bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Perichondrium-Cartilage Myringoplasty With Preserving of Anterior Margins and Tuck Grafts for Repairing Anterior Perforation With 3 year Followup
Authors: Liu Yachao , Wei Ruili , Ding Yongqing , Li Yanping , Xin Yunchao , Li Dong 
Published: August 2023

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the graft outcomes of endoscopic perichondrium-cartilage myringoplasty with preserving of anterior margins for repairing anterior perforation with 3 year followup. Study design: Prospective case series. Setting: Tertiary university hospital. Materials and Methods: We performed a prospective study in 47 patients with anterior perforation who underwent perichondrium-cartilage myringoplasty with preserving of anterior margins and tuck grafts. The operation time, graft success rate, hearing outcome, and complications were evaluated at 6 months and 3 years after surgery. Results: A total of 47 ears with anterior marginal perforation were included in the study. The perforation size was subtotal in 2 (4.3%) eras, large in 11 (23.4%) ears, medium in 27 (57.4%) ears, and small in 7 (14.9%). The mean operation time was 41.2 ± 5.4 minutes. All patients completed 6 months of follow-up. Residual perforation was observed in 2 patients with medium perforations, the graft success rate was 95.7% (45/47). The mean preoperative and postoperative AC PTAs were 38.1 ± 7.3 dB and 25.4 ± 4.6 dB ( P < .05), while the mean preoperative and postoperative BC PTAs were 9.0 ± 4.6 dB and 9.6 ± 1.9 dB ( P = .672). The functional success was 91.5% (43/47). None of the patients reported sensorineural hearing loss, altered taste, facial nerve palsy, vertigo, or tinnitus during the follow-up period. In addition, 34 (72.3%) patients completed 3 years followup and performed temporal bone CT examination, the mean followup time was 39.1 ± 2.7 months, CT revealed the well pneumatization of mastoids and middle ear. Conclusions: Endoscopic perichondrium-cartilage myringoplasty with preserving of anterior margins and tuck grafts is a safe, suitable, and reliable method for repair of anterior perforation with few risk of anterior blunting and lateralization.
Ibuprofen Lysine Injection
Authors: Cada Dennis J. , Levien Terri , Baker Danial E. 
Published: August 2023

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive five to six well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to your Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee. Subscribers also receive monthly one-page summary monographs on the agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation (DUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are sent to you in print and CD ROM forms and are available online. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of your facility. Subscribers to the The Formulary Monograph Service also receive access to a pharmacy bulletin board, The Formulary Information Exchange (The F.I.X.). All topics pertinent to clinical and hospital pharmacy are discussed on The F.I.X. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. If you would like information about The Formulary Monograph Service or The F.I.X., call The Formulary at 800–322–4349. The October 2006 monograph topics are levetiracetam injection, idursulfase, certolizumab pegol, telbivudine, and etonogestrel implant. The DUE is levetiracetam injection.
Standardized Drug Prescribing Forum
Authors: Pisupati Radhika , Wojcik Janice 
Published: August 2023

Patient safety is a complex issue that is constantly evolving. Communication via standardized drug ordering is recognized as one of the key elements to providing a safer hospital stay, as well as a stronger patient outcome. This feature will publish bimonthly and will provide examples of standardized drug prescribing and a forum for discussion. If you have a template that you believe other hospital pharmacies can benefit from, please submit it along with answers to the questions (seen below in the text) to Joyce Generali, Director of Drug Information at Kansas University Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Mail Stop 4040, Kansas City, KS 66160 or E-mail at jgeneral@kumc.edu .
Environmental Aspects of Isocyanates in Water and Soil
Authors: Brochhagen F.K. , Grieveson B.M. 
Published: August 2023

Liquid TDI and most types of MDI which are liquid at room temperature if spilt in large amounts into stagnant or running water will become solid if the temperature of the water is below 10°C. The reaction of the liquid or solid products with water is relatively slow because the products are practically immiscible with water. The reaction products are solid, insoluble and biologically inert polyureas.In order to investigate the fate of these polyureas contaminating soil after isocyanate spillages the influence of several types of soil was studied using radio-labelled materials. There was neither an indication of degradation observed nor radioactivity found in soil extracts.TDI and MDI were of low acute or chronic toxicity to a variety of aquatic species in systems designed to simulate the environment in marine and river water. It has also been shown that these products were of negligible toxicity to growing bacterial cultures. This series of experiments has confirmed that effects of isocyanates on aquatic systems on longer term exposure are unlikely to persist and that aquatic systems should recover rapidly from accidental spillages of TDI and MDI.
Vertifoam — Continuous Vertical Block Foam Process
Authors: Griffiths A.C.M. , Shreeve P. 
Published: August 2023

Over the last 20 years there have been considerable developments of machinery for polyurethane block foam production, from the very early machines which produced low-height blocks with rounded tops, to the latest flat-top machines producing more economical blocks. For various reasons, which will be discussed later, this development of large-block continuous foam machines has required that the machines be of such high output that they are totally uneconomical for the small- or medium-sized manufacturer. Even for the larger producer this high output restricts production of some low-demand grades. The need for a lower output has, so far, been met by the single-block moulding machine. This is able to make blocks in the smaller production quantities required but sacrifices both quality and efficiency of operation. The Vertifoam process is able to achieve the versatility of the single-block machine and at the same time compete in terms of quality and block size with the best of the existing continuous slabstock machines. (Patents covering the Vertifoam process are held by Hyman International Ltd.)
Five Decades of Foam Plastics – A Personal Narrative
Authors: Baumann Heinz 
Published: August 2023

On the occasion of the 12th International Foamed Plastics Symposium ‘50 Years of Foamed Plastics’, held in Dusseldorf, on 25–26 May, 1983, Professor Heinz Baumann presented a personal narrative which contained many points of historical interest. The following extracts from his talk illustrate some of the problems met by various researchers in the early stages of developing products in the Cellular Polymer field. Professor Baumann's own contribution to the development and establishing of UF foams in many applications is well known. His views on the necessity to examine dispassionately the industrial experience in the use of UF foams over many years should be studied carefully.
Mechanical Frothing Process Develops New Applications for Polyurethanes
Authors: Berthevas Paul 
Published: August 2023

Mechanical frothing of polyurethane involves beating an inert gas, e.g. air, into a mixture of polyols and isocyanates to produce a stable but still liquid froth with very fine cells which can be knife coated on a substrate at gauges from a few tenths of a millimetre to over 10 mm and is then cured by application of heat to produce a microcellular urethane elastomer. This process and the resulting urethane foams find applications in the back coating of floor coverings, e.g. carpets, artificial grass, vinyl floorings, sports surfaces as well as for the production of shoe inner soles, tapes and gaskets where their properties compare favourably with those of the alternative backings of rubber or PVC foams used until now.
Fire, Foams and Furniture
Authors: Paul K.T. 
Published: August 2023

Placing the words Fire, Foams and Furniture together, may create a picture of rapidly burning high temperature fires with dense smoke. This is almost the traditional view of furniture containing polyurethane foams and while it is recognised that such furniture does exist, it must be emphasised that many items of furniture containing polyurethane foam have excellent fire behaviour. Foams used in furniture can be the flexible polyether foams used for upholstery but the latter could also comprise other materials, e.g. polyester fibre mats, waddings, rubber latex foam, etc. Foams may also be found as flexible fire barrier materials and also as rigid structural elements. The outer layer of upholstered furniture is almost invariably a fabric. Many fabrics exist; in conjunction with the sub-structure of the upholstery they determine the ignitability and initial burning characteristics of the furniture. By carefully selecting materials and considering the interactions of materials and design, it is possible to build furniture which will resist large ignition sources even when vandalised Such performance demands inevitably lead to compromises and limitations to the choice of fabrics or designs and to the comfort (e.g. soft or hard) of the furniture. They may also probably lead to increase in costs. Modern technology has produced materials which will, in selected designs, give extremely good fire behaviour. It is the responsibility of the specifiers and purchasers to decide the level of performance required in a particular end-use environment and thereby create a market for such products.
The Performance of Flame Retardants in Rigid Polyurethane Foam Formulations
Authors: Buszard D.L. , Dellar R.J. 
Published: August 2023

The flame retardant properties of rigid polyurethane foam compositions are determined by the type and level of flame retardant, the isocyanate index of the foam and the structure of the polyol. Three phosphorus-based flame retardant additives are compared using the BS 4735 horizontal burn test and the DIN 4102–B2 vertical burn test in a wide range of polyol types. The results obtained are consistent with the phosphorus content of the additives. Dimethyl methylphosphonate with a phosphorus content of 25% proves to be the most effective flame retardant. Surprisingly, the chlorine content, which accounts for nearly a third of the trismonochloropropyl phosphate molecule, does not appear to exhibit any flame retardant effect above its phosporus content. Reoflam 306, a proprietary halogen-free additive with a phosphorus content of 15·2%, enables polyurethane foams of normal index to be formulated to meet the requirements of DIN 4102–B2 without the addition of a flame retardant polyol Both test methods clearly showed that the aromatic-based polyols have inherently better flame retardant properties than the aliphatic-based polyether polyols.
Rigid Polyurethane Foam: What Makes it the Most Effective Insulant?
Authors: Cunningham A. , Sparrow D. J. 
Published: August 2023

The fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer through rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) are discussed in terms of three distinct elements λg, λs and λr, where they represent heat transfer by thermal conductivity through the gas phase, solid phase and by radiation, respectively. Estimated values for λg and λs are given and, from the known λ -value of the PUR foam, λr is estimated by difference. However, there are indications that factors other than cell size affect the value of λr, giving scope — within the existing foam technology — to reduce the λ -value by a reduction in λr to its theoretical minimum. Using a novel polyol system in combination with high functionality isocyanates, the initial foam λ -value has been reduced by about 13% from its current level. Further optimisation to give foam with maximum insulation efficiency is in progress.
Removal of TDI and Recovery of CFC: Practical Experience with an Activated Carbon Filter System Installed at a Soft Foam Producer
Authors: Sporon-Fiedler Axel 
Published: August 2023

Over the last few years Fläkt Danmark A/S and associates have conducted extensive investigations on CFC-recovery and TDI-removal by absorption on AC (activated carbon) in soft foam production. The research has consisted of measurements at existing foaming lines, pilot plant tests on site and one semi-industrial application. The research so far has yielded valuable information on several issues to be considered when designing full-scale CFC-recovery installations; for example: Proper and cost-effective plant design, including the air extraction system and the AC-recovery system itself Quality and quantity of the recovered product. Carbon lifetime to be expected and TDI adsorption mechanism. The information gathered so far forms a good basis for the design of full-scale CFC-recovery systems that will keep emissions of TDI and CFC well below the limits demanded by the environmental authorities, at a reasonable price. This paper gives a description of the research carried out so far and a few examples are included to illustrate the economic aspects of CFC-recovery.
Polyblox Insulation of Concrete Masonry Blocks
Authors: Blackwell J. B. , Blackwell S. W. 
Published: August 2023

Energy savings are necessary in both the home and workplace and methods of insulating buildings to maintain suitable temperatures vary, but concrete masonry blocks are commonly used. The various types of insulation systems for concrete masonry blocks are examined by studying the purpose of insulation, the methods of this insulation and comparing economic results of various systems. A new patented system where a rigid polyurethane foam is cast on the full face of the concrete block, avoiding thermal bridges, is described. Existing methods of insulating concrete blocks are reviewed and some disadvantages are identified. The new system has several major advantages which are discussed and the claims made are supported by independent data obtained from Salford University, Warrington Fire Research Centre and Belfast University. Applications for the new system in offices and housing schemes, both private and government, are described.
The Expanding World of PTFE
Authors: Norman E.G. 
Published: August 2023

No development in the history of fluorocarbon polymers has been more remarkable than that of the microcellular expansion of PTFE without the use of blowing agents. This article summarises the development of the GORE-TEX TM process by W.L. Gore & Associates, Inc. PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) has been referred to as both the ‘ultimate’ and the ‘eccentric’ thermoplastic. Its extraordinary properties are now well known to polymer technologists. I.C.I, plc has manufactured it under the name of Fluon * for more than 30 years, as have DuPont under their brand name Teflon ** . It possesses outstanding chemical inertness, excellent electrical and thermal insulation properties, a wide operating temperature range and exceptional non-stick and low friction characteristics. Apart from its important role in engineering and electrical applications as a solid, full density polymer, the most dramatic impact on its commercial development came with the discovery of the GORE-TEX matrix expansion process. This process, developed by W.L. Gore & Associates, is not dependent on the use of ‘blowing agents’. The microcellular structure is achieved by mechanical stretching under specific conditions; in this way there is no adulteration of the PTFE purity.
The Surface Coating of Polyurethane Substrates, Part 2: A Theoretical Approach to the Interfacial Bonding of Polyurethane Coatings on Polyurethane Substrates
Authors: Heath R.J. , Bidari K. 
Published: August 2023

In the first paper of this series a number of manufacturing techniques were reviewed from first hand observations of such practices. Comments were made of the techniques which had evolved on a trial and error basis to optimise the properties of the paint and PU foam substrate composite. In this paper, the wetting and interfacial bonding phenomena developed in these composites is examined on the basis of currently accepted surface science theories. Wetting and spreading over a surface, followed by interfacial bonding will depend on the initial affinity between the liquid and the solid, although there might be variation from that predicted because of composition changes as the paint system dries. It is suggested for a PU foam/PU surface coating composite, that good adhesive bonding results from a combination of dispersion, polar and covalent bonding interactions. However, because of moulding practice, boundary layers (e.g. release agent residues) and other phenomenon will interfere with the wetting and bonding in some of these systems. In-mould surface coating has certain advantages over other methods of painting a moulding. In particular the chemical activity of freshly produced surfaces minimises the possibility of boundary layer effects. The spreading pressure, π, which influences surface tension in a system, will be affected by the moulding pressure. Later papers will report on the examination of various PU/PU combinations, describing the influences and optimisation of the adhesive bond between coating and foam substrate.
Shock Mitigating Foams, 1. Structure and Property Relationships
Authors: Richardson M.O.W. , Al-Hassani A.H.M. 
Published: August 2023

As a precursor to the custom manufacture of shock mitigating foams for helmet liners, assessments are required of the essential structure and property inter-relationships. This paper establishes a rationale for developing such systems in the context of using them for minimising the destructive forces resulting from single heavy impact (crash) and/or repeated light impact (buffeting). The basic chemistry of polyurethane foam is reviewed, along with physical structure and mechanical property aspects. Methods of predicting impact behaviour from static/dynamic tests are highlighted, including a review of how continuum theory may be applied in practical situations.
Rigid Urethane foamg for LNG Insulation – the Effect of Physical and Chemical Factors on Foam Integrity
Authors: Cervenka A. , Grieveson B.M. 
Published: August 2023

Multilayer spraying of rigid polyurethane foam provides an excellent way of insulating storage tanks for liquefied hydrocarbons such as LNG. The viability of such an insulating system depends both on the initial quality of the foam and on its response to the different environments which the foam may encounter during its service life. As part of a larger programme to develop rigid polyurethane insulation foams for both marine and land storage tanks, several techniques were developed for assessing the quality and performance of the foam. Nitrogen and cyclohexane were used as probes to examine the interfaces between successive layers of foam? it was shown that very careful control of the spray technique is needed. Random deposition of isolated spray droplets outside the main foam laydown pattern leads to substantial porosity of the interface. Each successive layer must be sanded to expose fresh surface which should then be maintained substantially free from adsorbed water until the next foam layer is applied. A chromatographic technique was developed using the polyurethane foam itself as the chromatographic fixed phase to study the interactions with gaseous environments likely to be encountered in service. These included the stored hydrocarbon liquids, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and water (the components of air) and the various compounds which might be present in exhaust gas inerting systems. Hydrocarbons have no effect on the foam. However, there is a strong chemical interaction with oxides of sulphur and nitrogen which have severe deleterious effects on foam properties.
Polyol Recovery from Elastomer Polyurethane Waste
Authors: Simioni F. , Modesti M. , Rienzi S.A. 
Published: August 2023

Waste and scraps, from polyurethane elastomers, mainly from the shoe sole production, can be conveniently converted by a transesterification process into polyols which can be reused in the production of rigid foams, with both economical and ecological advantages. In the transesterification process, secondary reactions leading to amine formation, can be controlled by means of the reaction conditions. In the production of rigid foam the recovered products are mixed with fresh polyol; the recovered/fresh polyol ratio must be moderate in order to obtain materials with sufficiently high dimensional properties.
Is radiological rotation measurement affected by the fracture pattern in pediatric supracondylar humeral fractures?
Authors: Şahbat Yavuz , Baysal Özgür , Ağırdil Yücel , Polat Murat , Büyüktopçu Ömer , Shammadli Ziya , Erol Bülent , Akgülle Ahmet Hamdi 
Published: August 2023

Background In supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHF), the most frequently used method to calculate rotation is the Gordon lateral rotation percentage (GLRP) defined by Gordon et al. However, this technique includes only typical fractures (49%–80% of all fractures) from the Johns Hopkins (J-H) fracture classification system. Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate (1) is Gordon criteria useful for John Hopkins subgroups of supracondylar fractures and (2) is Gordon criteria affected by internal and external rotation. Material and Methods This study was designed using four pediatric left humerus bones obtained from the Sawbone© company. For each bone, an osteotomy was made to mimic each of the J-H coronal fracture patterns. The cut bones were placed in a wooden rotation apparatus. The GLRP measurements were taken by five blinded observers. Results In the repeated measurements of the observers, <20° rotation typical and <30° medial oblique and lateral oblique fracture pattern were measured as within the limits of an acceptable amount of rotation according to the Gordon criteria. However, for high fracture pattern (HFP), ≤30° internal rotation and <60° external rotation were determined to be within the acceptable rotation criteria according to the Gordon criteria. Conclusions All fracture patterns have different characteristics; however, based on the data of this study, the Gordon criteria can be used safely for typical, medial oblique, and lateral oblique fracture patterns but it is necessary to lower the acceptable rate of 50% for HFP.