bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
History repeats itself: Impact of mental illness on violent reinjury and hospital reencounters among female victims of interpersonal violence
Authors: Neufeld Miriam Y. , Plaitano Enzo , Janeway Megan G. , Munzert Timothy , Scantling Dane , Allee Lisa , Sanchez Sabrina E. 
Published: April 2023

BACKGROUND
Violence-related reinjury impacts both patients and health care systems. Mental illness (MI) is prevalent among violently injured individuals. The relationship between preexisting MI and violent reinjury among women has not been fully characterized. Our objective was to determine if risk of hospital reencounter—violent reinjury and all-cause—was associated with preexisting MI at time of index injury among female victims of violence.

METHODS
All females (15–100 + years) presenting to a level I trauma center with violent injury (2002–2019) surviving to discharge were included (N = 1,056). Exposure was presence of preexisting MI. The primary outcome was hospital reencounters for violent reinjury and all-cause within one year (through 2020). The secondary outcome was the development of a new MI within one year of index injury. Odds of reencounter and development of new MI for those with and without preexisting MI were compared with multivariable logistic regression, stratified for interaction when appropriate.

RESULTS
There were 404 women (38%) with preexisting MI at time of index injury. Approximately 11% of patients with preexisting MI experienced violent reinjury compared to 5% of those without within 1 year (p < 0.001). Specifically, those with MI in the absence of concomitant substance use had more than three times the odds of violent reinjury (adjusted Odds Ratio, 3.52 (1.57, 7.93); p = 0.002). Of those with preexisting MI, 64% had at least one reencounter for any reason compared to 46% of those without (p < 0.001). Odds of all-cause reencounter for those with preexisting MI were nearly twice of those without (adjusted Odds Ratio, 1.81 [1.36, 2.42]; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION
Among female victims of violence, preexisting MI is associated with a significantly increased risk of hospital reencounter and violent reinjury within the first year after index injury. Recognition of this vulnerable population and improved efforts at addressing MI in trauma patients is critical to ongoing prevention efforts to reduce violent reinjury.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.
Characterization of fatal blunt injuries using postmortem computed tomography
Authors: Levin Jeremy H. , Pecoraro Anthony , Ochs Victoria , Meagher Ashley , Steenburg Scott D. , Hammer Peter M. 
Published: April 2023

BACKGROUND
Rapid triage of blunt agonal trauma patients is necessary to maximize survival, but autopsy is uncommon, slow, and rarely informs resuscitation guidelines. Postmortem computed tomography (PMCT) can serve as an adjunct to autopsy in guiding blunt agonal trauma resuscitation.

METHODS
Retrospective cohort review of trauma decedents who died at or within 1 hour of arrival following blunt trauma and underwent noncontrasted PMCT. Primary outcome was the prevalence of mortal injury defined as potential exsanguination (e.g., cavitary injury, long bone and pelvic fractures), traumatic brain injury, and cervical spine injury. Secondary outcomes were potentially mortal injuries (e.g., pneumothorax) and misplacement airway devices. Patients were grouped by whether arrest occurred prehospital/in-hospital. Univariate analysis was used to identify differences in injury patterns including multiple-trauma injury patterns.

RESULTS
Over a 9-year period, 80 decedents were included. Average age was 48.9 ± 21.7 years, 68% male, and an average ISS of 42.3 ± 16.3. The most common mechanism was motor vehicle accidents (67.5%) followed by pedestrian struck (15%). Of all decedents, 62 (77.5%) had traumatic arrest prehospital while 18 (22.5%) arrived with pulse. Between groups there were no significant differences in demographics including ISS. The most common mortal injuries were traumatic brain injury (40%), long bone fractures (25%), moderate/large hemoperitoneum (22.5%), and cervical spine injury (25%). Secondary outcomes included moderate/large pneumothorax (18.8%) and esophageal intubation rate of 5%. There were no significant differences in mortal or potentially mortal injuries, and no differences in multiple-trauma injury patterns.

CONCLUSION
Fatal blunt injury patterns do not vary between prehospital and in-hospital arrest decedents. High rates of pneumothorax and endotracheal tube misplacement should prompt mandatory chest decompression and confirmation of tube placement in all blunt arrest patients.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and Epidemiological; Level IV.
Altered Allocation of Vertical Attention in Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Steigerwald Alisha J. , Ferguson Bradley J. , Nuraini Nanan , Barnett Joseph C. , Takahashi Nicole , Zamzow Rachel , Heilman Kenneth M. , Beversdorf David Q. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Typical adults most frequently orient their attention to other people’s eyes, whereas individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) orient their attention to other people’s mouths. Typical adults also reveal visuospatial biases on tasks such as vertical and horizontal line bisections. Therefore, the difference in face viewing might be related to a more general group difference in the allocation of vertical attention.

Objective:
To use vertical line bisection and quadrisection tasks to evaluate whether individuals with ASD have a more downward-oriented vertical attentional bias than do typical individuals.

Method:
We recruited 20 individuals with ASD and 20 control participants matched for age (6–23 years), IQ, and sex. We asked the individuals to bisect and quadrisect lines on the top and bottom when the vertical lines were placed at the intersection of their right, left, and center egocentric sagittal planes and their coronal plane. The distances from the true midpoint and quadripoint were measured, and between-group performances were compared.

Results:
No significant difference was found between the ASD and control groups for vertical line bisections or lower line quadrisections. However, when the ASD group was compared with the control group for higher line quadrisections, the ASD group exhibited a greater upward deviation.

Conclusion:
There is no downward vertical attentional spatial bias associated with ASD that could help to explain these individuals’ attentional bias toward the mouth. However, additional studies are required to learn if this atypical upward vertical attentional bias might account for some of the symptoms and signs associated with ASD.
Mixed-species groups of herbivorous reef fishes show variable responses to ecosystem perturbations in the Lakshadweep Islands, India
Authors: Theo Anne Heloise , Shanker Kartik 
Published: April 2023

Herbivorous reef fishes provide a vital function in reef ecosystems by removing algae and making space available to coral recruits. The high abundance of herbivores in the reefs of the Lakshadweep islands has potentially aided in reef recovery and helped avoid a phase shift to an algal-dominated system, despite most areas having suffered massive coral losses. Mixed-species grouping in herbivores could potentially benefit both the participant species and the reef ecosystem by improving foraging efficiency. We examined the grouping propensity and species richness for three types of herbivore groups after a mass-bleaching event in 2010 and a mass recruitment event in 2015. The species richness and number of parrotfish groups, as well as the grouping propensity of common species, declined starkly across years, indicating that these groups may have formed in response to the mass-bleaching event, slowly diminishing as the reefs recovered. Conversely, large surgeonfish, which varied in richness and propensity across islands and aspect, are probably influenced by local processes. Small surgeonfish only increased in species richness and number in 2015, which may have been in response to the recruitment event. Thus, herbivorous fishes may respond differently to local ecosystem perturbations and play different roles in reef recovery.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.
Inferring the decision rules that drive co-foraging affiliations in wild mixed-species parrot groups
Authors: Ferdinand Vanessa , Pattenden Elle , Brightsmith Donald J. , Hobson Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2023

Animals gathered around a specific location or resource may represent mixed-species aggregations or mixed-species groups. Patterns of individuals choosing to join these groups can provide insight into the information processing underlying these decisions. However, we still have little understanding of how much information these decisions are based upon. We used data on 12 parrot species to test what kind of information each species may use about others to make decisions about which mixed-species aggregations to participate in. We used co-presence and joining patterns with categorization and model fitting methods to test how these species could be making grouping decisions. Species generally used a simpler lower-category method to choose which other individuals to associate with, rather than basing these decisions on species-level information. We also found that the best-fit models for decision-making differed across the 12 species and included different kinds of information. We found that not only does this approach provide a framework to test hypotheses about why individuals join or leave mixed-species aggregations, it also provides insight into what features each parrot could have been using to make their decisions. While not exhaustive, this approach provides a novel examination of the potential features that species could use to make grouping decisions and could provide a link to the perceptive and cognitive abilities of the animals making these minute-by-minute decisions.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.
Neotropical mixed-species bird flocks in a community context
Authors: Muñoz Jenny , Jankowski Jill E. 
Published: April 2023

Mixed-species flocks are an important component of bird communities, particularly in the Neotropics, where flocks reach their highest diversity. The extent to which mixed-species flocks represent unique functional or ecological roles within communities, and how these attributes change over environmental gradients, however, is not well understood. We use a trait-based approach to examine functional aspects of flocking assemblages as they relate to those observed in the larger avian community across a 3000 m elevational gradient. Our results reveal similar ecological strategies among flocking species and the communities in which they occur, at the scale of the regional pool and across elevations. Trait variation in flocking and non-flocking assemblages is structured along two major axes defined by size- and resource-related traits. The trait space occupied by flocking species, however, represents only half (51%) that of the larger community. Similarly, the trait space of flocks across elevations is restricted compared to non-flocking species. The shared trait space across flock types represents small-bodied invertivores foraging in lower forest strata, traits associated with increased vulnerability to predation. The concentration of flocking species in functional trait space suggests high niche packing and either more overlap in ecological strategies or more finely divided niches relative to non-flocking species.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Mixed-species groups and aggregations: shaping ecological and behavioural patterns and processes’.
Sex differences in the associations of genetic, sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors with depression in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA)
Authors: Théberge Emilie , Dennis Jessica 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability worldwide, with approximately twice as many women reported to have a lifetime occurrence of MDD than men. MDD is a polygenic trait, wherein hundreds to thousands of common genetic variants with small effect sizes contribute to risk of disease. This study investigated sex differences in the risk factor comorbidity and genetic architecture of MDD in over 16,000 people aged 45-85 from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA), with 21% of females (n=1,741) and 12% of males (n=1,055) coded with MDD. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) for individuals were made using sex-stratified and non-sex-specific (“both-sexes”) UK Biobank genome-wide association study summary statistics data. Odds of MDD for the sex-specific PRSs, socioeconomic, lifestyle and clinical risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease risk were assessed using a multivariable logistic regression model for each sex. Significant sex-specific risk factor associations with odds of MDD were found in females (history of ischemic heart disease (OR 1.52 (1.14-2.01), hypothyroidism (OR 1.42 (1.25-1.63), not being partnered (OR 1.34 (1.17-1.52)), having diabetes (OR 1.30 (1.11-1.52)), and higher female sex-specific autosomal PRS (OR 1.10 (1.04-1.16))) and males (high blood pressure, OR 1.35 (1.04-1.47)). Significant differences were observed in the proportion of variables that contributed to the most to each model, evaluated by relative pseudo-R2values. Age contributed the most to the model for both sexes (46.9% for females, 32.5% for males), wherein younger age was associated with higher odds of MDD. These results underscore the relevance for sex-disaggregating analyses of complex traits, like MDD, and the incorporation of clinical variables into models of MDD, in applications such as early detection and primary prevention.
Assessment of Geriatric Depression among Elderly Peoples Residing at Rural Area of Kheda District, Gujarat
Authors: Parmar Vaibhavi , Nagar Kailash , Jain Virendra 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTBackgroundDepression is a major mental health problem, which is yet to be recognized as an important public health challenge. About 322 million people affected with depression worldwide.Depression among the elderly population in India has been recognized as one of the major public health problems with a prevalence of 8 to 22%. It causes significant suffering and accounts for 5.7% of the years lived with disability, to make matters worse, it has been reported that in many cultures and societies, deteriorating mental status, say it dementia or depression, has been perceived as a part of normal ageing.Aims and ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to explore the magnitude and risk factors of depression in elderly people residing in rural area of Gujarat.Objective1. To assess the level of depression among elderly people residing at rural area. 2. To find out Significant Association between the level of depression selected demographic variables among elderly people at rural area.MethodologyDesign and SettingA cross sectional descriptive study design was used. Non probability convenient sampling technique was used to drawn samples. 100 elderly persons were screened. Geriatric depression scale (GDS) was used to assess depressive level. A self-rating questionnaire tool was used to collect data and some socio-demographics and clinical variables. Prior to data collection written setting permission obtain from authority of the village and written consent from was obtained from the participants. Data for study was collected by door to door visit in selected community. Chi square was employed to determine association of collected data.Tool consists of followingSection A:Socio-demographic variables.Section B:Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS).The GDS questions are answered ‘yes’ or ‘no’, instead of a five-category response set. This simplicity enables the scale to be used with ill or moderately cognitively impaired individuals. The scale is commonly used as a routine part of a comprehensive geriatric assessment. One point is assigned to each answer and the cumulative score is rated on a scoring grid. The grid sets a range of 0–9 as ‘normal’, 10–19 as ‘mildly depressed’, and 20–30 as ‘severely depressed.ResultsResults showed that 61% was Male and 39% was Female. The majority of had 71% primary education. Regarding work majority 60% are labor, regarding financial dependency most 62% was independent, 35(35%) dependent. This study reveals that level of depression among geriatric peoples, 51 (51%) peoples had no depression, 33 (33%) having mild depression and 16 (16%) having severe depression level.ConclusionIt is concluded that nearly 50% of geriatric peoples having no depression and mild depression is more prevalent among elderly in selected rural area of Gujarat. So majority of the elderly peoples were found normal.
Short-term surrogate biomarkers of chronic lesion expansion
Authors: Klistorner Samuel , Barnett Michael H , Parratt John , Yiannikas Con , Klistorner Alexander 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectivesSlow expansion of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions has been shown to significantly contribute to disease progression. However, accurate assessment of this metric remains challenging. We investigated whether the long-term damage caused by slow-burning inflammation at the rim of chronic MS lesions can be predicted within timeframe of a typical clinical trial, using surrogate imaging markers.MethodsPre- and post-gadolinium 3D-T1, 3D FLAIR and diffusion tensor images were acquired from 42 patients with MS. Lesion expansion was analysed annually between baseline and 48 months. The volume of chronic lesion expansion was stratified by the degree of tissue damage within the expanding component of the lesion, measured by a progressive volume/severity index (PVSI). Central brain atrophy (CBA) and the degree of tissue loss inside chronic lesions (measured by the change of T1 intensity and MD) were used as surrogate markers.ResultsCBA measured after 2 years of follow-up predicted PVSI at 4 years with a high degree of accuracy (r=0.90, p<0.001, ROC area under the curve 0.92, sensitivity of 94%, specificity of 85%). Increased MD within chronic lesions measured over 2 years was also strongly associated with future PVSI (r=0.80, p<0.001, ROC area under the curve 0.87, sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 81%). In contrast, change in lesion T1 hypointensity poorly predicted future PVSI (best sensitivity and specificity 60% and 59% respectively).InterpretationCBA and, to a lesser degree, the change in MD within chronic MS lesions, measured over 2 years are reliable and sensitive predictors of the extent and severity of long-term lesion expansion.
Breakfast skipping as an indicator of unhealthy lifestyle among adolescents: A short letter
Authors: Daneshvar Mojtaba 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRegular breakfast consumption plays a crucial role in the overall health and well-being of children and adolescents, making it an essential factor in maintaining healthy lifestyle habits. This study examined the association between breakfast skipping (BS) and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in US adolescents using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBS) 2018 survey. The prevalence of BS was significantly linked to age and race but not gender. After adjusting for confounding variables, a significant positive correlation was observed between BS and low physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and high TV time. No such association was found with high video-game time. The findings highlight the importance of regular breakfast consumption as a vital component of healthy lifestyles among youth. Encouraging regular breakfast habits may reduce the risk of developing unhealthy behaviors and obesity in this population
Coronary artery calcification in the Moscow population (based on the Moscow Experiment on the use of computer vision in medical imaging)
Authors: Vasilev Yuriy A. , Goncharova Inna V. , Vladzymyrskyy Anton V. , Shulkin Igor M. , Arzamasov Kirill M. 
Published: April 2023

SummaryIntroductionThe challenges related to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases remain acute. One of the measures to prevent these conditions from occurring is early detection of risk factors, one of which is coronary calcium. The latest achievements in computer vision made it possible to conduct opportunistic screening for coronary calcium.ObjectiveTo study the prevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases in the Moscow population based on automated analysis of imaging findings.Materials and methodsA retrospective descriptive epidemiology study was carried out. Chest CT studies of 165,234 patients were analyzed. AI services carried out the automated analysis to detect CAC and to calculate the CAC score (CACS).ResultsCoronary calcium was detected in 61.4% of the participants. The proportion of diagnosed men was 68.9% (of all men), women – 55.7% (of all women) (p<0.001). The CAC score ranged between 1 to 60,306; the mean value was 558.2. The mean CACS increase for the entire population was 170.75; the mean growth was 168.13% the mean growth rate was 68.13%. 47.6% of men and 36.5% of women had clinically significant CACS (p<0.001). Most participants with clinically significant CAC belonged to Elderly and Senile age groups (42.0% each).ConclusionsThe prevalence of coronary calcium in the Moscow population was 8.03 per 1000 people. CAC (including clinically significant) was significantly more common in men. The mean CACS was significantly higher compared to the female population across most age groups. There is a continuous increase in the mean CACS with age.
The Lasting Legacy of COVID-19: Exploring the Long-Term Effects of Infection, Disease Severity, and Vaccination on Health and Cognitive Function
Authors: Flegr Jaroslav , Latifi Ashkan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCOVID-19 affects a variety of organs and systems of the body including the central nervous system. Recent research has shown that COVID-19 survivors often experience neurological and psychological complications that can last for months after infection. We conducted a large internet study using online tests to analyze the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 severity, and vaccination on health, intelligence, memory, and information processing precision and speed in a cohort of 4,446 subjects. We found that both SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity were associated with negative impacts on patients’ health. Furthermore, we observed a negative association between COVID-19 severity and cognitive performance. Younger participants had a higher likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 contraction, while the elderly had a higher likelihood of severe COVID-19 and vaccination. The association between age and COVID-19 severity was primarily mediated by older participants’ impaired long-term health. Vaccination was positively associated with intelligence and the precision of information processing. However, the positive association between vaccination and intelligence was likely mediated by achieved education, which was itself strongly associated with the likelihood of being vaccinated.