bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of Human Immunoglobulin E Antibody In Vitro
Authors: Tjio Anthony H. , Hull William M. , Gleich Gerald J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The discovery of immunoglobulin E (IgE) (1) has contributed significantly to the understanding of hypersensitivity reactions mediated by reaginic antibody (2) and has led to the development of new diagnostic procedures in the field of allergology (3, 4). Recent studies have demonstrated the production of IgE protein by peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro and have examined the kinetics and pharmacologic control of IgE biosynthesis (5, 6). The purpose of this communication is to describe our observation of in vitro production of IgE protein and antigen-specific IgE antibodies by peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from atopic and nonatopic individuals.
A modification of the lymphocyte culture method of Waldmann et al. (7) was used in our studies. Blood, 60 ml, was obtained from 11 patients, eight of whom are atopic (geometric mean serum IgE, 247 ng/ml; range 61 to 1079) and three of whom are nonatopic (geometric mean serum IgE, 96 ng/ml; range 73 to 143).
The Effect of Mitogens on the Expression of Epstein-Barr Virus Antigens in Human Lymphoid Cell Lines
Authors: Tovey Michael G. , Lenoir Gilbert , Begon-Lours Jacqueline , Tapiero Haim , Rochette-Egly Cécile 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of human lymphoblastoid cells with either phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A, Staphylococcus protein A, or polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid, in combination with 5-iodo-2′ deoxyuridine (IUdR) markedly increased the expression of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) early antigen (EA) relative to IUdR alone. Such treatment did not, however, modify the production of virus capsid antigen in any of the lymphoid cell lines tested. The effect of PHA on EA induction in Raji cells was not accompanied by changes in the incorporation of labeled precursors into cellular DNA, or in the intracellular concentration of either adenosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate or guanosine 3′5′ cyclic monophosphate. However, those mitogens that stimulated EA expression in Raji cells also increased the fluorescence polarization of 1,6 diphenyl 1,3,5-hexatriene-labeled Raji cells. The possible role of cell surface changes in the mitogen activation of latent EBV in human lymphoblastoid cells is discussed.
Thymic Control of Secretory Antibody Responses in the Rat
Authors: Ebersole Jeffrey L. , Taubman Martin A. , Smith Daniel J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of neonatal thymectomy on salivary and serum antibody responses was studied in rats. Local immunization of thymectomized rats with a T-dependent antigen (DNPBGG) elicited negligible amounts of IgA anti-DNP antibody in saliva. In contrast, both normal and sham-thymectomized animals demonstrated substantial levels of salivary IgA antibody. All thymectomized rats locally injected with a T-independent antigen (DNP-Lys-Ficoll) exhibited salivary IgA antibody production. Salivary IgG antibodies were somewhat decreased in thymectomized rats injected with either antigen; however, the final effect of T cell deprivation on IgG synthesis was not as pronounced as on IgA synthesis. Serum IgA antibody was induced in control rats injected with DNPBGG, whereas this Ig class of antibody was absent in thymectomized rats. The results suggest that thymus-derived cells exert a regulatory influence on both serum and secretory IgA responses to antigens.
IgE Antibody Formation and Aging
Authors: Fujiwara Misa , Kishimoto Susumu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgE, IgG, and IgM antibody responses to DNP-As were assessed in young adult and aged C57BL/6J mice. The primary IgE anti-DNP antibody response was significantly reduced in aged mice; however, the secondary response of 54-week-old mice was comparable to that of young adult mice, although the decline of the antibody level was more rapid in aged mice compared to young adult mice. Multiple booster injections could not restore the depressed immune response of 66-week-old mice to the level of the immune response of young adult mice in terms of IgE antibody responses to DNP-As. The IgE anti-carrier response was considerably lower than the IgE anti-hapten response, and more transient and significantly lower in aged mice than in young adult mice. The avidity of IgE antibody for DNP-determinant was invariably higher in young adult mice than in aged mice. Booster injections increased the avidity of IgE antibody in both groups of mice. Moreover, the hemagglutinating antibody response was also impaired in aged mice, which mounted minute or no amounts of IgG antibody. Upon transfer of the thymocytes from young syngeneic donor mice, the aged mice could restore substantially the IgE and hemagglutinating antibody responses to DNP-As. It became clear in the study of individual mice that the variability of the IgE anti-DNP antibody response increased with advancing age, but the variability within aged mice decreased and deviation from young adult mice was less after the secondary immunization.
Lack of Correlation between Neutralizing Antibody Production and Suppression of Coxsackievirus B-3 Replication in Target Organs: Evidence for Involvement of Mononuclear Inflammatory Cells in Host Defense
Authors: Woodruff Jack F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
CD-1 mice inoculated with coxsackievirus B-3 i.p. developed a generalized infection involving the heart, pancreas, and liver. The disease was nonlethal and viral growth in the target organs was terminated in about a week. Administration of cortisone acetate 30 min to 2 hr before infection markedly enhanced the severity of disease. Abnormally high titers of virus were found in the target organs between days 3 and 7 with persistence of infectious virus in the heart for at least 2 weeks. In addition the extent of necrosis of myofibers, pancreatic acini, and hepatic parenchyma was increased and a high percentage of the animals died. There was no evidence that the anti-viral antibody response was impaired in steroid-treated mice since concentrations of neutralizing antibody in the circulation were normal. In contrast, immigration of mononuclear inflammatory cells into the hearts of these animals was depressed and when present, foci of inflammation contained some polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The data indicate that inhibition of coxsackieviral growth cannot be attributed to the sole effects of neutralizing antibody and suggest that mononuclear inflammatory cells infiltrating the heart play a role in primary host defense.
Analysis of the Diversity of Murine Antibodies to Dextran B1355: N-Terminal Amino Acid Sequences of Heavy Chains from Serum Antibody
Authors: Schilling J. , Hansburg D. , Davie J. M. , Hood L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The N-terminal amino acid sequences of two γ and two µ chains from normally induced serum antibodies to dextran in BALB/c mice are presented. These heavy chains are derived from antibodies with three distinguishable idiotypes. These variable region (VH) sequences are all identical as far as they have been analyzed (27 to 53 residues). The light chains from these antibodies are all of the λ type and are identical by isoelectric focusing analysis. Accordingly, the diversity of dextran antibodies appears to reside primarily in the heavy chains. The implications of these observations for antibody diversity are discussed.
A Serologic Comparison of Moloney Lymphoma Cell Surface and Moloney Oncornavirus Antigens
Authors: Humphrey David , Tsukamoto-Adey Ann , Witte Owen M. , Fox Robert , Jerabek Libuse , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Moloney lymphomas and Moloney sarcomas share strong tumor antigens. In this report we analyze the cell-surface antigens on a BALB/c Moloney lymphoma, LSTRA, using hyperimmune sarcoma regressor sera (αMo) as a primary reagent. We also use heterologous anti-viral p30 and gp70 sera for a direct analysis of virion protein antigens on the LSTRA surface. Using radiolabeled αMo-binding assays, we demonstrate that LSTRA tumor antigens detected by these sera are all Moloney viral antigens; approximately ⅓ of these antigenic determinants are expressed on the intact virus, and the other determinants are revealed by detergent lysis of the virus. The major viral antigens expressed on the LSTRA cell surface are viral env gene products, whereas gag gene products are only sparsely represented. We conclude that αMo sera detect almost exclusively viral antigens on LSTRA cells, and these antigens are almost exclusively virion env gene products.
Requirement of Histocompatible Macrophages for the Induction of a Secondary Cytotoxic Response to Syngeneic Tumor Cells in vitro
Authors: Taniyama Tadayoshi , Holden Howard T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of macrophages in the induction of secondary cytotoxic responses to syngeneic tumors was evaluated. When spleen cells from MSV-immune mice were extensively depleted of macrophages, they failed to mount an in vitro secondary cytotoxic response to syngeneic tumors. The response could be reconstituted by the addition of nonimmune macrophages, with syngeneic macrophages being much more efficient than allogeneic macrophages. The relative inefficiency of the allogeneic macrophages to restore the response was shown not to be due to: 1) induction of suppression by allogeneic cells, since in mixing experiments they did not inhibit the response; 2) differences in the kinetics of the response when allogeneic macrophages were employed; 3) requirements for different concentrations of syngeneic or allogeneic macrophages for this accessory function. Neither heat-killed nor frozen and thawed macrophages were capable of restoring the response. However, macrophages could still act as accessory cells if DNA synthesis was prevented. Furthermore, identity between macrophages and T lymphocytes at the I-A subregion of the MHC appeared to be necessary but perhaps not sufficient for an optimal response, and at this time it is not clear whether compatibility at other non-H-2 loci may also be required. The results of the present study suggest that macrophages serve an accessory function in the generation of a secondary cytotoxic response to tumor-associated antigens even when intact tumor cells are used as the stimulators.
Specific Inhibition of the Antibody-Mediated Activation of a Defective β-D-Galactosidase by Circulating Activating Epitope-Binding Molecules
Authors: de Macario Everly Conway , Macario Alberto J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Activation of a defective Escherichia coli β-D-galactosidase by specific activating antibody is inhibited competitively by a molecule with immunoglobulin properties but devoid of activating capacity. This molecule is found in the serum of nonimmunized rabbits and is no longer detectable after β-D-galactosidase administration, but can be demonstrated in rabbits injected with antigens other than the enzyme. The data show that the inhibitory molecule recognizes and interacts specifically with the activating epitope of the activatable enzyme and that, although unable to activate the latter, it competes with the activating antibody and inhibits activation.
IgE Responses to Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Dessein Alain , Germain Ronald N. , Dorf Martin E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serum IgE response to the synthetic polypeptide antigen L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) was investigated. The present study details the experimental conditions required to elicit optimal IgE anti-GAT antibody titers, the genetics controlling this response, and the ability of anti-suppressor cell treatments to affect the magnitude and duration of IgE anti-GAT levels in responder and nonresponder strains of mice. Significant IgE anti-GAT titers were obtained in BALB/c (IgG responder) mice after administration of 1 to 100 µg of GAT in adjuvant (Maalox or Maalox-pertussis), with optimal secondary IgE titers after challenge with 1 or 10 µg doses. All IgE responses were transient in comparison to IgG antibody levels. IgE anti-GAT immunity was found to be regulated by a gene(s) in the I-A/I-B subregion of the H-2 complex, in agreement with earlier studies on serum IgG or cell-mediated immunity. Mice bearing the H-2ja, p, q, s haplotypes were nonresponders, and treatment of SJL (H-2s) or DBA/1 (H-2q) mice with cyclophosphamide or low dose irradiation to remove suppressor cells failed to permit IgE anti-GAT responses, while markedly augmenting IgE anti-TNP responses in the same mice, and IgE anti-GAT responses in BALB/c mice. However, the presence of functional GAT-specific IgE B cells in nonresponder strains was established by demonstrating IgE anti-GAT responses to GAT complexed with methylated serum albumin in these mice. The implications of these data with respect to H-2 linked Ir gene function and class-specific regulation of antibody responses are discussed.
Cell-Mediated Lympholysis of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate-Conjugated Autologous Human Cells: Evidence for Hapten-Specific Altered-Self Reactive Human Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Friedman Steven M. , Irigoyen Oscar , Kuhns Janet , Chess Leonard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The combined stimulus of FITCI-conjugated autologous cells plus either allogeneic cells, soluble antigens, or T cell-derived helper factor(s) triggers the in vitro differentiation of FITCI altered-self-reactive human CTL. Fractionation of responder cells into highly purified lymphocyte subpopulations and complement-mediated lysis of FITCI altered-self-reactive killer cells with rabbit anti-human T cell antibodies demonstrated that both the precursor and effector cell responsible for FITCI altered-self-cytolysis are T lymphocytes. Killer cell specificity was investigated in three experimental protocols: 1) the CTL generated were found to efficiently lyse FITCI but not TNP-modified autologous targets, whereas in reciprocal experiments, TNP altered-self-reactive CTL lyse TNP but not FITCI-derivitized autologous cells; 2) T cell-mediated lysis of 51Cr-labeled FITCI-derivitized autologous targets was specifically inhibited by nonradiolabeled FITCI but not TNP-modified autologous cells; and 3) FITCI altered self-reactive CTL specifically lyse some but not other FITCI-modified allogeneic targets. Taken together, these results show that although the FITCI altered-self-reactive human CTL generated are hapten specific, they appear to recognize more than hapten alone on the target cell surface. Moreover, the observation that soluble antigens, allogeneic cells, and T cell helper factor(s) can facilitate hapten-specific CTL responses to both TNP and FITCI-conjugated autologous cells suggests that these helper stimuli act by preferentially triggering the differentiation of CTL precursors that have specifically interacted with chemically modified autologous stimulators.
Ontogeny of the Ferret Humoral Immune Response
Authors: Suffin Stephen C. , Prince Gregory A. , Muck Katie B. , Porter David D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infant ferrets are born with nearly undetectable immunoglobulin levels, but by 9 days of age the infant ferret serum contains 77, 29, and 13% of adult mean serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM. Transmucosal uptake of IgG by the infant ferret occurred for the first 30 days of life. The specific anti-respiratory syncytial virus neutralizing titer of whole milk was 5.5 times higher than maternal serum despite a lower concentration of immunoglobulins in the milk.
Aging Increases Expression of LPS-Induced Autoantibody-Secreting B Cells
Authors: Meredith Patricia J. , Kristie James A. , Walford Roy L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a polyclonal B cell activator, has been employed to achieve in vitro stimulation of autoantibody-secreting B cells in young adult and aged mice of long-lived strains as assayed in a hemolytic plaque technique to syngeneic mouse erythrocytes. Aged 21- to 24-month-old C57BL/6J and (C57BL/10Sn × C3H/HeDiSn)F1 mice were found to express 3 to 4 times as many LPS-induced plaque-forming cells (PFC) to autologous erythrocytes than did younger 6-month-old animals. With the use of cyclophosphamide (CY), a significant enhancement of auto-PFC production in young mice occurred, approaching levels found in non-CY-treated old mice. Thus, autoreactive clones of lymphocytes exist in the spleens of young adult mice, but under normal circumstances produce little autoantibody. The situation in aged members of these strains, therefore, does not seem to involve an actual increase in numbers of autoreactive B cells, but may possibly involve some form of deregulation, permitting increased age-related expression of autoreactive lymphocyte clones.
Characterization of Anti-Forssman (ANTI-Fs) Antibodies in Human Sera: Their Specificity and Possible Changes in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Young, William W. , Hakomori Sen-Itiroh , Levine Philip 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The majority of normal human sera hemolyze sheep erythrocytes in the presence of complement (“hemolyzers”), whereas sera of the remaining population do not lyze sheep erythrocytes (“nonhemolyzers”). The antibodies responsible for this lytic activity are now identified as being specific to Forssman (Fs) glycolipid, predominantly of the IgM class, and only weakly cross-reactive with blood group A glycolipid. These conclusions are based on the following observations: 1) “Hemolyzer” sera produced complement-dependent lysis of liposomes containing Fs glycolipid, whereas “nonhemolyzer” sera reacted very weakly with the same Fs liposomes; the level of hemolytic activity generally paralleled the reactivity of the sera with Fs liposomes. 2) Human “anti-Fs” did not cross-react with liposomes containing either globoside, the precursor to Fs, or blood group A glycolipid. 3) The complement-dependent hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes by hemolyzer sera was specifically inhibited by Fs liposomes but not by either A- or globoside liposomes. 4) In five of six cases tested, hemolysin activity was present in the IgM fraction but not the IgG fraction, whereas in the remaining case the activity was present in the IgG fraction.
We have previously described the presence of Fs glycolipid in the normal gastrointestinal mucosa of a minor percentage of Taiwanese cancer patients, whereas in the majority of cases Fs was absent in the normal mucosa but present in the tumors derived therefrom. The sera of cancer patients displayed a decreased anti-Fs reactivity as compared with sera of a control group suggesting that Fs-positive tumor tissue may affect serum anti-Fs levels.
Limited Trypsin Cleavage Distinguishes MHC and Thymus-Leukemia Antigens
Authors: Pischel Ken D. , Little J. Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple technique is presented for the identification of particular cell membrane antigens. The method employs labeled membrane antigens that are isolated immunospecifically and subjected to limited trypsin digestion followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in detergent. A large “core” peptide is produced by proteolysis of murine thymus-leukemia antigens (TLA) and from antigens of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The tryptic cores from H-2K and H-2D are regularly distinguishable from the thymus-leukemia antigens (TLA) by gel electrophoresis in one dimension. This chemical distinction is particularly important in the analysis of antigen mixtures isolated with antisera specific for β2 microglobulin. These techniques have been used to identify thymus-restricted β2 microglobulin-associated antigens on cell membranes from mouse, man, guinea pig, and monkey. In appropriate inbred mouse strains, these are the TLA and it is proposed that in the three other species examined they may be analogues, although not necessarily homologues, of TLA. The broad species distribution of these thymus-restricted cell membrane antigens suggests that they are involved in the differentiation of thymus-dependent lymphocytes (T cells).
Lysosomal Enzymes in Inflammatory Synovial Effusions
Authors: Hadler Nortin M. , Spitznagel John K. , Quinet Robert J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concentrations of several polymorphonuclear neutrophilic lysosomal constitutents were quantitated by immunochemical and enzymatic assays in 28 inflammatory and 9 noninflammatory synovial fluids. The quantities of lactoferrin, myeloperoxidase, and enzymatically determined lysozyme were covariate with the neutrophil count. Enzymatic activities measured with synthetic substrates developed for the assay of chymotryptic-like cationic protein (cathepsin G) and elastase, along with immunochemically determined lysozyme, were independent of the neutrophil count. Although the latter assays were developed and standardized with human neutrophilic lysosomal constitutents, they measure different activities in inflammatory synovial effusions. No elastase was detected if elastin was used as the substrate.
Regardless of the source of the enzymes, there was a negative correlation between their concentration and the degree of radiographic destruction of the joint from which the fluid was obtained. Lysosomal enzymes in solution in synovial fluid are not likely to be primarily involved in cartilage destruction.
Histamine-Releasing Activity (HRA)
Authors: Thueson David O. , Speck Linda S. , Lett-Brown Michael A. , Grant J. Andrew 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Supernatants from 1- to 2-day cultures of human mononuclear cells induced the release of histamine from basophils. Generation of this histamine-releasing activity (HRA) was stimulated by addition of concanavalin A to the cell cultures. Mononuclear cells were also cultured with SKSD and Candida albicans antigens. Stimulation of HRA production by these antigens was correlated with positive delayed skin reactions. Serial dilutions of supernatants assayed for HRA provided a semiquantitative determination of the level of HRA in mitogen- or antigen-stimulated samples. Antigen increased HRA production when added during the first or second day of culture. Generation of HRA probably requires active protein synthesis, since puromycin was inhibitory, and since preformed HRA could not be recovered from lysed cells. HRA was detected in supernatants after 4 hr, and the effects of antigen stimulation were apparent after 8 hr of culture. The rate of HRA synthesis diminished after 18 hr of culture. Replacement of supernatants with fresh culture medium allowed continued synthesis of substantial quantities of HRA during the second day of culture. A linear correlation was observed between the amount of HRA produced and the mononuclear cell concentration. Our findings provide evidence for the interaction of lymphocytes and basophils via a soluble mediator.