bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Trachoma
Authors: Weiss Charles 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The rhesus monkey was shown to be rendered relatively susceptible to infection with fresh tissue derived from human trachoma, by previous preparation of the conjunctiva by irritation with powdered Portland cement. Clinically and histologically, these lesions resemble those induced in other varieties of monkeys and can be transmitted in series from rhesus to rhesus. The New World monkey, Cebus capucinus, was also found to be susceptible to infection with human material. No evidence of a filterable virus was found in tissues removed from monkeys whose conjunctivae had developed lesions in reponse to inoculation with human trachomatous material. No evidence of an inclusion producing virus was found, upon serial passage of human trachomatous material from brain to brain or from testis to brain of mice or rabbits.
A Precipitin Reaction in Yellow Fever
Authors: Hughes T. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera taken from monkeys recently recovered from severe yellow fever infections possess a precipitin capable of reacting with a precipitinogen which occurs in the blood of monkeys during the period of acute illness. This precipitinogen is not the virus of yellow fever, but appears to be associated with a protein of the albumin fraction. Its concentration reflects the severity of illness. It disappears with recovery, after stimulating the formation of a precipitating antibody. This resulting precipitin is entirely independent of the protective antibody resulting from an infection.
A similar precipitin occurs in the serum of humans recently recovered from a severe yellow fever infection. This precipitin reacts with the precipitinogen occurring in the blood of monkeys during the acute phase of illness.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The injection of killed cultures of bacteria in animals leads to their development of specific immunity and tissue hypersensitiveness. Much is known regarding the nature of acquired immunity, especially with reference to antibody production, but relatively little appears to be known regarding acquired sensitivity. For over a year we have been investigating quantitative aspects of sensitization to different organisms, utilizing the albino rabbit as the experimental animal. During that period we have become more and more impressed with the extent to which sensitivity or, to use the widely accepted term, allergy is a marked and constant response of the rabbit to repeated injections of bacterial suspensions in the tissue. It was stated in connection with our studies on sensitization to proteins (1), that tissue hypersensitiveness frequently exists in the absence of serum precipitins.
A Refractory State As Concerns the Shwartzman Phenomenon
Authors: Peck Samuel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bothrops and rattlesnake venom under the experimental conditions cited were not efficacious in producing a refractory state as concerns the Shwartzman phenomenon. Copperhead and moccasin venom were efficacious. The minimum effective dose of moccasin venom necessary to produce a refractory state as concerns the Shwartzman phenomenon for the sample of moccasin venom used was found to be 0.04 mgm. given intradermally.
Solutions of moccasin venom made from different samples of pooled venom differed markedly in their ability to produce a refractory state against the Shwartzman phenomenon. This difference was due to the fact that the venoms of individual moccasin snakes vary in their content of the refractory-producing factor. Some moccasin venoms have been found which were not capable of producing a refractory state.
The potency of a venom with respect to the production of the refractory state (R.P.) was titrated.
There was no relationship between the neurotoxicity of the individual moccasin venoms and their ability to produce a refractory state as concerns the Shwartzman phenomenon.
Passive Sensitization of the Guinea Pig with Rabbit and Horse Anti-Pneumococcus Type I Serums
Authors: Mehlman Julia , Seegal Beatrice Carrier 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The passive sensitization of a normal animal with the serum of a hypersensitive animal of the same species was first successfully accomplished in the guinea pig (Otto; Nicolle; Gay and Southard). Pick and Yamanouchi were able passively to sensitize rabbits with serum of actively sensitized rabbits. Manwaring and Azevedo, on the other hand, found that in order to produce passive sensitization in dogs it was necessary to transfuse the blood of an actively sensitized animal directly into the normal dog. Horses (Ritzanthaler), frogs (Friede and Ebert), and chickens (Sherwood) have also been passively sensitized by the use of homologous serums.
It will be seen that attempts to transfer anaphylaxis passively with homologous serums have been generally successful. Fewer successful experiments to transfer anaphylaxis passively with heterologous serums have been reported. It has been consistently possible passively to sensitize guinea pigs with rabbit antiserums as first shown by Otto.
A Study of the Antigenic Properties of Lecithin and Cephalin
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study of the activity of purified cephalin and lecithin as antigens in the complement-fixation test and in the animal body is described.
The cephalin and lecithin used were both prepared from beef brain and the lecithin from beef liver and beef heart as well.
These phosphatides, dispersed by several methods, were inactive, outside the lytic or anticomplementary range, in the in vitro test. Reinforcement with cholesterol had no effect.
The lecithins, when preserved under acetone to prevent oxidation, had neither lytic nor anticomplementary properties. The cephalins were all markedly anticomplementary; only very large amounts, which were unsuitable for testing because of the opacity of the solutions, were lytic.
Immunization studies were carried out with three samples of purified cephalin, prepared from brain tissue, and with two samples of purified lecithin, one from liver and one from brain; also, for control, with commercial preparations of both cephalin and lecithin.
The sera of rabbits that received mixtures of the purified phosphatides and swine serum did not fix complement with either the purified or the commercial phosphatides, or with beef-heart extracts. Thus, there was no evidence of the antigenic action of these substances in the tissues. The sera of rabbits inoculated with mixtures of the commercial phosphatides, cephalin and lecithin, with swine serum fixed complement with the commercial preparation used for inoculation, and with the Wassermann antigens but not with the purified phosphatides. This result strongly suggests that the specific activity of the commerical preparations is associated with some contaminating substance rather than with lecithin or cephalin itself.
The advantage of a precise serologic method was demonstrated, since, by its use, reactions which would otherwise have been regarded as significant were shown to be non-specific.
Adsorption of commercial cephalin or lecithin on collodion particles did not confer upon them any demonstrable immunizing properties; it did increase the anticomplementary action of cephalin.
The Localization and Fate of Bacteria in the Tissues
Authors: Sullivan F. L. , Neckermann E. F. , Cannon Paul R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Living staphylococci and paratyphoid bacilli injected intravenously into rabbits are quickly removed from the circulating blood stream and are localized particularly in the liver and spleen where they are ingested and destroyed by phagocytes. The lungs, bone marrow and omentum remove distinctly fewer numbers and such organs as the kidney, suprarenal, striated muscle, brain, testis and thyroid remove negligible numbers under comparable conditions. In other words, the primary localization occurs principally in the two organs containing many macrophages and a sinusoidal type of blood flow, whereas practically no localization occurs in organs poorly supplied with macrophages and with a rapid blood flow through vessels lined with ordinary endothelium. Active immunization does not significantly affect the comparative degrees of localization for different organs of the same animal, although it leads to a more energetic removal of the bacteria from the blood stream by the liver and spleen. Bacteria are concentrated more quickly in the liver and spleen of immune than of normal animals but are also killed more rapidly within these organs. Comparatively few living bacteria of these types are eliminated by the bile. Active intravenous immunization leads to a stimulation of mesenchymal tissues, particularly in the liver and spleen, with a resulting elevation of the functional state of the system of macrophages.
The Depression of Phagocytosis by Products of Staphylococci
Authors: Pike Robert M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The fact that staphylococci produce substances harmful to leucocytes has been recognized since the discovery of leucocidin by Van de Velde (1). Denys and Van de Velde (2), Bail (3), Neisser and Wechsberg (4), and Julianelle (5) have confirmed and expanded the original studies. The ability of products of staphylococcal growth to depress phagocytosis was noted by Hektoen (6) and by Wadsworth and Hoppe (7). Believing that the depression of phagocytosis might play an important rôle in staphylococcal pathogenicity, the present work was undertaken with the hope of learning more about the production and nature of the phagocytosis depressing substance.
Preparation of the Phagocytosis Depressing Agent. It has been demonstrated that toxic substances may be produced by staphylococci grown on solid media and that a suspenssion of these substances may be obtained by suspending the organisms in saline and subsequently removing the organisms from the saline by centrifugation or filtration.
The Action of Bacterial Toxins
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is a pleasure to extend a cordial welcome to you at this our Twentieth Annual Meeting of the Association. The honor you have conferred on me is deeply appreciated; but I must confess I find it difficult to fulfill the responsibility it entails—that of presenting to you some of the problems of immunology that underlie our work on the action of bacterial toxin. The present state of our knowledge does not support definite conclusions, rather the contrary. The data can only be considered in the broadest relations.
Early studies of experimental pneumonia (1, 2, 3) doubtless account for the trend of the research with which I have since been associated. The subtle conditions underlying the development of infection, the virulence of the incitant, its toxin production and the susceptibility of the tissues of the host, are so interdependent that it has been impossible to dissociate them.
Studies on Vascularization of the Cornea
Authors: Julianelle L. A. , Morris M. C. , Harrison R. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been possible to show that the corneal reaction of clouding and vascularization may accompany hypersensitiveness to protein. Native (egg albumin) and bacterial (Bact. granulosis and Staphylococcus aureus) proteins are equally effective in inducing the corneal reaction. Heightened corneal activity follows repeated, periodic injections of proteins by any route, but it occurs most regularly and vigorously following direct intracorneal injections. There is no constant relationship between corneal reactivity, skin reactivity and circulating precipitins. There is no constant relationship between activity of the cornea receiving the repeated injections and the activity of the previously uninoculated cornea.
Protective Properties against Yellow Fever Virus in the Sera of the Offspring of Immune Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hoskins Meredith 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Five baby monkeys born of mothers immune to yellow fever were all found to have in their sera protective properties against yellow fever. This was the case when they were still subsisting on their mother's milk. In two instances, in which the baby monkeys had been separated from their mothers for three weeks, the sera of the offspring showed no evidence of protective properties.
Cataphoresis As a Control of Specificity of Streptococcal Vaccines
Authors: Rosenow Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Studies on the bacteriology (10) of various diseases, and on focal infection, (6, 8, 11, 14, 17, 21) have shown that streptococci with elective localizing power were often highly sensitive to oxygen and other requirements for growth in the primary culture, and that when these streptococci were cultivated on artificial mediums in the usual way they promptly lost specific localizing power, and somewhat more slowly general virulence and antigenic specificity (16). Hence, cultures made by usual methods, of material from open foci, such as tonsils, pyorrheal pockets, the nasopharynx, the prostate gland, the uterine cervix, and the nasal accessory sinuses, may yield the easily cultivable saprophytic organisms, including streptococci, instead of the highly sensitive, disease-producing strains. Moreover, cultures made in this way may result in no growth when material from involved tissues and closed foci such as apices of pulpless teeth, is used for inoculation of culture mediums.
The Reaction between Crystalline Urease and Antiurease
Authors: Kirk J. Stanley , Sumner James B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the study of immunologic reactions the advantage of employing a substance which is both enzyme and antigen is manifest, since one can readily estimate the concentration of the enzyme by determination of its activity and since by means of activity measurements it is possible to follow the reaction between enzyme and antibody. In the past numerous attempts to establish the production of antienzymes after injecting enzymes into animals have been made, but the results have been questioned, partly because the specificity in many cases appeared to be related in some manner to the accompanying protein, and partly because the antienzymatic activity has been so weak as to cause doubt as to the actual existence of any antienzyme. Much work has been done in recent years to clear up the chemical nature of enzymes. Four enzymes, namely, urease (1), pepsin (2), trypsin (3), and pancreatic amylase (4) have been prepared in crystalline and presumably pure form.
Electric Charge of Bacteria Sensitized with Purified Agglutinins
Authors: Olitzki Leo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In pursuance of our studies concerning the electric charge of bacterial antigens and antibodies attention has been directed to the changes that occur in the electric charge when bacteria are treated with agglutinating sera. A number of investigators who have studied this problem have reported conflicting results. Bechhold (1904) found that unsensitized bacteria heated to 100°C. as well as those treated with agglutinin and then heated to 100°C. migrate to the anode; those treated with agglutinating serum and not heated were agglutinated between the electrodes nearer to the anode. Teague and Buxton (1907) concluded from experiments with various kinds of bacteria treated with agglutinating sera that without exception all migrated to the anode. In all cases the migration was well marked and in some cases as rapid as that of normal bacteria. Arkwright (1914) also found that bacteria whether agglutinated or not were always negatively charged.
A Refractory State as Concerns the Shwartzman Phenomenon
Authors: Peck Samuel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of the eight animals which survived in the venom-antivenin group, six gave a four plus reaction (75 per cent), one a three plus, and one a one plus. Of eleven animals which survived in the venom-normal-horse-serum group, six gave a four plus reaction (54 per cent), one a two plus and four were negative. Eight animals survived in the third group, venom control group. Of these three gave a four plus (37 per cent) reaction, and five were negative. In the toxin control or fourth group, one animal died, seven gave a four plus reaction (80 per cent), one gave a three plus and one was negative. It is seen from the results in this experiment that the venom used had a definite refractory producing potency. Furthermore, antivenin definitely inhibited this refractivity-producing power while the normal horse serum (lot C) did so partially.
Studies on Tissue Reactions in Immunity
Authors: Kahn Reuben L. , McDermott Elizabeth B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction In a recent report from this laboratory (1), a method was described which makes possible the study of some aspects of the union between specific antigen and the skin of horse serum-immunized rabbits. The method embraces the interplay between two types of immune reactions: diphtheria toxin with antitoxin and horse serum antigen with the skin of horse serumimmunized rabbits. The method is an indirect one, being based on the observation that horse serum diphtheria antitoxin does not possess the same neutralizing range for diphtheria toxin in normal and in horse serum-immunized rabbits in vivo. If a lethal amount of diphtheria toxin and its neutralizing quantity of antitoxin are injected some distance apart into the skin of both a normal rabbit and a horse serum-immunized rabbit, the former animal will survive and the immunized one will succumb. In the normal rabbit, the toxin and the antitoxin apparently diffuse from the area of injection and neutralization of the toxin takes place in vivo.
On Thermostabile Bactericidal Substance Demonstrated in Human Serum, Particularly During Fever
Authors: Wulff Ferd. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A thermostabile bactericidal substance has been demonstrated to occur in human serum, particularly during fever; its effect was particularly seen in tests with a strain of meningococcus highly susceptible to the bactericidal substances of serum. The thermostabile bactericidal substance was found besides in some few other cases, namely, in tests with two different strains of men-ingococci, with three strains of Pfeiffer bacilli and with almost the same frequency as with the highly susceptible meningococcus strain in tests with a strain of Diplococcus crassus.
The thermostabile bactericidal substance is found to occur primarily in the serum of febrile patients; in tests with a highly susceptible meningococcus strain the thermostabile substance was demonstrable in 85 per cent of the febrile patients examined, one fourth showing a very marked action. The thermostabile substance could not be demonstrated in 90 per cent of the non-febrile patients.
Injection of sulfosin seems to stimulate the organism to produce a thermostabile bactericidal substance.
Increase of the bactericidal substances in active serum was found in tests against a diplococcus strain, a phenomenon which is probably elicited only under quite special conditions.
The thermostabile bactericidal substance seems to keep well in vitro.
The thermostabile bactericidal substance possesses an enzymic property, since it did not become fixed in absorption tests with the meningococcus strain which was killed by it.
Experimental Studies of Puerperal Infection
Authors: Torrance Calvin C. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Variation in Hemolytic Complement in Pregnant Rabbits From the results of an earlier study (1) we concluded that pregnancy in mice increases their susceptibility to streptococcus infection. Further experimental work (2, 3) has been undertaken for the purpose of investigating differences in certain of the factors involved in the immune reaction which might be responsible for this increase.
Griffith and Scott (4) have reported that the hemolytic activity of the sera of pregnant or postparturient guinea pigs is often only one-fifth as great as that of the sera of normal animals. This fact provided a logical starting point for the investigation of alterations in the humoral defense reactions during pregnancy. Rabbits were selected as the experimental animals because, while less suitable than guinea pigs for the study of complement, they have a gestation period of only thirty-one days and are much better adapted to the investigation of the other factors which were subsequently to be correlated with the findings in this experiment.
Sheep and Rabbit Cell Agglutinins in Horse Serum Sickness and Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Stuart C. A. , Tallman Juanita , Brintzenhoff Esther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It is generally conceded that immediate, accelerated and delayed anaphylactic reactions are fundamentally identical processes differing only in the speed and severity of response. The delayed serum reactions, which so frequently follow an initial injection of horse serum have never been satisfactorily explained. Individual predisposition is not commonly accepted since Park (1), Lamson (2) and many others have demonstrated that skin sensitivity tests are not always reliable guides in serum sickness. According to Von Pirquet and Schick (3) the formation of antibodies after an injection of horse serum precedes the complete disappearance of antigen from the blood and a reaction between these antibodies and residual antigen could account for the delayed response. Wells (4), Longcope and Rackeman (5) and others are inclined to favor this explanation. Weil (6), Opie (7) and Oguchi and Hamano (8), however, have shown that when antigen and antibody coexist in the same serum the residual antigen is not specific for the new formed antibodies.
Some Observations on the Relative Importance of the Reticulo-Endothelial Tissues and Circulating Antibody in Immunity
Authors: Teale F. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These experiments show that in regard to immunity to foreign protein: Immunity to them rests in the tissues, in their capacity of dealing with the protein in question.The circulating antibody, even if it could saturate the inoculated antigen before being taken up by the tissues, does not appear to be able to aid the tissues appreciably in dealing with the dose inoculated.In incompletely immunised animals (a) in the period before they are fully hypersensitive the saturation of the antigen before inoculation is not protective but can provoke shock when the non-saturated antigen fails to do so; (b) when the animal is fully hypersensitive the saturation of the antigen with the specific antibody does not aid the tissues in dealing with the inoculum and obviate the symptoms of shock.In more highly immune animals saturation of the homologous antigen with specific antibody does not aid the tissues in dealing with it and obviate shock.In really immune animals the tissues are capable of dealing with the homologous antigen perfectly and there is no reaction when the antigen is inoculated, whether it is saturated with the antibody or not.
The Effect of Temperature on the Antigenic Value of Diphtheria Toxoid
Authors: Povitzky Olga R. , Eisner Minnie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
According to Ramon (1), the diphtheria toxoid retains its properties indefinitely. After being kept at room temperature at 18° to 22°C. or icebox from five to seven years, his toxoids gave the original value and initial flocculation, though the latter was somewhat retarded. The same worker found that heating the toxoid at 65°C. or even at 70°C. did not diminish its flocculating or antigenic value. The heated anatoxin retains its dissociating capacity in contrast to the heated toxin. Thus when he added ⅓ cc. of a toxoid containing 10 flocculating units per cubic centimeter and heated at 80°C. for fifteen minutes to an Lo mixture and injected into guinea pig, the animal died in forty-eight hours. The animal lived when it was injected with an Lo mixture to which 1 cc. of heated-at-70°C. toxin was added. However, only a completely detoxified toxoid offers much resistance to heat.