bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperialer Kosmopolitismus. Das Qing-Reich im 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Dabringhaus Sabine 
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung
Dem Qing-Imperium des 18. Jahrhunderts wird eine bedeutende weltgeschichtliche Stellung zugesprochen. Die imperiale Expansion der Mandschu-Dynastie in weite Teile Innerasiens veränderte den Charakter des chinesischen Staates und die geopolitische Ordnung einer riesigen Region. Die hohe Flexibilität der Qing-Herrschaft beruhte auf einem Wechselspiel von Integration und Unterwerfung, mit dem das imperiale Netzwerk geformt wurde. Nur so gelang es, die heikle politische Balance zwischen den konkurrierenden Interessen der unterschiedlichen Untertanengruppen unter der Qing-Herrschaft zu sichern. Zugleich hielt die Bewahrung einer Dichotomie von „innen“ (China) und „außen“ (Innerasien) ein Bewusstsein für die Unterschiede zwischen beiden Reichsteilen wach. Beides zusammen bildete die imperiale Einheit des Qing-Reiches und verlieh ihm im 18. Jahrhundert seinen kosmopolitischen Charakter.
Konsequenzen der Handschriftenerkennung und des maschinellen Lernens für die Geschichtswissenschaft. Anwendung, Einordnung und Methodenkritik
Authors: Hodel Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Zusammenfassung
Das Lesen historischer Handschriften gehört seit Jahrhunderten zum hilfswissenschaftlichen Methodenapparat, die automatisierte Erkennung entspricht somit einer potentiellen Arbeitserleichterung, die den Geschichtswissenschaften neue Perspektiven eröffnet. Um die Technologie und ihr Potential einzuschätzen, wird erläutert, welche Faktoren für die erfolgreiche Erkennung entscheidend sind und wie die Resultate weiterverarbeitet werden können. Mittels machine oder deep learning wird der Methodenapparat aber auch um ein Lernverfahren erweitert, das auf große Datenmengen angewiesen ist und aus den zugrundeliegenden Daten (Be-)Wertungen übernimmt, die häufig zu unerwünschten Nebeneffekten führt. Anhand der Handschriftenerkennung kann so eine Technologie erfahren und kritisch eingeordnet werden, die aktuell in diversen Wissenschaftsbereichen und unserem täglichen Leben Einzug hält.
Absurd and Preposterous 2022 of China‡
Authors: Lin Jianliang 
Published: January 2023

2019-2022 was a de facto one year.1949-2022 was also a de facto one year.Humbly, 2022 only has some fragmented voices left:
“We are the last generation.”“This world doesn’t want me anymore.”“Children are the weakness.”“Residents were poor in self-rescue ability, and the door was not locked, so they didn’t run away by themselves.
“Residents were poor in self-rescue ability, and the door was not locked, so they didn’t run away by themselves.”
MOOC Coursera Content Post-editing
Authors: Lapinskaitė Dalia , Mankauskienė Dalia 
Published: January 2023

This paper presents the post-editing features of the machine translation (MT) system Smartling used to translate the learning content of MOOC (Massive Open Online Course) Coursera. Most of the Coursera content is delivered in English, which is one of the reasons for the low uptake of these courses in Lithuania. With the growing demand for online resources, the need to translate courses into Lithuanian has become evident and MT systems are increasingly used for that purpose. This paper describes the results of an experiment carried out with the Smartling MT system. The experiment involved 10 participants, 6 professional and 4 non-professional translators, who post-edited a passage from the Coursera course The Science of Wellbeing. The post-editing process was monitored using the Translog-II tool, which captures the participants‘ keystrokes. The paper presents the classification and frequency of MT errors. One of the most important post-editing features of the Smartling MT system is the splitting of the text into subtitle lines, which is the cause of most grammatical errors. Among the errors not attributable to this text division are those caused by the polysemy of the words, literal translation and the use of pronouns. After the post-editing task, participants filled in a short questionnaire about the functionality of the Smartling system. 7 out of 10 participants rated the performance of this system as satisfactory. The results of the study showed that Smartling is not sufficiently tailored to the Lithuanian language, and that translators have to use a lot of cognitive effort in post-editing.
The Boltzmann distribution function for equilibrium fluctuations
Authors: Sokolovsky A. I. , Haponenko K. M. 
Published: January 2023

A complex of issues related to the problem of proving the Boltzmann formula for the probability density (distribution) w(η) of the values of a certain set of parameters η of an equilibrium system is investigated. The classical Boltzmann formula expresses this distribution through the non-equilibrium free energy of the system F (η) , which depends on the mentioned parameters. This is possible because after the occurrence of fluctuations, the system finds itself in a non-equilibrium state, which evolves further to equilibrium. The specified parameters are chosen according to the problem under consideration. In the theory of phase transitions, they are called the order parameters. Questions under consideration include definition and construction of the free energy F (η) of a non-equilibrium system and distribution w(η ) for it in the microscopic theory. The approaches of Landau, Leontovich, and Peletminsky are discussed. It is proposed to investigate the results for states in the vicinity of equilibrium. The leading ideas of the research are considering the non-equilibrium state as being realized in the presence of an appropriate external field, using the Gibbs formula for the non-equilibrium system entropy, and applying the Boltzmann formula as a definition of the free energy of the non-equilibrium system. The article is a continuation of the authors' works and sets the task of clarifying some of their statements as well as simplifying and clarifying the calculations. Among other things, the following are discussed: the formula for the expansion of the free energy of the system in powers of the field, the simplification of the distribution w(η ) calculation, the normalization of the approximate expressions for the distribution w(η) , the possibilities of studying the free energy of the equilibrium system using our expression for the effective Landau Hamiltonian, the refinement of the calculation of the non-equilibrium free energy of a spatially inhomogeneous system, the investigation of new types of effective interactions with the Landau Hamiltonian.
Electrical conductivity of lithium-sodium tetragermanate in amorphous state
Authors: Diachenko A. O. , Skrypnik Ye. V. , Trubitsyn M. P. , Ryabtsev S. I. 
Published: January 2023

The glass of lithium-sodium tetragermanate LiNaGe4O9 was prepared by rapid quenching the melt. The structure of the glass was characterized by X-ray phase analysis. Electrical conductivity σ was measured in AC field (f = 1 kHz÷1 MHz) in the interval Т = 300÷900 K. It was shown that at T > 550 K the typical values of the glass σ were at least one–two orders of magnitude higher than in the single crystal. Ionic conductivity in disordered amorphous and ordered crystalline states was discussed by accounting the structure of lithium-sodium tetragermanate. The main contribution to conductivity in LiNaGe4O9 glass was associated with thermally activated motion of Li ions which were weakly bound to Ge-O structuralframework.
Computer simulation of AlCoCuFeNi high-entropy alloy thin film deposition and crystallization
Authors: Kushnerov O. I. 
Published: January 2023

The processes of deposition and crystallization of high-entropy AlCoCuFeNi alloy thin film on a substrate of silicon (100) are studied by classical molecular dynamics simulation. Total simulation time reaches 50 ns. The embedded atom model is used to describe the interaction among Al–Co–Cu–Ni–Fe. Interaction between the atoms of Al, Co, Cu, Fe, Ni, and the Si substrate is described using the Lennard–Jones potential, and the interaction between the silicon atoms was modeled using the Stillinger–Weber potential. It is found that at the first stage of deposition small clusters are formed and the process of crystallization starts after ~ 5 ns of simulation, at the characteristic sizes of clusters of about 2 nm. At the end of the simulation, after the 50 ns of modeling, the simulated film contains a face-centered cubic phase, a body-centered cubic phase, a hexagonal close-packed phase, and an amorphous phase. An analysis of the radial distribution of atoms makes it possible to determine the distances between the nearest neighbors and estimate the lattice parameters of these phases.
The Daugava River in the Early Modern Period. A Border, an Obstacle, and a Trade Route
Authors: Balcerek Mariusz 
Published: January 2023

The text aims to look at the three functions of the Daugava River: border, obstacle, and trade route. We will focus on the river in the Early Modern Period (from the 16th to the 18th century). We will go beyond the chronological framework, during which we will attempt to answer the following questions. Was the border on the Daugava shaped? To what extent was the dividing line permanent? What was the defensive value of the river? Due to the differences during the border and fighting conducted, the river has been divided into two sections: Livonian (today Latvian) and Ruthenian (today Belarussian and Russian).
The article is of review character, and the basis for writing this paper is a large amount of literature. In some cases, sources were used, and in exceptional circumstances, we reached for sources. To compare the Daugava River to other rivers, we used the literature on the Vistula, the Volga River, the Dnieper, and the Danube.
The border of the Livonian section of the Daugava, which was established in the 16th–18th centuries, survived until the 20th century. It shows the river’s role as a border, which can only be compared with the Danube. Daugava was not an insurmountable obstacle. Most of the fighting was fought near the river, as was the case with the Dnieper and Danube.
The rivers compared were also the most important routes in the region. There were natural and institutional obstacles to navigation. We travelled on very similar boats that could be used in military operations. There are differences in the trade of goods. On no other large river, the transport of forest goods was so dominant.
Trendy w modzie damskiej po I wojnie światowej. Przyczynek do badań
Authors: Graczyk Monika Anna 
Published: January 2023

World War I was of great importance for the globe not only in military but also social terms. One of the examples of its effects is the acceleration of women’s emancipation and the emergence of fashion among the fair sex referring to the male style of dress and behavior. The aim of this study is to present the cultural phenomenon which was the emergence of the so-called tomboy and indication of the reasons for the separation and characteristics of the new fashion.
Collateral Consequences: The Impact of Incarceration on African American Fathers and Their Sons
Authors: Skinner-Osei Precious , Mercedes Dhiny 
Published: January 2023

Throughout history, the role of African American fathers has been plagued by oppression and persecution. As predicted by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in "The Negro Family: The Case for National Action," centuries of mistreatment and racism would plague African American families for generations and deem them in a constant state of despair and dysfunction. Relentless rhetoric about African American families and the father's role has been significant in the systemic degradation of African American men. The systemic oppression of African American men has led to more than 1.1 million imprisoned in the United States, and approximately 500,000 are fathers. Many of these fathers inherited their father's incarceration, and their children continue to fuel the cycle. For decades researchers linked the effects of parental incarceration to adverse childhood outcomes, including increased likelihood of imprisonment, particularly for African American males. Therefore, this study explored the impact of incarceration on African American fathers and their sons. The data revealed four major themes: caregiving, stigma, paternal bonds, and reentry. The findings implied that specialized knowledge through a forensic social work lens might offer more comprehensive solutions by focusing on paternal relationships, long-term consequences of incarceration, and objective criteria that can assist with treatment outcomes.
Monitoring the effectiveness of surgical handwashing in healthcare workers of a fourth level operating room using bioluminescence assays
Authors: Vaca González Juan Jairo , Ramírez Espinosa Claudia Marcela , Guayan Ardila Ingrid Carolina , Serrano Riaño Julieth Yadira , Torres Gil Diana Paola 
Published: January 2023

Aims: To assesses the effectiveness of surgical handwashing (S-HW) in healthcare workers (HCWs) in terms of organic material and bacteria elimination by means of bioluminescence assays.
Methods: 62-HCWs were subjected to bioluminescence analyses to determine adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and colony forming units (CFU) of Enterobacteriaceae (EB) and E. coli before and after S-HW. A checklist to evaluate adherence to hand hygiene (HH) protocol was implemented.
Results: ATP before HH (510.9/RLU) was reduced after S-HW (54.6/RLU), evidencing a significant decrease (p=0.001). Regarding the bacteria, 26.6/CFU and 4/CFU for EB and E. coli were reported before S-HW, respectively. After S-HW, CFU decreased for EB (21.8/CFU) and E. coli (3.5/CFU) without showing a significant reduction (p=0.679). Low ATP did not evidence a direct relation with EB (p=0.082) and E. coli (p=0.680) reduction. Surgical instrument professionals (p=0.001), general surgeons (p=0.001), residents (p=0.017), orthopedists (p=0.029) and otolaryngologists (p=0.029) evidenced a reduction in ATP after S-HW. Factors such as S-HW direction, surgical soap, moments and time of S-HW implemented showed a statistically significant difference in reduction of ATP, but not in CFU.
Conclusion: Although there was a reduction in elimination of ATP, there was no evidence of a decrease in bacteria. This finding not only allowed to identify potential errors in S-HW processes, but also permitted to generate strategies to improve HH to prevent healthcare-associated infections.
Prevalence of free-living acanthamoeba and its associated bacteria in energy-efficient hot water systems in South Africa
Authors: SJ Moodley  , P Muchesa  , C Bartie  , TG Barnard  , R Clarke  , A Masenge  , SN Venter  
Published: January 2023

As part of the Eskom rebate programme, energy-efficient hot water systems such as solar water heaters (low pressure), heat pumps and energy-efficient showerheads were rolled out to the public as a measure to conserve and save energy. There has been a concern that these systems may not reach the required high temperatures, especially during winter, and, as a result of this, Acanthamoeba and its associated bacteria such as Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and nontuberculous mycobacteria could flourish within these systems causing a potential health risk to consumers. This study examined the relationship between Acanthamoeba and its associated bacteria at different temperature ranges. A total of 156 water (69) and biofilm samples (87) were collected from a solar water heater, heat pump, geyser and showerheads and examined for these organisms using amoebal enrichment and molecular techniques. Amoeba could be cultivated from 45 (65.2%) of the water samples and 56 (64.4%) of the biofilm samples. The study confirmed the presence of Legionella pneumophila, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and nontuberculous mycobacteria in the hot water systems at both of the simulated winter (20°C to 30°C) and higher summer (40°C to 55°C) temperatures as well as the control system. There was a significant positive correlation between the presence of Acanthamoeba and the presence of Pseudomonas. Based on this association it is suggested that Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be investigated as an indicator organism for the presence of Acanthamoeba and opportunistic pathogens.
Adsorptive removal of BTEX compounds from wastewater using activated carbon derived from macadamia nut shells
Authors: Kedibone Melaphi  , Olawumi O Sadare  , Geoffrey S Simate  , Stephan Wagenaar  , Kapil Moothi  
Published: January 2023

In this study, adsorptive removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) from synthetic water using activated carbon adsorbent derived from macadamia nut shells was investigated. The surface functional groups of the synthesized adsorbents were assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectra. The specific surface area, pore size and pore volume at 77 K nitrogen adsorption, surface morphology, and the crystalline structure of the adsorbents were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction, respectively. Batch adsorption mode was used to evaluate the performance of the activated carbon. The stock solutions of synthetic wastewater were prepared by dissolving 100 mg/L of each of the BTEX compound into distilled water in a 250 mL volumetric flask. Effect of initial concentration of BTEX compounds, contact time, and mass of adsorbent on the removal of BTEX compounds from the synthetic wastewater was investigated. The macadamia nut shell–derived activated carbon (MAC) proved to be an effective adsorbent for BTEX compounds, with a large surface area of 405.56 m2/g. The exposure time to reach equilibrium for maximum removal of BTEX was observed to be 20 min. The adsorption capacity of the BTEX compounds by MAC followed the following adsorption order: benzene > toluene > ethylbenzene ˃ xylene.
The potential of decentralised wastewater treatment in urban and rural sanitation in South Africa: lessons learnt from a demonstration-scale DEWATS within the eThekwini Municipality
Authors: Preyan Arumugam  , Lungiswa Zuma  , Susan Mercer  , Lloyd Govender  , Jonathan Pocock  , Christopher J Brouckaert  , Teddy Gounden  
Published: January 2023

The design principles of decentralised wastewater treatment systems (DEWATS) make them a practical sanitation option for municipalities to adopt in fast-growing cities in South Africa. Since 2014, a demonstration-scale DEWATS with a modular design consisting of a settler, anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR), anaerobic filter (AF), vertical down-flow constructed wetland (VFCW) and horizontal flow constructed wetland (HFCW) has been in operation in eThekwini. A performance evaluation after the long-term operation was undertaken in 2019 by comparing the final effluent with national regulatory requirements. Despite limitations in characterising the raw wastewater, a comparison of the settler and final effluent quality indicated high (≥ 85%) removal efficiencies of total chemical oxygen demand (CODt), ammonium-N (NH4-N) and orthophosphate-P (PO4-P), 75% removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and 83.3% log10 removal of Escherichia coli. Lack of exogenous and endogenous carbon and high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations (> 0.5 mg‧L−1) inhibited denitrification in the HFCW, resulting in 12.5% of the effluent samples achieving compliance for nitrate-N (NO3-N). Moreover, mixed aggregate media and low residence times in the HFCW may have also contributed to poor NO3-N removal. During the COVID-19 lockdown, an unexpected shutdown and subsequent resumption of flow to the DEWATS indicated a 16-week recovery time based on achieving full nitrification in the HFCW. Although design modifications are necessary for the HFCW, the installation of urine diversion flushing toilets at the household will reduce the nutrient loading to the DEWATS and potentially achieve fully compliant effluent. Alternatively, the application of two-stage vertical flow constructed wetlands to improve denitrification should also be explored in the South African context. With an improved design, DEWATS has the potential to fill the gap in both urban and rural sanitation in South Africa, where waterborne sanitation is still desired but connections to conventional wastewater treatment works (WWTWs) are not possible.
Diagnóstico de neoplasias hematológicas a partirdel hemograma y la cito-morfología: Casos clínicos
Authors: Pérez E. Rocío , Jaramillo A. Patricia E 
Published: January 2023

El esquema de clasificación de las neoplasias hematológicas de acuerdo con la última revisión de la OMS, parte en primera instancia de las características morfológicas de linaje en el extendido de sangre periférica, las cuales complementan la información del hemograma automatizado. Requiere además el estudio de medula ósea (aspirado y/o biopsia), el inmunofenotipo, el cariotipo y el análisis molecular; todo ello para el seguimiento, pronóstico y tratamiento del paciente. Con base en este esquema los hallazgos de los seis pacientes descritos permiten proponer los diagnósticos de las neoplasias que padecen, las cuales deben confirmarse en su mayoría con el inmunofenotipo por citometría de flujo y los estudios moleculares que correspondan.
Potenciadores en el proceso de remoción biológica de Hidrocarburos Aromáticos Policíclicos (PHAS)
Authors: Quiceno Pérez Estefany , Ríos Osorio Leonardo Alberto 
Published: January 2023

Introducción: Los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) son un tipo de contaminantes ambientales, formados a partir de la ignición incompleta de los combustibles fósiles, durante eventos naturales y/o actividades humanas; por tanto están siendo constantemente acumulados en el ambiente. La principal forma de eliminar estos HAP es mediante la biorremediación a partir de la capacidad de microorganismos para degradar compuestos altamente tóxicos y recalcitrantes. Los procesos de biorremediación pueden verse intensificados mediante la implementación de potenciadores, los cuales son sustancias o compuestos que apoyan las técnicas de remediación usadas actualmente mejorando los resultados obtenidos.
Objetivo: Describir los potenciadores implementados en la degradación biológica de HAP a partir de la literatura científica.
Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica de los últimos 10 años. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos Springerlink y en el metabuscador ScienceDirect, se empleó la ruta de búsqueda (biodegradation AND (Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Aromatic OR PHA) AND enhancer AND soil).
Resultados: Se obtuvieron 22 artículos para la realización de la revisión sistemática, 15 de Sciencedirect y 7 de Springer, y se complementaron con 1 tesis de maestría y un artículo de revista no indexada. Se describen los diferentes potenciadores reportados, su naturaleza, usos y porcentajes de potenciación de la acción biorremediadora.
Conclusiones: El uso de nitrógeno y algunos tipos de microorganismos generan un aumento en el efecto bioremediador de los PHAs.