bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reinventing Energy Economics after the Oil Shock
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the rise of a novel approach to market governance among West German economists during the 1970s and 1980s. While the groundwork for this was laid by American economists, West Germans were the ones who combined different schools of thought into a new paradigm that aimed to use the state to guide markets in an ecological direction. These economists defy easy categorization, and complicate the conventional distinctions between Keynesianism, neoliberalism, and Ordoliberalism. They were critical of markets, but they simultaneously condemned Keynesianism for exalting quantitative growth. As they worked to reinsert energy and nature into a profession that had focused almost exclusively on capital and labor, they carved out new policy arenas that fused the powers of the market with the strengths of the state. By trying to actively restructure the economy and reshape consumer behavior through pollution taxes and ecological investment programs, these experts crafted many of the policy instruments that West German politicians would embrace in the 1990s.
Energetic Hopes in the Face of Chernobyl and Climate Change
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how new ideas about energy gained momentum during the 1980s and laid the groundwork for more lasting changes to come. With the entry of the Green Party into Parliament, the nuclear meltdown in Chernobyl, and the politicization of climate change, concern about energy reached a zenith during this decade. The Greens as well as the SPD put forth numerous legislative proposals to reform the nation’s electricity grid along ecological lines and reduce the nation’s energy use. Calls for a transition off fossil fuels and nuclear power failed because the Greens and the SPD were unable to form an alliance. Equally important, after 1989 the reunification of West and East Germany dominated politics, depriving energy policy of its urgency. Meanwhile, the rise of neoliberalism made it challenging for advocates of an energy transition to justify sweeping state interventions into infrastructure or technology. Nevertheless, the ideas of Ecological Modernization made great headway during this decade, entering major legislative proposals from all parties.
Introduction
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The introduction presents the puzzle driving the book’s narrative: Why in the twenty-first century has the most technologically advanced society given rise to anti-science and fascism? History may have an answer. Ours is not the only era of contradictions. The fin de siècle was also a period that went from the heights of science and rationality to the depths of irrationalism and hatred. The hypothesis introduced is that explosive politics at the turn of both centuries is rooted in technological changes that brought humankind to its highest levels of sophistication. The project is to develop a theoretical model to explain this. Using the theories of Karl Polanyi’s theory of the “double movement” and Joseph Schumpeter’s of technological innovation, I argue that technological revolutions produced hyper-globalization, creating “eras” of defensive nationalism, a form of national populism that combines anti-liberalism and anti-globalization with economic nationalism, and which has both right- and left-wing expressions.
From Globalization to the Nation
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at the political responses to economic and social dislocation in both centuries. It examines how right-wing and left-wing formulations of who “the people” and “the nation” were developed, how economic nationalism became dominant, and lastly how each side of the political spectrum defined the international forces that were threatening the nation. In the late nineteenth century, on the left, American populist parties and socialist parties arose. They defined “the people” as the farmers and working people who were oppressed by eastern bankers and industrialists. In Europe extreme, right-wing nationalist movements identified the nation with the “heartland” and put the blame of changing times on the Jews. In the twenty-first century, left-wing defensive nationalist movements used the same tropes as their earlier counterparts, blaming the problems of globalization on multinational corporations. Right-wing defensive nationalists ethnicized the enemy—the groups in finance, evil nations opposing them, or immigrant hordes.
Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation under French Rule
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 7 examines the historical and factors that undermined Haiti’s long-term development relative to other forced settlement colonies in the Global South. Haiti’s persistent underdevelopment is contrasted with the French Antilles colonies (i.e., Guadeloupe, Martinique, and Réunion), which implemented significant liberal reforms following the establishment of republican government in France. Consequently, emancipated Afro-descendants in the Antilles colonies also benefited from the expansion of citizenship rights and parliamentary representation in the Third French Republic after 1870. The expansion of citizenship rights and parliamentary representation in the French Antilles is contrasted with the extractive and repressive legal-administrative institutions that controlled indigenous Arab Muslims in Algeria, and indigenous African ethnicities in Senegal, Gabon, Madagascar, and the Comoros Islands. These diverse examples of French colonial occupation highlight the negative developmental legacies of extractive legal-administrative institutions that undermined the legal rights and political agency of indigenous colonial subjects under French rule.
Transformative Animal Protection
Authors: Donaldson Sue , Kymlicka Will 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Because institutional constraints often preclude animal protection organizations (APOs) from taking an uncompromising public stand on animal rights, they are assumed to play a primarily meliorative rather than transformative role in the animal advocacy movement. This chapter questions this assumption, arguing that APOs can indeed contribute to genuine transformation through their own internal practices and ethos and through grassroots partnerships. One way to promote transformative change is to engage in “prefigurative” practices. Even within the current circumstances of profound injustice, it is possible to carve out moments or spaces for treating animals the way they should be treated in a (more) just society and establish the kinds of relationships with animals that would characterize a (more) just society. The chapter explores the scope for such prefigurative change within APOs in two main areas: (1) the creation of interspecies community and (2) the facilitation of animal agency.
Standardization among the Like-Minded
Authors: Grübler Julia 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The EU-Korea trade agreement, which has been applied since 2011, has ushered in a new era of deep trade integration. Eight years later, the EU-Japan agreement was declared the new “gold standard” of EU trade relations. Korea and Japan are important trading partners for the EU. However, their significance goes beyond the bilateral relationship. Over the past few years, they have been integrated into a network of cross-regional agreements that may facilitate the spread of their definitional and normative principles. These include ASEAN + 3 and the two remaining mega-regional agreements, CPTPP and RCEP. Simultaneously, they have become very active in plurilateral and multilateral negotiations in sparsely regulated economic sectors, such as the digital economy and advancing technologies. The EU free trade agreements with these “like-minded” partners in East Asia show how existing international norms, standards, and institutions are being strengthened and how they aim to collaboratively create future standards for international trade.
After Violence
Authors: Javeline Debra 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Starting on September 1, 2004, and ending 53 hours later, Russia experienced its most appalling act of terrorism in history, the seizure of School No. 1 in Beslan, North Ossetia. Approximately 1,200 children, parents, and teachers were taken hostage, and over 330—nearly one of every hundred Beslan residents—were killed, hundreds more seriously wounded, and all severely traumatized. After Violence is the first book to analyze the aftermath of such large-scale violence with evidence from almost all direct victims. It explores the motivations behind individual responses to violence. When does violence fuel greater acceptance of retaliatory violence, and when does violence fuel nonviolent participation in politics? The mass hostage taking was widely predicted to provoke a spiral of retaliatory ethnic violence in the North Caucasus, where the act of terror was embedded in a larger context of ongoing conflict between Ossetians, Ingush, and Chechens. Politicians, journalists, victims, and other local residents asserted that vengeance would come. Instead, the hostage taking triggered unprecedented peaceful political activism on a scale seen nowhere else in Russia. Beslan activists challenged authorities, endured official harassment, and won a historic victory against the Russian state in the European Court of Human Rights. After Violence provides insights into this unexpected but preferable outcome. Using systematic surveys of 1,098 victims (82%) and 2,043 nearby residents, in-depth focus groups, journalistic accounts, investigative reports, NGO reports, and prior scholarly research, After Violence offers novel findings about the influence of anger, prejudice, alienation, efficacy, and other variables on post-violence behavior.
“Why Do We Debate?”
Authors: Soufi Youcef L. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
vfJurists claimed to engage in disputation to find God’s law yet continued to debate the same issues over generations. Had their predecessors not found God’s law? Beyond an exercise in pedagogical training, what purpose was served by revisiting disputations (munāẓarāt), time and again? To answer these questions, this chapter excavates juristic debates within the books of uṣūl al-fiqh. It examines how jurists see the various functions of munāẓara to converge on two discursive foundations: one, that each jurist carries an individual duty of ijtihād (the search for God’s law); and two, that God’s law is ever uncertain. It is the notion that each jurist bore responsibility—for himself—of seeking out the law within this terrain of uncertainty that granted classical critique its salience: only by examining the conflicting views of his predecessors could any jurist claim due diligence and credibly offer guidance to lay Muslims.
Investigating Nature under the Guidance of Reason
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the fact that Kant takes the standpoint of a Naturforscher in his race essays. At the center is his view on the role of reason in the investigation of nature. This view is reflected both in his theory of hypothesis and in how he makes room for teleological principles in the investigations of organic formation in general and of hereditary human differences in particular. Studying these topics takes us through nearly all the major theoretical works that Kant produced during his career, from the Critique of Pure Reason (with its account of the systematic unity and regulative principles of reason) to the Critique of the Power of Judgment (with its clarification of the use of teleological principles and articulation of a theory of epigenesis that has been implicit in the race essays). Kant’s theory of race is thereby intertwined with some of his most sophisticated philosophical innovations.
Introduction
Authors: Fishbach Ayelet , Kopetz Catalina , Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Abstract: This introduction reviews the principles of Goal Systems Theory (GST): people choose means that maximize goal attainment, and an increase in the number of goals that a given means serves (or the number of means that are connected to a given goal), decreases a goal-means association. Next, the authors review the four basic configurations of goal systems: equifinality, multifinality, unifinality, and counterfinality. Finally, the authors summarize some of the research inspired by GST and provide a peek into the discoveries in this book.
New Developments in Goal Systems Theory
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews several developments in goal systems theory (GST) that have taken place since its “debut” in 2002. These include empirical work on the configurational constructs of equifinality and multifinality as well as on the new concept of counterfinality. The discussion also addresses the means–ends fusion model of intrinsic motivation based on the structural properties of GST and a model of extremism that draws on both the structural and allocational properties of GST and identifies a common psychological dynamic in widely different “extremisms” including terrorism, extreme sports, extreme diets, extreme love, and exceptional humanism. Lastly, the concept of goal systems is tied to that of basic human needs. Whereas the basic needs form part of a largely invariable human nature, goal systems designed to serve those needs are socially constructed and, hence, vary in accordance with context and culture. Understanding this conjunction provides new insights into a wide range of behaviors, including the aggressive response to frustration and romantic love.
Types of Negative Concord systems
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that the contrast between Strict and Non-strict NC languages lies in the fact that, in Strict NC languages, every overt negative element carries an uninterpretable negative feature [uNEG], and the only negative element carrying an interpretable negative feature [iNEG] is the abstract negative operator. This proposal, then, also predicts a mirror image of Non-strict NC systems, where all neg-words and the abstract negative operator carry [iNEG], and the NM carries [uNEG]. The chapter shows that such systems indeed exist and that they can be found, for instance, in certain varieties of Afrikaans. It also shows that in languages like French and English, only some negative elements carry a feature [iNEG] or [uNEG], yielding a so-called Partial NC system. The result of this may be that, in languages like English or Hindi, the number of overt negative elements equals the number of semantic negations, so that the NC system is actually invisible.
The flexibility of negative features
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the relation between carrying an interpretable formal negative feature [iNEG] and being accordingly semantically active, and argues that, grammatically, the two should be disentangled. There are cases where a particular element may carry a feature [iNEG], despite being semantically non-negative, as is the case for licensers of neg-words that are not negative (such as adverbs meaning ‘before’, or predicates conveying doubt in NC languages like Spanish). There are also examples of semantically negative elements that lack formal negative features, such as the French Negative Marker pas or English Negative Indefinites like nobody or never. If the relation between an [iNEG] and being semantically negative/active is not 1:1, this calls for a learnability algorithm that determines which element should be assigned a formal (negative) feature (if any). This chapter presents such a mechanism: the Flexible Formal Feature Hypothesis (FFFH).
Neg-raising
Authors: Zeijlstra Hedde 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNeg-raising involves the fact that certain negated predicates (e.g. think, believe, expect) can give rise to a reading where the negation seems to take scope from an embedded clause. The standard analysis aims at solving this question in pragma-semantic terms. Recently, this standard approach has been challenged by Collins and Postal (2014), who argue that Neg-raising involves syntactic movement of the negation from the embedded clause into the matrix clause. This chapter presents three arguments against this account. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the standard, pragma-semantic approach to Neg-raising actually explains phenomena, which were presented by Collins and Postal (2014) as arguments in favour of the syntactic approach to Neg-raising, equally well as, if not better than, this syntactic alternative.
Domains of prominence in polysynthetic languages of North America
Authors: Rice Keren 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the typology of stress systems found in a selection of Indigenous languages of North America. The major question that is posed is whether, and, if so, how stress aids in determining morphological structure in these languages. Phonological factors are often called upon to help determine the morphological structure of a word; see, for instance, the large literature on Lexical Phonology and Stratal Optimality Theory and the growing literature on syntactic theories of word structure. When words are analyzed as having internal structure, as is the case in polysynthetic languages, one might expect that stress could function to help identify structure including roots and stems as well as words.
A unified account of phonological and morphological accent
Authors: van der Hulst Harry 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter outlines a unified theory of word accentuation rules, considering that such rules often apply within headed domains that are smaller than the whole grammatical word. These domains, called phonotactic domains, are dependent on the morphosyntactic structure of words, as well as on specific demands of affixes in forming such word-internal domains. Accentual algorithms select a ‘winning’ domain accent from pre-given ‘competing’ syllabic accents that are due to syllable weight or that are diacritic (‘diacritic weight’). As proposed in Bogomolets (2020), languages of the world choose from two kinds of selection strategies to selects winning accents, that I will here call linear and hierarchical. When resolution is linear the accent algorithm is purely phonologically driven. Accent systems that appeal to hierarchical resolution can then be called morphologically driven. However, we will see that the phonotactic structure also plays a role in phonologically driven accent systems when these have more than one accentual algorithm for different domains of the phonotactic structure.
The Study of Bilingual Language Processing
Authors: Jiang Nan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This book provides an overview of research on the cognition of bilingualism. In addition to identifying the most important characteristics of this research and offering a historical sketch in the first chapter, the bulk of the book deals with research on four bilingual processing topics. The first topic, lexico-semantic representation and organization in bilinguals, deals with how words and meanings are represented and connected in the bilingual mind. The second topic, cross-language priming, explores the bilingual lexicon by examining how exposure to words in one language may affect word recognition in another and leads to the discovery of an asymmetry in translation priming. The third topic, selective lexical access in bilinguals, examines whether bilinguals can selectively activate one language while suppressing the other. The research on the topic of code switching is intended to explore language control and language regulation mechanisms in bilinguals. The book ends in a chapter that reviews research on three topics beyond lexical processing: autobiographical memory in bilinguals, the representation and interaction of syntactic knowledge in bilinguals, and the consequences of bilingualism.
Taking an Interest
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains why nineteenth-century readers with no specialist or professional commitment to Asian languages and literatures began to take an interest in oriental translations, an interest that can be observed to grow steadily over the course of the century. It proposes four main ‘growth factors’: a climate of religious tolerance and ecumenism, increased opportunities for travel to Asia, imperial consciousness, and concerns surrounding decadence and the perceived cultural decline of the West. It is then shown how each of these factors contributes to the phenomenal popularity of the Rubaiyat of the Persian poet, Omar Khayyam, in a variety of translations between 1880 and 1920. Finally, the chapter defines some of the limits of Victorian cosmopolitanism, beyond which readerly curiosity or sympathy did not readily extend.
Circulating
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how Asian literature circulated in nineteenth-century British and American society, showing how readers accessed copies of cheap and popular translations in bookshops and lending libraries. But the chapter also discusses their circulation in fragmentary form, not as entire texts but as individual lines and phrases, images or characters, which may be quoted or alluded to in writing, or dropped into conversation. This practice became habitual and ubiquitous by the turn of the century, and manifests particularly clearly in the dissemination of proverbs and aphorisms, which through their continuous reprinting in Victorian periodicals are repeatedly misquoted and misattributed. The chapter then turns to the urban environment, pointing out the numerous towns and streets in Britain and America whose names were derived from Asian literature, and the unobserved presence of statues of Asian authors or of their inscribed names on the façades of public libraries and museums.
Canonizing
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how, as translations of Asian literature circulated in increasing volume and variety, members of the cultural elite attempted to organize an accepted canon of ‘oriental classics’ as a counterpart to the traditional Greco-Roman curriculum. The paradigmatic figure in this regard is Sir John Lubbock, who in 1886 published a list of the one hundred greatest books. The nine items of Asian literature Lubbock nominated, including the Quran, the Shahnameh, the Shi Jing and the Ramayana, were a source of considerable controversy, and Lubbock’s decision-making process is shown with reference to his personal papers. Victorian notions of what constituted a ‘classic’ were often at variance with the evolving canons in India, China, and other countries, yet Lubbock’s list strongly influenced the editors of the major cheap reprint series, such as Everyman’s Library and the Chandos Classics, to include Asian texts in their conspectus of world literature.
Translating
Authors: Bubb Alexander 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter contrasts the translation methods of scholarly orientalists with the strategies used by popularizers to make Asian texts accessible or appealing to the general readership. Adopting Lawrence Venuti’s distinction between ‘domesticating’ and ‘foreignizing’ styles of translation, it argues paradoxically that the popularizers, in spite of their typically limited knowledge of the source-language, produced versions more respectful of the complexity, cultural difference, and fundamental untranslatability of Asian texts. Popularizers and scholars are shown to have existed in a mingled relationship of collaboration and rivalry, occasionally engaging in dramatic feuds in the periodical press. The chapter concludes with an extended comparison of two popular translations of the Ramayana, by Frederika Richardson (1870) and Romesh Chunder Dutt (1899), showing how each translator’s cultural and political priorities cause them to present startlingly different renditions of the epic poem.