bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Market‐implied ratings and their divergence from credit ratings
Authors: Hasan Iftekhar , Shen Jianfu , Zhang Gaiyan , Poon Winnie P. H. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the divergence between credit ratings (CRs) and Moody's market‐implied ratings (MIRs). Our evidence shows that rating gaps provide incremental information to the market regarding issuers' default risk over CRs alone in the short horizon and outperform CRs over extended horizons. The predictive ability of rating gaps is greater for more opaque and volatile issuers. Such predictability was more pronounced during the 2008 financial crisis but weakened in the post–Dodd–Frank Act period. This finding is consistent with credit rating agencies’ efforts to improve their performance when facing regulatory pressure. Moreover, our analysis identifies rating‐gap signals that do (do not) lead to subsequent Moody's actions to place issuers on negative outlook and watchlists. We find that negative signals from MIR gaps have a real economic impact on issuers’ fundamentals such as profitability, leverage, investment, and default risk, thus supporting the recovery‐efforts hypothesis.
The utility of impact data in flood forecast verification for anticipatory actions: Case studies from Uganda and Kenya
Authors: Mitheu Faith , Tarnavsky Elena , Ficchì Andrea , Stephens Elisabeth , Cornforth Rosalind , Petty Celia 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSkilful flood forecasts have the potential to inform preparedness actions across scales, from smallholder farmers through to humanitarian actors, but require verification first to ensure such early warning information is robust. However, verification efforts in data‐scarce regions are limited to only a few sparse locations at pre‐existing river gauges. Hence, alternative data sources are urgently needed to enhance flood forecast verification to better guide preparedness actions. In this study, we assess the usefulness of less conventional data such as flood impact data for verifying flood forecasts compared with river‐gauge observations in Uganda and Kenya. The flood impact data contains semi‐quantitative and qualitative information on the location and number of reported flood events derived from five different data repositories (Dartmouth Flood Observatory, DesInventar, Emergency Events Database, GHB, and local) over the 2007–2018 period. In addition, river‐gauge observations from stations located within the affected districts and counties are used as a reference for verification of flood forecasts from the Global Flood Awareness System. Our results reveal both the potential and the challenges of using impact data to improve flood forecast verification in data‐scarce regions. From these, we provide a set of recommendations for using impact data to support anticipatory action planning.
Parental home‐based pulse oximetry monitoring for adults with intellectual disabilities at risk of serious respiratory problems including COVID‐19: a brief report
Authors: Finlayson J. , Roberts N. , Holt T. , Roast J. , McCardle M. , Parsonage M. , Slade K. , Sellers C. , Frighi V. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disabilities (ID) are at high risk of developing respiratory health issues. The COVID‐19 pandemic has compounded this, with serious consequences, and for some, death. Despite home‐based oxygen saturation monitoring being recommended for people with ID, there is a stark lack of evidence in the literature on its feasibility.MethodWe conducted 3‐day baseline home‐based oxygen saturation monitoring, using pulse oximeters, with eight parents of nine adults with ID in Scotland. Two eligible parents also completed a further 2 weeks of monitoring, and returned an evaluation questionnaire on its feasibility.ResultsBaseline mean readings for eight adults with ID were within the normal range (%Sp02 ≥ 95), and for another one 94%. Fluctuations over the 3‐day assessment period were experienced by six of these individuals. However, these variations were within limits which are not dangerous (lowest reading 92%), implying that parental home‐based pulse oximetry monitoring is likely to be safe for adults with ID. The two parents who completed the evaluation found home‐based pulse oximetry monitoring to be easy/very easy to do, and effective/very effective.ConclusionsThis is the first research study, albeit with a very small sample, to report on the potential feasibility of parental home‐based pulse oximetry monitoring for adults with ID. Home‐based pulse oximetry monitoring appears to be safe in adults with ID at risk of developing serious respiratory problems, and not difficult for their parents to do. There is an urgent need to replicate this work, using a larger sample, to promote home‐based respiratory health monitoring more widely for people with ID.
Reduced lip seal strength and missing teeth are associated with poorer masticatory performance in young adults with intellectual disabilities: a cross‐sectional analytical study
Authors: Martínez‐Arnau F. M. , Núñez‐Cortés R. , Valderrama‐Mejía J. M. , Cruz‐Montecinos C. , Carrasco J. J. , Cortés‐Amador S. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundAlterations in oral health have a negative impact on the quality of life of persons with intellectual disabilities (PwIDs). Chewing is a process that influences and determines optimal oral health. However, little is known about how intellectual disability (ID) affects masticatory performance. This study aimed to analyse the differences in masticatory performance between young adults with IDs, young adults without IDs and older adults without IDs.MethodsA cross‐sectional analytical design was used. The masticatory performance was evaluated with a chewing gum validated instrument. In addition, the labial and tongue strength was assessed with the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument. We compared the masticatory performance between groups using one‐way analysis of covariance. Body mass index, muscle mass, missing teeth, lip strength and tongue strength were included as separate covariates. A multivariate regression analysis was performed to identify which independent variables could explain masticatory performance in each group.ResultsThirty‐two PwIDs, 31 young adults without IDs and 32 older adults without IDs were recruited. PwIDs showed poorer masticatory performance compared with older adults (mean difference: −3.06, 95% confidence interval: −3.87 to −2.26) and healthy controls (mean difference: −2.38, 95% confidence interval: −3.19 to −1.57). The analysis of covariance showed significant difference between groups in the masticatory performance (F = 47.35, P < 0.001, ηp2 = 0.507). Missing teeth (P < 0.001), right lip strength (P = 0.025) and tongue strength (P = 0.007) as covariables showed a significant interaction with the model. In the PwID group, lip strength and lack of teeth explained 58% of the variance in masticatory performance (R2 = 0.580, standard error = 1.12, P < 0.001).ConclusionsPersons with intellectual disabilities have a poorer masticatory performance than adults without IDs. Our findings indicate that the primary determinants of optimal masticatory function in PwIDs are the strength of the lip seal and the number of missing teeth.
Cetacean tongue mobility and function: A comparative review
Authors: Werth Alexander J. , Crompton A. W. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCetaceans are atypical mammals whose tongues often depart from the typical (basal) mammalian condition in structure, mobility, and function. Their tongues are dynamic, innovative multipurpose tools that include the world's largest muscular structures. These changes reflect the evolutionary history of cetaceans' secondary adaptation to a fully aquatic environment. Cetacean tongues play no role in mastication and apparently a greatly reduced role in nursing (mainly channeling milk ingestion), two hallmarks of Mammalia. Cetacean tongues are not involved in drinking, breathing, vocalizing, and other non‐feeding activities; they evidently play no or little role in taste reception. Although cetaceans do not masticate or otherwise process food, their tongues retain key roles in food ingestion, transport, securing/positioning, and swallowing, though by different means than most mammals. This is due to cetaceans' aquatic habitat, which in turn altered their anatomy (e.g., the intranarial larynx and consequent soft palate alteration). Odontocetes ingest prey via raptorial biting or tongue‐generated suction. Odontocete tongues expel water and possibly uncover benthic prey via hydraulic jetting. Mysticete tongues play crucial roles driving ram, suction, or lunge ingestion for filter feeding. The uniquely flaccid rorqual tongue, not a constant volume hydrostat (as in all other mammalian tongues), invaginates into a balloon‐like pouch to temporarily hold engulfed water. Mysticete tongues also create hydrodynamic flow regimes and hydraulic forces for baleen filtration, and possibly for cleaning baleen. Cetacean tongues lost or modified much of the mobility and function of generic mammal tongues, but took on noteworthy morphological changes by evolving to accomplish new tasks.
Business Model Research: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Snihur Yuliya , Markman Gideon 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBusiness model research has grown into an insightful area of inquiry, and articles in the Journal of Management Studies (JMS) have greatly contributed to this topical area. This introductory article to the thematic collection of business model research offers an overview of the pertinent literature as well as foundational knowledge, so it is suitable for scholars who are familiar with the topic, but it is also helpful for those wishing to join the conversation. Business model research has thrived at the intersection of strategy, innovation management, and entrepreneurship studies. This body of research is characterized by both a bold vision to improve our understanding of the architecture and building blocks of business models as well as conceptual and empirical debates about the way forward in the digital age of continuing disruption, platformization, and ecosystem transformations. We suggest three promising areas for future research: business model portfolios, competitive dynamics between heterogeneous business models, and business model design for more sustainable economy.
Exploring the acquaintanceship effect for the accuracy of judgments of traits and profiles of adult playfulness
Authors: Brauer Kay , Sendatzki Rebekka , Proyer René T. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveWe aimed to extend the research on the interpersonal perception of adult playfulness (global and facets: Other‐directed, Lighthearted, Intellectual, and Whimsical [OLIW]) by testing whether judgmental accuracy relates to indicators of acquaintanceship.BackgroundPlayfulness has been found to contribute to social relationships.MethodUsing data from 658 dyads (1,318 participants) who had been acquainted for 1 month to 62.2 years, we computed measurement invariance analyses and self–other agreement (SOA) for the facets and profiles of playfulness. We operationalized acquaintanceship as length of acquaintanceship, relationship type (friends, family, and partners), and intensity of acquaintanceship. We tested acquaintanceship effects with multigroup latent analyses and response surface analyses.ResultsSelf‐ and other ratings of playfulness showed scalar measurement invariance and robust SOA in traits and distinctive profiles (≥ .37). There was only minor evidence for acquaintanceship effects for relationship duration (only Intellectual playfulness), and group comparisons showed that friends yielded lower SOA in profiles than dyads of family members and couples.ConclusionConsidering that playfulness can be accurately perceived even at zero acquaintance, we discuss whether playfulness is a “good trait” (high trait visibility) in which acquaintanceship plays a minor role. We also discuss methodological considerations for detecting acquaintanceship effects during relationship formation.
Determination of acute toxicity of unionized ammonia in juvenile longfin yellowtail (Seriola rivoliana)
Authors: Vera Luis , Aguilar Galarza Bryan , Reinoso Samira , Bohórquez‐Cruz Milton , Sonnenholzner Stanislaus , Argüello‐Guevara Wilfrido 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe median lethal concentration (LC50) of unionized ammonia (NH3‐N) in longfin yellowtail, Seriola rivoliana juveniles was assessed after 96 h of exposure using a semistatic water system. Experimental fish were exposed in triplicate to different ammonia concentrations: 0.55 ± 0.00; 0.94 ± 0.02; 1.18 ± 0.00; 1.72 ± 0.02, and 1.97 ± 0.09 NH3‐N mg/L. Additionally, a control group (0.00 ± 0.00 NH3‐N mg/L) was included. The 96 h LC50 of unionized ammonia in S. rivoliana was 0.58 mg/L. Fish exposed to different ammonia concentrations for 96 h displayed several lesions on gill tissues, that is, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, fusion of the secondary lamellae, and some irreversible damage. Erratic behavior, such as swimming in circles and hyperventilation was observed before the fish died. The safe concentration of unionized ammonia in this study was estimated at 0.06 and 1.68 mg/L of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN). The outcomes observed in this study provide valuable insights into unionized ammonia effects for better water quality management in semi‐intensive and intensive systems for S. rivoliana culture.
Trading with the crowd
Authors: Neuman Eyal , Voß Moritz 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe formulate and solve a multi‐player stochastic differential game between financial agents who seek to cost‐efficiently liquidate their position in a risky asset in the presence of jointly aggregated transient price impact, along with taking into account a common general price predicting signal. The unique Nash‐equilibrium strategies reveal how each agent's liquidation policy adjusts the predictive trading signal to the aggregated transient price impact induced by all other agents. This unfolds a quantitative relation between trading signals and the order flow in crowded markets. We also formulate and solve the corresponding mean field game in the limit of infinitely many agents. We prove that the equilibrium trading speed and the value function of an agent in the finite N‐player game converges to the corresponding trading speed and value function in the mean field game at rate . In addition, we prove that the mean field optimal strategy provides an approximate Nash‐equilibrium for the finite‐player game.
Two Mechanisms for Understanding Mathematical Concepts in Terms of Fictive Motions
Authors: Khatin‐Zadeh Omid , Yazdani‐Fazlabadi Babak 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis article discusses two mechanisms through which understanding static mathematical concepts (basic and more advanced mathematical concepts) in terms of fictive motions or motion events enhance our understanding of these concepts. It is suggested that at least two mechanisms are involved in this enhancing process. The first mechanism enables us to employ both the motor system and the visual system as two contributing cognitive resources to process the static concept. When one representation of a mathematical concept is transformed into another representation, there is a shift in the mode of processing. This shift facilitates the process of employing new cognitive resources such as the motor and visual systems. The second mechanism, which is a special form of mental simulation, enables us to simulate the process of formation of the static concept, which, in turn, makes it easier for us to understand the structure and properties of the static concept.
Meta‐analysis reveals a reduced surface area of the amygdala in individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Chen Meng‐Hsiang , Lin Hsiu‐Man , Sue Yu‐Ru , Yu Yun‐Chen , Yeh Pin‐Yang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDespite the reported lack of structural alterations in the amygdala of individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in previous meta‐analyses, subsequent observational studies produced conflicting results. Through incorporating the updated data from observational studies on structural features of the amygdala in ADHD, the primary goal of this study was to examine the anatomical differences in amygdala between subjects with ADHD and their neurotypical controls. Using the appropriate keyword strings, we searched the PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases for English articles from inception to February 2022. Eligibility criteria included observational studies comparing the structure of the amygdala between ADHD subjects and their comparators using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Subgroup analyses were conducted focusing on the amygdala side, as well as the use of different scanners and approach to segmentation. The effects of other continuous variables, such as age, intelligence quotient, and male percentage, on amygdala size were also investigated. Of the 5703 participants in 16 eligible studies, 2928 were diagnosed with ADHD. Compared with neurotypical controls, subjects with ADHD had a smaller amygdala surface area (particularly in the left hemisphere) but without a significant difference in volume between the two groups. Subgroup analysis of MRI scanners and different approaches to segmentation showed no statistically significant difference. There was no significant correlation between continuous variables and amygdala size. Our results showed consistent surface morphological alterations of the amygdala, in particular on the left side, in subjects with ADHD. However, the preliminary findings based on the limited data available for analysis warrant future studies for verification.
The future of the international financial system: The emergingCBDCnetwork and its impact on regulation
Authors: Wang Heng , Gao Simin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCentral bank digital currency (CBDC) is a digital form of fiat currency. CBDC has the potential to be a game challenger in the international financial system, bringing increased complexities arising from technology and regulatory considerations, as well as generating greater currency competition. As more states begin exploring CBDC, the interactions between actors may lead to the emergence of a new CBDC network. What shape would the emerging CBDC network take? What would its network effects be? What would be the impact of the CBDC network on the international financial system, or the global financial network? This article explores these questions by examining the emerging CBDC network and its regulatory implications. It argues that the CBDC network would likely be both decentralized and uncoordinated, making it unlikely to lead to convergence in CBDC regulation. The CBDC network would probably bring policy diffusion effects, with states behaving instrumentally, while shaking up the power balance between different actors, generating both cooperation and conflict. The CBDC network also has the potential to push international financial system toward becoming more decentralized.
High dietary iodine intake may contribute to the low death rate from COVID‐19 infection in Japan with activation by the lactoperoxidase system
Authors: Smith Michael L. , Sharma Sujata , Singh Tej P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe draw the attention of readers and governments to the death rate from coronavirus disease 2019 in Japan, continuing as a fraction of that experienced by many other developed nations. We think this is due to the activity of the powerful, protective lactoperoxidase system (LPO) which prevents serious airborne infections. The LPO system requires iodine, which is liberally provided by the typical Japanese diet but lacking in many others. One might consider the Japanese experience an incredibly large, open‐label study exhibiting the preventative power of a high‐iodine diet. We predict this favourable trend will continue for Japan because deadly variants of the severe, acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 will be with us, forever.
Evaluation of humoral immune response after ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccination among health care workers
Authors: Kim Myeong Hee , Kang So Young , In Lee Woo , Lee Min Young 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe assessed the immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV‐19 vaccination by evaluating the levels of SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG after vaccination and investigated the effect of diverse factors such as gender, age, and adverse reactions after vaccination. The study included a total of 1028 serum samples from 452 healthcare workers. SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG levels were assessed using the SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG II Quant assay. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding the intensity and duration of adverse reactions after vaccination. The seropositive rates after the first and second doses were 95.5% and 100%, respectively. The median antibody levels after the second dose showed a 4.2‐fold increase compared with the first. Five months after the second dose, the median antibody levels decreased by 3.5‐fold. The antibody levels in men were lower than those in women after the first dose and were higher after the second dose. There was no difference according to age groups after the first dose, but after the second dose, in subjects aged 50 and above, the rise in antibody levels was less than that in other age groups. The antibody levels among participants with moderate or severe symptoms were significantly higher than those among participants with mild symptoms after the first dose. There were no statistically significant differences according to the duration of symptoms. We could assume that different age groups and genders might have different immunogenicity following vaccination. The intensity of adverse symptoms was positively correlated with the antibody levels, implying that higher immunogenicity is related to the intensity of adverse symptoms after vaccination.
Epistemic confidence in the observed confidence interval
Authors: Pawitan Yudi , Lee Hangbin , Lee Youngjo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe define confidence to be epistemic if it applies to an observed confidence interval. Epistemic confidence is unavailable—or even denied—in orthodox frequentist inference, as the confidence level is understood to apply to the procedure. Yet there are obvious practical and psychological needs to think about the uncertainty in the observed interval. We extend the Dutch Book argument used in the classical Bayesian justification of subjective probability to a stronger market‐based version, which prevents external agents from exploiting unused information in any relevant subset. We previously showed that confidence is an extended likelihood, and the likelihood principle states that the likelihood contains all the information in the data, hence leaving no relevant subset. Intuitively, this implies that confidence associated with the full likelihood is protected from the Dutch Book, and hence is epistemic. Our goal is to validate this intuitive notion through theoretical backing and practical illustrations.