bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Weil-Felix Reaction in Patients with Proteus and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Infections
Authors: Dammin Gustave J. , Billings F. Tremaine 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A minor antigen has been demonstrated which is common to human strains of Proteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to the “X” strains of Proteus routinely employed in the Weil-Felix test. The existence of this common minor antigen explains the positive Weil-Felix reactions exhibited by patients infected with Proteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When tested with the Weil-Felix antigens, the sera of these patients show an agglutinative pattern different from that found in the rickettsial diseases. The agglutinative titer is usually lowest for Proteus OX19, is somewhat higher for Proteus OX2, and is highest for Proteus OXK. These findings are in agreement with the results of absorptive experiments which indicate that the strains of Proteus isolated from patients are most closely related antigenically to Proteus OXK.
Studies on the Specific Mechanism of Serum Sickness
Authors: Karelitz Samuel , Stempien Stephen S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The blood serum of individuals convalescing from serum sickness following treatment with horse serum is designated as S.S.C.S. or Serum Sickness Convalescent Serum. This S.S.C.S. possesses the property of inducing a reaction in horse-serum-treated patients which is milder than but otherwise clinically similar to serum sickness. By injecting 2–10 ml of the S.S.C.S. intravenously into 62 patients treated with horse serum, 65 per cent developed this reaction. We have named this reaction “passive serum sickness,” and believe it more appropriate than “inverse serum sickness” offered by Voss. Evidence has been presented which indicates that passive serum sickness is a specific reaction of a horse-serum-treated patient to S.S.C.S. and is similar to serum sickness. An episode of passive serum sickness may modify the subsequent course of the horse-serum-treated patient. It may hasten the onset of serum sickness, it may shorten the course of the serum sickness, and may even prevent its occurrence. This did not occur sufficiently often in our cases to warrant recommending its routine use as prophylaxis against serum sickness. Further study may alter this opinion.
Studies on the Specific Mechanism of Serum Sickness
Authors: Karelitz Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Passive serum sickness (1) is produced by the intravenous injection of 2–10 ml of S.S.C.S. into patients who 8 hours to 9 days before were injected with horse serum. If the S.S.C.S. is injected intravenously very soon after the patient received the therapeutic horse serum, passive serum sickness does not occur. To induce passive serum sickness, some time must elapse between the treatment with horse serum and the injection of the S.S.C.S. While attempting to determine the minimal duration of this period we noted that if the interval was 5–60 minutes, passive serum sickness did not occur. Neither did the ordinary serum sickness occur in the first four patients so treated, even though the incidence of serum sickness following the use of this lot of scarlet fever antitoxin without S.S.C.S. was quite high. These results prompted us to study the efficacy of S.S.C.S. in modifying and preventing serum sickness when both the horse serum and S.S.C.S. were injected simultaneously.
The Effect of the Amount of Antigen on Antitoxin-Formation During the Primary and Secondary Immunizations
Authors: Freund Jules , Bonanto Mary V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Groups of rabbits were immunized by two courses of intravenous injections of alum precipitated diphtheric toxoid; the two courses were one or more months apart. One injection after the rest period gave far greater antibody response than could be obtained by the first course of immunization.
During the first course the response of rabbits to different doses of antigens was almost the same but during the second course more antitoxin was formed after the injection of larger amounts of antigens up to 5000 Lf per injection. The rise and fall of antitoxin titers were the sharpest with the largest doses of antigen. The accumulation of stimuli in the group with small doses did not produce as high titers as one single injection of 1000 Lf.
The Influence of Non-Specific Protein on the Heat Inactivation of Antibody to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Jennings Robert K. , Smith Louis Despain 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Water-insoluble globulin from a sample of Type I antipneumococcal horse serum was found to be more heat resistant than the parent serum as regards retention of specific precipitability. Restoration of the serum components removed in purification, or addition of whole serum to the water insoluble-globulin solution, resulted in mixtures which were inactivated under conditions which did not inactivate the antibody alone. Heating the water-insoluble globulin and the other serum components separately before mixing did not interfere with specific precipitation. The ability to assist in heat inactivation of antipneumococcal antibody appeared to be a property associated primarily with the non-antibody serum globulin. Casein, also, possessed this property to a marked degree. Gelatin, albumin, myogen, pectin, gum arabic, and heterologous polysaccharide had no effect upon the heat-inactivation of antibody.
An Effect of Temperature Upon Antibody-Production in Fish
Authors: Cushing J. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made upon the rate of production of agglutinins against sea urchin sperm in carp and gold fish held at two different temperatures (15 and 28 degrees). The fish, four of each kind at each temperature, were bled every few days from the heart and agglutinative tests made on their sera. These showed that the antibody-titer of the fish kept in the warm tank rose at least four days sooner than that of those kept in the cold tank. This indicates, in agreement with other work, that temperature does influence the rate of antibody-production in cold-blooded vertebrates.
Increase of Specific and Non-Specific Resistance by the Transplantation of Attenuated Tubercle Bacilli Nodules
Authors: Ascoli Alberto 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Post-mortem examination revealed that the calves no. 131 and 132, recipients of the 9-day-old nodules showed no specific lesions after having been injected intravenously with virulent tubercle bacilli. In the control calf, untreated before the injection of the virulent bacilli, definite processes of miliary tuberculosis were found in the lungs and the thoracic lymph nodes. In calf no. 10,793 from which the nodules had been removed, there was a very pronounced enlargement of the thoracic and pharyngeal lymph nodes, but specific lesions could not be seen either with the naked eye or under the microscope. The degree of resistance left after removal of the two nodules from calf no. 10,793, which had received 10 cg of the less attenuated I.V.A. vaccine, seemed to be greater than the degree of resistance left in a calf from which a nodule formed by subcutaneous injection of only 5 cg of B.C.G. had been removed.
The Effect of Enzymic Digestion Upon the Antigenic Properties of Antitoxic and Normal Horse Plasmas
Authors: Kass Edward H. , Scherago M. , Weaver R. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The action of the enzymes, Aspergillus oryzae diastase, malt-diastase, and pepsin on antitoxic and normal horse plasmas has been studied. All three enzymes have been found to purify antitoxic plasmas and also to render the antitoxic molecule resistant to subsequent heat-treatment. Evidence has been presented that the antitoxic molecule decreases in size as purification proceeds, and it is suggested that the process of purification of antitoxins by the enzymes studied is essentially a proteolytic one. Normal plasmas appear to be much less resistant to enzymic action than are antitoxic plasmas.
Antigenic studies of the digested products by means of the Schultz-Dale technic have revealed that the digested antitoxins are antigenically closely allied, regardless of which of the three enzymes is used for digestion.
Animals sensitized to undigested normal or undigested antitoxic plasmas do not react to digested antitoxic nor to digested normal plasmas. Animals sensitized to unheated digested plasmas react not only to the homologous antigens but also to undigested plasma. Animals sensitized to digested antitoxic plasmas react to both digested antitoxic and digested normal plasmas, whereas animals sensitized to digested normal plasmas do not react to digested antitoxic plasmas. Heat-treatment affects the antigenic character of the digested antitoxins. Animals sensitized to heat-treated antitoxin fail to react to digested, unheated antitoxin, but do react to undigested, unheated normal or antitoxic serum protein, and also to digested, heated antitoxin.
Molecular Kinetic Analyses and Serological Specificities of Polysaccharides Isolated from Filtrates of the Human Tubercle Bacillus and Related Species
Authors: Tennent David M. , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Polysaccharides from the culture-filtrates of the human-, avian-, and bovine-type tubercle bacilli, and of the leprosy bacillus and B. phlei have been isolated by electrophoresis. The mobilities, the sedimentation- and diffusion-constants, and the serological specificities of these fractions have been determined. The molecular weights of the polysaccharides from human-type tubercle bacilli and from B. phlei, calculated from the sedimentation- and diffusion-constants, were found to be 7300; that of the polysaccharide from avian-type tubercle bacilli was found to be 7200; and that of the leprosy-bacillus polysaccharide, 2500. The dissymmetry-numbers, and the ratios of major to minor axis indicate that the leprosy-bacillus polysaccharide is spherical, and that the polysaccharide from tuberculin from human-type tubercle bacilli is not greatly elongated. All of the polysaccharides gave high titers in precipitation with anti-H37 horse serum. These polysaccharides are genus-specific rather than species-specific.
Specificity of the Antibody Response of Human Beings to Strains of Influenza Virus
Authors: Bodily H. L. , Eaton M. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Acute and convalescent sera from cases of influenza A have been tested for neutralizing antibodies to PR8, W.S., and Melbourne strains of influenza A, the Lee strain of influenza B, and the swine influenza virus by the chicken-cell agglutination method. Considerable specificity was demonstrated between PR8 and W.S. and swine influenza. It was also indicated that the strain-specificity was not limited to those producing poor rises to PR8, but occurred in some cases producing good rises to PR8. Mouse neutralization tests on selected cases confirmed the results obtained by the agglutinative test.
Persons vaccinated with influenza A vaccines whose sera were tested with the same virus strains were found to be somewhat more specific in their antibody response to strains PR8, W.S., and swine than were the sera of infected individuals. This apparent increase of specificity may be due, in part at least, to the fact that the response to the vaccine was not as great as was the response to an attack of influenza A.
Sera of several persons infected or vaccinated with influenza A showed also an output of antibodies to the Lee strain of influenza B. Some of these apparent increases in reactivity may have been due, however, to the partial destruction of antibodies by a contaminant in the preliminary serum specimens.
A few individuals vaccinated with active Melbourne vaccine showed a better response to Melbourne than to PR8. Conversely, those vaccinated with PR8-distemper virus vaccine responded better to PR8 than to Melbourne.
In Vitro Titration of Horse Sera Containing Both Vibrion Septique and Perfringens Antitoxin
Authors: Koerber Walter L. , Alture-Werber E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Trial horse bleedings and concentrated sera containing both vibrion septique and perfringens antitoxin can be titrated for each antitoxin separately by in vitro methods. For determination of vibrion septique antitoxin a hemolytic test is described which yields satisfactory results in routine testing of antitoxin. The presence of perfringens antibodies does not interfere with the vibrion septique hemolysin-antihemolysin reaction. Satisfactory results are also obtained in the perfringens in vitro titration of antitoxin by the egg yolk reaction in spite of the presence of vibrion septique antibodies in the same serum.
The authors are grateful to Dr. W. E. Bunney for his kind interest and helpful criticism.
Studies on Precipitin-Production and Anaphylactic Sensitization in Guinea-Pigs
Authors: Cohen Harold R. , Mosko Milton M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been generally considered that the guinea-pig is a poor producer of precipitins (1, 2). Recently, Colwell and Youmans (3) stated that they were unable to detect circulating precipitins in guinea-pigs given multiple intraäbdominal injections of crystalline egg albumin, but were able to obtain precipitins for sheep serum proteins. It is, however, recognized that the guinea-pig is highly susceptible to anaphylactic sensitization.
The possibility that the method of administration of the antigen was a factor influencing the ability of this species of animal to produce precipitins was considered. Groups of guinea-pigs were injected with crystalline egg-albumin either by the intraäbdominal or intracardial route, or given intramuscular injections of the antigen adsorbed on aluminum-hydroxide-cream (4).
Procedure. (a) Adult guinea-pigs, weighing 350–500 grams, were used. Thirteen animals were injected intraäbdominally, four times at 3-day intervals with a solution containing 5 mg (0.5 ml of a 1 per cent solution) of 4-times-recrystallized egg-albumin.
Influence of Benzene-Poisoning Upon Streptococcal Infections in Rabbits
Authors: Schnitzer R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In rabbits immunized by one to three intracutaneous injections with living culture of streptococci, an exposure to benzene with the following leucopenia did not consistently prevent the fixation of streptococci in an intracutaneous focus, as it is the case in normal rabbits. While the infection was always fatal for non-immunized animals poisoned with benzene, approximately 70 per cent of the immunized rabbits survived. The same results were obtained in rabbits poisoned with benzene and sensitized intracutaneously with type-specific antistreptococcal serum previous to the infection. The local lesion in the animals receiving immune serum locally did not react like an inflamed area to the trypan blue test. From these observations the conclusion is drawn that after an active or passive immunization the local fixation of streptococci should mainly be attributed to the action of antibodies.
The Effect of Alcoholic Intoxication Upon Acquired Resistance to Pneumococcal Infection in Rabbits
Authors: Lushbaugh Clarence C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The effects of alcoholic intoxication upon immunological processes have been investigated since Koch (1), in 1884, observed higher fatality-rates during cholera-epidemics among excessive users of alcohol, and concluded, therefore, that alcoholic intoxication depresses the immune mechanisms in man. Although an extensive literature on this subject has developed since then, no attempt to review it will be made in this paper, as this has been well done recently (2).
The present study of the effect of alcoholic intoxication in the rabbit upon acquired resistance to pneumococcal infection was undertaken in an effort to determine (1) in what ways alcoholic intoxication might influence the mechanisms of active immunity, and (2) to what extent large amounts of antibody might tend to counteract the loss of resistance caused by alcohol. Previous investigations have neglected this phase of the problem and hence have failed to supply important information necessary for the adequate treatment of infections in alcoholic patients.
Complement Fixation for Lymphogranuloma Venereum and for Psittacosis with Frei Reactions among Pneumonia Patients
Authors: Levine Sonnia , Holder Ernest C. , Bullowa Jesse G. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement fixation with Lygranum antigen occurred with sera from Freipositive patients who showed symptoms of lymphogranuloma venereum infection and with sera from Frei-positive patients who had neither symptoms nor a past history of infection. Eighteen Frei-positive reactors, without manifest disease, were found in one hundred and seventy-five pneumococcic pneumonia patients. Cross complement-fixation reactions have been demonstrated with the antigens of lymphogranuloma venereum and psittacosis viruses. Therefore, for the diagnosis of lymphogranuloma venereum, complement fixation must be corroborated by a positive Frei test. In the absence of a positive Frei test, positive complement fixation with Lygranum antigen may indicate the presence of psittacosis or allied viral infection.
The Complementary Activity of Mouse-Serum
Authors: Brown Gordon C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The serum of the mouse differs from that of most animals in that it is without complementary activity. Its serum fails to hemolyze sensitized sheep-cells. Ritz in 1911 (1) observed that mouse-serum contains one component of complement called the midpiece but that the endpiece is missing. This phenomenon is analogous to that given by the fresh serum from a strain of complement-deficient guinea-pigs first reported by Moore (2). A thorough study of this serum by Coca (3), Ecker (4) and Hyde (5, 6) has shown that it is activated in a hemolytic system by very small amounts of heated serum from man or the normal guinea-pig. Thus, the midpiece and endpiece of complement are normally present in this serum but the third complement-component, the heat-resistant or yeast-absorbed component, is missing.
The separation by various methods of guinea-pig complement into several components has been described by Leifmann (7, 8), Browning and Mackie (9) and Whitehead, Gordon, and Wormall (10, 11).
The Biological Assay of Tetanus-Toxoid
Authors: Greenberg L. , Morrell C. A. , Gibbard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dosage-response-curves have been employed in comparing the potency of various tetanus-toxoids. The potency of the preparations was expressed in terms of a standard, thus obviating the use of animal standards. The method permits of the computation of the limits of error from data supplied by the test. Mice and guinea-pigs were found to be equally satisfactory test-animals as judged by the limits of error and by assay of the same material on both species. The method demonstrated that there was considerable variation in the protective qualities of a number of tetanus-toxoids purchased on the market.
Effect of Temperature of Inactivation of Human, Rabbit, and Guinea-Pig Serum Upon the Hemolytic Activity of Complement
Authors: Hazen Elizabeth L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect upon the hemolytic activity of complement of preliminary incubation (4 hours, 3 to 6 C) in the presence of human, guinea-pig, and rabbit sera inactivated at various temperatures is discussed. Varying degrees of inhibition or activation of the complement were demonstrated depending upon the temperature of inactivation of the sera. The amount of complement, in terms of hemolytic units, required for 50-per-cent hemolysis and the rate at which the number of units changed varied inversely with the temperature of inactivation of the sera. The inhibitory effect of the sera appeared to be due to properties, relatively heat-labile, and the activating effect to relatively heat-stabile properties. The effect of temperature of inactivation upon the specific activity of syphilitic sera as determined by quantitative changes in the activity of complement is also discussed. The specific activity of the sera varied with the temperature, and was approximately maximal at 55 to 57 C. The quantitative changes in the activity of the complement in the presence of sera inactivated at 59 C were not below their value at 53 C; therefore it does not appear that the specific activity of the sera was decreased by temperatures of 53 to 59 C. Although a definite conclusion cannot be drawn from so limited a study, these observations suggest that within limits, the differences in the activity of sera following inactivation are due not to the destruction of antibody by heat, but to other properties of the heated sera that affect the activity of complement.
The Immunochemistry of Allergens
Authors: Coulson E. J. , Spies Joseph R. , Stevens Henry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antigenic relationships of previously described electrophoretic fractionation products of the allergenic protein-carbohydrate fraction CS-1A from cottonseed were studied by the Dale method. Fraction CS-51R (picric acid-precipitable cathodic fraction) was found to be antigenically indistinguishable from CS-56R (picric acid-precipitable anodic fraction). Fraction CS-56S, separated from the mother liquor in the picric acid fractionation of the anodic fraction, was found to contain antigen unrelated to CS-51R or CS-56R. A refractionated carbohydrate-free cathodic fraction, CS-60C, was antigenically indistinguishable from CS-51R. Hence carbohydrate plays no apparent role in determining antigenic specificity.
The antigenic specificity of fractions CS-51R and CS-56R was not altered by the procedure of isolation. Thus they appear to be preformed native proteins.