bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of Rabbit Anti-Rat Epidermal Cell Sera. Demonstration of Tissue-Specific Differentiation Antigens
Authors: Lloyd Kenneth O. , Darnule Tukaram V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of rabbits with rat tail epidermal cell suspensions produced antisera which, after absorption with rat red and spleen cells, showed specific reactivity with cell surface antigens of stratified squamous epithelia and their derived cells. Indirect immunofluorescence on tissue sections and a 51Cr-release cytotoxicity method on cell suspensions showed that the sera contained antibodies which were rat epidermal cell-specific and antibodies which cross-reacted with the corresponding cells and tissues of other species (mouse, guinea pig, dog, cat, and man). Using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, we showed individual sera to be specific for the basal layer or for all the cell layers of the epidermal epithelium. This specificity difference was not detected when trypsinized cell suspensions were examined. In epidermal cells isolated by a method entailing minimal trypsinization and by using EDTA to suspend the cells, the antigens were more mobile than in those prepared by the standard trypsinization method. The antiserum which reacted with all the epidermal layers showed many similarities to sera from patients with the autoimmune disease, pemphigus. In general, the specificity of these antisera may be considered as being directed toward cell surface, tissue-specific differentiation antigens of epidermal cells.
Autoantibodies in NZB Mice Detected by Lysis of DBA/2 Lymphoma Cells
Authors: Auer Ignaz O. , Tomasi Thomas B. , Milgrom Felix 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural antibodies lytic for DBA/2 lymphoma cells, L5178Y, were shown in NZB mice by means of plaque assay demonstrating antibody-forming cells and spot test detecting serum antibodies. The antibodies were of the IgM class, resisted heating to 56°C for 30 min, and showed optimal binding activity at 4°C. They were efficiently removed by murine kidney and spleen cells and less so by thymocytes, brain, and liver cells. Since syngenic cells removed them as readily as allogenic cells, it could be concluded that the antibodies under investigation are autoantibodies. On the basis of physicochemical properties and because of distribution of their reactive antigens, the antibodies under study could be distinguished from previously described autoantibodies of NZB mice.
Lysins for L5178Y cells were also shown in BALB/c, DBA/2, and C3H mice. However, in these strains the optimal binding activity was at 37°C rather than at 4°C. The relation of these antibodies to those in NZB mice was not established by this study.
Preformed Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor of Anaphylaxis (ECF-A)
Authors: Wasserman Stephen I. , Goetzl Edward J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), previously recognized as being released from sensitized human or guinea pig lung tissue by antigen challenge, has been demonstrated to exist preformed in these tissues and in isolated rat mast cells. The presence of performed ECF-A in the mast cell of the rat was established by the full recovery of ECF-A with mast cells purified from a mixed peritoneal cell population and cellular subfractionation which revealed the preformed ECF-A to be largely associated with the mast cell granules. The sum of the ECF-A released by antigen and that remaining in the sensitized challenged human or guinea pig lung tissue or isolated rat mast cells equalled that extractable from the equivalent unchallenged lung tissue or rat mast cells, indicating that the ECF-A available exists entirely in a preformed state.
Effect of Concanavalin a in Vivo in Suppressing the Antibody Response in Mice
Authors: Egan Harwood S. , Reeder Walter J. , Ekstedt Richard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adult mice injected intraperitoneally with concanavalin A 2 days prior to primary immunization with a thymus-dependent, sheep erythrocyte antigen by the same route, showed a marked suppression of their immunoglobulin response as measured by a plaque-forming spleen cell assay. The effect was less pronounced or not demonstrable if the concanavalin A was injected at longer intervals before, at the same time as, or after antigen. A comparable immunosuppression was seen in the secondary response to sheep erythrocytes injected 10 days apart, provided the concanavalin A was injected 2 days prior to the second injection of antigen. Treatment with concanavalin A 2 days prior to the first injection of antigen had no effect upon the secondary response. It was also shown that concanavalin A treatment did not suppress the immunoglobulin response to a thymus-independent, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide antigen. The most striking immunosuppression was observed when both concanavalin A and antigen were injected by the same route, either intraperitoneally or intravenously.
Thymus-Dependent (T) Lymphocytes in the Rat
Authors: Balch Charles M. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes in the rat may be recognized by their reactions with fluorescein-labeled heteroantibodies and by their functional activities. The Ig fractions of horse and rabbit antisera to rat thymocytes, when labeled with fluorescein, stained more than 95% thymocytes, less than 2% bone marrow cells, and 30 to 60% of the lymphocytes in peripheral blood, lymph nodes and spleen, and did not stain IgG-bearing lymphocytes. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity and stimulation by PHA and Con A were eliminated by these heteroantisera and C in vitro; survival of skin allografts was prolonged in vivo. T lymphocytes in the rat resembled, by analogy, T lymphocytes in the mouse.
The Effect of Anti-Plasma Cell Serum on B Cells
Authors: Nariuchi Hideo , Matuhasi Tyoku 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-plasma cell serum prepared against plasmacytoma 5563 was found to contain antibodies which are specific for surface antigens of lymph node cells bearing a receptor for C3. When lymph node cells were exposed to the antiserum and guinea pig complement prior to assay, a large number of the cells lost their capacity to bind the sheep red blood cells coated with IgM antibody and complement. This antiserum did not affect the cells bearing the receptor which requires Mg++ for the attachment of C3.
Cyclic AMP Content and Histamine Release in Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Johnson Alice R. , Moran Neil C. , Mayer Steven E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between the content of cyclic AMP (cAMP) in rat mast cells in vitro and release of histamine was studied with compound 48/80 and a variety of hormones and drugs that affect cAMP in tissues. Papaverine (0.1 mM) increased cAMP in mast cells 3-fold. No increases in cAMP were observed in response to other drugs unless papaverine was in the medium. Isoproterenol, epinephrine, prostaglandins E1, E2, or F2α produced further increases of cAMP in the presence of papaverine. Norepinephrine only slightly increased cAMP. Angiotensin II, vasopressin, bradykinin, and glucagon did not increase cAMP even when the drugs were used in concentrations as high as 0.1 mM. Compound 48/80 did not affect cAMP content in mast cells. Release of histamine induced by 48/80 was partially inhibited by PGE2, PGF2α, vasopressin, and angiotensin II in the presence of papaverine and by angiotensin II alone. Neither papaverine alone nor the combination of PGE1 with papaverine inhibited release of histamine. These data suggest, therefore, that changes in cAMP in rat mast cells are not correlated with inhibition of 48/80-induced release of histamine.
Evidence for in Vivo Protection against Murine-Sarcoma Virus-Induced Tumors by T Lymphocytes from Immune Animals
Authors: Gorczynski Reginald M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal 3- to 4-week old BALB/c mice inoculated with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) develop sarcomas within 7 to 10 days, which generally regress by day 15 to 20. Sublethal irradiation of the recipients, prior to inoculation of MSV, leads to the development of progressively growing tumors and ultimate death of the host within 30 days. Small numbers (1 × 107) of spleen cells from mice whose tumor has regressed, but not similar numbers of cells from age-matched control mice, protect these irradiated mice from developing progressively growing tumors. Pretreatment of the protecting cells with anti-θ antibody and complement, but not with anti-immunoglobulin antibody and complement, abolishes the protective effect.
Allelic Selection of Light Chain Allotypes by Antibodies Raised in Heterozygous Rabbits
Authors: Kindt Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A marked selection for allotype b4 over b9 was observed for anti-streptococcal antibodies produced in rabbits heterozygous for allotypes of groups a and b. Less than 2% of the streptococcal antibodies was of allotype b9 while 20% of the IgG in preimmune sera from the same rabbits was of allotype b9. No such effect was observed with respect to the group a allotypes. In spite of this marked selectivity in b4,b9 heterozygotes for the production of antistreptococcal antibodies of allotype b4, no evidence for linkage between the gene controlling this allotype and immune responsiveness to streptococcal antigens could be detected. Equal amounts of antibody were produced by all immunized offspring (b4,b4; b4,b9; or b9,b9) of heterozygous rabbits.
Human T Lymphocyte Receptors for Sheep Erythrocytes: Conditions for Binding including Inhibition by Cytochalasin B
Authors: Kersey John H. , Hom Denis J. , Buttrick Peter 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Requirements for binding of sheep erythrocytes (E) to human thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes were studied. The drug cytochalasin B (CB) was found to inhibit reversibly activity of the lymphocyte receptor for E. Similarly, binding was inhibited by preincubation of E with CB; the effects of CB on lymphocytes and E may be related to inhibition of microfilament function. Colchicine and vinblastine did not inhibit binding. Binding was temperature dependent but temperature dependence was reversed by Vibrio cholera neuraminidase. T lymphocyte binding of E is a physiologically active process requiring energy and intact membrane functions.
Studies on the Effect of Specific Antisera on the Metabolism of Cellular Antigens
Authors: Yu Alice , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The metabolism of thymus leukemia (TL) antigens of ASL-1 leukemia cells (TL 1,2,3) as measured by specific activity (cpm/mg protein) of isolated TL antigens was investigated during antigenic modulation. TL antigens prelabeled with 3H-fucose or 125I disappeared more rapidly from ASL-1 cells undergoing modulation than from control nonmodulating cells. Although TL antigens were released into the culture medium the total quantity in the medium of modulating cells was the same as that released from control cells not undergoing modulation. The synthesis of TL antigens in cells undergoing modulation was indistinguishable from control cells. No difference in the incorporation of 3H-fucose into TL antigens was noted in cells incubated with TL antiserum and cells incubated with normal mouse serum.
The alteration in the metabolism of membrane-associated antigens after reaction with specific antisera was unique for TL antigens. Antibodies directed against antigens other than TL, also present in the TL 1,3 antiserum used for modulation, failed to induce changes in the metabolism of these non-TL antigens. Furthermore, no significant changes in the degradation of H-2a antigens were noted during modulation of TL antigens.
The synthesis of TL antigens by normal thymus and spleen cells was also studied. TL- A/J spleen cells or TL- C57BL/6 thymocytes failed to incorporate 3H-fucose into membrane components which were precipitable by TL 1,3 antiserum, whereas TL + A/J thymocytes were found to synthesize actively TL antigens.
Studies on the Induction and Expression of T Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Bonavida Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified thymus-derived (T) cytotoxic lymphocytes were inhibited from mediating cytolysis of 51Cr-labeled target cells by alloantiserum directed against the target cell. Sensitization of BALB/c (H-2d) thymocytes was obtained in one way-mixed lymphocyte cultures against mitomycin C-treated C57BL/6 (H-2b) spleen lymphocytes and in vivo after injection into lethally irradiated C57BL/6 mice (educated T cells). EL-4 (H-2b) tumor cells were used as target cells. Several criteria for optimizing the blocking effect were investigated. Blocking was obtained with antibody-coated target cells but was absent when the lymphocytes were pretreated with the antiserum before admixing with the target cells. The blocking activity was dependent on the concentration of antiserum. It was estimated on a target cell basis that 50- to 200-fold increase in antibody concentration was required to mediate blocking than was necessary to induce lysis by complement. The blocking effect was observed with different ratios of effector to target cells (E:T) and was found to be independent of the concentration of effector cells present. Eluates obtained from antibody-coated target cells behaved very much like the original antiserum by reacting again with fresh target cells but not with the effector cells. When the cytotoxic assay was run for shorter incubation periods (90 min vs 180 min), more blocking activity was detected, and significant inhibition of cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) was obtained with high dilutions of antiserum which were not inhibitory in longer incubation periods. Maximum blocking was obtained when the antiserum was present at the beginning of the assay; at 30 min or after, the addition of antiserum had no blocking effect. These results demonstrated that damage of target cells occurs rapidly after effector-target cell interaction long before the radioactive chromium marker is released.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response: the Effect of Non-H-2 Linked Genes on Antibody Production
Authors: Dorf Martin E. , Dunham Edward K. , Johnson Judith P. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In mice genetic control of the ability to form an immune response to the random terpolymer of glu60, ala30, tyr10 (GAT) is regulated by an Ir gene which maps between the K and Ss-Slp region of the H-2 complex. Several responder mouse strains were immunized with limiting doses of GAT. All responder strains produced GAT antibody after immunization with 1 µg, but not with 0.1 µg GAT. Although all responder strains responded to the same limiting doses of antigen, the serum concentrations of anti-GAT antibodies varied considerably among strains. Thus A, A.By and (B10 × A)F1 mice demonstrated at least 10-fold higher GAT-binding capacities than B10 or B10.A mice. This dominant non-H-2 linked quantitative trait reflects differences in the concentration of specific antibody since anti-GAT antibodies from A and B10 mice were shown to have similar binding affinities, and inhibition studies with the copolymers GT and GA indicated that both the A and B10 antisera also had similar specificity. Measurements of antibody concentration have shown that sera from A strain mice contained 15-fold more specific antibody than sera from B10 animals. In addition, plaque assays demonstrated more antibody-forming cells in A strain animals.
Genetic analysis demonstrated that these strain differences were under multigenic control. One of the genetic components was shown to be linked closely with the heavy chain allotype loci.
Cellular Events in Tolerance
Authors: Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rats rendered tolerant to ultracentrifuged sheep γ-globulin (ShIg) make a poor anti-trinitrophenyl- (TNP) specific antibody response upon challenge with TNP-ShIg in adjuvant. This system has been utilized to investigate the specificity of carrier recognition in tolerance. Induction of tolerance to heterologous globulins (goat, bovine, horse, pig, and rabbit) produced varying degrees of cross-tolerance upon challenge with TNP-ShIg. The cross-reactivity was similar to that seen when ShIg-sensitized cells (immune) were stimulated in vitro to incorporate tritiated thymidine by heterologous globulins. However, rat antibody to ShIg showed more restricted cross-reactivity than either carrier cross-tolerance in vivo or cross-stimulation in vitro. This suggests that carrier recognition in both tolerance and cell-mediated immunity is similar and provides further evidence for broader reactivity in cell-mediated (T cell) than in humoral (B cell) immunity.
Antigenic Studies of J Chain
Authors: Meinke Geraldine C. , Spiegelberg Hans L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antiserum to human J chain was prepared by injection of purified J chain in complete Freund's adjuvant into the popliteal lymph nodes of rabbits. The antiserum was used to screen urine and serum samples of patients with multiple myeloma and macroglobulinemia for the presence of J chain, and to determine the extent of cross-reaction between human and other mammalian J chains. Free J chain was detected by gel diffusion immunoelectrophoretic analysis in the urines but not the sera of two of 100 patients tested. The urinary J chain cross-reacted extensively with isolated J chain and had a similar electrophoretic mobility. The J chains of various species cross-reacted extensively with human J chain suggesting a great deal of structural homology among these chains. The most extensive cross-reaction was observed between man and monkey, whereas dog, mouse, and guinea pig J chains were antigenically deficient when compared to human J chain.
Blastogenesis of Autologous, Allogeneic, and Syngeneic (Identical Twins) Lymphocytes in Response to Lymphokines Generated in Dinitrochlorobenzene-Sensitive Human Leukocyte Cultures
Authors: Levis William R. , Whalen John J. , Miller A. Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) coupled to peripheral blood erythrocytes or leukocytes forms a particulate complex (DNCB-antigen) capable of inducing lymphocyte transformation when added to peripheral blood leukocyte cultures prepared from human subjects specifically sensitized to DNCB. Biologically active soluble factor(s) are released into the cell-free supernatant of sensitive leukocyte cultures when stimulated by DNCB-antigen, but are not released in unstimulated control cultures. The active soluble supernatant factor(s) induced blastogenesis and DNA synthesis when added to secondary target leukocyte cultures prepared from subjects not sensitized to DNCB. Under the conditions employed in these experiments, maximal DNA synthesis was induced in secondary target leukocyte cultures when supernatants of primary sensitive cultures were collected 24 to 72 hr after stimulation and decreased rapidly thereafter. Increasing amounts of the active soluble factor(s) induced almost proportional increases in DNA synthesis in target leukocyte cultures, illustrating the quantitative nature of the blastogenic assay. Allogeneic and syngeneic leukocyte cultures from subjects not sensitized to DNCB showed levels of DNA synthesis comparable to autologous sensitive leukocyte cultures in response to the soluble factor(s). Thus, the soluble factor(s) which are specifically released after the induction of allergic contact dermatitis to DNCB appear to be lymphokine(s) which express blastogenic activity independent of the genetic origin or antigenic sensitivity of the target leukocyte population.
Lymphokine Activity in Vivo in Relation to Circulating Monocyte Levels and Delayed Skin Reactivity
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The i.v. injection of migration inhibition factor- (MIF)containing supernatants from cultures of sensitized lymphocytes incubated with specific antigen results in a marked reduction in the number of monocytes in the peripheral blood of recipient guinea pigs. This treatment results also in suppression of delayed-type skin reactions to unrelated antigens in such recipients.
When actively immunized guinea pigs were studied, it was found that detectable macrophage migration inhibitory activity appeared in their sera shortly after i.v. challenge with antigen. This activity was maximal at 6 to 12 hr, which was somewhat later than the reduction in peripheral blood monocytes induced by i.v. injection of either specific antigen or exogenous MIF-containing fluids.
These results provide proof of the ability of lymphokines to participate in in vivo reactions. Neither the presence of MIF in the antigen-activated supernatants used for suppression of circulating monocytes and skin reactivity nor the appearance of MIF activity in serum of actively immunized and antigen-challenged animals implies that MIF itself is the responsible agent of the observed biologic activities although it is clearly a strong candidate for such a role. Regardless of which lymphokine(s) proves to be the mediator of the suppressive effects described here, these observations suggest the possiblity of modifying the expression of immunologic reactivity by such substances in appropriate clinical states.
The Enhancement of MIF Activity by Inhibition of Macrophage Associated Esterases
Authors: Remold Heinz G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages pretreated with diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) or incubated with soybean trypsin inhibitor demonstrate enhanced inhibition of migration caused by migration inhibition factor (MIF). This enhancing effect of DFP is time, dose, and temperature dependent. Incubation of MIF in serum treated with DFP had no effect. In addition, hydrolysis products of DFP were inactive. These findings strongly suggest that a macrophage-associated serine esterase, which is present in an active form before the addition of MIF and which counteracts MIF, is involved in the MIF-macrophage interaction. Its significance as a control mechanism in the macrophage-mediator response is discussed.
Priming in Recipient Mice Unable to Generate a Primary Antibody Response: Kinetics of Priming for an IgM Response
Authors: Groves David L. , Niblack Gary D. , Christian Elizabeth S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The enhanced production of direct plaque-forming cells (DPFC) to a second dose of sheep erythrocytes (Srbc) has been demonstrated in irradiated mice restored with a limiting number of unprimed spleen cells. The limiting number of spleen cells was such that only a proportion of the recipients could respond to a primary dose of Srbc given at the time of spleen cell transfer. The most important finding was that 100% of such mice could respond to a second dose of Srbc given 1 week after cell transfer and the magnitude of the response was 18- to 36-fold greater than that of similar mice receiving only the first dose of antigen. The development of enhanced DPFC responsiveness was shown to require the initial dose of antigen and both its induction and elicitation were antigen-specific. Since enhanced responsiveness occurred in a population of mice not all of which could make a primary DPFC response, these results have been interpreted to indicate that priming occurs in a cell population not directly involved in initiating the primary antibody response.