bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free people rule the law
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section critique the idea of the Rule of Law as an unqualified good. They show how law has been a tool for injustice. This is shown through infamous American legal cases upholding the maintenance of slavery and racial hierarchy; forced sterilization; and Japanese internment. More than that, they show that the structure of law itself is at odds with democracy. Free people are not simply under the Rule of Law, they must rule the law. To paraphrase, James Baldwin, law should be not our master but our servant. Ruling the law refers not to the coherence of a legal system or to past precedent, but to justice. The capacity for judgment is necessary to free people in every aspect of their lives. The final these argue that the people have good judgment. Not only does democracy depend on truth, truth depends on an open democratic environment.
Taxes
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This thesis is a defense of taxes and taxation even among the anarchic people of wild democracy. As Thomas Paine argued, free people tax themselves willingly. Taxes are how the people pay for work they choose to do together. Talk about the government “sticking its hand in your pocket” or “robbing you” is true under monarchs and dictators but it is absurd when people rule themselves. The language of “wealth creators”, ”givers” and “takers” is arrogant and unpatriotic. Economists teach people to see the national greatness in the size of a nation’s GDP or the wealth of millionaires and billionaires. This thesis argues that free people take pride not in these things, but in the welfare and prosperity of their people.
Force is the enemy of the free
Authors: Norton Anne 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The theses in this section address the problem of force: from military power to private weaponry. The opening theses discuss the threat military power poses to all democracies, and how to address that. They argue that free people go to war together or not at all. Decisions about war should be made only when virtually all people assume the burdens and the risks of war. The next thesis argues that private weapon pose a similar threat. Contrary to the arguments for gun rights, Norton argues that private weapons are largely aimed not at the state, not at the government, but at us. Everyone who aims a gun at you is claiming an absolute and tyrannical authority over you. The aim is not personal protection or the right of revolution, but undemocratic power. The final theses argue that punishment and policing both demean free people.
Introduction to Furno
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents preliminary information concerning the study of Giovanni Furno’s ten partimenti. Readers learn what a partimento is and how it is to be studied, and a system of solving partimenti known as “recognize, realize, stylize.” The chapter explains the limits of the Roman numeral system of musical analysis and why thinking in partimento terms is better for improvisation. A brief overview of figured bass explains that technique’s basics. The chapter explains Rule of the Octave in major and minor keys along with the 4-6 Exceptions, and provides instruction in how these ideas are to be studied. The chapter concludes with recommendations for practicing Rule of the Octave.
Bass Motions in Invertible Counterpoint
Authors: Mortensen John J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the ways in which common bass motions may be combined in invertible counterpoint, resulting in the rapid construction of complex contrapuntal structures. The chapter explains that the motions C5 and Cascade are often combined with descending scales to form passages of rich harmony and counterpoint. Many exercises allow the reader to practice combining bass motions at the keyboard.
Solitude, Silence, and Mindfulness
Authors: Wicks Robert J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Recognizing the benefits and challenges of silence, solitude, and mindfulness with respect to resilience is discussed. Among such rewards for taking out time in silence, and possibly solitude, include becoming more sensitive to the compulsions in our lives; allowing us to experience the importance of love and acceptance and acknowledging the silliness and waste involved in condemning and judging others; an increase in the ability to hear the gentle inner voice that reflects the spiritual sound of simplicity; and seeing the connection between being mindful and helpful to others under stress. Resistance to taking out time for meditation or alone time (sitting or walking in silence and solitude or being reflective even when in a group) is also discussed. The simple elements of structured time for mindfulness meditation are included as well and a “structured listening-reflective exercise” is provided. Three quotes from seminal writers on mindfulness are also included: Andrew Weiss, Bhante Henepola Gunaratana, and Joh Kabat-Zinn.
#Help
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Like many other areas of life, humanitarian practice and thinking are being transformed by information and communications technology. Yet the growing digitization of humanitarianism has so far been a little-noticed dimension of global order. It is one on which this book sheds new light. Based on more than seven years of interviews and interdisciplinary research on humanitarian and development professionals’ work within the UN system and elsewhere, #Help shows how global problems and polities are being newly configured, regulated, and addressed through digital interfaces developed or deployed for humanitarian ends. #Help analyzes how populations, maps, and emergencies take shape when given digital form. #Help explores the reorientation of nation-states’ priorities and practices of governing around digital data collection imperatives. #Help illuminates how digital interfaces’ growing prominence in international humanitarian work is sustained and shaped by law and policy, public and private, and the uses and users that are engaged and disqualified in the process. Through this, #Help reveals new vectors of global inequality and new registers of global relation currently taking effect. To understand how major digital platforms are seeking to extend their serviceable lives, and to foreshadow how global order might take shape in the future, it is essential to grasp the perils and possibilities of digital humanitarianism as #Help equips us to do. #Help will transform thinking about what is at stake in the use of digital interfaces in the humanitarian field and about how, where, and for whom we are making the international order of tomorrow.
Interfaces: New Media of Humanitarian Relation
Authors: Johns Fleur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book investigates digital humanitarianism and its ramifications for international law and politics. This introductory chapter lays out the line of argument advanced throughout the book before proceeding to explain the main object of this inquiry—digital humanitarianism—and the stakes of its transformation of humanitarian epistemes and practices. The reconfiguration of possibilities for politico-legal life being effected in digital humanitarian practice is demonstrated and analyzed, in this book through the interdisciplinary study of interfaces. This chapter explains what this methodological approach entails and how it compares to other common entry for the analysis of contemporary law and politics on the global plane.
The Enemies Clash
Authors: Braver Joshua 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter Three addresses pathological and lawless constitution-making in Venezuela and Ecuador. Venezuela was a lost opportunity. For ten months and across nine cases, the Supreme Court pitted its vision of extraordinary adaptation against President Hugo Chávez’s lawless vision of the people. Chávez triumphed and his lawless people empowered him to exclude the opposition from the Constitutional Assembly and centralize power in his own hands. Since the court had to invent its theory on the fly, its efforts were troubled from the start: it stumbled onto the idea too late and failed fully understand its implications. My goal is to complete the work the court began so that future courts will fare better in battles against populist presidents. A similar story played out in Ecuador, but in an even more hopeless way. Unlike in Venezuela or my other cases, there was no true potential for extraordinary adaptation. The Ecuadorian system was so corrupt and the president’s electoral wins so large that no alternative center of power existed to resist the president. The system easily and almost immediately collapsed under the president’s weight. Almost from the beginning, law simply ran out.
Anti-Blackness and the Effective Altruist
Authors: Sebastian Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
According to a 2019 survey by Rethink Charities, Effective Altruism is white. Really, really white. Of course, many EA adherents don’t think this is a problem. But just as many scholars, activists, and people of color vocally disagree. They say that race is inextricably linked to some of the world’s biggest problems, and those problems cannot be solved without tackling race head on. Yet a lot of EA evangelists think the best way to address the glaring issue of Race is to either deprioritize it or not address it at all. But can a group of plucky white (mostly) men solve the world’s biggest existential problems without mentioning the R-word? They seem to think they can.
A Christian Critique of the Effective Altruism Approach to Animal Philanthropy
Authors: Clough David L. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a Christian ethical argument against using Effective Altruism (EA) to guide donations to animal charities. First, it summarizes Christian ethical concerns with the problematic oversimplification of utilitarian ethics, on which EA is based. Second, it outlines the problems with EA that result from this dependence on utilitarianism. Third, it argues that there are specific problems with the application of EA in the animals space. Finally, it identifies an alternative starting point informed by a Christian ethical framework for guiding decisions about how best to donate money to improve the lot of animals. A Christian approach to this issue is likely to be of particular interest to members of Christian churches or those who otherwise identify with Christian traditions of thought and practice. The breadth and pluralism of the ethical approach outlined and the deficiencies of EA it illuminates may also be helpful for readers.
The Power of Love to Transform Animal Lives
Authors: Hiddema Krista 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In 2018, nearly 12,000 people worldwide raised over $650,000 to buy a piece of lifesaving equipment for a pig named Esther, and because of that, she is still alive and thriving today. Renowned philosopher Peter Singer criticized the effort as not offering good value for donors’ money, citing the principle of Effective Altruism. This chapter argues that Singer’s brand of Effective Altruism as a foundation for philanthropic giving is flawed, and that real social change must be rooted in emotion, compassion, and love. That piece of equipment, a CT scanner, has since proven instrumental for groundbreaking prostate cancer research in humans, kick-started a program providing financial support to animal sanctuaries, enabled advanced veterinary research and training, and more. Recognizing the benefits of compassion-inspired giving is crucial, not a flaw, in the movement for animal rights.
Our Partners, The AnimalsReflections from a Farmed Animal Sanctuary
Authors: Stevens Kathy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is a transformative connection that happens when people visit farm animal sanctuaries. When “animal lovers” come face to face with cows who want to bathe them in kisses, pigs who grunt their gratitude for a good belly rub, or turkeys who fall asleep in their laps, they see who their food is. In these moments, visitors understand their complicity in unspeakable suffering. It is in this way that sanctuaries are powerful vegan-makers. This chapter argues that Effective Altruism’s blanket condemnation of sanctuaries’ role in ushering in veganism is short-sighted, self-serving, and detrimental to our shared effort. Our sense of justice is ignited when someone in our circle has been harmed. Providing ‘animal lovers’ the ability to connect powerfully with the beings for whom we advocate is one of the greatest tools our movement has.
At the Frontier of God's Empire
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, Manchuria was thrust into the political limelight of several empires where the crisis-ridden Qing Empire and the evolving Republic faced international rivalry to control its resources and shape the identities of its people. To a lively cast of international players that shaped Manchuria during this period, At the Frontier of God’s Empire: A Missionary Odyssey in Modern China adds a new voice of European missionaries in Manchuria by examining a remarkable personal archive of Alfred Marie Caubrière (1876–1948). A French Catholic missionary, Caubrière arrived in Manchuria in 1899 on the eve of the Boxer Uprising and was murdered in 1948 on the eve of the birth of the People’s Republic of China. Living with ordinary Chinese people for half a century, Caubrière witnessed the collapse of the Qing Empire, the warlords’ chaos that followed, the rise and fall of Japanese Manchukuo, and the emergence of communist China. With vivid vignettes covering all aspects of the local society, Caubrière’s documentation opens an intimate window into everyday interaction between Manchuria’s grassroots society and international players. His gripping accounts personalize the Catholic Church’s expansion in East Asia, the interplay of missions and empire in local society, the intense transformation of early twentieth-century Manchuria, and the imperial legacy that is felt even today.
Manchuria
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter depicts the historical landscape of Manchuria at the turn of the twentieth century and highlights the complicated relationship between people, land, religion, and state. Domestic mass migration to Manchuria reshaped the Qing’s frontier in this region and laid the foundation for the Church to grow, as most Catholic villages in Manchuria developed out of domestic immigrant settlements from Shandong and Hebei Provinces. Religion played a critical role in forming and organizing communities that lay outside the state’s effective reach until the early twentieth century. The development of Catholic communities in Manchuria amid the intense political transformation of the modern period tells a significant yet neglected story about religion and local society.
The Missionary
Authors: Li Ji 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Caubrière’s early years before turning to his arrival in Manchuria and his acclimatization to Chinese village life. A provincial youth growing up in a close religious family in fin-de-siècle France, Caubrière was one of the millions of French men and women who enthusiastically joined the global missionary movement. His passion for evangelization in the Far East demonstrates not only a tradition among French Catholics but also a popular modern adventure in an age of imperial expansion. In his private writings, he acknowledges different values, lifestyles, and societal arrangements, challenging the dichotomies of civilized and ignorant, progress and backwardness. Caubrière’s thoughts and opinions provide a grassroots view on Manchuria’s integration into the global historical narrative, helping us all to understand the opportunities and risks to these individuals.
The Free Will Premise
Authors: Haji Ishtiyaque 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Obligation incompatibilism is the thesis that determinism and moral obligation are incompatible. Responsibility incompatibilism is the homologous thesis concerning determinism and responsibility. Central arguments for these two varieties of incompatibilism share the premise that determinism precludes freedom to do otherwise: if all of one’s actions are deterministically produced—if these actions are all outcomes of the past and the laws of nature—then one cannot do otherwise. The proposition that one cannot do otherwise is ambiguous between a strong and weak reading. On the strong or incompatibilist reading—roughly, given the same past and the laws, one could have done otherwise—it seems highly credible that determinism rules out alternatives. On the weak or compatibilist reading—roughly, given a subset of facts of the past and the laws, one could have done otherwise—it is problematic whether determinism is incompatible with freedom to do otherwise. The chapter uncovers features of being weakly able to do otherwise that problematize the weak reading.
“Accompanying the Force” in Modern Armed Conflict
Authors: Jensen Eric Talbot 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Throughout history, non-military personnel have routinely accompanied fighting forces on the battlefield for purposes of providing their goods or services to the forces. Because of their proximity to the fight, it was inevitable that some of these civilians would be captured by the enemy. Given their importance to the armed forces, these civilians were given protected status upon capture. In other words, while these civilians were not considered combatants, they were given the status and protections of prisoners of war. These protections were authorized by the armed forces under the assumption that the services were provided “in the vicinity of armies.” With the evolution of modern technology and its impact on the conduct of warfare, many civilians who provide goods and services no longer need to be on the battlefield or “in the vicinity” of the armed forces they support. For example, logisticians, weapons maintainers, communications supporters, and cyber technicians can accomplish analogous tasks performed by civilians accompanying the armed forces, but can now do so from a distance. This chapter argues that while a “proximity” test continues to be applicable, there are cases where functionality, or a civilian’s importance to the armed forces, might also need to be considered. In other words, there are and will continue to be some civilians who “accompany” the armed forces based on their function only, rather than their proximity, and these civilians should also be afforded the treatment of civilians accompanying the armed forces upon capture.
Levée en Masse in Twenty-First-Century Armed Conflict
Authors: Williams Winston S. , Lawless Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Under the law of armed conflict, members of a levée en masse are entitled to prisoner of war status upon capture by the enemy. The notion of levée en masse reflects the historical practice of the spontaneous formation of civilian armed resistance to an enemy’s territorial invasion. This chapter examines how levée en masse may apply to future armed conflict in the cyber domain. After highlighting the anticipated role of cyber operations in future armed conflict, the chapter establishes the four elements of levée en masse and analyzes how each element may apply to acts of cyber resistance by civilians in future warfare. The chapter identifies several challenges to the continued suitability of levée en masse in future warfare and discusses potential solutions to these challenges. The chapter concludes with a call for States to address these challenges if they wish to preserve the international legal notion of levée en masse.
Prisoners of War in Space?
Authors: McLaughlin Rob 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
There is no state practice around the application of the international armed conflict prisoner of war (POW) regime in space. However, there is little reason to doubt that the applicable law—primarily from 1949 Geneva Convention III and 1977 Additional Protocol I—applies to the space domain. This chapter consequently deals with the following issues: whether a habitable space object, or an installation on a celestial body, could be a place of internment; the limitations of the space environment in terms of meeting necessary conditions of detention; and the challenges of applying the POW regime and certain specific space law regimes in relation to the situation of military astronauts and personnel of spacecraft.
Military Assimilation and the 1949 Third Geneva Convention on Prisoners of War
Authors: Watts Sean 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The notion that prisoners of war are effectively integrated into the armed forces of their captor is a prominent mischaracterization of the Third Geneva Convention of 1949. Respected sources bill this military assimilation as a central or general principle of prisoner of war treatment and have leveraged that claim to support overreaching assertions of treatment obligations owed to prisoners of war. In fact, military assimilation features neither universally nor uniformly in the Convention. Instead, the Convention resorts to military assimilation only selectively and in many cases, for compelling reasons of humanity, abandons previous treaties’ provisions of the concept. A correct understanding of how military assimilation features in the Convention is not only important to rigorous and faithful application of the law of war. It is an essential bulwark against unfounded and unsanctioned restraints on States’ internment of enemy forces in armed conflict.
Education
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 begins by briefly reviewing the history of education as a form of social protection. This chapter then discusses broad trends in the globalization of higher education against which migration-driven education, education-driven migration, and brain circulation take shape. Migration-driven education includes education to meet the needs of migrants and their children. Education-driven migration refers to people who relocate in search of educational opportunities that are better than those in their countries of origin. Untangling the effects of a globalized education sector from changes produced by transnational migration is difficult because they are deeply entwined. While many examples in Chapter 2 focus on the higher education sector, the developments this chapter describes are also transforming primary and secondary education.
Labor
Authors: Levitt Peggy , Dobbs Erica , Sun Ken Chih-Yan , Paul Ruxandra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 shifts the analytical focus to labor and asks how the individuals who facilitate social protection for others, whether as direct service providers, remittance senders, or both, seek or receive social protection in their role as workers. As such, instead of focusing on different types of workers, this chapter primarily focuses on how workplace rights are (or are not) available via the state, the market, or nongovernmental organizations. It does, however, give special consideration to domestic workers, who are perhaps the clearest example of how protections for some may mean precarity for others. Although the scope here is limited to policies governing workplace conditions, the cases are global, and as such, it uncovers and discusses numerous tensions: the ease with which global capital can cross borders as compared to global workers, the interaction between labor rights and immigration rights, and the limitations of private versus public enforcement of labor rights.