bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Properties of a Hemolysin Produced by Group A β-Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Smythe C. V. , Harris T. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Some properties of a hemolysin produced by group A hemolytic streptococci of the beta type on a meat infusion broth and on an essentially protein free medium are described.
A partial purification of the hemolysin has been achieved.
The hemolysin is reversibly inactivated by oxidizing agents such as oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, iodine and potassium ferricyanide. Such oxidized hemolysin can be reactivated by a series of thiol compounds, by potassium cyanide and to some extent by leuco methyl viologen, but not by all reducing agents.
The hemolysin is also inactivated by cuprous oxide, phenyl mercuric chloride, phenyl mercuric nitrate, alloxan, maleic acid, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and cholesterol. The inactivation caused by each of these, except the last, can be at least in large part reversed by thiol compounds.
Many of the results with activating and inactivating reagents suggest that the hemolysin contains and —SH⇄—S—S— oxidation-reduction system and that this system must be in the —SH form in active hemolysin. Some difficulties in accepting this view as the entire explanation are pointed out.
The partially purified fractions show all the properties of protein solutions. A typical preparation contained 15.3 per cent nitrogen, 1.9 per cent sulfur and 0.1 per cent phosphorus. Part of the sulfur is present in the form of —SH groups, part as sulfate sulfur and part in undetermined form.
The partially purified preparations of hemolysin are neutralized by various antisera, as is the untreated supernatant broth of cultures of hemolytic streptococci. This neutralization is independent of the state of purification or reduction of the hemolysin and is not accompanied by any precipitation, in the available range of concentrations of the reactants.
We gratefully acknowledge the supplies of sera received from the Lederle and Squibb Laboratories, the Laboratories of Sharp and Dohme, and the National Drug Company, as well as the strains of bacteria and the streptococcal products received from Dr. David Lackman.
Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Silva M. Rocha E 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the earlier works of Arthus (1909), Scott (1910) and Auer (1911), it is well known that the injection of antigen into sensitized rabbits is always followed by a more or less marked fall in the carotid blood-pressure. In 1911 Auer proposed the hypothesis that failure of the heart is responsible for the anaphylactic crisis in the rabbit. This hypothesis has been submitted to a test by Airila (1913), Coca (1919) and Drinker and Bronfen-brenner (1924). According to these workers the so-called heart death described by Auer was more apparent than real, the cause of both heart failure and fall of carotid blood pressure being closely related to pronounced stasis in the pulmonary circulation due to constriction of the small pulmonary vessels. Furthermore, Dale and Laidlaw (1910) had shown that histamine injected into rabbits produced a very conspicuous rise of pressure in the pulmonary vessels.
The Practical Assay of Type III Antipneumococcal Rabbit Serum by the Mouse-Protective Test
Authors: Holm August , Leonard George F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A type III antipneumococcal serum may be standardized in Felton units by the mouse-protective test.
The potency of the serum may be verified by using the Muench method of conducting and calculating the test.
A serum standardized in this manner may be used as control in the assay of unknown type III sera and concentrate.
Conducting such assays on the 1:10-unit level and using White's formula give reliable and reproducible results.
The ratio between mouse-protective units and antibody-nitrogen is greater with serum of high potency, plasma and concentrated antibody-solution than with material of low potency.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Paramecium: The Aurelia Group
Authors: Bernheimer Alan W. , Harrison James A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of precipitin, complement-fixing and immobilizing antibodies in the serums of rabbits immunized with paramecia is demonstrated. A standard technic for performing the immobilization-test is presented. This test is applied to the investigation of serologic specificity in Paramecium. Paramecium multimicronucleatum may be immobilized by anti-multimicronucleatum serum, but P. aurelia and P. caudatum are not immobilized by anti-multimicronucleatum serum. Analogous specificity is exhibited by anti-caudatum serum and by anti-aurelia serum. When a number of stocks of a single species of paramecium isolated from geographically remote localities are tested with the antiserum prepared with one of these stocks, one or more of the stocks is immobilized; others are not. This is true for each of the three species studied, and, therefore, for each there is evidence suggestive of the existence of two or more antigenic types.
Serological Studies of the Reptilia
Authors: Bond Glenn C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study of the hemagglutinogens and the hemagglutinins of turtle-blood included the possibility of blood-grouping within this group of animals, and the relationship of the hemagglutinins and hemagglutinogens of turtle and human blood.
It was found that isohemagglutination does occur in some species of turtles but not in others. A more intensive study of one species of turtle revealed a definite grouping of the specimens into 3 groups with 2 sub-groups. This grouping is based on the agglutinogen-content of the erythrocytes.
In a comparative study of the turtle and human bloods it was found that turtle-erythrocytes do not contain agglutinogens for human alpha and beta agglutinins. Turtle-serum, however, was found in many cases to contain agglutinins for human cells. These agglutinins were of three types, a species-agglutinin for all human cells, an agglutinin for human A cells and an agglutinin for human B cells.
The Proteins and Antibodies of Serum after Prolonged Dialysis
Authors: Raffel Sidney , Terry M. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When single samples of serum are subjected to prolonged dialysis by both the intermittent and continuous methods, the former is found to result in a greater precipitation of total protein, globulin, and antibody.
Sera obtained from a group of animals at successive points in the process of immunization with type 2 pneumococcus give evidence of changing protein- and antibody-relationships. The later sera show a progressively greater increment of water-soluble over total globulin, the presence of relatively larger proportions of total antibody in the water-soluble globulin and this antibody is probably the more multivalent. The evidence in its entirety is considered to support the thesis proposed in previous papers (1, 2); that the first, less avid antibody produced by the rabbit is associated with the water-insoluble globulin, and as immunization proceeds the increasing amounts of multivalent immune body are composed of water-soluble globulin. The specific globulin-association of the antibody produced by this species is thus primarily dependent on the stage during immunization at which serum is obtained.
Experiments on the Effect of Agglutinins
Authors: Fujimoto B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. As to the part which the agglutinins play in immunity we have yet little evidence. These bodies were formerly regarded as possessing a protective and curative power, but the bacteria that have been acted upon by them are apparently not altered in appearance and are as virulent as before agglutination. They can even grow in a specific agglutinating serum. Much of the work on this question tends, therefore, to show that they are not indicators of existing immunity. At present the agglutinins are generally regarded as playing a subsidiary rôle in immunity and as an aid to bacteriolysis and phagocytosis.
The following studies were undertaken in our laboratory in order to see whether agglutinins have any influence (1) on the glycolytic action of bacteria, (2) on the permeability of bacteria and red blood corpuscles for glucose solution and (3) on the resistence of red blood corpuscles for salt solution.
The Nature of Thermolabile Hemolysins
Authors: Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Natural hemolysins in human sera are more resistant to heat and age than complement. There is no relation between the complement content and natural hemolysins in human sera. Absorption of active human sera with corpuscles removes hemolysin but not complement. Washed sensitized cells have not absorbed complement and do not undergo hemolysis unless complement is furnished. Filtration may remove complement from a serum without any or but slight removal of a natural hemolysin. Heating serum sera at 56°C. for thirty minutes results in the partial destruction and inactivation (“masking”) of natural hemolysins, the different hemolysins varying in their resistance; heating at 62°C. results in the destruction of natural hemolysins.
Studies Concerning Possible Mechanisms Involved in Experimental Serum Sickness
Authors: Jones Lloyd R. , Roberts Eugene C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental serum-sickness in the rabbit is not affected in its time of inception, incidence or duration by the parenteral administration of histaminase. Likewise, the administration of rabbit antihorse serum to horse-serum-injected-rabbits failed to alter the development of the reaction of serum-sickness upon the animals' ears.
By the injection of a small amount of horse-serum into rabbit ear-tissue, followed later by the administration elsewhere of rabbit antihorse serum, it was possible to elicit a local serum-reaction at the prepared ear-site. This local serum-reaction was not elicited by heat-alkali processed horse-serum when comparable quantities of the antiserum were administered; reactions were elicited however by larger amounts of antiserum.
The indication is afforded that heat-alkali treatment of serum serves to quantitatively reduce, rather than to destroy or remove, a factor in horse-serum upon which experimental serum-sickness may depend.
Passive Immunization of Mice Against Human Influenza Virus by the Intranasal Route
Authors: Henle Werner , Stokes Joseph , Shaw Dorothy R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The intranasal injection of anti-influenzal serum under slight ether anesthesia completely protected mice against as much as 100 MLD of human influenza virus and permitted some of them to survive as much as 100,000 MLD. Mouse, ferret, horse, rabbit and human immune sera were found to be effective. A comparison of the intranasal with the intravenous and intraabdominal routes showed that less serum was necessary to protect by the intranasal route than by the others. The length of time protection lasted was shorter after intranasal administration (up to ten days), than after intravenous injection (up to 3 weeks), the duration depending on the amount of virus used for the test dose and the source of the serum. The beneficial effect of immune serum in the treatment of infected mice could be detected only when it was injected within 24 hours after infection. In such treatment the intranasal route appeared to be slightly inferior to the intravenous and intra-abdominal routes.
Heritable Antigens in the Erythrocytes of Cattle
Authors: Ferguson L. C. 
Published: January 2023

General Summary and Conclusions
Nine antigens were identified in the erythrocytes of cattle by means of immune isolysins. A single antibody for each of three antigens, A, B, and C, was found in as many different immune sera. Each of two other sera contained antibodies for three substances, one of them for antigens D, E, and F, and the other for antigens G, H, and I. Reagents were prepared from the antisera with which the cells of other cattle were tested for the presence of these different characters. Two of these antigens, B and D, are probably the same substance and likewise C and F are presumably identical.
A study of seven of the antigens in 104 offspring suggested that each was inherited as if controlled by a single gene. Antigens C (or F) and E are closely related and presumably are controlled by allelomorphic genes. The other five characters, A, B (or D), G, H, and I appear to be independent of the former system and also of each other.
The cells of an individual contained a particular antigen only if one or both parents possessed it. This type of inheritance allows for the use of this technic in excluding certain animals as the parents of a calf whose identification is questioned.
The Effect of Amino Compounds on the Fourth Component of Complement
Authors: Pillemer L. , Seifter J. , Ecker E. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Several amino compounds were tested for their effects on the fourth component of complement. Of these, only primary amines and hydrazine inactivated the fourth component.
Secondary and tertiary amines and negatively or polar substituted amines did not inactivate any portion of complement, except by virtue of their alkalinity.
It is suggested that the amino compounds act upon a carbohydrate complex of the end-piece, and that this complex is the socalled fourth component.
Dissociation of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci Revealed by Size of Hemolytic Zone on Blood Agar Plates
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Buchbinder Leon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Dissociation of a strain of group A beta hemolytic streptoccus was observed in which the first difference noted was the size of the hemolytic zone of subsurface colonies. The parent type (large hemolytic) produced a zone of 1.82 mm ± 0.05 mm and the variant type (small hemolytic) produced a zone of 1.19 mm ± 0.05 mm. An 18-hour blood broth culture from a single colony of the large hemolytic type which is smooth gives rise with mathematical precision to the small hemolytic dissociant which is matt. The mean rate of dissociation is 1 per cent ± 0.1 per cent.
Of equal interest are the parallel differences exhibited by the two colonial types in two laboratory tests for pathogenicity; mouse virulence and ability to grow in human blood. When the large hemolytic type is injected into mice a majority of cultures of the heart's blood of those which die yield colonies predominantly of the small hemolytic type. On the other hand, cultures from the heart's blood of mice which succumb after inoculation with the small hemolytic type only show colonies of the small hemolytic type. Comparison of the lethality of the two types of colonies for mice made by the inoculation of serial tenfold dilutions indicates that the small hemolytic type is probably more virulent.
When cultures of the large hemolytic type are inoculated into defibrinated human blood which is then incubated and mixed for three hours at 37°C, the large hemolytic type decreases to a fraction of the original inoculum whereas the small hemolytic dissociant which is about 1 per cent of the original inoculum increases to at least 200 per cent of the original inoculum. When the small hemolytic type is inoculated into human blood it multiplies profusely and it alone is observed in the test plates.
The two types appear to be antigenically similar and give the same fermentation, toxin, and final pH reactions.
The Rate of Complement-Formation in Dogs
Authors: Wasserman Philip 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Acute removal of from 50 to 83 per cent of circulating complement has been accomplished by repeated bleeding and replacement of the blood with washed cells and inactivated plasma or washed cells plus acacia and saline.
A restitution of the complement-titer to the normal level occurs in from 14 to 66 hours. In the majority of experiments this occurred within 24 hours.
No quantitative relationship between the rates of formation of serum-proteins and of blood-complement could be demonstrated.
Nonspecific Flocculation of Scarlet-Fever Toxin and Antitoxin
Authors: Bunney William Edward , Koerber Walter L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence of the non-specific character of the scarlatinal toxinantitoxin flocculative reaction is presented. The formation of non-specific antibodies in the horse seems to parallel that of a specific scarlet-fever antitoxin during immunization with toxin containing specific and non-specific antigens. A possible explanation is given as to why the flocculative reaction can be used for evaluating antitoxic titers, whereas doubtful results may be obtained in the determination of toxin-flocculation values.
A Study of the Antigenicity of Proteoses
Authors: Stull Arthur , Hampton Stanley F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Proteoses have been found to be active antigens. In the previous study (1) the commercial proteoses known as “Berna” and “Witte” peptone sensitized 18 out of 19 guinea pigs. In this study, the secondary proteose of chicken, the primary proteose of whey, the primary proteose of casein, the primary and secondary proteoses of beef and of beef fibrin were antigenic and showed specificities differing from the original material as determined by the Dale test. The degree of antigenicity seemed to depend upon the source of the proteose and any variation in the experimental condition would probably produce varying results. The primary proteose of egg-white, the primary proteose of chicken and the secondary proteose of casein as well as both proteoses of gliadin failed to sensitize the animals injected. The sensitization induced by the secondary proteose of egg-white and the secondary proteose of milk whey may have been due to the native protein since the Dale test with these proteoses showed no difference in specificity from the native protein.
The beef proteoses prepared by autoclaving showed no antigenic relationships to the proteoses prepared by peptic digestion, and they failed to produce sensitivity in the five animals injected.
Strain-Specificity of Complement-Fixation with Sera of Mice Immune to the Virus of Influenza A and Swine Influenza
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of mice immunized with human and porcine strains of influenzal virus exhibit strain-specificity by complement-fixation in that the titer is almost always higher with the homologous antigen.
The antigen-antibody curves for human and porcine influenzal antigens prepared from infected mouse-lungs and tested against immune mouse serum differ in form.
The strain-specificity observed with complement-fixation is less definite than that found by neutralization tests with the same samples of mouse serum.
The serum of human beings convalescent from influenza does not show strain-specificity by complement-fixation.
Chemo-Therapeutic and Immuno-Therapeutic Testing of Eberthella Typhosa in the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Weil A. J. , Gall L. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The developing chick embryo is highly susceptible to infection with E. typhosa. The experimental possibilities of the chick-embryo method for experimentation with typhoid bacilli are exemplified in quantitative tests demonstrating: (a) protection by an anti-typhoid rabbit immune serum, (b) effect of sulfathiazole, (c) cumulative effect of combinations of sub-optimal amounts of both antibody and drug.
Cross Protection Between Heterologous Agglutinogenic Types of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Evans Alice C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made of 43 strains of Lancefield's group A which when first tested failed to ferment lactose or fermented it slightly. Some of these strains later developed the ability to ferment lactose. The sub-group is designated “lactose deficient.”
A correlation was found between lactose-deficiency and serologic grouping in type 18.
A high degree of virulence was readily attained by all 5 lactose-deficient strains passed through mice.
Protective serums prepared with lactose-deficient strains of types 14, 15, 18, and 19 all protected mice against infection with strains of heterologous types. The serum prepared with strain 654 of type 15 showed the broadest range, protecting mice against infection with 7 out of 10 heterologous strains tested.
Quantitative Studies on the Group-Specific Substances in Human Blood and Saliva
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Kosofsky Isidore 
Published: January 2023

Summary
With the quantitative technic described in a previous paper comparative studies were carried out on the group-specific substance A in human blood and saliva using human group-B serum and anti-A immune-rabbit serum. From the reactions of the blood of A1 and A2 individuals, the presence in the human serum of two isoagglutinins, α and α1, was readily confirmed; on the other hand, the behavior of the anti-A immune serum indicates that it contains but one sort of alpha antibody, which reacts more intensely with A1 than with A2 blood. In contrast to the reactions of the blood, only slight differences were detected between the group substances in the salivas of individuals of the two subgroups, A1 and A2. In fact, in one test it was not even possible to distinguish the saliva of an A3 individual, by its reactions, from A1 and A2 salivas. While definite differences were found in the reactivities of salivas from two A2B individuals as compared with salivas of group A, these were much smaller than the differences between the corresponding bloods. These observations indicate that the A substances in saliva and blood are different. Further evidence of the difference between the group-substance A in saliva and blood was furnished by comparing the reactions with human-B serum and anti-A immune-rabbit serum, the former giving higher titers with saliva than with blood, the latter acting more intensely with blood than with saliva, at least in the case of subgroup A1. As had been previously found for the saliva of group-B individuals, so also for group-A individuals there was not much variation in the concentration of the group-substance in saliva not only in the same individual at different times, but also among different individuals.
Some practical applications in forensic medicine of the examination of secretions for their content of group-specific substances are briefly discussed.
The Development of the Agglutinogens M and N in Newborn Infants
Authors: Hyman-Parker Harriet S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The bloods of thirty-eight newborn infants were tested for the agglutinogens M and N to determine whether these substances are established at birth. Of these thirty-eight babies, two were seven-months and two eight-months prematures. The bloods of the mothers and, in all but seven cases, those of the fathers were also tested.
To determine the constancy of the types appearing in the newborn, tests were made again on them from six to twelve days after birth, from three to four months after birth, and when they reached fifteen or sixteen months of age. Because one investigator has reported the appearance of additional A and B agglutinogens after birth it was thought advisable to study these groups in conjunction with the M and N types. Consequently, all infants and adults were tested for these properties.
The M and N types were found to be established at seven months; in all cases, the types appearing in the newborn were those theoretically to be expected from the parental matings involved. There were no exceptions to the theory that the agglutinogens M and N are inherited as a single pair of allelic genes.
Subsequent tests indicated that the types are not only established in the foetus at seven months but are probably completely developed, for no changes in typing were noted up to fifteen and sixteen months of age.
The same results were obtained from a study of the agglutinogens A and B in newborn infants. No exceptions were found to the Bernstein theory and no changes were noted in grouping.
Therefore, it may be concluded that the hereditary agglutinogens M, N, A, and B are completely developed at the seventh month of pre-natal life, since no exceptions to any of the rules were found and the types and groups remained constant.