bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deep Reinforcement Learning for RSMA-Based Multi-Functional Wireless Networks
Authors: Naser Shimaa , Sani Abubakar A. , Muhaidat Sami 
Published: August 2023

<p>The upcoming sixth generation (6G) is expected to support a wide range of applications that require efficient sensing, accurate localization, and reliable communication capabilities. Furthermore, 6G is expected to catalyze the development of new use cases that will require working in extreme environmental and hazardous conditions and have ultra-small size and low-cost wireless devices. Thus, developing sustainable multi-functional wireless networks that are capable of incorporating billions of low-power devices and supporting their sensing and communication requirements on top of energy harvesting capability is of paramount importance. Motivated by this, we consider in this work a rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA)-based multifunctional wireless network with sensing, energy harvesting, and communication capabilities. We employ trust region policy optimization (TRPO), a deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithm, to efficiently allocate the available resources and manage the interference between the three functionalities. TRPO/DRL is capable to learn a near-optimal policy for the resource allocation problem in a complex and dynamic environment. This enables us to obtain near-optimal transmit precoders, power splitting ratios, and ratesplitting among the common and private rates in a multiple access setting. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of RSMA in mitigating the interference in such multi-functional networks and its capability to accommodate the rate and energy harvesting requirements of the devices while still capable of sensing multiple targets.</p>
Review of Large-scale Energy Storage Technologies
Authors: Wangmo Wangmo , Helwig Andreas , Bell John 
Published: August 2023

<p>The paper reviews energy storage technologies and their applicability to the Australian National Electricity Market (NEM). The increasing gap between maximum and minimum operational demand is likely to continue as time-varying renewable generation penetration proceeds. Recent severe weather events find the NEM ancillary services market for frequency and voltage control becoming increasingly important as the mechanical system inertia of thermal power stations reduces with the retirement of coal-fired power stations. To maintain grid stability through innovative technologies involving various storage technologies with different response times and endurances, a review of existing storage technologies for short to medium-term storage (such as flywheels, batteries, and supercapacitors) reveals that hybrid systems with different power, energy density, and fast response capabilities will be part of the solution. Pumped Hydro Energy Storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage System, hydrogen fuel cells, and fast response peaking hydrogen-fuelled gas turbines were reviewed for long-term storage. Batteries and Supercapacitors are assessed to be the solution for the immediate net zero targets for 2030-2050. While many varieties of batteries exist, metal ion batteries will continue to dominate with particular interest growing toward sodium ion batteries. Current challenges as well as opportunities for future research are highlighted. </p>
A Survey on Exploring the Evolution and Trends of Web Development
Authors: Shukla Devendra Kumar , Maurya Akash , Pal Madhav , Shivahare Basu Dev 
Published: August 2023

<p>Web development has undergone significant evolution over the past decade, driven by advancements in technology, changing user expectations, and the proliferation of internet usage. This research paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest trends and practices in web development, drawing upon a thorough analysis of relevant literature and industry reports. The paper begins by discussing the historical development of web development, from the early days of static HTML websites to the advent of dynamic web applications using technologies such as JavaScript, CSS, and server-side programming. The evolution of web development frameworks, libraries, and tools is examined, highlighting key milestones and breakthroughs that have shaped the landscape of modern web development. The paper then delves into the latest trends in web development, including the rise of mobile-first and responsive design, the increasing use of front-end frameworks such as React, Angular, and Vue, the growing adoption of serverless architectures, and the emergence of progressive web apps and accelerated mobile pages. The impact of artificial intelligence and machine learning on web development, particularly in areas such as chatbots, personalization, and data analytics, is also discussed. Furthermore, the paper explores the challenges and opportunities in web development, including issues related to performance optimization, security, accessibility, and cross-platform compatibility. The importance of user experience, usability, and accessibility in web development is emphasized, and the role of web developers in creating inclusive and user-friendly web applications is highlighted. Finally, the paper concludes by discussing future directions in web development, including the potential impact of emerging technologies such as blockchain, virtual and augmented reality, and the Internet of Things. The need for continuous learning, adaptation, and innovation in the field of web development is emphasized, and recommendations for further research and exploration are provided. Overall, this research paper provides a comprehensive overview of the evolution, trends, challenges, and opportunities in web development over the past decade, offering valuable insights for researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders in the field of web development. </p>
مفهوم الجهاد في الاسلام ودور المرجعية الرشيدة في الدعوة اليه للدفاع عن الوطن
Authors: جبر عهود , عبد الصاحب حوراء 
Published: August 2023

يعد الجهاد ركنا من أركان الدين الاسلامي الحنيف ، وقد فرض الجهاد على المسلمين بعد ان تعرضوا للتهديد من قبل اعدائهم من المشركين الذين كانوا يخططون للقضاء على الاسلام والمسلمين ، و لم يترك الكفار النبي ومن معه في حالهم وانما كانوا يحيكون المؤامرات والمكائد لإيذاء النبي والمسلمين من المهاجرين والانصار .وكان لابد من اتخاذ موقف حتمي قتال قريش فكانت أولى الخطوات القتالية التي يمكن للمسلمين أن يتخذوها بعد ما رأوه من تعذيب ونهب ومصادرة أموال، هو مهاجمة القوافل التجارية التابعة لقريش والمتجهة إلى بلاد الشام، وكانت هذه البداية.
فكان النصر لهم . ولولا جهاد المسلمين لما فرضوا هيبتهم ولم ينتشر الاسلام .
وكان من اسباب هذا النصر الايمان الحقيقي الذي ملأ قلوب المسلمين ، إيمانهم بدينهم وبنبيهم الكريم .
ومنذ ذلك الوقت والمسلمون جاهزون للدفاع عن الارض والعرض ، فكانت فتوى المرجعية في ثورة العشرين ، وقد ناضل الشعب الاستعمار واتخذ من مرجعيته الروحية والدينية مرشدا وموجها للمضي في مقاومة الاحتلال ، وكان لهم الدور المشرف في استنهاض الهمم وحشد الناس في مقاومة الاحتلال البريطاني الذي كان يمتلك القوة والسلاح .
وها هو التاريخ يعيد نفسه بدعوة السيد السيستاني الى فتوى الجهاد ضد تنظيمات داعش
التي عاثت في الارض فسادا ، وقد لبى العراقيون مثلما لبى اجدادهم فاستجابوا لنداء المرجعية الرشيدة ، مضحين بأرواحهم الطاهرة ودمائهم الزكية .
وبعد هذه المقدمة أود ان أبين الخطة التي اتبعتها في البحث مبينة في المبحث الاول :
مفهوم الجهاد في الاسلام .
وقد تناول المبحث الثاني :ضوابط الجهاد وأحكامه .
أما المبحث الثالث: فقد ركز على فتوى السيد السيستاني ، أسباب الفتوى ، نتائجها .
وقد انتهى البحث الى النتائج التي توصل اليها .
سيرة شهداء الحشد الشعبي دروس وعبر شهداء المثنى إنموذجاً
Authors: منشد سلام , المرشدي مها 
Published: August 2023

يعيش العراق عقود من المآسي والفوضى، وهو من بين أكثر دول المنطقة العربية التي تعاني من التدخلات الخارجية بسبب أهمية موقعها الجيوسياسي، فأصبح مقصد التنظيمات الارهابية المسلحة على اختلاف انواعها وأهدافها ومصادرها، وفي الوقت الذي أخفقت فيه تحالفات دولية كبيرة في القضاء على تنظيم داعش المتمركز في أرض وطننا العراق؛ تكّون الحشد الشعبي أستجابة لفتوى أطلقها المرجع الشيعي الاعلى في العراق السيد علي السيستاني بعنوان(الجهاد الكفائي)، والتي تدعو المدنيين الاكفّاء الى حمل السلاح والتطوع في صفوف الجيش العراقي، لمحاربة التنظيم الداعشي الذي كان قد أحكم سيطرته على الموصل ثاني أكبر المدن العراقية، وقام بأرتكاب سلسلة من الجرائم والقتل والتخريب، وقد بلغ عدد المتطوعين فعلياً من أبناء محافظة المثنى في قطعات الحشد الشعبي حتى مدة الدراسة بـ( 9000 آلاف) جندي متطوع، موزعين على جميع ألوية الحشد الشعبي، وبكافة قواطع العمليات في المنطقة الغربية وكركوك وجرف الصخر وبغداد.
تسعى هذه الورقة التحليلية الى دراسة مدى فاعلية التحولات السياسية والفكرية والتنظيمية في الاسهام ببناء القاعدة الشعبية والهوية الوطنية للحشد الشعبي المقدس، الذي لم يكن ظهوره بهذه التركيبة الجماهيرية المتنوعة دينياً ومذهبياً وقومياً مفاجئاً وبعيداً عن الواقع العراقي وتاريخه المجيد، بقدر ما هو تعبير عن حاجة مصيرية وضرورة إستراتيجية وطنية لحماية الأمن الوطني العراقي، ومنهج دين الإسلام المعتدل البعيد عن التطرف. كما تهدف الدراسة الى مدى تأثير فتوى الجهاد الكفائي على تنظيم الحشد الشعبي المقدس، وتتبع مسار النشأة والتكوين الاجتماعي للحشد في محافظة المثنى، وآلية عمله الجهادي منذ تأسيسه عام 2014م، ومدى تأثير فكرة الحشد الشعبي في توحيد مجتمع محافظة المثنى بجميع فئاته من كبار السن والنساء وحتى الاطفال في دعم وحدة المصير والهدف في ملحمة بطولية ورابطة جهادية تجسدت في احصائية متكاملة تضمنتها هذه الورقة التحليلية لسيرة وتراجم شهداء الحشد الشعبي من ابناء محافظة المثنى التي سالت دمائهم في المعارك البطولية التي خاضوها بحزم وإصرار في تحرير المدن العراقية من سيطرة تنظيم داعش الإرهابي، والذي بلغ عددهم المسجل رسمياً في مؤسسة الشهداء في محافظة المثنى(482)، وعدد الجرحى بـ (1830) جريح، اما عدد الشهداء المسجلين في هيئة الحشد الشعبي في المحافظة فيقدَر بـ ( 538)، وعدد الجرحى بـ(1830). وفي ظل هذا العدد الكبير من الشهداء والجرحى تحاول الدراسة تسليط الضوء على بطولات البعض منهم، ورسم صورة جهادهم النضالي من خلال هذه الاسطر. أستندت منهجية إعداد هذه الورقة على مراجعة وتحليل مجموعة من الدراسات والتقارير البحثية المتعلقة بالحشد الشعبي، ورصد الخطاب الاعلامي للمؤسسة الدينية العليا في النجف الاشرف، كما عقد الباحثان مجموعة من المقابلات مع قيادات شبابية من ممثلي المرجعية الدينية في المحافظة ومتطوعي الحشد الشعبي، وموظفين حكوميين.
Deep learning models for webcam eye tracking in online experiments
Authors: Saxena Shreshth , Fink Lauren K. , Lange Elke B. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractEye tracking is prevalent in scientific and commercial applications. Recent computer vision and deep learning methods enable eye tracking with off-the-shelf webcams and reduce dependence on expensive, restrictive hardware. However, such deep learning methods have not yet been applied and evaluated for remote, online psychological experiments. In this study, we tackle critical challenges faced in remote eye tracking setups and systematically evaluate appearance-based deep learning methods of gaze tracking and blink detection. From their own homes and laptops, 65 participants performed a battery of eye tracking tasks including (i) fixation, (ii) zone classification, (iii) free viewing, (iv) smooth pursuit, and (v) blink detection. Webcam recordings of the participants performing these tasks were processed offline through appearance-based models of gaze and blink detection. The task battery required different eye movements that characterized gaze and blink prediction accuracy over a comprehensive list of measures. We find the best gaze accuracy to be 2.4° and precision of 0.47°, which outperforms previous online eye tracking studies and reduces the gap between laboratory-based and online eye tracking performance. We release the experiment template, recorded data, and analysis code with the motivation to escalate affordable, accessible, and scalable eye tracking that has the potential to accelerate research in the fields of psychological science, cognitive neuroscience, user experience design, and human–computer interfaces.
A Unified Treatment of Kepler Occurrence to Trace Planet Evolution. I. Methodology
Authors: Dattilo Anne , Batalha Natalie M. , Bryson Steve 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We present Kepler exoplanet occurrence rates for planets between 0.5 and 16 R
⊕ and between 1 and 400 days. To measure occurrence, we use a nonparametric method via a kernel density estimator and use bootstrap random sampling for uncertainty estimation. We use a full characterization of completeness and reliability measurements from the Kepler Data Release 25 catalog, including detection efficiency, vetting completeness, astrophysical reliability, and false alarm reliability. We also include more accurate and homogeneous stellar radii from Gaia Data Release 2. In order to see the impact of these final Kepler properties, we revisit benchmark exoplanet occurrence rate measurements from the literature. We compare our measurements with previous studies to both validate our method and observe the dependence of these benchmarks on updated stellar and planet properties. For FGK stars, between 0.5 and 16 R
⊕ and between 1 and 400 days, we find an occurrence of 1.52 ± 0.08 planets per star. We investigate the dependence of occurrence as a function of radius, orbital period, and stellar type and compare with previous studies with excellent agreement. We measure the minimum of the radius valley to be

1.78

−
0.16

+
0.14

R
⊕ for FGK stars and find it to move to smaller radii for cooler stars. We also present new measurements of the slope of the occurrence cliff at 3–4 R
⊕, and find that the cliff becomes less steep at long orbital period. Our methodology will enable us to constrain theoretical models of planet formation and evolution in the future.
The Structure of Magnetic Fields in Spiral Galaxies: A Radio and Far-infrared Polarimetric Analysis
Authors: Surgent William Jeffrey , Lopez-Rodriguez Enrique , Clark Susan E. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We propose and apply a method to quantify the morphology of the large-scale ordered magnetic fields (B-fields) in galaxies. This method is adapted from the analysis of Event Horizon Telescope polarization data. We compute a linear decomposition of the azimuthal modes of the polarization field in radial galactocentric bins. We apply this approach to five low-inclination spiral galaxies with both far-infrared (FIR: 154 μm) dust polarimetric observations taken from the Survey of Extragalactic Magnetism with SOFIA (SALSA) and radio (6 cm) synchrotron polarization observations. We find that the main contribution to the B-field structure of these spiral galaxies comes from the m = 2 and m = 0 modes at FIR wavelengths and the m = 2 mode at radio wavelengths. The m = 2 mode has a spiral structure and is directly related to the magnetic pitch angle, while m = 0 has a constant B-field orientation. The FIR data tend to have a higher relative contribution from other modes than the radio data. The extreme case is NGC 6946: all modes contribute similarly in the FIR, while m = 2 still dominates in the radio. The average magnetic pitch angle in the FIR data is smaller and has greater angular dispersion than in the radio, indicating that the B-fields in the disk midplane traced by FIR dust polarization are more tightly wound and more chaotic than the B-field structure in the radio, which probes a larger volume. We argue that our approach is more flexible and model independent than standard techniques, while still producing consistent results where directly comparable.
The Cygnus Loop: Shock Precursors and Electron–Ion Equilibration
Authors: Raymond John C. , Seok Ji Yeon , Koo Bon-Chul , Chilingarian Igor V. , Grishin Kirill , Caldwell Nelson , Xie Min , Fesen Robert 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The outermost edges of some supernova remnants are marked by filaments of pure Balmer line emission produced by nonradiative shock fronts. The Hα profiles of these filaments provide the shock speed and electron–proton temperature ratio in the shock. We have used the Hectochelle multiobject spectrograph on the MMT telescope to observe nine positions along the eastern nonradiative filaments of the Cygnus Loop, thereby extending the studies of Medina et al. to lower shock speeds. We complement the spectra with images from 1993 to 2020 to measure proper motions to further constrain the parameters. We also present observations of the photoionization precursor to show that the gas is strongly heated, and that the Hα emission from the precursor is dominated by collisional excitation rather than recombination.
X-Ray/UVOIR Frequency-resolved Time Lag Analysis of Mrk 335 Reveals Accretion Disk Reprocessing
Authors: Lewin Collin , Kara Erin , Cackett Edward M. , Wilkins Dan , Panagiotou Christos , García Javier A. , Gelbord Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
UV and optical continuum reverberation mapping is a powerful tool for probing the accretion disk and inner broad-line region. However, recent reverberation mapping campaigns in the X-ray, UV, and optical have found lags consistently longer than those expected from the standard disk reprocessing picture. The largest discrepancy to date was recently reported in Mrk 335, where UV/optical lags are up to 12 times longer than expected. Here, we perform a frequency-resolved time lag analysis of Mrk 335, using Gaussian processes to account for irregular sampling. For the first time, we compare the Fourier frequency-resolved lags directly to those computed using the popular interpolated cross-correlation function method applied to both the original and detrended light curves. We show that the anticipated disk reverberation lags are recovered by the Fourier lags when zeroing in on the short-timescale variability. This suggests that a separate variability component is present on long timescales. If this separate component is modeled as reverberation from another region beyond the accretion disk, we constrain a size scale of roughly 15 lt-days from the central black hole. This is consistent with the size of the broad-line region inferred from Hβ reverberation lags. We also find tentative evidence for a soft X-ray lag, which we propose may be due to light travel time delays between the hard X-ray corona and distant photoionized gas that dominates the soft X-ray spectrum below 2 keV.
A Value-added COSMOS2020 Catalog of Physical Properties: Constraining Temperature-dependent Initial Mass Function
Authors: Rusakov Vadim , Steinhardt Charles L. , Sneppen Albert 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This work presents and releases a catalog of new photometrically derived physical properties for the ∼105 most well-measured galaxies in the COSMOS field on the sky. Using a recently developed technique, spectral energy distributions are modeled assuming a stellar initial mass function (IMF) that depends on the temperature of gas in star-forming regions. The method is applied to the largest current sample of high-quality panchromatic photometry, the COSMOS2020 catalog, that allows for testing this assumption. It is found that the galaxies exhibit a continuum of IMF and gas temperatures, most of which are bottom-lighter than measured in the Milky Way. As a consequence, the stellar masses and star formation rates of most galaxies here are found to be lower than those measured by traditional techniques in the COSMOS2020 catalog by factors of ∼1.6–3.5 and 2.5–70.0, respectively, with the change being the strongest for the most active galaxies. The resulting physical properties provide new insights into variation of the IMF-derived gas temperature along the star-forming main sequence and at quiescence, produce a sharp and coherent picture of downsizing, as seen from the stellar mass functions, and hint at a possible high-temperature and high-density stage of early galactic evolution.
The Minimum Variation Timescales of X-Ray Bursts from SGR J1935+2154
Authors: Xiao Shuo , Yang Jiao-Jiao , Luo Xi-Hong , Xiong Shao-Lin , Qu Yuan-Hong , Zhang Shuang-Nan , Xue Wang-Chen , Li Xiao-Bo , Tuo You-Li , Dong Ai-Jun , Zhao Ru-Shuang , Dang Shi-Jun , Shang Lun-Hua , Ma Qing-Bo , Cai Ce , Wang Jin , Wang Ping , Li Cheng-Kui , Yi Shu-Xu , Zhang Zhen , Ge Ming-Yu , Zheng Shi-Jie , Song Li-Ming , Peng Wen-Xi , Wen Xiang-Yang , Li Xin-Qiao , An Zheng-Hua , Xu Xin , Wang Yue , Zheng Chao , Zhang Yan-Qiu , Liu Jia-Cong , Zhang Bin , Xie Wei , Feng Jian-Chao , Wang De-Hua , Zhi Qi-Jun 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The minimum variation timescale (MVT) of soft gamma-ray repeaters can be an important probe to estimate the emission region in pulsar-like models, as well as the Lorentz factor and radius of the possible relativistic jet in gamma-ray burst (GRB)–like models, thus revealing their progenitors and physical mechanisms. In this work, we systematically study the MVTs of hundreds of X-ray bursts (XRBs) from SGR J1935+2154 observed by Insight-HXMT, GECAM, and Fermi/Gamma-ray Burst Monitor from 2014 July to 2022 January through the Bayesian block algorithm. We find that the MVTs peak at ∼2 ms, corresponding to a light-travel time size of about 600 km, which supports the magnetospheric origin in pulsar-like models. The shock radius and the Lorentz factor of the jet are also constrained in GRB-like models. Interestingly, the MVT of the XRB associated with FRB 200428 is ∼70 ms, which is longer than that of most bursts and implies its special radiation mechanism. In addition, the median of MVTs is 7 ms, shorter than the median MVTs of 40 ms and 480 ms for short GRBs or long GRBs, respectively. However, the MVT is independent of duration, similar to GRBs. Finally, we investigate the energy dependence of MVT and suggest that there is a marginal evidence for a power-law relationship like GRBs, but the rate of variation is at least about an order of magnitude smaller. These features may provide an approach to identify bursts with a magnetar origin.
Confirmation of Subsolar Metallicity for WASP-77Ab from JWST Thermal Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: August Prune C. , Bean Jacob L. , Zhang Michael , Lunine Jonathan , Xue Qiao , Line Michael , Smith Peter C. B. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We present the dayside thermal emission spectrum of WASP-77Ab from 2.8 to 5.2 μm as observed with the NIRSpec instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). WASP-77Ab was previously found to have a subsolar metallicity and a solar carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio from H2O and CO absorption lines detected using high-resolution spectroscopy. By performing atmospheric retrievals on the JWST spectrum assuming chemical equilibrium, we find a subsolar metallicity [M/H] =

−

0.91

−
0.16

+
0.24

and C/O ratio

0.36

−
0.09

+
0.10

. We identify H2O and CO and constrain their abundances, and we find no CO2 in the spectrum. The JWST and high-resolution spectroscopy results agree within ∼1σ for the metallicity and within 1.8σ for the C/O ratio. However, our results fit less well in the picture painted by the shorter wavelength spectrum measured by Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3. Comparing the JWST thermal emission spectra of WASP-77Ab and HD 149026b shows that both hot Jupiters have nearly identical brightness temperatures in the near-infrared but distinctly different atmospheric compositions. Our results reaffirm high-resolution spectroscopy as a powerful and reliable method to measure molecular abundances. Our results also highlight the incredible diversity of hot Jupiter atmospheric compositions.