bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Neurobiology of Opioid Use
Authors: Khatri Shailesh N. , Maher Erin E. , Bondy Emma O. , Gipson Cassandra D. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The endogenous opioid system consists of opioid receptors and endogenous opioid peptide ligands, and it is the body’s internal system that contributes to survival by regulating pain and mood states, and by promoting reward by natural stimuli (like food, sex, and social interaction). Mu-opioid receptors are the primary targets of harmfully used opioids, making them one of the best characterized opioid receptors. More than 20 endogenous peptides have been identified for opioid receptors, all derived from 3 precursors: proopiomelanocortin (POMC), proenkephalin, and prodynorphin. Overall, it is thought that opioid use disorder (OUD) induces a dysregulation of brain pathways involved in reward and cognition in which reward–stress pathways are strengthened, and connectivity associated with cognitive control is weakened. This chapter outlines detailed information about the neurobiology of these systems and the neural circuitry of opioid use disorder, including a discussion of the neural circuit, opioid-induced alterations in neurotransmitter systems due to opioids, and specific neurotransmitter contributions to opioid effects. The impact of sex on these systems is also discussed. Finally, a neurobiological understanding of medications and treatments for opioid use disorder is presented.
The Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome
Authors: Dunn Kelly E. , Bergeria Cecilia L. , Ware Orrin D. , Strain Eric C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The opioid withdrawal syndrome is a collection of self-reported symptoms and observable physiological signs that an individual who is physically dependent on opioids is undergoing after an episode of acute or protracted abstinence from opioids. The acute syndrome onsets generally within a few hours of the last dose and a full resolution of the acute syndrome may take up to 14 days. The protracted syndrome follows the acute syndrome and can take several months to fully remit. Opioid withdrawal is extremely aversive, and its avoidance is often cited by patients as a primary reason for continuing to use opioids. The opioid treatment infrastructure is largely organized around the management of opioid withdrawal, through provision of medications meant to lessen or suppress its severity. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of opioid withdrawal, including its historical understanding and characterization, the presentation of individual symptoms, and the scales on which it is measured. It also discusses individual variation in its presentation and time course, and the importance of withdrawal in the context of treatment. Finally, special contributors to withdrawal severity, including non-opioid brain systems, context-specific cues, peripheral mechanisms, and demographic level factors associated with withdrawal severity, are presented. The reader will understand the experience of withdrawal, how it can be assessed, and its contribution to opioid use disorder treatment.
Land from Poststructuralist/Postdevelopment Perspectives
Authors: Gutiérrez-Escobar Laura 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how poststructuralist and postdevelopment studies complicate and destabilize hegemonic meanings of land as an “inert” natural resource, a means of production, and a commodity to be exploited. In doing so, these theoretical frameworks reframe land in terms of the culturally mediated articulations of biology and sociopolitical history. The analysis centers on three pivotal concepts in relation to land: territory, the “more than human,” and sovereignty, mainly bringing in examples from Latin America. The chapter ends by suggesting poststructuralist and postdevelopment theories need to envision future trajectories and research agendas toward further understanding how the socioecological crisis and the current shifting geopolitical order emerging from the rise of China are transforming the way we understand land.
Land and Ecosocialism
Authors: Holleman Hannah 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter draws connections between classical articulations of ecosocialism and movements of our era that reveal a living tradition and a path forward, not just in theory, but in practice, for a world that is in crisis. The chapter focuses on intersectional ecosocialist perspectives with respect to the land, wherein links between diverse struggles are forged and recognized as the basis for the broad socioecological solidarity that is needed to work toward a world “in which the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all” and wherein we may “govern the human metabolism with nature in a rational way.”
International Legal Positivism and the European Quest for Scientificity
Authors: d’Aspremont Jean 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter makes the claim that, although the embrace of a scientific project for international law did not systematically translate itself with a representation of international law as a positivist discipline, international legal positivism was, most of the time, invoked to vindicate the idea of an international legal science. In that sense, this chapter argues that the European portrayal of international law as a positivist discipline mainly boiled down to a project of endowing international law with scientificity, that is, a project to elevate international law into a discipline grounded in the real and geared towards discoursing the real. It simultaneously shows that, although Europeans themselves later came to contest their earlier project of scientifization of international law and even though that project eventually collapsed, the scientistic ambitions that accompanied the positivist representation of international law have proved resilient and still bear important marks on international legal thought and practice today.
Turkey
Authors: Akbulut Olgun , Karakaş Işıl Ergüvenç 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the relationship between the Republic of Turkey and international law since the early 20th century. The chapter examines the relationship in three aspects: (1) The first international law engagement of modern Turkey in the 1920s and the main motive behind it, and (2) Turkey’s positioning with the Western world through international law commitments in the post-WWII period, and (3) specific relationships with European human rights institutions and NATO through international legal instruments. While discussing the legal and political rationale of Turkey’s generally positive stand in relation to international law, the chapter also considers whether the country’s shortfalls in implementing the basic rules of the post-WWII IL as well as zigzags in complying with certain universal principles of human rights would keep the country in the desired liberal, democratic world.
Soluble and insoluble α-glucan synthesis in yeast by enzyme suites derived exclusively from maize endosperm
Authors: Boehlein Susan K , Pfister Barbara , Hennen-Bierwagen Tracie A , Liu Chun , Ritter Maximilian , Hannah L Curtis , Zeeman Samuel C , Resende Marcio F R , Myers Alan M 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Molecular mechanisms that distinguish the synthesis of semi-crystalline α-glucan polymers found in plant starch granules from the synthesis of water-soluble polymers by nonplant species are not well understood. To address this, starch biosynthetic enzymes from maize (Zea mays L.) endosperm were isolated in a reconstituted environment using yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as a test bed. Ninety strains were constructed containing unique combinations of 11 synthetic transcription units specifying maize starch synthase (SS), starch phosphorylase (PHO), starch branching enzyme (SBE), or isoamylase-type starch debranching enzyme (ISA). Soluble and insoluble branched α-glucans accumulated in varying proportions depending on the enzyme suite, with ISA function stimulating distribution into the insoluble form. Among the SS isoforms, SSIIa, SSIII, and SSIV individually supported the accumulation of glucan polymer. Neither SSI nor SSV alone produced polymers; however, synergistic effects demonstrated that both isoforms can stimulate α-glucan accumulation. PHO did not support α-glucan production by itself, but it had either positive or negative effects on polymer content depending on which SS or a combination thereof was present. The complete suite of maize enzymes generated insoluble particles resembling native starch granules in size, shape, and crystallinity. Ultrastructural analysis revealed a hierarchical assembly starting with subparticles of approximately 50 nm diameter that coalesce into discrete structures of approximately 200 nm diameter. These are assembled into semi-crystalline α-glucan superstructures up to 4 μm in length filling most of the yeast cytosol. ISA was not essential for the formation of such particles, but their abundance was increased dramatically by ISA presence.
Moral reframing increases support for economically progressive candidates
Authors: Voelkel Jan G , Mernyk Joseph S , Willer Robb 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Economically progressive candidates—candidates who champion redistributive policies designed to reduce inequality—rarely win elections in the United States. Here, we propose that progressive candidates achieve greater support by framing their policy platforms in terms of values that resonate beyond their progressive base. In two experiments (total N = 4,138), including one preregistered experiment conducted on a nationally representative probability sample, we found that a presidential candidate who framed his progressive economic platform using values consistent with the “binding” moral foundations—e.g. patriotism, family, and respect for tradition—as opposed to values consistent with the “individualizing” foundations, e.g. equality and social justice, received significantly stronger support. This effect was driven by increased support among conservatives and, unexpectedly, moderates as well. By comparison, a manipulation of how progressive the candidate's platform was had small and inconsistent effects. Despite the potential gains associated with binding framing, analyses using presidential candidates’ debate speeches reveal that appeals to binding values are least common among progressive candidates. These findings show, however, that the alignment between values and candidate support is malleable, suggesting economically progressive candidates can build broader coalitions by reframing the values they associate with their platforms.
Explaining human interactions on the road by large-scale integration of computational psychological theory
Authors: Markkula Gustav , Lin Yi-Shin , Srinivasan Aravinda Ramakrishnan , Billington Jac , Leonetti Matteo , Kalantari Amir Hossein , Yang Yue , Lee Yee Mun , Madigan Ruth , Merat Natasha 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When humans share space in road traffic, as drivers or as vulnerable road users, they draw on their full range of communicative and interactive capabilities. Much remains unknown about these behaviors, but they need to be captured in models if automated vehicles are to coexist successfully with human road users. Empirical studies of human road user behavior implicate a large number of underlying cognitive mechanisms, which taken together are well beyond the scope of existing computational models. Here, we note that for all of these putative mechanisms, computational theories exist in different subdisciplines of psychology, for more constrained tasks. We demonstrate how these separate theories can be generalized from abstract laboratory paradigms and integrated into a computational framework for modeling human road user interaction, combining Bayesian perception, a theory of mind regarding others’ intentions, behavioral game theory, long-term valuation of action alternatives, and evidence accumulation decision-making. We show that a model with these assumptions—but not simpler versions of the same model—can account for a number of previously unexplained phenomena in naturalistic driver–pedestrian road-crossing interactions, and successfully predicts interaction outcomes in an unseen data set. Our modeling results contribute to demonstrating the real-world value of the theories from which we draw, and address calls in psychology for cumulative theory-building, presenting human road use as a suitable setting for work of this nature. Our findings also underscore the formidable complexity of human interaction in road traffic, with strong implications for the requirements to set on development and testing of vehicle automation.
Lupus activity and outcomes in lupus patients undergoing maintenance dialysis
Authors: Gaillard François , Bachelet Delphine , Couchoud Cécile , Laouenan Cédric , Peoc’h Katell , Simon Quentin , Charles Nicolas , Jourde-Chiche Noémie , Daugas Eric 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Lupus activity has long been considered to decline after initiation of maintenance dialysis (MD). This assumption is based on limited historical data. We aimed to describe the natural history of lupus in patients undergoing MD.

Methods
We assembled a national retrospective cohort of lupus patients who started dialysis between 2008 and 2011, included in the REIN registry with a 5-year follow-up. We analysed healthcare consumption from the National Health Data System. We evaluated the proportion of patients ‘off-treatment’ (i.e. receiving 0–5 mg/d of corticosteroids, without any immunosuppressive therapy) after the start of MD. We describe the cumulative incidences of non-severe and severe lupus flares, cardiovascular events, severe infections, kidney transplantation and survival.

Results
We included 137 patients (121 females and 16 males), with a median age of 42 years. The proportion of patients ‘off-treatment’ at dialysis initiation was 67.7% (95% CI: 61.8, 73.8%), and increased to 76.0% (95% CI: 73.3, 78.8) at 1 year and 83.4% (95% CI: 81.0, 85.9%) at 3 years, with a lower proportion in younger patients. Lupus flares mainly occurred in the first year after MD initiation, and at 12 months 51.6% of patients had presented a non-severe lupus flare and 11.6% a severe lupus flare. In addition, 42.2% (95% CI: 32.9, 50.3%) and 23.7% (95% CI: 16.0, 30.7%) of patients at 12 months had been hospitalized for cardiovascular events or infections, respectively.

Conclusion
The proportion of lupus patients off-treatment increases after MD initiation, but non-severe and severe lupus flares continue to occur, mainly during the first year. This calls for the continued follow-up of lupus patients by lupus specialists after dialysis initiation.
Cold season dose rate contributions from gamma, radon, thoron or progeny in legacy mines with high natural background radiation
Authors: Haanes Hallvard , Dahlgren Sven , Rudjord Anne Liv 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In areas with high natural background radiation, underground cavities tend to have high levels of airborne radionuclides. Within mines, occupancy may involve significant exposure to airborne radionuclides like radon (222Rn), thoron (220Rn) and progeny. The Fen carbonatite complex in Norway has legacy mines going through bedrock with significantly elevated levels of uranium (238U) and especially thorium (232Th), and significant levels of their progeny 222Rn and 220Rn. There are also significantly elevated levels of gamma radiation in these mines. These mines are naturally chimney ventilated and release large volumes of air to the outdoors giving a large local outdoor impact. We placed alpha track detectors at several localities within these mines to measure airborne radionuclides and measured gamma radiation of bedrock at each locality. The bedrock within the mines shows levels up to 1900 Bq kg−1 for 238U, 12 000 Bq kg−1 for 232Th and gamma dose rates up to 11 μSv h−1. Maximum levels of airborne radionuclides were 45 000 Bq m−3 for 220Rn and 6900 Bq m−3 for 222Rn. In addition, we measured levels of thoron progeny (TnP). In order to estimate radiation dose contribution, TnP should be assessed rather than 220Rn, but deposition-based detectors may be biased by the airflow of mine-draft. We present dose rate contributions using UNSCEAR dose conversion factors, and correcting for airflow bias, finding a combined cold season dose rate within these mines of 17–24 μSv h−1. Interestingly, fractional dose rate contributions vary from 0.02 to 0.6 for gamma, 0.33 to 0.95 for radon and 0.1 to 0.25 for TnP.
Exploring associations among morphometric measurements, genetic group of sire, and performance of beef on dairy calves
Authors: Menezes Guilherme L , Bresolin Tiago , Halfman William , Sterry Ryan , Cauffman Amanda , Stuttgen Sandy , Schlesser Heather , Nelson Megan A , Bjurstrom Aerica , Rosa Guilherme J M , Dorea Joao R R 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sire selection for beef on dairy crosses plays an important role in livestock systems as it may affect future performance and carcass traits of growing and finishing crossbred cattle. The phenotypic variation found in beef on dairy crosses has raised concerns from meat packers due to animals with dairy-type carcass characteristics. The use of morphometric measurements may help to understand the phenotypic structures of sire progeny for selecting animals with greater performance. In addition, due to the relationship with growth, these measurements could be used to early predict the performance until the transition from dairy farms to sales. The objectives of this study were 1) to evaluate the effect of different beef sires and breeds on the morphometric measurements of crossbred calves including cannon bone (CB), forearm (FA), hip height (HH), face length (FL), face width (FW) and growth performance; and (2) to predict the weight gain from birth to transition from dairy farms to sale (WG) and the body weight at sale (BW) using such morphometric measurements obtained at first days of animals’ life. CB, FA, HH, FL, FW, and weight at 7 ± 5 d (BW7) (Table 1) were measured on 206 calves, from four different sire breeds [Angus (AN), SimAngus (SA), Simmental (SI), and Limousin (LI)], from five farms. To evaluate the morphometric measurements at the transition from dairy farms to sale and animal performance 91 out of 206 calves sourced from four farms, and offspring of two different sires (AN and SA) were used. To predict the WG and BW, 97 calves, and offspring of three different sires (AN, SA, and LI) were used. The data were analyzed using a mixed model, considering farm and sire as random effects. To predict WG and BW, two linear models (including or not the morphometric measurements) were used, and a leave-one-out cross-validation strategy was used to evaluate their predictive quality. The HH and BW7 were 7.67% and 10.7% higher (P &lt; 0.05) in SA crossbred calves compared to AN, respectively. However, the ADG and adjusted body weight to 120 d were 14.3% and 9.46% greater (P &lt; 0.05) in AN compared to SA. The morphometric measurements improved the model’s predictive performance for WG and BW. In conclusion, morphometric measurements at the first days of calves’ life can be used to predict animals’ performance in beef on dairy. Such a strategy could lead to optimized management decisions and greater profitability in dairy farms.
Total intravenous anesthesia versus inhalation anesthesia: how do outcomes compare?
Authors: Ramirez Maria F. , Gan Tong J. 
Published: June 2023

Recent findings
Surgical procedures that involve general anesthesia are performed with either volatile anesthetics or propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia. Both techniques are safe and provide appropriate conditions for surgery. Despite being a well established anesthetic, the use of propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) remains low. Possible explanations include the perceived increase risk of awareness, lack of target controlled infusion devices, increased turnover time for device set up and individual preference.

Summary
There are some scenarios where patients could potentially benefit from propofol-based TIVA rather than a volatile anesthetic (e.g. postoperative nausea and vomiting) and some other clinical scenarios where the use of propofol-based anesthesia remains controversial since the strength of the evidence remains low.

Purpose
In this review we will summarize the clinical evidence comparing the effect of propofol-based TIVA and volatile anesthetic on postoperative outcomes such as postoperative nausea and vomiting, postoperative pain, quality of recovery, postoperative cognitive dysfunction and cancer outcomes.
Advances in the management of persistent pain after total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Dembek Dennis J. , Bicket Mark C. 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures, with additional growth anticipated as the US population ages. Because the prevalence of chronic postsurgical pain ranges from 15 to 25%, identifying persons at risk for persistent pain following surgery allows for preoperative optimization of risk factors as well as early identification and intervention in the postsurgical period.

Recent findings
Clinical understanding of available management techniques is critical to management, which should focus on improving patient mobility and satisfaction while reducing patient disability and healthcare costs. Current evidence supports a multimodal management strategy. This includes pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions, procedural techniques, and identification and optimization of psychosocial and behavioral contributors to chronic pain. Procedural techniques known to confer analgesia include radiofrequency and watercooled neurotomy techniques. More recently, case reports have been published describing analgesic benefit with central or peripheral neuromodulation as a novel, though more invasive analgesic therapy.

Summary
Identification and early intervention to address persistent pain after TKA is important to optimize patient outcomes. The anticipated growth in TKA underscores the need for future investigations to more fully define potential therapies for chronic pain following TKA.
The impact of dietary interventions in psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Maharaj Ajesh B. , Eder Lihi , Ogdie Alexis 
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a common form of inflammatory arthritis that affects people with psoriasis. Both psoriasis and PsA are associated with metabolic diseases including obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular disease including myocardial infarction. Dietary interventions for psoriatic disease have been of great interest, particularly among patients with PsA.

Recent findings
Herein, we review the evidence for dietary intervention in psoriatic arthritis. To date, weight loss among patients who are obese has the greatest evidence for benefit. We also examine the evidence for fasting, nutrient supplementation, and specific diets as adjunct therapeutic strategies.

Summary
While the data do not clearly support a single dietary intervention across the disease, weight loss among those who are obese results in improved PsA disease activity and physical function. Additional studies are needed to better understand the impact of diet on psoriatic arthritis.