bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presence of Two Different Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains in Individual Cells of Established Human Hematopoietic Cell Lines
Authors: Takahashi M. , Tanigaki N. , Yagi Y. , Moore G. E. , Pressman D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Presence of γ-, α- and µ-heavy chains of immunoglobulin was examined in cultured cells of established human hematopoietic cell lines. Combinations of a fluorescein-conjugated antibody of one specificity and a tetramethylrhodamine-conjugated antibody of another specificity were used to see whether individual cells contain heavy chains of more than one class.
Studies were concentrated on two cell lines which produced immunoglobulins of more than one class.
Essentially all the immunoglobulin-containing cells in cell line LK1D (RPMI no. 4292) were found to contain both γ- and α-heavy chains. Individual cells containing both γ- and α-heavy chains were also found in high proportions in cell line RPMI no. 3157 along with the cells containing only γ-, only α- or only µ-chains. There were a few cells containing both γ- and µ-chains, but no cells were found to contain both α- and µ-chains.
In addition to the usual controls for fluorescent antibody techniques, specificity of antibody reagents was shown by staining bone marrows from myeloma patients and a mixture of cells from two cell lines, one producing only IgA and the other producing only IgG. Even when the cells of these two cell lines were grown together in the same culture, no cells were found to contain two heavy chains. This strongly suggests that the chains found in individual cells are being synthesized in the cells and are not derived from other cells in the culture.
Antibody reagents were specifically purified and were made monospecific to each heavy chain of immunoglobulin by the use of insoluble immunoadsorbents conjugated with homologous or heterologous antigens.
Studies of the Chicken Immune Response
Authors: Abramoff Peter , Brien Nancy B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Synthesis of specific antibody occurred in an in vitro culture system when spleen RNA extracts from chickens immunized with sheep erythrocytes were incubated with recipient spleen cells from nonimmunized birds. The kinetics of the in vitro antibody synthesis corresponded to the kinetics of a primary in vivo immunologic response subsequent to the 2nd day after immunization. The effects of incubating the RNA extract with ribonuclease or chicken anti-SRBC serum upon the in vitro response indicated that an antigenic fragment was a functional component of the RNA extract.
Immunologic Incompetence of Mouse Perinatal Liver Hematopoietic Cells against Transplantation Antigens
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Saltzstein Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Liver hematopoietic cells were collected from fetal and neonatal C57BL/6 mice at eight equidistant points in time beginning on the 13th day of fetal life and ending on the 7th day after birth. Aliquots of these cells were administered intraperitoneally to B6D2F1 mice. The host mice were studied by means of the Simonsen graft-vs.-host spleen weight-gain assay to determine at what stage of fetal or neonatal life mouse liver hematopoietic cells first acquire immunologic competence against transplantation antigens. None of the mouse liver hematopoietic cells from fetal or neonatal parental strain mice demonstrated immunologic reactivity against transplantation antigens in their F1 hybrids with the doses employed and as measured by this assay system.
The Induction of Acute Glomerulonephritis in Rabbits with Soluble Antigens Isolated from Normal Homologous and Autologous Urine
Authors: Lerner R. A. , Dixon F. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbits injected with crude or partially purified fractions of normal autologous or homologous urine developed glomerulonephritis. Only those fractions of urine which contained soluble GBM antigens were nephritogenic. The nephritis was shown to be mediated by anti-GBM antibodies and could be transferred to previously healthy recipients with globulin eluted from nephritic kidneys.
Interferon Response of Human Leukocytes during Intrauterine and Postnatal Life
Authors: Cantell K. , Strander H. , Saxén L. , Meyer B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The interferon response of blood samples from 11 embryos (8 to 17 weeks), 3 prematures, 8 full-term newborns, 9 children (1 month to 10 years) and 22 adults (17 to 96 years) was studied by exposing them to Sendai virus in vitro. Detectable amounts of interferon were recovered from all the cultures. The interferon titers were in general lowest among the embryos and highest among the prematures and children. However, when the titers were expressed per lymphocyte, the ratios obtained were roughly constant. This suggests that the interferon-producing capacity of human lymphocytes in peripheral blood remains relatively constant throughout intrauterine and postnatal life.
The Effects of Heterologous Anti-Thymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The suppressive effects of anti-lymphoid serum upon the capacity of mouse spleen cells to mediate graft-vs.-host reactions was measured quantitatively using a spleen assay. Changes in cellular reactivity with time after treatment were measured using a parallel line method. When spleen cells were assayed 2 days after a single injection of anti-thymocyte serum at least a 12-fold suppression in cellular reactivity was noted. Considerable suppression was found after 6 days (ninefold) and 14 days (fivefold) while by day 28 a return toward normal function was evident. A series of four ATS doses resulted in a more severe suppression when cells were tested after 1, 8 and 15 days, but by day 28 the reaction again approached normal.
The administration of smaller quantities of anti-thymocyte serum resulted in a proportionally less suppressed state. With each decrease in antiserum dose an approximately proportionate decrease in suppression of GVH was observed.
Rabbit antisera produced against BALB/cAnN thymocytes caused a diminution in the reactivity of C57BL/6J spleen cells. The degree of suppression was of approximately the same intensity as seen with spleen cells from similarly treated BALB/cAnN mice.
There was an apparent correlation between the ability of ATS to delay rejection of skin grafts and its ability to modify the graft-vs.-host reaction. It appeared that at least a 10-fold level of suppression was required to prolong skin graft survival.
Experimental Allergic Uveitis
Authors: Wacker W. B. , Lipton M. M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs and rabbits given injections of homologous retina emulsified in Freund's adjuvant developed ocular lesions typically affecting the uveal tract. Injections of both species with heterologous retina also resulted in uveitis in some instances, depending on the species of retina used. These results were obtained by both single and repeated injections of retinal tissue. In contrast, single injections of many other homologous or heterologous intraocular tissues, including uvea itself, were ineffective in production of ocular disease.
A series of repeated injections of the guinea pig with homologous uvea resulted in mild uveitis demonstrated histologically, but not clinically. Similar injections of the guinea pig with heterologous uvea were ineffective in production of uveitis, as were injections of both homologous or heterologous uvea in the rabbit.
Immunization of the rabbit with homologous optic nerve elicited uveitis and encephalomyelitis which occurred simultaneously in the same animal. Similar immunization of the guinea pig resulted in encephalomyelitis only. These results were correlated with demonstration of encephalitogenic antigen in rabbit retina, but not in guinea pig retina. The interrelation and differentiation of these models of EAU are discussed.
Modulation of TL (Thymus-Leukemia) Antigens by Fab-Fracments of TL Antibody
Authors: Lamm Michael E. , Boyse Edward A. , Old Lloyd J. , Lisowska-Bernstein Barbara , Stockert Elisabeth 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cytotoxic antibodies of H-2 and TL specificities were located in the same 7 S γ-globulin fraction of mouse antiserum. The anti-TL and anti-H-2 activities occurred together in antiserum fractions prepared by Sephadex G 200 gel filtration or by electrophoresis in a Geon block. The modulating activity of TL antiserum (i.e., its capacity to cause the TL + → TL - phenotypic change in cells exposed to the antiserum in the absence of lytic C′) also occurred in the 7 S γ-globulin fraction. When γ-globulin prepared from antiserum by Geon block electrophoresis was digested with papain, cytotoxic activity of both H-2 and TL specificities was lost, but TL modulating activity remained. Thus attachment of univalent TL antibody fragments (Fab) lacking the complement-fixing and other biologic properties of the Fc-fragment was sufficient to induce modulation. Papain digests of H-2 antibody prepared in the same way did not induce modulation of H-2 antigen or of TL antigen, indicating further that modulation of TL antigen is a specific response to TL antibody.
Immunodiffusion Reactions with Rubella Antigens
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Styk Bohumil 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immune precipitates were demonstrable in gel double diffusion tests with the viral and soluble antigens of rubella using agarose and a “chamber” technique employing a plastic matrix over a thin layer of gel. Soluble antigens gave heavier lines of precipitate than did viral antigens, possibly due to better diffusion of the smaller antigen. The immunologic relationship between viral (large-particle) and soluble (small-particle) antigens which was suggested by previous studies using complement fixation, hemagglutination inhibition and neutralization tests was confirmed by the results of immunodiffusion studies. Reactions of immunologic identity were obtained between viral and soluble antigens and between antibodies produced to either of these antigens.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Germfree, immunologically virgin piglets were used to study the ontogenic development of immunoglobulins. In the true primary immune response, the first antibody synthesized was 19 S γG-immunoglobulin which was antigenically identical to the late immune 7 S γG-immunoglobulin but distinct from 19 S γM. In addition, there was a sequential synthesis of 7 S γG-immunoglobulin before the appearance of γM or γA. It was, therefore, possible to isolate 19 S γG free from 19 S γM-macroglobulin and 7 S γG free from γA.
The purified 19 S γG-immunoglobulin of the true primary immune piglet sera had a sedimentation constant of 18.5 S (s020,w) and a molecular weight of 900,000. The purified 7 S γG-immunoglobulin of piglet and sow had a sedimentation constant of 6.6 S (s020,w) and a molecular weight of 170,000.
The specific antibody activity was demonstrated only in 19 S γG- and 7 S γG-immunoglobulins but not in 19 S γM as determined by radio-immunoelectrophoretic technique using I131-labeled actinophage and keyhole limpet hemocyanin.
Evidence presented indicates that the 19 S γG is not an artificial aggregate of 7 S γG but is synthesized as a true immunoglobulin of the 19 S class.
Because of the physiochemical similarities of 19 S γG and 19 S γM, the difficulties involved in their separation and characterization when both are present in the sera are discussed.
The Production of Thyroid Autoantibodies in Mice
Authors: Twarog Frank J. , Rose Noel R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Circulating thyroid autoantibodies have been produced in mice by the injection of either homologous or heterologous (rat and rabbit) thyroid extract incorporated in complete Freund adjuvant. Rat thyroid extract injected without adjuvant also was capable of eliciting antibodies directed against both rat and mouse thyroid extract. Even though normal animals did not respond to aqueous mouse thyroid extract (MTE), animals previously sensitized with the same antigen in complete Freund adjuvant, or syngeneic recipients of lymphoid cells from sensitized donors, readily responded to a similar injection. These results imply the production of a new population of responsive cells following initial stimulation. Histologic examination of thyroid glands from inbred mice sensitized under a wide variety of conditions revealed no pathologic changes despite the presence over a long period of time of circulating antibody demonstrated by tanned cell hemagglutination and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.
The Transformation of Column-Purified Lymphocytes with Nonspecific and Specific Antigenic Stimuli
Authors: Oppenheim Joost J. , Leventhal Brigid G. , Hersh Evan M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated cultures of column-separated “purified” human peripheral blood lymphocytes incorporated tritiated thymidine to the same extent as cultures of unseparated leukocytes. However, they incorporated less tritiated thymidine when stimulated with the nonspecific staphylococcal filtrate (SF), specific antigens or with low doses of PHA. Furthermore, SF, antigens, and homologous leukocytes stimulated a median of 10, 5 and 5% respectively of the small lymphocytes in unseparated leukocyte cultures to transform, whereas this decreased to 2, 0.5 and 0.5% respectively in the cultures of “purified” lymphocytes.
Prior incubation of the leukocytes with antigens followed by column separation resulted in an intermediate proportion of transforming lymphocytes. The addition of autologous phagocyte-rich, lymphocyte-poor leukocytes to the purified lymphocytes also partially restored the response to antigens. Restoration was also achieved by growing the “purified” lymphocytes at a higher cell density. However, growing the purified lymphocytes in conjunction with WI-38 human embryonic lung monolayers failed to restore their antigen-stimulated transformation.
The data suggest that the phagocytic cells facilitate the in vitro transformation of lymphocytes with antigenic as well as “nonspecific” stimuli.
Studies on Heterologous Antilymphocyte and Antithymocyte Sera
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Southworth Joanne , Burger Gerald M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit antisera prepared against mouse lymphocytes, thymocytes or fibroblasts showed similar patterns of serologic reactivity with cell surface antigens as indicated by leukoagglutinin, hemagglutinin, cytotoxic and hemadsorption titers.
Mice treated with 0.25 ml of antilymphocyte or antithymocyte sera successively on days -1, 0, and +1 had a striking reduction in both the total number of splenic plaque-forming cells and serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers 4 days following immunization with sheep erythrocytes. The activity of these antisera was independent of the presence or absence of passively transferred anti-sheep cell antibody. Rabbit anti-mouse fibroblast serum also depressed the immune response but to a lesser degree than ALS or ATS.
A single injection of antithymocyte serum given on day 0, 1, 2 or 3 did not result in a significant reduction in PFC, but did if given on day -1, -2, or -3. The time of treatment, therefore, was a critical factor in determining immunosuppressive activity. These observations suggest that the anti-mouse sera may have exerted their primary effects on early events associated with the immune response.
Mice treated with heat-inactivated normal rabbit serum had fewer splenic plaque-forming cells than those immunized with sheep erythrocytes alone, and it is thought that this depression may have been due to antigenic competition between simultaneously administered immunogens. All serum-treated mice developed demonstrable precipitating antibody to a rabbit serum protein which presumably was neither albumin nor rabbit γG which were still detectable at 11 days.
Prolongation of Skin Homografts by Rabbit Anti-Mouse Lymphocyte Serum in Mice Rendered Tolerant to Rabbit γ-Globulin
Authors: Howard Richard J. , Dougherty Suanne F. , Mergenhagen Stephan E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Balb/C mice readily form antibodies to the γ-globulin portion of rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum (ALS) as indicated by immune elimination of 131I-rabbit γ-globulin. Mice were rendered tolerant to rabbit γ-globulin (RGG) by injection of “biologically filtered” RGG prior to grafting with tail skin from C3H mice. Animals were shown to be tolerant by their failure to demonstrate immune elimination of 131I-RGG and by the lack of precipitating antibodies to RGG in their sera. Tolerant and nontolerant mice were given either a single injection or a series of injections of ALS after grafting. In all cases, whether single or multiple injections of ALS were given, animals tolerant to RGG retained their grafts for a longer period than nontolerant animals. These results were attributed to a decreased rate of elimination of the active γ-globulin component of ALS in mice rendered tolerant to RGG. However, both tolerant and nontolerant mice showed the same suppression of white blood cell count and lymphocyte count after an injection of ALS and both groups showed the same rate of return toward normal.
Of interest was the finding that heat-treated (63°C) RGG, as well as “biologically filtered” RGG, induced immunologic tolerance to the γ-globulin fraction of ALS and prolonged skin grafts after administration of ALS. On the other hand, active immunization with RGG in complete Freund's adjuvant did not shorten graft survival in ALS-treated mice.
Antibody to Brandykinin: Effect of Carrier and Method of Coupling on Specificity and Affinity
Authors: Talamo Richard C. , Haber Edgar , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In order to establish a reliable method for production of antibody to bradykinin for use in radioimmunoassay, eight compounds were prepared in which bradykinin as a hapten was coupled to either a polypeptide or a protein carrier. Specific antibody was elicited by four of these compounds, as detected by binding of tritiated acetyl-N-bradykinin, and the antibody response was followed for 6 months.
The various antisera obtained were compared in competition studies between unlabled bradykinin and tritiated acetyl-N-bradykinin or [14C]-2,3-proline-bradykinin. Binding affinities and antibody titers of the sera were determined from binding curves with the [14C]-bradykinin.
Coupling of bradykinin to ovalbumin via toluene diisocyanate results in an immunogen which reliably elicits specific antibradykinin antibody of specificity and affinity appropriate for use in radioimmunoassay.
Immunofluorescent Studies of Immunoglobulins in Human Lymphoid Cells in Continuous Culture
Authors: Finegold Ira , Fahey John L. , Dutcher Thomas F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immunoglobulin formation was assessed in 19 human lymphoid lines in continuous culture using fluorescein- and rhodamine-labeled antiserums specific for IgG, IgA, IgM heavy chains and κ and λ light chains. Fifteen of these lines demonstrated cytoplasmic localization of one or more heavy and light chain immunoglobulin molecules. In the cell lines which gave positive fluorescent tests only part of the cell population contained detectable immunoglobulins.
Both γ- and µ-classes of immunoglobulin heavy chain were identified in the cytoplasm of individual cells of the cell line IM-1, in which both IgG and IgM molecules are synthesized. This finding indicates that in these cells the genetic information for synthesis of two classes of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) was expressed. This finding contrasts with the evidence that most normal and malignant immunoglobulin-synthesizing cells in vivo express genetic information for only a single immunoglobulin class. Whether this feature of the cells in culture corresponds to the normal in vivo function of the culture precursor cell(s) or whether it reflects special conditions of culture will have to be answered by further studies.
An Immuno-Cytopathogenic Interaction between Sensitized Leukocytes and Epithelial Cells Carrying a Persistent Noncytocidal Myxovirus Infection
Authors: Speel Lawrence F. , Osborn June E. , Walker Duard L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Experiments in vitro have demonstrated that splenocytes from mice immunized 4 to 5 days previously with mumps virus destroy and/or inhibit the growth of epithelial cells persistently carrying a non-cytocidal mumps virus infection. Because this cytotoxic reaction is immunologically specific and appears to be induced by contact between immune leukocytes and virus antigen associated with target cell plasma membranes, it can be evaluated as a manifestation of the efferent arc of a homograft response to viral infection, and is therefore considered to be a component of cellular immunity.
Studies of Human C-Reactive Protein in an in Vitro Phagocytic System
Authors: Williams Ralph C. , Quie Paul G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The interaction of human C-reactive protein and phagocytic mechanisms was studied using an in vitro phagocytosis assay with human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, isolated γG opsonins, or various opsonic serum fractions and living bacteria. No consistent phagocytosis potentiating or blocking effect was seen with isolated human C-reactive protein either added to the phagocytic mixtures or after preincubation with either bacteria or fresh serum fractions.
Studies on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Chessin L. N. , Glade P. R. , Asofsky R. , Baker P. D. , Reisfeld R. , Terry W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Circulating human lymphocytes synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro. Immunoglobulin molecules with IgG (γ), IgA (α), IgM (µ), IgD (δ), type K (κ) and type L (λ) polypeptide chain specificity was demonstrated by isotopic labeling with 14C-amino acids and identified by radio-immunoelectrophoresis with class- and type-specific antisera.
Cell fractionation studies on glass wool columns revealed that there were two functionally distinct populations of immunoglobulin synthesizing cells in the peripheral blood: 1) non-phagocytic, small lymphocytes, and 2) a phagocytic cell fraction containing granulocytes, monocytes and up to 10% small lymphocytes. Donors displayed marked individuality with regard to the cell concentration necessary for detection of newly synthesized immunoglobulin molecules, the intensity, position, distribution of radiolabel in specific precipitin arcs, and the number of classes and types of molecules synthesized.
Circulating lymphocytes taken from the same individual on separate occasions displayed distinctive biosynthetic profiles with regard to the specific classes and types of immunoglobulin molecules synthesized. Time-course biosynthesis studies revealed that cells maintained in tissue culture retain the capacity to synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro and display distinctive biosynthetic patterns after various periods of time in culture medium.
Is Delayed Sensitivity a Preparation for Antibody Synthesis?
Authors: Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs exhibiting delayed sensitivity to the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) hapten or the bovine serum albumin (BSA) carrier showed little evidence of an enhanced antibody response to the hapten when given a booster injection of ABA-BSA conjugate. Rabbits treated similarly did show some enhancement of antibody formation to the hapten. However, when delayed sensitivity to the hapten was present prior to the booster injection of ABA-BSA the ABA-specific antibody formed was mercaptoethanol-sensitive. Moreover, enhanced antibody formation to the carrier BSA was also found. These results do not lend weight to the suggestion that delayed sensitivity per se is preparation for an accelerated antibody response, but rather suggest that nonspecific enhancement of antibody production may be produced to all antigenic determinants present at the site of a delayed reaction.