bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
0063 Slow-wave Sleep Onset Latency Mediates Improvements in Attention and Processing Speed Following Continuous Theta-Burst (cTBS) TMS
Authors: Huskey Alisa , Jankowski Samantha , Henderson-Arredondo Kymberly , Hildebrand Lindsey , Trapani Christopher , Elledge Heidi , Lucas Daniel , Suckow Emmett , Reich-Fuhrer Melissa , Franca Gabriela , Reign Deva , Chen Yu-Chin , Chou Ying-Hui , Dailey Natalie , Killgore William 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Insomnia causes substantial health-care cost burden and is a risk factor for neurocognitive impairment. Increased DMN activity has been implicated in the hyperarousal theory of insomnia. In this pilot clinical trial, DMN was targeted via the left inferior parietal lobe using a brief 40 second cTBS Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS). We hypothesized that neurocognitive improvements due to cTBS would be mediated by polysomnographic (PSG) parameters of slow wave sleep.

Methods
Twenty participants (12 female; age=26.9, SD=6.6 years) meeting criteria for insomnia completed a counterbalanced sham-controlled crossover design in which they served as their own controls on two separate nights of in-laboratory assessments. Sessions for both conditions included neurocognitive assessments at baseline, after stimulation (cTBS/sham) before bed, and the following morning. After stimulation, participants were allowed an 8-hour sleep opportunity from 2300 to 0700 monitored with PSG. The symbol coding and digit span subtests of the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) exam are the main assessments in the current investigation.

Results
Improvements in attention and processing speed were observed after a night of sleep following both active TMS (cTBS; B = 11.05, p &lt; .001) and sham TMS conditions (B = 8.10, p = .002) the prior day. In the cTBS condition only, these improvements in attention were mediated by latency to slow wave sleep (N3), such that shorter latencies were related to greater improvements on a simple attention task (RBANS digit span; B = -0.75, p &lt; .001). This effect of night to morning improvement in attention and processing speed was also found in the sham condition for the coding task (B = 60.81, p &lt; .001), but not for digit span. No effects of slow wave sleep duration on RBANS coding or digit span were observed in either condition.

Conclusion
Improvements in simple attention performance in response to cTBS may be, in part, due to slow wave sleep parameters. Moreover, results suggest that simple attention may have been more sensitive to the effects of cTBS, whereas processing speed may have been a factor of lower slow wave sleep onset latency.

Support (if any)
DoD PRMRPD W81XWH2010173
0064 Trading sleep for learning time improves next-day recall, but with poorer retention of items learned during sleep deprivation
Authors: Kalaivanan Kastoori , Yeo Sing Chen , Gooley Joshua 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep is important for learning and memory retention. However, students often cram for examinations by staying awake late to study. We tested the hypothesis that trading sleep for learning time leads to better next-day recall, but items learned during sleep deprivation will be more poorly retained.

Methods
Seventy healthy adults (18–24 years; 32 males) participated in an overnight laboratory study and were tasked with learning the meanings of 120 pseudowords using digital flashcards. Half of participants were randomly assigned to 8 h of TIB for sleep (23:00 to 07:00) and the other half to 4 h of TIB for sleep with a later bedtime (03:00 to 07:00). The 8-h TIB group was given 3 learning sessions (17:50, 19:50, and 21:50) with each flashcard shown twice per session. The 4-h sleep group was given an additional 2 learning sessions that occurred during the night (23:50 and 01:50). Cued-recall performance was tracked during pre-sleep learning, and participants were tested the following morning (09:30) on 60 randomly selected flashcards.

Results
Prior to sleep, the 4-h TIB group learned more items than the 8-h TIB group (Mean score ± SD: 4-h TIB, 85.31% ± 20.92%; 8-h TIB, 63.76% ± 24.22%) because they successfully encoded new items during their additional nocturnal learning sessions. On the following morning, the 4-h TIB group had significantly higher scores on the cued-recall test compared with the 8-h TIB group (Mean score ± SD: 4-h TIB, 83.71% ± 23.50%; 8-h TIB, 70.10% ± 24.18%; Mann-Whitney U test, p&lt; 0.001). However, items learned during the final learning session before sleep were retained significantly better in the 8-h TIB group compared with the 4-h TIB group (4-h TIB, 76.64%; 8-h TIB, 91.35%, Chi-squared = 20.43, p&lt; 0.001).

Conclusion
There was a trade-off of exchanging sleep for additional learning time. More learning time at the expense of sleep resulted in better next-day test scores but recall performance was poorer for items newly learned during partial sleep deprivation. Our findings help to explain why students often sacrifice sleep for short-term gains in test performance despite poorer memory retention.

Support (if any)
National Research Foundation, Singapore (NRF2016-SOL002-001)
0066 Continuous Theta Burst Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Insomnia and its Effects on Verbal Recall Performance
Authors: Hildebrand Lindsey , Jankowski Samantha , Henderson-Arredondo Kymberly , Patel Salma , Chen Yu-Chin , Chou Ying-Hui , Dailey Natalie , Killgore William 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
In this project, we studied the efficacy of focused inhibitory stimulation using continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on an easily accessible region of the default mode network (DMN). As reported elsewhere, we found that cTBS improved brain connectivity and objectively measured sleep. However, there is little known about the side effects of rTMS in the treatment of insomnia, so here we evaluated the effects on verbal memory recall.

Methods
Twenty adults with clinical insomnia completed this study (Mage=26.90, SD=6.56). Participants conducted two overnight visits during the study; one where they received active cTBS and one where they received a sham cTBS prior to sleep. Participants completed the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) before stimulation and again completed the recall portion following a night of laboratory monitored sleep. We analyzed CVLT recall performance with a repeated measures ANOVA with factors of condition (active cTBS vs. sham cTBS) and session (Short Recall, Long Recall, Cued Recall, and Recognition).

Results
Contrary to our hypothesis, our analyses indicate there was no significant effects on recall performance due to active cTBS. There was no main effect of condition on recall scores post-TMS administration (F(1, 18)=1.162, p=.220, ηp2 = 0.082). There was no interaction effect of active or sham cTBS on recall performance (F(4, 15)=.828, p=.528, ηp2=0.181). Posthoc pairwise comparisons demonstrated that there was no significant difference post-TMS administration between active cTBS and sham cTBS conditions on long recall, cued recall, or recognition (p&gt;.05). There was no significant difference post-TMS administration on short-term recall performance. Participants scored lower on short term recall after receiving active cTBS (M=12.632; SD=2.910) than after sham cTBS administration (M=13.42 ;SD=2.545) (p=.048).

Conclusion
Compared to sham, active cTBS was not associated with any significant difference in long-term recall performance after TMS administration. While the results demonstrate there are short term effects to recall after administration, recall scores bounce back shortly after. While participants didn’t necessarily improve with active cTBS, it is beneficial to know there are no long-term harmful effects of active cTBS on recall as side effect of insomnia treatment.

Support (if any)
W81XWH2010173
0069 Effects of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms on Sleep-Dependent Consolidation of Emotional Memory in College Students
Authors: Banik Nandita , Harrington Ciara , Baran Bengi , Kapucu Aycan , Ersoy Pinar Kurdoglu , Arpaci Hazal 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Depression and anxiety have been associated with emotional memory biases, disturbed sleep, and cognitive deficits. The goal of the present study is to investigate the effects of elevated levels of depressive and anxiety symptoms on sleep physiology and sleep-dependent consolidation of emotional memory and reactivity over a mid-day nap in young college students.

Methods
Data collection is ongoing, preliminary analyses are based on 34 participants (26F, 7M, 1 non-binary, 18-27 yrs). Based on well-validated depression and anxiety scales, participants were classified into high (n=10) vs low (n=24) symptom groups. Participants studied negative and neutral picture stimuli and rated them on the dimensions of valence and arousal. Recognition memory was tested after a 5 hr interval which included a high-density EEG monitored 90 min nap.

Results
We do not observe any group differences in memory accuracy (d’) or in selectivity for emotional stimuli. In the entire sample, depressive symptoms correlate with decision criterion (C) for negative stimuli (r = -0.357, p=.04), such that individuals with higher depressive symptoms have a more liberal responding bias for negative stimuli. Napping is associated with a decrease in arousal ratings across all participants (F(1,32)=5.43, p=.03), and the high mood symptom group rate stimuli as more arousing (F(1,32)=13.96, p&lt;.001). Further, high levels of trait anxiety is associated with more negative valence ratings post-nap (r = -0.350, p=.03).

Conclusion
The effects of a mid-day nap on memory consolidation and reactivity for emotional stimuli are similar between individuals with high vs low levels of mood symptoms, but heightened levels of depression and anxiety are associated with altered response bias and higher emotional reactivity. Future plans involve comparisons of NREM oscillations between groups and investigation of their relations with task performance.

Support (if any)
Iowa Neuroscience Institute “2021 Ideas Lab” Award (Baran)
0070 Fatigue state does not impact attention to learnable information in 17-month-old infants but affects retention
Authors: Simon Katharine , Lara Hatty , Sweeney Lucia , Gerken LouAnn , Gomez Rebecca 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep restriction and fatigue negatively impacts learning in adults, but the effect of fatigue on learning in infants remains unexplored. During their first two years infants frequently cycle through periods of wakefulness and sleep. Thus, infants often encounter new information in an unrested state. How might mild fatigue impact their attention and learning? Given that infants devote more attention to new learnable than new unlearnable patterns (Gerken et al, 2011) how might their physiological state impact the cognitive resources required to attend to and learn new information?

Methods
We randomly assigned 80 17-month-old infants (Mage=17.06m, SD=1.85, Female=38) to a rested or unrested condition corresponding to their participation just after or before their typical nap. Within conditions, we randomly assigned infants to a learnable or unlearnable artificial language. We measured time to habituate over blocks of 4 trials that ended when total looking time over a fixed window of four trials reduced to less than 50% of total looking time across the prior four trials. We tested retention after a 5-minute delay in the learnable condition by measuring mean looking time for 8 trials with new grammatical stimuli vs. 8 trials with ungrammatical stimuli. Thus, we evaluated whether physiological state impacted 1) habituation during initial language exposure and 2) discrimination of grammatical vs. ungrammatical language structure, or learning.

Results
First, does state of fatigue impact infants’ attention to learnable vs. unlearnable stimuli? Infants attended longer to learnable than unlearnable stimuli regardless of physiological state (t(78)=2.043, p=.044, ML=175.77, MU=140.51). Second, does state affect learning? Fatigued infants discriminated grammatical from ungrammatical stimuli at test (MG=6.81s, MUG=8.24s; t(17)=-2.26, p=.037), but rested infants did not (MG=6.69s, MUG=6.59s, t(13)=.26, p=.80).

Conclusion
Fatigue does not appear to impact infants’ ability to detect learnable information but may impact their ability to learn and retain that information. All infants eventually acquire their native language, but mild fatigue, whether reflecting an enhanced physiological or cognitive learning state, appears to contribute to more rapid learning.

Support (if any)
0073 Investigating the epigenetic mechanisms underlying memory consolidation during sleep
Authors: Chen Xinyue , Park Hyunjin , Peng Yueqing , Liu Shawn 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
It has been established that sleep after learning something (“post-learning sleep”) actively consolidates what was learned. Yet, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are undergoing active investigation. The fear conditioning (FC) memory paradigm, in which an animal learns to associate an environmental cue to an aversive foot shock, has been widely used for memory investigation. While amygdala and hippocampus are two critical sites for processing and storing the FC memory, how the amygdala consolidate this memory during sleep, from both cellular and molecular perspectives, has been little understood, compared to the hippocampus. Moreover, one potential molecular substrate of memory, DNA methylation, has been studied in the hippocampus for its role in learning and memory. Yet it is little known for its memory role in the BLA.

Methods
Here, we used fiber photometry, miniscope calcium imaging, EEG recording, optogenetic manipulation, and whole genome bisulfite sequencing to study the neural mechanisms underlying memory consolidation in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) during sleep.

Results
(1) We found that the BLA neurons display increased activity during REM sleep, compared to that in non-REM (NREM) sleep. (2) Using closed-loop optogenetic strategy, our preliminary results showed that silencing BLA activity during REM sleep leads to memory impairment in contextual fear conditioning task. (3) We compared DNA methylation of BLA neurons at a whole genome level between mice with and without sleep after FC learning and identified differentially methylated regions between them.

Conclusion
Together, our data suggests that the BLA activity during REM sleep is required for consolidation of fear memory, and DNA methylation might mediate this process.

Support (if any)
0075 Melatonin impairs morning cognition in healthy young adults without any benefit to sleep
Authors: Wernette Elle , Altmann Erik , Fenn Kimberly 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Exogenous melatonin has been shown to improve sleep in individuals with sleep disorders, such as insomnia and delayed sleep phase disorder. However, research on the effect of exogenous melatonin on sleep in healthy young adults is limited. Additionally, there is some evidence that melatonin can negatively affect cognitive processes, such as long-term memory, working memory, and attention. Therefore, we assessed the effect of melatonin supplementation on nocturnal sleep and morning cognition in healthy undergraduates.

Methods
In the evening, participants (N = 120) completed three cognitive tasks: the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT; a measure of attention), UNRAVEL (a measure of procedural placekeeping), and the Paired Associates Learning (PAL) test (a measure of long-term memory). We then asked participants to take a pill under double-blind conditions that contained either melatonin or placebo. Afterwards, participants received an 8-hour sleep opportunity monitored with polysomnography (PSG). One hour after waking, participants completed PAL, UNRAVEL, and PVT again.

Results
We compared morning cognitive performance across the melatonin and placebo conditions, with evening performance as a covariate. Interestingly, melatonin participants had more placekeeping errors than placebo. However, melatonin did not affect PVT or PAL performance. We found no significant differences between the melatonin and sleep groups on any of our sleep measures.

Conclusion
The results suggest that negative performance effects of exogenous melatonin may outweigh any benefits for healthy young adults, particularly when cognitive performance is measured shortly after the sleep opportunity. Our results also suggest that sleep factors captured by PSG may not accurately predict next-day cognitive performance, and that researchers should consider additional factors, such as melatonin concentration, when assessing the relationship between sleep and performance.

Support (if any)
This work was funded by the Office of Naval Research (N00014-20-1-2739).
0078 Subjective but not objective sleep predicts morning motivation to complete more difficult tasks
Authors: Zendels Philip , Gaultney Jane 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Sleep deprivation impairs many facets of behavior, including performance at tasks. People may perform less efficiently at tasks due to impairments to cognitive processes like working memory following sleep deprivation. However, research shows that compensatory activity occurs when participants are sleep deprived and are faced with difficult tasks (Horne & Pettitt, 1985). This study explored participants’ capability and motivation of completing tasks of varying difficulties.

Methods
These data come from a larger study investigating bedroom environment, sleep, and cognition. In this study participants were given an actigraph wgt3x and were told to sleep as they normally would for three-day period. Each morning, participants took a brief survey and cognitive battery shortly after waking. In the survey, participants self-reported their sleep quality from the previous night using a modified version of the sleep disturbance subscale from the Medical Outcomes Survey (Hays et al., 2005). Additionally, a modified version of the Math Effort Task (MET; Engle Friedman et al., 2003) was used. Participants chose a difficulty and completed six simple addition problems without aid of a calculator or scratch paper. Data were cleaned and analyzed using generalized linear mixed effect modeling in SPSS 28.

Results
Two models were run to examine performance (accuracy) and difficulty choice on the MET. In our model predicting performance there were no significant predictors. In our model predicting the choice of difficulty, participants of more socially advantaged populations and those who reported better subjective sleep quality chose to complete harder problems (b = -.05, p = .01). No significant findings were observed between objective measures of sleep such as sleep efficiency and duration with difficulty chosen or performance.

Conclusion
Motivation to complete more difficult tasks may be related to the quality of sleep one receives during the previous night. The observed lack of difference in performance based on sleep suggest that when given simple problems, sleep deprivation does not impair cognitive performance or that people can compensate for poor sleep when the task is easy. Future studies should continue to explore the relationship between sleep and motivation.

Support (if any)
I/O small grant department funding, university research funding, and travel funding.
0079 Subjective-Objective Sleep Discrepancy in Older Adults: Does Cognitive Functioning Matter?
Authors: Musich Madison , Liu Karina , Costa Amy , McCrae Christina , Beversdorf David , Curtis Ashley 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Differences between subjective and objective sleep [subjective-objective sleep discrepancy (SOSD)] is prevalent in insomnia and older adults. Despite associations between cognition and sleep parameters, the impact of cognitive functioning on SOSD is unclear. We examined associations between various cognitive domains and SOSD in older adults and whether insomnia status moderates these associations.

Methods
Older adults with (N=47, Mage=68.85, 66% women) and without (N=32, Mage=67.41, 78% women) insomnia [met DSM-5 criteria plus reported &gt;30 mins sleep onset latency (SOL) and/or wake time after sleep onset (WASO) on 3+nights/7] completed measures of subjective sleep (7-days of sleep diaries), objective sleep (one-night polysomnography, PSG), and objective cognitive tasks: Dimensional Change Card Sort (executive functioning, EF), List Sorting (working memory, WM), Auditory Verbal Learning Test (episodic memory), Flanker (inhibitory control), Pattern Comparison (processing speed). SOSD direction (average sleep diary variable – PSG variable) was computed. Moderated regressions determined independent and interactive (with insomnia status) associations between cognitive performance and SOSD for SOL, WASO, total sleep time (TST) and sleep efficiency, controlling for age, sex, apnea-hypopnea index, and sleep medication usage.

Results
For insomnia, longer self-reported than PSG TST was associated with better WM (b=27.90, SE=9.05, p=.003, episodic memory (b=12.83, SE=2.77, p=.01), processing speed (b=9.50, SE=2.00, p&lt;.01), and inhibitory control (b=118.40, SE=54.09, p=.03). Similarly for insomnia, better self-reported than PSG sleep efficiency was associated with better WM (b=5.58, SE=2.12, p=.01), episodic memory (b=2.66, SE=1.08, p=.02), and processing speed (b=2.11, SE=0.47, p&lt;.01). For non-insomnia, reports of SOSD were not associated with cognitive functioning (ps&gt;.05).

Conclusion
Better diffuse cognitive functioning may be a contributing SOSD mechanism in older adults with insomnia. We speculate that better cognitive functioning may suppress cognitive arousal symptoms that are prevalent in insomnia patients, leading to better self-reported sleep relative to what is objectively measured. Prospective studies examining independent and interactive associations between cognition functioning and arousal, and insomnia on SOSD may inform underlying mechanisms of poor sleep health and the temporal impact on cognition.

Support (if any)
This research project was made possible by awards (PI: Curtis) from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine Foundation, a foundation of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.