bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting and Enhancing American Business, Jobs, and Tax Revenues
Authors: Moore John Norton 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The UNCLOS Convention provides a legal regime for the oceans which promotes and protects critical United States business and economic interests. Thus, it protects navigational freedom for United States trade, over 90% of which moves by ship. It protects United States fishermen by providing America with the largest economic zone in the world; an area encompassing the principal coastal stocks of fish off the United States. The UNCLOS economic zone for the United States spans over 13,000 miles of coastline and contains approximately 3.4 million square nautical miles of ocean – an area larger than the land area of all fifty states. This same economic zone also provides a huge area where the United States has exclusive rights to develop new sources of energy from the oceans, such as ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) utilizing the temperature differential between surface and subsurface oceans strata. The Convention gives American oil companies and the nation access to the oil and gas of the largest continental shelf in the world. And for America’s deep seabed miners the Convention provides the indispensable ingredient for their success, property rights to protect their billion-dollar investment. As the world transitions to electric vehicles the minerals from these deep seabed sites, such as cobalt, will be of critical importance for America to remain competitive. UNCLOS also protects the right to lay and maintain submarine cables which are the backbone of the internet and of American international commerce over the internet.
The Opponents Show Their Colors and America Loses
Authors: Moore John Norton 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This Chapter notes that the misrepresentations about UNCLOS, as detailed in the preceding two chapters, charitably suggest an egregious lack of knowledge about the Convention, the law of the sea generally, United States oceans interests, and even the rule of law. The Chapter notes that in addition to specific false and misleading arguments about the Convention, there are three notable absences in the opponent’s overall consideration of the Convention. First, by failing to present any realistic alternatives to serve the United States interests at stake, the opponents virtually ignore that their argument for non-accession will not even serve the principal reasons they identify for opposing the Convention. Second, the opponents make virtually no examination of any cost-benefit overall assessment of the Convention, even if one were to accept their arguments as true, as would be the normal starting point for serious debate. Finally, the opponents virtually ignore the Convention provision, set out in Article 317, as to how easy it is for a party to withdraw from the Convention should any of their imaginary horribles prove real. This Article permits withdrawal simply through “written notification” to take effect one year after receipt of the notification. Moreover, the contractual rights of American seabed miners, obtained while the United States was a party to the Convention, would then be respected even after withdrawal.
Pay Communication
Authors: Bamberger Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with a review of the way that pay communication has been conceptualized in the literature, highlighting how conceptual inconsistencies may underlie divergent findings. It then suggests a comprehensive definition of pay communication, as well as a conceptual framework for making sense of this concept’s core dimensions. After exploring factors potentially explaining the variance in pay communication practices across firms, the chapter reviews a variety of theoretical perspectives, such as equity and expectancy theories, that scholars have applied in order to understand how and when pay communication affects key organizational outcomes. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how uncertainty management theory and compensation activation theory may serve as integrative frameworks for understanding the consequences of pay transparency.
Pay Transparency and Employee Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavior
Authors: Bamberger Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the individual-level consequences of pay transparency. Beginning with some of the earliest studies of pay transparency conducted in the 1960s, it first examines how restrictive pay communication policies and practices can impact employee pay perceptions and knowledge and why these effects matter. The chapter then reviews a number of studies exploring the consequences of pay communication on a variety of employee attitudes, such as fairness and trust. Understanding these perceptual and attitudinal effects is important because they provide a better basis for probing how, when, and why pay communication may impact key behavioral outcomes, including employee task and contextual performance, counterproductive work behavior, and ultimately withdrawal behavior (i.e., retention versus turnover).
The Impact of Pay Transparency on the Firm
Authors: Bamberger Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines whether, when, and how various pay communication policies and practices impact outcomes of relevance to the organization. Focusing on the human capital implications of pay communication, the chapter examines, for example, how different pay communication practices may affect the firm’s ability to attract and retain key talent. Building on the notion that transparency heightens the socioemotional costs to managers of differentially rating their subordinates’ performance, the chapter then explores the implications of pay transparency for performance management, pay dispersion, and the form in which rewards are distributed. Because all of these effects can have normative implications for the firm, the chapter also examines the ways in which pay communication policies and practices can transform (as well as be reciprocally influenced by) organizational culture and climate. The chapter concludes by discussing the net impact of all of these enterprise-level effects of pay transparency on firm performance.
Employee Pay Disclosure
Authors: Bamberger Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on pay communication transparency and specifically on whether, when, and how employees disclose their pay to others. The chapter first explores various forms of employee pay information exchange, including new indirect forms operating via internet-based intermediaries such as Glassdoor, and the prevalence of such behavior. It then discusses the psychological forces potentially motivating individuals to seek out and/or share pay information or to refrain from doing so. Specifically, it reviews research examining (a) individual and situational predictors of relevant employee attitudes or preferences and (b) how these preferences may help explain actual pay solicitation and sharing behavior. Next, the chapter presents empirical findings from a study examining the role of reciprocity and employer restrictions on internet-mediated pay information exchange. It concludes with a discussion of the potential efficacy and impact of pay communication restrictiveness.
Tales from the Trenches
Authors: Bamberger Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents three mini-case studies, each representing a different approach to pay communication. The first case describes an Australian information technology company that maintains full and complete pay transparency. The second case is that of Whole Foods, a company which offers substantial, but not full, pay outcome transparency. The third case presents a company adopting a more guarded approach, providing its employees with only partial pay information. Each of these companies offers a unique profile of pay communication practices, driven by its own unique history. For each case, the chapter delineates the factors leading up to the adoption of the pay communication practices currently in place, highlights some of the challenges experienced by managers living with those practices, and, where relevant, discusses the ways in which those responsible for rewards management in these enterprises are thinking about changing their company’s current approach.
Justification of Human Enhancement versus Rationale for Space Missions
Authors: Szocik Konrad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the relationship between the ethical justification for human enhancement and the type of space mission for which such enhancement might be seriously considered. Three types of space missions such as scientific missions, commercial missions, and the space refuge concept are discussed. Commercial missions are divided into space mining and space tourism. In all cases this chapter assumes, for the sake of argument, that human presence will be necessary for the effective execution of each type of mission. The chapter shows that even for the missions with the seemingly weakest ethical justification, namely commercial missions and especially space tourism, somewhat paradoxically, human enhancement is justified as long as the informed consent criterion is maintained and the principle of autonomy is respected. The main idea of the chapter is the notion that the harsh conditions of the space environment make the concept of human enhancement through gene editing uncontroversial regardless of the type of mission.
Old Issues, New Challenges
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
World War I and the aftermath posed challenges for normal school directrices. Many schools became military hospitals, German occupation caused some displacements, and directrices sought alternate spaces for instruction and housing students. As older directrices retired, 120 new directrices were appointed between 1914 and 1938, among them directrices for normal schools in Alsace-Lorraine, returned to France in 1919. Postwar changes in curriculum and regulations had a somewhat liberating effect. Normal school personnel often supported educational reform efforts for “la nouvelle éducation” and “l’école unique.” Many also remained in feminist organizations, disappointed that French women had not acquired the vote. The professional association of normal school directors became a syndicat. During the 1930s, as internal political divisions intensified, some directrices joined groups opposing rightwing parties. Many educators also embraced pacificism as international tensions heightened. The German defeat of France in 1940 led to the Vichy regime, which planned to abolish normal schools.
Epilogue
Authors: Clark Linda L. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nazi Germany’s defeat of France in 1940 led to the collapse of the Third Republic and division of France into a northern zone of Germany occupation and another in the South under the collaborationist Vichy regime. Vichy closed normal schools, deemed too leftist; created professional institutes as replacements; moved many personnel to other posts; and compelled some directrices and professors to retire because of the women’s work law restricting female employment in the public sector. After the liberation, normal schools reopened. Women’s suffrage was introduced, and some directrices active in wartime Resistance assumed local political roles. The Fourth and Fifth Republics’ educational policies altered normal schools’ role in academic preparation. They became coeducational in the 1970s. The Jospin law of 1989 replaced normal schools with university institutes of professional formation (IUFM), subsequently replaced twenty years later. Reforms spurred interest in new publications examining normal schools’ origins and history.
Can Employers Discriminate without Treating Some Employees Worse Than Others?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
According to a widespread view, discrimination is comparative in the following sense: for a discriminator to discriminate against a discriminatee, there must be a relevant third party—a “comparator”—whom the discriminator treats better in a similar situation. This view—the Simple View—is naturally associated with relational egalitarianism in that it implies that discrimination involves not relating as equals. However, this chapter argues that the Simple View is false. While the chapter accepts that discrimination is essentially comparative in some less simple way, it is possible to discriminate without treating anyone—actual or hypothetical—better than the discriminatee. Nevertheless, while such non-comparator-involving discrimination seems compatible with individuals relating as equals on a natural understanding of what such a relation involves, it violates the moral impulse behind relational egalitarianism. Accordingly, this chapter proposes a revisionist understanding of that ideal, according to which individuals can relate as equals and nevertheless violate relational egalitarianism. One practical upshot of this claim is that relational egalitarians can be sympathetic to a broader understanding of (wrongful) discrimination than that permitted by the Simple View.
A Cooperative Paradigm of Employment
Authors: Tsuruda Sabine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter advances a cooperative paradigm of employment to critique the hierarchical authority structure in the employment relation and to guide reform. It argues that securing social conditions of occupational freedom requires placing the purposes and requirements of a particular job under the joint legal authority of the employee and the employer, and placing broader workplace policies and decisions under the collective legal authority of the employer and affected employees. The hierarchical authority structure in the employment relation is thus not merely problematic when an employer’s authority is arbitrary or insufficiently circumscribed; its very nature precludes employment from being a cooperative enterprise among free and equal persons.
“An Insurmountable Distaste for Work”
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
By the end of the nineteenth century, the Republic had developed a specific approach for dealing with juvenile delinquents. Although the justice system did not charge most young miscreants for their crimes, its judges did institutionalize many young people. To determine whether to institutionalize a young offender, local magistrates relied on the police or employees of the Public Assistance, the city’s welfare agency, to investigate the youth’s family situation and character. This chapter examines the records of these investigations to consider how working-class parents and republican functionaries conceived of juvenile delinquency. As with specialists, both groups defined delinquency as an aversion to work. For parents, a child’s refusal to contribute to the family economy made him or her delinquent. Similarly, the police or Public Assistance investigators recommended institutionalization for children they claimed had indolent tendencies. These archives capture how parents and functionaries used the juvenile justice system and the welfare state to police unproductivity.
Blurred Spaces
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
While child labor laws and vocational training programs standardized the pathway through childhood for boys, this chapter shows that they reinforced the separation between working-class girlhood and boyhood. Even as the Republic placed more regulations on working-class childhood, girls’ path to adulthood remained more fluid. In contrast to their male peers, girls retained a connection to the home and the family, even when they entered the workforce. They could only enter trades that prepared them for their future lives as mothers. The child labor laws only applied to industrial workspaces, leaving many girl workers outside their protections. Many girls also labored in spaces run by religious orders, which initially fell outside of the labor laws. In their gender-specific technical schools or classes, girls learned domestic skills that prepared them for feminine trades or motherhood.
“The Collaboration of the Crowd”
Authors: Sachs Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter relies on memoirs and postcards to enter the working-class neighborhood and to access how the working classes perceived childhood. It passes through the streets of Paris and working-class homes. Many youths worked in jobs at the periphery of industrial production or ran errands, the types of employment that escaped official notice. Examining these youths at work reveals that the working classes continued to use their own informal measures to evaluate children’s age, gender, or place within a community. Children retained a role within the family economy and their families expected them to labor as soon as they were physically able. The child labor laws merely determined when they could take up compensated work.
Chile’s Shift to the Left and the Rise of Women
Authors: Ramm Alejandra , Gaete José Manuel , Bonich Milena Morales 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In Chile the experiment shows that candidate gender typically is not a strong component of leadership templates for either male or female participants, yet when gender is significant women candidates are favored (to be a deputy and in feminine policy areas). The study also shows that women are evaluated as capable in masculine policy areas. Coalition, in contrast, regularly has a significant effect on candidate evaluations, and coalitions receive higher scores on policies associated with their issue ownership. Findings that women fit the leader image of Chilean urban young adults are notable given the long history of limited election of women to congress, paired with a woman president for eight years. These findings are also important given the context of political protest in the years surrounding the experiment, with protests often having young women as “on the street” leaders.
Free Will
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDoes neuroscience show that free will is an illusion? A number of scientists believe so because it shows that unconscious brain mechanisms control our actions, which leaves us with no real choice. But such skeptical conclusions are not necessarily foisted on us by the science. Free will can exist even if it turns out to be a bit different from what you might expect. Our decisions are driven largely by unconscious forces, but these factors facilitate human agency. To kick off the discussion, the chapter begins with another legal case, one of the first in which brain imaging evidence has successfully reduced the sentence of a defendant in a homicide trial.
Manipulating Brains
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDo brain interventions impair a patient’s autonomy or sense of self? Brain stimulation, neurosurgery, prescription drugs, and other treatments do have risks, including changing one’s identity. However, the frequency of transformative experiences throughout life suggests that the self is quite dynamic and flexible. Nevertheless, risks of adverse events from neuromodulation are concerning given the history of unethical medical procedures in neuroscience, the specter of eugenics, and the overuse of many medical treatments. Threats to the self might be exaggerated, but greater medical humility is warranted all around, especially in brain interventions. A fascinating case of deep brain stimulation sparks these interrelated issues of adverse side effects, patient autonomy, and personal identity.
Addiction
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIs addiction a chronic brain disease? Most health professionals now believe that substance use disorder is a brain disease that greatly inhibits self-control with respect to using drugs (including alcohol). Continuing with our nuanced approach, we see in this chapter that matters are not so simple. Although addiction is certainly a disorder of some sort, it’s not clearly a brain disease that erodes control. The brain mechanisms involved in addiction look to be the same as those involved in more ordinary failures of self-control. The difference is one of degree rather than kind. Our discussion begins with the case of an opioid addict who is punished in a drug court for relapsing.
Moral Judgment
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractShould we trust our gut feelings in ethics and politics? Psychopaths’ brain abnormalities dampen moral feelings like compassion and remorse, which might suggest that emotions are generally good moral guides. However, both typical and atypical brains suggest that rational and emotional capacities are entangled. A different concern is that automatic emotions can lead us astray, as when we privilege the needs of the few over the needs of the many (in conflict with utilitarianism). But a careful look at the neuroscience suggests that our gut feelings are not inflexible and unreliable. They are central to healthy forms of learning and understanding that are lacking in extreme cases of psychopathy.
Nuanced Neuroethics
Authors: May Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this concluding chapter, we return to the grim case of Kevin’s brain surgery and draw out some general lessons. Each chapter might seem to tackle rather distinct topics, but together they suggest a unified approach to the field. A nuanced approach to neuroethics emerges that reconceives human agency as less conscious and reliable, but more diverse and flexible, than we ordinarily think. An overarching lesson for medicine, law, cognitive science, and public policy is one of cognitive continuity: disordered and neurotypical minds are more alike than they are unalike. By avoiding alarmism and embracing nuance, philosophy and neuroscience can work together to improve the human condition through a better understanding of it.
Time
Authors: Link Nathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Theories of narrative devote much attention to temporal structures, distinguishing between the “time of the thing told” and the “time of the telling.” Chapter 2 investigates the temporal elements of order, duration, and frequency in Handel’s operas, investigating especially the relationship between “clock-time” (the time that passes in the opera house during performance), and “story-time” (the time span represented as passing in the story-world of an opera), illustrating how radically time-structures in opera diverge from those familiar to us in spoken drama. In the process, the chapter shows that the standard description of temporal “jerks and pauses” between recitative and aria is often inaccurate, considering certain instances in which at least some time can clearly be shown to have elapsed during an aria, and others in which the passing of clock- and story-time seems to be nearly equivalent, analyzing both Handel’s scores and modern productions of his operas.
Character
Authors: Link Nathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The most crucial relationship to mimetic storytelling is that between the onstage (or on-screen) actors and the characters they are understood to represent within the story. During a play or film, Laurence Olivier, for example, is Hamlet; Johnny Depp is Captain Jack Sparrow, and so on. In opera seria, however, this correspondence is often strained to the breaking point: many contemporary accounts suggest that it was the singer, not the character represented, that was “most present to the audience’s imagination,” leading to numerous dismissals of the genre as essentially “concerts in costume.” Chapter 4 explores situations in which Handel’s characters indeed do not seem to be envoiced by the actor ostensibly representing them, as well as those in which the opposite situation occurs, and—notwithstanding the opera seria conventions and practices that sometimes sideline a character’s presence—the voice of the dramatic character emerges to the representational foreground.