bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancing yes/no question answering with weak supervision via extractive question answering
Authors: Dimitriadis Dimitris , Tsoumakas Grigorios 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe effectiveness of natural language processing models relies on various factors, including the architecture, number of parameters, data used during training, and the tasks they were trained on. Recent studies indicate that models pre-trained on large corpora and fine-tuned on task-specific datasets, covering multiple tasks, can generate remarkable results across various benchmarks. We propose a new approach based on a straightforward hypothesis: improving model performance on a target task by considering other artificial tasks defined on the same training dataset. By doing so, the model can gain further insights into the training dataset and attain a greater understanding, improving efficiency on the target task. This approach differs from others that consider multiple pre-existing tasks on different datasets. We validate this hypothesis by focusing on the problem of answering yes/no questions and introducing a multi-task model that outputs a span of the reference text, serving as evidence for answering the question. The task of span extraction is an artificial one, designed to benefit the performance of the model answering yes/no questions. We acquire weak supervision for these spans, by using a pre-trained extractive question answering model, dispensing the need for costly human annotation. Our experiments, using modern transformer-based language models, demonstrate that this method outperforms the standard approach of training models to answer yes/no questions. Although the primary objective was to enhance the performance of the model in answering yes/no questions, it was discovered that span texts are a significant source of information. These spans, derived from the question reference texts, provided valuable insights for the users to better comprehend the answers to the questions. The model’s improved accuracy in answering yes/no questions, coupled with the supplementary information provided by the span texts, led to a more comprehensive and informative user experience.
COVID-19 Related Loss is Reliably Associated with Attentional Capture and Facilitation by COVID Related Stimuli: Evidence from the Emotional Stroop Dilution Task
Authors: Rubin Mikael , Evans Travis 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background
The losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic has led to widespread impacts on mental health. Although affective attentional processes are implicated in mental health concerns broadly, there has been limited research on the influence of COVID-19 related loss on affective attentional processes. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a COVID-19 related loss on affective attentional processes.

Methods
We recruited participants through Amazon Mechanical Turk in an initial study (Study 1: n = 136) and pre-registered replication (Study 2: n = 206). To measure affective attentional processes, participants completed the Emotional Stroop Dilution Task with word stimuli that were either neutral, generally trauma-related, or specific to COVID-19. To quantify affective attentional processes, novel response-based computation with superior psychometric properties and traditional attention bias computation approaches were used.

Results
Using response-based measures COVID-19 related loss was associated with greater attention capture and facilitation in response to COVID-19 specific words in Study 1. In Study 2 (pre-registered replication), we again found COVID-19 related loss was associated with high conflict attention capture and facilitation for COVID-19 related stimuli only. No associations between the two studies were replicated with the traditional approach.

Conclusions
Taken together, findings from these studies suggest that experiencing a COVID-19 related loss is associated with dysregulation of affective attentional processes, specific to COVID-related stimuli. Future research should examine whether dysregulated affective attentional processes can be addressed (e.g., with attention bias modification) which may be helpful for addressing mental health concerns in the wake of COVID-19 related loss.
Exploring DrugCentral: from molecular structures to clinical effects
Authors: Halip Liliana , Avram Sorin , Curpan Ramona , Borota Ana , Bora Alina , Bologa Cristian , Oprea Tudor I. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDrugCentral, accessible at https://drugcentral.org, is an open-access online drug information repository. It covers over 4950 drugs, incorporating structural, physicochemical, and pharmacological details to support drug discovery, development, and repositioning. With around 20,000 bioactivity data points, manual curation enhances information from several major digital sources. Approximately 724 mechanism-of-action (MoA) targets offer updated drug target insights. The platform captures clinical data: over 14,300 on- and off-label uses, 27,000 contraindications, and around 340,000 adverse drug events from pharmacovigilance reports. DrugCentral encompasses information from molecular structures to marketed formulations, providing a comprehensive pharmaceutical reference. Users can easily navigate basic drug information and key features, making DrugCentral a versatile, unique resource. Furthermore, we present a use-case example where we utilize experimentally determined data from DrugCentral to support drug repurposing. A minimum activity threshold t should be considered against novel targets to repurpose a drug. Analyzing 1156 bioactivities for human MoA targets suggests a general threshold of 1 µM: t = 6 when expressed as − log[Activity(M)]). This applies to 87% of the drugs. Moreover, t can be refined empirically based on water solubility (S): t = 3 − logS, for logS < − 3. Alongside the drug repurposing classification scheme, which considers intellectual property rights, market exclusivity protections, and market accessibility, DrugCentral provides valuable data to prioritize candidates for drug repurposing programs efficiently.
Intentionally Encouraging or Assisting Others to Commit an Offence: The Anatomy of a Language Crime
Authors: MacLeod Nicci 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSince at least as far back as the infamous Derek Bentley case of the 1950s in which an unarmed 19-year-old was convicted and executed for murder based on his alleged uttering of the words let him have it to his gun-wielding accomplice, the issue of incitement has been positioned firmly as an object of interest for forensic linguists. An example of a language crime—i.e. an unlawful speech act (as reported by Shuy in Language crimes: The use and abuse of language evidence in the courtroom, Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken, 1993) the features of incitement—formalized as intentionally encouraging or assisting others to commit an offence in the law of England & Wales under section 44 of the Serious Crime Act 2007 (https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2007/27/contents)—have been widely debated by linguists and legal scholars alike. This paper draws on two webinars hosted by The Hunting Office in August 2020, which were subsequently leaked by the Hunt Saboteurs Association. Featuring senior figures from the hunting community addressing a nationwide audience of hunt masters, the webinars led to a police investigation and subsequent prosecution and conviction of one of the main speakers, Mark Hankinson, for encouraging or assisting others to commit an offence under the Hunting Act 2004. In this paper I explore what, linguistically, is meant by encouraging or assisting. Through corpus-assisted pragmatic and discourse analyses I interrogate the webinars to address the question of how precisely Hankinson implied his encouragement of illegal hunting with dogs. The phenomena of collocation and semantic prosody are crucial for understanding how such meanings came to be attached to the contributions Hankinson makes to the webinars. Moreover the paper will examine the contributions of other speakers and demonstrate that the same incriminating linguistic patterns in Hankinson’s talk are also evident in that of those who were not prosecuted.
Study on Optical of Chitosan-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane-SiO2 Nanocomposite Decorated with Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Mansour A. M. , Hammad Ali B. Abou , Nahrawy Amany M. El 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn our study, we examined the growth of SiO2-aminopropyltriethoxysilane nanoparticles decorated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on a chitosan matrix. This matrix was synthesized through a sol-gel process, where chitosan was dissolved into a silicate sol and subsequently gelled at 50 °C. To explore the structure, morphology, and optical properties of these semiconductor nanocomposites, we employed various analytical techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. From the UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements, the absorption, band gap, refractive index, and optical conductivity were extracted and analyzed with respect to the incident wavelength and content of CNTs. The incorporation of CNTs into the chitosan-SiO2-aminopropyltriethoxysilane semiconductor nanocomposite results in enhanced crystallinity, increased surface area, and modified optical properties. Therefore, it can be inferred that the optical characteristics of the chitosan-SiO2-aminopropyltriethoxysilane composite are significantly influenced by the ratio of CNT decoration.
Mobile wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols comparison for real-time military application
Authors: Al Ajrawi Shams , Tran Bang 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMobile wireless Ad-hoc has become more popular because it forms quickly, has an easy setup, and has easy extensibility. The mobile ad-hoc wireless networks can be further classified according to their applications as follows: Regular user ad-hoc networks are commercial communication that applies to vehicles to help avoid collisions and accidents and live connections to transfer data from car to car. Another application is disaster rescue ad-hoc networking, usually used when a normal infrastructure network is destroyed by storms, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. Nowadays, a lot of applications, particularly those related to the military and emergency situations, rely on mobile ad hoc wireless networks, where security needs are more challenging to provide than in regular networks. We present the tactical network needs for the military. This platform attempts to assess the possible advantages of mobile ad hoc networks in tactical military applications. This work proposes route discovery using reactive (on-demand) routing protocols where nodes need to just transfer data. This eliminates the requirement for each node to store and maintain any routing tables. This study presents and contrasts the benefits and drawbacks of two fundamental mobile ad hoc routing systems (AODV and DSR). Both protocols are On-Demand routing techniques, and when data needs to be sent, the discovery phase begins. The results of the simulation, the AODV routing approach outperforms the DSV routing method under identical simulated conditions.
Unterrichtsbezogene Kooperation und Differenzierung im inklusiven Grundschulunterricht
Authors: Lenkeit Jenny , Spörer Nadine , Hartmann Anne , Ehlert Antje , Knigge Michel 
Published: September 2023

ZusammenfassungEine zentrale Rolle erfolgreichen inklusiven Lernens nimmt die methodisch qualitätsvolle Gestaltung des Unterrichts ein, um alle Schüler*innen bestmöglich zu unterstützen. Zur Ausgestaltung des inklusiven Unterrichts richtet sich der Blick auf unterrichtsbezogene Kooperation und Maßnahmen der Differenzierung. Vor diesem Hintergrund geht der Beitrag erstens der Frage nach, welche Unterstützung Schüler*innen in inklusiv arbeitenden Grundschulen durch weitere Fachkräfte im Unterricht erhalten und wie Regellehrkräfte mit diesen zusätzlichen Fachkräften zusammenarbeiten. Zweitens soll betrachtet werden, in welchem Ausmaß Regellehrkräfte Maßnahmen zur Unterrichtsdifferenzierung nutzen. Drittens wird untersucht, inwiefern die Maßnahmen der unterrichtsbezogenen Kooperation und der Differenzierung mit Merkmalen der Unterrichtseinheiten und der Klassen, wie z. B. der Heterogenität der Schüler*innenschaft, zusammenhängen. Grundlage der Analysen bildet eine Stichprobe von N = 78 Deutsch- und Mathematiklehrkräften an inklusiv arbeitenden Grundschulen, die Auskunft zur Gestaltung von 642 Unterrichtseinheiten gaben. Die Erfassung der Unterrichtsgestaltung erfolgte mittels Logbüchern und fokussierte sowohl die Unterstützung durch weitere Fachkräfte als auch Formen der Unterrichtsdifferenzierung. Es zeigte sich, dass in etwa 30 % der Unterrichtseinheiten eine weitere Fachkraft anwesend war, aber überwiegend das „one teach, one assist“ Modell im Unterricht umgesetzt wurde. Für die Hälfte der Unterrichtseinheiten fanden im Vorfeld Absprachen zu Unterrichtsinhalten und individueller Förderung statt. In etwa 10 % der Unterrichtseinheiten wurde gar nicht differenziert. In 90 % wurde zumindest zeitweise in der Unterrichtseinheit differenziert. Differenzierungsmaßnahmen wurden vorrangig in Einzelarbeitsphasen realisiert. Ergebnisse hierarchisch linearer Regressionsmodelle deuteten darauf hin, dass in Klassen in sozial ungünstigeren Lagen seltener kooperiert und differenziert wird, als in solchen in sozial günstigeren Lagen.
From Archipelago to Pandemic Battleground: Unveiling Indonesia’s COVID-19 Crisis
Authors: Harapan Biyan Nathanael , Harapan Triswan , Theodora Lenny , Anantama Nadia Ayurini 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed unprecedented challenges to countries worldwide, including Indonesia. With its unique archipelagic geography consisting of more than 17,000 thousand islands, Indonesia faces unique complexities in managing the spread of the virus. Based on existing literature, this review article elaborates on key issues that have shaped Indonesia’s COVID-19 response. The article begins by examining the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia, along with the implementation of various preventive measures and the impact of the virus on public health. This article examines how Indonesia’s socio-economic factors have generally influenced its healthcare system and further delves into the COVID-19 response strategies implemented by the Indonesian government and public health authorities as well as overall crisis preparedness. It discusses the actions taken to control the spread of the virus, including testing strategies and vaccination efforts. The difficulties encountered in implementing these measures are presented. In conclusion, this review article provides a comprehensive understanding of the COVID-19 crisis in Indonesia, covering facts on multiple dimensions ranging from the timeline of the pandemic to vaccination efforts, epidemiology, socio-economic implications, testing strategies, mobility patterns, public holidays, the impact of working from home, and the utilization of complementary and alternative medicine in addition to the standard of care for COVID-19. The insights gained from this article can complement future strategies for pandemic management and response in Indonesia and other countries facing similar challenges.
An approach for collaborative development of a federated biomedical knowledge graph-based question-answering system: Question-of-the-Month challenges
Authors: Fecho Karamarie , Bizon Chris , Issabekova Tursynay , Moxon Sierra , Thessen Anne E. , Abdollahi Shervin , Baranzini Sergio E. , Belhu Basazin , Byrd William E. , Chung Lawrence , Crouse Andrew , Duby Marc P. , Ferguson Stephen , Foksinska Aleksandra , Forero Laura , Friedman Jennifer , Gardner Vicki , Glusman Gwênlyn , Hadlock Jennifer , Hanspers Kristina , Hinderer Eugene , Hobbs Charlotte , Hyde Gregory , Huang Sui , Koslicki David , Mease Philip , Muller Sandrine , Mungall Christopher J. , Ramsey Stephen A. , Roach Jared , Rubin Irit , Schurman Shepherd H. , Shalev Anath , Smith Brett , Soman Karthik , Stemann Sarah , Su Andrew I. , Ta Casey , Watkins Paul B. , Williams Mark D. , Wu Chunlei , Xu Colleen H. ,   The Biomedical Data Translator Consortium
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Knowledge graphs have become a common approach for knowledge representation. Yet, the application of graph methodology is elusive due to the sheer number and complexity of knowledge sources. In addition, semantic incompatibilities hinder efforts to harmonize and integrate across these diverse sources. As part of The Biomedical Translator Consortium, we have developed a knowledge graph–based question-answering system designed to augment human reasoning and accelerate translational scientific discovery: the Translator system. We have applied the Translator system to answer biomedical questions in the context of a broad array of diseases and syndromes, including Fanconi anemia, primary ciliary dyskinesia, multiple sclerosis, and others. A variety of collaborative approaches have been used to research and develop the Translator system. One recent approach involved the establishment of a monthly “Question-of-the-Month (QotM) Challenge” series. Herein, we describe the structure of the QotM Challenge; the six challenges that have been conducted to date on drug-induced liver injury, cannabidiol toxicity, coronavirus infection, diabetes, psoriatic arthritis, and ATP1A3-related phenotypes; the scientific insights that have been gleaned during the challenges; and the technical issues that were identified over the course of the challenges and that can now be addressed to foster further development of the prototype Translator system. We close with a discussion on Large Language Models such as ChatGPT and highlight differences between those models and the Translator system.
Do NBA teams avoid trading within their own division?
Authors: adams jimi , Bojanowski Michał 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWithin US professional sports, trades within one’s own division are often perceived to be disadvantageous. We ask how common this practice is. To examine this question, we construct a date-stamped network of all trades in the National Basketball Association between June 1976 and May 2019. We then use season-specific weighted exponential random graph models to estimate the likelihood of teams avoiding within-division trade partners, and how consistent that pattern is across the observed period. In addition to the empirical question, this analysis serves to demonstrate the necessity and difficulty of constructing the proper baseline for statistical comparison. We find limited-to-no support for the popular perception.
HOW THE INCORPORATION OF 14C IN LEAD WHITE MAKES ITS ABSOLUTE DATING POSSIBLE
Authors: Beck Lucile , Messager Cyrielle , Germain Tom , Hain Stéphane 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACTKnown as lead white, lead carbonates were used as white pigment or cosmetics from the 4th century BC to the 20th century AD. Lead white was produced by the corrosion of metallic lead by vinegar and horse manure up to the 19th c. In order to document the incorporation of carbon in the corrosion mechanism, lead carbonates were produced in the laboratory under monitored experimental conditions using materials with different isotope signatures in 14C and 13C. Six experimental setups were defined combining vinegar, acetic acid, horse manure and fossil CO2 gas. The corrosion products were characterized by X-ray diffraction. 14C content and δ13C values of the initial reactants and the final products were measured by accelerator and isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (AMS and IRSM). The reaction between lead and vinegar or acetic acid resulted in lead acetates with a carbon isotopic signature close to that of the corrosive reagent. In the presence of CO2, the carbonatation reaction occurred and the cerussite produced had a predominant 14C signature of the carbon dioxide source. These experiments demonstrate that the CO2 produced by horse manure fermentation is incorporated into the corrosion products, allowing the absolute dating of lead white by the radiocarbon method.
Quantitative assessment of spicule length in Heligmosomoides spp. (Nematoda, Heligmosomidae): distinction between H. bakeri, H. polygyrus and H. glareoli
Authors: Musah-Eroje Mayowa , Burton Laura , Kerr Nicola , Behnke Jerzy M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNematode spicules play a vital role in the reproductive activity of species that possess them. Our primary objective was to compare the lengths of spicules of the laboratory mouse (Mus musculus) – maintained isolate H. bakeri – with those of H. polygyrus from naturally infected wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). On a more limited scale, we also included H. glareoli from bank voles (Myodes glareolus), a species reputed to possess longer spicules than either of the 2 former species. In total, we measured 1264 spicules (H. bakeri, n = 614; H. polygyrus n = 582; and H. glareoli, n = 68). There was a highly significant difference between the spicule lengths of the Nottingham-maintained H. bakeri (mean = 0.518 mm) and H. polygyrus (0.598 mm) from 11 different localities across the British Isles. A comparison of the spicules of H. bakeri maintained in 4 different laboratories in 3 continents revealed a range in the mean values from 0.518 to 0.540 mm, while those of worms from Australian wild house mice were shorter (0.480 mm). Mean values for H. polygyrus from wood mice from the British Isles ranged from 0.564 to 0.635 mm, although isolates of this species from Norway had longer spicules (0.670 mm). In agreement with the literature, the spicules of H. glareoli were considerably longer (1.098 mm). Since spicules play a vital role in the reproduction of nematode species that possess them, the difference in spicule lengths between H. bakeri and H. polygyrus adds to the growing evidence that these 2 are quite distinct species and likely reproductively isolated.
Cognitive individual differences in the process and product of L2 writing
Authors: Granena Gisela 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper examines how research in second language acquisition has approached the study of cognitive individual differences in the process and product of L2 writing from a theoretical and empirical perspective, paying special attention to the three empirical studies included in this special issue. The paper is divided into three sections. The first section examines the cognitive abilities that have been investigated in L2 writing research, among which working memory stands out as the most widely studied. The second section synthesizes the findings reported by the empirical studies in this issue in relation to the role of working memory in L2 writing behaviors and outcomes. The last section suggests future lines of research that can broaden the current scope of research on writing and cognitive individual differences, mostly centered on the components of the working memory system. This research has important theoretical implications, as little is known about how different cognitive individual differences are implicated in writing, as well as pedagogical implications, as the findings can inform about optimal performance and learning conditions for learners with diverse cognitive ability profiles.