bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Realistic Blacktopia
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The United States is dogged by racism and racial disparities in income, wealth, health, education, and criminal justice. Philosophers disagree on what kind of politics is needed to address this problem. Do we pursue race-specific remedies to undo racial inequality, or do we assume the permanence of racism and opt for non-race-specific remedies in pursuit of a more egalitarian society? Paradoxically, the way to make racial progress in racist America is to downplay race. In A Realistic Blacktopia political philosopher Derrick Darby challenges the “small-tent” approach by examining US Supreme Court cases on education and voting rights, arguing that they hold general lessons about the limits of racial politics. He further argues that pursing non-race-specific remedies with maximal democratic inclusion is a necessary strategy for mitigating racial inequality and achieving racial justice. Securing racial justice in racist America—where the myth of postracialism prevails in law, politics, and society—calls for “big-tent” remedies. Antiracists must build coalitions among marginalized populations interested in issues that impact them collectively. A Realistic Blacktopia offers clarity on how racism persists contrary to claims that America is a postracial society, explains why the myth of postracialism cannot be ignored in crafting remedies for racial disparities, and supplies a principled pragmatic proposal for achieving racial justice. Drawing on the political thought of Martin Luther King Jr., W. E. B. Du Bois, and the black radical tradition, the book also explains why achieving racial justice requires inclusive democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Introduction frames the book’s argument with a distinction between two ways to approach racial justice in America. The standard progressive approach recommends “small-tent” remedies that target problems faced by black Americans. The novel approach defended here recommends “big-tent” remedies that target a broader group of marginalized populations who experience disadvantages that impact them collectively. Blacks, Native Americans, Latinos, women, working-class whites, persons with disabilities, persons identifying as LBGTQ+, DREAMers, and other groups are concerned about jobs, housing, healthcare, education, discrimination, mental health, drugs, criminal justice, environmental pollution, the climate crisis, voting rights, and other pressing matters. The argument is that they must find ways to work together on solving these problems to make lasting progress, racial and otherwise. Even after America’s post–George Floyd racial reckoning, the irony is that downplaying race may be the best way to achieve racial progress.
Postracial Remedies
Authors: Darby Derrick 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Although it is certainly premature to celebrate the passing of racism in America, the postracial narrative is both prominent in our political discourse and deeply entrenched in US Supreme Court doctrine. Taking this fact seriously, along with the reality of stark polarization about racial matters, to pursue politically feasible and constitutionally sound remedies for racial inequality this chapter defends “postracial remedies.” They represent big-tent remedies. America’s real-world circumstances require such remedies for issues faced by marginalized populations and around which they can build broad coalitions to address them. The specific coalitions are not set in stone and will vary depending upon the issues. However, forming them is the way forward because antiracists must unite to fight.
Introduction
Authors: Summerhayes Colin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Ice is the canary in the coalmine. As it is out of sight, most people fail to recognize its importance. Ice cores provide a 1-million-year record of climate change. Our emissions of CO2 have moved us out of that 1-million-year climate envelope into a new climate regime, that of the Anthropocene. Observations prove that we are warming the planet and losing the ice that forms Earth’s refrigerator. The Earth’s climate is out of balance. Because CO2 stays in the air for hundreds of years, that imbalance—between CO2, temperature, ice melt, and sea level rise—will persist until we get rid of our excess CO2. Our climate does not yet seem “hot” because 90 percent of the heat of global warming is hidden in the oceans. But what we have now is not our grandmothers’ Earth.
Multitasking across Cultures
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractReisner traveled to Istanbul to try to secure a firman (permit) for Harvard excavations at Samaria, but delays resulted in a start to the excavations only in 1908, when Reisner was committed elsewhere. Back at Giza in 1906, Albert Lythgoe became disaffected with both the arrangement of the expedition and the collection strategy of the MFA, or so he said. He left the MFA’s curatorship (and Reisner’s expedition) for the Metropolitan Museum in New York. After several seasons of work in the Giza Western Cemetery, Reisner shifted over to the Menkaure Pyramid Temple and discovered the colossal calcite seated statue of Menkaure (in several pieces). Facing financial challenges, the expedition was “rescued” when the Egyptian government approached him for an archaeological survey in northern Nubia prior to its flooding from the forthcoming Aswan Dam. He was joined by a new assistant from Harvard, Oric Bates. Two seasons in, Reisner sought freedom from his British taskmasters on the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, and surprised his mentor David Gordon Lyon, during the latter’s visit to Giza, by declaring himself ready to take over the Samaria excavations.
Giza Politics, Giza Discoveries
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter begins with Reisner’s summons into Lord Kitchener’s office to explain how the Menkaure pair statue (dyad) could have been assigned to Boston instead of Cairo in 1910. It then covers more Giza excavations from the Western Cemetery, where Douglas Derry was called in to examine the human remains and formulate some racial conclusions. Discoveries included the tombs of Iasen, Penmeru, and the Senedjemib Complex of royal architects at the northwest corner of the Great Pyramid, which also revealed the intact tomb filled with copper vessels of the official named Impy. Reisner trained Louis Earle Rowe, then sent him to excavate at Mesheikh, where a number of unusual First Intermediate Period stelae adorned the graves. Reisner continued to assist Sir Henry Wellcome in his Sudanese Gebel Moya excavations.
Secrets of a Giza Queen
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the deep burial shaft G 7000 X holding the deteriorated funeral equipment of Khufu’s mother, Queen Hetepheres. The accidental discovery led to worldwide press coverage that rivalled that of Tutankhamun just three years earlier. Said Ahmed saved the day by preventing Alan Rowe and T. R. D Greenlees from proceeding with the tomb’s clearance until Reisner could return from his teaching semester at Harvard and the MFA in Boston (where once more, issues of ancient races were debated). These men were eventually replaced by Noel F. Wheeler and the return of Dows Dunham. The clearance took most of 1926 and 1927, ending in a surprisingly empty sarcophagus, which prompted some fascinating if fanciful historical reconstructions by Reisner. In the middle of the work, Reis Said Ahmed was lost to pneumonia, a devastating blow to Reisner and his team. Joseph Lindon Smith returned once more to Giza, and the bust of Ankh-haf was found in the chapel of mastaba G 7510. Another key Eastern Cemetery discovery was the superbly painted subterranean chapel of Queen Meresankh III. The non-stop clearance of Hetepheres’s tomb exhausted Reisner with influenza and bronchitis. Back in Boston, a major changing of the guard at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, brought new administrators into Reisner’s orbit, while in Cairo, he was pleased to see American minister Morton Howell relinquish his post and return to the United States in 1927.
Do Women Leaders Spell the End of War?
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Until very recently, women have been conspicuously absent from the upper echelons of the foreign policy apparatus around the world. In the domain of national security, women remain significantly underrepresented. This suggests a tantalizing prospect—the swelling ranks of women leaders bringing peace in the modern age. If democracies that include women voters, who very often are voting for men, are more peaceful, how much more peaceful would a world of women leaders be? Are women leaders more likely to pursue peace when afforded the opportunity? The historical record of women’s leadership might suggest otherwise. This chapter explores what is known about how women in power think about and execute the use of power and aggression.
The Future
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The process by which the votes of women altered the international conduct of countries is not simply a matter of historical interest. Understanding how and why women’s votes have affected foreign policies around the world offers broad fundamental insights into the present and future workings of democracy and international politics. For one, the changes wrought by suffrage illustrate that who votes matters. The history of the past century also shows us that isolated states do not build peace; communities do. The promise of women in greater numbers not merely winning the political game through election but changing its rules as their numbers swell is the possibility, as yet uncertain, of an even more pacific future.
Echoes of the Past, Pressures of the Present
Authors: Henry Justin W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the rise of Ravana as a cultural hero among Sinhala Buddhists, foregrounding the theoretical framework of the book through a discussion of populist politics in the twenty-first century, religious nationalism in South Asia, and a survey of related scholarship in the realms of literary and cultural studies. I highlight the degree to which the proposition that the Sinhala people are descended from the “Yaksha tribe” of Ravana represents a significant rupture from the traditional understanding that the first Sinhalas emigrated from India in the sixth century BCE—an account of the peopling of the island enshrined in the Sri Lanka’s Pali Buddhist chronicles. The chapter concludes with an examination of references and allusions to the Ramayana in the Sri Lanka’s Pali chronicles, as well as an overview of Sinhala Buddhist views on Rakshasas and Yakshas.
Terraforming the Past
Authors: Henry Justin W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter follows the emergence of Ravana as a Sinhala Buddhist cultural hero in post-war Sri Lanka, including the use of his image by monastic activists, claims to his historicity made on the part of amateur and professional scholars, and the incubation of a “Hela-Yaksha” visual aesthetic and revisionist historical narrative on various online platforms. Sustaining the overall argument of the book that Ravana’s image in Sri Lanka has been forged through essentially populist circumstances, I highlight the public, participatory dimension to the quest to excavate Ravana’s kingdom in Sri Lanka today, along with the resurrection of pre-colonial mythic topography on the map of the Ramayana Trail.
A Bridge too Close
Authors: Henry Justin W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes evidence from previous chapters to illustrate the manner in which Ravana has historically functioned as an index of distance from the Indic world, as a symbol of Lankan political sovereignty, and as a metaphor for colonial loss. I outline recent Tamil responses to the Buddhist appropriation of Ravana, along with efforts on the part of select groups of Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhala Buddhists to employ Ravana as a conciliatory figure and potential symbol of shared Sinhala and Tamil ancestry. The chapter concludes with reflections on the possible future of the Sinhala Ravana movement, as well as on the relationship of informal storytelling and folklore to “canonical” history.
How Understanding the Gastrointestinal System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 10, introduces clinicians to the basic anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The signature illnesses discussed are irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, and obesity. Cleft lip and palate are included as signature injuries. Technologies that provide enteral feedings using gastric or jejunal tubes are introduced. Other technologies include gastric surgeries that treat obesity. Engineering of medications prescribed for obesity are explained in terms of neurotransmission. Mathematical data show empirical evidence of the prevalence of obesity, social determinants of health, and Type 2 diabetes. Disease burden is introduced as a concept to explain impact of obesity on individuals and society. Mindfulness is presented as an intervention that clinicians can teach clients who suffer from GI disorders.
How Understanding the Urogenital System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 11, is a compound chapter that discusses anatomical structure and function of both the urinary and reproductive systems. End-stage renal disease is introduced as the signature illness of the urinary system and dialysis as the signature technology. Sexually transmitted diseases are discussed as the signature illnesses of the reproductive system and male and female circumcision as signature injuries. The technology section of the reproductive system presents in vitro fertilization. Birth control medications are the focus in the engineering section as well as the mathematics section. Treatments for incontinence and enuresis are discussed in the clinical section of the urinary system. This chapter presents information about gender fluidity for clinicians who may work with persons who maintain a nonbinary identity.
Measuring Volatility
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a new measure of volatility: the residuals of a Box-Jenkins procedure applied to the time series of states’ behaviors toward their counterpart. It explains why this measure can systematically capture volatility over time and space. Measurements of volatility (such as standard deviation and relative change) are inadequate to accurately distinguish volatile change in states’ behaviors from other forms of change. The chapter then compares volatility in the behaviors of countries such as India, Cuba, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, and South Korea toward both allies and rivals. The chapter demonstrates that volatility cannot be reduced to other forms of change in states’ behaviors; that it greatly varies across time and cases; and that, by abandoning useful but at times too-strict dichotomizations such as those suggested in the concepts of “alliances” and “rivalries,” the concept and measurement of volatility provide a richer, more satisfying understanding of the international arena.
Volatility and Allies
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the occurrence of volatility in an unexpected context—between countries committed to defend one another in case of a military attack. This chapter leverages primary sources in both French and English to trace how, just a few years into the 1950s, France’s behavior toward the US started fluctuating, often inconsistently, between cooperative events (e.g., bilateral talks, military and economic aid, etc.) and conflictual ones (e.g., public accusations, refusals to cooperate on crucial issues, etc.). These shifts culminated with France’s decision to leave the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1966. The chapter finds that increases in France’s volatility toward the US can be explained by an interaction of domestic interests and relative power. Alternative explanations, including mixed signals, leaders’ traits and transitions, and the presence of contentious issues, fail instead to explain variation in volatility.
“You Shouldn’t Kill That Many”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the mass murder of South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers, known as the My Lai massacre. Also highlighted are the efforts by high-ranking officials to cover up the event. Although the massacre occurred in 1968 during the Tet offensive, it did not come to light until vigorously pursued by journalist Seymour Hersh in 1969. Located in Quang Ngai province, in the northern part of South Vietnam, the area had long been a Viet Cong stronghold. Unfortunately, what happened there was not an isolated case. The chapter looks at other instances of mass killings in the Mekong Delta and describes the Phoenix program, which sought to undermine the Viet Cong “infrastructure” or VCI.
“The Great Mystery of Life”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Richard Nixon’s plan for rallying the country behind the invasion of Cambodia. The fundamental idea Nixon wanted to convey to the public was that with this attack on Cambodia he was saving lives, not squandering them, bringing the nation closer to ending the war rather than expanding it .His listeners had no way of knowing about the US bombing that had been going on for more than a year, or about the increase in American and South Vietnamese military activity in the wake of Norodom Sihanouk’s overthrow. This chapter focuses on the Cambodian town of Snoul, which was destroyed by the US and South Vietnamese invasion, and the eruption of a massive protest movement on college campuses. It casts fresh light on the protests at Kent State and the killing of students by the National Guard. As angry young people stream into Washington DC, President Nixon goes out to meet protesters at the Capitol. The chapter concludes with Governor Rockefeller’s visit to Elaine Miller, the mother of murdered Kent State student Jeff Miller.
“We Might Have Burned Your House”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the growing opposition to the war by Vietnam veterans and the demoralization among the troops still on the ground there. It begins with the Labor Day protest of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Dressed in Army fatigues and carrying military backpacks, VVAW marches along the historic route once taken by George Washington and the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Along the way, they attempt to replicate the activities they had conducted in “pacifying” South Vietnam. They called this march Operation RAW (Rapid American Withdrawal), which not incidentally was WAR spelled backwards. The chapter discusses the transformation of veteran Ron Kovic into a political activist, and the emergence of antiwar coffeehouses around military bases. The chapter culminates with a description of the Winter Soldier hearings and the revelation of massive war crimes committed by the US military.
“Take a Stinking Hill”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Lam Son 719, the movement of South Vietnamese troops into Laos, supported by US air power. To avoid negative domestic response to this incursion, MACV slapped an embargo on journalists who were trying to cover the initial moves. The most tangible effect of this censorship was the short-circuiting of public debate over the wisdom of the plan. Especially outraged was New York Times columnist James Reston, who complained furiously to Kissinger. The interference with journalists, accompanied by the habitual reluctance of the military to give bad news to the president, left the White House blindsided as operations faltered. General Abrams proved an unreliable source, as was Admiral Moorer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, leaving Alexander Haig as the only observer Nixon and Kissinger trusted. No sooner did South Vietnamese troops reach the crossroads town of Tchepone, where they were expected to remain for two months, than they evacuated the area. General Haig tells the White House that this retreat cannot be stopped.
“Everyone Was Crying”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the aftermath of Lam Son 719. For almost two years, President Richard Nixon had touted a strategy of “Vietnamization” as the route to an honorable American withdrawal from the war. With Lam Son 719, the first major test of Vietnamization, the South Vietnamese army had been visibly and publicly routed. The pictures told the story: South Vietnamese soldiers fleeing Laos in droves, terrified men clambering aboard helicopters, American pilots flying hundreds of missions to rescue them. During this time of terrible publicity, Lieutenant Calley was sentenced to prison for his role in the My Lai massacre, leading many Americans to view him as a scapegoat for higher authority. The chapter describes how Nixon gave a televised address designed to conceal the failure of Lam Son 719. Congressional Republicans, including Jacob Javits and Hugh Scott, were defecting from the Nixon administration strategy. The chapter describes how Kissinger convinces the president that General Abrams and others in the US military have misled them. At this difficult moment, an invitation arrives for the US ping-pong team to visit China, with the potential to distract the public from the war.
“Bring Our Brothers Home”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the morality of the Vietnam War and the new expressions of dissent. In the wake of the Cambodian invasion and the failed operation in Laos, for the first time a Lou Harris poll revealed that a majority of Americans considered the conflict to be morally wrong. People were asking what justified the continued killing of soldiers and civilians in a palpably unsuccessful venture. The most dramatic development was the appearance of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), who gathered in Washington for a week of protests that included a ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, powerful congressional testimony by John Kerry, and an emotional demonstration by veterans who threw away their medals in front of the Capitol. Rocked by these protests, the Nixon administration hoped that disruptive activities of the Mayday Tribe following the appearance of the veterans would be politically helpful, and toward that end applauded mass arrests. The chapter also discusses the release of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg and the Supreme Court decision upholding the right of newspapers to publish.