bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance on Healthcare Utilization Inequality in China
Authors: Zhang Liangwen , Chen Rui , Fang Ya 
Published: February 2023

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the effects of Urban and Rural Resident Basic Medical Insurance (URRBMI) integration on healthcare utilization and explore the contribution of URRBMI to healthcare utilization inequality among middle-aged and older adults.Methods: Using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2011–2018. The difference-in-difference model, concentration index (CI), and decomposition method were adopted.Results: The results suggested that the probability of outpatient visits and the number of outpatient visits had decreased by 18.2% and 10.0% respectively, and the number of inpatient visits had increased by 3.6%. However, URRBMI had an insignificant effect on the probability of inpatient visits. A pro-poor inequality for the treatment group was observed. The decomposition revealed that the URRBMI contributed to the pro-poor inequality in healthcare utilization.Conclusion: The findings suggest that URRBMI integration has decreased outpatient care utilization and improved the number of inpatient visits. While the URRBMI has improved healthcare utilization inequality, some challenges still exist. Comprehensive measures should be taken in the future.
Expression of the immune targets in tumor-infiltrating immunocytes of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia
Authors: Cheng Hongyan , Zong Liju , Yu Shuangni , Chen Jie , Wan Xirun , Xiang Yang , Yang Junjun 
Published: February 2023

Objectives: To evaluate the expression of emerging immune targets in the tumor-infiltrating immunocytes (TIIs) of human gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) specimens, and to analyze the correlation between the expression patterns and prognosis of GTN patients.Methods: Between January 2008 and December 2017, patients who were diagnosed histologically with GTN were included in this study. The expression densities of LAG-3, TIM-3, GAL-9, PD-1, CD68, CD8, and FOXP3 in the TIIs were assessed independently by two pathologists blinded to clinical outcomes. The expression patterns and correlation with patient outcomes were analyzed to identify prognostic factors.Results: We identified 108 patients with GTN, including 67 with choriocarcinoma, 32 with placental site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT), and 9 with epithelioid trophoblastic tumor (ETT). Almost all GTN patients showed expression of GAL-9, TIM-3, and PD-1 in TIIs (100%, 92.6%, and 90.7%, respectively); LAG-3 was expressed in 77.8% of the samples. The expression densities of CD68 and GAL-9 were significantly higher in choriocarcinoma than that in PSTT and ETT. The TIM-3 expression density in choriocarcinoma was higher than that in PSTT. In addition, the expression density of LAG-3 in the TIIs of choriocarcinoma and PSTT was higher than that in ETT. There was no statistical difference in the expression pattern of PD-1 among different pathological subtypes. The positive expression of LAG-3 in tumor TIIs was a prognostic factor for disease recurrence, and patients with positive expression of LAG-3 in the TIIs had poorer disease-free survival (p = 0.026).Conclusion: Our study evaluated the expression of immune targets PD-1, TIM-3, LAG-3, and GAL-9 in the TIIs of GTN patients and found that they were widely expressed but not associated with patients’ prognoses, excepting the positive expression of LAG-3 was a prognostic factor for disease recurrence.
Unusual resonance property of graphene/h-BN stacked mechanical resonators
Authors: Yasoshima Kazuki , Oishi Ryo , Arie Takayuki , Akita Seiji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
We fabricate the graphene/h-BN stacked mechanical resonator and investigate the gate voltage dependence of the resonance property of the graphene/h-BN mechanical resonator. The mode splitting on the resonance of the stacked resonator is found at a specific gate voltage region, where the frequency difference of two peaks corresponding to two modes showed the square of gate voltage dependence. This implies that the mode splitting observed is that the electrostatic attraction on the graphene layer influences the interlayer interaction of graphene and h-BN. The energy transfer between the two resonance states was also observed.
Regulasi Emosi Pada Guru Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus (Studi Fenomenologi Sekolah Luar Biasa X)
Authors: Nurhasanah Nida 
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mengetahui regulasi emosi pada guru terhadap anak-ABK di SLB X. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan perspektif fenomenologi. Subjek dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 3(tiga) orang dengan kriteria yang telah ditentukan dan subjek ini dipilih dengan menggunakan teknik purposive sampling serta menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data berupa wawancara semi terstruktur, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketiga subjek memiliki regulasi emosi berupa kemampuan mengatur emosi positif maupun negatif dengan baik. Ketiga subjek pernah mengalami tidak bisa mengontrol emosi terlalu berlebihan sehingga diluapkan kepada ABK. Sebenarnya mereka sadar terhadap kesalahan diri sendiri, dapat memahami emosi diri, dan mampu menguasai tekanan akibat dari masalah yang dihadapi. Ketiga subjek tidak memiliki latar belakang pendidikan luar biasa tetapi memiliki kemampuan mumpuni disertai dengan pengalaman lebih namun, Guru SLB tidak memiliki latar belakang Pendidikan Luar Biasa Kurang direkomendasikan menjadi guru SLB dikarenakan kurang memiliki kemampuan memadai dalam menangani ABK terlebih dengan latarbelakang terapis sama sekali tidak berpengaruh dengan cara mereka mengontrol emosi.
Kajian Farmasi Klinis Penggunaan Obat Batuk “X” Dengan Kandungan Bromheksin HCl Untuk Pengencer Dahak Pada Anak
Authors: Imani Lisna Nur , Lestari Keri , Mulyaningsih Wida 
Published: February 2023

Batuk adalah refleks fisiologi yang terjadi untuk memproteksi paru dari trauma mekanik atau proses pertahanan alami untuk menjaga saluran pernapasan dengan mencegah masuknya benda asing pada saluran pernapasan. Anak sangat rentan terhadap berbagai macam penyakit seperti insfeksi saluran pernapasan akut. Obat batuk yang terjual bebas di Indonesia terdapat 3 jenis, yaitu untuk batuk berdahak, batuk kering dan batuk alergi, dimana kandungan obat pada setiap jenis obat batuk berbeda. Obat batuk X adalah obat batuk pengencer dahak dengan kandungan bromhexine HCl yang bekerja mengencerkan dahak pada saluran pernapasan. Artikel ini memuat tentang kajian farmasi klinis terkait obat batuk X dengan kandungan zat aktif bromhexine HCl. Berdasarkan hasil kajian farmasi klinis obat batuk x dapat digunakan sebagai pengobatan untuk batuk berdahak pada anak
“Sport science creates value” The sport sciences and knowledge transfer: Limitations and possibilities
Authors: Loland Sigmund 
Published: February 2023

Based on an overview of the sport sciences as systemized in research groups that share paradigmatic premises, I will discuss how the various groups meet expectations on knowledge transfer (KT). KT refers to a variety of activities with the aim of mutually beneficial collaboration between universities, the public and the voluntary sector, and businesses.
The discussion reveals how sport research groups tend to reproduce the traditional KT strategies of their scientific traditions. For example, exercise science and sport medicine aim at enhancing evidence-based practice in performance development and/or health promotion. Typically, the social sciences and humanities offer critical analyses of (asymmetric) sporting power structures and system (dys)functions, and proposals for system change.
As an alternative, examples are given from sport science interaction with public authorities and international sport organizations in which KT strategies are combined and work in complementary and mutually beneficial ways.
Summing up, it is pointed to the significance for sport science institutions and research groups of developing and implementing best practice KT models.
MedXFit: CrossFit® as a workplace health intervention
Authors: Brandt Tom , Heinz Elisabeth , Klaaßen Yannik , Limbara Selina , Mörsdorf Marian , Schinköthe Timo , Schmidt Annette 
Published: February 2023

Background
The MedXFit-study analyzed whether CrossFit® (CF) as a workplace health intervention (WHI) motivates inactive, sedentary employees to long-term training participation in order to improve health and fitness.
Method
The study followed a prospective, controlled intervention design and was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the trial number NCT05109286. Fifty-five and 34 participants in the intervention (IG) and control group (CG) were measured at baseline (t0), 6 months (t1), and 12 months (t2). Civilian and military members of the University of the Bundeswehr Munich (UniBw M) with a predominantly sedentary occupation who performed less than two strength and/or flexibility training sessions per week were included. While the IG attended CF training twice a week for 60 minutes, the CG was free to use the extensive fitness classes and facilities of the UniBw M (including yoga, spinning, aqua fitness) during working hours. Whether CF contributed to long-term behavioral change was determined by training adherence and evaluated based on the COM-B framework. This framework explains the occurrence of a target behavior via interactions between capability, opportunity, and motivation. Additionally, mobility, maximum strength, and well-being (WHO-5) were measured and analyzed for group differences using a mixed ANOVA. Back issues were assessed exploratively and analyzed by Mann-Whitney-U-test.
Results
Twenty-nine participants of the IG and 28 of the CG completed the study. Dropouts were primarily extrinsically motivated (extrinsic: IG = 16, CG = 5; intrinsic: IG = 10, CG =1), resulting in a non-adherence of 22%. After 12 months, participants of the IG completed 79.3 (± 19.3) CF training sessions on average. All participants of the IG stated that they would continue training after the study. Although participants benefited from great opportunity, behavioral maintenance was mainly driven by positive interactions between behavior, motivation, and capability. In terms of capability we found significant improvements in mobility (ⴄ² = .61), maximum strength (ⴄ² = .36 to ⴄ² = .62), back problems (pain intensity: r = .4; pain frequency: r = .35), and subjectively perceived movement competence.
Conclusion
CF proved to be an effective, long-term motivating training concept for inactive, sedentary employees and should be given greater consideration in the context of WHI.
The effects of sports lessons on emotions in the primary school
Authors: Heemskerk Christina , Malmberg Lars-Erik 
Published: February 2023

Aim
Investigate the effect of various intensities of physical activity (PA) on subsequent positive and negative emotions of fourth- to sixth-grade students.
Background
PA can positively affect children’s mood and emotions and this has previously been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PA promotes mental health, including cognitive function and well-being (the psychosocial hypothesis, Lubans et al., 2016). In particular, moderate (MPA) and vigorous (VPA) activity have been found to positively affect emotions in children and adolescents (e.g. Bourke et al., 2021; Dunton et al., 2014), with positive emotions more strongly affected by acute PA than negative ones (Bourke et al., 2021).
Method
Seventy-seven children in fourth to sixth grade from four primary schools in Oxfordshire (United Kingdom) took part in six physical education (PE) lessons. PE lessons varied in their targeted intensity (low, medium, and high) and complexity (each intensity once at low and once at high complexity). During the classroom lesson before and after each physical education lesson, participants reported their emotional state three times via an app on tablets, by rating eight emotions on a 5-point Likert scale.
Results
Both positive and negative emotions during PE predicted emotions in the classroom after PE. Greater PE lesson enjoyment led to increased positive emotions during PE, and more positive emotions were reported in the classroom after PE when lessons were higher in MPA. VPA led to decreased positive emotions during PE. On the other hand, negative emotions at the end of PE or in the classroom after PE were not affected by moderate (MPA) or vigorous (VPA) PA during PE, or the participants’ enjoyment of the PE lesson. Light PA did not have any significant effect on negative or positive emotions during or after PE. PA intensity did not affect PE lesson enjoyment.
Conclusion
Negative emotions were not affected by any PA intensity. Positive emotions responded differently depending on PA intensity. Independent of intensity, PE lesson enjoyment strongly improved positive emotions.
References
Bourke, M., Hilland, T. A., & Craike, M. (2021). A systematic review of the within-person association between physical activity and affect in children’s and adolescents’ daily lives. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 52, Article 101825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101825
Dunton, G. F., Huh, J., Leventhal, A. M., Riggs, N., Hedeker, D., Spruijt-Metz, D., & Pentz, M. A. (2014). Momentary assessment of affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in children. Health Psychology, 33(3), 255-263. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032640
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016). Physical activity for cognitive and mental health in youth: A systematic review of mechanisms. Pediatrics, 138(3), 1642–1656. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-1642
Botanical derivative in mosquito control programme to minimize pesticide pollution hazards
Authors: Mishra P. K. , Khatarkar Dheeraj , Joshi Shail 
Published: February 2023

Alkaloid compound has been isolated from the P. ether chloroform , methanol and water extract of the aerial part of the Lantana camara L. The compound demonstrated strong insecticidal activity against Culex quinaquifasciatus. the chemical derived from plants have been projected as weapons in future mosquito control programme as they shown to toxic growth and reproductive inhibitor .
Seasonal Variation In Ionic Fluxing In The Fresh Water Bodies Of Lucknow City Of U.P. (India)
Authors: Srivastava Jatin , Chandra Harish , Singh Nandita 
Published: February 2023

Surface water of natural wetlands of Lucknow city was monitored as a part of comprehensive study of natural imbalance of nutrient ions such as PO4 , NO3, Cl and NH4. The common seasonal changes were recorded and statistically analyzed exhibiting a correlation of parameters and also the dependency of one on another. In summer where there is a loss of water due to evaporation results in more ionic concentrations, however, the rainy and winter seasons receives a different chemistry after a average spell of rain. Overall study presents a seasonal variation in the ionic species in water and its impact on the water chemistry.
Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage dan Profitabilitas terhadap Environmental Disclosure (Studi Empiris pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Subsektor Kimia yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia Periode 2017-2021)
Authors: Kartika Dian , Halim Sofyan 
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji Pengaruh Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage dan Profitabilitas terhadap Environmental Disclosure. Variabel independen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah Ukuran Perusahaan, Leverage dan Profitabilitas. Sedangkan variabel dependen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Environmental Disclosure. Penelitian ini menggunakan perusahaan manufaktur subsektor kimia yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2017-2021. Sampel yang diperoleh dalam penelitian ini 35 sampel dari 7 perusahaan selama 5 tahun. Teknik penentuan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling (purposive sampling method).
Pengujian hipotesis dalam penelitian ini menggunakan Analisis Regresi Linier Berganda dengan program SPSS 23 dan tingkat signifikansi 5%. Hasil dari pengujian menunjukkan bahwa, Ukuran Perusahaan berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Environmental Disclosure, Leverage berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Environmental Disclosure, dan Profitabilitas berpengaruh signifikan positif terhadap Environmental Disclosure. Adanya Keterbatasan penelitian yang telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini hanya menggunakan satu subsektor dari perusahaan manufaktur yaitu Perusahaan Manufaktur Subsektor Kimia yang Terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pengamatan relatif sedikit, sehingga memungkinkan praktik pengungkapan lingkungan perusahaan yang diamati kurang menggambarkan kondisi yang sebenarnya, hal tersebut tergambarkan dari hasi Pengujian pada Adjusted R square mendapatkan hasil 38.8%, artinya bahwa terdapat faktor-faktor variable independen lain diluar model dalam penelitian ini sehingga menghasilkan penelitian yang lebih memadai.
Does Covid-19 vaccination affect menstruation pattern?
Authors: Anwar Sadia , Ahmad Sajjad , Khan Hamzullah , Inayatullah Kausar 
Published: February 2023

Background: As Millions of people are receiving COVID-19 vaccine around the world, a number of side effects are being reported. Menstrual cycle disturbance is also a side effect reported by hundreds of women on social media. The objective of this study was to assess the association of menstrual abnormalities with COVID-19 vaccination.
Subjects and methods: This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Obstetrics and Gynecology OPD of Mufti Mehmood Hospital D.I. Khan from March 2021 to June 2021. The health care workers who received Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine and consented were included. Data was collected about change in menstrual cycle pattern after COVID-19 vaccination.
Results: A total of 80 subjects were included in the study with mean age of 32.6 +7.89 years. There were 36 (45.0%) doctors, 33 nurses (41.25%), 6 (7.5%) paramedics and 5 (6.25%) medical students. According to their marital status, 51 (63.75%) were married and 29 (36.25%) were unmarried. Out of 80 subjects, 16 (20%) reported disturbance in menstrual cycle pattern, 13 (81.2%) after first dose and 3 (18.75%) after both first and second dose. Among these 9 (56.25%) reported heavy menstrual bleeding, 4 (25%) had prolonged bleeding days while 3 (18.75%) had irregular bleeding pattern.
Conclusion: Menstrual cycle disturbance is a reported side effect of COVID-19 vaccination. It is more commonly reported after first dose and heavy menstrual bleedings is the most common pattern followed by prolonged/irregular bleeding.
An examination of the rhetoric and “reality” of pink marketing in Islamic society
Authors: Benali AMINA 
Published: February 2023

هده الورقة البحثية عبارة عن مسح لواقع التسويق الوردي في المجتمعات الإسلامية وكيفية تطبيقه وفقا خصوصية المرأة المسلمة والتزاماتها الدينية، حيث نحاول إبراز خصوصيات هذا المفهوم الجديد و التعرف على عناصر المزيج التسويقي التي يرتكزعليها.نعاجل الموضوع بطريقة وصفية بدءا بتعر يف التسويق الوردي بصفة عامة، المنتوج الوردي، التسعري الوردي، الترويج الوردي والتوزيع الوردي مع التطرق إلى أمثلة حية توسع دائرة الرؤية إلى ممارسات تسويقية موجهة للمرأة المسلمة في مجتمعاتنا، ونخرج بذلك إلى بعض التوصيات الجادة.
التفسير والعصر الحديث
Authors: درغال رشيد , حيدوسي عمر 
Published: February 2023

تنطلق هذه الدراسة من حقيقة أن العصر الحديث عامل مؤثر في التفسير، تحفظ الكثيرون عليه. وقد عرض البحث كنموذج تعقيب الدكتورة عائشة عبد الرحمن على التفسير العصري للدكتور مصطفى محمود.
لكن ورغم كل التحفظات، يبقى القرآن محتاجا لتفسير عصري، خاصة في هذا العصر التفسيري الحديث الذي بدأ مع الإمام محمد عبده وتلميذه محمد رشيد رضا ووارث منهجهما الإمام عبد الحميد بن باديس.
ثم انتقلت الدراسة لعرض الآثار الإيجابية والسلبية للعصر الحديث في التفسير، ولعل أهمها مواكبة التفسير للحياة المعاصرة ومناهضة الاستعمار والدعوة للإصلاح السياسي والاجتماعي.
ذلك لأن التفسير المعاصر تحرر من ثنائية الأثر والرأي، وانتقل من التفسير باللغة والفقه والعقيدة إلى التفسير بالمعرفة. وذلك في ظل موقف متزن من تفسير السلف، لا يلغيه ولا يقدسه، لأن التفسير لا يمكن أن يحتكره عصر واحد؛ فالعقل المسلم ملزم بالتفاعل مع القرآن في كل عصر ليواكب التفسير تاريخ الأمة وتاريخ المعرفة ويحل مشكلات كل زمان ومكان وإنسان.
وليحقق ذلك، انتقل العصر الحديث بالتفسير من لغة المناهج إلى لغة الاتجاهات؛ من لغة الأدوات المستخدمة في التفسير، إلى لغة الإطار الكلي والخلفية الفكرية الموجهة لغايات العمل التفسيري.
موقف الإسلام من الفقر
Authors: زرواتي رابح 
Published: February 2023

شجع الإسلام كل السبل التي من شأنها الارتقاء بالمستوى المعيشي للفرد، وحارب كل السبل التي تنتكس به، ويعتبر الإسلامُ الفقرَ آفة خطيرة على الفرد والمجتمع معا، ولم يمدح الإسلام الفقر لا في آية ولا حديث، بل قد حذر من الفوارق الطبقية بين أفراد الأمة، بحيث تعيش منها جماعة في مستوى الترف، وتعيش جماعة أخرى في مستوى الشظف، وحذر من أن يكون المال متداولا فقط بين الأغنياء في الأمة وتبقى الطبقة الضعيفة محرومة من رزق الله.
فالإسلام يكره الفقر، ويعمل على تخليص الناس منه.
أثر الوعي الإسلامي على الثورة القانونية في الغرب
Authors: الصيد وداد 
Published: February 2023

The deny of the Islamic role in the formation of the western law is an attractive phenomenon ; even for those had shown some justice to Islam and its culture.
Little of them who had admitted the Islamic roots of some modern law theories lot of them adapted the idea of selected method of translation from arabic and moved to philosophical and natural sciences ; without achieving the legislative sciences.
Because the Islamic law is parcial model and the west used to look for an international model constracted on an international levels corrolated with the natural law and mind.
Thus ; it is impossible that any element of wastern law referred to Islamic ispiration.
If they do ignore ; they will know : when Islam arose citizenship and civilisation explose and a thousand of tongues spelt it ….
مسار التجربة السودانية في تطبيق النظام المصرفي الإسلامي (1977-2012)
Authors: الطيب عبد المنعم محمد 
Published: February 2023

بدأت مسيرة المصارف الإسلامية في العديد من الدول الإسلامية كجمهورية مصر العربية في عقد الستينات من القرن العشرين ( تجربة ميت غمر ) وتبعتها في عقد السبعينات صحوة شملت عدة دول منها دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة (بنك دبي الإسلامي ) ودولة الكويت (بيت التمويل الكويتي) وجمهورية السودان (بنك فيصل الإسلامي السوداني) وكذا الحال تجربة بنك فيصل الإسلامي المصري في عقد السبعينات ، إلا أن هذه التجارب كانت تمثل اجتهادات على مستوى المسئولين من تلك المؤسسات ، وبالتالي فان تجربة النظام المصرفي الإسلامي الشامل اقتصرت على ثلاثة دول هي إيران وباكستان والسودان ، وبما أن التجربة السودانية كانت ذات معاني ودلالات في من حيث تنوع الأدوات المستخدمة، فان هذا البحث يأتي للوقوف على مسيرة ا التجربة السودانية تطبيق النظام المصرفي الإسلامي خلال الفترة 1977-2012م.
الشروط التعسفية وآليات التصدي لها في القانون الجزائري
Authors: لعوامري وليد 
Published: February 2023

إن التطورات المتسارعة التي تشهدها السوق الاستهلاكية اليوم والتي نتج عنها عدم توازن في العلاقات التعاقدية نتيجة للخبرة والمعرفة التي يكتسبها المتدخلين منتجين كانوا أو موزعين مقارنة بالمستهلك الضعيف. حيث أن هذا التفوق المعرفي للمتدخلين أدى إلى انفرادهم بصياغة العقد ووضع بنوده بعيدا عن أي رقابة الأمر الذي ترتب عنه فرض شروط مجحفة وتعسفية في حق المستهلك.
الحماية الخاصة للنساء والأطفال كمدنيين في النزاعات المسلحة الدولية
Authors: زنات مريم 
Published: February 2023

إن النساء والأطفال بصفتهم مدنيين، هم الأكثر عرضة للمساس بهم أثناء النزاعات المسلحة الدولية ويتعرضون للانتهاكات الجسيمة لحقوقهم، ولهذا نجد العديد من النصوص والمواثيق الدولية التي تضع أحكاماّ للحماية تخص هاتين الفئتين، أهم هاته المواثيق: اتفاقية جنيف الرابعة لحماية المدنيين الصادرة في 12 أوت 1949، فقد وضعت أحكاما تخص المدنيين بصفة عامة ثم خصصت مجموعة أحكام تضع حماية تفضيلية وخاصة للنساء والأطفال وقد أضاف البروتوكول الإضافي الأول الملحق بالاتفاقية والصادر في سنة 1977أحكاما أخرى من باب التكميل والتطوير في قواعد الاتفاقية الرابعة لجنيف.
كما أن هيئة الأمم المتحدة قد سعت جاهدة ومازالت لحد اليوم تسعى لحماية هاتين الفئتين من خلال العديد من القرارات الناشئة لمجموعة كبيرة من آليات الحماية.