bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crisis, 2001–2021
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On September 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the United States, transforming the domestic and foreign policy landscape. Change and challenge seemed constants. Leaders had two possible responses. They could look forward, wielding the capitalist peace paradigm, or they could ignore the lessons of history in a nationalistic throwback to the Great Depression. Washington engaged in both strategies. A conservative, George W. Bush, was a neo-liberal free trader who signed numerous bilateral trade accords. A progressive, Barack Obama, moderated trade liberalization, pursuing new trade institutions across the Atlantic and Pacific but beginning to resist China. Donald Trump issued a personalized attack on free trade internationalism, dissolving the capitalist peace through tariff wars and withdrawal from global trade commitments and organizations. Joe Biden aimed for restoration but struggled with a pandemic and a progressive base that preferred domestic stability rather than globalization. The twenty-year crisis witnessed a full circle of capitalist peace dogma, nihilism, and moderation.
Conclusion
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The capitalist peace doctrine that emerged from the Great Depression did not bring a perfect world, prosperity for all, or eternal peace, but it was an instrument of foreign policy that converted trade policy from narrow nationalism based on protectionism into a force for mutual aid, security, and political reform abroad. Until 2017, the figures who surrounded presidents, like the presidents themselves, appreciated the appeal and the need on occasion for protectionism, but they recast trade policy for foreign policy reasons. In the end, capitalist liberalism won the Second World War and the Cold War, enriched the North, and helped develop much of the global South with material goods. Capitalist peace also boosted democracy and promoted human rights. On the larger scale of grand strategy, trade boosted security, global peace prevailed, and a third world war did not occur. Capitalist peace reshaped the world for the better.
The Interlocking Domains of Racism and Ecological Indifference
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Ecointersectional analyses offer a lens for understanding that environmental degradation and systemic racisms are mutually constitutive, a lens that goes well beyond the current focus on unequal distribution of risks and harms central to work in environmental and climate justice. This lens, while important, occludes the often complex and long history of the co-constitution of systemic racisms and environmental degradation. By focusing on ecological indifference, this chapter provides the groundwork for identifying the linkages between seeing and treating environments as exploitable, disposable, and fungible and ways of seeing and treating certain groups of people as exploitable, disposable, and fungible. Through a focus on systemic racisms, the case is made that climate injustice and ecological indifference are not separate or separable phenomena but are two sides of the same coin. Building on the insights of environmental justice scholarship that documents the differential distribution of environmental harms or benefits due to systemic racisms, the chapter introduces two additional dimensions in which the intersections between systematic racisms and ecological indifference are manifest, namely, where racist institutions and practices contribute to or cause environmental degradation and that the social structures that generate environmental degradation also generate systemic oppression of certain groups of people.
Conclusion
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Anthropocenean sensibilities might serve to disrupt and transform racialized nature/culture divides as well as narratives of progress, development, and civilization. Anthropocenean sensibilities attune us to the happening of many worlds and the realization that not all of them posit humans via a racialized hyperseparation from nature or animate a divide between humans and nonhumans. Anthropocenean sensibilities cultivate attunements to other lifeways and relationalities within the more-than-human world. They can direct attention to what Marisol de la Cadena refers to as the “anthropo-not-seen.”
Introduction
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The resignation of President Abdelaziz Bouteflika of Algeria in 2019 following mass public demonstrations across the country provoked global surprise. This was not only because the country had experienced little of the upheavals of the Arab Spring in the region around it eight years earlier. It was also because of the completely peaceful nature of the mass protests in a country that had experienced huge bloodshed in its recent past in both a civil conflict in the 1990s and its long liberation struggle against French colonial rule. This underlined how little-known Algeria was in comparison to its neighbors in the Arab world. Much has been written about Algeria under French rule but comparatively few studies exist for the period after independence. This book explores the period of the first two decades of the twenty-first century. This period began with three significant changes: the election of Bouteflika as president, the steady rise in prices for Algeria's significant gas and oil resources and a noticeable decline in the violence of the civil conflict of the 1990s. This book explores these changes and their effects and how they ultimately led to the mass protest movement that brought down Bouteflika.
Restive Regions
Authors: Willis Michael J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Politics at the sub-national is largely overlooked, despite its importance. Useful insights into some of the aspects of politics beyond Algiers and the major cities can be gained by looking at some of Algeria's more remote and ethnically distinct regions, especially three that witnessed significant local political change and upheaval in the early twenty-first century: Kabylia, the Mzab, and the Saharan south. All three had escaped much of the tumult and violence of the 1990s. Berber Kabylia had witnessed significant protests in 1980, but saw a new explosion of unrest in 2001 that culminated in mass marches including one in Algiers. The traditionally politically quiescent south of Algeria saw significant protests breaking out in main population centers. The Mzab region experienced extended clashes between its local Mozabite and Chaamba populations in 2013–15. All these incidents had their own distinct local causes and features but all were significantly stoked by socio-economic grievances linked frequently to jobs, exploitation of natural resources (like fracking), and perceived marginalization and disregard from the central government. Significantly, all the protest movements demanded greater national integration and involvement of the government rather than autonomy or secession from the Algerian state.
In the Shadow of Mistrust
Authors: Monshipouri Mahmood 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSince the 1979 Iranian Revolution, the normalization of relations between Iran and America has appeared unrealistic if not inconceivable, given that the Iranian state has vigorously pursued an anti-American ideology. This account of US–Iranian relations examines the efficacy of external pressure such as sanctions, as well as domestic grassroots reform movements within the Islamic Republic. The Obama presidency marked a rare high point in the Washington–Tehran relationship, as negotiations between the two countries and other powers produced an unprecedented nuclear deal, the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action. However, the Trump administration's unilateral withdrawal from the JCPOA, and re-imposition of new sanctions in pursuit of "maximum pressure", had devastating economic consequences, undermining the Iranian middle class, which has consistently been the voice of political moderation and supported Iran's integration into the global economy. Crucially, sanctions have also driven Iran further into the arms of China, while rendering it an even more recalcitrant and aggressive adversary. Monshipouri's central conviction is that negotiations are pivotal to dismantling the mistrust that has long characterised US–Iranian relations, and to seeking détente between Iran and its Arab neighbours--a critical priority, since gradual US withdrawal from the region is all but certain.
What Is Motivation, Where Does It Come from, and How Does It Work?
Authors: Dweck Carol S. , Dixon Matthew L. , Gross James J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation is the process that drives, selects, and directs goals and behaviors. Motivation typically arises out of the person’s needs, and it then comes to life through the person’s specific goals. In this essay, the authors examine the concept of “needs” as the crucible from which motivated behavior arises because all individuals are born with needs that jump-start the goal-oriented, motivated behaviors that are critical to survival and thriving. These are both physical needs (such as hunger and thirst) and psychological needs (such as the need for social relationships, optimal predictability, and competence). The aim of motivation is therefore to bring about a desired (need, goal) state. Motivation underlies and organizes all aspects of a person’s psychology. As it does so, motivation “glues” a person together as a functioning individual in their culture and context.
Does One Size Fit All? Cultural Perspectives on School Motivation
Authors: McInerney Dennis M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Early theorizing on what motivates students to learn was largely based on Western conceptualizations and specifically on a “one-size-fits-all” belief that what works is relatively universal. However, the one-size-fits-all notion fails to explain diversity in motivation and achievement. Every perspective on motivation should be looked at for variability in meaning and relevance within particular social and cultural settings. The critical importance of culture and the cultural setting adds new richness and complexity to theorizing on motivation in school settings. Overall, the essay briefly describes the transitioning of theory from Western-based, relatively monocultural theories of motivation to a richer understanding of motivation by interrogating theoretical perspectives and practical applications through a cultural lens.
Some Motivations Make Us Happier Than Others
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
To answer, “What is good motivation?”, consider research on “the pursuit of happiness.” Good motivation brings happiness, while bad motivation does not. Happiness (subjective well-being or SWB) is easily measured: it involves having lots of positive moods, few negative moods, and much satisfaction with life. By tracking SWB over time, one can discover which motivated behaviors bring happiness and which do not. The former tends to be “eudaimonic” motivations, involving compassion, service, humility, excellence, and the like. Eudaimonic motivations satisfy peoples’ psychological needs, bringing SWB as one side effect. Another question is to ask why people sometimes persist in non–happiness-producing motivations.
Do We Sometimes Surrender Our Good Motivation for Bad?
Authors: Wigfield Allan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Researchers characterize motivation as varying in both quantity and quality. Yet, depending on individuals’ intentions and the outcomes of actions, high-quantity and high-quality motivations can be thought of as either good or bad. Even good motivations in terms of both quantity and quality, such as high self-efficacy and high task value, can become bad motivations when done in the service of negative outcomes. Many similar examples may be found in popular television show, politics, and everyday life. Similarly, as the author of this essay explains, whether a motivation can be considered good or bad further depends on culture and the particular situation.
Finding the Second Wind
Authors: Usher Ellen L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many people feel as though their actions are primarily the result of external demands or involuntary impulses over which they have little control. This essay takes a different approach by considering the many ways in which people can and do influence their own motivation and behavior. People exercise control over their motivational states by organizing and selecting their thoughts, feelings, environments, and actions. They reflect on their performances, and they revise strategies that will make success more likely. These self-regulatory processes make it possible for people to enhance their own motivation. Even in dire circumstances, people always have some degree of control over their lives.
Exploring the Boundaries Between Motivation, Cognition, and Emotion
Authors: Alexander Patricia A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The answer to whether motivation can be distinguished from cognition and emotion differs depending on whether one is a researcher, a theorist, or a teacher. A researcher conceptualizes and then operationalizes motivation, cognition, and emotion to either highlight or minimize areas of distinction. A theorist models the interrelations among cognition, emotion, and motivation in nuanced ways that allow for both their convergence and divergence. A teacher is far less concerned about whether it is possible to draw clear empirical and theoretical distinctions among these three constructs. Instead, the teacher is far more invested in harnessing the collective power of these three concepts to promote students’ learning and academic development.
Creating a Motivating Learning Environment
Authors: Alexander Patricia A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The question, “How do we motivate people,” stirs up several preliminary questions: Is it actually possible to motivate others? And, motivate people to do what? This essay accepts the challenge of the question to provide four guiding principles in how to motivate students to learn deeply, think critically and analytically, and justify their understandings. First, to motivate learners effectively, build on what already moves, excites, or interests students. Second, take time to establish a meaningful link between the content to be taught and the students. Third, ensure that students’ backgrounds, personal experiences, and beliefs are valued within the learning environment and woven into instruction. Fourth, treat students as unique individuals with varied strengths and differences, and provide opportunities for choice, self-direction, and self-expression that play to those strengths and differences.
How to Foster Motivation?
Authors: Vansteenkiste Maarten , Soenens Bart 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Teachers, leaders, parents, and sport coaches often rely on their intuition to motivate others. Although sometimes effective, intuition can also misguide motivating agents. Intuition needs to be sharpened by theoretical insights. Grounded in self-determination theory, this essay presents a motivating compass featuring a variety of motivating (e.g., guiding, attuning) and demotivating (e.g., domineering, abandoning) approaches situated in a circular structure. Whereas some practices in the model relate to greater engagement and high-quality motivation because of their need-satisfying properties, other practices come with a motivational cost and predict disengagement because of their need-frustrating effect. This motivating compass provides concrete indications of how to motivate others.
Mirrors of the Divine
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book brings into focus how four influential late ancient authors—Tertullian of Carthage, Clement of Alexandria, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine of Hippo—employ language of vision and of mirrors in their discursive struggles to construct Christian agency, identity, and epistemology. These authors span from the second through fourth centuries CE in both Eastern and Western Christianity, and this book analyzes their theological writings on vision and knowledge of God to explore how they pieced together rival and contradictory theories of sight to shape their cosmologies, theologies, subjectivities, genders, and discursive worlds. The different theories of vision partly answered the question of how we see; but more, the differences around vision and mirrors offer a keyhole into questions of the relationships between heaven and earth, body and soul, men and women, and beyond. Rhetoric of vision can divide along lines of gender or baptismal status, or it can envision connection to or distance from God. How we understand vision shapes what and how we see and also our broader senses of self, and to miss how sight worked for late ancient authors, therefore, is to look past some of the most self-conscious ways that late ancient Christians thought of themselves, their worlds, and their God.
Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Cain Emily R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Many have helpfully written about the tension between Augustine’s affirmation of human free will and his seemingly contradictory emphasis on God’s divine grace. This chapter approaches this ostensible paradox not directly, but rather indirectly; that is, not through Augustine’s content on the topic, but rather through his method. An examination of Augustine’s writing on visual perception, particularly that found in his de Trinitate, reveals the way in which he constructs this complicated and paradoxical relationship though vision’s subjectivity, describing a human who is simultaneously active and responsible for harmful actions, yet passive against the resultant transformation; one who sees God poorly when seeing the world poorly; and one who, paradoxically, has free will, yet stands in need of God’s grace. Indeed, it is following his very model of faith seeking understanding that Augustine pulls together outwardly disparate theories of visual perception to describe vision’s subjectivity in his attempt to understand his faith.
Social Welfare Practices in the Premodern Era (c. 1820–1920)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 5 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris, three broad movements in social welfare practices are identified: moral uplift, institutionalization, and environmentalism. Falling within the area of moral uplift are practices such as the Sunday school movement and the charity organization societies. Institutionalization (penitentiaries, insane asylums, almshouses, etc.) represents the government response to addressing social ills. Environmentalism informed such practices as the parks and playgrounds movement, the settlement house movement, and city missions. The transition period to the Modern Discourse is examined with a focus upon how the insights derived from the scientific method were poorly applied. Moral blind spots are seen as social control in the form of cultural imperialism arising from measuring deviance from an ideal standard. Lastly, reflections are offered as to how insights from this period can be applied today by social workers to improve their practice.
The Modern Discourse (c. 1920–Present)
Authors: Dybicz Phillip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 of A Genealogy of the Good and Critique of Hubris describes the current Discourse on social welfare: the Modern Discourse. No anecdotes are provided to begin the chapter; rather, three definitions of social work are offered instead. The various elements of the Discourse are then described with periodic references to current practices informed by these definitions to illustrate their alignment with the Discourse. The influence of science heavily informs this Discourse. Marking the beginning of the modern welfare state, the urgent need of this era is identified as maintaining and enhancing the functioning of society. The evolution of individualism within a highly integrated society is described.
Aftermath
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the finale of the Second Anglo-Boer (or South African) War (1899-1902), the conflict that pitted the British Empire against the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. It discusses the peacemaking leading to the Treaty of Vereeniging, in which the Boer Republics surrendered their independence. The chapter then considers the post-war reconstruction overseen by Lord Alfred Milner, Britain's High Commissioner for South Africa. This involved him seeking to restore the status quo ante in the agricultural and mining sectors, which required betraying the black African population, many of whom had remained loyal to Britain during the war. It also involved importing Chinese miners, a step that provoked a backlash that transcended the Brit-Boer divide within the white population. That backlash contributed to thwarting Milner's plans for political reconstruction, which centered on "Anglicizing" the white population prior to self-government. The chapter closes with the Natal Rebellion, and Chief Bhambatha's unsuccessful stand against the loss of Zulu independence.
Union and Disunion
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The increasingly violent opposition between white workers and the Transvaal's political and economic elite, as manifested in the great strikes of 1913 and 1914, opens this chapter. The second Indian passive resistance campaign in 1913 is also discussed, and the weaknesses of Gandhian satyagraha in the South African context are outlined. The chapter also considers the birth of the policy of segregation that would define so much of South African history in the twentieth century. It does so by discussing the politics of the Natives Land Act of 1913, which aimed to territorially partition the country. Also considered is the split in Louis Botha's ruling party as J.B.M. Hertzog broke away to form the Nationalist Party. The chapter considers the SANNC's campaign against the land act. The campaign was interrupted by the outbreak of the Great War. The chapter closes by considering the impact of the commencement of the war on South Africa, including the Afrikaner Rebellion of 1914–15.
Imperial Impi
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter begins by recounting South Africa's conquest of German South-West Africa, and the split between the pro- and anti-war factions of the (white) Labour movement. The anti-war faction established the International Socialist League (ISL). The chapter follows South African troops on all the major fronts in which they fought, including East Africa, Egypt, Palestine, and the Western Front in Europe. Among the battles discussed are Delville Wood, Marrières Wood, and Square Hill. The South African Native Labour Contingent is also considered, including the tragedy of the SS Mendi disaster. The home front also receives extensive consideration, including the radicalization of the Transvaal SANNC, which owed both to wartime inflation, and the efforts of the ISL. Another aspect of the war at home that receives extensive coverage is the impact of the Spanish Flu of 1918 on South Africa.
Revolt
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Post-war economic chaos occasioned political ferment in South Africa: the 1920 miners' strike (the first-ever general strike by black South Africans) forms part of this discussion, as does the formation of the Industrial and Commercial Union (ICU) by Clements Kadalie. The chapter also considers the initiatives by the SANNC and the Nationalist Party to lobby the Imperial Government. Their respective appeals for relief from the pass laws and for the restoration of the independence of the Boer republics, were rejected by David Lloyd George. The chapter also discusses the climax of post-war white labor militancy, namely the eruption of the Rand Revolt of 1922. The chapter considers the role of the Communist Party of South Africa (an outgrowth of the ISL), and the early links between South Africans and leaders of the Russian Revolution.