bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Cytotoxicity Generated in Human Mixed Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Seeley Janet K. , Masucci Giuseppe , Poros Anna , Klein Eva , Golub Sidney H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In addition to the allospecific killing detected against Con A blasts, 5-day MLC (X vs Ym) cells have a cytotoxic effect against K562 and the autologous (X) lymphoblastoid cell line (auto LCL). This effect is designated as anomalous killing or, AK. Both the AK and allospecific killing could be generated with purified E-rosetting cells, indicating that the effectors were T cells. However, they appeared to belong to different populations, based on three criteria: 1) Upon secondary challenge with the original stimulating cells, allospecific killing displayed a classical memory response. In contrast, peak AK activity against both K562 and the auto LCL was weaker in the secondary, compared to the primary culture. 2) The AK and allo targets did not cross-compete in cold target inhibition tests. 3) AK and allocytotoxicity distributed differently after fractionation of the MLC cells on immobilized immune complexes (IC plates). AK effectors may be similar to natural killer (NK) cells, as they preferentially kill K562 and other NK-sensitive targets. However, the anti-K562 effect was not entirely the result of persisting NK cells because the activity could be generated from Fc receptor-negative, NK-negative precursors. Furthermore, in contrast to NK cells, the AK effector cells could not be efficiently depleted by attachment to IC plates, suggesting that NK and AK differ with respect to expression of Fc receptors. The relationship between these two effects, as well as the conditions involved in activating AK, requires further clarification.
Cyclophosphamide and Cortisone Acetate Inhibit Complement Biosynthesis by Guinea Pig Bronchoalveolar Macrophages
Authors: Pennington James E. , Matthews Wallace J. , Marino Joseph T. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To explore mechanisms of drug-induced alterations in local host defenses in the lung, the capacity of guinea pig alveolar macrophages to synthesize the second (C2) and fourth (C4) components of complement was studied following treatment with cyclophosphamide and cortisone acetate. Administration of either drug significantly inhibited biosynthesis of C2 and C4 within 1 day. After 1 week of treatment, local complement synthesis was inhibited approximately 80%, although serum levels of the corresponding proteins were normal.
Immunosuppression Induced by Avian Reticuloendotheliosis Virus: Mechanism of Induction of the Suppressor Cell
Authors: Rup Bonita J. , Spence Jean L. , Hoelzer Jacalyn D. , Lewis Robert B. , Carpenter Charles R. , Rubin Arnold S. , Bose Henry R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from chickens infected with avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) become cytostatically impaired in their ability to undergo phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA)-induced blastogenesis. This inhibition of T lymphocyte proliferation is mediated by a host-derived population of suppressor cells that are activated or induced during REV infection. Oncogenic preparations of REV consist of a replication-defective transforming virus and a nontransforming, replication-competent helper virus, designated reticuloendotheliosis-associated virus (REV-A). Infection of chickens with REV-A resulted in suppression of the PHA-induced responses of spleen cells from infected birds, and a population of suppressor cells was detected in their spleens. These suppressor cells could no longer be detected 3 weeks after REV-A infection. The loss of suppressor cell activity in the spleens of REV-A infected birds was correlated temporally with the loss of detectable virus in the serum of infected birds. The immunosuppression induced by REV-A was transient since PHA-induced lymphocyte responses of infected birds returned to normal by 5 weeks after infection. Cells transformed in vitro by the replication-defective transforming virus in the absence of its helper virus, which fail to produce either infectious or uninfectious virus particles, were capable of inducing immunosuppression and reticuloendotheliosis. Cell doses of both REV-transformed, nonvirus-producing cells and REV-transformed, nonvirus-producing cells and REV-transformed virus-producing cells that were effective in inducing immunosuppression also infuced lethal reticuloendotheliosis. Antiserum directed against the major envelope glycoprotein of REV-A lysed these cells in the presence of complement, indicating that the REV-transformed, nonvirus-producing cells contain either virion glycoproteins or their precursors on the surface membranes. Chick syncytial virus, duck infectious anemia virus, and spleen necrosis virus, other nontransforming members of the reticuloendotheliosis (RE) virus group, which share cross-reactive glycoproteins with REV, also induced immunosuppression in chickens within 6 days after infection. These results suggest that the viral glycoproteins or their precursors, expressed on the membranes of RE-group virus-infected cells, may be responsible for induction of a host-derived population of suppressor cells. The possibility that other viral or host specified polypeptides may be involved in the induction or activation of the suppressor cell during avian reticuloendotheliosis cannot be ruled out. The early induction of these suppressor cells appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of avian reticuloendotheliosis.
Ultrastructural Demonstration of Calcium Loss from Local Regions of the Plasma Membrane of Surface-Stimulated Human Granulocytes
Authors: Hoffstein Sylvia T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most cell-associated calcium exists as bound rather than free ionized calcium. Since calcium and other cations are important regulators of polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function, the localization of bound calcium in resting PMN and its redistribution after exposure to a variety of immune stimuli was investigated by means of ultrastructural cytochemistry. Potassium pyroantimonate was used to precipitate cations in situ in some experiments; in others, cells were loaded with exogenous calcium during fixation to localize binding sites. Both methods resulted in the appearance of discrete electrondense deposits along the plasmalemma of resting cells. The deposits could in both cases be removed with 3 mM EGTA as well as EDTA. Additional pyroantimonate was precipitated primarily in the heterochromatin regions of the nucleus, and in azurophile granules, but not in the cell sap. Preincubation of PMN with particulate stimuli, such as opsonized zymosan, immune complex precipitates, or Con A covalently bound to Sepharose beads, resulted in the rapid (less than 10 sec) segmental loss of pyroantimonate precipitable cations from regions of plasma membrane that were in close apposition to the bound particle but not from more distant areas of membrane. The distribution of precipitates in the remainder of the cell, including regions of plasmalemma not in contact with particles, was unaltered. Exposure of the entire cell surface to soluble stimuli such as Con A, the chemotactic peptide F-met-leu-phe, or the calcium ionophore A23187, resulted in the circumferential loss of pyroantimonate precipitable calcium from the entire plasma membrane but not from any intracellular location. The data suggest that cations are associated with the plasma membrane of resting PMN in concentrations sufficiently high to precipitate pyroantimonate and that these membrane-associated cations are released from sites of receptor-ligand interaction.
Non-H-2 Linked Control of Low Versus High Responses of Antigen-Induced Lymph Node Cell Proliferation: Possible Role for Antigen-Presenting Cells
Authors: Suzuki Koji , Garrison Fathman C. , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative differences in the magnitude of antigen-induced proliferative responses of sensitized lymph node cells between low (C3H/Anf or C3H/Cr) and high (C3H/Hej or CBA/j) responder H-2k mice have been observed 1 to 2 weeks after in vivo sensitization with antigen (OVA, PPD, and GAT). We have shown that antigen presentation is less effective in the sensitized lymph node cell populations from low responder mice compared with those from high responder mice, suggesting that the number and/or functional status of antigen-presenting cells in the regional lymph nodes may be a key factor in determining the magnitude of antigen-induced proliferative responses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that cell traffic after sensitization plays an important role in determining the immune responsiveness of lymph nodes.
The Immune Response of Lewis Rats to Peptide 68–88 of Guinea Pig Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Jen Chou C.-H. , Fritz Robert B. , Chou Frank C.-H. , Kibler Robert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A series of peptides, produced from peptide 68–88 by selective enzyme cleavage, were used to define the amino acid sequences required for the induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an in vitro lymphocyte proliferative response (LPR), and serum antibody by peptide 68–88 in the Lewis rat. Here we present data that indicate that the T cell determinants for induction of EAE, an LPR, and helper function in the production of antibody are located in the same region of the molecule and that a minimum of 13 amino acids are involved; i.e., residues 71–85.
Modulation of the Host Response in Human Schistosomiasis
Authors: Ottesen Eric A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with chronic schistosomiasis are unable to generate strong in vitro proliferative responses to parasite antigens but that responses to mitogens and nonschistosome antigens are normal. In the present study PBMC from eight patients with schistosomiasis mansoni and five normal individuals were fractionated with nylon wool columns to remove adherent cells. Whereas the removal of such cells regularly diminished the proliferative responses of normals to both antigens and mitogens, in patients with chronic schistosomiasis, removal of adherent cells significantly enhanced the responsiveness to parasite antigens (p &lt; 0.05). The enhancement was specific for schistosome antigens (derived from the cercarial, adult, and egg states of the parasite) and did not extend to nonparasite antigens or mitogens. The suppression found originally in the unfractionated PBMC could be consistently reinduced in vitro by the addition of adherent to nonadherent cells of these patients.
Studies on a single patient evaluated during both acute and chronic stages of S. mansoni infection showed the absence of adherent suppressor cells early in infection, but they showed development of such cells by 20 months. Thus, our observations demonstrate clearly that adherent suppressor cells are a regular constituent of the PBMC of patients with chronic schistosomiasis and that the development of such cells may be partially responsible for the progressive modulation of specific lymphocyte responsiveness to parasite antigens seen in these patients as their acute infections advance to more chronic stages.
M467: A Murine IgA Myeloma Protein that Binds A Bacterial Protein
Authors: Mason Smith A. , Miller Jeffery S. , Whitehead Dan S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the binding of M467, an IgA murine myeloma protein, to flagellin from seven species of Salmonella. It was found that M467 was reacting with antigenic determinants that were common to all the flagellins studied. These determinants were not related to serotypic antigens. Electronmicrographs of unreduced M467 showed a variety of polymeric species bound to flagella in a manner than could produce immobilization as well as agglutination and precipitation through cross-linking of antigenic determinants. Immunodiffusion in agar gel revealed that M467 was recognizing more than one group of peptide determinants on the flagellins studied. Passive hemagglutination inhibition and a solid phase radioimmunoassay provided evidence that there were differences in binding avidities between M467 and the various Salmonella flagellins studied. It was concluded that M467 is binding more than one specific group of antigenic peptide determinants on flagellin molecules. Flagellin from four of the seven species of Salmonella studied were deficient in one or more of these determinants.
Effects of Human Leukocyte Dialysates Containing Transfer Factor in the Direct Leukocyte Migration Inhibition (LMI) Assay
Authors: Borkowsky William , Lawrence H. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report on an evaluation of the direct leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) test as a potential in vitro assay of Transfer Factor activity. Crude dialysates of human leukocyte extracts containing Transfer Factor (DLE) were observed to cause both antigen-dependent and antigen-independent effects on the migration of nonimmune leukocyte populations.
We find that only those DLE preparations that are obtained from donors with intense cutaneous DTH reactions to antigen have the capacity to cause antigen-specific effects consistently, and DLE obtained from donors with moderate or absent cutaneous reactivity are generally not active in this regard. Additionally, this antigen-specific activity of DLE is dose dependent. These two variables are consonant with similar requirements for successful in vivo transfer of cutaneous DTH.
The pulsing of nonimmune migrating cell populations with immune DLE for 30 to 60 min is an additional requirement for maximum effects to be achieved. When these experimental conditions are met, there is a strong suggestion that antigen-specific inhibition of migration can be conferred by DLE on nonimmune cell populations, which is concordant with the pattern of cutaneous DTH reactions expressed by the donor of DLE. The data suggest further that the component(s) of DLE responsible for this activity resides in a &gt;3500 m.w. dialysis fraction and it does not behave like a superantigen or a chemotactant in this assay system.
When immune DLE is incubated with immune leukocyte populations, the anticipated inhibition of migration in the presence of antigen is not augmented but is abrogated instead. The antigen specificity of such suppressor-like activity is currently under investigation.
We conclude that the LMI test appears to provide a suitable in vitro assay to investigate further the nature and mechanism of action of DLE and its components and provide a means of separating the moiety or moieties responsible for antigen-specific effects before in vivo testing.
Promonocytes Have the Functional Characteristics of Natural Killer Cells
Authors: Lohmann-Matthes Marie-Luise , Domzig Wolfgang , Roder John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Promonocytes isolated from a 5-day-old L-fibroblast-conditioned liquid bone marrow culture show strong NK cell cytotoxicity. They kill YAC target cells in a short-term 125IUDR-release assay whereas P815 targets are unaffected. This NK-like cytotoxicity is enhanced in the presence of interferon preparations. Morphologically, these promonocytes resemble a medium size lymphocyte with a high nucleus to cytoplasma ratio, they are non-adherent, nonphagocytic, and negative in nonspecific esterase staining. Promonocytes are precursor cells from macrophages, which have not yet developed the typical macrophage criteria. Within 24 to 48 hr they mature to adherent macrophages. We have shown previously, that the same promonocytes have the capacity to perform K cell killing of antibody-coated tumor target cells. The cytotoxic effector functions of promonocytes are abolished when the cells are treated with the alloantimacrophage serum Mø 1.2 plus rabbit C. The relationship or similarity between K cells, NK cells and promonocytes is discussed.
Role of C3 in the regulation of a splenic PFC response in rabbits.
Authors: Romball C G , Ulevitch R J , Weigle W O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of in vivo C3 depletion on the immune response were examined in rabbits by assaying for splenic PFC after immunizing normal or cobra venom factor-treated animals with aggregated human gamma-globulin. The response to this T-dependent antigen has previously been shown to be regulated such that several cycles of PFC appear following a single intravenous injection of antigen. C3 depletion had no effect on the first peak of PFC (appearing 5 days after injection), but resulted in depression of the second peak of PFC (day 13). In rabbits depleted of C3, antigen localization in splenic germinal centers was markedly decreased. Delaying C3 depletion until after antigen localization had occurred resulted in no depression of the second peak of PFC. These results suggest that one mechanism by which C3 affects immune responses in vivo is via its role in influencing the persistence of antigen. In the absence of C3, no significant localization of antigen occurs, resulting in interference with the cyclical production of antibody.
Generation of H-2-reactive T cell lines that bear the 5936 idiotype(s).
Authors: Rubin B , Golstein P , Nordfang O , Hertel-Wulff B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present experiments showed 1) that it was possible to produce mouse T cell lines against MHC determinants with a relatively high success rate by stimulation of purified T cells with allogeneic cells in the presence of irradiated syngeneic spleen cells; 2) that these lines could be led to react against selected H-2 specificities; 3) that only T cell lines established from Ig-1b allotype mice contained 5936-Id+ T cells (5936-Idiotypes are defined by an antiserum against B6 anti-CBA IgG produced in rabbit no 5936, which was tolerant to mouse gamma-globulin); and 4) that antigenic determinants coded by IAk genes induce the 5936-Idiotype(s). The latter data are in accordance with the 5936-idiotype characteristics of primary MLC T blasts. All T cell lines contained both specific MLC-responding cells and cytolytic cells. However, studies on the functional capacity of 5936-Id+ T cells from both primary MLC and the T cell lines showed that neither MLC-responding cells nor cytolytic cells directed against H-2Kk, IAk, or H-2Dk were 5936-Id+. Thus, 5936-Id+ T cells may be regulator cells induced by IAk antigens.
Genetic control of the immune response of mice to highly dinitrophenylated human gamma-globulin (DNP56HGG).
Authors: Newton R C , Warner C M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to highly dinitrophenylated human gamma-globulin (DNP56HGG) was tested in inbred strains of mice. Significant differences in the anti-DNP response among inbred strains were found, including the magnitude of serum antibody and the location of plaque-forming cells (spleen or lymph nodes). The strain differences persisted when the dose and adjuvant were changed. The genetic control of the anti-DNP response to DNP56HGG was investigated. The analysis of the response of congenic and F1 hybrid mice to DNP56HGG suggests that at least two genes are involved in the control of the anti-DNP response. The two genes are demonstrated by complementation in the F1 generation, and show no correlation with H-2 haplotype or IgG2a allotype. A third gene may be implicated by differences in response observed between male and female mice.
Dominance of an immune response by secondary cells: quantitation by allotype analysis.
Authors: Brown A R , DeWitt C L , Bosma M J , Nisonoff A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dominance of an immune response by secondary cells was demonstrated in a cell transfer system utilizing allotype-congenic mice. Spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with TNP-KLH were adoptively transferred into sublethally irradiation (200 R) congenic partners of a different allotype (C.B.-17 mice). Subsequent to the cell transfer, the recipients were challenged with TNP-KLH and bled periodically. Anti-TNP antibodies were isolated and analyzed for their content of donor and host IgG allotypes. Through day 58 after the adoptive transfer, 80% or more of the IgG antibody measured was of donor allotype. By day 110, most but not all recipients made IgG antibody principally of host allotype. In contrast, control C.B-17 recipients, which received nonimmune BALB/c spleen cells but otherwise treated as above, produced IgG antibodies almost entirely of host allotype. Total anti-TNP synthesis was reduced markedly in recipients of immune BALB/c cells so that there was a decrease of about 95% in the production of anti-TNP antibodies of host allotype, as compared with controls that received nonimmune cells. The results are discussed in terms of dominance of an immune response by secondary B cells.
Mechanisms of regulation of cell-mediated immunity. VI. Antigen density dependence of the induction of genetically restricted suppressor cells.
Authors: Pierres A , Bromberg J S , Sy M S , Benacerraf B , Greene M I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the relationship of antigen density on cell surfaces to the induction of genetically restricted suppressor T cells (Ts). It was found that Ts able to suppress the development of hapten-specific contact sensitivity were induced by the i.v. inoculation of trinitrobenzene sulfonate (TNBS) hapten-coupled cells. The Ts induced by this technique were found to be gentically unrestricted in terms of generation or expression when 10 mM TNBS were used to prepare the hapten-coupled cells. Transferable suppression could be obtained by 10 mM coupled allogeneic cells or, alternatively, TNP-coupled Ia- syngeneic erythrocytes or even H-2-negative syngeneic tumor cells. However, 1 mM TNBS-derivatized hapten-coupled cells induced Ts that were able to suppress only recipients syngeneic with the tolerogen. The significance of these findings to our understanding of the induction and expression of Ts and the triggering signals that are necessary for their activation are discussed.
Induction of prostaglandin E release from macrophages by colchicine.
Authors: Gemsa D , Kramer W , Brenner M , Till G , Resch K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat peritoneal macrophages released high amounts of prostaglandin E (PGE) when treated in vitro with 10(-7) to 10(-4) M colchicine. PGE production occurred after a lag period of 4 hr and proceeded at a constant rate for more than 24 hr. Lymphocytes could not be stimulated to PGE release by colchicine. Disaggregation of microtubules appeared to be an essential event, since lumicolchicine was inactive and addition of heavy water (D2O) abolished colchicine-induced PGE formation. Cytochalasin B (5 microgram/ ml) did not interfere with PGE production by colchicine during the initial 12 hr, but thereafter it gave rise to an activity capable of degrading or converting newly synthesized PGE. Although details of the mechanisms by which colchicine in association with disrupted microtubules may induce PGE release remain unclear, these observations suggest that components of the cytoskeleton may efficiently influence the biosynthesis of prostaglandins.
Cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors reactive against mutant Kb alloantigens are as frequent as those reactive against a whole foreign haplotype.
Authors: Widmer M B , MacDonald H R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Minimal frequencies of CTL-P in C57BL/6 spleen responding to H-2 mutational or whole haplotype differences were estimated by using a limiting dilution MLC technique. The frequency of CTL-P reacting against cells from each of three different H-2Kb mutant strains, carrying H-2 haplotypes ba, bg2, or bh, was determined to be within the range of frequencies of CTL-P directed against cells from strains carrying the independently derived H-2d and H-2k haplotypes.