bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Active Immunization and of Total Body X-Irradiation upon the Humoral Bactericidal System of the Guinea Pig as Measured with Strains of Enteric Bacilli
Authors: Steward J. P. , Collis L. R. , Roantree R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
For a given strain of E. coli sensitive to serum, a characteristic number is killed when placed in intraperitoneal diffusion chambers in normal guinea pigs. A serum-resistant strain of E. coli multiplied within the chambers in a normal guinea pig whereas a serum-sensitive mutant strain derived from it was killed. Immunization of the guinea pigs did not result in significant increases in the number of bacteria killed within the diffusion chambers when a serumsensitive mutant or a naturally serum-sensitive strain were used as test organisms. There was no evidence of a significant depression of complement-dependent humoral bactericidal activity after exposure of guinea pigs to total body x-irradiation (LD50). Contrary to some recent reports in the literature, no fall in the titer of naturally-occurring bactericidins for an E. coli and for an S. typhosa was found within 10 days after x-irradiation (LD50). Neither was there a decrease of bactericidal complement. A small and unexplained decrease in the ability of the guinea pig to kill E. coli in diffusion chambers was noted at 6 or 7 days after exposure to x-irradiation, but this was not associated with corresponding changes in the titer of bactericidal antibody or complement. Infections in guinea pigs following total body x-irradiation (LD50) are predominantly due to Gram-positive organisms. This is in contrast to the mouse, in which it has been well established that a high percentage of postirradiation infections are due to Gram-negative enteric bacilli.
Acquired Tolerance to Skin Homografts in Mice
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative analysis was carried out on the induction and maintenance of homograft tolerance in the CBA → C3H strain combination of mice. These strains share the H2-histocompatability locus. The results indicate that the incidence of tolerance, as measured by the ability of neonatally injected C3H mice to accept CBA skin grafts for 2 months or longer, decreases proportionally with spleen cell doses of less than 2 million. One-eighth million CBA spleen cells will induce 22% tolerance. CBA lymph node cells are slightly less capable in inducing tolerance than spleen cells. F1 hybrid lymph node cells are equally as effective in inducing tolerance as parental homologous lymph node cells. When the duration of tolerance is determined the results suggest that the length of the tolerant period cannot be correlated to the initial size of the donor cell population. The duration of tolerance is variable, even within groups of mice injected with equal cell doses of homologous spleen cells. Tracing the fate of donor cells by radioautography during the early phases of tolerance and by the “chimera” test during the later stages, indicates that the injected donor cells settle primarily in the spleen and lymph nodes of the tolerant host. Donor cells can be detected by chimera analysis, during all stages of graft acceptance, graft contraction, and even shortly after graft rejection. The results are discussed in the light of the hypothesis that in the CBA → C3H strain combination of mice, induction and maintenance of homograft tolerance is dependent on a critical balance between the immune potential of the host and the size of the donor lymphoid cell population.
An Autoradiographic Study of Plasma Cell and Lymphocyte Survival in Rat Popliteal Lymph Nodes
Authors: Miller John J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using tritiated thymidine as a cell label, the rate of disappearance of plasma cells from stimulated and unstimulated popliteal lymph nodes was followed for a period of 6 months in rats. In stimulated lymph nodes there was a rapid early decrease in plasma cell numbers, but a small percentage of labeled plasma cells persisted through the 6-month time point. In the unstimulated nodes, fewer plasma cells were initially labeled, but some of these also persisted throughout the span of the experiment. These cells could not have been formed from any other cell type during the course of the experiment, with the exception of direct transformation of small lymphocytes, because precursor and intermediate types of cells were not sufficiently highly labeled after the first 3 weeks. Some long-lived plasma cells contain, and probably produce, antibody for at least 3 months, the longest time point tested. Small lymphocytes also persisted within the popliteal nodes throughout the time of the experiment in both stimulated and unstimulated rats. The possibility that this fact may be important in secondary immunologic reactions is discussed. The use of the footpad as the injection site for tritiated thymidine gave a degree of localization of label in the popliteal lymph node cells that allowed some observations on the migration of cells from these nodes. In this respect small lymphocytes were found to migrate to the submucosa of the ileum, and in lesser numbers to the spleen and thymus and probably the mesenteric lymph node. Throughout the course of the experiment, only two labeled plasma cells were found outside the popliteal nodes, both in the submucosa of the ileum.
The Production and Transfer of Immune Reactions to Bovine Serum Albumin in Isogenic and Allogeneic Mice
Authors: Vredevoe Donna L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Arthus skin reactions with variable delayed induration were produced in mice sensitized to bovine serum albumin and skin tested several times with antigen. This indurated reaction could not be transferred, in the absence of serum antibodies, with sensitized lymphoid cells. Mild Arthus reactivity could be transferred with serum from sensitized donors. The failure to transfer the indurated component of the skin reaction, similar to delayed-type hypersensitivity described in the guinea pig, was regarded as evidence that this induration was a manifestation of a severe Arthus reaction. The indurated skin reaction was termed a “delayed component of the Arthus skin reaction.”
Standardization of Poliomyelitis Immune Globulin
Authors: Uhlendorf B. William , Brown Eva R. , Fabisch Phyllis H. , Hottle George A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Poliovirus antibody content of 275 samples of human γ-globulin have been determined in Rhesus kidney or in HEp-2 cell cultures by the metabolic inhibition test, in comparison with a reference globulin preparation. Globulins prepared from placental extracts showed, on the average, higher antibody content for each of the three types of poliovirus than globulins prepared from venous blood. The potencies of the globulin preparations varied up to 100-fold, indicating the need for careful standardization of each lot and establishment of minimum potency levels. The technique for the potency test is described.
A Serum Inhibitor in Animal and Human Sera of Bovine Enteroviruses
Authors: Klein Morton , Deforest Adamadia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence of a serum factor having in vitro activity against bovine enteroviruses was found to be associated with rapid elimination of inhibitor susceptible viruses from the blood stream of the rabbit. However, attempts to establish a protective role for the inhibitor were unsuccessful. The significance of nonantibody inhibitors in resistance to viral infections is discussed.
Growth of Virulent and Attenuated Ectromelia Virus in Cultured Macrophages from Normal and Ectromelia-Immune Mice
Authors: Roberts J. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Growth of ectromelia virus in cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages is described. Macrophages in vitro are more susceptible to infection by a virulent than by an attenuated strain of ectromelia virus.
Macrophages from susceptible and resistant strains of mouse are equally susceptible to infection in vitro with virulent ectromelia virus.
Macrophages from immune mice are more readily infected than are normal macrophages. This effect is attributed to the greater phagocytic activity of the macrophages from immune mice.
Even in the presence of immune serum, macrophages from immune mice are more readily infected than are macrophages from normal mice.
Multiplication of Poliovirus Type I in Preparations of Human Leukocytes and Its Inhibition by Interferon
Authors: Gresser I. , Chany C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A virulent and an attenuated strain of poliovirus type I multiplied in preparations of washed human leukocytes obtained from normal blood donors. In recently established preparations after inoculation of 102 to 103 TCID50 of poliovirus, no significant viral increase was observed until the 3rd or 4th day, and maximal titers of 106.5 to 107 TCID50/ml were not attained until the 7th or 8th day. Virus added on the 3rd or 4th day after preparation resulted in multiplication without this initial long lag period. The concentration of leukocytes in the suspensions appeared to influence viral multiplication, with the optimal range between 3 and 8 million cells/ml. Only a small proportion of the cells in these preparations appeared to be infected and to support growth of poliovirus. Multiplication of poliovirus in leukocytic suspensions was inhibited by preparations of interferon at high dilutions.
Studies on “Cross-Reacting” Isoagglutinins
Authors: Yokoyama M. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cross-reacting antibody of “immune” group O human sera is present in both the 7 S and 19 S components of the γ-globulins and in the “intermediate” (11 S) components of at least some group O immune sera. Dual specificity of individual molecules of antibody appears to be excluded as the cause of the serologic cross-reactivity. Although cross-reacting antibody and anti-AP antibody are both present in group O “immune” sera, they are not identical, as is shown by the absorption and elution studies described in this report.
Immunoglobulins of the Germfree Guinea Pig
Authors: Sell Stewart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Determinations of the total serum γ-globulin by a number of immunochemical techniques confirms that the non-germfree guinea pig has up to 6 times more γ-globulin than the germfree guinea pig. A similar relationship exists between the serum 7 S γ2-globulins and 19 S γ-macroglobulins of germfree and non-germfree guinea pigs. However, the serum 7 S γ1-globulins do not conform to this pattern. One group of germfree guinea pigs has approximately one half the serum γ1-globulin of the non-germfree animals, but a second group of germfree guinea pigs has approximately twice as much γ1-globulin as the non-germfree animals.
The published determinations of γ-globulin in the sera of the guinea pig and other species reared germfree have been reviewed. The differences between the serum γ-globulin concentrations of germfree and normal animals are better demonstrated by the use of quantitative techniques sensitive and accurate at low serum γ-globulin levels and specific for γ-globulin. Quantitative precipitation gave accurate results at both low and normal serum levels. Hemagglutination inhibition and simple gel diffusion gave accurate values at low serum γ-globulin levels, but gave higher values than quantitative precipitin and paper electrophoresis at normal levels. Results obtained by double-diffusion-in-agar were generally not in close agreement with those obtained by other methods. In general, electrophoretic methods were relatively inaccurate and nonspecific for quantitation of low levels, when compared to the quantitative immunochemical methods, but were accurate at normal levels.
The Blood Forming Tissues and Blood of the Newborn Opossum (Didelphys Virginiana)
Authors: Rowlands David T. , La Via Mariano F. , Block Matthew H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity of the fetal opossum to respond to antigenic stimulation by flagellar antigen of S. typhosa O 901 has been studied. Twenty-six litters (107 experimental animals) distributed widely in terms of development were utilized.
It was observed that prior to 8 days of life there was no measurable antibody production. During this time lymphocytes were accumulating in the thymus and lymph nodes.
After 8 days there was regular production of recognizable quantities of antibody with the exception of day 20. After this time antibodies appeared in the serum in increased amounts.
The development of the opossum as it relates to the appearance of immunologic responsiveness is discussed.
The Role of the Mast Cell in Anaphylaxis in the Mouse
Authors: Einbinder Julia M. , Walzer Richard A. , Nelson Carl T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Those organs showing the greater number of mast cells are not necessarily the ones showing the greater pathologic changes induced by anaphylaxis. Changes in mast cell number, morphology or products did not appear to be related to the anaphylactic phenomena. Serotonin and histamine, derived from sources other than the mast cell, are not likely to be the only mediating substances in mouse anaphylaxis. The formation of thrombi increased during anaphylaxis. Mice pretreated with anticoagulants show no significant differences in fatality from untreated mice, although treated animals had fewer thrombi. These thrombi are not antigen-antibody precipitates.
Immunologic Status of Thymectomized Adult Rats
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Wilkes Barbara 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic function of thymectomized adult rats has been assessed by determining the antibody response to bovine serum albumin and sheep cells, the delayed skin reaction to bovine serum albumin and tubercle bacilli, and the peripheral lymphocyte count. Only minimal immunologic impairment was observed in rats thymectomized as adults as long as a year after operation, and similar minimal impairment was observed after sublethal (430 r) irradiation of these animals. Lethal irradiation and bone marrow restoration of the unoperated adult resulted in a moderate depression of antibody formation, delayed hypersensitivity and peripheral lymphocyte count. However, depression of these parameters was much more marked in the thymectomized adult rat after lethal irradiation, indicating that immunologic function of the thymus persists into maturity.
Salt Requirement for Precipitation of Chicken Antisera in Agar Immunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Weiner L. M. , Macko I. , Poulik E. , Goodman M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method was described for agar immuno-electrophoresis with chicken antisera which separated the step of electrophoresis from that of immunodiffusion. The effect of NaCl concentration on precipitin line formation in the immunodiffusion step was investigated. It was found that 8 to 13% NaCl was needed in the agar gel for maximal precipitin line formation when chicken antibodies to human serum protein antigens were employed.
Delayed Hypersensitivity in Vitro
Authors: David John R. , Lawrence H. S. , Thomas L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence has been presented which demonstrates in an in vitro system the importance of carrier protein specificity in the inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells from animals immunized with hapten-protein conjugates. In contrast, serum antibodies from the same animals were shown to react to the hapten regardless of the carrier protein, illustrating a different specificity.
Immunization Against Rift Valley Fever Virus
Authors: Randall Raymond , Binn L. N. , Harrison V. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lyophilization of formalin-inactivated Rift Valley fever virus vaccine, prepared in African green monkey kidney cell cultures, was successfully accomplished by the addition of 2% U.S.P. human serum albumin (HSA). The choice of HSA as an additive was made because it is non-allergenic for man and is not known to contain infectious hepatitis virus.
Laboratory data have shown that the lyophilized vaccine containing 2% HSA is highly resistant to thermal deterioration and extremely stable in its immunogenic potency. These characteristics make stockpiling and shipment of the vaccine unrefrigerated entirely feasible, and permit the use of this product as a reference vaccine.
Immune Bactericidal Activity of Complement
Authors: Rother Klaus , Rother Ursula , Petersen Kurt Friedrich , Gemsa Diethard , Mitze Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The mechanism of rabbit serum bactericidal action on S. typhi 0 901 sensitized with immune antibody has been studied. The bactericidal reaction was separated into three subsequent intermediate reaction steps. An intermediate phase sensitive to MgNa2EDTA and to Na3·HEDTA is followed by a phase sensitive to Na3HEDTA alone. A third phase is reactive in the presence of both MgNa2EDTA and Na3·HEDTA and was identified as the reaction of C′3, as defined in the hemolytic system.
All details of the bactericidal reaction tested follow the rules derived for C′ in studies on the hemolytic system. The laws valid for C′ in immune hemolysis seem to apply also for serum bactericidal action on sensitized S. typhi.
Reciprocal Competition of a Variety of Antigens in the Suppression of Immunologic Reactivity
Authors: Miller Joshua , Martinez Carlos , Good Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reciprocal competition occurred when C3H and DBA/2 mice were stimulated, within a 6-hr period, with five strong antigens: Brucella abortus, hemocyanin, T2 bacteriophage, typhoidparatyphoid vaccine, and Type II pneumococcal polysaccharide. Antibody levels in the multiply stimulated animals were lower than those of animals stimulated with single antigens. Administration of syngeneic lymphoid cells before multiple stimulation increased antibody levels while administration of allogeneic cells reduced them. The immunologic competence of spleen cells of mice stimulated with the five strong antigens was assessed in the graft-host interactions assay and in the Simonsen graft vs host assay. The findings suggest that the reactivity of the cells in both models is reduced by the prior multiple stimulation of the donor.
Serologic and Skin-Test Response after Q Fever Vaccination by the Intracutaneous Route
Authors: Bell J. Frederick , Luoto Lauri , Casey Mary , Lackman David B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results of intracutaneous injection of Q fever vaccine in man were compared with results previously obtained by subcutaneous injection. Antibody response was related to the number of doses of vaccine given but was more delayed and lower in titer than that obtained after subcutaneous injection. However, as measured by the radioisotope-precipitation test, a significant level of antibodies was attained in all groups in 40 weeks. Results of prevaccination skin tests were used as criteria for safety of vaccination. There was slow development of the skin-test reaction, and some tests which were negative 48 hr after injection were positive in 7 days. Volunteers with strong reactions were not vaccinated, but some persons with minimal reactions were vaccinated. There were no significant differences in antibody development in the skin-test weakly positive and skin-test negative vaccinated groups. The apparent absence of anamnestic antibody response cast doubt upon the significance of the minimal skin-test reactions. Eighty per cent of volunteers became skin-test positive after vaccination. Skin-test reactivity reached a maximum long after maximum antibody response as measured by the capillary-agglutination test. One reaction severe enough to be unpleasant but not disabling in any sense occurred unpredictably (Fig. 1). Other, minor, reactions resulting in obvious skin blemishes of long duration occurred more frequently. Those reactions as well as the more delayed and lower antibody response, make the intracutaneous route an undesirable one for injection of Q fever vaccine.
Allotypic Specificities in Four Strains of Inbred Mice as Revealed by Reciprocal Immunizations
Authors: Gengozian N. , Doria G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Reciprocal immunizations among four strains of inbred mice with their respective γ-globulin protein (in antigen-antibody complexes) was performed to determine allotypic specificity. In agreement with the reports of others, the isoprecipitin responses showed that strains A/Rl, C3H/R1 and DBA/Rl could be classified as having the γ-globulin allotype MuAsa1; and strain C57Bl/Rl, allotype MuAsa2. A new allotype, common to strains A/R1 and C3H/R1 but absent from strains DBA/R1 and C57B1/R1, was found and has tentatively been classified as MuAsb1. The results of isoimmunization and heteroimmunization with murine antigen-antibody complexes revealed more than one serum protein to participate in the in vitro antigen-antibody reaction. Discussion is given on the technical procedures of isoimmunization, and on the methods of assaying isoprecipitin response, particularly the value and limitations of the tannic acid hemagglutination test for allotypic differentiation.
Concerning the Familial Occurrence of Immediate Wheal Reactions Caused by Antigenic Stimuli
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Schick tests and immunization with a single uniform dose of fluid diphtheria toxoid were carried out in two groups of persons who had not knowingly been exposed to toxoid during the preceding 5 years: a) 57 individuals with a personal or familial history of allergy, and b) 91 persons with no history of allergy. In confirmation of earlier results, it was found that immediate wheal reactions, when present, occurred in Schick negative persons but not in Schick positive persons. A history of allergy was found to be of significance in the occurrence of wheal reactions which developed in Schick negative subjects in response to toxoid.
Most skin reactions were mild to moderate and were unaccompanied by reagins in the circulating blood.
In confirmation of other workers, the present study indicated that personal and family histories of allergic diseases occur more frequently together than a family history in the absence of personal involvement, or a personal history in the absence of familial disease.
In Vitro Passive Sensitization of Chopped Guinea Pig Lung by Guinea Pig 7S Antibodies
Authors: Baker Alan R. , Bloch Kurt J. , Austen K. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pig 7S γ-1, but not γ-2, antibodies directed against the same antigenic determinant sensitized chopped guinea pig lung tissue for antigen-induced release of histamine. Thus, in vitro experiments confirm previous in vivo findings that guinea pig 7S γ-1, but not γ-2, antibodies sensitize the guinea pig for passive cutaneous and systemic anaphylaxis. Succinate or maleate markedly enhanced antigen-induced release of histamine from tissue passively sensitized in vitro with γ-1 antibodies. Maximum enhancement was achieved by simultaneous addition of antigen and succinate. Succinate did not enhance hemolysis produced by γ-2 anti-hapten antibodies and complement, nor did it enhance lysis of sheep erythrocytes sensitized with guinea pig anti-sheep erythrocyte antisera.
Biologic Properties of Polynucleotides
Authors: Yachnin Stanley , Rosenblum Daniel , Chatman Donald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A detailed study of the inhibition of the first component of human complement (C′1) by polyinosinic acid (poly I) has been presented. Less than 1 × 10-3 µmole poly I/ml will inhibit C′1 hemolytic activity in the liquid phase or attached to sensitized erythrocytes (EAC′1). Poly I incorporated into a double-stranded helix with polyadenylic acid does not inhibit C′1. Study of the effect of poly I on the isolated subcomponents of C′1 (C′1q, C′1r, C′1s) shows that poly I selectively inhibits C′1q. The inhibition of C′1 and C′1q by poly I is, to a variable extent, reversible by the subsequent addition of poly A. Of other synthetic polyribonucleotides only polyriboguanylic acid and mixed copolymers of inosinic and uridylic acids, or guanylic and uridylic acids having greater than 80% inosinic or guanylic acid content, display any Anti-C′1 activity.