bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosing the interstellar medium of galaxies with far-infrared emission lines
Authors: Ramos Padilla A. F. , Wang L. , van der Tak F. F. S. , Trager S. C. 
Published: September 2023

Context.Gas cooling processes in the interstellar medium (ISM) are key to understanding how star formation occurs in galaxies. Far-infrared (FIR) fine-structure emission lines can be used to infer gas conditions and trace different phases of the ISM.Aims.We model eight of the most important FIR emission lines and explore their variation with star formation rate (SFR) out toz = 6 using cosmological hydrodynamical simulations. In addition, we study how different physical parameters, such as the interstellar radiation field (ISRF) and metallicity, impact the FIR lines and line ratios.Methods.We implemented a physically motivated multi-phase model of the ISM by post-processing the EAGLEcosmological simulation and using CLOUDYlook-up tables for line emissivities. In this model we included four phases of the ISM: dense molecular gas, neutral atomic gas, diffuse ionised gas (DIG), and H IIregions.Results.Our model shows reasonable agreement (to ∼0.5 dex) with the observed line luminosity–SFR relations up toz = 6 in the FIR lines analysed. For ease of comparison, we also provide linear fits to our model results. Our predictions also agree reasonably well with observations in diagnostic diagrams involving various FIR line ratios.Conclusions.We find that [C II] is the best SFR tracer of the FIR lines even though it arises from multiple ISM phases, while [O III] and [N II] can be used to understand the DIG–H IIbalance in the ionised gas. In addition, line ratios such as [C II]/[O III] and [N II]/[O I] are useful for deriving parameters such as ISRF, metallicity, and specific SFR. These results can help interpret the observations of the FIR lines from the local Universe to high redshifts.
Influence of star-forming galaxy selection on the galaxy main sequence
Authors: Pearson W. J. , Pistis F. , Figueira M. , Małek K. , Moutard T. , Vergani D. , Pollo A. 
Published: September 2023

Aims. This work aims to determine how the galaxy main sequence (MS) changes using seven different commonly used methods to select the star-forming galaxies within VIPERS data over 0.5 ≤ z < 1.2. The form and redshift evolution of the MS was then compared between selection methods.
Methods. The star-forming galaxies were selected using widely known methods: a specific star-formation rate (sSFR); Baldwin, Phillips, and Terlevich (BPT) diagram; a 4000 Å spectral break (D4000) cut; and four colour-colour cuts (near-ultra-violet – V verses r − J (NUVrJ), near-ultra-violet – V verses r − K (NUVrK), u − r, and U − V verses V − J (UVJ)). The main sequences were then fitted for each of the seven selection methods using a Markov chain Monte Carlo forward modelling routine, fitting both a linear main sequence and a MS with a high-mass turnover to the star-forming galaxies. This was done in four redshift bins of 0.50 ≤ z < 0.62, 0.62 ≤ z < 0.72, 0.72 ≤ z < 0.85, and 0.85 ≤ z < 1.20.
Results. The slopes of all star-forming samples were found to either remain constant or increase with redshift, and the scatters were approximately constant. There is no clear redshift dependency of the presence of a high-mass turnover for the majority of samples, with the NUVrJ and NUVrK being the only samples with turnovers only at low redshift. No samples have turnovers at all redshifts. Star-forming galaxies selected with sSFR and u − r are the only samples to have no high-mass turnover in all redshift bins. The normalisation of the MS increases with redshift, as expected. The scatter around the MS is lower than the ≈0.3 dex typically seen in MS studies for all seven samples.
Conclusions. The lack (or presence) of a high-mass turnover is at least partially a result of the method used to select star-forming galaxies. However, whether a turnover should be present or not is unclear.
Investigating the origin of optical flares from the TeV blazar S4 0954+65
Authors: Pandey Ashwani , Bachev Rumen , Czerny Bożena , Wiita Paul J. , Gupta Alok C. , Strigachev Anton , Popowicz Adam 
Published: September 2023

Aims. We aim to investigate the extreme variability properties of the TeV blazar S4 0954+65 using optical photometric and polarisation observations carried out between 2017 and 2023 using three ground-based telescopes.
Methods. We examined an extensive dataset comprised of 138 intraday (observing duration shorter than a day) light curves (LCs) of S4 0954+65 for flux, spectral, and polarisation variations on diverse timescales. For the variable LCs, we computed the minimum variability timescales. We investigated flux–flux correlations and colour variations to look for spectral variations on long (several weeks to years) timescales. Additionally, we looked for connections between optical R-band flux and polarisation degree.
Results. We found significant variations in 59 out of 138 intraday LCs. We detected a maximum change of 0.58 ± 0.11 in V-band magnitude within ∼2.64 h and a corresponding minimum variability timescale of 18.21 ± 4.87 mins on 2017 March 25. During the course of our observing campaign, the source brightness changed by ∼4 magnitudes in V and R bands; however, we did not find any strong spectral variations. The slope of the relative spectral energy distribution was 1.37 ± 0.04. The degree of polarisation varied from ∼3% to 39% during our monitoring. We observed a change of ∼120 degrees in polarisation angle (PA) within ∼3 h on 2022 April 13. No clear correlation was found between optical flux and the degree of polarisation.
Conclusions. The results of our optical flux, colour, and polarisation study provide hints that turbulence in the relativistic jet could be responsible for the intraday optical variations in the blazar S4 0954+65. However, the long-term flux variations may be caused by changes in the Doppler factor.
Benefits of Bimodal Stimulation to Speech Perception in Noise and Silence
Authors: Dourado Rayssa Pacheco Brito , Caldas Fernanda Ferreira , Cardoso Carolina Costa , Santos Danielle Cristovão dos , Bahmad Fayez 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Introduction Understanding all the benefits of bimodality with self-assessment questionnaires on the effect of hearing on quality of life is still necessary.
Objective To present whether bimodality still offers hearing benefits to the population who uses acoustic stimulation associated with electrical stimulation.
Methods The present study included 13 participants aged between 16 and 80 years old who were users of cochlear implants from Cochlear Corporation and hearing aids. All patients underwent the Hearing in Noise Test, and their visual analog scale score was obtained. Four-tone means were collected, and the participants answered the Speech, Spatial and Hearing Qualities questionnaire.
Results Bimodal users had an average sentence recognition rate of 76.0% in silence and 67.6% in fixed noise, and the signal-to-noise ratio in adaptive noise was +2.89dB. In addition, a lower level of difficulty was observed in the test using the visual analog scale. The domain with the highest average was auditory qualities (6.50), followed by spatial hearing (6.26) and hearing for speech (5.81). Individuals with an average between 50 and 70 dB of hearing level showed better sentence recognition in silence and noise.
Conclusion Bimodal stimulation showed benefits for users with different degrees of hearing loss; however, individuals who presented greater hearing residue had better performance in speech recognition with noise and in silence in addition to a good perception of hearing quality.
An Experience in Laboratory Diagnosis of Fungal Infections in COVID -19 Patients
Authors: Boorgula Sushma Yadav , Yelamanchili Sadhana , Sistla Srinivas Kishore , Saher Lubna , Gujjarlapudi Deepika , E. Shalini , V. Sindhu Devi , Duvvur Nageshwar Reddy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Introduction Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has cast a gloom spell on healthcare worldwide, infecting millions of people.
Objective The aim of the present study is to determine the prevalence and review the contributing comorbidities and the precipitating factors leading to the emergence of the fungal infections in COVID-19-affected patients. To assess the utility of different laboratory techniques for confirmation of fungal infections. To assess the strengths and limitations of the diagnostic methods.
Methods We have studied 252 clinical samples obtained from 121 COVID-positive patients.
Results Among the 121 patients clinically diagnosed with fungal infections, 88 had diabetes and were given steroids for treatment (p-value = 0.001). Ninety-five patients (78.5%) had a positive laboratory diagnosis (either culture positive, potassium hydroxide [KOH]-positive or positive histopathology report). Fungal culture was positive in 75 (61.9%) patients and histopathology report was positive in 62 (51.2%). Histopathology was positive in 7 (5.8%) patients in whom culture and KOH were negative.
Conclusion Aggressive treatment methods, administration of immune suppressants, and antibiotics, with an intention to salvage, have made patients susceptible to the benign fungus, causing it to evade the host immunity, thus leading to invasive infections. Applying different laboratory modalities would not only aid in providing fast and valuable information but also help in understanding the pathology which would assist the clinician in selecting the correct treatment for the patient.
The Intersection of Social Determinants of Health and Post-stroke Aphasia Outcomes: A Need for Intersectional Analysis
Authors: Evans Elizabeth , Jacobs Molly , Ellis Charles 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAphasia is a disorder that results from damage to portions of the brain that are responsible for language and can vary significantly by type and severity. Differences in aphasia outcomes are influenced by the social determinants of health (SDOH). The SDOH are structural, environmental, and personal determinants that influence health outcomes. Intersectionality, or how one's social and political identities interact to influence individual life outcomes and/or advantage in our society, provides a way to examine the varying levels of the SDOH. However, intersectionality is complex, difficult to measure, and has not yet been explored in post-stroke aphasia outcomes. This article reviews the relationship of race and aphasia outcomes and the SDOH and aphasia outcomes. Additionally, we provide a novel current approach to examine the SDOH and aphasia outcomes. Lastly, we discuss the need for evaluation of intersectionality in aphasia and aim to provide a leveled social–ecological framework to examine aphasia-related outcomes. With notable individual differences among aphasia outcomes, we present a framework to support optimizing research and clinical aphasia care in speech-language pathology.
Evaluation of an Instructional Video and Simulation Model for Teaching Slit Lamp Examination to Medical Students
Authors: Collis Sophia , Yung Madeline , Parikh Neeti 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Purpose This article assesses the efficacy of an instructional video and model eye simulation for teaching slit lamp exam to medical students as compared to traditional preceptor teaching.
Methods First through 4th year students from the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine were recruited via email to participate in the study. Students were randomized into two groups. The experimental “model eye” group watched an instructional video on slit lamp exam, spent 10 minutes practicing on the model eye, then practiced for 25 minutes with a student partner. The control “preceptor teaching” group received 25 minutes of in-person preceptor teaching on slit lamp exam, then spent 25 minutes practicing with a student partner. Students were objectively assessed by a blinded grader who scored their examination skills with a 31-item checklist. Qualtrics surveys that measured student perceptions were distributed before and after the intervention.
Results Seventeen medical students participated in the study. Students in the model eye group achieved higher mean objective assessment scores than students in the preceptor teaching group on skills relating to slit lamp set up (1.75, standard deviation [SD] = 0.50 and 1.50, SD = 0.80 out of 2 points, p = 0.03) and on the total score (1.69, SD = 0.6 and 1.48, SD = 0.8 out of 2 points, p < 0.01). Both groups reported a significant increase in their understanding of what a slit lamp is used for (p < 0.01) and in their confidence using a slit lamp (p < 0.01). All students felt their skills improved with the workshop, 94% found the workshop to be useful, and 88% enjoyed the workshop, with no intergroup differences on these metrics.
Conclusion An instructional video combined with a simulation model is as effective as traditional preceptor teaching of the slit lamp exam. Such a teaching module may be considered as an adjunct to traditional methods.
Using go-it-alone power to overcome intergovernmental deadlock: national vetoes, credible threats, and multi-speed Europe in the British budgetary rebate crisis
Authors: Schramm Lucas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDifferentiated integration, and the prospect thereof, is a prominent feature of European integration and policymaking. This article theorizes and demonstrates an explicit link between the threat of differentiated integration and the resolution of major European integration crises. Based on archival sources and secondary literature on differentiated integration, it shows how and why, in June 1984, the United Kingdom and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed to increase the European Community’s (EC) financial resources, despite their years-long insistence on budgetary restraint and their formal right to veto such a decision. The article argues that the prospect of a ‘multi-speed’ Europe, represented by Franco-German ‘go-it-alone’ power, threatened to exclude recalcitrant member states. Lacking more promising alternatives to continued membership in a reformed EC, the British government consented to European financial objectives. It also joined the other national governments towards deeper political integration and, eventually, a European Union, despite its actual rejection of European federal ambitions. The article’s theoretical expectations and empirical findings on ways to overcome intergovernmental deadlock based on formal national veto rights have broader implications also for more recent European integration crises.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae positivity in contacts presenting to a sexual health centre
Authors: Bromley T. , Sundran D. , Khaw C. , Ratnayake M. 
Published: September 2023

Background Concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance and the appropriate use of antibiotics have resulted in many sexual health clinics moving away from the epidemiological treatment of contacts of gonorrhoea. The aim of this study was to inform decision-making regarding patients who are contacts who should be given epidemiological treatment. Methods This is a retrospective study of positivity rates of symptomatic and asymptomatic contacts of gonorrhoea who attended the Adelaide Sexual Health Centre from 1 January 2018 to 31 December 2019. Relevant demographic and behavioural characteristics were examined. Non-parametric continuous data were examined as medians and interquartile ranges, and categorical variables were examined as proportions and percentages. Chi-squared tests were used to determine any statistically significant differences in the proportions of participants testing positive to gonorrhoea based on the categorical variables. Results A total of 402 clients were identified as contacts, of which 124 (30.8%) tested positive for gonorrhoea. Women were statistically more likely to test positive than men (27/56 (48.2%) of women vs 96/345 (27.8%) of men (P = 0.002), 0/1 transgender female). From a total of 76 heterosexual men, 14 (18.4%) tested positive as contacts, compared to 82/269 (30.5%) of bisexual/MSM (P = 0.038). Of the 214 asymptomatic bisexual/MSM, 55 (25.7%) were positive, 2/56 (3.6%) asymptomatic heterosexual men were positive and 10/29 (34.5%) asymptomatic females were positive for gonorrhoea. Conclusion This study identifies some demographic and behavioural characteristics that may be associated with a higher rate of gonorrhoea positivity as a contact, particularly females and MSM. Careful consideration may be required as to who should be given epidemiological treatment to ensure appropriate and judicious use of antibiotics.
Numerics of Bianchi type II and type IX spacetimes in effective loop quantum cosmology
Authors: Blackmore Timothy , Wilson-Ewing Edward 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We numerically determine the effective loop quantum cosmology (LQC) dynamics for the vacuum Bianchi type II and type IX spacetimes, in particular studying how the Kasner exponents evolve across the LQC bounce. We find that when the spatial curvature is negligible at the bounce then the Kasner exponents transform according to the same simple equation as for a Bianchi type I spacetime in effective LQC, while there are departures from this transformation rule in cases where the spatial curvature is significant during the bounce. We also use high-precision numerics to compute the evolution of a Bianchi type IX spacetime through multiple bounces and recollapses, and find indications of chaotic behavior. Interestingly, the numerics indicate that it is during the classical recollapse, and not the LQC bounce, that nearby solutions diverge most strongly.
Regularized factorization method for a perturbed positive compact operator applied to inverse scattering
Authors: Harris Isaac 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we consider a regularization strategy for the factorization method when there is noise added to the data operator. The factorization method is a qualitative method used in shape reconstruction problems. These methods are advantageous to use due to the fact that they are computationally simple and require little a priori knowledge of the object one wishes to reconstruct. The main focus of this paper is to prove that the regularization strategy presented here produces stable reconstructions. We will show this is the case analytically and numerically for the inverse shape problem of recovering an isotropic scatterer with a conductive boundary condition. We also provide a strategy for picking the regularization parameter with respect to the noise level. Numerical examples are given for a scatterer in two dimensions.
The influence of photothermal effect on the resonance frequency of fused silica micro hemispherical resonator
Authors: Wang Yalong , Hu Youwang , Zheng Haoning , Mei Silong , Sun Xiaoyan , Duan Ji’an 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Micro-electro mechanical system resonant gyroscope plays a more and more important role in inertial navigation. As a core sensing component of micro resonant gyroscope, fused silica micro hemispherical resonator (FS-MHR) is widely concerned because of its great performance potential. The resonance frequency is one of the important characteristic parameters of micro resonators, and laser vibration measurement technology is often used for high-precision measurement of this parameter. During the measurement process, it is inevitably affected by the interference of some light sources. To explore how light affects the resonance characteristics of FS-MHR, this paper establishes a relevant theoretical model; and verifies and analyzes the influence of the photothermal effect on the resonance characteristics of FS-MHR through simulation and experiment. Revealed the trend of temperature and resonance frequency changes over time under the same lighting conditions for uncoated and metal-coated films. The measured data shows that the resonance frequency of FS-MHR coated with the metal film is more susceptible to the influence of the photothermal effect. After 60 s of illumination, the resonance frequency will increase by 6.13 Hz, and frequency splitting will also cause a deviation fluctuation of 2.35 Hz under continuous illumination. This will introduce certain errors in the measurement results, and corresponding measures need to be taken to avoid interference from the light source.
Birth–death dynamics for sampling: global convergence, approximations and their asymptotics
Authors: Lu Yulong , Slepčev Dejan , Wang Lihan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Motivated by the challenge of sampling Gibbs measures with nonconvex potentials, we study a continuum birth–death dynamics. We improve results in previous works (Liu et al 2023 Appl. Math. Optim.
87 48; Lu et al 2019 arXiv:1905.09863) and provide weaker hypotheses under which the probability density of the birth–death governed by Kullback–Leibler divergence or by χ
2 divergence converge exponentially fast to the Gibbs equilibrium measure, with a universal rate that is independent of the potential barrier. To build a practical numerical sampler based on the pure birth–death dynamics, we consider an interacting particle system, which is inspired by the gradient flow structure and the classical Fokker–Planck equation and relies on kernel-based approximations of the measure. Using the technique of Γ-convergence of gradient flows, we show that on the torus, smooth and bounded positive solutions of the kernelised dynamics converge on finite time intervals, to the pure birth–death dynamics as the kernel bandwidth shrinks to zero. Moreover we provide quantitative estimates on the bias of minimisers of the energy corresponding to the kernelised dynamics. Finally we prove the long-time asymptotic results on the convergence of the asymptotic states of the kernelised dynamics towards the Gibbs measure.
Quantum interactions in topological R166 kagome magnet
Authors: Xu Xitong , Yin Jia-Xin , Qu Zhe , Jia Shuang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Kagome magnet has been found to be a fertile ground for the search of exotic quantum states in condensed matter. Arising from the unusual geometry, the quantum interactions in the kagome lattice give rise to various quantum states, including the Chern-gapped Dirac fermion, Weyl fermion, flat band and van Hove singularity. Here we review recent advances in the study of the R166 kagome magnet (RT6E6, R = rare earths; T = transition metals; and E = Sn, Ge, etc) whose crystal structure highlights the transition-metal-based kagome lattice and rare-earth sublattice. Compared with other kagome magnets, the R166 family owns the particularly strong interplays between the d electrons on the kagome site and the localized f electrons on the rare-earth site. In the form of spin-orbital coupling, exchange interaction and many-body effect, the quantum interactions play an essential role in the Berry curvature in both the reciprocal and real spaces of R166 family. We discuss the spectroscopic and transport visualization of the topological electrons hosted in the Mn kagome layer of RMn6Sn6 and the various topological effects due to the quantum interactions, including the Chern-gap opening, the exchange-biased effect, the topological Hall effect and the emergent inductance. We hope this work serves as a guide for future explorations of quantum magnets.