bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Working Fluid, Orientation, and Cooling Mode on Thermal Performance of Miniature Flat Heat Pipe
Authors: Rathod Jigneshsinh , Lakhera Vikas , Shukla Atindra 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Flat heat pipes (FHPs) are commonly used as a passive cooling system in portable electronic gadgets due to their compact profile. The present study investigates the effect of different working fluids on the thermal performance of a miniature FHP under different orientations and condenser cooling mechanisms and the start-up performance of FHP. Deionized water, acetone, ethanol, and methanol are chosen as working fluids in the FHP. Five different inclinations (0 deg (horizontal), 30 deg, 45 deg, 60 deg, and 90 deg (vertical)) and two different condenser cooling methods (natural convection and forced convection with fan cooling) are considered in this experimental study. The FHP thermal performance is quantified in terms of overall temperature difference, thermal resistance, and effective thermal conductivity. The results indicate that comparatively higher effective thermal conductivity values are obtained for methanol and acetone heat pipes at low heat loads and under natural convection. At higher heat loads, the ethanol heat pipe had higher effective thermal conductivity values for the same condenser cooling method. For the case of the forced convection cooling mode, the methanol heat pipe had enhanced thermal performance as compared to the other three fluids for all heat load ranges and different inclinations. Due to the higher boiling point of water, as a working fluid water is not suitable in most of the experimental trials except at high heat load under forced convection cooling and in a horizontal orientation. The maximum effective thermal conductivity of 7846 W/mK is obtained for FHP filled with methanol at 24 W heat load and 90 deg orientation under forced convection condenser cooling.
Supplemental Material: Late Mesozoic impact of paleo-Pacific subduction on the North China craton revealed by apatite U-Pb and fission-track double dating and trace element analysis in the eastern Yanshan fold belt, northeastern Asia
Authors: Wang Nan , Zhang Zhiyong , et al.  
Published: July 2023

<p>Figures S1–S9 and Tables S1–S5. </p>
Vaccine effectiveness for prevention of covid-19 related hospital admission during pregnancy in England during the alpha and delta variant dominant periods of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: population based cohort study
Authors: Bosworth Matthew L , Schofield Ryan , Ayoubkhani Daniel , Charlton Loes , Nafilyan Vahé , Khunti Kamlesh , Zaccardi Francesco , Gillies Clare , Akbari Ashley , Knight Marian , Wood Rachael , Hardelid Pia , Zuccolo Luisa , Harrison Camille 
Published: July 2023

ObjectiveTo estimate vaccine effectiveness for preventing covid-19 related hospital admission in individuals first infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus during pregnancy compared with those of reproductive age who were not pregnant when first infected with the virus.DesignPopulation based cohort study.SettingOffice for National Statistics Public Health Data Asset linked dataset, providing national linked census and administrative data in England, 8 December 2020 to 31 August 2021.Participants815 477 females aged 18-45 years (mean age 30.4 years) who had documented evidence of a first SARS-CoV-2 infection in the NHS Test and Trace or Hospital Episode Statistics data.Main outcome measuresHospital admission where covid-19 was recorded as the primary diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models, adjusted for calendar time of infection, sociodemographic factors, and pre-existing health conditions related to uptake of the covid-19 vaccine and risk of severe covid-19 outcomes, were used to estimate vaccine effectiveness as the complement of the hazard ratio for hospital admission for covid-19.ResultsCompared with pregnant individuals who were not vaccinated, the adjusted rate of hospital admission for covid-19 was 77% (95% confidence interval 70% to 82%) lower for pregnant individuals who had received one dose and 83% (76% to 89%) lower for those who had received two doses of vaccine. These estimates were similar to those found in the non-pregnant group: 79% (77% to 81%) for one dose and 83% (82% to 85%) for two doses of vaccine. Among those who were vaccinated >90 days before infection, having two doses of vaccine was associated with a greater reduction in risk than one dose.ConclusionsCovid-19 vaccination was associated with reduced rates of hospital admission in pregnant individuals infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the reduction in risk was similar to that in non-pregnant individuals. Waning of vaccine effectiveness occurred more quickly after one than after two doses of vaccine.
Congenital anomalies and risk factors in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Moges Natnael , Anley Denekew Tenaw , Zemene Melkamu Aderajew , Adella Getachew Asmare , Solomon Yenealem , Bantie Berihun , Fenta Felek Sefineh , Dejenie Tadesse Asmamaw , Bayih Wubet Alebachew , Chanie Ermiase Sisay , Getaneh Fekadeselassie Belege , Kassaw Amare , Mengist Dessie Anteneh 
Published: July 2023

ObjectiveTo evaluate the pooled prevalence and identify risk factors of congenital anomalies among neonates in Africa.MethodsThe pooled birth prevalence of congenital anomalies was the first outcome of this review, and the pooled measure of association between congenital anomalies and related risk factors in Africa was the second. We conducted a thorough search of the databases PubMed/ Medline, PubMed Central, Hinary, Google, Cochrane Library, African Journals Online, Web of Science and Google Scholar up to 31 January 2023. The JBI appraisal checklist was used to evaluate the studies. STATA V.17 was used for the analysis. The I2test and Eggers and Beggs tests were used to measure study heterogeneity and publication bias respectively. The pooled prevalence of congenital anomalies was calculated using DerSimonian and Laird random-effect model. Subgroup analysis, sensitivity analysis and meta-regression were also performed.ResultThis systematic review and meta-analysis includes 32 studies with a total of 626 983 participants. The pooled prevalence of congenital anomalies was 23.5 (95% CI 20 to 26.9) per 1000 newborns. Not taking folic acid (pooled OR=2.67; 95% CI (1.42 to 5.00)), history of maternal illness (pooled OR=2.44, 95% CI (1.2 to 4.94)), history of drug use (pooled OR=2.74, 95% CI (1.29 to 5.81)), maternal age (>35 years.) (Pooled OR=1.97, 95% CI (1.15 to 3.37)), drinking alcohol (pooled OR=3.15, 95% CI (1.4 to 7.04)), kchat chewing (pooled OR=3.34, 5% CI (1.68 to 6.65)) and urban residence (pooled OR=0.58, 95% CI (0.36 to 0.95)) were had significant association with congenital anomalies.ConclusionThe pooled prevalence of congenital abnormalities in Africa was found to be substantial, with significant regional variation. Appropriate folate supplementation during pregnancy, proper management of maternal sickness, proper antenatal care, referring healthcare personnel before using drugs, avoiding alcohol intake and kchat chewing are all important in lowering the occurrence of congenital abnormalities among newborns in Africa.
Reconsidering injection volume for caudal epidural block in young pediatric patients: a dynamic flow tracking experimental study
Authors: Kim Ha-Jung , Kim Hyungtae , Lee Sooho , Koh Won Uk , Park Soo-Sung , Ro Youngjin 
Published: July 2023

IntroductionCaudal epidural block is a commonly used analgesic technique in pediatric patients. Ultrasound could be used to increase the accuracy of the block by visual confirmation of the drug-spreading. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the cephalad spread of injection volume by caudal route using dynamic ultrasound imaging in young pediatric patients.MethodsForty patients, aged 6–24 months, undergoing foot surgery were included. After inducing general anesthesia, an angiocatheter was inserted into the sacral canal under ultrasound guidance. Thereafter, the probe was placed in the paramedian sagittal oblique position, and prepared 0.15% ropivacaine was injected, 1 mL at a time, up to 1.0 mL.kg−1. The ultrasound probe was moved cranially following the bulk flow of local anesthetics. Our primary outcome was the required volume of local anesthetics to reach each level of interlaminar space.ResultsThe dynamic flow tracking was available in 39 patients, and the required volume of the injectate to reach L5–S1, L4–L5, L3–L4, L2–L3, L1–L2, T12–L1, and T11–T12 was 0.125, 0.223, 0.381, 0.591, 0.797, 0.960, and 1.050 mL.kg−1, respectively. The required volume to reach the immediate upper spinal level was inconsistent across various spinal levels.ConclusionsLocal anesthetics of 0.223, 0.591, and 0.797 mL.kg−1could provide sufficient analgesia for localized foot, knee, and hip surgeries, respectively. However, since the required volume of the local anesthetics could not be calculated linearly, the real-time dynamic flow tracking technique for the caudal epidural block is recommended in young pediatric patients.Trial registrationsClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04039295).
Local anesthetic dosing and toxicity of pediatric truncal catheters: a narrative review of published practice
Authors: Fettiplace Michael , Joudeh Lana , Bungart Brittani , Boretsky Karen 
Published: July 2023

Background/importanceDespite over 30 years of use by pediatric anesthesiologists, standardized dosing rates, dosing characteristics, and cases of toxicity of truncal nerve catheters are poorly described.ObjectiveWe reviewed the literature to characterize dosing and toxicity of paravertebral and transversus abdominis plane catheters in children (less than 18 years).Evidence reviewWe searched for reports of ropivacaine or bupivacaine infusions in the paravertebral and transversus abdominis space intended for 24 hours or more of use in pediatric patients. We evaluated bolus dosing, infusion dosing, and cumulative 24-hour dosing in patients over and under 6 months. We also identified cases of local anesthetic systemic toxicity and toxic blood levels.FindingsFollowing screening, we extracted data from 46 papers with 945 patients.Bolus dosing was 2.5 mg/kg (median, range 0.6–5.0; n=466) and 1.25 mg/kg (median, range 0.5–2.5; n=294) for ropivacaine and bupivacaine, respectively. Infusion dosing was 0.5 mg/kg/hour (median, range 0.2–0.68; n=521) and 0.33 mg/kg/hour (median, range 0.1–1.0; n=423) for ropivacaine and bupivacaine, respectively, consistent with a dose equivalence of 1.5:1.0. A single case of toxicity was reported, and pharmacokinetic studies reported at least five cases with serum levels above the toxic threshold.ConclusionsBolus doses of bupivacaine and ropivacaine frequently comport with expert recommendations. Infusions in patients under 6 months used doses associated with toxicity and toxicity occurred at a rate consistent with single-shot blocks. Pediatric patients would benefit from specific recommendations about ropivacaine and bupivacaine dosing, including age-based dosing, breakthrough dosing, and intermittent bolus dosing.
Asymptotically locally flat and AdS higher-dimensional black holes of Einstein–Horndeski–Maxwell gravity in the light of EHT observations: shadow behavior and deflection angle
Authors: Nozari Kourosh , Saghafi Sara 
Published: July 2023

AbstractUnification of gravity with other interactions, achieving the ultimate framework of quantum gravity, and fundamental problems in particle physics and cosmology motivate to consider extra spatial dimensions. The impact of these extra dimensions on the modified theories of gravity has attracted a lot of attention. One way to examine how extra dimensions affect the modified gravitational theories is to analytically investigate astrophysical phenomena, such as black hole shadows. In this study, we aim to investigate the behavior of the shadow shapes of higher-dimensional charged black hole solutions including asymptotically locally flat (ALF) and asymptotically locally AdS (ALAdS) in Einstein–Horndeski–Maxwell (EHM) gravitational theory. We utilize the Hamilton–Jacobi method to find photon orbits around these black holes as well as the Carter approach to formulate the geodesic equations. We examine how extra dimensions, negative cosmological constant, electric charge, and coupling constants of the EHM gravity affect the shadow size of the black hole. Then, we constrain these parameters by comparing the shadow radius of these black holes with the shadow size of M87* supermassive black hole captured by the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaborations. We discover that generally the presence of extra dimensions within the EHM gravity results in reducing the shadow size of higher-dimensional ALF and ALAdS charged black holes, whereas the impact of electric charge on the shadow of these black holes is suppressible. Interestingly, we observe that decreasing the negative cosmological constant, i.e., increasing its absolute value, leads to increase the shadow size of the ALAdS charged higher-dimensional black hole in the EHM gravity. Surprisingly, based on the constraints from EHT observations, we discover that only the shadow size of the four dimensional ALF charged black hole lies in the confidence levels of EHT data, whereas owing to the presence of the negative cosmological constant, the shadow radius of the four, five, and seven dimensional ALAdS charged black holes lie within the EHT data confidence levels.
Immunologic Assessment of Tumors from a Race-matched Military Cohort Identifies Mast Cell Depletion as a Marker of Prostate Cancer Progression
Authors: Schafer Cara C. , Jiang Jiji , Elsamanoudi Sally , Nousome Darryl , Young Denise Y. , Song Yingjie , Sesterhenn Isabell A. , Chesnut Gregory T. , Tan Shyh-Han 
Published: July 2023

Elucidating the cellular immune components underlying aggressive prostate cancer, especially among African American (AA) men who are disproportionately affected by this disease compared with Caucasian American (CA) men, will support more inclusive precision medicine treatment strategies. We aimed to evaluate which immune-related genes and cell types are differentially expressed in AA tumors and how immunobiology impacts prostate cancer progression.We purified nucleic acid from tumor biopsies, obtained following radical prostatectomy, from 51 patients (AA = 26, CA = 25). Gene expression was measured using the NanoString platform from which we estimated immune cell abundances and assessed differences between groups based on clinicopathologic data. Product-limit estimates determined associations with biochemical recurrence (BCR)-free and metastasis-free survival.DVL2 and KLRC2 were significantly upregulated in CA tumors and were also associated with worse disease progression. No significant differences in immune cell abundances by race were observed. Highly significant reductions in abundances of mast cells versus tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) were found in men with high-grade pathologies and in men who later developed metastases. Low ratios of mast cells versus TILs were associated with worse BCR-free survival and metastasis-free survival.Although estimated immune cell abundances were not different by race, we identified genes involved in metabolism and natural killer cell functions that were differentially expressed between AA and CA tumors. Among the entire cohort, depletion of mast cells within prostatectomy tumors was characteristic of advanced disease and susceptibility to disease progression.Significance:Our findings demonstrate that there are immune-related genes and pathways that differ by race. Impaired intratumoral cellular immune composition, especially for TIL-normalized mast cells, may be vital in predicting and contributing to prostate cancer disease progression.
Exploring Randomly Wired Neural Networks for Climate Model Emulation
Authors: Yik William , Silva Sam J. , Geiss Andrew , Watson-Parris Duncan 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Exploring the climate impacts of various anthropogenic emissions scenarios is key to making informed decisions for climate change mitigation and adaptation. State-of-the-art Earth system models can provide detailed insight into these impacts but have a large associated computational cost on a per-scenario basis. This large computational burden has driven recent interest in developing cheap machine learning models for the task of climate model emulation. In this paper, we explore the efficacy of randomly wired neural networks for this task. We describe how they can be constructed and compare them with their standard feedforward counterparts using the ClimateBench dataset. Specifically, we replace the serially connected dense layers in multilayer perceptrons, convolutional neural networks, and convolutional long short-term memory networks with randomly wired dense layers and assess the impact on model performance for models with 1 million and 10 million parameters. We find that models with less-complex architectures see the greatest performance improvement with the addition of random wiring (up to 30.4% for multilayer perceptrons). Furthermore, of 24 different model architecture, parameter count, and prediction task combinations, only one had a statistically significant performance deficit in randomly wired networks relative to their standard counterparts, with 14 cases showing statistically significant improvement. We also find no significant difference in prediction speed between networks with standard feedforward dense layers and those with randomly wired layers. These findings indicate that randomly wired neural networks may be suitable direct replacements for traditional dense layers in many standard models.

Significance Statement
Modeling various greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions scenarios is important for both understanding climate change and making informed political and economic decisions. However, accomplishing this with large Earth system models is a complex and computationally expensive task. As such, data-driven machine learning models have risen in prevalence as cheap emulators of Earth system models. In this work, we explore a special type of machine learning model called randomly wired neural networks and find that they perform competitively for the task of climate model emulation. This indicates that future machine learning models for emulation may significantly benefit from using randomly wired neural networks as opposed to their more-standard counterparts.
Beautiful Days in the Neighborhood: Land–Atmosphere Interactions as Drivers of Forest Expansion
Authors: Shum Greta E. M. , Laguë Marysa M. , Rushley Stephanie S. , Swann Abigail L. S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We explore the possible role of plant–atmosphere feedbacks in accelerating forest expansion using a simple example of forest establishment. We use an unconventional experimental design to simulate an initial forest establishment and the subsequent response of climate and nearby vegetation. We find that the forest’s existence produces favorable nearby growing-season conditions that would promote forest expansion. Specifically, we consider a hypothetical region of forest expansion in modern Alaska. We find that the forest acts as a source of heat and moisture for plants to the west, leading them to experience earlier springtime temperatures, snowmelt, and growth. Summertime cooling and cloud formation over the forest also drive a circulation change that reduces summertime cloud cover south of the forest, increasing solar radiation reaching plants there and driving warming. By isolating these vegetation–atmosphere interactions as the mechanisms of increased growth, we demonstrate the potential for forest expansion to be accelerated in a way that has not been highlighted before. These simulations illuminate two separate mechanisms that lead to increased plant growth nearby: 1) springtime heat advection and 2) summertime cloud feedbacks and circulation changes; both have implications for our understanding of past changes in forest cover and the predictability of biophysical impacts from afforestation projects and climate change–driven forest-cover changes. By examining these feedbacks, we seek to gain a more comprehensive understanding of past and potential future land–atmosphere interactions.

Significance Statement
This study investigates whether the emergence of a high-latitude forest could influence the way water and energy are exchanged between the land and atmosphere in a way that impacts nearby growing conditions and subsequent forest expansion. We use a computer model to simulate a climate with and without forest establishment in the high latitudes and test the response of plants surrounding the forest to the two different climates. We find that a forest is indeed able to spur neighboring plant growth by modifying regional climate and producing more favorable growing conditions for surrounding vegetation. Specifically, forest establishment can bring better growing conditions to plants adjacent to it by warming the air and altering nearby circulation and cloud cover.
Teaching Cognitive/Behavioral Neuroscience Through a DEI Lens
Authors: Opper Jamie K. 
Published: July 2023

Introduction As higher education continues to prioritize diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), cognitive/behavioral neuroscience and other physiologically based psychology courses may face challenges incorporating DEI issues into the curriculum relative to other subfields of psychology. Statement of the Problem Instructors of these courses may believe that their discipline is more objective than other psychology subfields, or may simply be unsure where to insert discussion of DEI issues into their course material. Literature Review There is a substantial evidence regarding both the fallacy of total scientific objectivity and how structural inequalities can impact brain structure and function in historically marginalized populations. Teaching Implications I discuss where and how in the neuroscience curriculum instructors can implement relevant discussion of DEI issues, as well as provide practical suggestions for how to increase belongingness for historically marginalized students, including open educational resource lecture slides and a critical-thinking assignment. Conclusion Excluding DEI content from neuroscience courses harms our students and perpetuates the myth of total scientific objectivity, so it is imperative that faculty include DEI discussions in neuroscience-based courses.