bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brave new workplace
Authors: Barling Julian 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The pandemic has created a unique opportunity to reimagine the nature of productive, healthy, and safe work. But what should the future of work look like? Several assumptions guide our understanding of productive, healthy, and safe work. First, such work can be achieved by providing environments in which people can flourish, rather than by trying to make people more resilient so they can withstand destructive workplaces. Second, we need an evidence-based approach to understand what it is that makes work productive, healthy, and safe. Following these assumptions highlights seven, interrelated characteristics, namely high-quality leadership, autonomy, belonging, fairness, growth and development, meaningful work, and safety, which together constitute the key to productive, healthy, and safe work. A final assumption guiding the types of changes that will be needed is that small changes make a big difference to people and organizations.
Belonging
Authors: Barling Julian 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Maslow initially popularized the idea during World War II that people need to feel a sense of belonging, extending his focus to the workplace some fifteen years later. This chapter emphasizes the benefits for work and well-being from high-quality social relationships and affective commitment—the feeling of pride and sense of belonging in being a member of the organization. The negative effects of thwarted belonging are widespread—whether through poor-quality relationships, ostracism, or calculative commitment—the feeling of being “stuck” in the organization. This chapter considers in depth whether any move toward remote work might compromise the benefits gained from satisfying the need for belonging at work. Finally, we consider research examining why managers think their employees are committed to the organization—whether because managers feel employees want to belong, or have to, and how this affects how managers evaluate and treat their employees.
MCQs for FRCOphth Part 1
Authors: Rufai Sohaib R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This book covers the full range of core subjects tested in the FRCOphth Part 1 examination: optics, anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, genetics, investigations, and miscellaneous (including biostatistics and evidence-based medicine). As well as ophthalmic subjects, this book covers general physiology, general pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, and immunology. It features 450 questions spread evenly across five papers. The subjects are ordered logically and weighted according to recent FRCOphth Part 1 examination reports. Many high-yield topics are covered. This book features helpful images using the latest ophthalmic imaging technology, as well as useful diagrams, tables, acronyms, and mnemonics.
Solutions
Authors: Rufai Sohaib R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This paper covers the full range of core subjects tested in the FRCOphth Part 1 examination: optics, anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, genetics, investigations, and miscellaneous (biostatistics and evidence-based medicine). As well as ophthalmic subjects, this paper covers general physiology, general pathology, microbiology, biochemistry, and immunology. Several high-yield topics are covered. Ray diagrams are provided for spherical lenses (thin convex lens and thin concave lens), the Galilean telescope, prisms, and Goldmann applanation tonometry. An anatomical diagram displays the spiral of Tillaux. The components and foramina of the 12 cranial nerves are summarised in a table. The design of the 6/6 Snellen chart letter ‘E’ is explained in a figure using minutes of arc
General Introduction
Authors: Cappelletti Marco 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The general introduction discusses the fundamental aspects of the book. First, it explains that the book explores the substantive justifications for the imposition of strict liability and sets out the objectives of this investigation. Secondly, it clarifies the scope of the book, which focuses on tort law in four legal systems, namely England, France, Italy, and the United States. Thirdly, it explains what type of sources the book relies upon to explore the reasoning on strict liability, most notably judicial decisions and academic writings. Fourthly, the general introduction explains that the book adopts a comparative approach and that it combines the ‘jurisprudential’ and the ‘structural’ methods of comparative law. Fifthly, it explains the structure of the book.
Risk
Authors: Cappelletti Marco 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This section explores the risk-based justifications put forward to explain or support the imposition of strict liability in the four legal systems studied. First, the section identifies five permutations of risk, namely ‘risk creation’, ‘abnormality of risk’, ‘nonreciprocity of risk’, ‘risk–benefit’, and ‘risk–profit’. Secondly, it unravels the patterns of use that characterize each of these permutations in the four legal systems, and it assesses their justificatory significance, paying attention to the contexts of liability in relation to which these arguments are invoked. The section shows that risk represents a widespread and significant argument in legal reasoning seeking to justify the imposition of strict liability in the four legal systems studied. At the same time, though, it shows that each permutation of risk possesses its own conceptual distinctiveness, its own patterns of use, and its significance across the four laws.
Timon of Athens and Scottish Mines
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 situates Timon of Athens in the context of a Scottish gold boom to argue that the monarchy’s superficial control over the subterranean world and its minerals perpetuated dubious views of the natural world as a gift economy. Entranced by the glittering promises of mining entrepreneurs like Bevis Bulmer, the king’s faith in chimerical reserves of gold and silver encouraged a fiscal recklessness mirrored in Shakespeare and Middleton’s tragic satire. Timon bears a notable resemblance to Jacobean England’s biggest coal baron, Bulmer, who hosted lavish feasts and engaged in acts of aggressive generosity until he was forced to flee into the wilds of Ireland after his credit collapsed. Assaying the Folio’s rhetorical capitalization of Gold, the chapter argues that Shakespeare imbues the metal with a vitalist power or mettle far more absolute than that of the insolvent king.
Performing The Winter’s Tale in ‘the Open’
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The fifth chapter pursues the bear in The Winter’s Tale back to the Arctic to expose the involvement of the Jacobean state and theatre industry in the global fur trade. Whereas theatre historians police boundaries in seeking to determine whether Renaissance drama featured ‘real’ bears, Shakespeare’s romance revels in the indistinction promoted by animal studies. The chapter discovers another important humanimal hybrid in Shakespeare’s representation of Hermione as an ermine, a creature emblematic of the wintery north and queenly chastity. Leontes’s sexual jealousy is symptomatic of an adult male desire to control nature, but the play prescribes an antidote in rural girlhood, idealizing the upbringing of James’s daughter as a feral princess and milkmaid, turning to pastoral romance to model a more benign relationship to the natural world than that exhibited by menageries and Skinners’ pageants, which naturalized royal and mercantile dominion over the icy north and its fur-bearers.
‘Purple Plagues or Crimson War’
Authors: Borlik Todd Andrew 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 sifts the Jacobean state’s efforts to impose its authority over London, its suburbs, and Irish plantations—efforts which were underwritten by the emergent discipline of demography. It turns out that Shakespeare’s Jacobean plays share the king’s acute anxieties about urban overpopulation in the aftermath of the 1603 plague. The chapter detects proto-Malthusian rhetoric in Measure for Measure’s grim view of human sexuality, implicating the levelling of Overdone’s bawdy houses with legislative crackdowns on urban sprawl and unwanted pregnancies. Population pressures reached a boiling point again after the 1607 dearth but Coriolanus poses tough questions about the state’s attempt to vent them through war or through the colonization of war-ravaged Ulster. Coriolanus reckons with early modern justifications of war as a medicinal blood-letting of the body politic, an opinion trumpeted by anti-Irish hawks at the Stuart court, and responds to the crisis ignited by the rebellion of the Gaelic chieftain Cahir O’Doherty, who turned on his allies and burned down the English settlement at Derry. Shakespeare’s Roman tragedy is also an Irish tragedy. To sketch a fuller picture of the environmental degradation Ulster suffered, however, the chapter turns from Shakespeare to Irish bardic poetry.
Schools of Fiction
Authors: Day Frank Morgan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSchools of Fiction argues that the institutionalization of literature drove the expansion and consolidation of the modern school system in the United States after the Civil War. From our historical perspective, the study of literature may seem like a traditional academic endeavor, one that the sciences superseded in the curriculum long ago. The conviction that literature is marginal to the program of modern education has taken hold even (and especially) in English departments, where feelings of crisis have predominated since the founding of the discipline and where literature is more and more often understood as subject to the school’s administrative imperatives. Against this abiding sense of crisis and abjection, Schools of Fiction reveals literature’s profound influence on the development of US educational institutions, an influence derived, paradoxically, from its anti-institutionalism. Since the inception of the modern school, teachers have eagerly taught literary works that disparage formal education—preferring the anti-scholasticism of the American romance tradition to the didacticism of the sentimentalists, for instance, or embracing the novel form whose “very nature,” in Mikhail Bakhtin’s words, is “not canonic.” As an object of classroom study that announces its own imperviousness to pedagogy and pedagoguery, literature has helped dissolve the boundaries dividing formal education from public life. It has embedded non-scholastic experience in the school’s increasingly sophisticated administrative apparatus.
The Interaction of Laws Enabling Gender Equality with Other Legal Regimes
Authors: García Helena Alviar 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter analyses women’s precarious access to work before and during the Covid-19 crisis. It explores gendered access to work in one of the most important sectors of the Colombian economy: mining. Along with the economic challenges that Colombian women faced before Covid-19, the legal tools available to attack diverse sources of inequality were superficial, lacked sufficient public resources, and demanded very little from the private sector. Therefore, once faced with a crisis of the magnitude of the pandemic, legal instruments remained weak and insufficient. As women’s access to mining jobs illustrates, existing legal and institutional problems invite us to move beyond promises of equality law alone and focus instead on the assignment of public resources, the strength of institutions designed to deploy and distribute those resources across gender lines, and the use of policies targeted towards women in the informal sector.
Politics
Authors: Arterton F. Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Democratic politics provides the means for resolving society’s problems relatively peacefully, and certainly with far less violence than the alternatives of anarchy or dictatorship. However, since citizens hold different values, conflict is inevitable. Democratic politics constitutes a struggle—often brutal and bruising—in which participants articulate and advance competing visions of a desired future. Power is essential to achieving purpose in the swirling competition that constitutes civil politics. But the pursuit of power must be balanced by the values inherent in democratic politics. Functioning democratic systems exhibit the characteristic of “pluralism,” a diffusion of power into different channels of influence that offers political managers multiple opportunities to pursue their policy goals effectively. In their plotting for victory, political managers should ensure that their strategies do not weaken the institutions of democratic politics through which power is accumulated and exercised.
Guidelines to Effective Strategy
Authors: Arterton F. Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Given the competitive, complex interaction that characterizes politics, readers might well demand a set of rules they should follow to achieve victory. There are, however, no ironclad laws that prescribe strategic judgment because (a) strategy is situational, and (b) following a predetermined set of rules makes one predictable to the opponent and therefore more vulnerable. Instead, this chapter provides guidelines for how to think strategically. In the fluid, reciprocal dynamic of political combat, seize the initiative by changing the situation your opponent confronts, even while avoiding the inevitable tendency to focus exclusively on your actions and not on the likely acts of your opponent. Understand that perceptual realities are just that: realities. They can have real political potency even when they are demonstrably false. A desire for power and victory can overwhelm political managers. Power should be instrumental for achieving purpose, not as an end unto itself.
Real Consequences
Authors: McKinney Jennifer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses how a church like Mars Hill thrived in the city of Seattle and why it failed, given changing sociocultural conditions, its hypermasculine theology, and the inability of its pastor to fulfill his own masculine standard. The chapter revisits the dynamics of sect-church theory to explain how the church became too exclusive, too extensive, and too expensive for many members. The seemingly countercultural nature of the church was more complicated in practice and led to some dysfunctions for church members. The church’s hypermasculine theology sought a return to a nostalgic gender and family ideal, that gave men—at least some men—ultimate authority.
No Case to Answer Procedure within the ICC: Legal Guardian of the Accused’s Fundamental Rights
Authors: Knoops Geert-Jan Alexander 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ICC Appeals Chamber judgment of 31 March 2021 in the case of Mr Charles Blé Goudé, which confirmed the acquittal of Mr Blé Goudé rendered by Trial Chamber I of the ICC in February 2019. The acquittal was based on a filing by the Defence of Mr Blé Goudé directly after the conclusion of the Prosecution case, which procedure—called a “No case to answer” procedure—is not regulated in the ICC Statute nor its Rules of Procedure and Evidence. The importance of the ruling relates to the criteria and standard of proof for a defendant to successfully submit a “No case to answer” request. The chapter provides further insights into this specific procedure. It was the first time in the history of the ICC that the Appeals Chamber of this Court was called upon to set the parameters for a “No case to answer.”
Bahrain’s 2011–2021 Anniversary: A Decade of Abandonment
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik , Nordbring Lisa 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors explore the country-specific justice scenario and challenge that Bahrain poses in connection with its ten-year anniversary for the 2011 civil unrest. The interpretative perspective is mediated by UN rule of law developments. By placing an emphasis on certain fundamental principles and values, the account maximizes the tension between liberal and illiberal strategies and outcomes, especially human rights versus regime-conservation. Unfortunately, 2021 fact-checking of the post-2011 situation in Bahrain confirms the hypothesis that the government continues to practice a policy of realpolitik and abandonment when it comes to its own people. Then again, the domestic rulers are not the only stakeholders that retroactively can be said to disappoint the Bahrain Independent Commission of Inquiry (BICI). One decade later, there may be no narrative that is sufficient for international damage control. What the authors call “implosion effects” may be the only way forward.
Migratory Flows Between Colombia and Venezuela Since 1950: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Olasolo Héctor , Urueña-Sánchez Mario , Velásquez María Paula López 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Migratory flows between Colombia and Venezuela have been continuous and bidirectional since 1950. Depending on the period under analysis, one can find migratory flows from Colombia to Venezuela, or vice versa. During the second half of the twentieth century, intense violence and lack of economic development caused a constant migratory flow from Colombia to Venezuela. Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, this situation began to be reversed. Initially, an incipient migration to Colombia of Venezuelans with resources and high professional training occurred between 2000 and 2014. Subsequently, a massive migration flow of Venezuelans with fewer resources and limited professional training took place between 2015 and 2019, and especially between 2017 and 2019. This has been described as the largest migration wave in the recent history of Latin America. The COVID-19 pandemic has abruptly halted this migration wave from March 2020 due to several socioeconomic and political factors that are analysed in the chapter.
Beyond Classic Core Crimes: International Criminal Law for the Protection of Mankind—Economic and Environmental Crimes as International Crimes
Authors: Engelhart Marc , Roksandić Sunčana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has become apparent that problem areas and challenges for international criminal law go far beyond armed conflict (and their coverage, such as in the Statute of the International Criminal Court). The risks and dangers for humanity in the most diverse areas are capable of massively impairing people’s quality of life or even depriving them of their livelihood; thereby endangering peace, security, and global well-being. Of particular concern are serious economic (systematic and large-scale corruption) as well as environmental crimes. The development of a global regulatory framework in which criminal law is embedded to cover the most serious violations is therefore indispensable. This chapter, after recognising the shift in global politics, presents the viewpoint on how international, transnational, EU, and national criminal law should be reshaped and connected. Furthermore, the chapter proposes enforcement mechanisms to efficiently tackle the existing challenges. Prior to undertaking this project, the chapter provides an analysis of the existing norms.
Introductory Note
Authors: Gomula Joanna 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 2020, WTO Panel and Appellate Body reports were adopted in five disputes. This was the last year of the Appellate Body’s activity, which was able to finalize appeals notified prior to December 2019 owing to Rule 15 of the Working Procedures for Appellate Review. The Appellate Body’s last report (which was the highlight of the 2020 jurisprudence), issued in the Australia—Plain Packaging dispute, confirmed that Australia’s tobacco plain packaging measures did not violate the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. WTO reports adopted in 2020 also included another TBT case (focusing on conformity assessment procedures in the ongoing trade conflict between Ukraine and Russia), as well as three trade remedy disputes.
Introductory Note
Authors: Teles Patrícia Galvão , Antunes João Gil , Teixeira Rita Guerreiro 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) provided administrative services in 211 proceedings in 2020, divided by 7 inter-state arbitrations, 126 investor-state arbitrations, 74 contract-based arbitrations, and 4 other proceedings of a different nature. These proceedings involved a diverse variety of actors, including sovereign states, intergovernmental organizations, and public or private entities. Of these proceedings, 59 were initiated in 2020. As for appointing authority services, in 2020, the PCA received 42 requests in total, including requests that the Secretary-General of the PCA designate an appointing authority (18), act as an appointing authority for the appointment of an arbitrator (13), or act as an appointing authority to decide a challenge to an arbitrator (6). Among the public arbitral awards issued in 2020, of particular significance are the award concerning the preliminary objections of the Russia Federation in the dispute brought by Ukraine concerning coastal state rights in the Black Sea, Sea of Azov, and Kerch Strait and the award in the UNCITRAL Arbitration between PV investors and the Kingdom of Spain.
Child-Driven Parenting: Differential Early Childhood Investment by Offspring Genotype
Authors: Breinholt Asta , Conley Dalton 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A growing literature points to children’s influence on parents’ behavior, including parental investments in children. Further, previous research has shown differential parental response by socioeconomic status to children’s birth weight, cognitive ability, and school outcomes—all early life predictors of later socioeconomic success. This study considers an even earlier, more exogenous predictor of parental investments: offspring genotype. Specifically, we analyze (1) whether children’s genetic propensity toward educational success affects parenting during early childhood and (2) whether parenting in response to children’s genetic propensity toward educational success is socially stratified. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Survey of Parents and Children (N = 6,247), we construct polygenic indexes (PGIs) for educational attainment (EA) and regress cognitively stimulating parenting behavior during early childhood on these PGIs. We apply Mendelian imputation to construct the missing parental genotype. This approach allows us to control for both parents’ PGIs for EA and thereby achieve a natural experiment: Conditional on parental genotype, the offspring genotype is randomly assigned. In this way, we eliminate the possibility that child’s genotype may be proxying unmeasured parent characteristics. Results differ by parenting behavior: (1) parents’ singing to the child is not affected by the child’s EA PGI, (2) parents play more with children with higher EA PGIs, and (3) non-college-educated parents read more to children with higher education PGIs, while college-educated parents respond less to children’s EA PGI.