bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cutaneous Reaction in Canine Distemper
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Harkins Malcolm J. , Reichel John 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
A summary of the results of these anaphylactic tests with a polyvalent antigen of washed and heat-killed cultures of B. bronchisepticus (Ferry-McGowan) is shown in table 6. As shown in this summary the highest percentage of positive reactions occurred among dogs suffering with distemper at the time these tests were made and among those known to have had distemper while under our direct observation. Whether or not the reactions occurring among those dogs that were normal at the time of these tests, but of whose previous medical history we were ignorant and totally unable to ascertain whether or not they had distemper prior to admission to the University animal house, were true anaphylactic reactions due to sensitization with bronchisepticus protein as a result of infection, we are unable to say definitely. Owing, however, to the widespread dissemination of canine distemper and the large number of young dogs known to contract this disease, it is highly probable that some of these animals had been infected with B. bronchisepticus and that the reactions were an expression of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to the protein of this microörganism. While we wish to record in another communication the results of our experiments bearing upon the etiological character of B. bronchisepticus in canine distemper either as the direct cause of this disease or as a mircoörganism closely associated with it in a manner analogous to the relation of streptococci to scarlet fever, we may state here that B. bronchisepticus is found in a large proportion of dogs suffering with distemper and that these anaphylactic tests indicate this relationship by the large proportion of infected animals displaying a condition of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to its protein. While the bronchisepticin skin test may prove of practical value in the diagnosis of canine distemper and particularly as an index of a previous infection in an apparently normal animal, it is probable that it has no value as an index of immunity and that an animal presenting a positive reaction is still susceptible to relapses or recurrences of the disease (7).
Antibody Production by Typhoid Vaccines
Authors: Stoner H. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The success attained by the use of antityphoid vaccine in military circles both in this country and abroad, naturally attracted the attention of public health officers to the use of this agent as a preventive against typhoid fever in civil life. While a very good beginning has been made, there are problems not encountered in the army that must be overcome before equally brilliant results can be hoped for in this field.
The health departments of Maryland and of Baltimore City were among the first to prepare and distribute antityphoid vaccine to the citizens of the state and city without cost. This work was begun early in 1910, and up to January 1, 1916, 22,681 complete doses of vaccine had been prepared and distributed to inhabitants of the state and city.
The greater part of this vaccine was prepared by washing off twenty-four hour old agar cultures with sterile salt solution and killing the organisms by heating at a temperature of 58°C.
The Relation of the Bronchisepticin Skin Reaction to Immunity in Canine Distemper including the Bactericidal Action of Dog Serum for B. Bronchisepticus
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Matsunami Toitsu , Harkins Malcolm J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper (1) we have described the results observed with a cutaneous anaphylactic reaction in canine distemper with a polyvalent emulsion of washed and heat killed B. bronchisepticus (Ferry-McGowan). The intracutaneous injection of this emulsion or “bronchisepticin,” has been followed by well marked papular or pustular reactions in 77 per cent of dogs suffering with distemper at the time of the tests, and in 60 per cent known to have had the disease while under our observation. Reactions were also observed in 35 per cent of dogs just admitted to the animal house of the University and presenting no clinical evidences of distemper; we were unable to state what percentage of these dogs had had the disease or whether the reactions were purely traumatic. Whether or not B. bronchisepticus (Ferry-McGowan) is accepted as the primary etiological agent of canine distemper, we concluded that these anaphylactic reactions may be interpreted as indicating that in this disease a large percentage of dogs display a condition of cutaneous hypersensitiveness to its protein.
Studies on the Serologic Classification of B. Botulinus
Authors: Schoenholz P. , Meyer K. F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of an investigation dealing with the serological relationship of 111 strains of B. botulinus (including 7 duplicate strains) isolated from a diversity of sources and from many localities have been intimated in a previous communication (1). It was stated that by means of agglutination and absorption tests Type A strains can be subdivided into at least 3 and possibly 4 groups, while the B types can be classed into at least 2 groups.
Since the publication of the preliminary notes Starin and Dack (2) have reported their studies on the serological grouping of this organism. They have shown that there are at least 3 distinct subgroups of Cl. botulinum Type B and 4 subgroups of Type A. In the case of the latter, intermediate strains, partaking of the nature of more than 1 of the 4 distinct subgroups have been noted.
Agglutinin Absorption
Authors: Krumwiede Charles , Cooper Georgia , Provost Dorothy J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
There is no other means of measuring the specific agglutinin content of a serum except by using the bacterial type which is known to have stimulated the production of the agglutinins in a serum even though this means may not always be adequate. There is no basic validity therefore, in a procedure which assumes the reliability of determining the infecting bacterium or bacteria by testing the absorptive capacity of several cultures on the agglutinins present in the patient's serum for each of such cultures. Such a procedure does not take into account all the possible alternatives. The observation of the character of the clumping and the use of the specific component for test purposes may give strongly suggestive results. The probable alternatives in such methods are discussed.
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: O'Neill F. I. , Moy H. Bing , Manwaring W. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
Glycogen, therefore, disappears almost quantitatively from the canine liver during the first fifteen minutes of anaphylactic shock. This observation is in line with the initial hyperglycaemia in guinea-pig anaphylaxis recently reported by Zunz and La Barre (4). A reduction in liver glycogen during peptone poisoning was observed by McGuigan and Ross (5). The factors contributing to this rapid glycogen disappearance will be considered in a subsequent paper.
Acquired Immunity in Silkworms
Authors: Glaser R. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Silkworms are extremely susceptible to certain types of bacteria which often contaminate the mulberry leaves. The origin of this contamination is still imperfectly understood, notwithstanding the fact that much work has been done in this laboratory to trace the source. Therefore, some matters, to be described, that deal with the maintenance of a healthy stock are purely empirical. Experience in rearing large numbers of silkworms for three seasons (1922, 1923 and 1924) has clearly shown that clean food is one very important factor. Worms can be maintained in a healthy state if the mulberry leaves are clean, namely, free from bird feces, mulberry fruit juice spots and other visible dirt. When a bacterial disease once appears in a culture it is extremely difficult to eradicate; for, as has been pointed out in a previous publication (1) dealing with such a disease, the living sick worms contaminate everything through defecations, and when they die soil the food with their fluids.
Evidence for the IgG Nature of Complement-Fixing (CF) Antibodies to Adenovirus Type 12 Hamster Tumor Neoantigens
Authors: van Hoosier G. L. , Cupp Carolyn , Boren Dee , Trentin J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Sera from hamsters bearing transplants of adenovirus type 12 (A-12) tumors, and containing CF antibodies reactive with antigens prepared from such tumors, were characterized to determine the immunoglobulin class of these antibodies. Differential characteristics studied were zonal sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient, susceptibility to reduction by mercaptoethanol, persistence following tumor ablation, and placental transfer. The findings indicate that the CF antibodies to A-12 hamster tumors are of the IgG or 7 S type.
A Modification of the Hemolytic Plaque Assay for Use with Protein Antigens
Authors: Golub Edward S. , Mishell Robert I. , Weigle William O. , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A method is presented which allows the in vitro enumeration of cells producing antibody against a variety of protein antigens. The proteins are covalently linked to red blood cells by means of a carbodiimide reagent. The concentrations of protein required for the plaque assay are greater than those required for passive agglutination.
The method is simple and sensitive and the results mimic the kinetics of the response that is seen in in vivo assays of serum antibody. Both direct (probably 19 S) and indirect (probably 7 S) plaque-producing cells are detected.
A New Serum Factor in Normal Rabbits
Authors: Mandy William J. , Woolsey Marion E. , Lewis F. B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Homoreactant in rabbits has been shown to be passively transmitted from mother to fetus, thus fulfilling another criterion of its immunoglobulin nature. Newly synthesized HR began to appear in the newborn rabbit sera immediately after the disappearance of maternal HR, i.e., 4 to 5 weeks after parturition.
Early HR characterized as a γM-globulin by 2-ME sensitivity and DEAE-cellulose chromatography was actively synthesized by the newborn rabbit only between the ages of 4 and 10 weeks. This was followed by the continued synthesis of a 2-ME resistant γG-globulin HR. This constitutes the first observation of an apparent 19 S to 7 S transition in the synthesis of a natural antibody.
Both the 2-ME susceptible and 2-ME resistant forms of HR were directed to determinants which are otherwise buried in the intact γG-globulin molecule and exposed by digestion with papain.
Histology of PCA Reactions in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Lieberman Moses K. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Summary
PCA reactions were produced in guinea pigs with rabbit γG- and guinea pig γG1-antibodies. The histologic picture of PCA reactions with guinea pig γG1 in guinea pigs is similar to the reaction produced with rabbit antibodies. PCA reactions with rabbit and guinea pig γG1-antibodies were partially inhibited by an antihistamine (Neo-Antergan) to the same degree. Depletion of PMN did not diminish the PCA reactions with either antibody. It has been concluded that PMN infiltration is a consequence, and not the determining factor, of PCA reactions in guinea pigs.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with γG Antibodies
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , Ovary Zoltan 
Published: December 2022

Summary
PCA reactions were studied in mice with mouse, rat, rabbit and guinea pig IgG antibodies. Homologous IgG antibodies were the most efficient, rat antibodies slightly less so, whereas rabbit antibodies were far less active. In addition, with rabbit antibodies PCA reactions could only be elicited with high challenge doses of antigen. Guinea pig γ-1 or γ-2 antibodies were virtually inactive. RPCA reactions could be produced in mice sensitized with low doses of different antigens, including ovalbumin, as long as mouse antibodies were used for challenge. Massive doses of rabbit antibodies were required for RPCA reactions with ovalbumin, whereas, no reactions were induced by guinea pig antibodies.
Reactivity of Human Immunoglobulins in Amebiasis
Authors: Maddison Shirley E. , Kagan Irving G. , Norman Lois 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) were separated from sera of two patients with symptomatic infections of Entamoeba histolytica. The techniques used were Sephadex G 200 and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. The relative purity of fractions was assayed by the Ouchterlony technique and immunoelectrophoresis against specific immunoglobulin antisera. Whole serum and fractions were analyzed by serodiagnostic methods and by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in the guinea pig and monkey. Absorption experiments were carried out to confirm the reactions. The IgG globulins were reactive in all the serodiagnostic tests for E. histolytica and in the guinea pig PCA test. The reaginic activity demonstrable by PCA in the monkey appeared to be heterogenous and was associated with an IgA fraction eluted from a Sephadex G 200 column and the IgG fraction eluted from a DEAE-cellulose column. While hypersensitivity in man associated with amebiasis has not, as yet, been demonstrated, a high proportion of amebic diagnostic sera gave positive PCA reactions in the guinea pig. The monkey appeared to be far less sensitive.
Effect of Bacterial Endotoxin on Experimental Fungal Infections
Authors: Kimball Harry R. , Williams Temple W. , Wolff Sheldon M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Escherichia coli endotoxin was administered to mice prior to challenge with 5 × 106 Candida albicans, 5 × 106 Rhizopus arrhizus or 1 × 106 Blastomyces dermatitidis organisms. When 100 or 400 µg endotoxin was given 1 hr prior to challenge with C. albicans, significant acceleration in mortality occurred, while the same doses of endotoxin given 24 hr before challenge delayed lethality. Similar protection but no enhancement of lethality was noted for R. arrhizus, while reproducible alterations in lethality were not demonstrable with B. dermatitidis. Protection against C. albicans appeared to have a bimodal character, being maximal at 24 hr and 6 days following endotoxin administration. Sterile sera were passively administered in amounts of 1.0 ml to normal mice, which were then challenged 1 hr later with C. albicans. Lethality was significantly delayed only in the animals receiving sera collected 24 hr after endotoxin but not in the groups receiving saline, normal sera or sera obtained 6 days following endotoxin. These studies demonstrate that serum factors are important in the initial phase of increased resistance against C. albicans induced by endotoxin.
Application of Immunodiffusion Methods to the Antigenic Analysis of Dengue Viruses
Authors: Ibrahim Adly N. , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Six prototypes of dengue viruses, West Nile and Sindbis viruses were cross-reacted in a rather standard type of immunoelectrophoresis test against four rabbit anti-dengue sera representing two closely related pairs as determined by more conventional serology. By this test D-1 and TH-Sman were readily differentiated, each possessing three or four antigens not possessed by the other. One antigen was common to both and to all other dengue protoypes and West Nile virus. A similar differentiation was demonstrated between D-2 and TH-36 and all other viruses employed. One D-2 antiserum demonstrated what may be a subgroup specific dengue antigen shared by all dengues but not by West Nile. The method gives promise of improved differentiation of arboviruses within an antigenic group.
Cold-Reacting Antibodies: The Enhancement of Antibody Fixation by the First Component of Complement (C′la)
Authors: Rosse Wendell F. , Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Partially purified C′1a increases the binding of cold-reacting (“Anti-I”) antibodies to human cells. Reduction of the hemolytic activity of the C′1a solution by heating, dilution or absorption by unrelated antigen-antibody aggregates reduces the ability to enhance binding of antibody. Reduction of hemolytic activity by ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduces only partially the ability to increase the binding of antibody. The effect of C′1a in increasing the binding of antibody to antigen appears to be greater for more dissociable antibodies.
Detection of Immune Response Against Synthetic Polymers of Amino Acids Employing the Plaque-Forming Cell System
Authors: Walsh Patricia , Maurer Paul H. , Egan Marianne 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Plaque-forming cells which cross-react with the normal sheep erythrocyte can be induced by immunization of rabbits (but not mice or guinea pigs) with the synthetic α-L-amino acid copolymers, Glu42:Lys28:Ala30 and Glu36:Lys24:Ala35:Tyr5. A similar response cannot be induced with Glu60:Ala40, Glu60:Ala30:Tyr10, or Glu60:Lys40. The specificity of this reaction is confined to the sheep erythrocyte and was not observed with ox, turkey, goose, duck, guinea pig or rabbit erythrocytes. Soluble GLA30 polymer and sheep antirabbit globulin serum partially inhibited the formation of antibody which cross-reacted with normal sheep erythrocytes in the Jerne PFC technique.
A New Rapid Method for Genetic Typing of Human Immunoglobulins
Authors: Vyas G. N. , Fudenberg H. H. , Pretty H. M. , Gold E. R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A passive hemagglutination technique employing isolated γ-globulins and myeloma proteins of known genetic types coated onto human group O cells by CrCl3 method has been developed. Cells thus coated have been successfully used for Gm and Inv typing of human sera. The degree of discrimination between inhibiting and noninhibiting sera is as great as with the conventional method using cells coated with incomplete anti-Rh.
Cross-Reactions of Calf Thymus Histones with Polylysine Antisera
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , David Stollar B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit antisera obtained by immunization with poly-L-lysine-phosphorylated bovine serum albumin reacted with free whole histone, free F1(A) and free Fw as well as with whole histone and all the histone fractions coupled to human serum albumin with the carbodiimide reagent. Free whole histone and the histone fractions inhibited the reaction of these poly-L-lysine antisera with poly-L-lysine and the order of inhibitory effectiveness paralleled the lysine content of whole histone and the histone fractions. Antibodies obtained by immunization with the carbodiimide coupled poly-L-lysine reacted with poly-L-lysine, whole histone and the histone fractions coupled to human serum albumin but did not react with free poly-L-lysine, free whole histone or the free histone fractions. The sera obtained after immunization with poly-L-lysine coupled to human serum albumin contained only 7 S antibodies whereas those obtained following immunization with poly-L-lysine-phosphorylated bovine serum albumin contained both 7 S and 19 S antibodies. The 7 S fraction reacted more efficiently with poly-L-lysine and the 19 S with free F1(A). Whole histone and the histone fractions did not react with a poly-D-lysine antiserum nor did they inhibit the reaction between poly-D-lysine and a poly-D-lysine antiserum. Whole histone and the histone fractions, whether free or coupled, did not react in C′ fixation with a nonimmune rabbit serum or a nonrelated rabbit serum such as anti-ribonuclease. Direct reactivity was observed between the poly-L-lysine-phosphorylated bovine serum albumin antisera and another basic protein, ribonuclease, and with deoxyribonucleoprotein but less than 20% C′ fixation occurred with cytochrome c, lysozyme, human serum albumin or pepsin.
Studies of Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes of Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Using an in vitro tissue incubation technique, the capabilities of mouse thoracic duct cells to synthesize immunoglobulins was compared to those of solid lymphoid tissues. Spleen and lymph nodes made all four classes of immunoglobulins and the ileum and jejunum only IgA. Thoracic duct cells synthesized IgA and IgM, but no 7 S γ1 or 7 S γ2. Cells obtained from the 1st day produced less IgA and IgM than those collected from later days. The amount of immunoglobulins synthesized by thoracic duct cells appeared to be less than that by equal samples of spleen cells. These studies suggest that thoracic duct cells are not, in general, representative of the lymphoid population.
Culture of tissues obtained from chronically drained animals yielded autoradiographs similar to normal patterns for each organ. Thus cells synthesizing each of the immunoglobulin classes remained fixed in tissues and were not removed from the animal.
The lymph contained relatively large amounts of 7 S γ1, 7 S γ2 and IgA; the serum levels of these were rapidly lowered with drainage. Very small quantities of IgM were present in the lymph and prolonged drainage was necessary to decrease its serum level. Therefore, thoracic duct drainage diminishes the serum immunoglobulin levels partly by direct protein loss and partly by removal of the cells or their precursors responsible for synthesis.
Antibody Production by Isolated Spleen Cells: A Study of the Cluster and the Plaque Techniques
Authors: Zaalberg O. B. , van der Meul V. A. , van Twisk M. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In previous publications, cluster formation as an expression of antibody production by isolated spleen cells has been described and compared with the results of the plaque technique. In the present study these investigations have been extended and the conclusion is drawn that cells producing IgM antibodies can form both clusters and plaques. The cells producing IgG antibodies readily form clusters, whereas plaque formation only occurs when anti-mouse-γ-globulin is added (indirect plaque formation).
Evidence is presented that cluster formation does not always depend on the excretion of antibodies. At 4 days after immunization about 40% of the clusters were formed by cells which did not excrete antibodies during in vitro incubation. Within the remaining 60% of cluster-forming cells a large variation in the amount of excreted antibodies was found. The function of the inactive cells is still uncertain. In view of their persistence long after the primary response, some of them may be “memory” cells responsible for the anamnestic response. Investigation of this subject is in progress.
Antigens of Rickettsia Prowazeki. II. Activity in Guinea Pigs and Experimental Vaccine Production
Authors: Barker Lewellys F. , Patt Judith K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Studies on the activity of fractions of Rickettsia prowazeki in guinea pigs revealed that protective antigens are found in cell wall, protoplasm and soluble antigen fractions. The soluble antigens released by ether treatment were the most active when compared on a dry weight basis with the other materials. The results of production of experimental vaccines by concentrating the rickettsiae before ether treatment showed that vaccines of excellent potency in the standard guinea pig assay could be obtained with a considerable reduction in contamination with egg material.