bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification systems of acute appendicitis as an indicator for paediatric surgical consultation of children with acute abdominal pain
Authors: Kaselas Christos , Florou Maria , Demiri Charikleia , Tsopozidi Maria , Anastasiadis Kleanthis , Spyridakis Ioannis 
Published: December 2022

AimThis study examined if the classification systems for acute appendicitis could be applied in the emergency department as an indicator for surgical consultation, in order to reduce unnecessary paediatric surgery admission.MethodsThe Alvarado Score (ALS) and the Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) were applied. The decisions for hospitalisation and treatment were made independent of the scores.ResultsIn total, 307 children with abdominal pain suggestive of acute appendicitis were included. We used a cut‐off point of 7 and divided the patients into groups; the group with score ≥ 7 points was considered the positive ALS and/or PAS group, and the group with score < 7 points was the negative ALS and/or PAS group. The same process for cut‐values set at 6 points was followed. The joint probabilities for the 7‐point‐thresholds were: ALS‐sensitivity 84%, PAS‐sensitivity 85%, ALS‐specificity 92%, PAS‐specificity 92%, ALS‐positive predictive value (PPV) 83%, PAS‐PPV 84% and 93% negative predictive value (NPV) for both scores. Considering the 6‐point‐thresholds, we estimated: 94% sensitivity for both scores, 74% ALS‐specificity, 84% PAS‐specificity, 66% ALS‐PPV, 73% PAS‐PPV, 91% ALS‐NPV and 97% PAS‐NPV.ConclusionThe scoring systems provided acceptable prediction of patients with and without appendicitis. They may be of use in the emergency department, as assistive diagnostic‐tools, in order to reduce paediatric surgery consultations, admissions and treatment costs.
Molecular and cytogenetic evidence for sibling species in the Chagas disease vector Triatoma maculata
Authors: Gómez‐Palacio Andrés , Pita Sebastián , Abad‐Franch Fernando , Monsalve Yoman , Cantillo‐Barraza Omar , Monteiro Fernando A. , Pavan Márcio G. , Santos Walter S. , Panzera Alejandra , Burgueño‐Rodríguez Gabriela , Panzera Francisco 
Published: December 2022

AbstractTriatoma maculata (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Triatominae) occurs across dry‐to‐semiarid ecoregions of northern South America, where it transmits Trypanosoma cruzi, causative agent of Chagas disease. Using 207 field‐caught specimens from throughout the species' range, mitochondrial(mt) DNA sequence data, and cytogenetics, we investigated inter‐population genetic diversity and the phylogenetic affinities of T. maculata. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analyses (cytb and nd4) disclosed a monophyletic T. maculata clade encompassing three distinct geographic groups: Roraima formation (Guiana shield), Orinoco basin, and Magdalena basin (trans‐Andean). Between‐group cytb distances (11.0–12.8%) were larger than the ~7.5% expected for sister Triatoma species; the most recent common ancestor of these T. maculata groups may date back to the late Miocene. C‐heterochromatin distribution and the sex‐chromosome location of 45S ribosomal DNA clusters both distinguished Roraima bugs from Orinoco and Magdalena specimens. Cytb genealogies reinforced that T. maculata is not sister to Triatoma pseudomaculata and probably represents an early (middle‐late Miocene) offshoot of the ‘South American Triatomini lineage’. In sum, we report extensive genetic diversity and deep phylogeographic structuring in T. maculata, suggesting that it may consist of a complex of at least three sibling taxa. These findings have implications for the systematics, population biology, and perhaps medical relevance of T. maculata sensu lato.
Tree diversity and identity modulate the growth response of thermophilous deciduous forests to climate warming
Authors: Iacopetti Giovanni , Selvi Federico , Bussotti Filippo , Pollastrini Martina , Jucker Tommaso , Bouriaud Olivier 
Published: December 2022

Tree diversity and species identity are known to play an important role in modulating forest productivity and its capacity to buffer the effects of climatic events. The FunDivEurope exploratory platform allowed us to analyse this modulating effect in a medium‐term time span, after an abrupt rise to a new stable level of the average summer temperature of ca 2°C, in Mediterranean forests in central Italy.This paper aims to answer the following questions: 1) did increasing temperature and drought events affect the growth of thermophilous deciduous forests? 2) Was this effect buffered in mixed stands compared to monocultures? 3) Did co‐occurring tree species with different ecological characteristics, from more mesophilous to more xerophilous, have different responses?In 2012 and 2017, wood cores were collected from 659 trees in 36 plots representative of thermophilous deciduous forests. The selected tree species were Castanea sativa, Ostrya carpinifolia, Quercus cerris, Quercus ilex and Quercus petraea. In the sampling plots, they were present in pure stands and mixtures from two to four species. After measuring annual rings on cores, chronologies of basal area increment were built, and inventory data were used to estimate tree growth. Results showed a strong reduction of growth, lasting at least 18 years, after the temperature rise. Tree diversity significantly reduced the growth drop after the sudden and stable rise in summer average temperature. Tree mixture effect on growth stability appeared to be dependent on the tree species present in the mixture.Temperature rise and associated drought events, even without changes in rainfall, are one of the main challenges that European forests will face in the current scenarios of climate change. Tree diversity can buffer the effects of climate change over periods of at least 15 years and should be considered in forest management plans.
Tall P‐waves in inferior leads: A case of coexisting ectopic rhythm and atrial fibrillation arising from the superior vena cava
Authors: Honda Nobuhiro , Isayama Koichi , Kojima Keisuke , Furukawa Shoichiro , Inanaga Keita , Inoue Shujiro 
Published: December 2022

AbstractSuppression of atrial fibrillation (AF) arising within the superior vena cava (SVC) requires SVC electric isolation (SVCI) without sinus node (SN) injury. If an ectopic rhythm and AF trigger coexist within the SVC, the intra‐SVC ectopic rhythm complicates the pre‐SVCI search for the SN. This coexistence is without precedent; however, it is important to carefully locate the SN to prevent injury during SVCI. This case shows a paroxysmal AF with both phenomena coexisting in the SVC. Moreover, outpatient electrocardiographic assessment for tall P‐waves in inferior leads before catheter ablation could predict these phenomena and enable safer SVCI.
Retrospective evaluation of elevator‐related injuries in dogs (2015–2020): 13 cases
Authors: Bartling Justina , Whelan Megan , Sinnott‐Stutzman Virginia 
Published: December 2022

AbstractObjectiveTo describe elevator‐related injuries in dogs.DesignRetrospective study, August 2015 to October 2020.SettingFour urban referral and emergency veterinary facilities.AnimalsThirteen client‐owned dogs presenting with injuries sustained while using an elevator.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThirteen dogs were treated for elevator‐related injuries. The mean age of this population was 4.9 ± 4.1 years. Median body weight was 4.3 kg (range = 1.5–32 kg). Dogs in this study were significantly smaller than dogs presenting for all types of trauma during the same study period found in the Veterinary Committee on Trauma registry (VetCOT) (median = 14.5 kg, range = 0.1–141; P = 0.038). There was no difference in age between this study population and dogs presenting for trauma in the VetCOT registry (median = 4.2 years, range = 0.1–26.4, P = 0.7358). Nine dogs sustained a crush injury (69%), and 7 of these dogs received surgical intervention. Four dogs experienced leash entrapment in the elevator doors (31%), and none required surgical intervention. Two of these 4 dogs required inpatient hospital care. No deaths occurred in either group.ConclusionsInjuries that can be sustained by dogs in an elevator include crush injuries from doors closing on limbs or tails and injury due to leash entrapment in an elevator door. Many elevator‐related injuries required surgical intervention, and recovery was often protracted. All dogs survived to hospital discharge in the present study, and none of the injuries in these dogs had serious long‐term consequences.
Turbulence and Energy Dissipation
Authors: Kalinske A. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper incorporates a study of the origin and dissipation of turbulence energy which makes possible a better understanding of the mechanics of energy losses that are introduced by various flow-disturbing devices such as expansions, bends, valves, etc. The important parameters which characterize turbulence are the root-mean-square values of the fluctuating velocity components, the length factor proportional to the size of the small eddies responsible for the dissipation of energy, and the length factor proportional to the average size of the eddies. The effect of variation of these parameters on the energy losses occurring in turbulent flow are discussed, and also the change in these parameters in the decaying turbulence beyond turbulence-producing devices is indicated. Data are presented showing the variation in the kinetic energy of mean flow and the turbulence energy in a 15-deg conical divergence. Visual studies of the start of turbulence at rounded entrances to smooth conduits seem to indicate that there is a regular vortex formation at the boundary, and the dispersion of these vortexes into the main fluid stream gradually establishes normal turbulent flow.
Lateral Stiffness and Vibration in Engine Structures
Authors: Pyles Russell 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The forces tending to produce horizontal vibration in engine frames may be obtained from the bearing-load diagrams. For an eight-cylinder nine-bearing engine, the dominant forces occur at the center main bearing and bearings Nos. 3 and 7. The first major horizontal critical speed is the eighth order, which will come into resonance when the engine speed is one eighth the natural horizontal frequency of frame.
In view of the difficulty of predicting the horizontal frequency of the complicated frame structure, a simplified empirical method of comparing stiffness of frames is given.
Experience With Metals at High Temperatures for Power Plants
Authors: White A. E. , Clark C. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From wide experience with various metals and applications of different types, in high-pressure, high-temperature power-plant service, the authors have selected piping and bolting materials for detailed discussion. In this field, carbon-molybdenum steel is receiving the greatest amount of attention and so the properties, control of grain size, heat-treating practice, creep rates, and kindred matters for this material are dealt with in the paper. Based on two specifications for bolting material issued by the American Society for Testing Materials, the authors discuss the selection of properties, heat-treatment practice, and causes of failure in this type of material. The conclusion is reached that in so far as suitable alloys for pipes and bolts for high temperature are concerned, the art is yet in its developmental stage.
The Fuel-Bed Tests at Hell Gate Generating Station, 1937-1938
Authors: Mayers M. A. , Dargan W. H. , Gershberg Joseph , Dalway B. C. , Williams M. J. , Kaiser E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is a final report on fuel-bed tests at Hell Gate Generating Station and includes some of the conclusions reached in the authors’ study of the data up to this time. The fuel bed of a multiple-retort underfeed stoker is shown to consist of vertical strata parallel to the center lines of the retorts and tuyère stacks in which coking and ignition processes occur along the entire length of the stoker. The actual burning of the carbonized fuel occurs largely by overfeed action in the burning lanes where the temperature and pressure gradients are determined by the rate of primary-air flow, and the gases, rising from the burning lanes, may require the addition of secondary air for complete combustion. It is shown that control of the contour of the fire in operating practice may affect not only the amount of coke blown from the fire and the degree of gas stratification in the boiler passes, but also the severity of treatment to which the stoker iron is subjected.
Mill Drying of Coal
Authors: Fitze M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper develops the fact that the drying of coal in the mill while grinding, instead of in separate driers previous to mill operations, makes possible large savings in equipment, building, and operating costs, besides making possible a net gain in boiler-plant efficiency in the order of 0.5 per cent. This gain is due to improvement in air-heater performance, resulting from lesser gas flow through it as well as the reduction of approximately 6 per cent of the total gas to 150 F instead of the usual 350 F. Use of an auxiliary cyclone in the mill-vent circuit, with return of the coal separated therefrom to the mill, results in a coal loss from the system of only about 0.25 per cent.
Kaplan Turbine Installations of the Tennessee Valley Authority
Authors: Rich G. R. , Roberts J. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Eight Kaplan turbines recently installed in the Pickwick Landing, Guntersville, and Chickamauga plants of the Tennessee Valley Authority have a total capacity of 300,000 hp at rated head, and in physical size are among the largest constructed. The paper reviews the function of Kaplan turbine plants in the Tennessee River development as a whole, the determination of turbine requirements, the power-station arrangement, and noteworthy features of turbine design, construction, and erection.
A New Steam Engine and Boiler
Authors: Knox S. L. G. , Yellott J. I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The paper presents descriptions of a new type of steam engine and a forced-circulation boiler which were designed by Mr. Knox and tested by Professor Yellott. The engine has a maximum capacity of 90 hp and is a high-speed compound reversible unit with uniflow exhaust. The description relates particularly to the unusual features of the inlet valves. The boiler employs a new principle for obtaining forced circulation. An impeller placed longitudinally in a lower drum exerts a pumping action which results in a uniform and rapid circulation through a number of riser tubes which comprise the walls of the combustion chamber. The paper is presented as a progress report. It is the authors’ purpose by this means to present new and improved ways of accomplishing familiar ends, rather than to give an exhaustive discussion of the development of the particular units involved.
Recent Developments of the Pease-Anthony Gas Scrubber
Authors: Kleinschmidt R. V. , Anthony A. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper brings up to date recent developments in an improved cyclonic-spray scrubber. Theory of design is discussed briefly, but more attention is devoted to actual installations and their performances, troubles, and possibilities. A table of test data is given covering units from 200 to 50,000 cfm. Scrubbing of boiler flue gases for fly-ash removal is covered with particular emphasis on possibilities for improved efficiencies and lower costs; possible benefits and economies through recovery and sale of SO2 are indicated. Two installations for treatment of tar fog are described. Application to the cleaning and cooling of blast-furnace gas is reported in a preliminary way. A modification, retaining the principles of fine atomization but with the gas and liquid in countercurrent contact, is described, and compared favorably with bubble-cap columns and packed towers. Miscellaneous special applications are listed briefly.
Relationship of Viscosity to Rate of Shear
Authors: Bradford L. J. , Villforth F. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper reports tests designed to check the validity of the assumption that lubricating oils belong to the class of a Newtonian fluid, which is defined as one in which the force required to shear it is directly proportional to the rate of shear. It is on this assumption, which in recent years has been questioned, that equations for the behavior of bearings have been based. Experimental evidence is produced in support of Petroff’s equation which states that the torque required to rotate a journal, concentric with its bearing, is directly proportional to the product of the absolute viscosity and the rate of shear of the fluid separating the journal and the bearing. The agreement of the results with those predicted by the Petroff equation upon the assumption of the independence of viscosity from the rate of shear holds for all of the oils investigated.
Some Particulars of Design and Operation of Twin-Furnace Boilers
Authors: Blizard John , Foster A. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper outlines the advantages to be gained by making a boiler with two furnaces instead of one. These advantages comprise a lower furnace exit-gas temperature in a boiler provided with two furnaces than in a boiler with a single furnace, for the same rate of heat liberation per unit of furnace volume. Further, it is pointed out that, when a radiant superheater is installed in one of the furnaces, the final temperature of the steam may be controlled over a wide range of steaming by suitable adjustment of the rate of firing in both furnaces. A particular boiler generating 750,000 lb of steam per hr with two furnaces, fitted with both radiant and convection superheaters, is described and some particulars of its operation are given. Other boilers with two furnaces and provided with radiant superheaters are also illustrated and described.
A New Degasifying Steam Condenser for Use in Conductivity Determinations
Authors: Straub F. G. , Nelson E. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper describes a degasifying steam condenser which will furnish a continuous sample of either steam or condensate which is free from dissolved gases but which contains the dissolved solids which were present in the original sample. Seven of these condensers have been built and installed in different power plants varying in pressure from 150 to 1250 psi. They have reduced the carbon dioxide from 20 ppm and the ammonia from 3.5 ppm to as low as 0.01 ppm for both gases. The unit is automatic requiring practically no attention once it is installed. The sample of degasified steam or condensate may be passed through a conventional conductivity cell and a continuous record kept if desirable. Data collected from the various plants are given as well as data collected in laboratory tests.
Calibration of Displacement Meters on Volatile-Liquid-Petroleum Fractions
Authors: Jacobson E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author describes a prover design for use in calibrating displacement meters on volatile-liquid petroleum fractions such as gasoline which will eliminate errors caused by evaporation, change in temperature, and entrainment of gases in the test liquid. Details are also given of a simplified commercial type of prover. This type of prover has been successfully used on an extensive meter-testing program at the Gulf Research Laboratory as a part of the 25-year program of the A.S.M.E. Fluid Meters Committee.
Treatment of Make-Up Water for the Waterside Topping Installation
Authors: Arnold C. B. , Hanlon R. T. , Mindheim J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper deals with boiler-feedwater treatment for the 1400-psi topping installation at the Waterside Station of the Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. On the basis of thermal economy, degasification, treating costs, and installation convenience, a cold-water carbonaceous-zeolite treating system was deemed preferable. The application of the Zeo-Karb system selected, its operation, and results obtained constitute the principal features of the paper.
Effect of Grain Size and Structure on Carbon-Molybdenum Steel Pipe: An Investigation of These Properties for Their Bearing on Suitability of Such Pipe for High-Temperature Steam Service
Authors: White A. E. , Crocker Sabin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper gives the results of an investigation sponsored by The Detroit Edison Company at the University of Michigan for the purpose of relating the grain size and grain structure of carbon-molybdenum steel pipe to its high-temperature creep properties at 925 F. Pipe specimens were obtained from eight different heats of carbon-molybdenum steel, six being made by the open-hearth, and two by the electric-furnace process, and an attempt was made to correlate the respective creep strengths at 925 F with other significant properties obtained through short-time tests. At this stage of the investigation no apparent relationship was found. Further tests were conducted on heat-treated specimens from a single heat of steel which had been made by a preferred melting practice. From these tests, it is evident that, if the carbide structures are of a Widmanstätten type, with grain sizes ranging from 2 to 7, the steels will have high-temperature creep properties superior to those in which the carbides are in other conditions or forms. It is also believed that too great an emphasis has been placed on grain size and not enough on type of carbide structure. It is felt that consideration should be given to both factors, though with greater emphasis on the type of carbide structure.
Multi-Metric Validation Under Uncertainty for Multivariate Model Outputs and Limited Measurements
Authors: White Andrew , Mahadevan Sankaran , Schmucker Jason , Karl Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Model validation for real-world systems involves multiple sources of uncertainty, multivariate model outputs, and often a limited number of measurement samples. These factors preclude the use of many existing validation metrics, or at least limit the ability of the practitioner to derive insights from computed metrics. This paper seeks to extend the area metric (univariate only) and the model reliability metric (univariate and multivariate) to account for these issues. The model reliability metric was found to be more extendable to multivariate outputs, whereas the area metric presented some difficulties. Metrics of different types (area and model reliability), dimensionality (univariate and multivariate), and objective (bias effects, shape effects, or both) are used together in a “multimetric” approach that provides a more informative validation assessment. The univariate metrics can be used for output-by-output model diagnosis and the multivariate metrics contributes an overall model assessment that includes correlation among the outputs. The extensions to the validation metrics in this paper address limited measurement sample size, improve the interpretability of the metric results by separating the effects of distribution bias and shape, and enhance the model reliability metric's tolerance parameter. The proposed validation approach is demonstrated with a bivariate numerical example and then applied to a gas turbine engine heat transfer model.