bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twin Oaks Intentional Community
Authors: McGraw Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Twin Oaks is a community of approximately one hundred members in rural Louisa, Virginia, originally inspired by the utopian writings of the American psychologist B. F. Skinner. The community’s values are based on the four core principles of income sharing, nonviolence, egalitarianism, and cooperation. Music’s ethical status at Twin Oaks is related to the community’s internal economy, inspired by Skinner’s novel Walden Two. Its labor system poses special problems and possibilities for musicians living in the community and encourages complex conversations about the value of artistic activity in which members pose versions of the question: What kind of good should music be and how should we value it? At first glance, the “planner–manager” system of governance that Twin Oaks adopted from Skinner’s novel appears highly bureaucratic and restrictive. But in fact it is organized around nearly continuous, collective deliberation and situated reasoning—social capacities that are honed through the community’s musical practices.
Richmond City Jail
Authors: McGraw Andrew 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes music as ethics in the Richmond, Virginia, city jail. Music’s role in the institution changed in late 2014 when residents were transferred from the old Richmond City Jail (RCJ) to a new facility, the Richmond City Justice Center (RCJC). The studio program was allowed to continue in the RCJC, but access was tightly restricted to a select population. The community that met regularly in the basement education room in the old RCJ, prior to the move to the RCJC, called itself the Sanctuary, a group of approximately fifty residents who met to write poetry, make music, study, or just hang out. The valuation and exchange of music in the Sanctuary was often subverted to the ethical norms articulated by this semi-stable community. The ethical meaning and value of music became more ambiguous following the dissolution of the Sanctuary community after residents were transferred to the RCJC.
Essentializing Social Groups
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how people essentialize social groups, taking nations as an example. The first section explains what identity and belonging are, and why they matter to people. It focuses on national belonging as an example, and it considers why people think of national groups as clearly delimited. Essentialism provides an answer to this question, and the chapter explains why DNA serves as an appropriate placeholder for our supposedly inner essences. The marketing of ancestry companies may be interpreted as promoting an essentialist view of social groups, which are often perceived, sometimes even described, as genetic communities. In fact, it is argued that not only the communities but the respective categories, which can be called genetic ethnicities, are essentialized. The chapter concludes with a discussion of a poll on the variety of views that exist in how people in various countries may essentialize, or not, national identities.
From Race to Ethnicity in Ancestry Testing
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I explain how racist and racialist assumptions became an integral part of the study of human populations in the 19th century. But even when these assumptions were outright rejected in the mid-20th century, the idea that human populations are genetically distinct continued to persist. Even today, there are scholars who think of races as having a biological basis, even if they outright reject racism. However, race has no biological basis; it is real but socially constructed. After explaining why this is the case, I clarify why even though there are biological differences among the various races, this does not entail that races themselves are biological. I also define ethnicity and explain why replacing the word race with ethnicity does not solve the problem, insofar as the assumptions for the biological basis of the differences among social groups persist. Finally, I explain why DNA markers are indicia, not criteria, for ethnicity.
We Are All Africans, Ultimately
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the first studies that aimed to figure out the deep roots of humanity, with references to a genetic Eve and Adam. Such a search for “deep roots” has limitations, however, as it relies on YDNA and mtDNA that correspond to no more than 1% of human DNA combined. As a result, the information about ancestry provided by mtDNA and YDNA analysis is limited. This chapter also offers an account of how scientists compare human populations in terms of DNA variation, clarifying that any differences are relative rather than absolute. Our current understanding of human DNA points unequivocally to a panhuman origin in Africa. However, it is not possible from YDNA and mtDNA haplotypes to infer our deep ancestry, as often claimed. Indeed, comparisons with whole-genome analyses have revealed discrepancies. Our ancestry is global and African, and any individualized point of ancestry in place and time is rather arbitrary. Ancestry is thus global and collective, rather than local and individual.
Social Constructs versus “Natural Order”
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a presentation of the concept of biogeographical ancestry that aimed to replace race and then it explains its problems. It highlights that the ancestry informative markers (AIMs) on which the respective analyses are based are informative only under particular assumptions and conditions, which results in biased conclusions. Despite arguments to the contrary, it is not possible to individuate human populations because there are no populations that have their own distinctive AIMs. Differences in the distribution of AIMs also depend largely on our choice of AIMs and the sampling procedures used. Most importantly, the populations that geneticists study are arbitrarily chosen and defined. Because of this and because human DNA variation is continuous, any differences we find most likely represent the kind of choices made rather than real differences.
Role of the MHA in Internal Security
Authors: Sinha Shakti 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) is the key instrument through which a constitutionally empowered federal government exercises its control over the states’ internal security. The MHA has a capacious ambit, but while it has shed some roles, its internal security role has grown in response to an increase in threats, both perceived and real, as well as the weaknesses of the police forces of states. This role expansion has been boosted by substantially greater personnel and financial resources. While the MHA has always relied on a mix of strategies encompassing force, economic programs, and political accommodation, it increasingly appears to be privileging order over individual liberty in its broader approach towards internal security challenges.
India’s Internal Security Doctrine in Practice
Authors: Singh Sushant 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
India does not have a formal internal security doctrine in place, but based on the strategies followed in various regions that have produced internal security challenges, a fair assessment can be made of the doctrine in practice and the variations in its implementation. This informal doctrine seeks a political resolution, without affecting the integrity of the country and within the constitutional framework, by isolating armed rebels from the people and targeting them through use of minimum force. The armed forces have to work closely with the civil administration for developmental work to win the people over, which also helps restore civilian control over the area as violence declines. Even within the variations in its implementation across regions and time, the underlying tenet has remained unchanged. But it has been recently misinterpreted as a doctrine of patience and stamina—of wearing the rebels out—which portends ill for the future.
Role of Central Armed Police Forces (CAPF) in India
Authors: Azad Yashovardhan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
CAPF is the critical arm of the state for managing internal security—fighting Maoists, insurgency in the North East, and terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir. They also guard the borders and key installations. Violence in all sectors of deployment has come down considerably in the last decade. Yet, their numbers continue to go up due to increasing requests of the states for CAPF to help in bandobast duties. Diversion from their main tasks has an adverse impact on operational efficiency. But such observations by parliamentary committees have been largely ignored. The morale of CAPF is also dented by rising figures of suicides, fratricides, desertions, and harsh conditions of service. The government is firm on maintaining the civilian character of CAPF but quite slack on civilian oversight. Few errant officers are punished for encounter killings. It is imperative to bring the CAPF under the Right to Information Act for greater accountability and transparency.
Included but Not Equal?
Authors: Ghosh Sahana 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The inclusion of women in the Border Security Force (BSF) has foregrounded several long-standing concerns around adequate infrastructures, professional development, and soldiers’ welfare, as well as raised important issues about the BSF’s functional effectiveness and gender equality in the future. This chapter draws on ethnographic research with members of the BSF to examine the inclusion of women in the BSF, why it was considered necessary, how it affects the institution, and what kinds of internal institutional debates and material conditions of work impact the recruitment, deployment, and integration of women in the BSF. Emphasizing the importance of connecting questions of gender equality with broader issues of labor and welfare for all soldiers in the Force, the chapter concludes with critical reflections on the transformative potential of this policy for shifting patriarchal military culture inside and outside security institutions.
Opportunistic vs selective feeding strategies of zooplankton under changing environmental conditions
Authors: Serandour Baptiste , Jan Kinlan M G , Novotny Andreas , Winder Monika 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The plankton community consists of diverse interacting species. The estimation of species interactions in nature is challenging. There is limited knowledge on how plankton interactions are influenced by environmental conditions because of limited understanding of zooplankton feeding strategies and factors affecting trophic interactions. In this study, we used DNA-metabarcoding to investigate trophic interactions in mesozooplankton predators and the influence of prey availability on their feeding behavior. We found that mesozooplankton feeding strategies vary within species across an environmental gradient. Some species, such as Temora longicornis consistently used a selective strategy, while diets of Centropages hamatus and Acartia spp. varied between stations, showing a trophic plasticity with the prey community. We found a dominance of Synechococcales reads in Temora’s gut content and a high prey diversity for the cladoceran Evadne nordmanni. Our study shows the wide range of prey species that supports mesozooplankton community and helps to understand the spatial and temporal complexity of plankton species interactions and discriminate the selectivity ability of four zooplankton key species. Due to the central role of plankton in marine waters, a better comprehension of the spatiotemporal variability in species interactions helps to estimate fluxes to benthic and pelagic predators.
Clinical characteristics of early-onset paediatric systemic lupus erythematosus in a single centre in China
Authors: Hou Yipei , Wang Li , Luo Chong , Tang Wenjing , Dai Rongxin , An Yunfei , Tang Xuemei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesWe sought to investigate the sex distribution, clinical presentations, disease outcomes and genetic background of early-onset paediatric SLE (eo-pSLE) in a single centre in China to help enable early diagnosis and timely treatment.MethodsThe clinical data of children aged less than 5 years old with SLE (n = 19) from January 2012 to December 2021 were reviewed and analysed. We performed DNA sequencing in 11 out of 19 patients to survey the genetic aetiologies.ResultsOur study included 6 males and 13 females. The mean age at onset was 3.73 years. The median diagnostic delay was 9 months and was longer in male patients (P = 0.02). Four patients had an SLE-relevant family history. The most common clinical manifestations at diagnosis were fever, rash and hepatosplenomegaly. ANA positivity and low C3 were identified in all children. The renal (94.74%), mucocutaneous (94.74%), haematological (89.47%), respiratory (89.47%), digestive (84.21%), cardiovascular (57.89%) and neuropsychiatric (52.63%) systems were involved to varying degrees. We identified 13 SLE-associated gene mutations in 9 out of 11 patients: TREX1, PIK3CD, LRBA, KRAS, STAT4, C3, ITGAM, CYBB, TLR5, RIPK1, BACH2, CFHR5 and SYK. One male patient showed a 47, XXY chromosomal abnormality.ConclusionEarly-onset (&lt;5 years) pSLE is characterized by an insidious onset, typical immunological patterns, and the involvement of multiple organs. Immunological screening and genetic testing should be performed as soon as feasible in patients with an early onset of multisystemic autoimmune diseases to confirm the diagnosis.
Efficacy of skin-to-skin vs. cloth-to-cloth contact for thermoregulation in low birth weight newborns: a randomized crossover trial
Authors: Pujara Reshma K , Upadhyay Vaibhava , Thacker Jigar P , Rana Bhavna B , Patel Sangita S , Joshi Jigna M , Shinde Mayur K , Nimbalkar Somashekhar M , Patel Dipen V 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveSkin-to-skin contact (SSC) is effective to maintain normal temperature in low birth weight (LBW) newborns. However, there are several barriers related to privacy and space availability for its optimum utilization. We used cloth-to-cloth contact (CCC), i.e. placing the newborn in Kangaroo position without removing cloths as an innovative alternative to SSC to test its efficacy for thermoregulation and feasibility as compared to SSC in LBW newborns.MethodsThe newborns eligible for Kangaroo Mother Care (KMC) in step-down nursery were included in this randomized crossover trial. Newborns received SSC or CCC as per randomization on the first day and then crossed over to other group on the next day and so on. A feasibility questionnaire was asked to the mothers and the nurses. Axillary temperature was measured at various time intervals. Group comparisons were made by either using independent sample t-test or Chi-square test.ResultsA total of 23 newborns received KMC for total 152 occasions in the SSC group and 149 times in the CCC group. There was no significant temperature difference between the groups at any time-point. Mean (standard deviation) gain of temperature at 120 min in the CCC group [0.43 (0.34)°C] was comparable to the SSC group [0.49 (0.36)°C] (p = 0.13). We did not observe any adverse effect of CCC. Most mothers and nurses perceived CCC feasible in hospital settings and felt that it could be feasible in-home settings too.ConclusionCCC was safe, more feasible and not inferior to SSC for maintaining thermoregulation in LBW newborns.
Inadequate Neuraxial Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Elective Cesarean Section: A Systematic Review
Authors: Patel R. , Kua J. , Sharawi N. , Bauer M.E. , Blake L. , Moonesinghe S.R. , Sultan P. 
Published: February 2023

(Anaesthesia. 2022;77:598–604)
While neuraxial anesthesia (NA) is often a common and safe form of anesthesia, it does not always properly manage pain, especially during cesarean delivery (CD). Previous studies determining the rate of inadequate NA during CD have small sample sizes and different diagnostic criteria, resulting in a wide range of reported rates of neuraxial failure, from 1.7% to 19.7%. Understanding the incidence and risks associated with failed NA would provide valuable data to guide clinicians in counseling their patients, to prompt earlier recognition and intervention if NA failure occurs, and to direct future research. By systematic review, this study sought to investigate the rate of failed neuraxial block during CD as defined by the need to repeat NA or abandon NA in favor of general anesthesia, administer intraoperative IV analgesia (excluding benzodiazepines), or supplement the epidural during the procedure. Secondary outcomes included comparing neuraxial mode failure rates and determining the rates of conversion to general anesthesia.
The Time is Now: Addressing the Need for Training in Maternal Critical Care Medicine
Authors: Padilla C. , Zakowski M. , Einav S. , Weiniger C.F. , Landau R. , Chestnut D.H. 
Published: February 2023

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2022;50:103544)
Indirect medical conditions, such as cardiovascular disease and sepsis, now cause the majority of deaths during the peripartum period within the United States, United Kingdom, and Australia. In addition average maternal age, and the number of co-morbidities and rates of severe maternal morbidity have all increased alongside pregnancy-related deaths from indirect medical conditions. Despite efforts from the National Partnership for Maternal Safety, the Royal College of Midwives, and the Obstetric Anaesthetists’ Association, delays in diagnosis and treatment and disparities in care continue. Current tools may not be able to prevent important adverse events. This article addresses dual fellowship training for critical care medicine (CCM) and obstetric anesthesiology as way to address these issues in maternal care.
Trends and Outcomes for Deliveries With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy From 2000 to 2018: A Repeated Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Wen T. , Schmidt C.N. , Sobhani N.C. , Guglielminotti J. , Miller E.C. , Sutton D. , Lahtermaher Y. , D’Alton M.E. , Friedman A.M. 
Published: February 2023

(BJOG. 2021;129:1050–1060)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy include gestational hypertension, pre-eclampsia, and eclampsia, and have been an increasing threat to maternal well-being during delivery in the last 20 years. These complications are commonly associated with other disorders or conditions such as obesity, chronic hypertension, advanced maternal age, multiple gestations, and diabetes. The consequences of hypertensive complications can include stroke, renal failure, and liver injury.
Headache and Distress During Pregnancy
Authors: Ozdemir K. , Sahin S. , Sevimli Guler D. , Unsal A. 
Published: February 2023

(Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2022;157:686–693)
Pregnancy increases the risk of maternal stress and anxiety, and headaches (HA) are a common symptom within pregnancy. Given the many causes and types of headaches, this study aimed to determine HA prevalence, investigate associated variables relating to headaches, and assess distress levels among women with HA during pregnancy.
Methods of Bloodless Care, Clinical Outcomes, and Costs for Adult Patients Who Decline Allogeneic Transfusions
Authors: Frank S.M. , Pippa A. , Sherd I. , Scott A.V. , Lo B.D. , Cruz N.C. , Hendricks E.A. , Ness P.M. , Chaturvedi S. , Resar L.M.S. 
Published: February 2023

(Anesth Analg. 2022;135:576–585)
When blood banking and storage began in the 1940s, blood transfusions became common, however, some patients desired a “bloodless” approach to health care without allogeneic transfusions. Over time, many large, randomized trials have shown that a restrictive transfusion strategy is optimal compared with a liberal one. Bloodless care has grown in popularity. This study aimed to report data on a large group of patients receiving bloodless care, health care methods, and outcomes.
Long-term Complications of Unintentional Dural Puncture During Labor Epidural Analgesia: A Case–control Study
Authors: Lacombe A. , Downey K. , Ye X.Y. , Carvalho J.C.A. 
Published: February 2023

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2022;47:364–369)
Despite epidural labor analgesia use being widespread, unintentional dural puncture (UDP) occurs at a rate of 0.5% to 1.5% depending on the type of institution (training vs. nontraining). The short-term adverse outcome—postural postdural puncture headache (PDPH), and associated nausea, vomiting, auditory disturbances, visual disturbances, neck stiffness, and reduced ADLs may resolve with conservative management. If these adverse outcomes do not resolve with conservative management, lumbar epidural blood patch (EBP) is considered the definitive treatment. Anecdotally, UDP may lead to long-term complications, but published data for long-term follow-up is lacking. The aim of this study is to investigate whether laboring women who experienced an UDP were at risk for developing long-term complications and to investigate whether EBP influences outcomes.
Comparison of Carbetocin as a Bolus or Infusion With Prophylactic Phenylephrine on Maternal Heart Rate During Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Boisselle M.É. , Zaphiratos V.V. , Fortier A. , Richebé P. , Loubert C. 
Published: February 2023

(Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2022:69:715–725)
Carbetocin is used in elective cesarean deliveries to reduce the risk of postpartum hemorrhage, and the current practice is to administer the drug as a bolus injection. Side effects of carbetocin include low blood pressure and elevated or irregular heart rate. For some patients, this may lead to hemodynamic alterations and raises the question of potential benefits to heart rate and other hemodynamic factors by administering carbetocin via a 10-minute infusion. This study compared a bolus injection to a 10-minute infusion, both with a prophylactic infusion of phenylephrine, to understand if there are significant and clinically applicable differences in heart rate. This study primarily examined variation in heart rate within 20 minutes of drug administration, but also examined other hemodynamic factors such as blood pressure and stroke volume.
Comparative Performance of Obstetric Comorbidity Indices Within Categories of Race and Ethnicity: An External Validation Study
Authors: Tangel V.E. , Bryant-Huppert J. , JIang S.Y. , Oxford-Horrey C.M. , Dzotsi S. , Kjaer K. , White R.S. 
Published: February 2023

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2022;50:103543)
In the United States, black mothers are more likely to experience and die from severe maternal morbidity (SMM), regardless of patient-level or hospital-level factors. In addition, adjustment indices and a comorbidity scoring system designed to prevent bias from SMM risk assessment were developed and validated in locations without adequate race and ethnicity representation. This study analyzed data from Florida, Maryland, Kentucky, Washington, and New York to externally validate the Bateman and Leonard indices accounting for sociodemographic and racial and ethnic diversity.
A New Index for Obstetric Safety and Quality of Care: Integrating Cesarean Delivery Rates With Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes
Authors: Ramani S. , Halpern T.A. , Akerman M. , Ananth C.V. , Vintzileos A.M. 
Published: February 2023

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2022;226:556.e1–9)
Cesarean delivery rates have been used as an outcome quality measure for evaluating obstetricians and hospitals. This rate, however, does not account for high-risk maternal factors. This study aimed to create and evaluate a new metric for comparing the quality of obstetric care, using the cesarean delivery rate among nulliparous patients with vertex-presenting singleton fetuses at term adjusted for pre-delivery maternal risk factors, neonatal morbidities, and maternal morbidities.