bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endonasal Endoscopic Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea: A Study of 263 Patients
Authors: Nasirmohtaram Sevil , Arbabzade Farhad , Tabari Azin , Sadrehosseini Seyed Mousa , Zeinalizadeh Mehdi , Mohammadi Hassan R. , Shirvani Masoud , Amirjamshidi Abbas , Shojaie Abdolreza 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea is a sign of a breach in the bony skull base. It should be verified, localized, and repaired surgically to alleviate the risk of intracranial infection. Endonasal endoscopic surgery is the standard technique for skull base reconstruction in these patients. The current study was undertaken to evaluate a large case series of patients with CSF rhinorrhea who underwent surgery, focusing on symptoms, etiology, specifics of skull base defects, reconstruction techniques, outcomes, and complications.
Methods All patients with CSF rhinorrhea who were treated endoscopically for a skull base defect from 2010 to 2023 in a tertiary referral hospital were included.
Results In this retrospective study, 263 patients were included. The chief presenting symptom was rhinorrhea. Spontaneous CSF leak was the most common etiologic factor, whereas accidental trauma accounted for about one-third of the cases. In cases of spontaneous CSF rhinorrhea, the most common sites of skull base defects were the cribriform plate, lateral lamella of the ethmoid, and the lateral recess of the sphenoid. The frontal sinus was the most common site of defect in cases of accidental traumatic CSF rhinorrhea. In the majority of cases, a two-layer technique using inlay fat and onlay fascia was employed for skull base reconstruction. Recurrences, including technical failures, missed skull base defects, and late new skull base defects, were observed in 10 cases (3.8%). Three patients developed meningitis in the early postoperative period, but all recovered uneventfully.
Conclusion Given the high success rate and low morbidity, all patients with CSF rhinorrhea should be counseled to undergo endoscopic surgery early.
Keyhole Mini-Craniotomy Middle Fossa Approach for Tegmen Repair: A Case Series and Technical Instruction
Authors: Adil Syed M. , Zachem Tanner J. , Hatfield Jordan K. , Abdelgadir Jihad , Hoang Kimberly , Codd Patrick J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background and Importance Tegmen defects associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks are a rare pathology that can result in severe complications if left untreated. There is no universal optimal surgical algorithm for repair, although the most common techniques are the middle fossa craniotomy (traditionally 25 cm2 in area), the transmastoid approach, or both. Here, we describe successful use of a keyhole mini-craniotomy, only 6 cm2 in area, without mastoidectomy or days of lumbar drainage.
Clinical Presentation Three patients presented with right-sided CSF otorrhea and hearing loss, with varying sizes of tegmen defects and associated encephaloceles. Keyhole craniotomies measuring 3 × 2 cm were used to perform a multilayer repair comprising an intradural collagen dural substitute, extradural fascial graft, extradural collagen dural substitute, fibrin sealant, and sometimes bony reconstruction using partial thickness craniotomy grafting. All patients were discharged on postoperative day 1 or 2, with no recurrence of symptoms at 6 months.
Conclusion The keyhole craniotomy approach does not sacrifice the extent of operative access for this pathology. This minimally invasive approach can likely be used more often without need for concomitant mastoidectomy, ultimately enabling shorter hospital stays and more rapid recovery.
ACTH-Dependent Cushing Syndrome Treated with Homeopathy: A Case Report
Authors: Parveen Sana , Sharma Pralay 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background Cushing's disease is an endocrine disorder caused by endogenous hypercortisolism resulting from an adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-secreting pituitary tumour. The average incidence of new cases is 2.4 cases per million people per year. The first-line treatment for Cushing's disease is selective transsphenoidal pituitary surgery; however, the risk of recurrence after the initial surgery is high and remains so for many decades after surgery. There is paucity of scientific evidence regarding Cushing disease in homoeopathy.
Method This case study describes a case of ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome with fasting plasma cortisol serum levels and 24 hours urinary free cortisol levels were 22.7 ug% and more than 1000 μg/24 hour, respectively, and decreased after 1 mg and 8 mg overnight dexamethasone. Mercurius in ascending fifty millesimal potency was prescribed as an individualised homeopathic medicine on the basis of symptoms.
Result The patient improved symptomatically as evidenced by a marked reduction in weight and cortisol levels in the normal range under continued homoeopathic treatment.
Conclusion Homoeopathy can be effectively used to decrease cortisol levels in Cushing disease and prevent hypercortisolism-associated comorbidities such as infection, diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease.
Inherited or Immunological Thrombocytopenia: The Complex Nature of Platelet Disorders in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Urbański Bartosz , Urbańska Zuzanna , Bąbol-Pokora Katarzyna , Subocz Ewelina , Młynarski Wojciech , Janczar Szymon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is one of the most common congenital malformation syndromes resulting from disrupted embryonic development of pharyngeal pouches. The classical triad of symptoms described by Angelo DiGeorge is frequently accompanied by hematological and immune disorders. While it is well-established that patients with 22q11.2DS have an increased risk of recurrent autoimmune cytopenias, including immune thrombocytopenia, the platelet abnormalities in this population are more complex and multifaceted. Given this issue, we conducted a comprehensive literature review on platelet disorders in 22q11.2DS using accessible databases (PubMed and Scopus). We aimed to outline previous studies limitations and most urgent challenges concerning thrombocytopenia in these patients. One characteristic finding frequently observed in 22q11.2DS is mild macrothrombocytopenia caused presumably by the loss of one GP1BB allele, encoding the element of the GPIb–IX–V complex. This structure plays a central role in thrombocyte adhesion, aggregation, and subsequent activation. Recent studies suggest that defective megakaryopoiesis and impaired vasculogenesis may strongly influence platelet and hemostasis disorders in 22q11.2DS. Furthermore, the phenotypic manifestation may be modulated by epigenetic factors and gene expression modifiers located outside the deletion region. Although the final hemorrhagic phenotype is typically mild, these patients may require more frequent transfusions following major surgical procedures. Despite the risk of thrombocytopenia and thrombocytopathy, there is a lack of large-scale research on hematological anomalies in 22q11.2DS, and the available results are often inconclusive. Given the complexity of hemostatic disorders, it is essential to establish specific recommendations for perioperative management and autoimmune cytopenias treatment within this population.
Enticing Dimples: A Novel Observational Study Comparing the Preexisting Landmarks for Facial Dimple Creation Using 3D-Scanned Facial Images
Authors: David Lena Elizabath , Vathulya Madhubari , Srinivasan Smruti , Bahurupi Yogesh , Fathima N Nasida 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Background Dimpleplasty, a cosmetic procedure for creating dimples, is gaining popularity. However, the ideal site for dimple creation remains subjective. This study aimed to determine the optimal dimple placement using a three-dimensional (3D) model, reviewing panelists' preferences based on facial proportions and average ratings.
Materials and Methods A 3D model was used to assess three dimple placement points: Point A (intersection of the external canthus and Cupid's bow), point B (Khoo Boo–Chai point), and point C (site based on smile dynamics). Panelists reviewed these points on faces with different proportions using three facial ratios: ratio 1 (Tr-Me / lc r-lc l), ratio 2 (Tr-Nos / Nos-Me), and ratio 3 (Me-Lip / Lip-Nos). Panelists provided average ratings for each site based on aesthetic appeal relative to these ratios.
Results Point A received higher ratings for faces with a lower ratio 1 (wider faces). Point B was preferred in faces with higher ratio 1 (elongated faces) and lower ratio 2, receiving the highest average rating for balanced aesthetics. Point C was favored in faces with higher ratios 2 and 3, indicating dominance in the mid and lower facial thirds. Point B had the highest average rating overall.
Conclusion These results emphasize the importance of considering facial proportions for optimal dimple placement and individualized cosmetic outcomes. Simulation software like the one that we have used in our study, may further help in patient counseling before determining the site of dimpleplasty.
Spectrum of Atypical Vascular Pathologies Mimicking Duodenal Submucosal Tumor and Directly Bleeding into Duodenal Lumen: A Case Series Study with Management by Interventional Radiology
Authors: Saha Srijit , Bhattacharyya Avik , Tripathy Sourav , Bhandari Arindam , Paul Sounak 
Published: January 2025

AbstractGastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is a life-threatening medical condition and requires a multidisciplinary approach for proper diagnosis and management. Various vascular pathologies in and around the duodenum can lead to bleeding into the duodenum either directly or through the bile duct or pancreatic duct, and the patients present with melena or hematemesis. Sometimes, these lesions present as a submucosal tumor with active bleeding or present like a bleeding duodenal ulcer. These cases must be investigated thoroughly before any endoscopic interventions; otherwise, patient may land up in life-threatening situations. Radiology plays an important role in both diagnosing and treating these vascular lesions. Here, we have presented a few cases where the vascular pathologies mimicking duodenal submucosal tumors caused direct bleeding into the duodenum.
Ultra-low reverse leakage NiOx/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction diode achieving breakdown voltage &gt;3 kV with plasma etch field-termination
Authors: Liu Yizheng , Roy Saurav , Peterson Carl , Bhattacharyya Arkka , Krishnamoorthy Sriram 
Published: January 2025

This work reports the fabrication and characterization of a NiOx/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction diode (HJD) that uses a metallic nickel (Ni) target to deposit NiOx layers via reactive RF magnetron sputtering and lift-off processing with &gt;3 kV breakdown voltage, ultra-low reverse current leakage under high reverse bias, and a high junction electric field (&gt;3.34 MV/cm). The heterojunction diodes are fabricated via bilayer NiOx sputtering followed by self-aligned plasma-etching for field-termination on both large (1-mm2) and small area (300/100-μm diameter) devices. The HJD exhibits an ∼135 A/cm2 forward current density at 5 V with a rectifying ratio of ∼1010. The minimum differential specific on-resistance was measured to be 17.26/11.64 mΩ cm2 (with/without current spreading). The breakdown voltage on a 100-μm diameter pad was measured to be greater than 3 kV with a noise floor-level reverse leakage current density (10−8 ∼ 10−6 A/cm2) up to 3 kV, accomplishing a parallel-plane junction electric field to be at least 3.34 MV/cm at 3 kV with a power figure of merit &gt;0.52/&gt;0.78 GW/cm2 (with/without current spreading). The temperature-dependent forward current density–voltage (J–V) measurements were performed from room temperature (25 °C) to 200 °C, which showed a temperature coefficient of resistance (α) of 1.56, lower than the value of SiC Schottky barrier diodes.
Relating gauge gravity to string theory through obstruction
Authors: Cartwright Casey , Flournoy Alex 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this article we provide a more detailed account of the geometry and topology of the composite bundle formalism introduced by Tresguerres in Phys. Rev.&#xD;D 66 (2002) 064025~\cite{Tresguerres2002} to accommodate gravitation as a gauge theory. In the first half of the article we identify a global structure required by the composite construction which not only exposes how the ordinary frame and tangent bundle expected in general relativity arise but provides the link or connection between these ordinary bundles and the gauge bundles of the composite bundle construction. In the second half of the article we discuss implications of this method of constructing gravity as a fiber bundle for the global structure of spacetime. We find that the underlying manifold of the composite bundle construction is expected to admit, not only a spin structure but also a string structure. As a consequence of our work we are able to extend past work on global structures of physically reasonable spacetime manifolds. It has been shown that in four spacetime dimensions, that if an oriented, Lorentzian, four dimensional manifold is stably casual that it is parallizable, and hence admits a spin structure which allows for chiral spinors. We may now add to this that such a manifold also admits a string structure.
Protein-based microlasers: Continuous transition from whispering gallery mode to random lasing
Authors: Nguyen Tam , Mai Hanh Hong , Tien Do Xuan , Giang Khoi Manh , Nguyen Toan , Nguyen Tien Van , Nguyen Thau Xuan , Le Tuan Duy , Le Hai Hoang , Ta Van Duong 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Whispering gallery mode (WGM) and random biolasers are important for bio-integration and biosensing applications due to their biocompatibility. However, these two laser types typically require different fabrication techniques, and limited research has explored transitioning between them using the same fabrication process. In this work, we present a comprehensive investigation into the transition from WGM to random lasing in protein-based microsphere lasers. Through a dehydration method, we can fabricate dye-doped protein microspheres with diameters ranging from 20 to 150 µm. By varying the polystyrene (PS) particle concentration within these microspheres, we observed a continuous transition from WGM to random lasing under optical pumping, driven by enhanced light scattering as PS concentration increased. Key lasing parameters, including the lasing spectrum and lasing threshold versus laser size and PS concentration, were analyzed and compared. The results indicate that smaller microsphere lasers exhibit shorter lasing wavelengths. Particularly, a 63 µm WGM laser has a central lasing wavelength at 630 nm, while a random laser of similar size shows a peak wavelength at 590 nm, a 40 nm blue shift. The lasing threshold increases with smaller laser size and higher PS concentration, with WGM lasers requiring several µJ mm⁻², potentially ten times lower than random lasers. Our work opens the possibility of designing flexible, wavelength-tunable biological microlasers. Moreover, it provides an understanding of the distinct characteristics of WGM and random lasing, making a meaningful contribution to laser research.&#xD;
High-temporal Dynamic Self-powered β-Ga2O3/GaN Heterojunction Ultraviolet Photodetector
Authors: Wang Lisheng , Zhang Yifan , Dong Junxing , Wang Runchen , Wang Jingzhuo , Wang Zenan , Wang Xianghu , Shen Si , Zhu Hai 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this report, we successfully fabricate a high-temporal-response β-Ga2O3/GaN heterojunction ultraviolet photodetector. A high-quality 2-inch single-crystalline β-Ga2O3 film is grown on GaN template with a GaOx buffer layer using Plasma-Assisted Molecule Beam Epitaxy (PA-MBE). Based on the as-grown film, a self-powered heterojunction detector with a unilateral recessed interdigital electrode is constructed. The device exhibits a broad-spectrum ultraviolet selective response characteristics with a cut-off edge at 330 nm and achieves a responsivity of 0.7 A/W under zero bias. Under a bias of 5 V, the rapid photoresponse rise time and decay time are 30 μs and 10.8 ms, respectively, and the photo-to-dark current ratio (PDCR) reaches 103. Considering the heterojunction energy band structure of β-Ga2O3/GaN, the work function difference of 0.43 eV facilitates electron migration and enables the self-powered operation. These results demonstrate a promising and efficient approach for developing high-performance, self-powered UV photodetectors and offer a robust alternative to conventional high-energy-consuming UV detection systems.
A robust time synchronization algorithm for GNSS/IMU integrated navigation in urban environments
Authors: Li Jiayi , Sun Rui , Wang Yuanyuan , Ochieng Washington Yotto 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are often integrated with inertial measurement units (IMU) for navigation in urban environments. The ability of these integrated systems to achieve precise positioning and navigation is highly dependent on accurate time synchronization. While the current time synchronization algorithms are capable of achieving millisecond-level synchronization in open environments, their performance deteriorates significantly in complex urban environments due to the impact on GNSS measurements of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) signals and multipath effects. Here we propose a loosely coupled GNSS/IMU integration time synchronization error modeling and compensation algorithm to tackle this problem in the context of urban vehicle navigation. In the algorithm, the time synchronization error is augmented as a state variable in the Robust Extended Kalman Filter (REKF), with the robustness factor threshold being dynamically adjusted based on the time synchronization error. Furthermore, we have designed a system time synchronization detection scheme based on two detection factors, with the aim of achieving high-precision GNSS/IMU time synchronization in complex urban environments. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm synchronizes data time to the millisecond level in urban positioning environments. This represents an improvement of more than 90% in time synchronization precision compared to the traditional EKF-based time synchronization algorithm, and an improvement of more than 60% compared to the REKF-based time synchronization algorithm. Furthermore, compared to the EKF-based GNSS/IMU fusion algorithm, the proposed algorithm enhances the accuracy of the determination of both position and velocity in the horizontal and 3D directions by more than 50% and heading accuracy by 85%.
Spontaneous heat current and ultra-high thermal rectification in asymmetric graphene: a molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Yousefi Farrokh , Farzadian Omid , Shafiee Mehdi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulations reveal the existence of a spontaneous heat current (SHC) in the absence of a temperature gradient and demonstrate ultra-high thermal rectification in asymmetric trapezoid-shaped graphene. These unique properties have potential applications in power generation and thermal circuits, functioning as thermal diodes. Our findings also show the presence of negative and zero thermal conductivity in this system. The negative thermal conductivity could enable the design of a conductive heat machine that pumps heat from the cold side to the hot side without additional energy consumption, functioning as a "full-free refrigerator." Meanwhile, zero thermal conductivity paves the way for the development of high-efficiency thermoelectric devices. Simulations were performed in two scenarios: with hydrogenated edges and without them. To ensure the reliability of the results, Reactive Empirical Bond Order and Tersoff potentials were employed. Finally, we examined how the SHC and the temperature difference at which the heat current is zero depend on the sample length, system width, and system temperature.
Combined feature of enhanced stability and multi-level switching observed in TiN/Ta2O5/Ag-NPs/ITO/PET structure
Authors: Hu Su , Jiang Kang'an , He Yunyang , Bao Peng , Su Nan , Zhao Xinhui , Wang Hui 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Both stability and multi-level switching are crucial performance aspects for resistive random-access memory (RRAM), each playing a significant role in improving overall device performance. In this study, we successfully integrate these two features into a single RRAM configuration by embedding Ag-nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) into the TiN/Ta2O5/ITO structure. The device exhibits substantially lower switching voltages, a larger switching ratio, and multi-level switching phenomena compared to many other nanoparticle-embedded devices. We attribute it to the embedded Ag-NPs effectively switching the mechanism of conductive filaments and the controlled distribution of Ag-NPs facilitates the occurrence of multi-level switching. Additionally, the fabricated structure demonstrated an impressive optical transmittance of nearly 85%. Undoubtedly, this combined feature of RRAM not only enhances stability but also enables multi-level switching, thereby demonstrating an approach to fabricating versatile and practical electronic devices aimed at boosting storage capacity and speed.&#xD;
Generative adversarial networks with fully connected layers to denoise PPG signals
Authors: Avila Castro Itzel Alexia , Oliveira Helder , Goncalves Correia Ricardo , Hayes-Gill Barrie R , Morgan Stephen P , Korposh Serhiy , Gomez David , Pereira Tânia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Objective.The detection of arterial pulsating signals at the skin periphery with Photoplethysmography (PPG) are easily distorted by motion artifacts. This work explores the alternatives to the aid of PPG reconstruction with movement sensors (accelerometer and/or gyroscope) which to date have demonstrated the best pulsating signal reconstruction. Approach. A generative adversarial network with fully connected layers (FC-GAN) is proposed for the reconstruction of distorted PPG signals. Artificial corruption was performed to the clean selected signals from the BIDMC Heart Rate dataset, processed from the larger MIMIC II waveform database to create the training, validation and testing sets. Main results. The heart rate of this dataset was further extracted to evaluate the performance of the model&#xD;obtaining a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.31 BPM comparing the HR of the target and reconstructed PPG signals with HR between 70 and 115 BPM. Significance. The model architecture is effective at reconstructing noisy PPG signals regardless the length and amplitude of the corruption introduced. The performance over a range of heart rates (70-115 BPM), indicates a promising approach for real-time PPG signal reconstruction without the aid of acceleration or angular velocity inputs.