hypersensitivity in the Rabbit by 6-Mercaptopurine
Authors: Borel Yves , Schwartz Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was shown to exert both central and peripheral actions on immune reactions. Its central effects were inhibition of humoral antibody formation and suppression of delayed hypersensitivity. The antimetabolite also blocked the peripheral manifestations of immunity (skin reactions to antigens) without affecting the immune status of the animal. These various actions of 6-MP were brought out under selected conditions of timing, dosage and mode of antigen administration. The processes leading to the development of delayed hypersensitivity were found to be very sensitive to 6-MP; a 4-day course of the drug suppressed this response without inhibiting humoral antibody production or inflammatory responses. The suppression of skin reactions in hyperimmunized rabbits was presumably due to an anti-inflammatory effect of 6-MP; inhibition of the local passive Arthus reaction by 6-MP was a function of the amount of antibody in the test serum. Leukopenia or inanition could not explain these actions of 6-MP.
A Serum Inhibitor in Animal and Human Sera of Bovine Enteroviruses
Authors: Klein Morton , Evans George , Deforest Adamadia , Kleger Bruce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serum factor having neutralizing activity against bovine enteroviruses is described. It is significantly inactivated by trypsin, sodium periodate and neuraminidase, stable at 56°C for 30 min, and present in the sera of man and other species. Neutralizing activity is best demonstrated using a minimal viral challenge, at 37°C for a relatively long period of contact. The level of the inhibitor does not vary with age or illness. Part of the activity is associated with serum Fraction V. Although the neutralizing activity is relatively specific against viruses the inhibitor is widely reactive and combines with tissue homogenates and certain bacteria. The relationship of this inhibitor to other inhibitors is discussed.
The Relationship between Rheumatoid “Factor” and Serum Desoxyribonucleic Acid
Authors: Gray J. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A series of experiments undertaken to elucidate the identity of the rheumatoid “factor” present in the serum of rheumatoid arthritics have shown that this substance closely resembles desoxyribonucleic acid.
In vitro DNA appears to complex with a Cohn IV-4 globulin and a Cohn Fraction III globulin. The latter in very small amounts inhibits the ability of both rheumatoid factor and DNA to agglutinate sensitized sheep cells.
Electrophoretic patterns of normal and rheumatoid serum stained by the Fuelgen reaction demonstrates Fuelgen-positive material consisting of a γ tail, a band at β and a further small concentration in the α region. There is no detectable difference in the patterns given by either serum.
The concentration of DNA in serum measured by the diphenylamine reaction of a Schneider extract gives a range of 7 to 14.1 mg/100 ml. The results do not differ materially in either the rheumatoid or normal cases.
The Influence of Degree of Aggregation and Virus Quality on the Plaque Titer of Aggregated Vaccinia Virus
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Sharp John , Sharp D. G. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The degree of aggregation among the particles of a suspension of virus is one of the parameters upon which the plaque titer depends. Careful workers have always recognized this fact and they have employed various means to insure maximum dispersion of virus on which critical plaque titrations were to be made. Still, we are not aware of any published work which sets out clearly in experimental or theoretical form the relationship between plaque titer and degree of particle aggregation. Our first effort (1) in this direction provided evidence that vaccinia virus, which was released from infected L cells by the freeze-thaw procedure, as well as virus that had been pelleted one or more times in a centrifuge, was highly aggregated. It showed that the plaque titer of such preparations could be increased by treatment of the virus with 9-kc sonic waves.
Immunity to Transplantable Tumors Following Viral Oncolysis
Authors: Lindenmann J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intraperitoneal LD50 of an Ehrlich ascites tumor (EA) for inbred A2G mice was close to 10 cells per mouse. Mice which had been inoculated with 106 EA cells and 6 days later with WSA influenza virus underwent oncolysis and were subsequently resistant to challenge with 106 to 107 EA cells (postoncolytic immunity). This resistance could be transferred to normal A2G mice with 5 × 106 to 5 × 107 spleen cells (adoptive transfer) or with plasma, serum or ascitic fluid from immune mice. Postoncolytic EA immune sera from A2G mice were protective only when tested in A2G mice and not when tested in ICR mice.
Sera which were protective in vivo agglutinated EA cells in vitro. Upon fractionation of hyperimmune serum by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation or by column electrophoresis the agglutinin titer in vitro of the various fractions paralleled their protective power in vivo; both seemed to be associated with 7 S γ-globulin.
Duration of Some Cutaneous Hypersensitivities in Mice
Authors: Crowle Alfred J. , Hu C. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The courses of development, maintenance, and eventual loss of immediate (humoral) and delayed (cellular) skin hypersensitivities in mice to chicken ovalbumin, bovine and human serum albumins, and tuberculoprotein as well as delayed hypersensitivity to 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were followed.
The durations of primary hypersensitivities to the two serum albumins and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene were easily determined and were similar, extending over approximately 12 to 16 weeks. Decline of primary hypersensitivity to the serum albumins was followed by resurgence of hypersensitivity, apparently as a secondary response to intrinsic antigenic stimulation from the original depots of emulsified antigen. The time spans of primary hypersensitivities to ovalbumin and tuberculoprotein could not be determined, because these hypersensitivities merged with secondary reactivities due to such internal restimulation.
Various data obtained suggest that the proteins used can be arranged in the following decreasing order of allergenicity in CF1 mice: ovalbumin, tuberculoprotein, bovine serum albumin, human serum albumin. Distinctions in relative antigenicity were especially obvious in capabilities for inducing delayed hypersensitivity, the last antigen being unable to do so in half the mice tested unless injected in Freund's complete adjuvant. The significance of these findings in the comparative mechanisms of immediate and delayed hypersensitization in mice and guinea pigs is discussed.
Antinuclear Factor in Mice
Authors: Norins Leslie C. , Holmes Margaret C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The natural incidence of antinuclear factor (ANF) has been examined in several mouse strains using a standard fluorescent anti-globulin technique. NZB mice with autoimmune disease had an ANF incidence of about 40%, whereas the normal strains C3H and C57/Bl showed delayed onset of about 15% incidence. F1 (NZB × C3H) showed a distinctive sex difference, females eventually showing about the NZB incidence and males the C3H incidence. The apparently normal Hall Institute “outbred” mice showed a steady increase to an ANF incidence of about 85%. The murine ANF appeared to be all or mainly a 7 S γ-globulin with nucleoprotein specificity. In NZB mice, an increased ANF incidence was associated with severe renal disease, early splenectomy in males, partial or complete thymectomy, and receipt of a thymus graft, whereas a decreased ANF incidence was associated with late splenectomy in females.
The Blood Groups of Mink
Authors: Saison Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An A-like antigen on the red blood cells of some mink can be detected by the use of high titer, incomplete pig anti-A sera. This antigen is not present on the red cells at birth but is acquired by the kits between 8 and 15 weeks of age.
It was not possible to determine by coating experiments whether the A antigen is a soluble serum substance which coats the cells. However, the inhibition test demonstrated that A-like substance is present in the serum of group A mink.
Absorption of pig anti-A serum with mink A cells did not remove all the antibodies to pig group A cells from this serum. This would indicate that the mink A antigen resembles the A of pigs but does not wholly conform to the same configuration. Absorption with mink A cells removes only those antibodies which react to the portion of the pig A antigen present on mink A cells.
By the use of pig anti-A serum, mink red blood cells can be classified as group A or group O. The expression of these two characters is believed to be controlled by a pair of allelic genes, giving rise to two phenotypes, A and O, and three genotypes, AA, AO and OO. No antibody to either of these antigens has been found in the sera of mink lacking the corresponding antigen.
Viral Leukocyte Interrelationships
Authors: Nahmias André J. , Kibrick Sidney , Rosan Robert C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The replication of herpes simplex virus in human leukocyte cultures has been demonstrated in several ways. A consistent decrease in viral titer was observed over the first few days, usually followed by an increase in titer. Virus was demonstrable in such cultures for as long as 26 days. A viral inoculum of at least 103 TCD50 per 0.2 ml of culture was found necessary to initiate infection.
Viral replication did not occur in the leukocyte cultures in the absence of phytohemagglutinin. However, viral multiplication was not affected by certain variations in technique of leukocyte culture preparation or incubation, or by age of the culture at time of viral inoculation.
The kinetics of herpes simplex virus replication in human leukocyte cultures are discussed.