bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative Forward Models for Imaging Thick Specimens in Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Koeck Philip Johannes Barrett 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
I have investigated two different forward models for image formation in transmission electron microscopy of thick specimens, the 3DCtf model, which introduces a defocus gradient in the linear approximation, and the multislice model. An important result is that the 3DCtf model does not seem to be compatible with the multislice image formation model. A second very useful finding is that the exit wave in the multislice model has an imaginary part, which, in first-order approximation, is a pure projection of the specimen and is not affected by the defocus gradient. The defocus gradient only comes into play in real valued and higher-order imaginary terms. If the multislice model is closer to reality than the 3DCtf-model, then the best way to retrieve the specimen projection for thicker specimens should be a procedure for retrieving the exit wave's imaginary term, for example using images recorded at different defocus values.
The Mean Inner Potential of Hematite α-Fe2O3 Across the Morin Transition
Authors: Auslender Avi , Basha Adham , Grave Daniel A , Rothschild Avner , Diéguez Oswaldo , Kohn Amit 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We measure the mean inner potential (MIP) of hematite, α-Fe2O3, using electron holography and transmission electron microscopy. Since the MIP is sensitive to valence electrons, we propose its use as a chemical bonding parameter for solids. Hematite can test the sensitivity of the MIP as a bonding parameter because of the Morin magnetic phase transition. Across this transition temperature, no change in the corundum crystal structure can be distinguished, while a change in hybridized Fe-3d and O-2p states was reported, affecting ionic bonding. For a given crystallographic phase, the change in the MIP with temperature is expected to be minor due to thermal expansion. Indeed, we measure the temperature dependence in corundum α-Al2O3(112¯0) between 95 and 295 K showing a constant MIP value of ∼16.8 V within the measurement accuracy of 0.45 V. Thus, our objectives are as follows: measure the MIP of hematite as a function of temperature and examine the sensitivity of the MIP as a bonding parameter for crystals. Measured MIPs of α-Fe2O3(112¯0) above the Morin transition are equal, 17.85 ± 0.50 V, 17.93 ± 0.50 V, at 295 K, 230 K, respectively. Below the Morin transition, at 95 K, a significant reduction of ∼1.3 V is measured to 16.56 ± 0.46 V. We show that this reduction follows charge redistribution resulting in increased ionic bonding.
Effect of Fatigue on Movement Patterns During a Loaded Ruck March
Authors: Bloch Audra E , Steckenrider J Josiah , Zifchock Rebecca A , Freisinger Gregory M , Bode Victoria G , Elkin-Frankston Seth 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Loaded ruck marching is a common training and operational task for many members of the military. It is known to cause fatigue, affect soldier readiness, and can lead to traumatic and overuse injuries. Quantifying the gait changes that occur over the course of a loaded ruck march may provide a better understanding of injury mechanisms and potentially allow for development of individualized injury-prevention training programs. This study examined the change in soldiers’ gait patterns over the course of a loaded ruck march in order to examine the correlation between fatigue and kinematic parameters. Fatigue is a subjective term that may encompass factors such as energy expenditure, muscle exhaustion, and cognitive engagement. Since it can be difficult to quantify, the current study makes the broad assumption that fatigue increases in some (potentially nonlinear) fashion during a loaded ruck march.

Method
Three platoons of soldiers participated in a field training exercise with inertial measurement sensors placed on their chests and ankles to record gait parameters throughout a 7-mile ruck march. The effects of fatigue on stride length, stride width, ankle yaw, and torso lean (anterior-posterior [AP] and side-to-side [SS]) were compared using one-way repeated measure analyses of variance.

Results
In comparing the first and last quarters of the ruck march, stride length decreased, stride width increased, stride width variability increased, AP torso lean variability increased, and SS torso lean variability increased.

Conclusion
Although they do not describe a direct relationship to injury, these results can inform enhanced approaches to quantify and predict soldier fatigue and more reliably prevent future injury.
Towards causal mechanisms of consciousness through focused transcranial brain stimulation
Authors: Havlík Marek , Hlinka Jaroslav , Klírová Monika , Adámek Petr , Horáček Jiří 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Conscious experience represents one of the most elusive problems of empirical science, namely neuroscience. The main objective of empirical studies of consciousness has been to describe the minimal sets of neural events necessary for a specific neuronal state to become consciously experienced. The current state of the art still does not meet this objective but rather consists of highly speculative theories based on correlates of consciousness and an ever-growing list of knowledge gaps. The current state of the art is defined by the limitations of past stimulation techniques and the emphasis on the observational approach. However, looking at the current stimulation technologies that are becoming more accurate, it is time to consider an alternative approach to studying consciousness, which builds on the methodology of causal explanations via causal alterations. The aim of this methodology is to move beyond the correlates of consciousness and focus directly on the mechanisms of consciousness with the help of the currently focused brain stimulation techniques, such as geodesic transcranial electric neuromodulation. This approach not only overcomes the limitations of the correlational methodology but will also become another firm step in the following science of consciousness.
Convection-enhanced delivery of immunomodulatory therapy for high-grade glioma
Authors: Sperring Colin P , Argenziano Michael G , Savage William M , Teasley Damian E , Upadhyayula Pavan S , Winans Nathan J , Canoll Peter , Bruce Jeffrey N 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The prognosis for glioblastoma has remained poor despite multimodal standard of care treatment, including temozolomide, radiation, and surgical resection. Further, the addition of immunotherapies, while promising in a number of other solid tumors, has overwhelmingly failed in the treatment of gliomas, in part due to the immunosuppressive microenvironment and poor drug penetrance to the brain. Local delivery of immunomodulatory therapies circumvents some of these challenges and has led to long-term remission in select patients. Many of these approaches utilize convection-enhanced delivery (CED) for immunological drug delivery, allowing high doses to be delivered directly to the brain parenchyma, avoiding systemic toxicity. Here, we review the literature encompassing immunotherapies delivered via CED—from preclinical model systems to clinical trials—and explore how their unique combination elicits an antitumor response by the immune system, decreases toxicity, and improves survival among select high-grade glioma patients.
An expanded role for surgery in grade 3 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma
Authors: Gupta Saksham , Nawabi Noah L , Emani Siva , Medeiros Lila , Bernstock Joshua D , Duvall Julia , Ng Patrick , Smith Timothy R , Wen Patrick Y , Reardon David A , Arnaout Omar 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Grade 3 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma is an uncommon primary CNS tumor with a high rate of progression and recurrence. This study examines the benefit of surgery after progression and identifies predictors of survival.

Methods
This is a single-institution retrospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients with anaplastic or grade 3 1p/19q co-deleted oligodendroglioma diagnosed between 2001 and 2020.

Results
Eighty patients with 1p/19q co-deleted grade 3 oligodendroglioma were included. The median age was 47 years (interquartile range 38–56) and 38.8% were women. All patients underwent surgery, including gross total resection (GTR) for 26.3% of patients, subtotal resection (STR) for 70.0% of patients, and biopsy for 3.8% of patients. Forty-three cases (53.8%) progressed at a median of 5.6 years, and the median overall survival (OS) was 14.1 years. Among 43 cases of progression or recurrence, 21 (48.8%) underwent another resection. Patients who underwent a second operation had improved OS (P = .041) and survival after progression/recurrence (P = .012), but similar time to subsequent progression as patients who did not have repeat surgery (P = .50). Predictors of mortality at initial diagnosis included a preoperative Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) under 80 (hazard ratio [HR] 5.4; 95% CI 1.5–19.2), an STR or biopsy rather than GTR (HR 4.1; 95% CI 1.2–14.2), and a persistent postoperative neurologic deficit (HR 4.0; 95% CI 1.2–14.1).

Conclusions
Repeat surgery is associated with increased survival, but not time to subsequent progression for progressing or recurrent 1p/19q co-deleted grade 3 oligodendrogliomas recur. Mortality is associated with a preoperative KPS under 80, lack of GTR, and persistent postoperative neurologic deficits after the initial surgery.
High-temperature superconductivity up to 223 K in the Al stabilized metastable hexagonal lanthanum superhydride
Authors: Chen Su , Qian Yingcai , Huang Xiaoli , Chen Wuhao , Guo Jianning , Zhang Kexin , Zhang Jinglei , Yuan Huiqiu , Cui Tian 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
As compressed hydrides constantly refresh the records of superconducting critical temperatures (Tc) in the vicinity of room temperature, this further reinforces the confidence to find more high-temperature superconducting hydrides. In this process, metastable phases of superhydrides offer enough possibilities to access superior superconducting properties. Here we report a metastable hexagonal lanthanum superhydride (P63/mmc-LaH10) stabilized at 146 GPa by introducing an appropriate proportion of Al, which exhibits high-temperature superconductivity with Tc ∼ 178 K, and this value is enhanced to a maximum Tc ∼ 223 K at 164 GPa. A huge upper critical magnetic field value Hc2(0) reaches 223 T at 146 GPa. The small volume expansion of P63/mmc-(La, Al) H10 compared with the binary LaH10 indicates the possible interstitial sites of Al atoms filling into the La–H lattice, instead of forming conventional ternary alloy-based superhydrides. This work provides a new strategy for metastable high-temperature superconductors through the multiple-element system.
Public policy interventions for preventing and treating obesity: scoping review
Authors: Souza Lana M S , Chaves Sônia C L , Santana Jerusa M , Pereira Marcos 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Context
Obesity is a multicausal social problem and a pandemic, and it presents a public health challenge in many countries. Hence, public health interventions have been used in an endeavour to prevent and/or control increased obesity among populations.

Objective
This review study aimed to provide an overview of the academic literature and to analyze the strategies involved in the main public policies focused on preventing and controlling obesity in a number of countries.

Data Sources
MEDLINE/PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS databases were searched.

Data Extraction
Original studies were included for which the core objective was related to real-life public policy interventions for obesity.

Data Analysis
The studies were organized according to their characteristics, and the qualitative analysis was based on the categorization proposed by the author Poulain. The review included 41 studies and identified 15 types of interventions focused on obesity; the largest proportion of actions were developed in school and city environments and were geared toward behavioral change, supported by direct or indirect government action. It was observed that many strategies focused on environmental line through regulatory and legislative measures, and health promotion geared toward the individual was based on the dissemination of information as a means for behavioral change. A smaller focus was given to individual care and treatment, and participative actions in the community.

Conclusion
The design of public health strategies applicable to obesity as proposed by Poulain provides a valid model for evaluating interventions. The behavioral approach involving guidance through health education toward a healthy lifestyle prevails in public policies, indicating a movement toward accountability of individuals. However, it is necessary to deepen the debate on the social structures that determine obesity (and which limit possibilities of choice), aligned with cultural change regarding its occurrence, and to employ care strategies based on scientific evidence and which focus on the needs of the subjects.
The Impact of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Mono- and Coinfection on Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Taylor Brandie DePaoli , Adekanmbi Victor , Zhang Yuanyi , Berenson Abbey 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Background
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have recently been linked to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP). However, the impact of Neisseria gonorrhoeae on risk of HDP is not well understood. This study determined the impact of gonorrhea and gonorrhea coinfection on HDP and other adverse pregnancy outcomes in a population with a high screening rate and presumed treatment.

Methods
This retrospective study included 29 821 singleton births between 2016 and 2021. The STI testing results, demographic variables, and pregnancy outcomes were identified from electronic health records. The HDP were primary outcomes of interest including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and superimposed preeclampsia. We further examined preeclampsia subtypes defined by severe features and gestational age of delivery (term and preterm preeclampsia). Secondary outcomes included preterm premature rupture of membranes, chorioamnionitis, and preterm delivery. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, and smoking.

Results
Gonorrhea screening occurred in 95% of the population. Gonorrhea increased the odds of preterm preeclampsia (adjusted OR [ORadj.], 1.95; 95% CI, 1.02–3.73) and preterm birth (ORadj., 1.78; 95% CI, 1.22–2.60). Furthermore, gonorrhea-chlamydia coinfection was associated with preterm birth (ORadj., 1.77; 95% CI, 1.03–3.04). However, results were similar when we examined gonorrhea monoinfection (ORadj., 1.76; 95% CI, 1.04–2.97).

Conclusions
Among a diverse population of pregnant individuals, gonorrhea increased odds of preterm preeclampsia and preterm delivery Further research is needed to determine the burden of STIs on HDP, including investigations into biological effects during pregnancy.
Ischemia-induced intestinal de-epithelization and consequent cholangitis lenta after usage of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in COVID-19 patients: an autopsy series
Authors: Hatanaka Sae , Yamada Yuki , Kubo Terufumi , Magara Kazufumi , Ono Yusuke , Sugita Shintaro , Tsukahara Tomohide , Kyuno Daisuke , Hosaka Michiko , Sasaki Kenta , Hirohashi Yoshihiko , Yamakawa Tsukasa , Harada Keisuke , Bunya Naofumi , Narimatsu Eichi , Nakase Hiroshi , Hasegawa Tadashi , Osanai Makoto , Torigoe Toshihiko 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Since its discovery in late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has spread around the world, causing millions of deaths due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Numerous clinical and post-mortem investigations of COVID-19 cases have found myriad clinical and pathological manifestations of the disease. In this report, we present three autopsy cases in which, despite weaning from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), extensive intestinal epithelial shedding, probably due to ischemia, was followed by massive watery diarrhea and the spread of infection via the portal vein due to bacterial translocation, which resulted in cholangitis lenta. Thrombophilia was attributed to ECMO usage and COVID-19-related vascular endothelial damage. These cases provide instructive findings showing that the loss of the intestinal barrier may be the underlying cause of severe watery diarrhea and liver failure in COVID-19 patients, especially with ECMO usage.
Marine methods for carbon dioxide removal: fundamentals and myth-busting for the wider community
Authors: Rohling Eelco J 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To avoid global warming in excess of 1.5°C under the current sluggish adoption of drastic reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, application of methods to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will become essential in the near future; yet, development of these methods is in its infancy. Land-based methods are further developed than marine methods, but it is likely that similar-scaled application will be necessary in both realms. There are many misconceptions in discussion groups and fora about the ‘simplicity’ or ‘ease’ of proposed marine applications, partly because the complex marine carbon cycle is insufficiently understood by the proponents, having been discussed in largely inaccessible, technical texts only. This review outlines the basic operation of the marine carbon cycle in straightforward terms, with some simplifications, to help advance the debate among the wider community. Break-out boxes provide additional detail where desired, and references (and the sources cited therein) provide avenues for further study. The review then discusses two potential marine methods for atmospheric carbon removal that are thought to offer the greatest potential in terms of carbon removal mass: ocean iron fertilization and ocean alkalinity enhancement. Finally, six statements/arguments that seem to regularly crop up in carbon removal discussion groups are evaluated within the perspective of the compiled and reviewed information.
Effectiveness of an injury prevention video on risky behaviours in youth snow sports: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Priyambada Mitra Tatum , Djerboua Maya , Mahmood Sheharzad , Nettel-Aguirre Alberto , Caird Jeff K , Emery Carolyn , Hagel Brent , Russell Kelly 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Ski and snowboard-related injuries are common among Canadian youth. Analyzing the role of risky behaviours that contribute to injury risk is essential for gaining an understanding of injury prevention opportunities. The objective was to determine if rates of risky behaviour seen at the ski hill were lower for children and adolescents exposed to an educational injury prevention video.

Methods
This single-blinded cluster randomized controlled trial included students (ages 7–16) from 18 Calgary schools who were enrolled in novice levelled school-sanctioned ski and snowboard programs. Consenting schools were randomly assigned to the intervention or control. The control group followed standard preparation including watching a general ski hill orientation video that was created by the ski hill. The intervention group viewed the intervention video focussed on injury prevention. The Risky Behaviour and Actions Assessment Tool was used by blinded research assistants to observe and record students’ risky behaviours at an Alberta ski hill.

Results
In total, 407 observations estimated the rate of risky behaviour. The overall rate of risky behaviour was 23.31/100 person runs in the control group and 22.95/100 person runs in the intervention group. The most commonly observed risky behaviours in both groups were skiing too close to other skiers/snowboarders and near collision with an object/person.

Conclusions
Both groups showed similar rates of risky behaviour and demonstrated the same most common type of behaviour. Practical applications: future work should focus on mitigating common risky behaviours.
Speaking up at conference question and answer sessions—disruptive behaviour typography and assessment scale
Authors: Taubert Mark , White Nicola , Minton Ollie , Keeley Paul 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Conferences can be a space to present new research, network, and provide an opportunity for learning. Delegates can meet field leaders, peers, top doctors, and international colleagues in various areas of expertise. Challenging behaviours, in particular in the question and answer session, but also during lectures themselves, may reduce overall enjoyment and learning. The authors of this article have written an observational reflection on some observed behaviours and have come up with a 10-point assessment scale. The article aims to stimulate discussion on what constitutes disruptive conduct, but also serves as a guide for conference session chair-people and delegates to spot patterns of contribution that may be unwelcome.
Stimulating risk averse farmers to adopt microbial applications
Authors: Tensi Annika Francesca , Ang Frederic 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Increasing agricultural production, while decreasing its impact on the environment is a global challenge. Sustainable innovations, such as microbial applications, can play an important role in this light. However, risk averse farmers are often reluctant to adopt such innovations. In this study, we investigate (i) the relationship between risk attitude and farmers’ intention to adopt microbial applications and (ii) the effectiveness of an informational video to stimulate the adoption. In July 2020, 98 Dutch arable farmers have participated in an online survey with an experiment. In the experiment, half of the farmers have watched an informational video on microbial applications, while the other half was a clean control without receiving information. Then, all farmers are assigned a monetarily incentivised standard Multiple Price List (MPL) and a payoff-varying MPL lottery game to assess the relationship between innovation adoption and risk attitudes. We find evidence that the video has a significant effect on farmers’ intention to adopt microbial applications. Further, our results suggest that the intention to use microbial applications can be influenced by farmers’ risk attitude.
The Partisanship of Financial Regulators
Authors: Engelberg Joseph , Henriksson Matthew , Manela Asaf , Williams Jared 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We analyze the partisanship of Commissioners at the SEC and Governors at the Federal Reserve Board. Using recent advances in machine learning, we identify partisan phrases in Congress, such as “red tape” and “climate change,” and observe their usage among regulators. Although the Fed has remained relatively nonpartisan throughout our sample period (1930–2019), we find that partisanship among SEC Commissioners rose to an all-time high during the 2010-2019 period, driven by more-partisan Commissioners replacing less-partisan ones. Partisanship at the SEC appears in both the language of new SEC rules and the voting behavior of SEC Commissioners.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.