bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dry Cow Problems
Authors: Cox M. Douglas 
Published: March 2023

I do not have anything radically new or different to offer. I will attempt to share with you some of the ideas and programs we try to accomplish in our practice with dry cow management. Dry cow management has not received the attention as have other areas of the dairy cow practice; consequently, I think the theme for this meeting is very timely.
I would state at the onset that I do not wish to lead you to believe we accomplish these things in all the herds we serve. It would be my wish that, someday, someone will come to this speaker's platform and tell me how to motivate people to try some of the things we are discussing. The problems of client education and motivation are very tough for us to deal with. We have tried every method except physical threats on our clients, and our results are not always rewarding. We certainly need help in this area of our practice. Herd size and problems have outrun the management ability in our area and this also compounds the problem-even more so with dry cow programs because clients are much more receptive to information dealing with production.
It goes without saying that nutrition and mastitis are two very important factors in dry cow management, but much more capable men than I have already covered this, so I will not try to improve on their information.
In the interest of brevity, I will present a dry cow program we are working with and trying to implement. Admittedly, some of this will be elementary, but we feel that programs must be simple, convenient, and easy for the owner to put into action or they will be a failure.
Problems Encountered with Retaining Post-Weaned Calves on Southern Farms
Authors: Blackwell Jodie G. 
Published: March 2023

Economics is forcing great changes in the cattle industry. According to some feeders it is no longer possible to put large numbers of calves in feedlots in the panhandle region of Texas and the western states because the high cost of rations makes it economically unfeasible. It appears that there will be an unceasing and growing demand for grain on a world-wide basis. It is believed the present economic factors dictate that cattle will be kept on grass longer in order to make maximum untilization of the high priced grain. Research has been intensified during the last five years through the use of higher nitrogen rates, better grazing management and improved varieties of stocker calves. Thus with the advanced technology to grow cattle and forages, coupled with the favorable rainfall and winter climatic condition in the South, forage-fed beef is receiving more recognition (1,7).
Some economists predict that 60% or more of the cattle slaughtered this year will be non-grain fed animals. Many heavy steers are being sent from grass to packer. The 1974 calf slaughter was up 65% above that of 1973; included were many heavy weanling and yearling calves (6).
Poisonous Plants in Harvested Feeds
Authors: Fowler Murray E. 
Published: March 2023

There are hundreds of plants with potential toxicity to cattle. This presentation is limited to a few that are likely to cause problems in harvested feed. Many livestock producers now buy feed from those who specialize in crop production, thus they may have minimal control over the quality of the feed.
Modern methods of feed preparation (grinding, pelleting, and cubing) may make it impossible to ascertain the presence of poisonous plants unless quality control is rigidly practiced from field to animal.
Immunization of Bulls for the Control of Vibriosis
Authors: Kendrick John W. 
Published: March 2023

(Summarized from a presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners at San Francisco, Calif., in December 1976.)
The disease we know as vibriosis is caused by the bacterium known as Campylobacter fetus. For many years this organism was known as Vibrio fetus. The subject matter of this talk on the immunization of bulls for the control of vibriosis is primarily drawn from the work of others as published in the recent veterinary literature.
Anesthesia in Cattle
Authors: Ames N. Kent , Reibold Thomas W. 
Published: March 2023

Due to the nature of cattle, most surgical procedures can be accomplishe1 with physical restraint and local anesthesia. This is an excellent method for most surgical procedures, but what about the procedures where more complete anesthesia is desired or required? How often is a surgical procedure not performed or performed inadequately because it would require the use of general anesthesia?
First, let us look at the use of local and regional anesthesia. Local anesthetic agents prevent the conductionof nerve impulses along the nerves and thus, the patient perceives no pain.
The concepts of general anesthesia in cattle are very similar to anesthesia in other animals, except for a few species variations. Prior to anesthetizing any animal, a few precautions are necessary. A routine physical exam should be performed to determine the state of health of the animal. Particular attention should be paid to the cardiopulmonary system. Basic clinical pathology tests should be performed to obtain baseline data for the animal. These tests would include a complete blood count, serum electrolytes, minerals, blood urea nitrogen, and serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase. Animals with metabolic disturbances are poorer anesthetic risks than healthy animals.
Evolution of a Ranch Management Program Deep in the Heart of Texas
Authors: Martin Carl A. 
Published: March 2023

During the ensuing years, including the 1950-56 drought, we have emphasized ranch management and improvement by reducing size and increasing the number of pastures, watering places, deferring grazing and reducing stocking rates.
In summary, now, what does all this information mean to me and how do I intend to use it?1. Historically, the profit motive is what motivates most of us to strive to do better.'Therefore, there is no room for sentimentality in an economic endeavor and certainly any livestock production program is a business operation.2. Use some form or method of identification and from this point on, many nice things can begin to happen if-and only if-we let some preconceived notions we may have had, go out the window and let Mother ature help,us.3. Set up a rigid systematic selection and culling program based upon those heritable characteristics of economic importance, because it will pay off in percent calf crop weaned and in weaning weight and quality of calves, all of which are factors which determine profit.
4. Develop two-way livestock.5. In any range breeding operation, to be successful, a conservation plan must be made and carried out to the best of one's ability under the circumstances.
Arthrodesis of the Bovine Distal Interphalangeal Joint
Authors: Greenough Paul R. 
Published: March 2023

Intractable infection of the distal interphalangeal joint or of structures closely associated with that articulation is a common sequela to several diseases affecting the digital region. Amputation of the affected digit has been the most common line of treatment but is one that cannot always be justified on economic grounds. Arthrodesis of the bovine distal interphalangeal joint is a practical alternative to amputation. This paper discusses the principles involved in considering and facilitating this line of treatment.
The writer's experience in treating cases of articular or periartical infection has been encouraging. The technique varied to some extent throughout the series treated, but the most rapid resolution has beenobserved in instances in which drainage tracks were laid directly through the focus of infection. It shouldbe noted that surgical interference in cases where natural resolution is already occurring is likely to initiatean acute reaction.
Producer and Veterinarian
Authors: Horton Dallas 
Published: March 2023

What I would like to do is divide my presentation into three parts: (I) where have we been in scientific agriculture? (2) where are we now? and (3) where are we going? As far as where we have been, as many of you older pract itioners know, in the last 40 years we have seen a tremendous increase in the quantity and quality of food produced in America. The two fields where America leads the world are in ( l) scientific agriculture and (2) food technology. What about the future? I think it is positive. I think there are a lot of things that we can do and it involves you and me getting involved in politics in addition to veterinary medicine.
Basic Pharmacology of Bovine Respiratory Therapy
Authors: Upson Dan 
Published: March 2023

I would like to summarize then and conclude my presentation by going back to my initial premise and challenge you in your everday work to enhance your knowlege, which you are doing by attending a meeting such as this. Be more aware that you do have excellent powers ofobservation and use them. Use common sense and when this applies to drugs you ask yourself what drugs, how I am going to give them, when, and then you weigh the benefit to the animal versus the risk to the animal and possibly following this kind of a regimen and outlining your of some help to you in your practice.
Veal Calf Consultation
Authors: Blease Robert R. 
Published: March 2023

The veal industry has been maligned and criticized by the press, vegetarians, and animal welfarists. The veal industry has looked to the veterinary profession and in particular to the bovine practitioner for guidance. The public also looks to the veterinary profession to guarantee a wholesome meat product which is raised in an ethical and humane manner. To date, the veal industry has only had itself to provide this guidance. It is trying hard to organize, be competitive, and at the same time be humane. Most all veal raisers recognize the fact that animals do have rights. These rights include: good housing, management, nutrition and care. The veal industry invites the veterinary profession to get involved and supply the guidance and leadership that they provide in all otherfacets of meat production.
Cow/Calf Parasitology
Authors: Corwin Robert M. 
Published: March 2023

Gastrointestinal parasitism is a year round problem in beef cattle herds. In attempting to formulate a strategic parasite control, we looked for the one parasite species, Ostertagia ostertagi, which caused most of the parasite problems causing clinical disease and economic loss. So based upon its seasonality and the peculiarities of its life cycle, a strategic deworming program including pasture management was developed. Perhaps the most important has been a better understanding of the epidemiology of ostertagiosis in each of our geographical-climatic regions. This has permitted development of control (pasture rotation) and treatment schedules which effectively reduce the impact of this parasitism.
The Effects of Stress on the Immunology of the Stocker Calf
Authors: VonTungeln David L. 
Published: March 2023

Many stressors contributing to bronchopneumonia have been identified and reported. Of all these stressors, transportation seems to have the most detrimental effect on the animal. Serum cortisol concentrations are often used as a measure of stress. Trucking of calves resulted in a significant (P<.05) increase in cortisol levels while weaning produced only a small increase. Another effect of transportation stress is excessive shrink. Studies conducted at this laboratory indicate that cattle that are transported shrink more than cattle that are deprived of feed and water for the same amount of time. Trucking and stress in general also have profound effects not only on the total numbers and percentages of white blood cells, but on their functional capabilities as well.
Protein-Energy Malnutrition in Beef Cows
Authors: Oetzel Garrett R. , Berger Larry L. 
Published: March 2023

Lack of feed in sufficient quantity and quality is a common nutritional problem of livestock. The term protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) has been used to describe this condition and its resulting clinical syndrome. Deficiencies of protein and energy usually occur simultaneously in under-fed ruminants and often cannot be strictly separated. Energy intake is most severely restricted in noverall under-feedings; however, pure energy deficiency is usually complicated by protein deficiency. Similarly, primary protein deficiency (kwashoirkor) may occur under unusual feeding conditions but typically causes appetite depression with secondary energy deficiency. Vitamin and mineral stores are not usually depleted during underfeeding, since most are required in proportion to the energy metabolized. The focus of this presentation will be on primary PEM in beef cows rather than the much broader subject of secondary PEM.
Low Dosage of Interferon to Enhance Vaccine Efficiency in Feedlot Calves
Authors: Cummins Joseph M. , Hutcheson David P. 
Published: March 2023

Interferons have generally been named in terms of the species of animal cells producing the substance (e.g., human, murine, or bovine), the type of cell involved (e.g., leukocyte, lymphoblastoid, fibroblast) and, occasionally, the type of inducing material responsible for interferon production (e.g., virus, immune). The clinical agent of choice in this research has been human leukocyte interferon, "mass-produced" by procedures involving collection and purification of vast quantities of human huffy coat leukocytes, induction with virus, and isolation from culture media. One infectious disease which has not been well controlled, by interferon or other means, is bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD). The IBR, BVD, and PI-3 viruses are 3 of the infectious agents that are most commonly isolated by veterinary diagnostic laboratories in cases of BRDC. This report documents the enhancement of the vaccination response to the viruses with concurrent use of interferon.
New Technologies for Manipulating Bovine Reproduction
Authors: Seidel G. E. 
Published: March 2023

The reproductive process is a continuum of events that occur cyclically throughout the life of an animal, starting with fertilization, and continuing through embryonic and fetal development, parturition, the neonatal development period (including lactation), puberty, ovulation, and establishment of pregnancy once again. A number of malfunctions and technological interventions can be superimposed on this sequence, including post-partum anestrus, such technologies of selective breeding as artificial insemination and embryo transfer, and such management techniques as inducing twin pregnancies and decreasing intervals between calving. Many aspects of reproduction can be manipulated: induction of parturition, lactation, puberty, ovulation, twinning, abortion, etc. Detection of ovulation, diagnosis of pregnancy, and determining or manipulating the sex of offspring also are of obvious value. In addition, many things can go wrong in the reproductive process, including mastitis, dystocia, venereal disease, embryonic death, cystic ovaries, and dozens of other pathological conditions.
Many approaches exist for manipulating reproduction and dealing with reproductive pathology, including more or less new technologies. I have chosen to concentrate on three items. The first is getting the cow pregnant; the second, in vitro oogenesis; and the third, adding genes to embryos.
Cattle Behavior and Cattle Handling
Authors: Grandin Temple 
Published: March 2023

Reducing stress during handling is important because excitement and other handling stresses can lower conception rate and suppress immune function (Stoebel and Moberg, 1982; Hixon et al, 1981; Kelley et al, 1981 and Blecha et al, 1984). An animal's previous experiences will affect its response to handling (Grandin, 1984). Animals raised in close contact with people will have less intense physiologic responses to handling than animals raised on pasture (Reid & Mills, 1962). Livestock remember painful and frightening experiences. Sheep will remember a bad experience when they enter the corrals a year later (Huston, 1985) and cattle will remember an aversive event such as electro-immobilization for at least nine months (Pascoe, 1986).
There is an old saying "You can tell what kind of stock man a man is by looking at the behavior of his cattle." Cattle which have had previous experiences with gentle handling will be less excitable when they are handled in the future. Providing a feed reward immediately after handling will facilitate movement through the corrals in the future (Hutson, 1982). Animals with previous experiences with gentle handling and a feed reward can be trained to voluntarily accept restraint (Grandin, 1985). Wythes and Shorthose (1984) found that calves accustomed to regular gentle handling had fewer bruises during marketing. Calves handled quietly in good facilities will have lower heartrates compared to calves handled roughly in poor facilities (Stermer et al, 1981). An understanding of basic cattle behavior principles will help you and your clients to reduce stress on the animals and improve handling safety for both people and animals.
Udder Hygiene in the Control of Mastitis
Authors: Pankey J. W. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine mastitis persists as the most expensive disease in dairy cows. Losses can reach more than $180 per cow annually. Decreased milk production, due to subclinical mastitis, accounts for approximately 70% of the economic losses. Discarded milk, cost of antibiotics, premature culling, and veterinary expenses are responsible for the remaining 30% (4). Prevention of the disease is the most economically feasible method of control. The 5 point plan for mastitis control will reduce mastitis losses and increase profits: I) Dry cow therapy, 2) proper treatment procedures for clinical cases, 3) use of recommended milking practices, and 4) effective culling contribute to a complete mastitis control program. The fifth point, udder hygiene, is probably the single most effective control procedure in the prevention of udder infections (2, 4).
Rate of new udder infections is highly correlated to the number of mastitis pathogens on the teat end. Every effort must be made to maintain minimal bacterial load at the teat end. Good udder hygiene practices assure this goal. The hygiene program should be a 24 hour program; not only at milking time.
Why Spay Heifers?
Authors: Rupp Gary P. 
Published: March 2023

The price spread between steers and heifers is the most important reason buyers purchase market heifers. To illustrate this price difference consider the following information summarized from a marketing study reported in 1979 comparing steer and heifer prices:11. The average heifer calf was worth about $58.00 less than the average steer calf due to weight and price. 2. Feeder heifers sold for about 15% less than feeder steers of similar quality.3. Fat heifers sold for approximately 4% less than fat steers of comparative quality.4. Heifer carcasses were valued at approximately 5% less than steer carcasses.
This price differential is a strong indication that most stocker and feeder cattle buyers have a strong preference for steers. A further look at market prices also shows that slaughter steers consistently sell for more per hundred weight than comparative fat heifers. Why?
Economic Aspects of Nutritional Monitoring on Dairy Herds
Authors: Galligan David T. 
Published: March 2023

Veterinary nutritional services are an integral part of the herd health services offered to dairy clients (1). Nutrition plays a vital role influencing the production efficiency of the herd both on a disease and input cost level. Feeds form approximately 40-60% of the total input cost of milk production. More importantly the feeding program is a cost center that can be effectively controlled at minimal additional cost. The veterinarian can play the vital role in providing unbiased nutritional services at relatively low cost. The purpose of this talk is to go over the nature of this service.
A nutritional service can be broken down into three main areas of routine activity in which the veterinarian can play a vital role: I) Feed Selection, 2) Feed distribution, and 3) Monitoring production efficiency. Each of these areas will be discussed in detail.
Repairing Uterine Lacerations Due to Dystocia
Authors: Andreas John 
Published: March 2023

What do you do when the uterus is severely lacerated as you correct a dystocia?
In the past in our practice, many of these cases were sent to slaughter. Some cases could be repaired by laparotomy and prolonged nursing care, but this was an expensive and time-consuming procedure. Now we have another option, prolapsing the uterus first and then repairing the laceration, a procedure I picked up from Dr. Maarten Drost from the University of Florida. In my experience with three recent cases, this option results in better prognosis and fewer complications than laparotomy.
Consumer and Milk Marketing Concerns Because of BST Produced Milk
Authors: Keating Barbara 
Published: March 2023

I am president of Consumer Alert (CA), a nationwide membership organization for consumers that advances free markets and competitive enterprise.
In addition, CA, as an education foundation, focuses on the advancement of safe technology and the dissemination of accurate scientific data enabling consumers to evaluate risks in their lives.
Those of us involved in the consumer alert organization are convinced that among the primary interests of American consumers are freedom from personal coercion, prudent government tax and spend policies, enhancement of competitive enterprise, the availability of foreign goods and accurate risk data so that individuals can make informed choices.
Necropsy Procedure for Cattle
Authors: Edwards Alvin J. 
Published: March 2023

The key to disease control is the diagnosis. While history and clinical signs, possibly supplemented by laboratory tests, may lead to the diagnosis, it is often only the post mortem examination which can determine the nature of an animal's disease. Necropsies should therefore be regarded as standard diagnostic procedure, particularly in the case of herd problems. A skillfully conducted and intelligently interpreted post mortem examination will always give the stock owner a surprisingly high degree of satisfaction and will greatly enhance his confidence in the veterinarian.
The performance of a necropsy is both a science and an art. As a science, it requires a thorough knowledge of general and special pathology of organs and organ systems. It assumes a familiarity with the infections, metabolic and parasitic diseases of different species. It demands the ability to recognize normal and pathological tissues with or without post mortem changes.
As an art, it requires facility in standardized necropsy procedure to effectively illuminate pathological conditions so they may be studied accurately. It necessitates a concern for precision, neatness, and thoroughness so that a complete diagnosis can follow.
The necropsy examination looks easy when one watches an experienced prospector at work. Familiarity and repeated use of a procedure increases proficiency and dispels the useless pulling, cutting, and destruction of lesions which greatly reduce the possibility of arriving at a diagnosis. The veterinarian who learns and adheres to a definite necropsy protocol will be uniform, rapid, systematic, and complete.
Completeness facilitates diagnosis, or problem solving of cases, and is the key to consistent interpretation of lesions. Following a standard protocol assures that each organ system will be grossly observed in turn. Short cuts lead to a lack of thoroughness and a consequent missed diagnosis, or no diagnosis at all.
Overturning Turnover...
Authors: De Groff Terry 
Published: March 2023

Each practice has its own personality or practice philosophy.
Your practice philosophy is defined by the way you conduct your business on a day to day basis and not by what you might write in a manual.
All veterinarians need to find their niche in a group practice... they need to feel that they contribute and are needed.
If they do not find this niche, they are not likely to stay long.