bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody Responses of Rhesus (Macaca Mulatta) Monkeys Experimentally Infected with Coxsackieviruses of Group B and Group A, Type 9
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Lennette Edwin H. , Ho Helen H. , Shinomoto Tak T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralizing, complement-fixing (CF), precipitating and hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody responses were studied in rhesus monkeys experimentally infected by oral administration of coxsackievirus types B1, B3, B4, B5, B6 and A9. Antibody responses were studied both in initial infections and in successive infections with viral heterotypes. Neutralizing antibody responses were seen to be rapid and type specific; in successive infections with viral heterotypes antibody elicited by previous infections was often recalled, but antibody was not produced to viral types other than those with which the animals had experienced an infection. Complement-fixing antibody responses were type specific in initial infections, but subsequent infections served to broaden the antibody spectrum; not only was antibody recalled to viral types with which the animals had previously been infected, but CF antibody was produced to viral types with which the animals had ostensibly had no previous experience. CF antibody responses were also accelerated in successive infections. The monkeys produced both specific and group-reactive precipitating antibodies, the latter to viral types with which the animals had not been infected. As in the case of CF antibodies, the spectrum of group precipitating antibodies was broadened in successive infections. Specific precipitating antibody was produced only to the infecting viral type and was of short duration. HI antibody produced in response to infections with coxsackievirus types B1, B3 and B5 was type specific and tended to parallel neutralizing antibody in temporal appearance and persistence.
Studies with Rhesus Monkey Antisera to Human γM-Globulins (γM)
Authors: Mackenzie M. R. , Deutsch H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serologic differences between γM-globulin antibodies such as Rh saline agglutinins, the α- and β-isohemogglutinins and cold and heterophile agglutinins have been demonstrated by the use of rhesus monkey antisera to individual Rh saline agglutinins and to Waldenström γM-globulins. Differences in the γM-globulin antibodies within an individual human sera also exist.
Rhesus monkey antisera to γM-globulins give multiple precipitin bands with normal human serum or with isolated γM-globulins when the reactions are carried out in agar gel. This further indicates the antigenic complexity of these proteins.
Immunoelectrophoretic studies in agar indicate that the primary factors in human serum responsible for the precipitin reactions with the monkey anti-Rh saline agglutinins are γM-globulins. Starch gel immunoelectrophoretic experiments confirm this and further indicate that other proteins are present in Type O sera that react with monkey antibody to γM-globulins.
Frequency Distribution of α, γ, κ and λ Polypeptide Chains in Human Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Bernier George M. , Cebra John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fluorescent antibody preparations of different colors and specificities have been used to determine the qualitative and quantitative distribution of four kinds of immunoglobulin polypeptide chains in human splenic tissue. Single cells were found to contain one kind of heavy chain and one kind of light chain, but rarely, if at all, did two kinds of light chain (κ and λ) coexist in a single cell. Similarly, the heavy chains, α and γ, appeared to be mutually exclusive. The relative frequency of the two kinds of light chains paralleled the relative serum concentrations of these moieties. Cells containing γ chains were slightly more frequent than cells containing α chains, but not to the extent anticipated by the relative serum concentrations of these two immunoglobulins.
An Immunogenetic Study of the Rabbit Agglutinator Factor (Anti-Antibody)
Authors: Cohen Carl , Tissot Robert G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Serum factors, called agglutinators, have been described which are capable of causing the agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes specifically sensitized with certain incomplete rabbit isoantibody. Of 13 different sensitized cell systems, 5 were capable of detecting the agglutinator factor. One of these systems detected an agglutinator factor which appears to be present as the result of the action of the recessive genes ag/ag.
Association of Immunologic Determination with the Lymphocyte Fraction of the Peritoneal Fluid Cell Population
Authors: Weiler Ivan Jeanne , Weiler Eberhardt 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two immune peritoneal fluid cell populations, determined with respect to different antibody specificities (bacteriophages T6 and T7), were fractionated in parallel. The lymphocyte fraction of specificity T6 (LyT6) was then combined with the macrophage-neutrophil fraction of the other specificity (M-NT7), and vice versa. The two heterospecifically recombined cell populations were each injected into a group of irradiated mice. The antibody titers of specificities T6 and T7 in each group were then related to the proportions of each of the respective cell types injected into the host animals.
Mice receiving the combination LyT6/M-NT7 produced more antibody of specificity T6 than of T7; mice receiving recombined LyT7/M-NT6 produced more T7 antibody. It is concluded that immunologic determination is associated with the lymphocyte fraction of the peritoneal fluid cell population.
Conversion of Nonimmune Spleen Cells to Antibody-Forming Cells by Rna: Strain Specificity of the Response
Authors: Cohen Edward P. , Newcomb Richard W. , Crosby Louise K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Spleen cells from nonimmunized mice were converted to antibody-forming cells by an RNA extract from the spleens of immunized mice. The conversion took place in the presence of trypsin, pronase, both α and β-amylase and DNase, but was blocked by chloramphenicol and ribonuclease. RNA extracted from the spleens of mice immunized with an unrelated antigen was ineffectual, and the addition of RNA from nonimmunized mice to the active preparation reduced the number of antibody-forming cells. The conversion was found to be partially strain-specific. Separation of total cellular RNA revealed most of the active material to be in the 8 to 12 S fraction.
Studies on Immunity in Experimental Leptospirosis: the Immunogenicity of Leptospira Icterohemorrhagiae Attenuated by γ-Irradiation
Authors: Hubbert William T. , Miller James N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Leptospira icterohemorrhagiae, γ-irradiated with 70,000 r or greater, failed to multiply in vitro, were rendered noninfectious for guinea pigs, yet maintained their motility in Stuart's medium for 2 to 10 days, the time varying inversely with the irradiation dosage. L. icterohemorrhagiae, γ-irradiated with 100,000 r or 1,000,000 r, retained their ability to induce agglutination-lysis antibody in both hyperimmunized rabbits and guinea pigs. Of 12 guinea pigs immunized with L icterohemorrhagiae, γ-irradiated with 100,000 r, 11 were protected against both symptomatic and latent renal infection as measured by the absence of positive blood and kidney cultures following challenge. This was in contrast to the formalinkilled, sonically disrupted and water-soluble vaccines which failed to provide adequate clinical protection. Little or no agglutinin response resulted following immunization with the four vaccines.
Immunochemical Properties of Human γA Isoagglutinin
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Lee Evelyn H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The three immunoglobulins, i.e., γG, γA and γM, were isolated from the sera of type O humans, who were immunized with A substance. γA-globulin was fractionated into polymer and monomer types. The effect of reduction with mercaptoethanol and alkylation by iodoacetate on antigen-binding activity of anti-A antibodies were studied. The results indicated that the stability of the activity to the treatment was different depending on the immunoglobulins with which the anti-A antibody was associated; the susceptibility of both polymer and monomer types γA-antibodies was intermediate between that of γG- and γM-antibodies. Upon reduction and alkylation, the polymer type γA-antibody was dissociated to subunits containing antigen-combining site(s). It was also found that a part of the antigen-combining activity remained after reduction and alkylation of γM-antibody. Evidence was presented that the activity was associated with subunits of the antibody. Reduction of γM-antibody followed by dialysis against saline resulted in reassociation of subunits to form fast-sedimenting molecules having agglutinating activity.
Immunochemical and Genetic Studies of Two Distinct γG-Immunoglobulins in BALB/c Mice
Authors: Dray Sheldon , Potter Michael , Lieberman Rose 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-seven different immunoglobulins prepared from sera and urine of BALB/c mice with plasma cell tumors were tested with a variety of mouse allotype antisera reacting with immunoglobulins of normal BALB/c mice. None of the antisera obtained from 15 different donor-recipient combinations reacted in Ouchterlony precipitin tests with the one γM- and three γA-immunoglobulins nor with the ten λ and two κ light polypeptide chains from mice with plasma cell tumors. Several of the antisera gave weak precipitin reactions near the antigen well with some of the five immunoglobulins designated γF; these reactions were interpreted as the probable result of contamination with small amounts of immunoglobulins from normal plasma cells.
The antisera distinguished between two classes of γG-immunoglobulins designated γG-Be1 and γG-Be2. Some antisera gave dense precipitin bands with the three tumor-derived γG-Be2 immunoglobulins as well as the corresponding γG-Be2 immunoglobulin in normal serum but not with the three tumor-derived γG-Be1 immunoglobulins. Similarly, some antisera gave dense precipitin bands with the three tumor-derived γG-Be1 immunoglobulins as well as the corresponding γG-Be1 immunoglobulin in normal serum but not with the three tumor-derived γG-Be2 immunoglobulins. The allotypic specificities which distinguish between γG-Be1 and γG-Be2 (designated a1′ and a1") were found to be associated with the papain Fc-fragment, a part of the heavy polypeptide chain.
Antisera specific for γG-Be1 and γG-Be2 (anti-a1′ and anti-a1″) were used to test F2 progeny for independent assortment or linkage. The a1′ and a1″ allotypic specificities were either both present or both absent in the same F2 progeny indicating close linkage in their genetic control.
Studies in Immunization
Authors: Salvaggio John E. , Flax Martin H. , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Beryllium, a known granuloma-producing agent in man, has been substituted for mycobacteria in Freund's adjuvant and its effects on antibody production and delayed hypersensitivity to bovine serum albumin have been observed in rabbits and guinea pigs.
Animals inoculated with beryllium adjuvant emulsions exhibited only a moderate increase in antibody production to the antigen when compared with a control group given bovine serum albumin (BSA) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. However, they developed virtually no delayed hypersensitivity to BSA when compared to a third group given BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant (with mycobacteria).
Histologic study showed marked similarities in the cellular response of the local injection sites of beryllium and mycobacterial adjuvants. However, the granulomata associated with beryllium were not as extensively disseminated or as rich in epithelioid cells as those associated with mycobacterial adjuvants.
A Study of Phase Variation in Coxiella Burneti Employing Hemagglutination Tests
Authors: Bakemeier Richard F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutination tests with normal and tannic acid-treated RBC exposed to ultrasonicates of Coxiella burneti have been employed in a study of the phase variation of these organisms. The results are consistent with the hypothesis, initially derived from complement fixation studies, that Phase I C. burneti contain a component(s), with the RBC-adsorption characteristics of polysaccharides, which is markedly deficient, although probably present, in purified suspensions of Phase II organisms. Rickettsiae of both phases appear to contain protein antigens reacting with anti-Phase II sera.
Preparation of Antiserum to Enteroviruses in Large Animals
Authors: Hampil Bettylee , Melnick Joseph L. , Wallis Craig , Brown Russell W. , Braye Edward T. , Adams Raymond R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The usefulness of five species of large domestic animals for the preparation of enterovirus immune serum was investigated systematically, using horses, cattle, sheep, goats and swine and five representative enterovirus strains, namely, poliovirus 1, coxsackievirus A9, coxsackievirus B3, and echoviruses 4 and 11.
Monkey kidney tissue culture fluids of the prototype strains were treated with molar MgCl2 to preserve maximal viral infectivity and antigenicity, and concentrated tenfold by the Mg-Al carbonate method, for use as immunizing antigens. The results of serum neutralization tests showed that horses, cattle, sheep and goats produce serum of useful titer against all five viruses, and large volumes of antisera were collected. Swine responded to poliovirus 1 but not to the other four viruses. The horse appears to be the animal of choice in terms of the height of the antibody response and the closely similar titers among individual animals of each group. Booster doses, administered 21 to 28 weeks after completion of primary immunization with four doses of antigen, were effective in elevating the serum antibody titers to levels equal to or above the highest titers previously observed. Recommendations are proposed for a practical scheme to yield antiserum of high titer (10,000 range) in volumes as large as 25 L, from as few as two animals.
A problem of fundamental significance was emphasized by tests performed on the echovirus 4 antisera. These sera, though high in neutralizing antibody titer against the DuToit strain of echovirus 4, were essentially negative when tested against the prototype virus (Pesascek) which had been used as the immunizing antigen. This paradoxical situation has been studied and is discussed further in a separate publication (19).
The Specificity and Interaction with Poliovirus of an Inhibitory Bovine Serum
Authors: Pagano Joseph S. , Gilden Raymond V. , Sedwick W. David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bovine sera capable of inhibiting plaque formation of poliovirus may be highly selective in their action. A bovine serum that strongly inhibited plaque formation of the CHAT type 1 attenuated poliovirus had little effect on the 24 other type 1 strains tested, whether attenuated or virulent. An inhibitory factor, located in the 19 S serum globulin fraction by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200, did not affect replication of the sensitive virus, but it did initially neutralize virus in a cell-free system according to first order kinetics. The neutralized virus was reactivated at pH's below 5.0.
In correlating the inhibition in plaque reduction tests with the effects of cell-free neutralization, three results were observed: a) virus sensitive in both systems, b) virus nonsensitive in plaque reduction tests but sensitive to direct incubation with inhibitory serum and c) virus relatively nonsensitive in both systems.
In experiments with sequential neutralization, the addition of fresh bovine serum to mixtures containing virus previously exposed to bovine serum did not cause neutralization of the remaining infectious virus. However, type 1 antiserum did neutralize additional virus, although the amount neutralized and the rate of the second reaction were both somewhat diminished. Conversely, bovine serum added to complexes of virus and type 1 antiserum did not neutralize the residual virus.
Partial Separation of Skin-Sensitizing Antibody from Antibodies Which Bind Antigens in vitro
Authors: Kopp William L. , Bilbo Richard E. , Reed Charles E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Gel filtration and density-gradient sedimentation partially separated the immunoglobulins in sera of atopic persons so that the distribution of antibodies to ragweed and house dust antigens could be studied. Binding of radioiodine-labeled antigens was assayed by the Farr technique and skin-sensitizing antibody by passive transfer. Binding of labeled house dust antigen correlated with the distributions of both IgM and IgG. Binding of ragweed varied. In some sera maximal binding correlated with IgM, in others with IgG, and in still others with both immunoglobulins. In three sera which incidentally contained antibody to BSA, binding appeared to be associated only with IgG. The distribution of binding of ragweed and house dust correlated poorly with the distribution of skin-sensitizing antibody. While a large amount of binding of these antigens by IgG might obscure a small amount of binding by IgA, most of the antibodies which bind ragweed and house dust antigens in vitro are IgM and IgG.
Characterization of the Antibody for Vibrio Fetus Endotoxin in Sera of Normal and V. Fetus Infected Cattle
Authors: Winter A. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody for Vibrio fetus endotoxin has been demonstrated in sera from normal cattle of different ages. The V. fetus antibody resembles the “natural antibodies” described for other endotoxins in its specificity and in the uniformity of its distribution and concentration in serum. Antibody active in a passive hemagglutination reaction with lipopolysaccharide sensitized cells was associated almost exclusively with the γ1-macroglobulin component. Precipitating activity was localized mainly in the lower molecular weight globulins. Certain characteristics of the precipitins suggest that they may be γ1A-globulins. The presence of the venereal variety of V. fetus in bulls brought about no detectable change in quality or quantity of antibody. Venereal vibriosis in heifers led to the formation of serum precipitins more heat-stable than those in normal sera. In one animal which had aborted from vibriosis in the 6th month of gestation, precipitating and hemagglutinating activities were divided between the γ2- and γ1-macroglobulins.
The Adjuvant Action of Latex Particulate Carriers
Authors: Litwin Stephen D. , Singer Jacques M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Polystyrene latex particles, with human γ-globulin adsorbed to their surface, acted as an adjuvant to antibody production. Several features of this adjuvancy were studied. It was found that the enhanced antibody response was present during the primary immune response but could not be demonstrated on secondary stimulation. No adjuvant effect occurred unless the FII and latex particle were in direct contact with one another. The antibody production during the immune response was dose-dependent on the amount of protein antigen used and was unaffected by very wide variations in the number of particulate carriers utilized, or the diameter of the particulate carrier (range from 500 Å to 13,000 Å). Antigenicity was not increased when fewer protein molecules were adsorbed per latex particle. During this adjuvant-induced primary antibody response the antibody population was initially composed of 19 S and 7 S molecules, followed later by 7 S antibody.
The data obtained suggested that the adjuvant effect of the human FII latex particulate carrier system was due to alteration of the configuration of the protein rather than being a result of changes in phagocytic uptake and handling.
Chemical and Physical Variables Affecting the Properties of Fluorescein Isothiocyanate and Its Protein Conjugates
Authors: Klugerman Maxwell R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of pH, time, temperature, and buffer systems on solutions of fluorescein isothiocyanate and its protein conjugates was examined fluorometrically. The fluorescence of the isothiocyanate and of the protein conjugate was maximal at about pH 8.7 and pH 10.7, respectively. The stability of their fluorescence above pH 7 was affected adversely by increases in pH or temperature. The protein conjugate, however, showed maximum stability at pH 10.5 and above. The type of buffer (carbonate, phosphate, borate, Tris and barbiturate) did not affect the fluorescence of the free dye significantly. On the other hand, increasing the molarity of the buffer caused a decrease in stability of fluorescence of the free dye but did not seriously affect the fluorescence of the conjugate.
The absorbance of fluorescein isothiocyanate and its conjugates increased with increasing pH. In 1 N NaOH, the effect of pH variation on absorbance was minimized.
By increasing the pH or temperature of the reaction mixture during conjugation, fluorescein isothiocyanate reacted more readily with the protein. Conditions may be selected to obtain the desired degree of label with short conjugation periods. Conjugation of a bovine anti-Brucella abortus globulin sample for 30 min at pH 9.45 and room temperature was as effective as conjugating at pH 8.75 for 18 hr at 5°C. No apparent loss of biologic activity as the result of conjugation was observed.
The binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate to protein resulted in a loss of fluorescence efficiency, the extent of loss being dependent upon the pH of measurement.
Existing procedures in fluorescent antibody studies should be reevaluated on the basis of the variables discussed.
Structural Characteristics of Red Cell Autoantibodies
Authors: Eyster M. Elaine , Nachman Ralph L. , Christenson William N. , Engle Ralph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The direct Coombs' reaction has been studied in 18 cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia not associated with elevated cold agglutinin titers. The erythrocyte coating substance was γG-globulin alone in five patients, γG-globulin in combination with complement in nine, and complement alone in four. It has been demonstrated that the heavy chain and both types of light chains are involved in the γG-antiglobulin reaction. Variation in the strength of direct antiglobulin reactions with specific antisera to Bence Jones proteins of type K or type L indicated that the autoantibodies in nine of these patients were a heterogeneous group of γG-globulin molecules. Possible sites of complement fixation to the red cell membrane and to the γ-globulin molecule are discussed in relation to these findings.
Arthus Type Inflammation with Rabbit γM Antibody
Authors: Tada Tomio , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit γM antibody against human type A substance gave precipitin reactions in vitro and induced reversed Arthus type of inflammation in guinea pigs which had received A substance. Preformed complexes composed of A substance and γM antibody also induced the allergic inflammation in normal guinea pig skin. On a weight basis, the minimum dose of the γM antibody for the induction of hemorrhage in reversed Arthus reactions was two to four times as much as the dose of the γG antibody. In the reactions by the preformed complexes, a similar dose of γM and γG antibody in the form of complexes with A substance induced comparable skin reactions.
Role of Interferon during Viremia
Authors: Baron Samuel , Buckler Charles E. , McCloskey Richard V. , Kirschstein Ruth L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice, chickens, hamsters, rats and monkeys were studied for induction of circulating interferon following viremias resulting from infection or intravenous injection of diverse viruses. Most combinations of animal species and virus types resulted in early production of serum interferon, although not all such combinations were successful. These results indicate that circulating interferon is a rather general response by animals during the viremic phase of virus infection. Interferon was observed to leave the serum in vivo at a rate of about thirtyfold/hr. Using this rate it can be conservatively estimated that a total of 100,000 units of circulating interferon are produced during many of the viremias of mice.