bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REKOGNISI, MINAT, DAN MOTIVASI ORANGTUA TERHADAP EDUKASI PADA ANAK USIA DINI: STUDI MULTISITUS
Authors: Pratiwi Wiwik , Indriani  , Lestari Putri Suriani  
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian multisitus di dua lokasi penelitian yakni di TK Kartika XXI-17 Kota Gorontalo Dan RA Anajmushagir Kota Gorontalo Tujuan Penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui rekognisi, motivasi dan minat orangtua terhadap edukasi pada anak usia dini. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yakni jenis penelitian kualitatif dan pendekatan psikologis, dengan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi sebagai teknik pengumpulan data, serta triangulasi untuk pengecekan keabsahan data.
Hasil Penelitian menunjukkan (1) rekognisi orang tua terhadap edukasi anak usia dini di TK Kartika XXI-17 Kota Gorontalo berada pada kategori baik. Meskipun masih ada para orang tua yang beranggapan bahwa TK itu tempat anak-anak untuk bermain-main saja. Rekognisi orang tua terhadap edukasi anak usia dini di RA Anajmushagir masih sedang. Sebagian orang tua menganggap lembaga PAUD diperlukan oleh masyarakat, khususnya orang tua yang memiliki anak usia dini. (2) Motivasi orang tua terhadap edukasi anak usia dini di terhadap edukasi anak usia dini di TK Kartika XXI-17 tergolong baik berdasarkan pernyataan dan kenyataan yang ada, yakni ada motivasi ekstrinsik dan intrinsic. Motivasi orang tua terhadap edukasi anak usia dini di terhadap edukasi anak usia dini di RA Anajmushagir memberikan banyak manfaat untuk para orang tua, dimana RA Anajmushagir dianggap sebagai suatu tempat belajar yang maksimal dalam memberikan sosialisasi pada anak serta menjadi pelengkap dan pengganti orang tua bagi para anak. (3) Minat orangtua terhadap edukasi pada anak usia dini TK Kartika XXI-17 Kota Gorontalo dipengaruhi oleh faktor orangtua yang memiliki dorongan ingin tahu yang tinggi akan bany­ak mencari tahu tentang informasi mengenai edukasi anak usia dini di TK. Faktor lain yang berpengaruh dalam minat adalah orangtua yang tidak mengedukasi anak usia dini di TK tergolong dalam tingkat ekonomi golongan menengah ke bawah. Minat orangtua terhadap edukasi pada anak usia dini RA Anajmushagir Kota Gorontalo dipengaruhi oleh faktor yakni: Pandangan Hidup, Lingkungan Keluarga, Keadaan Ekonomi Keluarga, Sistem dan Pembelajaran di RA dan Lingkungan Sekitar
Kata Kunci: Rekognisi, Minat, Motivasi, Edukasi Anak Usia Dini.
MANAJEMEN KEPALA SEKOLAH DALAM MENINGKATKAN PROFESIONALISME GURU DI SMP ISLAM MIFTAHUL HUDA KWANDANG KABUPATEN GORONTALO UTARA
Authors: Ritmon Amala  , Mantau Burhanudin Abdul Karim 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini akan melihat Bagaimana Manajemen Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Guru di SMP Islam Miftahul Huda Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, dan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriftif dengan hasil penelitian Eksistensi kepala sekolah di SMP Islam Miftahul Huda Kwandang ditekankan pada empat hal yakni 1) Eksistensi Kepala Sekolah sebagai Perencanaan (Planing), 2) Eksistensi Kepala Sekolah dalam Mengorganisasikan (Organizing), 3) Eksistensi Kepala Sekolah untuk Melaksanakan (Actuating), dan 4) Eksistensi Kepala Sekolah untuk melakukan Pengawasan (Controling). Untukhambatan Eksistensi kepala sekolah di di SMP Islam Miftahul Huda Kwandang teletakpada tahap pengorganisasian dan pelaksanaan. Pada tahappengorganisasian terbentuk pada jumlah personil guru yang kualifikasi S-1 masih sangat terbatas sehingga SDM guru yang masih sangat rendah dalam peningkatan profesionalisme guru. Pada tahap pelaksanan terbentur pada aggaran dan fasilitas sarana dan prasarana di SMP Islam Miftahul Huda Kwandang yang masih relatif terbatas.Serta Solusi yang ditawarkan kepala sekolah untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme guru di SMP Islam Miftahul Huda Kecamatan Kwandang Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara, yakni dengan meningkatkan kedisiplinan guru, meningkatkan kepatuhan guru terhadap aturan-aturan sekolah yang telah disepakati bersama dan mengikutsertakan guru dalam kegiatan workshop, kegiatan seminar serta pelatihan-pelatihan guru.

Kata Kunci : Manajemen, Kepala Sekolah, Profesionalitas
Sikap Toleransi Beragama Peserta Didik Kelas X di SMA YPI Tunas Bangsa Palembang
Authors: Safitri Dian , Haeniah Nurul , Maryati Sri , Afif Alfiyanto  , Ghazali Muhammad 
Published: July 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan sikap toleransi beragama peserta didik kelas X di SMA YPI Tunas Bangsa Palembang. Bagaimana toleransi beragama dilakukan oleh peserta didik kelas X dari berbagai macam agama dan bagaimana toleransi siswa di antara mereka terbentuk. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian deskriptif. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan di SMA YPI Tunas Bangsa Palembang kelas X. Teknik pengumpulan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan kriteria semua siswa kelas X SMA YPI Tunas Bangsa, yaitu 5 peserta didik non-muslim dan 5 peserta didik muslim. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara dan observasi langsung. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) sikap perserta didik di SMA YPI Tunas Bangsa sangat fleksibel dalam hubungan antara peserta didik muslim dan peserta didik non-muslim; 2) perlakuan peserta didik terhadap peserta didik yang bebeda agama adalah sama tanpa perbedaan, baik pada kebutuhan mental dan pembelajaran; 3) peserta didik saling menghormati satu sama lain, saling menghormati perbedaan, mengakui dan mengizinkan hak yang ada pada masing-masing agama; 4) peserta didik menunjukkan sikap antusias dalam membangun persahabatan; 5) perbedaan agama tidak menjadi dinding pemisah di antara mereka; 6) solidaritas peserta didik dibangun di atas sikap toleransi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari di sekolah.
PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA TULIS ILMIAH PADA JURNAL NASIONAL BAGI GURU DI MADRASAH ALIYAH AL-MUHAJIRIN BONGOMEME KABUPATEN GORONTALO
Authors: Sidik Firman , Kobandaha Rizqah Rasdiana 
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kemampuan publikasi karya tulis ilmiah guru pada jurnal Nasional. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah kualitatif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menemukan bahwa berbagai hambatan yang dihadapi oleh guru dalam publikasi karya ilmiah yaitu, pertama guru tidak memiliki cukup waktu untuk menulis. Kedua kurangnya kesadaran sehingga menganggap bahwa publikasi karya ilmiah bukan merupakan sesuatu yang penting. Ketiga, guru lebih focus pada perkara mengajar sebagai tanggung jawab utama ketimbang menulis dan publikasi. Keempat, guru kurang memahami dan mengetahui terkait dengan apa dan bagaimana publikasi karya ilmiah. Kelima, guru memang tidak memiliki penelitian, sehingga tidak bisa melakukan publikasi. Selanjutnya, upaya untuk meningkatkan publikasi karya ilmiah yaitu, pertama, memberikan presentasi terkait gambaran umum publikasi karya tulis ilmiah. Kedua, presentasi terkait dengan tema-tema dan sistematika umum anatomi artikel ilmiah. Ketiga, pendampingan terkait dengan penulisan dan tata cara submit artikel di jurnal nasional. Keempat, diskusi tentang problem dan masalah yang ditemui baik saat penulisan ataupun proses submit di jurnal nasional untuk kemudian dicarikan solusi.
HUBUNGAN PERAN KEPALA MADRASAH SEBAGAI MANAJER DENGAN KINERJA GURU
Authors: Hasbi Muh. , Ismail Nasar  , Yinarti Hida  , Ritmon Amala  
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this study was to see the relationship between the principal as a manager and the performance of teachers in the Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Gorontalo District.
In research that uses this type of quantitative research, the population is a saturated sample, with the number studied 32 people. The data analysis technique used a questionnaire, and the data analysis technique used was moment data analysis.
Based on the research results, there is a positive/significant relationship between the role of the head of the madrasah as a manager and the performance of teachers in Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Gorontalo District. This is indicated by the results of calculating the performance coefficient between the teacher performance score (variable Y) and the role of the madrasah principal as manager (variable X), which was obtained at 32.15%. This shows that the principal as a manager and teacher performance has a strong enough relationship, namely: 0.567 and positive, which means that the relationship between the head of the madrasah and a manager increases, so the teacher's performance will also increase.
La Vita del povero et humile servo de Dio Francesco: una memoria negata.
Authors: Luvisotto Alessia 
Published: July 2023

The Vita del povero et humile servo de Dio Francesco is a fourteenth-century compilation, the volgarizzamento of some latin franciscan sources including the Liber Chronicarum written by Angelo Clareno. It was probably assembled in the circles of the friars called “fraticelli”: after the declarations of Pope John XXII, they were persecuted and declared heretics for their profession of absolute poverty. The text did not have great success in the world of Franciscan studies. This article aims to retrace its editorial history and propose new hypotheses about its genesis and circulation methods, starting from the analysis of the manuscript tradition – which counts four manuscripts. The purpose is to reconsider this compilation in the light of the most recent studies about medieval translation and the history of dissidence, in order to reconstruct an historical-literary framework born under the influence of Angelo Clareno and Pietro di Giovanni Olivi.
APPLICATION OF THE CONTEXTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING (CTL) MODEL WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF TRANSPARENT MIKA MEDIA TO IMPROVE THE LEARNING OUTCOMES OF CLASS V STUDENTS OF JAYALAKSANA 3 PUBLIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
Authors: Harrisah Nita , Nurfurqon Faridillah Fahmi , Nugraha Febby Fajar 
Published: July 2023

This research is conducted by problems in the field that learning mathematics in the material of adding fractions in elementary schools only accentuates arithmetic and memorization skills which resulting in low student learning outcomes. The purpose of this study is to improve student learning outcomes through the application of the Contextual Teaching and Learning model assisted by transparent mika media. The research method used is Classroom Action Research Kemmis and Mc Taggart Models which consists of four step that is planning, implementing, observing, and reflecting. Data collection techniques were carried out by means of observation and written tests. The subjects of this study were fifth grade students at SDN 3 Jayalaksana with a total of 16 students. The material is about the operation of adding fractions. The results showed that there was an increase in student learning outcomes in the material for fraction addition operations. In the first cycle, the average student learning outcomes were 66, in the second cycle, the average student learning outcomes were 70, and in the third cycle, the average student learning outcomes were 80 with good predicate (B). Based on these results, it can be concluded that the application of the CTL model assisted by transparent mika media can improve the learning outcomes of fifth grade students in the fraction of addition.
Pengaruh Substitusi Tepung Beras dan Tepung Tapioka terhadap Karakteristik Kimia dan Organoleptik Keripik Bayam
Authors: Dahlan Sakinah Ahyani , Bait Yoyanda , Supu Nur Zenab K. , Parumpa Nuraidah Hi.Dg. , Olomia Yayan , Botutihe Dhea Detasya 
Published: July 2023

In this study, spinach chips were made with various ratios of rice flour and tapioca flour with 3 replications for each treatment. Based on the results of the study, the chemical characteristics of spinach chips including water content, free fatty acid content and vitamin C had different values ​​for each treatment. The lowest water content value is found in spinach chips with the addition of 100% rice flour, which is 5.05%. While vitamin C levels were almost in spinach chips for all treatments. Organoleptic characteristics of spinach chips included taste, color, texture and aroma. The spinach chips with 100% rice flour competition had the highest score on the measurable criteria, taste and color. While on the aroma criteria, the spinach chips that have the most preferred texture by the panelists are in the ratio of 30% rice flour and 70% tapioca flour.
Keywords: Spinach, Chips, Rice Flour and Tapioca Flour
RESEPSI SHALIHAH DALAM Q.S. AN-NISA/4: 34
Authors: Agatasari Fibrina , Rajafi Ahmad , Jamaluddin Yuliana 
Published: July 2023

Rumah tangga abdi negara tidak bisa terlepas dari commuter marriage. Suami yang berstatus prajurit wajib siap sedia dalam penugasannya dimana pun dan kapan pun. Hal itu juga serentak mengingatkan istri untuk senantiasa berperan sebagai istri shalihah yang qanitat dan hafizhah lil ghaib, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui resepsi shalihah dalam Q.S. An-Nisa/4: 34 di PERSIT Kartika Candra Kirana Cabang LI. Adapun jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif-deskriptif dengan menggunakan metode living Qur’an, dengan teori resepsi Al-Qur’an yang membahas tentang peran pembaca atas respon dan reaksi dalam memahami ayat Al-Qur’an. Berdasarkan hasil analisis disimpulkan bahwa, resepsi organisasi Persatuan Istri Tentara (PERSIT) Kartika Candra Kirana mewujudkan dua ciri shalihah pada sifat dan watak PERSIT KCK diantaranya, suci, setia, bijaksana, dan tanggung jawab. Selanjutnya terdapat tiga bentuk resepsi Al-Qur’an yang terbangun pada PERSIT Kartika Candra Kirana Cabang LI: Pertama, resepsi eksegesis (merespon dan memahami) tentang shalihah dalam Q.S. An-Nisa/4: 34 melalui pembacaan terjemah, ceramah, pengajian, serta media sosial; Kedua, resepsi estetika dengan menerapkan praktik menjaga diri melalui pakaian yang dikenakan itu menutup aurat, sedangkan untuk non muslim pakaiannya rapi dan sopan; Ketiga, resepsi fungsional yang salah satu bentuknya dengan resign dari pekerjaan diluar kota untuk fokus mendidik anak, dll. Serta sikap hafizhah lil ghaib yang diyakini sebagai bentuk perlindungan partisipan demi keselamatan suami dalam penugasan dengan cara membatasi pergaulan (hindari ghibah, dan menjaga dari zina), dll.
PENERAPAN RULA DAN REBA DALAM MENGATASI KELELAHAN OPERATOR MESIN ROLL BOTTOM
Authors: Kartika Ayu Dwi Candra , Mukhtar M. Nushron Ali 
Published: July 2023

Postur kerja sangat berpengaruh pada produktivitas kinerja karyawan. Postur kerja yang kurang nyaman dapat menurunkan produktivitas. Upaya yang dapat dilakukan guna mencegah ketidaknyamanan adalah dengan menggunakan sarana yang memadai. Penggunaan sarana yang tidak memadai dapat menyebabkan kelelahan bagi pekerja. Kelelahan merupakan ekspresi anggota tubuh dalam menunjukkan waktu istirahat setelah beraktivitas. Kelelahan yang dialami oleh operator mesin roll bottom terdapat pada paha kanan dan kiri, betis kanan dan kaki kanan. Oleh karenanya, perlu dilakukan analisis dan tindak lanjut untuk mencegah menurunnya produktivitas yang menyebabkan kecelakaan kerja. Melalui analisis RULA dan REBA akan dilakukan analisa kelelahan dan pengukuran posisi kerja sesuai dengan kondisi pekerja. Pada tahap analisis RULA, posisi operator berada di final score 6 berarti analisis lebih lanjut, segera dilakukan perubahan. Sedangkan analisis REBA memiliki final score 9 yang artinya perlu tindakan secepatnya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis RULA dan REBA tersebut, maka dilakukan re-design terhadap kursi guna dapat mengurangi final score dari analisis tersebut. Setelah dilakukan re-design maka dilakukan analisis yang menunjukkan bahwa RULA memiliki final score 2 yang artinya postur dapat diterima. Sedangkan REBA memiliki final score 3 yang artinya resiko rendah. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa metode RULA dan REBA merupakan solusi yang tepat bagi permasalahan operator mesin roll bottom.
Sleep Dysregulation Is Associated with 18F-FDG PET and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Fernandes Mariana , Chiaravalloti Agostino , Nuccetelli Marzia , Placidi Fabio , Izzi Francesca , Camedda Riccardo , Bernardini Sergio , Sancesario Giuseppe , Schillaci Orazio , Mercuri Nicola Biagio , Liguori Claudio 
Published: July 2023

Background: Sleep impairment has been commonly reported in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. The association between sleep dysregulation and AD biomarkers has been separately explored in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD patients. Objective: The present study investigated cerebrospinal-fluid (CSF) and 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET) biomarkers in MCI and AD patients in order to explore their association with sleep parameters measured with polysomnography (PSG). Methods: MCI and AD patients underwent PSG, 18F-FDG-PET, and CSF analysis for detecting and correlating these biomarkers with sleep architecture. Results: Thirty-five patients were included in the study (9 MCI and 26 AD patients). 18F-FDG uptake in left Brodmann area 31 (owing to the posterior cingulate cortex) correlated negatively with REM sleep latency ( p = 0.013) and positively with REM sleep ( p = 0.033). 18F-FDG uptake in the hippocampus was negatively associated with sleep onset latency ( p = 0.041). Higher CSF orexin levels were associated with higher sleep onset latency ( p = 0.042), Non-REM stage 1 of sleep ( p = 0.031), wake after sleep onset ( p = 0.028), and lower sleep efficiency ( p = 0.045). CSF levels of Aβ42 correlated negatively with the wake bouts index ( p = 0.002). CSF total-tau and phosphorylated tau levels correlated positively with total sleep time ( p = 0.045) and time in bed ( p = 0.031), respectively. Conclusion: Sleep impairment, namely sleep fragmentation, REM sleep dysregulation, and difficulty in initiating sleep correlates with AD biomarkers, suggesting an effect of sleep on the pathological processes in different AD stages. Targeting sleep for counteracting the AD pathological processes represents a timely need for clinicians and researchers.
Causal Effects of Plasma Haptoglobin Levels on Alzheimer’s Disease: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Lin Yijia , Hu Tingjun , Cheng Lizhen , Chen Yixin , Li Wei , Guo Qihao , Miao Ya 
Published: July 2023

Background: A connection between plasma levels of haptoglobin (Hp) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been shown in several observational studies. It is debatable, nonetheless, how the two are related causally. Objective: To establish the causal relationship between Hp and AD using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study. Methods: From the extensive genome-wide association studies and FinnGen dataset, summaries and statistics pertaining to AD were gathered. We investigated the possibility of a causal link between Hp and AD using a two-sample MR study. Inverse variance weighting was used as the primary analytical technique, and it was supported by the joint application of complementary analyses and fixed effects meta-analysis to combine results from various sources. Results: Genetically determined Hp was causally associated with AD [odds ratio (OR), 1.05; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.02 to 1.09; p = 8.96×10–4]; Inverse variance-weighted estimates coming from different data sources were combined in a meta-analysis with consistent findings (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.05; p = 2.00×10–3). The outcomes of the inverse MR analysis showed that AD had no appreciable causal impact on Hp. Conclusion: The present MR analysis shows that higher plasma Hp leads to an increased risk of AD. Strategies for plasma Hp testing may open up new doors for the early diagnosis and prevention of AD.
Evaluation of Nocturnal Symptoms in Chinese Parkinson’s Disease Patients Based on the PDSS-2 Scale: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Su Wen , Huang Pei , Ma Xinxin , Shang Huifang , Ye Qinyong , Cheng Oumei , Chan Piu , Liu Chunfeng , Liu Weiguo , Tang Beisha , Wang Lijuan , Zhang Baorong , Wang Tao , Shao Ming , Xie Anmu , Chen Xianwen , Zhu Xiaodong , Wang Jian , Tao Enxiang , Chen Shengdi , Chen Haibo 
Published: July 2023

Background: Nocturnal symptoms have a significant effect on the quality of life in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and associated factors of nocturnal symptoms in Chinese PD patients. Methods: This multicenter cross-sectional study included 1,500 patients with primary PD from 18 centers in China was carried out between February 2019 and February 2020. Questionnaires including Parkinson’s disease sleep scale 2 (PDSS-2), Parkinson’s disease questionnaire 8 (PDQ-8), Beck depression inventory (BDI), and generalized anxiety disorder scale 7 (GAD-7) were used to assess nocturnal symptoms, quality of life, depression, and anxiety. Results: Among 1,500 Chinese PD patients, 576 (38.4%) reported nocturnal symptoms. Of them, 59.2% were older than 65 years. The PDQ-8 total score was higher in patients with nocturnal symptoms ( p < 0.01). Moderate and severe depression was reported more often in patients with nocturnal symptoms ( p < 0.01), and the occurrence and severity of anxiety were higher as well ( p < 0.01). Longer disease duration and higher Hoehn-Yahr (HY) stage were independently associated with nocturnal symptoms ( p < 0.01). Education level, depression, disease course, HY stage, and nocturnal symptoms were related to the quality of life in Chinese PD patients ( p < 0.01). Conclusion: Our study found that 38.4% of Chinese PD patients have nocturnal symptoms, even in early and mid-stage PD. Nocturnal symptoms were associated with worse quality of life and higher incidences of depression and anxiety. Nocturnal symptoms should be included in the assessment and care plan, especially in patients with longer disease courses and higher HY stages.
May Bradykinesia Features Aid in Distinguishing Parkinson’s Disease, Essential Tremor, And Healthy Elderly Individuals?
Authors: Paparella Giulia , Cannavacciuolo Antonio , Angelini Luca , Costa Davide , Birreci Daniele , Alunni Fegatelli Danilo , Guerra Andrea , Berardelli Alfredo , Bologna Matteo 
Published: July 2023

Background: Bradykinesia is the hallmark feature of Parkinson’s disease (PD); however, it can manifest in other conditions, including essential tremor (ET), and in healthy elderly individuals. Objective: Here we assessed whether bradykinesia features aid in distinguishing PD, ET, and healthy elderly individuals. Methods: We conducted simultaneous video and kinematic recordings of finger tapping in 44 PD patients, 69 ET patients, and 77 healthy elderly individuals. Videos were evaluated blindly by expert neurologists. Kinematic recordings were blindly analyzed. We calculated the inter-raters agreement and compared data among groups. Density plots assessed the overlapping in the distribution of kinematic data. Regression analyses and receiver operating characteristic curves determined how the kinematics influenced the likelihood of belonging to a clinical score category and diagnostic group. Results: The inter-rater agreement was fair (Fleiss K = 0.32). Rater found the highest clinical scores in PD, and higher scores in ET than healthy elderly individuals ( p < 0.001). In regard to kinematic analysis, the groups showed variations in movement velocity, with PD presenting the slowest values and ET displaying less velocity than healthy elderly individuals (all ps < 0.001). Additionally, PD patients showed irregular rhythm and sequence effect. However, kinematic data significantly overlapped. Regression analyses showed that kinematic analysis had high specificity in differentiating between PD and healthy elderly individuals. Nonetheless, accuracy decreased when evaluating subjects with intermediate kinematic values, i.e., ET patients. Conclusion: Despite a considerable degree of overlap, bradykinesia features vary to some extent in PD, ET, and healthy elderly individuals. Our findings have implications for defining bradykinesia and categorizing patients.