bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inactivation of Complement by Egg Albumin—Rabbit Antiegg Albumin
Authors: Cavallo G. , Plescia O. J. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A typical immune system, such as egg albumin—rabbit antiegg albumin, inactivates the complement (C′) of guinea pig, human and pig serum but to different extents. It was found that with antigen to bring the system to equivalence, 2 μg antibody nitrogen was sufficient for nearly complete inactivation of 50 C′H50 units of guinea pig C′ at 0°C for 24 hr, 40 μg were required to inactivate about 90% of the human C′, and 150 μg of antibody nitrogen could inactivate only about 65% of the pig C′. The experiments were also carried out at 37°C for 2 hr. Although the degree of inactivation was generally greater at 37 than at 0°C for each C′, differences were still noted among them.
The study included also a comparison of the fixation of the components of C′. The components C′1, C′4, C′2 and C′3 decreased in activity in this order when C′ was inactivated; C′3 was seldom diminished more than 50%.
Immunologic Studies of Heart Tissue
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. , Meyeserian Mary , Swift Audrey 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inoculation of rabbits with whole streptococcal cultures grown in beef heart medium was found to stimulate antibody reactive with normal rabbit heart sections, as determined by a modified immunofluorescent technique. The immunofluorescent reactivity of the serum was found to be correlated with complement-fixing antibodies to normal rabbit heart tissue suspension. This antibody response was not related to the streptococcus but to the beef heart medium in which the streptococci were grown. Immunization with beef heart medium alone or with homogenate of beef heart also elicited both types of antibody. Similar results were obtained following immunization of rabbits with homogenates of rat and human heart. These data give evidence of a cross-reacting myocardial antigen in the sarcoplasm of the several mammalian species tested.
Antibody Response in Volunteers to Adenovirus Vaccine and Correlation of Antibody with Immunity
Authors: Hilleman M. R. , Flatley F. J. , Anderson S. A. , Luecking M. L. , Levinson D. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formalin-killed bivalent and monovalent types 4 and 7 adenovirus vaccines prepared under commercial conditions were assayed for homologous and heterologous neutralizing antibody response in a study with 267 volunteers. The vaccine employed in the studies induced a neutralizing antibody titer of 1:1 in guinea pigs against type 4 virus and 1:4 against type 7 virus when assayed by the standard test method employed. Dilution of bivalent vaccine more than 1:2 for type 4 component and around 1:27 for type 7 component significantly reduced the antibody response to the vaccine. The type 7 component induced a high level of neutralizing antibody against types 7, 7a, and 3 with essentially no antibody against types 4 or 14, and the type 4 component induced significant antibody against type 4 virus only. Bivalent vaccine given in 1 ml amount by jet gun or in 0.1 ml volume intradermally induced as much antibody as the 1 ml dose given intramuscularly. The antibody stimulated against bivalent vaccine was reduced by no more than 50% during a 10 month period post-vaccination and the response to a booster dose of vaccine given at that time elevated the titer only slightly above that achieved initially. There was a close correlation between the occurrence of serum neutralizing antibody and failure to develop adenovirus-caused respiratory illness among recruits in basic training. The level of antibody associated with immunity appeared in most cases not to exceed a titer of 1:1 when assayed by the standard method employed in this laboratory. The occurrence of type 3 antibody in persons whose sera were devoid of type 7 antibody, appeared to afford some protection against type 7 virus disease though this was not always the case. The significance of the finding in relation to the application and use of adenovirus vaccine is discussed.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An approximation of the amount of an antigen, Shigella-trypsin filtrate (ST), which may suffice for stimulation of antibody production has been approached by the cell-transfer technique, involving the transfer of rabbit lymph node cells which had been incubated in vitro with this antigen. Experiments involving comparisons of original solutions of this antigen with supernatants of incubation mixtures indicated that little of the available antigen was removed by the cells. On examination of suspensions of antigen-incubated cells, prepared as for transfer, but inactivated, the amount of antigen which could be detected was only 0.01 to 0.001 of the amount of antigen with which the cells had been suspended. Of the amount of antigen detectable in such suspensions the greater part, but not all, was found in association with the cells. It is estimated that the uptake of 10-7 mg of the ST antigen, or less, by 2 × 108 lymph node cells can result in the subsequent appearance of detectable agglutinins in sera of recipient animals.
Immunochemical Studies of Poliovirus: II. Kinetics of the Formation of Infectious and Noninfectious Type 1 Poliovirus in Three Cell Strains of Human Derivation
Authors: Roizman Bernard , Höpken Walter , Mayer Manfred M. , Roane Philip R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cellular materials and extracellular fluids from cultures of 3 cell strains of human derivation were assayed for viral substances throughout a period of 15–19 hr following high multiplicity infection with Type 1 poliovirus. Infectivity measurements were done by the plaque technique, and assays for C and D antigens were made by complement fixation. During the first 10–12 hr following seeding, infectious virus, as well as the C and D antigens, were found to accumulate in the cellular fraction. Significant amounts of viral material appeared in the extracellular fluid only after this period of accumulation. It was found that 100,000 to 500,000 physical poliovirus particles (PVP) are produced/cell. This datum is derived from D antigen titers which were converted to PVP by use of the previously established relationship between D antigen and PVP. The 3 cell lines were found to differ in the quantity of virus produced/cell, and in the proportion of virus particles that are infectious. C antigen was found in both cellular and extracellular material.
The Role of Anaphylatoxin During in Vitro Anaphylaxis
Authors: Greisman Sheldon E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of fresh normal rat plasma with a high molecular weight polysaccharide, Zymosan, activates a potent histamine liberator presumeably identical with anaphylatoxin. Under controlled conditions, the in vitro anaphylactic response of actively sensitized guinea pig ileum segments may be maintained unimpaired after rendering such tissue refractory to the immediate effects of rat anaphylatoxin. Conversely, desensitization of guinea pig ileum segments to specific antigen does not impair responsiveness to rat anaphylatoxin. These findings suggest that: a) specific antigen can release significant quantities of histamine from sensitized tissue without the intervention of circulating, surface absorbed, or cellular included anaphylatoxin; b) desensitization to multiple antigens such as exist in horse serum, or to anaphylatoxin, cannot be attributed simply to depletion of releaseable tissue histamine; and c) the point of attack of anaphylatoxin and of specific antigen upon sensitized cells is not identical. The results fail to support the “unified” concept of anaphylaxis suggesting that activation of serum anaphylatoxin constitutes a necessary intermediate step in the release of tissue histamine.
Effect of Antibodies on the Luminescence of Achromobacter Fischeri as a Criterion of Cellular Penetration
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera prepared against whole cell, cell-free extract, and partially purified luciferase of Achromobacter fischeri contain antibodies that are able to react with and inactivate a light emitting component, presumably bacterial luciferase, in cell-free extracts of the organism. Since the same antisera are without light inhibiting effect on live cells, it is postulated that antiluciferase antibodies are not able to penetrate the cell to inactivate luciferase.
The Specificity of Tolerance to Homografts in the Chicken
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , Cannon Jack A. , Longmire William P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been found which indicates that tolerance to homografts in chickens is not completely individual specific (within one breed as well as across two breeds).
A total of 71 embryonic chicks were injected with blood from embryonic chicks of a different breed and, 2 and 15 days after hatching, were grafted with skin from chicks other than the blood donor but of the same breed as the blood donor. A significant percentage of these chicks had grafts which survived longer than the grafts between control chicks not previously injected with blood. The possibility that the tolerance induced by blood of one chick to skin of another was due to similarity in antigenic makeup of the 2 donor chicks, since they were of the same breed, seems discounted by 2 experiments. First, it was shown that grafts among 2-week-old chicks of the same breed did not survive to any significant degree, thus indicating the genetic disparity among chicks of the breeds used. Secondly, when the nonspecific graft survived for a fairly long period, grafts between the blood and skin donor chicks often did not survive as long.
The Distribution of Forssman Blood Factors in Individuals of Various Artiodactyl Species
Authors: Stormont Clyde , Suzuki Yoshiko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The preparation and specificities of a blood typing reagent, designated Tx, which defined individual differences in tahr goats, the homologous species, are described.
It is shown that the red cell antigens involved in the reactions with the Tx reagent are the same as those which cross react with classical Forssman antibodies prepared by immunizing rabbits with extracts of guinea pig organs.
Data are presented on the distribution of Forssman blood factors in representatives of 33 species in the order Artiodacyla. Individuals with Forssman-positive red cells were encountered in only 1 family, namely, the Bovidae, and within that family they were confined to 3 of 5 subfamilies, namely, the Hippotraginae, the Caprinae and the Ovinae.
Three subtypes of the Forssman or Tx blood factor are described: subtype 1 which was observed in all species of caprines (subfamilies Caprinae and Ovinae) represented in the study; subtype 2 which was observed in only 1 species, namely, the blesbok antelope of subfamily Hippotraginae; and subtype 3 which occurred in only 1 species, the white bearded gnu of subfamily Hippotraginae.
The Specific Hapten of Group C (Group II α) Meningococcus
Authors: Watson R. Glenn , Scherp Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Soluble specific substances were prepared from 3 representative strains of Group C (formerly Group II α) meningococci. Dilutions as high as 1:4,000,000 of all preparations gave positive precipitin reactions with homologous rabbit antiserum. However, all evidenced some degradation of immunologic integrity, e.g., the best preparation absorbed only ¾ of the homologous mouse-protective activity from a rabbit Group C antiserum and it failed to engender significant active immunity in mice. On the other hand, intraabdominal injection of 30 μg of this preparation/animal sharply diminished the immune response of mice to subsequent injections of an effective Group C vaccine. The precipitin reactions of these substances with an equine polyvalent antimeningococcal serum prepared in 1918 indicated that Group C meningococci had been isolated in the United States at that time, although they were not recognized as a distinct group until 1940.
A Study of the Whole Yeast Cell Agglutination Test in Rabbits Experimentally Infected with Histoplasma Capsulatum
Authors: Cozad George C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was found that whole yeast cells of Histoplasma capsulatum grown on brain heart infusion agar at 37°C could be used as the antigen in a tube agglutination test with sera from rabbits experimentally infected with H. capsulatum.
Very low or negative agglutinin titers were obtained with sera from infected rabbits using the commonly used incubation temperatures of 25, 37 or 52°C. Overnight refrigeration of tubes (4°C) resulted in slightly increased titers. Greater agglutinin titers were demonstrable in tubes that had been centrifuged, and it was found that an incubation period was not necessary using this technique. The method of choice was, therefore, to centrifuge the tubes immediately after mixing antigen with serum.
Yeast cells from 3 strains of the fungus were shown to be useful agglutinogens, exhibiting approximately equal combining power. An additional strain was found to agglutinate spontaneously in normal human and rabbit sera.
The methods used for inactivation (heat, formalin, and phenol) were found to have an effect upon the agglutinating ability of cells from the different strains, but no one method seemed to be the best for all strains tested.
In sera from rabbits experimentally infected with H. capsulatum, agglutinin titers were found to rise rapidly during the first week of the disease, reach a maximum by the end of the second week, and become negative at the end of a 9 week period. Complement fixation tests using whole cell antigens were also positive after 1 week, but reached a peak at 6 weeks and remained positive in high titers at the end of 13 weeks.
The histoplasma agglutination antigen when tested in sera of rabbits experimentally infected with Blastomyces dermatitidis, Sporotrichum schenckii, Candida albicans and Coccidioides immitis, gave positive results only with B. dermatitidis.
No differences in specificity of the antigens were noted after treatment with formalin and phenol or heat inactivation.
A macroscopic slide agglutination test is described which proved of value in “screening” rabbit sera for the presence of antibodies against yeast cells of H. capsulatum.
In Vitro Production of Diphtheria Antitoxin by Tissues of Immunized Animals
Authors: Wolf Benjamin , Stavitsky Abram B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Addition to various basal synthetic media of dialyzed or undialyzed homologous or heterologous serum, serum ultrafiltrate, chick embryo extract, purines, pyrimidines, vitamins, coenzymes, lipids and carbohydrates did not consistently enhance in vitro antibody synthesis by lymphoid tissues from immunized rabbits. The failure of paraamino benzoic acid and thiamin to produce an effect on these short-term experiments was contrasted with their effects in longer-term cultures and an explanation of the different findings advanced. It was found that optimal concentrations of certain amino acids must be present in the medium for maximal in vitro antibody synthesis and incorporation of radioactive amino acids into antibody. These data provide further evidence for the importance of amino acids as precursors of antibodies. The complete function of the amino acids in the medium is unknown because the medium containing the smallest concentration of each amino acid still contains 5–10 times the amount of each acid required for antibody synthesis. The failure of previous investigators to observe an amino acid requirement for incorporation of radioactive amino acids into antibody was attributed to their use of much larger amounts of tissue than in the present study. As evidenced by the incorporation data, antibody synthesis in vitro is a rapid process, which is in accord with the findings of other studies. These observations also indicate that antibody is rapidly secreted into the medium. As a result of this study, a completely synthetic medium has been developed which promotes appreciable antibody synthesis and incorporation of radioactive amino acids into antibody.
The Anti-N Lectin of Bauhinia Purpurea
Authors: Boyd William C. , Everhart Donald L. , McMaster Marjorie H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Seeds of Bauhinia purpurea, var. alba, contain a lectin specific for the N antigen of human erythrocytes. These seeds are available commercially, and from them, by saline extraction and 2 precipitations with alcohol in the cold (plus occasionally the addition of a little melibiose), a routinely usable anti-N reagent can be prepared. This reagent, tested in parallel with a good rabbit anti-N against 265 random bloods, gave the correct result in every case. Dialysis of Bauhinia extracts removes a diffusible substance which is generally present and which is necessary to prevent the lectin from reacting nonspecifically with all human erythrocytes. Various sugars, including galactose and melibiose, will also inhibit this nonspecific reaction. The inhibition reactions point to a close chemical similarity of the Bauhinia-detectable receptor, common to all human erythrocytes, and the B receptor, which is restricted to B and AB.
Mutual Linkage Between the Components IX and XII in Salmonella Typhi O-Antigen
Authors: Cohen H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An investigation was made into the serologic activity of the lipopolysaccharide from the typhoid 0901 strain, purified by the method described by Webster (7). In the agar gel precipitation test (double diffusion technique) this antigen was shown to contain at least two components. After treatment with 0.02 N NaOH one of the lines did not appear. Moreover, the shape of the precipitation curve of NaOH-treated lipopolysaccharide was changed in such a way as to indicate the neutralization of a maximum amount of antibody. Probably the NaOH treatment destroys a protein antigen.
Supernatant and precipitate analysis in the quantitative precipitation test revealed that the antigens of the White-Kauffmann scheme (IX and XII) are always precipitated together, even by an absorbed serum that contains only the anti-IX factor and by a paratyphoid A serum (anti-II, anti-XII). From this it was concluded that the two antigen components are very closely bound together, possibly in one molecule.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S. , Ostapiak Mykola , Fabiyi Akinyele , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
With the development of methods for the effective separation of the strain-specific virus (V) antigen from the broader reacting type-specific soluble (S) antigen and the production of sera containing antibodies to either one or the other of these antigens, it has become possible to demonstrate strain-specific components of influenza viruses by complement fixation. Data are presented on the application of strain-specific anti-V sera, free of anti-S, prepared against a variety of strains, to the identification and strain analysis of new isolates. The procedures used for definitive diagnosis depended upon whether the isolate was a member of a recognized family of strains, as A prime, or a totally new variant as represented by the Asian strains. Thus, three influenza viruses obtained from outbreaks which occurred in February 1957, on a preliminary screening test, were found to fix complement in the presence of several A prime antisera, but not with antisera against swine 15 or five prototype A strains. On titrating the cross-reacting antisera versus the new isolates, the results indicated that all three viruses were closely related to the Nederland 36 strain isolated in 1956. They were distinguishable from one another and from Nederland 36, however, by the spectrum and level of the cross-reactions with other A prime strains. Assay of antisera prepared against the new isolates further clarified their antigenic composition. When the Asian variant appeared, the identification of isolates could be restricted to the screening test since no cross-reactions were readily detectable with antisera against any of the earlier strains. Positive complement fixation occurred solely with the A/Japan/305 antiserum. Identification was carried out by testing aliquots of infected allantoic fluid, which contained at least 16 HA units, the equivalent of one V antigen unit, against a battery of anti-V sera diluted optimally in respect to their homologous reactions. In this fashion, early passage material containing as little as 40 HA units/ml could be identified, if 0.5 ml were used for testing. Thus, of 51 viruses obtained from throat washings 80% were diagnosed on first passage. The implications of the use of the technique are discussed.
Autoantibodies in Human Glomerulonephritis and Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Liu Charlotte T. , McCrory Wallace W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera from a group of children with glomerulonephritis or the nephrotic syndrome in various stages of activity have been tested for the presence of antikidney antibodies. Boyden's hemagglutination (HA) test was used with human kidney digest as the antigen. Antikidney HA titers of 1:20 or higher were shown in 71% of the patients with acute nephritis and 89% of the patients in the active phase of the nephrotic syndrome. The test was negative in controls and patients with renal disease due to other causes. Positive results were also obtained in some children with nonrenal acute infectious disease and in cases of rheumatic fever, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus erythematosus. The antikidney HA test appeared to be species specific but not clearly disease specific. Some cross reaction with human tissues other than kidney was also observed.
Endotoxic and Antigenic Fractions from the Cell Wall of Salmonella Enteritidis. Methods for Separation and Some Biologic Activities
Authors: Ribi Edgar , Milner Kelsey C. , Perrine Theodore D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The toxic and antigenic roles of structural elements of Salmonella enteritidis have been investigated. Cell walls and protoplasm were prepared by mechanical agitation of deflagellated organisms in the Mickle apparatus followed by differential centrifugation. The separation procedure was controlled at each step by electron microscopy. Soluble endotoxin was released into the aqueous phase when suspensions in water of live cells or of unfixed cell walls were saturated with ethyl ether. Water soluble O-antigen of low toxicity was isolated by treatment of intact cells or cell walls with aqueous dioxane. The fractions were tested for toxic (lethal) action in mice, as flocculating antigens with O-antiserum, and as vaccines against expermental salmonellosis in mice. Toxicity, immunizing potency, and the substances which reacted serologically with O-antibody were present chiefly in the cell wall. The separated protoplasm retained only traces of these activities. The toxic aqueous ether extract (LD50 for mice approximately 0.25 mg) also was an effective vaccine as well as a strong pyrogen and both a preparing and provoking agent in the local Shwartzman reaction. Aqueous dioxane extracts gave high flocculation titers and, although of substantially lower toxicity, afforded protection similar to that of endotoxins extracted from the same organism by aqueous ether or trichloracetic acid.
Hemagglutinins in Extracts of Israeli Plants
Authors: Bachrach U. , Berechyahu D. , Gurevitch J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The nature of the protein responsible for the hemagglutinating activity of Datura metel extract has been investigated. Ammonium sulfate precipitation and paper electrophoresis indicate that the active protein is a globulin similar to human γ-globulin. A globulin, having an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of human γ-globulin, was shown to be present in the extract. The active protein was not digested by trypsin or papain, unlike other proteins in the seed extract. A simple procedure is proposed for the purification of the active protein.