bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semantic and spatial‐spectral feature fusion transformer network for the classification of hyperspectral image
Authors: Xie Erxin , Chen Na , Peng Jiangtao , Sun Weiwei , Du Qian , You Xinge 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRecently, transformer‐based networks have been introduced for the classification of hyperspectral image (HSI). Although transformer‐based methods can well capture spectral sequence information, their ability to fuse different types of information contained in HSI is still insufficient. To exploit rich spectral, spatial and semantic information in HSI, a novel semantic and spatial‐spectral feature fusion transformer (S3FFT) network is proposed in this study. In the proposed S3FFT method, spatial attention and efficient channel attention (ECA) modules are employed for the extraction of shallow spatial‐spectral features. Then, a transformer‐based module is designed to extract advanced fused features and to produce the pseudo‐label and class probability of each pixel for semantic feature extraction. Finally, the semantic, spatial and spectral features are combined by the transformer for classification. Compared with traditional deep learning methods and recently transformer‐based methods, the proposed S3FFT shows relatively better results on three HSI datasets.
The Causality between Diabetes and Venous Thromboembolism: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study
Authors: Hu Song , Tan Jiang-Shan , Hu Meng-Jin , Guo Ting-Ting , Chen Liyuan , Hua Lu , Cao Jian 
Published: February 2023

Background Diabetes was considered as a risk factor for venous thromboembolism (VTE), but conflicting findings have been reported from observational studies. This study aimed at investigating the causal associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with VTE, including deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
Methods We designed a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis by using summary-level data from large genome-wide association studies performed in European individuals. Inverse variance weighting with multiplicative random effect method was used to obtain the primary causal estimates, and weighted median, weighted mode, and MR egger regression were replenished as sensitivity analyses to test the robustness of the results.
Results We found no significant causal effects of type 1 diabetes on VTE (odds ratio [OR]: 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–1.00, p = 0.043), DVT (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.95–1.00, p = 0.102), and PE (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.96–1.01, p = 0.160). Similarly, no significant associations of type 2 diabetes with VTE (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.91–1.03, p = 0.291), DVT (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.89–1.03, p = 0.255), and PE (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.90–1.04, p = 0.358) were also observed. Results from multivariable MR analysis were consistent with the findings in univariable analysis. In the other direction, the results showed no significant causal effects of VTE on type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Conclusion This MR analysis demonstrated no significant causal associations of type 1 and type 2 diabetes with VTE in both directions, in conflict with previous observational studies reporting positive association, which provided clues for understanding the underlying pathogenesis of diabetes and VTE.
Biogenesis-Inspired Synthesis of Penicillitone
Authors: Heretsch Philipp , Bauer Maximilian 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe biogenesis-inspired synthesis of the structurally unique 15(14→11)abeo-steroid penicillitone starting from commercially available ergosterol is reported. Key to the strategy is an intramolecular vinylogous aldol reaction of a 14,15-secoergostane obtained from the previously reported 14,15-secosteroid platform. Since a similar intermediate has been employed to access the strophasterol class of natural products, this work points at a possible biosynthetic connection between penicillitone and the strophasterols.
Three-dimensional full-field velocity measurements in shock compression experiments using stereo digital image correlation
Authors: Ravindran Suraj , Gandhi Vatsa , Joshi Akshay , Ravichandran Guruswami 
Published: February 2023

Shock compression plate impact experiments conventionally rely on point-wise velocimetry measurements based on laser-based interferometric techniques. This study presents an experimental methodology to measure the free surface full-field particle velocity in shock compression experiments using high-speed imaging and three-dimensional (3D) digital image correlation (DIC). The experimental setup has a temporal resolution of 100 ns with a spatial resolution varying from 90 to 200 μm/pixel. Experiments were conducted under three different plate impact configurations to measure spatially resolved free surface velocity and validate the experimental technique. First, a normal impact experiment was conducted on polycarbonate to measure the macroscopic full-field normal free surface velocity. Second, an isentropic compression experiment on Y-cut quartz–tungsten carbide assembly is performed to measure the particle velocity for experiments involving ramp compression waves. To explore the capability of the technique in multiaxial loading conditions, a pressure shear plate impact experiment was conducted to measure both the normal and transverse free surface velocities under combined normal and shear loading. The velocities measured in the experiments using digital image correlation are validated against previous data obtained from laser interferometry. Numerical simulations were also performed using established material models to compare and validate the experimental velocity profiles for these different impact configurations. The novel ability of the employed experimental setup to measure full-field free surface velocities with high spatial resolutions in shock compression experiments is demonstrated for the first time in this work.
Ground-state heterogeneity and vibrational energy redistribution in bacterial phytochrome observed with femtosecond 2D IR spectroscopy
Authors: Chenchiliyan Manoop , Kübel Joachim , Ooi Saik Ann , Salvadori Giacomo , Mennucci Benedetta , Westenhoff Sebastian , Maj Michał 
Published: February 2023

Phytochromes belong to a group of photoreceptor proteins containing a covalently bound biliverdin chromophore that inter-converts between two isomeric forms upon photoexcitation. The existence and stability of the photocycle products are largely determined by the protein sequence and the presence of conserved hydrogen-bonding interactions in the vicinity of the chromophore. The vibrational signatures of biliverdin, however, are often weak and obscured under more intense protein bands, limiting spectroscopic studies of its non-transient signals. In this study, we apply isotope-labeling techniques to isolate the vibrational bands from the protein-bound chromophore of the bacterial phytochrome from Deinococcus radiodurans. We elucidate the structure and ultrafast dynamics of the chromophore with 2D infra-red (IR) spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. The carbonyl stretch vibrations of the pyrrole rings show the heterogeneous distribution of hydrogen-bonding structures, which exhibit distinct ultrafast relaxation dynamics. Moreover, we resolve a previously undetected 1678 cm−1 band that is strongly coupled to the A- and D-ring of biliverdin and demonstrate the presence of complex vibrational redistribution pathways between the biliverdin modes with relaxation-assisted measurements of 2D IR cross peaks. In summary, we expect 2D IR spectroscopy to be useful in explaining how point mutations in the protein sequence affect the hydrogen-bonding structure around the chromophore and consequently its ability to photoisomerize to the light-activated states.
Hemoglycin visible fluorescence induced by x rays
Authors: McGeoch M. W. , Owen R. L. , Jaho S. , McGeoch J. E. M. 
Published: February 2023

Hemoglycin, a 1494 Da polymer composed of iron and glycine, has been detected in several carbonaceous meteorites. Iron atoms close out the ends of a 5 nm anti-parallel glycine beta sheet and contribute visible and near infrared absorptions that are not present with glycine alone. The 483 nm absorption of hemoglycin was discovered in theory and then observed on beamline I24 at Diamond Light Source. Light absorption in a molecule involves a coupled lower set of states receiving light energy that causes a transition into an upper set of states. In the reverse process, some energy source, such as an x-ray beam, populates the upper set of molecular states, which then radiates light as it returns to the lower “ground” set of states. We report on visible light re-emission during x-ray irradiation of a hemoglycin crystal. The emission is dominated by bands centered at 489 and 551 nm.
Magnetic phase transitions and magnetocaloric effect in DyCrTiO5 nanoparticles
Authors: Bamana Bharati , Prinsloo Aletta , Mohanty Pankaj , Sheppard Charles 
Published: February 2023

This work focuses on the transitions found in magnetic measurements of DyCrTiO5 nanoparticles with the associated magnetocaloric behavior. The nanoparticles have been synthesized through a fast and easy synthesis technique i.e., sol-gel method and then calcined at 800 °C. The orthorhombic structure of the material with lattice constants, a, b, and c are of 7.3158(7), 8.6431(9), 5.8390(8) Å, respectively, was established from the x-ray diffraction pattern. The transmission electron microscopy result confirms the 37 ± 1 nm particle size of the synthesised sample. The Néel temperature, TN = 153 ± 1 K, was obtained from the magnetic measurement in which magnetization (M) was measured with increasing the temperature (T). In addition, spin reorientation is observed at a temperature TSR = 49 ± 1 K. Irreversibility is seen in the field-cool-cooling curves and field-cool-warming curves of M(T) measurements at low temperatures, not previously observed in bulk samples of this material. The ferromagnetic nature, with the exchange bias effect, is confirmed for the sample from the magnetization measurements at constant temperature by varying the applied field. Additionally, a change in magnetic entropy (−ΔSm) of 10.9 ± 0.1 J kg−1 K−1 is found at a 3 T difference in the field. The obtained magnetic behavior of DyCrTiO5 nanoparticles is discussed in terms of the competing interactions of Cr3+ and Dy3+, respectively.
LBiaP
Authors: Cortes Viviana , Lake William 
Published: February 2023

AbstractOverlapping bundles, that is, shorter lexical bundles that are totally or partially embedded in longer expressions, may prove problematic in the structural and functional classification of bundles. For example, many studies in the literature focus only on four-word lexical bundles and conduct extensive structural and functional analysis of those bundles. However, most scholars have not considered the fact that some 4-word expressions may be embedded in longer expressions. These longer expressions may not only have a different structure but may also carry out a different functional role. The present study introduces theLexical Bundle Identification and Analysis Program(LBiaP), a software tool designed to facilitate lexical bundle research with independent observations of each lexical bundle identified. First, we describe complete overlapping, complete subsumption, and interlocking bundles in detail. We then explain howLBiaPdeals with these types of bundles when detected.
The time-course of contextual modulation for underspecified meaning
Authors: Lai Yao-Ying , Braze David , Piñango Maria Mercedes 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSentences like (1) “The singer began the album”are ambiguous between an agentive reading (The singer began recording/playing/etc. the album) and a constitutive reading (The singer’s song was the first track). The ambiguity is rooted in the meaning specification of the aspectual-verb class, which demands its complement be construed as a structured individual along a dimension (e.g., spatial, informational, eventive). In (1), the complement can be construed as a set of eventualities (eventive) or musical content (informational). Processing aspectual-verb sentences is shown to involve (a) exhaustive lexical-function retrieval and (b) construal of multiple dimension-specific structured individuals, leading to multiple compositions with agentive and constitutive readings. The ultimate interpretation depends on the biased dimensions in context. Our eye-tracking study comparing sentences in different contexts (agentive vs. constitutive-biasing) shows not only the aspectual-verb composition effect, previously reported for the agentive readings, but also a comparable processing profile for the constitutive readings, a novel finding supporting the unified linguistic analysis and processing implementation of the two readings. Regardless of reading, the composition effect is observable even after the complement has been retrieved, indicating that the fundamental lexico-semantic compositional processes must take place before context can serve as a constraining force.
High aspect ratio TiO2–Mn3O4 heterostructure: proficient nanorods for pathogen inhibition and supercapacitor application
Authors: Hassan M. Shamshi , Amna Touseef , Alqarni Laila S. , Alqahtani Hussain S. , Alnaam Yaser A. , Almusabi Saleh , Alzharani Ahmed A. 
Published: February 2023

Supercapacitors are in great demand owing to necessity of clean and sustainable energy. Alternately, waterborne microbial infections are prime cause of diseases. So, there is demand for synthesis of novel materials with multifunctional adaptability. Herein, heterostructured TiO2–Mn3O4 composite nanorods were synthesised by two-step methods. In first step, TiO2 nanorods were prepared using electrospinning and by hydrothermal method Mn3O4 nanoparticles were attached to TiO2 surface. The composite heterostructure was described using sophisticated procedures such as X-ray diffraction, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron and Transmission electron microscopy. Antimicrobial studies were probed against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus pathogens. The results demonstrated that TiO2–Mn3O4 composite has more heightened antimicrobial activity than pristine TiO2. Additionally, the synthesised TiO2–Mn3O4 composite was implied as an electrode for supercapacitors. The definite capacitance of TiO2–Mn3O4 nanocomposite calculated at a potential scan rate of 5 mV/s was as amplified as 470 Fg−1.
The value of cardiopulmonary exercise testing and stress echocardiography in the prediction of all‐cause mortality in adults with end‐stage renal disease
Authors: O'Driscoll J.M. , Edwards J.J. , Greenhough E. , Smith E. , May M. , Gupta S. , Marciniak A. , Sharma R. 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTWe aimed to assess the prognostic utility of different parameters routinely assessed from cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and exercise echocardiography in adults with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Forty‐two ESRD (37 male) individuals (age: 58 ± 13 years, height: 169.30 ± 8.30 cm, weight: 81 ± 15 kg, body surface area: 1.92 ± 0.20 m2) underwent a maximal/symptom limited CPET, with a full cross‐sectional echocardiogram performed at baseline and peak exercise. All participants were prospectively followed over a 10‐year period, with all‐cause mortality as the primary endpoint. After the follow‐up period, a total of 19 participants (45%) died. Left atrial size (4.70 ± 0.70 vs. 3.65 ± 0.50 cm, P < 0.001) and anteroseptal wall thickness (1.28 ± 0.40 vs. 1.06 ± 0.02 cm, P = 0.002) were significantly greater in those that died, while peak heart rate was significantly lower (108 ± 12 vs. 128 ± 14 bpm, P < 0.001). The prevalence of myocardial ischaemia (13 vs. 8 participants, P = 0.03) was significantly greater, while peak VO2 (9.80 ± 2.10 vs. 15.90 ± 4.30 ml·kg−1·min−1, P < 0.001) was significantly lower in those that died. Following multivariate cox regression, myocardial ischaemia (Hazard Ratio 3.08; 95% Confidence Interval 1.09–8.70; P = 0.03) and peak VO2 (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.64–0.84; P < 0.001) were significant independent predictors of 10‐year all‐cause mortality. This is the first study to establish peak VO2 as powerful marker of all‐cause mortality when assessed with clinical, resting and stress echocardiography parameters in people with ESRD over a 10‐year follow up period. This observation indicates that, in clinical practice, CPET and exercise echocardiography may serve as valuable tools for the risk stratification of individuals with ESRD.
Cosmological fluids in the equivalence between Rastall and Einstein gravity
Authors: Chagoya Javier , López-Domínguez J C , Ortiz C 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Rastall gravity is a modified gravity proposal that incorporates a non-conserved energy momentum tensor (EMT). We study the equivalence between Rastall gravity and general relativity, analyzing its consequences for an EMT of dark matter and dark energy. We find that the translation between Rastall and Einstein interpretations modifies the equation of state for each component. For instance, cold dark matter can translate into warm dark matter. If the EMT components are allowed to interact, the translation also changes the type of interaction between the components.
Early fault feature extraction for rolling bearings using adaptive variational mode decomposition with noise suppression and fast spectral correlation
Authors: Tian Shaoning , Zhen Dong , Liang Xiaoxia , Feng Guojin , Cui Lingli , Gu Fengshou 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To accurately extract fault information from rolling bearing (RB) vibration signals with strong nonlinear and non-stationary characteristics, a novel method using adaptive variational mode decomposition with noise suppression and fast spectral correlation (AVMDNS-FSC) is proposed. The AVMDNS algorithm can adaptively select VMD parameters K and α, which reduces the error caused by the improper selection of VMD parameters based on experience or prior knowledge of the signal. Meanwhile, the AVMDNS also effectively suppresses noise in intrinsic mode function (IMFs) and avoids unexpected removal of the IMFs containing important fault information. In addition, the FSC can further suppress residual noise and interference harmonics to enhance the periodic fault pulses and hence accurately extract bearing fault features. Simulation analysis and experimental studies are carried out through comparison with other methods. Results show that the AVMDNS-FSC method has higher sensitivity and effectiveness in extracting early periodic fault pulses of RB vibration signals.
An accurate determination of the refractive indices of water and glass by smartphone photography
Authors: Chakrabarti Surajit , Pal Sanjoy Kumar , Sarkar Soumen 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A smartphone can be used for many physics experiments by using the sensors built into the phone. The complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) (charge-coupled device, CCD) sensor of the camera records the images of objects photographed in pixels. The width of the image can be read off with micron level accuracy with the help of software available freely from the internet. If the dimensions of the object in the direction transverse to the viewing direction of the camera are known, the magnification of the object photographed can be determined accurately. A smartphone camera is a compound lens comprising a number of very thin lenses. A single thin lens is equivalent, as far as the transverse magnification is concerned, to a compound lens of the smartphone, when the thin lens has the same focal length as the effective focal length of the compound lens and is placed at its first principal plane. This property allows us to find experimentally the effective focal length of the compound lens of the camera accurately, using the thin lens equation. Once the focal length of the camera is known, the distance of an object can be determined by finding its magnification from the photograph. We have determined the refractive index of water accurately by photographing the apparent position of an object immersed in it. By determining the magnifications, we have found the real and apparent depths of the object. The ratio of these depths gives the refractive index. We have determined the refractive index of glass also using some thin glass slides.
Vertical control of DIII-D discharges with strong negative triangularity
Authors: Nelson A O , Hyatt A , Wehner W , Welander A , Paz-Soldan C , Osborne T , Anand H , Thome K E 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Through predictive modeling validated by a series of experiments on DIII-D, the vertical stability of low β diverted plasmas with strong negative triangularity (NT) (

δ
∼
−
0.6

) is assessed. As a result of their unique magnetic geometry, NT plasmas feature larger Shafranov shifts and more elongated inner flux surfaces than positive triangularity counterparts, typically leading to enhanced vertical instability growth rates. However, coupling with the non-conformal vessel DIII-D wall reduces these growth rates to controllable values, providing a path forward for stabilizing strongly NT plasma with a diverted geometry. These discharges are used to validate GSdesign (part of the TokSys code suite) stability calculations in strong NT plasmas on DIII-D, with errors of no more than ∼20% observed between modeled and experimentally measured growth rates. Additions of diagnostic noise and power supply tuning to the TokSys model are needed to accurately capture the time dependence of DIII-D NT discharges, assisting with the design of control schemes specific to the DIII-D poloidal field coils. Finally, implications of these results on a future NT reactor are briefly described.
Constitutive behaviour study of Ba
x
K1−

x
Fe2As2 iron-based superconducting powder
Authors: Xia Xi , Zhu Yanchang , Zhu Chundong , Han Meng , Liu Cong , Wang Dongliang , Zhang Xianping , Ma Yanwei 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order to simulate the preparation process of Ba
x
K1−x
Fe2As2 (BaK-122) iron-based superconducting (IBS) wires and tapes and formulate appropriate forming process for practical production, it is very important to study the constitutive behaviour of BaK-122 IBS powder. However, there is little research on this aspect at present. In this paper, the constitutive behaviour of BaK-122 powder was investigated. The modified Drucker–Prager cap (DPC) model was introduced to describe the constitutive behaviour of BaK-122 powder. Uniaxial compression test, radial compression test and mould pressing test were carried out to determine the material parameters. Furthermore, the numerical simulation of pressing forming of BaK-122 powder and drawing process of BaK-122 IBS wires were carried out through the finite element simulation method. These results demonstrated that the simulations were in good agreement with the experimental results, which verified the accuracy of the model. The first proposal of this mode lays a foundation for further simulating the preparation process of BaK-122 IBS wires and tapes to guide the actual production.