bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathogenesis of Experimental Cholera: Biologic Activities of Purified Procholeragen A
Authors: Finkelstein Richard A. , Atthasampunna Pongsom , Chulasamaya Monthree , Charunmethee Pichai 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Procholeragen A, a choleragenic moiety elaborated by Vibrio cholerae 569 B Inaba, has been concentrated and partially purified by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200. Purified Procholeragen A, which is essentially free of cholera endotoxin but still not pure, gives a single zone of precipitation with rabbit anti-choleragen antibody adsorbed with live vibrios and causes experimental cholera when amounts as little as 6.0-µg are administered, with Procholeragen B, per os in infant rabbits. When inoculated intradermally in adult rabbits in 0.1 to 0.2-µg amounts, it causes a delayed but sustained local erythematous edematous induration which fixes intravenous Evans blue dye. Procholeragen B, which was formerly considered to be essential for the activity of Procholeragen A, simply serves to protect the latter against destruction under acid conditions in the stomach and can be replaced by a variety of buffers. Procholeragen A causes experimental cholera when inoculated, by itself, into the small bowel of infant rabbits. On the basis of the experimental observations, it is suggested, as an operational concept, that an increase of villus capillary permeability, as a consequence of the direct action of a Procholeragen A-like factor elaborated by cholera vibrios in the small intestines, is a major factor in the pathogenesis of cholera.
Further Studies on Acquired Resistance to Murine Cryptococcosis: Enhancing Effect of Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Abrahams Irving 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adjuvant effects of Bordetella pertussis and Freund's adjuvant were compared in mice vaccinated with killed cryptococcus cells. B. pertussis greatly enhanced the immune response, causing the survival rate to increase from the 65 to 70% observed in mice immunized with cryptococcus cells alone to 95 to 100% in animals treated with both cryptococcus and pertussis vaccines. In contrast, Freund's complete adjuvant actually decreased the response to cryptococcus vaccine.
Tests for antibodies in pooled sera collected at intervals following immunization with cryptococcus plus pertussis vaccine or with cryptococcus cells alone were uniformly negative. Actively immunized mice with no demonstrable humoral antibodies inhibited fungal cell multiplication in their tissues more successfully than passively immunized mice with measureable amounts of serum agglutinins. These findings suggest that the protective mechanism in mice actively immunized by these procedures exists primarily at the cellular level.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Centeno Eduardo , Shulman Sidney , Milgrom Felix , Witebsky Ernest , Skelton Floyd 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits injected with homogenate or extract of pooled rabbit kidneys, emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant, responded in most cases with the production of antibodies, as detected by gel diffusion and complement fixation methods. The antisera showed a high degree of tissue and species specificity, giving strong reactions with extracts of rabbit kidney and very weak reactions with extracts of kidney from other species and of other tissues of rabbit. In gel diffusion, there were three antigen-antibody systems. Comparison of various rabbit tissues revealed a prominent antigen which was kidney-specific, a second antigen which was also kidney-specific but a minor component, and a third antigen which was shared between kidney and other tissues.
All three antibodies were shown to be autoantibodies, indicating the existence, not only of kidney-specific autoantigens, but also of a non-tissue-specific autoantigen. Damage to kidney structures was suggested from the development of proteinuria in most of the rabbits and from the histologic examinations. The latter showed mild cellular proliferation in the glomeruli of some of the animals. It may well be that more severe tissue damage would have been detected if the kidneys had been examined at earlier stages during immunization.
The Antigens of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. , Almeida June D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vesicular stomatitis virus grown in baby hamster kidney cells was fractionated by centrifugation in a linear sucrose gradient. Three well separated peaks of complement fixing activity were obtained. The major part of the infectivity was associated with the most rapidly sedimenting complement fixing fraction. All three fractions possessed immunogenic properties in guinea pigs after inactivation with 0.05% acetylethyleneimine. The intermediate peak was the most active. Electron microscopy has revealed that each of the three fractions obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation has a distinctive appearance. Peak A consists of complete particles and partially disintegrated particles of virus. Peak B is overwhelmingly composed of rosettes and helices together with a certain number of particle fragments. Peak C contains the smaller size range of rosettes and a considerable amount of cell material. The relationship of the appearance of the three fractions in the electron microscope to their immunizing properties is discussed.
Some Characteristics of Human Immunoconglutinin
Authors: Bienenstock John , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human immunoconglutinin was titrated by its reaction with sensitized sheep erythrocytes alexinated with horse complement. IC was shown to be a euglobulin and to be sensitive to the action of 2-mercaptoethanol. On Sephadex G200 chromatography and density gradient ultracentrifugation, its behavior was that of a macroglobulin. IC activity was absorbed by an antiserum to human IgM globulins. In contrast to bovine conglutinin, IC did not require calcium ions for its action, and was not inhibited by N-acetyl-D-glucosamine. Sequential complement fixation at least as far as AgAbC′1423 is required for IC to react with alexinated complexes. Reactivity with autologous complement was demonstrated.
Serologic Features of Mycoplasmal Arthritis in Swine
Authors: Aho Kimmo , Switzer William P. , Lightfoot Robert W. , Christian Charles L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
All of 7 sera from swine with Mycoplasma granularum arthritis contained warm-type anti-human O agglutinins in higher titers than 9 control sera (healthy mycoplasma-free swine) and a swine serum pool. Cross-absorptions indicated that the agglutinins were not monospecific. Four of 7 sera of arthritic swine contained anti-rabbit γ-globulins in titers four-fold higher than the control sera. No reactivity with swine γ-globulin could be demonstrated. Both the anti-group O agglutinins and the anti-rabbit γ-globulins had the sedimenting properties of macroglobulins.
Antigenic Determinants of Human β1C- and β1G-Globulins
Authors: West Clark D. , Davis Neil C. , Forristal Judith , Herbst John , Spitzer Roger 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four distinct antigenic determinant groups have been found to be associated with β1C-globulin. Antigen A is present on β1A and antigen D is on a second breakdown product of β1C, designated α2D. Both are also present on β1C. Another antigen is also present on α2D which has been designated Dd but this is not present on β1C. A fourth antigen of β1C, designated B, is completely lost from the serum as β1C breaks down with aging. Antiserum containing antibody only to this group forms a β1C are with fresh serum but does not react with aged serum.
α2D loses most of its antigenicity on heating serum for 1 hr at 56°. β1A is unaffected by this treatment.
The breakdown of β1C occurring on reaction of fresh serum with zymosan or immune precipitates resembles in all respects that occurring with aging. Hydrazine or ammonia treatment, however, diminishes the mobility of α2D.
β1G, produced by reaction of isolated β1C with EAC′1,4,2a cells, has A, D and Dd antigens but lacks the B antigen. Its mobility is similar to that of β1A.
The studies suggest that β1C undergoes marked unfolding and configurational changes as it breaks down. A close relationship may be assumed between the B antigen of β1C and the activity of the molecule in immune hemolytic reactions.
Pathogenesis of Influenza in Ferrets
Authors: Haff Richard F. , Schriver Paul W. , Engle Claire G. , Stewart Richard C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A uniform, mild and acute upper respiratory disease was produced in ferrets with influenza A, PR8. The infectious process and systemic manifestations of disease have been described.
Infection elicited the local synthesis of interferon and systemic production of antibody. Temporal relationships of increase and decline in interferon and virus titers were similar, whereas antibody first appeared at the time of resolution of disease.
Analysis of mean temperature following infection demonstrated hypothermia on day 1 and hyperthermia on day 2. Individuals did not respond consistently in either respect.
Concentration of 25 chemical components of plasma or serum was assayed for alteration resulting from infection. Mean change was observed in levels of lactic dehydrogenase, albumin, β-globulin and glycoprotein. Increase in lactic dehydrogenase was not a constant individual characteristic of disease.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate increased in all infected ferrets. This measurement is, therefore, an accurate and simple means of monitoring the disease in individual animals.
Mean change was demonstrated in various other hematologic components, but lymphopenia was the only alteration occurring with a high degree of consistency among individuals.
Comparisons of Antibodies Reacting with DNA
Authors: Stollar B. David , Sandberg Ann L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six rabbit antisera induced by complexes of denatured deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) were found to have C′ fixation properties which differed from those of human (lupus erythematosus serum) anti-DNA antibodies. The rabbit anti-DNA-MBSA antibodies: 1) fixed C′, with denatured DNA, more efficiently at 37°C than at 4°C; 2) were eluted from Sephadex G-200 columns in Fraction I as macroglobulins; and 3) were virtually completely inactivated by treatment with 0.1 M mercaptoethanol without subsequent alkylation. In these respects, lumpus erythematosus antibodies, in C′ fixation reactions with DNA, behaved similarly to an anti-protein (anti-ribonuclease) system. They reacted more efficiently at 4°C than at 37°C; they were eluted from Sephadex G-200 columns in Fraction II as 7S globulins; and their C′ fixation activity was only moderately reduced by 0.1 M mercaptoethanol. The lupus erythematosus sera also showed greater variability than the rabbit sera in the degree to which they reacted with native and denatured DNA.
Hydroxylamine as an Inactivating Agent for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Fellowes O. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of a study of the inactivation of Type O, strain M 11, foot-and-mouth disease virus by treatment with varying concentrations of hydroxylamine at several temperatures are presented. The antigenicity of inactivated viral preparations was assayed in adult mice and chickens. Concentrations of 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1 M hydroxylamine were effective as viral inactivators at 4, 23, and 37°C. Inactivation times varied from 15–30 min to 28 hr depending on the concentration of chemical and temperature of reaction used. The concentration of 0.25 M hydroxylamine reacted with virus at either 23 or 4°C appeared to produce the best antigenic preparation as tested by inoculation of mice and chickens.
Immunofluorescent Detection of Antibody to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus in Man
Authors: Cohen Sophia M. , Triandaphilli Irene A. , Barlow James L. , Hotchin John 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The indirect method of immunofluorescence was applied to the detection of antibody in lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) of man. In contrast to antibody demonstrated by complement fixation or neutralization by the footpad response method in mice, immunofluorescent antibody in the 12 cases tested was at maximal titer in the first specimens as early as 1 or 6 days after the onset of meningeal symptoms and declined slowly after several months. Antibody was detected by immunofluorescence as long as 3 years after illness.
One hundred forty-five sera from 98 persons were tested, including 9 known to have had LCM infection. Three previously unrecognized infections were identified by the immunofluorescent method in laboratory personnel who had been exposed to animals infected with LCM virus. Maximal titers of LCM antibody varied in the 12 cases from 16 to 256. The method of immuno-fluorescence was specific and sensitive and was of diagnostic significance in the early stages of the clinical LCM disease.
Quantitative Semi-Micro Hemagglutination
Authors: Severson Charles D. , Thompson John S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A relatively inexpensive procedure for the quantitative assay of serum agglutinins is proposed. It offers simplicity and convenience in operation and sensitivity and reproducibility in results. The technique is based on the migration of cells down the inclined trough of a sealed micro-hematocrit tube. This system appears to depend upon the rate of cellular detachment from a centrifuged pellet by the dissociative force of gravity.
Production of Antibody against Bradykinin: Demonstration of Specificity by Complement Fixation and Radio-Immunoassay
Authors: Spragg Jocelyn , Austen K. Frank , Haber Edgar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The synthesis of a specifically oriented branch-chain copolymer antigen which was able to elicit the production of antibody directed against the polypeptide hormone, bradykinin, is reported. The specificity of the anti-bradykinin antibody is determined in complement fixation studies and in radioactive binding studies. A radio-immunoassay capable of detecting millimicrogram quantities of bradykinin is described. The specificity of the assay is demonstrated by the inability of the polypeptide hormones, vasopression and angiotensin II, to interfere with the binding of labeled bradykinin by specific anti-bradykinin antibody.
A Specific Anti-B Lectin for Routine Diagnostic Purposes
Authors: Chattoraj Aparna , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Privine hydrochloride, an inhibitor of anti-A hemagglutinins, can be used as an inhibitor of the anti-A of the Sophora japonica lectin, which then becomes a specific anti-B reagent suitable for routine diagnostic purposes.
Studies on Synthetic Polypeptide Antigens
Authors: Gill T. J. , Mann L. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ferrocene is representative of an unique class of compounds, the metallocenes, which incorporate a heavy metal atom in a pseudo-aromatic cyclopentadienyl ring system of benzene-like stabillity. Two ferrocenyl groups per polypeptide chain slightly enhance the amount of antibody elicited, but only a small amount of the antibody is directed at the ferrocenyl group. At this level, ferrocene is useful as a label for metabolic studies. Larger amounts of ferrocene (10 to 16) show strong hapten activity with up to 70% of the antibody directed at the ferrocenyl group. The ferrocene-antiferrocene reaction can be inhibited by ferrocenyl-acetic acid. In addition, the heavily labelled molecules elicit larger amounts of antibody than the parent polymer or the derivative containing 2 ferrocenes.
The ability of ferrocene to enhance immunogenicity reflects behavior similar to that of the aromatic amino acids and cyclohexylalanine. Ferrocene may be even more unique in this regard, because it enhances immunogenicity in a polypeptide which contains 6% tyrosine and is already a good immunogen.
The metallocenes, of which ferrocene is a prototype, have three distinct advantages for use in metabolic studies: they incorporate radioactive heavy metal atoms with relatively long half-lives; they are biologically stable and probably cannot be reutilized by the animal in any significant amount; and they may become electron-dense if short polymers of the metallocenes are attached to the polypeptide chain.
Biosynthesis of Intrinsically Labeled Antibodies in Vitro
Authors: Richards Frank F. , Ambrose Charles T. , Haber Edgar 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A tissue culture method is described for the production of intrinsically labeled antibodies with specific radioactivities of 1 to 2 × 107 cpm/mg antibody. The kinetics of antibody production in this system were examined. It was found that large changes in the specific radioactivity of the antibodies occurred where the amount of isotopically labeled amino acid precursor in the culture medium was kept constant. This variation in specific radioactivity was due to dilution of the labeled precursor by amino acid resulting from cell breakdown or protein release.
Tolerance to Bovine γ-Globulin in Adult Guinea Pigs
Authors: Streilein J. Wayne , Hildreth E. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pretreatment of adult guinea pigs by the intravenous administration of antigen (bovine γ-globulin) renders a high propertion of animals tolerant to the antigen after injection of antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant, as evidenced by failure to display delayed skin reactivity at sites of subsequent intracutaneous inoculation of antigen. That these animals have, indeed, responded to the antigen immunologically is shown by the presence of sufficient antibody to demonstrate active cutaneous anaphylaxis. In addition, labeled antigen (I125 or fluorescein) is handled differently in lymph nodes and splenic tissue of the tolerant animals than in either normal control animals or animals specifically sensitized to BGG in the classical manner. This suggests that the state of tolerance induced is an active one, requiring host discrimination and participation.
γ-Globulin and Antibody Formation in Vitro
Authors: Cohen M. W. , Jacobson E. B. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Separated white and red pulp of the spleen obtained from rabbits at various days after an intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes (SE) were examined for numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) on SE-containing agar. It could be shown that both white and red pulp contained many antibody-forming cells on days 4 to 5, but that only the white pulp had the ability to develop PFC in vitro if taken on day 2 and kept in vitro for another 2 days.
With tissue taken on days 2 to 42 after a primary injection of SE, reexposure to SE in vitro and subsequent culturing for 4 to 5 days resulted in an increase in the numbers of PFC above initial levels. The white pulp usually contained a greater proportion of “sensitized” cells than the red, especially when kept in vitro for 1 day before the reexposure to antigen. Some white pulp preparations taken on days 4 to 12 reacted better when reexposed on day 1 than on day 0 of the culture period. Since this time period corresponds to the time of secondary nodule proliferation, the results are interpreted as indicating formation of “sensitized” cells in secondary nodules.
Phagocytosis by Guinea Pig Splenic Cells of Escherichia Coli and Protein-Coated Bentonite Particles Labeled with Iodine125
Authors: Carpenter Robert R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In suspensions of freshly isolated, unstimulated guinea pig splenic cells, radioiodinated formalintreated bacteria and bentonite particles coated with radioiodinated proteins were phagocytized rapidly, primarily by neutrophilic leukocytes.
Cells released radiolabeled material slowly from intracellular Escherichia coli; the material released was largely soluble in trichloroacetic acid.
Radioactivity was also slowly lost from the protein coat of intracellular bentonite particles; in addition, cell products released into the suspending media induced a rapid loss of protein from the coat of extracellular particles. The protein released from coated bentonite was not extensively degraded.
The uptake of E. coli was facilitated by heatlabile opsonins but not by anti-E. coli serum. Phagocytosis of coated bentonite particles was less dependent on heat-labile factors.
In the presence of immune serum there was increased uptake of activity from suspensions of bentonite particles. In part, this was accounted for by increased phagocytosis of opsonized particles. Uptake of antibody-antigen complexes formed with protein released from the particle coat may account for part of this increased uptake.
Concentrations of fluoride and iodoacetate sufficient to inhibit phagocytosis of E. coli and BGG-coated bentonite had little effect on the amount of radioactive material released in soluble form from the bentonite particle coat. Azide was a less active inhibitor of phagocytosis than were fluoride and iodoacetate.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Billote Juanito B. , McCarthy John S. , Flax Martin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The induction of an antigen-specific state of immunologic unresponsiveness in the adult guinea pig has been extended to include several protein antigens other than serum proteins, with widely differing physical and antigenic properties. The extent of immunologic suppression varied with different antigens and could not be correlated with the molecular weight of the antigen. Single intravenous (i.v.) injections of human serum albumin (HSA), bovine γ-globulin (BGG), ovalbumin, ferritin, hemocyanin and ribonuclease at the time of sensitization with the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant resulted in moderate to marked depression of the expected delayed skin test reactivity as well as a variable depression of antibody formation. Hemolytic antibody (7S γ2 and macroglobulin) was completely suppressed with HSA, BGG, ribonuclease and ferritin but only incompletely with hemocyanin. Specific 7S γ1 antibody (detected by PCA) was suppressed with all antigens tested except ribonuclease and hemocyanin. Animals receiving an i.v. injection of hemocyanin actually developed higher 7S γ1 antibody titers than animals receiving only the sensitizing injections in adjuvant.
Suspending the “suppressing” antigen (HSA) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant led to a striking depression of delayed skin test reactivity and hemolytic antibody formation, whereas 7S γ1 titers were identical with those of animals receiving either injection alone.
Delayed skin test reactions and hemolytic antibody titers were also strikingly depressed in the adult rat following a single intravenous injection of HSA in saline at the time of sensitization with the same antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant.
Some Histamine Sensitizing Properties of Soluble Preparations of the Histamine Sensitizing Factor (HSF) from Bordetella Pertussis
Authors: Munoz J. , Bergman R. K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Marked differences were observed in the sensitizing ability of soluble extracts of histamine sensitizing factor (HSF) from Bordetella pertussis when given by different routes. The intravenous (i.v.) route was some four times more effective than the intraperitoneal and subcutaneous routes. With soluble preparations of HSF, histamine sensitivity appears within 90 min after i.v. injection and demonstrable sensitivity persists for at least 84 days. Within a narrow dose range, there appears to be a direct relationship between amount of HSF given and degree of sensitivity developed. A second injection of HSF or repeated small doses given at various intervals after the first sensitizing dose do not interfere with histamine sensitization. Only doubtful reduction of sensitization was observed when six doses of 10 µg each were given 1, 2, 3, 4, 8 and 16 days after the initial sensitizing dose of SE.