bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
الهيئات الادارية المختصة بحماية الصحة الدوائية في ظل جائحة كورونا "دراسة مقارنة"
Authors: Wisam Razaq Falih  
Published: August 2023

أن موضوع الصحة العامة يحظى بأهمية كبيرة في المجتمع نظرا لتفشي الامراض والاوبئة وزيادة مخاطرها ، وان الصحة الدوائية تمثل مطلب اساسي لكل فرد في المجتمع وان تحقيقها والارتقاء بها الى اقصى حد ممكن امر يحظى بأهمية كبيرة لحفظ صحة الانسان وحياته ، لذا فان اغلب الدول عمدت على انشاء هيئات اداريه متخصصة يعهد لها القيام بمهمة تحقيق الصحة العامة وحمايتها من الامراض والأوبئة ، كما أن وظيفه الهيئات الادارية تعد من الوظائف الاساسية في الدولة ، كونها مكلفه بمهمة حمايه النظام العام والمحافظة عليه وتحقيق استقرار المجتمع ، من خلال المحافظة على الامن العام والصحة العامة والسكينة العامة ، وان النظام العام الصحي في المرحلة الراهنة اصبح مهددا بشكل خطير بعد انتشار الكثير من الامراض وجائحه كورونا (كوفيد-19 ) الذي انتشر في العالم بطريقه شرسة وسريعة للغاية في جميع دول العالم وحصد ارواح الالاف من السكان ، وبسبب تدهور الواقع الصحي وتزايد اعداد المرضى ، سعت اغلب الدول الى تنظيم اجهزة ادارية متخصصة في حماية الصحة الدوائية على المستوى المركزي والمحلي ، تعمل على توفير متطلبات الصحة والدواء بشكل منظم ومناسب لجميع المواطنين
Evaluating the Impact of the GeneXpert Technique on Case Detection and Management of Tuberculosis in Ghana
Authors: Sorvor Felix Kodzo Besah , Ewusie Ebenezer Ato 
Published: August 2023

Background: Rapid and more sensitive diagnostic assays have seen substantial investment globally intending to improve Tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis towards treatment. This study evaluated the impact of the GeneXpert intervention on TB case detection and management in Ghana.
Methods: The study made use of an interrupted time series design. Data from Ghana’s District Health Information Management System (DHIMS II) was used to evaluate the impact of the intervention. A cross-section of DHIMS II data was analyzed repeatedly using 2017 and 2022 as baseline and end lines, respectively. Descriptive analysis and interrupted time series models were used.
Results: No immediate impact was observed on bacteriologically confirmed TB, however, 5 years following the intervention, the number of bacteriologically confirmed TB cases increased by an average of 562 cases per year (step and ramp (coefficients of pre- and post-intervention ) variables being -278.5 (95% (CI): -1118.3, 561.3) and 561.9 (95% CI: 352.3, 771.6), respectively. The cure rate decreased on average by 32.8% at the onset (step coefficient of -32.8 (95% CI: 40.5 – 25.0), however, there were no significant changes in the pre-and post-intervention cure rates (ramp coefficient = 1.5 (95% CI: -4.0, 7.0). Subsequently, the treatment completed rate increased sharply in the year of implementation but did not significantly differ from the pre-and post-intervention period (step and ramp coefficients were 29.4% (95% CI: 27.0, 31.9) and 1.5% (95% CI: -1.8, 0.4). Moreover, the intervention did not have a significant sudden or gradual impact on adverse treatment outcomes; step and ramp coefficients were 3.0% (95% CI: -4.5, 10.6) and 0.2% (95% CI: -5.1, 5.5)
Conclusions: While bacteriologically diagnosed TB cases improved during the implementation period, clinical outcomes were not significantly impacted. To achieve recommended global targets, there is a need to address treatment follow-up challenges and enhance monitoring as part of addressing implementation challenges.
Estimation of Combining Ability, Gene Action and Components of Genetic Variation in Forage Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.)]
Authors: Talaviya H. S. , Gami R. A. , Kugashiya K. G. , Patel R. N. , Solanki R. S. 
Published: August 2023

Aims: To Study the combining ability effects and evaluate the genetics of the parents for fodder yield and its component traits in sorghum.
Study Design: Randomized block design.
Place and Duration of Study: The seeds of F1 hybrids were produced during summer 2022 at Center for Millets Research, S. D. Agricultural University, Deesa.
Methodology: Six parental genotypes were used in the experiment, which produced 15 half-diallel crosses in sorghum.
Results: The analysis of variance for combining-ability (CA) studies revealed that mean sum of squares due to general combining ability (GCA) were important for most of the characters except the leaf length of blade. Based on the gca effect, the parents CSV 46, IS 3338 and Malwan were good general combiners for green and dry fodder yield per plant. The unit slope of regression line and non- significant t2 value asserted the validity of the additive-dominance model for total plant height, number of leaf per plant, stem diameter, leaf length of blade, leaf width of blade, dry fodder yield per plant and crude protein content in dry fodder. The value of H1 was superior to H2 for most of the characters representing that gene distribution frequency in the parent genotypes was asymmetry and that was supported by the ratio of H2/4H1 (i.e., less than 0.25). The KD/KR components value was greater than one among most of the traits except for number of leaf per plant and crude protein content in dry fodder showed that parents had more dominant genes compared to recessive genes frequency.
Conclusion: The ratio of σ2gca/σ2sca being more than unity, which suggested greater role of additive genetic variance in the inheritance of these traits. The genetic components of variance and graphical analysis revealed that different type of gene action were involved for forage yield and components traits in sorghum.
Genetic Divergenence in Pod and Seed Traits of Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. in North Kashmir Himalayas, India
Authors: Nabi Sabeena , Fayaz Nusrat , Khan P. A. , Nazir Nageena , Rather Shabir Ahmad 
Published: August 2023

The present investigation was conducted to record variation of pod and seed traits among nine seed sources of Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. Study of variation is the first step for any breeding programme.Significant variations (p<0.05) were recorded for different morphological parameters of seed and seedling among the different provenances. Pods were collected from nine seed sources of Kashmir valley. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among the pod and seed traits, thus exhibiting more variability. Seed source (S2) exhibited outstanding performance for the pod and seed traits (pod length- 72.66 mm; pod width- 13.57mm; seeds per pod- 7.92), whereas S9 showed the lowest values for pod length as 60.98mm) and S8 recorded minimum values for pod width (11.13mm) and number of seeds per pod (4.55). Maximum seed weight among sites (24.05 g) was observed in S2 and it was found statistically at par with S4 (24.02 g) and followed by S6 (24.00 g) with minimum observed in S7 (22.66 g). Furthermore, this variability appeared to be geographically structured and would be mainly genetically controlled.
Modified Solutions of Linear Differential Equations with Polynomial Coeffcients near the Origin and Infinity
Authors: Morita Tohru 
Published: August 2023

Linear differential equations with polynomial coeffcients are studied. Solutions near the origin and infinity are presented for the differential equations of the second order and with two blocks of classified terms, where the solutions u(t) near the origin and infinity are assumed to be expressed by a power series of t and t -1 respectively, multiplied by a power of t. In the present study, it is shown that the function which is obtained from any of these solutions by multiplying et or e/t or (l - t/), is a solution of a differential equation with two or three blocks of classified terms, where and are constants. Discussions are given also of multipliers et2 or e/t2. The studies are mainly made for the cases in which the singularities of the differential equation do not change, but some studies are given for the cases when the singularities change.
Medication Adherence in Renal Patients
Authors: Anoohya J. , Sameera U. , Thatipelli Ravi Chander , Chillara Tejaswi 
Published: August 2023

Background: Medication adherence is defined as extent of patients taking medications as prescribed by doctors. It is the major factor that determines the therapeutic outcomes in the patient. Non adherence is quite common problem in most of the patients which is dangerous and can increase treatment expenses.
Aims: The study was conducted to evaluate and identify various reasons leading to non-adherence which can result in unpleasant consequences in the renal patients.
Materials and Methods: The study was a prospective observational study that was performed through a questionnaire for 6 months. The data collected includes renal patient’s demographic details, past history, complaints, medications and interviewed them regarding their medications use by using morisky adherence questionnaire.
Results: The study was performed on 300 renal patients in the nephrology department. From this data around 31(10%) of the patients were completely adherent and 269(90%) of the patients were non-adherent to the medications. 66(24%) were non-adherent due to forgetfulness about medications, 49(18.2%) were non-adherent because of very frequent changes made in the drug regimen, 63(23.4%) of the patients were non-adherent because of expensive medicines.
Conclusion: In our study, we observed that most of the people are unaware of their own medical condition and about their medications use. We assessed that lack of knowledge on renal complications and purpose of medication adherence will cause the non-medication adherence in the renal patients. So, the health care professionals must educate the patients regarding their severity of their health condition, usage and importance of their prescribed medications and advantages of hemodialysis in CKD patients, dietary restrictions to improve their quality of life and to reduce mortality rate. Non adherence can be also a result of low economic status.
Repair of an Inferior Canalicular Laceration using a Flexible Mono-Canalicular Probe with Self-Stabilizing Meatic Fixation
Authors: Mhadi Mohcine El , Ouafi Aziz El 
Published: August 2023

Canalicular lacerations represent the first cause of intervention in lacrimal traumatology. They are observed in 16% of eyelid wounds and 20% of eyeball lesions. They can be caused by both penetrating and blunt trauma. Various materials have been used to stent the torn canaliculus in the past. Medical grade silicone, due to its inert nature and flexibility, has become the material of choice for tear stenting. We report the case of a lower canalicular laceration repaired using a flexible mono-canalicular probe with self-stabilizing meatic fixation, to describe the course of the intervention, as well as the advantages and tolerance of this technique. True mono-canalicular intubation, using a flexible mono-canalicular probe with self-stabilizing meatic fixation, has several advantages over other lacrimal intubation techniques. The placement of this probe is essential, to ensure the correct alignment of the anastomosis and the lacrimal lumen during the healing phase, to prevent fibrosis and stenosis after canalicular repair and thus to maintain permeability.
Association of Sustained Low or High Income and Income Changes With Risk of Incident Type 2 Diabetes Among Individuals Aged 30 to 64 Years
Authors: Park Jimin Clara , Nam Ga Eun , Yu Jinna , McWhorter Ketrell L. , Liu Junxiu , Lee Hong Seok , Lee Seong-Su , Han Kyungdo 
Published: August 2023

ImportanceEvidence of the association between income fluctuation and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is scarce.ObjectiveTo investigate whether sustained low or high income and income changes are associated with incidence of T2D.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this population-based cohort study, more than 7.8 million adults without T2D aged 30 to 64 years from a nationally representative sample from the Korean Health Insurance Service database were enrolled in 2012 and followed up to 2019 (median follow-up, 6.3 years [IQR, 6.1-6.6 years]).ExposuresTwenty quantiles of monthly health insurance premiums determined income levels. Income quartiles were annually analyzed from 2008 to 2012. Beneficiaries of the Medical Aid Program were regarded as those with very low income. A decrease in income was indicated as a reduction of 25% or more in income compared with income in the previous year.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was incident T2D based on the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes E11 to E14, 1 or more claims of antidiabetic medication, or a fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the association of low- or high-income status and income changes with incidence of T2D.ResultsOf 7 821 227 participants (mean [SD] age, 46.4 [9.3] years; 54.9% men), 359 931 (4.6%) developed T2D at least 1 year after enrollment. Individuals who repeatedly experienced low and very low income for 5 years showed 22% (hazard ratio [HR], 1.22 [95% CI, 1.21-1.23]) and 57% (1.57 [95% CI, 1.53-1.62]) higher T2D risk compared with those who never experienced low and very low income, respectively. In contrast, individuals who were repeatedly in high-income quartiles showed lower T2D risk compared with those who never experienced high income (HR, 0.86 [95% CI, 0.85-0.86]). The number of income decreases was associated with elevated T2D risk (≥2 vs 0 income decreases: HR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.06-1.11]; P &amp;lt; .001 for trend). When income quartile status was compared between 2008 and 2012, individuals who experienced an income increase had lowered T2D risk, while those who experienced an income decrease had elevated T2D risk in each income quartile group.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study found that individuals who experienced sustained low-income status or an income decrease had elevated T2D risk, while those who had sustained high-income status or an income increase had lowered T2D risk.
Biological Hallmarks of Cancer
Authors: Hanahan Douglas , Weinberg Robert A. 
Published: August 2023

Overview
An enigma for cancer medicine lies in its complexity and variability, at all levels of consideration. The hallmarks of cancer constitute an organizing principle that provides a conceptual basis for distilling the complexity of this disease in order to better understand it in its diverse presentations. This conceptualization involves eight biological capabilities—the hallmarks of cancer—acquired by cancer cells during the long process of tumor development and malignant progression. Two characteristic traits of cancer cells facilitate the acquisition of these functional capabilities. The eight distinct hallmarks consist of sustaining proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, activating invasion and metastasis, deregulating cellular energetics and metabolism, and avoiding immune destruction. The principal facilitators of their acquisition are genome instability with consequent gene mutation and tumor‐promoting inflammation. The integration of these hallmark capabilities involves heterotypic interactions among multiple cell types populating the “tumor microenvironment” (TME), which is composed of cancer cells and a tumor‐associated stroma, including three prominent classes of recruited support cells—angiogenic vascular cells (AVC), various subtypes of fibroblasts, and infiltrating immune cells (IIC). In addition, the neoplastic cells populating individual tumors are themselves typically heterogeneous, in that cancer cells can assume a variety of distinctive phenotypic states and undergo genetic diversification during tumor progression. Accordingly, the hallmarks of cancer—this set of necessarily acquired capabilities and their facilitators—constitute a useful heuristic tool for elucidating mechanistic bases and commonalties underlying the pathogenesis of diverse forms of human cancer, with potential applications to cancer therapy.
Oncogenes
Authors: Pierotti Marco A. , Frattini Milo , Molinari Francesca , Sozzi Gabriella , Croce Carlo M. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewThe initiation and progression of human neoplastic diseases is a multistep process involving the accumulation of genetic changes in somatic cells. These genetic changes typically consist of the activation of cooperating oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes, which both appear necessary for a complete neoplastic phenotype. Oncogenes are altered versions of normal cellular genes called proto‐oncogenes, usually involved in the regulation of cell growth and activated by mutation, chromosomal rearrangement, or gene amplification. In this chapter, at first we will describe the methods that have been applied by the researchers for the discovery and the identification of oncogenes. Then we will present the genetic mechanisms of proto‐oncogenes activation (point mutations, gene amplifications, chromosomal rearrangements) with several examples, and we will describe the role played by oncogenes in the initiation and progression of various cancers.The identification of oncogene abnormalities has provided tools for the molecular diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. Most important, oncogenes represent potential targets for new types of cancer therapies, which are continuously discovered and tested in clinical trials. The goal of these new drugs is to kill cancer cells selectively while sparing normal cells. These new therapies display an evident benefit for the treatment of several neoplastic diseases that were, before targeted therapies development, very hard to be treated and cured. However, they are not able to kill 100% of neoplastic cells, essentially due to the occurrence of mechanisms of secondary resistance. In the last part of the chapter, we will review all the genes for which a targeted therapy has been developed.
Tumor Suppressor Genes
Authors: Cosgrove David , Park Ben Ho , Vogelstein Bert 
Published: August 2023

OverviewCancer is a genetic disease. Mutations and other alterations in growth promoting genes (oncogenes) and tumor suppressor genes can accumulate during the lifetime of a normal cell resulting in cancer. Unlike oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes generally require biallelic inactivation in order to demonstrate a cancerous phenotype. Importantly, the discovery of heritable tumor suppressor gene mutations that lead to familial forms of cancer has revealed great insight into tumor suppressor function. This has clinical screening implications for individuals with a family history of cancer and has led to newer therapies to target cancer cells with loss of specific tumor suppressors.
Epigenetic Contributions to Human Cancer
Authors: Herman James G. , Baylin Stephen B. 
Published: August 2023

OverviewOver the past 20 years, an exciting advance in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying cancer development has been our growing appreciation that these diseases are not driven solely by genetic changes, but also by epigenetic changes.1–4Strictly speaking, the term epigenetic refers to heritable changes in gene expression, in dividing somatic cells, which are mediated by alterations other than changes in the primary base sequence of DNA.5–7This definition encompasses two critical translational characteristics concerning epigenetic alterations in cancer and their clinical importance. First, the coding and noncoding genes affected by epigenetic changes in cancer remain wild type for DNA sequence rather than harboring irreversible mutations. Second, and closely related, the changes are, then, potentially reversible if normal gene expression can be restored such that the wild‐type gene function can emerge.1,2,4,7–10This recognition of epigenetic changes, which are fundamental to cancer initiation and progression, is occurring in the midst of a dynamic explosion of knowledge as to how the human genome is normally controlled, via chromatin packaging of DNA, to regulate gene expression in different tissues and during development.5–7,11For example, epigenetic processes play a fundamental role during normal embryonic development and adult‐cell renewal. As such, these processes control the emergence of different cellular phenotypes, all with the exact underlying DNA sequence, which occur during development and differentiation. While this knowledge of gene regulation continues to grow rapidly, our understanding of the complete spectrum of epigenetic changes that are key to cancer development is expanding rapidly but could even still, relatively, be in its early stages. However, there is much that has already been learned, and this knowledge in the understanding of basic cancer biology and carcinogenesis already has palpable translational implications, which are discussed in this chapter.
Differentiation Therapy
Authors: Chen Sai‐Juan , Yan Xiao‐Jing , Zhou Guang‐Biao , Chen Zhu 
Published: August 2023

OverviewAbnormal differentiation is one of the main features of human cancers, especially in hematological malignancies. Many aberrant genetic and epigenetic factors have been shown to disrupt the regulation of cell differentiation in a variety of cancers and play an important role in oncogenesis. Differentiation therapy refers to the application of therapeutic agents selectively targeting the key molecules involved in the process of cell differentiation, leading to the restoration of normal cellular homeostasis and the eventual clearance of cancer cells. Over the past four decades, investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer cell differentiation arrest or blockage have allowed the identification of an array of drug targets. On the other hand, many physiological or pharmacological agents have been tested usingin vitroandin vivosystems as the inducers of differentiation and maturation of cancer cells. The translational research in this field has gradually turned the differentiation therapy from a concept to clinical practices. The most successful model of cancer differentiation therapy is the development of synergistic targeted treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) with all‐trans‐retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO). This chapter discusses the basic theories of differentiation therapy and the clinical achievements of this therapeutic approach.
Modeling Therapy of Late or Early‐Stage Metastatic Disease in Mice
Authors: Kerbel Robert S. , Paez‐Ribes Marta , Man Shan , Xu Ping , Guerin Eric , Cruz‐Munoz William , Ebos John M. L. 
Published: August 2023

Overview
An ongoing problem in oncology drug development is the frequent failure of preclinical therapy models involving treatment of tumor‐bearing mice, which show positive results, to predict similar success in patients enrolled in clinical trials. There are numerous possible reasons for causing such high rates of false positives. One is the failure to reproduce the clinical circumstances of treating systemic metastatic disease, whether microscopic or macroscopic in nature—but especially the latter. Thus, it is still common practice to treat mice with established primary tumors, whether they are transplanted or spontaneous, of mouse or human origin, or derived from cell lines or tumor tissue grafts—including human patient‐derived xenografts (PDXs). In this chapter, we summarize recent progress in developing mouse models of spontaneous metastases, especially of late‐stage disease, after surgical resection of primary tumors, including the use of human tumor cell lines, PDXs, and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Some limited therapy results using such models, and how they retrospectively or prospectively correlated with relevant phase III clinical trial outcomes, are discussed. A limited database indicates the possible benefits of using such models for predictive investigational therapeutic studies relevant to the treatment of patients with metastatic disease. Some limitations of such models are also discussed.