bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stairway to Heaven
Authors: Blasco-Fontecilla Hilario 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a model for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) as an addictive behavior, and its implications. The framing of self-injury as an “addiction” is controversial. Some authors argue that the repetition of NSSI is better explained by emotional processes rather than by addictive mechanisms. These authors stress the works that argued that whereas both positive and negative reinforcement sustain substance use, NSSI is only perpetuated thanks to negative reinforcement. However, some authors do not fully agree with the assumption that self-harm is not inherently pleasurable for some patients. Many describe it as such, and indeed, self-harm serves homeostatic functions as well as sensation-seeking functions. In any case, emotional dysregulation appears to characterize those patients who display NSSI with addictive characteristics. The chapter then considers the pathophysiology of NSSI before looking at the increasing number of solid empirical studies demonstrating the addictive properties of NSSI. A clear consequence of considering repetitive NSSI as an addiction is that treatments traditionally used in drug addictions may also be implemented in this field. A recent systematic review focused on the treatment of NSSI concluded that both brief psychotherapies and pharmacological interventions can be effective for treating NSSI.
Bridging Brain and Behavior
Authors: Westlund Schreiner Mindy , Frandsen Summer B. , Molina Nicolette C. , Dillahunt Alina K. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although research is increasingly considering neurobiological processes underlying psychopathology, there is a lack of a comprehensive bridge to clinical practice. One way to bridge this gap is through personalized or precision medicine. This involves using an individual’s unique biological characteristics to inform treatment rather than a traditional one-size-fits-all approach to intervention. This goal can be furthered by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative, which aims to use multiple units of analyses (e.g., circuits, physiology, and self-report) to study discrete maladaptive behaviors that are separated into domains (e.g., negative and positive valence systems and systems for social processes). One important but understudied focus is nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), the overall prevalence of which has shown no reduction using conventional therapeutic and pharmaceutical interventions. The current treatments for NSSI show some modest success with a top-down approach of using existing interventions to target neurobiology but would also benefit from a bottom-up approach of creating interventions to specifically target neurobiological targets. Likewise, the field would benefit from an integration of biological and clinical trials to translate findings and move more quickly toward precision medicine. This chapter discusses prior findings of the association between NSSI and neurocircuitry, heart rate variability, and other psychophysiological markers and suggests future directions to integrate treatment targets and intervention innovations to move toward alleviating distress associated with NSSI.
NSSI Among Military Service Members and Veterans
Authors: Gromatsky Molly , Mann Adam J. , Kimbrel Nathan A. , Dillon Kirsten H. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) among military service members and veterans. Though NSSI typically emerges and is most prevalent during adolescence and young adulthood, research examining NSSI in service members—who represent a younger demographic of military personnel—is limited in quantity. Existing literature reporting NSSI prevalence rates among service members varies, and initial lifetime estimates among nonclinical samples are low. As with rates of suicidal thoughts and behaviors, NSSI prevalence rates tend to be higher among veterans or combined military personnel samples compared to service members alone. The chapter then looks at demographic differences in NSSI rates among military service members and veterans, considering gender, sexual and gender minority status, age and military service era, and race and ethnicity. It studies the relationship between NSSI and affect-related conditions, suicide risk, trauma exposure, substance use, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The chapter also assesses the forms and functions of NSSI in service members and veterans before exploring future directions for assessment and treatment of NSSI in military personnel.
NSSI and Self-Harm Behavior and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Brausch Amy , Clapham Rebekah 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the effects of previous pandemics on mental health and self-harm, as well as the current research available about the effects of COVID-19 on nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide risk. Initial evidence on the effects of COVID-19 on deliberate self-harm behavior suggests that in general, individuals are experiencing a significant amount of collective stress and trauma, regardless of their views about or access to masks or vaccines. Some researchers have suggested that factors such as social distancing, less access to social supports, barriers to mental health treatments, fear of and experience with physical illness, and increased feelings of responsibility and guilt may be reducing general resilience of the population and increasing deliberate self-harm risk. However, it is also possible that the COVID-19 pandemic has created situations that serve as protective factors against deliberate self-harm. With opportunities to work from home, the closures of schools, and increased interaction with family members, individuals may be experiencing less work-related stress, more distance from negative or harmful peers, and an increased sense of family connection. The chapter then considers identity-related factors in the context of COVID-19 and self-harm. In addition to adolescents and the LGBTQ community potentially being disproportionally influenced by COVID-19, there have been reports of deliberate self-harm behaviors increasing among other minoritized individuals as well.
Lofexidine
Authors: Gorodetzky Charles W. , Gullo Kristen L. , Fishman Marc 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Lofexidine is an agonist at the central alpha-2 adrenergic receptor and is indicated for relief of the symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Lofexidine has been marketed in the United Kingdom for opioid withdrawal management since 1992 and in the United States since 2018. This chapter outlines the pharmacodynamics and mechanisms of action of lofexidine with regard to its role in opioid withdrawal management, as well as its pharmacokinetic characteristics before outlining in detail the clinical use of lofexidine. This includes a discussion of safety considerations, drug interactions, and use in impaired populations. The authors conclude with a review of the evidence supporting lofexidine, spanning clinical trials to open label examinations, and a clinical vignette of a prototypical lofexidine experience.
Contingency Management Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Holtyn August F. , Toegel Forrest , Novak Matthew D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Contingency Management (CM) is an effective, evidence-based approach for the treatment of substance use disorder, including opioid use disorder (OUD). CM interventions derive from the operant behavior perspective of psychology and have an extensive theoretical, laboratory, and clinical foundation that laid the foundation for development of CM interventions to treat substance use disorder. Hundreds of studies, including controlled trials, systematic reviews,5,8 and meta-analyses have shown CM interventions to be a highly effective treatment for substance use disorder, particularly when used for OUD. This chapter reviews the underlying foundation for CM and a brief history of its use for the treatment of OUD. We then review the use of CM in opioid agonist treatment for promoting abstinence from opioids, cocaine, cigarettes, and other substances in persons who are using opioids, as well as its use in withdrawal settings and to promote behaviors other than abstinence, such as treatment engagement or retention and vocational training.
Differences Between Those Engaged in Heroin Use and Non-Prescribed Opioid Use
Authors: Schepis Ty S. , Duncan Bowie , Vrotsos Katherine 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Despite similarities in activity at the opioid receptors, there are significant differences in the profiles of individuals engaged in heroin use as compared to those engaged in non-prescribed opioid use (NPOU). This chapter first reviews the epidemiological trends evident in NPOU and heroin use, before discussing sociodemographic characteristics of persons who engage in NPOU and heroin use, personality correlates, delinquency and criminal justice involvement, familial and environmental influences, physical and mental health, and other substance use. We also review studies examining results of neuropsychological and neuroimaging comparisons, motives and sources, and the impact of heroin or NPOU on treatment outcomes. When available, we outline results of direct comparisons. We conclude with a review of the similarities and differences between persons with primary NPOU and heroin use, and outline limitations in the knowledge base and specific directions for future research.
Naltrexone
Authors: Tsoy-Podosenin Marina , Krupitsky Evgeny 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Use of opioid antagonists, particularly when delivered as an extended-release formulation, is a meaningful treatment option for individuals with opioid use disorder who are highly motivated to remain opioid abstinent or do not have access to agonist treatment. Current evidence suggests that use of injectable and implantable depot formulations of naltrexone is safe and well-tolerated. Initiation of an extended-release naltrexone remains a challenge for patients using opioid agonists and requires further development of rapid and effective methods of induction. When initiated, the extended-release naltrexone is effective for relapse prevention and is comparable to buprenorphine-naloxone. An extended-release naltrexone effectively prevented relapse among persons under criminal justice supervision and improved treatment outcomes in patients with comorbid HIV. Further strategies to improve retention in treatment and expand use of antagonists in other target populations need to be implemented.
The History and Scope of Parasocial Research
Authors: Liebers Nicole , Schramm Holger 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of parasocial research. To begin, the origin of parasocial research in the 1950s is described, followed by milestones in the development of theoretical perspectives on parasocial experiences. In the next step, the growing interest in empirical research concerning parasocial experiences is explained. After explaining the development and milestones of parasocial research, the chapter takes a look at today’s scope of parasocial research by addressing its diversification and current research trends. In doing so, this chapter offers meaningful insights into parasocial research from a meta-perspective and, in turn, can be seen as a kind of foundation for the following chapters of this handbook.
The Social Context of PSRs
Authors: Greenwood Dara , Aldoukhov Alice 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Despite being initially defined as a complementary extension of social life, parasocial relationships (PSRs)—imagined intimacies that audiences develop with media figures—have also been hypothesized to serve as a “functional alternative” to social life. The latter compensatory use of PSRs ostensibly addresses insufficient or unsatisfying social and emotional needs and is sometimes labeled the social surrogacy hypothesis. The present chapter reviews research on parasocial experiences (PSEs) in the context of media users’ social and emotional life. The chapter focuses on the complex and sometimes contradictory relationships that PSEs have to loneliness, attachment anxiety, and belonging needs, and the small body of work that examines whether PSEs might actually gratify such needs is highlighted. Also considered are particular kinds of parasocial targets (i.e., romantic, identity relevant) and their implications for social and emotional well-being.
How Parasocial Relationships Affect Our Self-Concepts
Authors: Gabriel Shira , Young Ariana F. , Naidu Esha , Schneider Veronica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter surveys the effects of parasocial relationships (PSRs; one-sided relationships with media figures, including celebrities and fictional characters) on individuals’ self-concept, self-esteem, and self-discrepancies. The chapter begins by examining the effects of PSRs on self-esteem and body esteem. After reviewing the literature in these areas, the chapter explores how people use self-expanding properties of PSRs to regulate affect and other unpleasant states. Finally, it explores some potential areas for future research. Special attention is given to the effects of PSRs on body image. The chapter reviews evidence of both problematic and protective consequences of PSRs for media users’ mental health and psychological well-being.
Effects of Parasocial Experiences on Intergroup Relationships
Authors: Cohen Elizabeth L. , Atwell Seate Anita 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews existing research on how mediated contact with media figures (e.g., celebrities, fictional characters, public figures, and others) can affect intergroup relations. The review is organized around two parasocial experiences through which mediated intergroup encounters with media figures are theorized to affect audience prejudice: parasocial contact and vicarious contact. The chapter concludes with several recommendations for advancing theory and research on media figure intergroup contact effects and understanding how intergroup media figure involvement can be most advantageous for members of marginalized social groups. Moving forward, any theorizing of media figure contact effects should be not only comprehensive enough to explain how diverse groups of people respond to different media figures, but also just enough to inform and promote social change that is beneficial to the groups that have been most victimized by the prejudices that intergroup contact theory has always sought to remedy.
Parasocial Experiences in the Political Arena
Authors: Demetriades Stefanie Z. , Walter Nathan , Cohen Jonathan 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As politics becomes increasingly personalized, research in parasocial relationships (PSRs) has begun to explore the effects of the public’s imagined relationships with political figures. This chapter provides an overview of this emerging area of study, beginning with a discussion of three primary strands of research on politically relevant PSRs. The first focuses on PSRs with politicians (e.g., Donald Trump) and examines how media and social media foster these parasocial experiences. The second looks at PSRs with media personae, including newscasters, pundits, and celebrities, who may shape audiences’ political perceptions and engagement. The third line of research turns to PSRs with characters in political TV shows (e.g., The West Wing), exploring how fictional politicians can have real-world influence. The chapter then discusses overlaps and distinctions between PSRs and other related predictors of political support, as well as current methods utilized to measure PSRs with politicians, and concludes with some recommendations for the future of study and theorization of the political impact of PSRs.
Beyond Friendship
Authors: Tukachinsky Forster Rebecca , Click Melissa A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Past research and anecdotal evidence suggests that many audience members are exposed to media figures they dislike. However, their relationships with these media figures are not well understood in parasocial research. Building on scholarly media and fan studies on anti-fandom, we argue that these seemingly negative experiences are diverse, complex, and nuanced—they are more than merely the opposite of positive parasocial relationships (PSRs). The chapter theorizes several nonamicable parasocial experiences: pervasive negative PSRs (NPSRs) (formed with ubiquitous media figures one cannot escape); competitive NPSRs (involving a real or symbolic rivalry with the media user’s PSR partner); loyal NPSRs (inability to break up with a disappointing PSR partner); and ludic/ironic PSRs (wherein individuals derive pleasure from disparaging an inferior media figure). The chapter concludes with a review of specific media and audience variables that can be instrumental in examining these different types of nonamicable PSRs.
Cultural Perspective
Authors: Tukachinsky Forster Rebecca , Hu Mu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although parasocial relationships (PSRs) and parasocial interactions (PSIs) have been studied around the globe, there is a paucity of research that directly compares the characteristics and consequences of these experiences in different cultures. While there is a scarcity of research directly comparing samples from different cultures, research conducted in non-Western cultures uncovered patterns that diverge from findings of studies performed in Western cultures. This indirect evidence of cultural differences gave raise to abundant theorization of the influence of culture on PSEs. This chapter makes the case for why parasocial experiences can vary across cultures and outlines a research agenda for further examination of these questions.
PSRs in Adults and Older Adults
Authors: Stever Gayle 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Parasocial relationships (PSRs) are a part of a lifelong range of experiences that begin in early childhood and extend well into old age. Parasocial is defined as any social connection that is nonreciprocated. This chapter considers the functions and characteristics of parasocial experiences (PSEs) in adulthood and discusses the unique roles of PSEs in different life stages from a developmental psychology perspective. It reviews research in adults and the function of these experiences at different critical places in development and among older adults. Finally, the chapter discusses celebrity worship and pathological perspectives on PSEs. The chapter concludes by considering whether the term parasocial implies some kind of pathology or unhealthy behavior and considers possible objections to this term.
Kambaata
Authors: Treis Yvonne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Kambaata is a Highland East Cushitic language spoken in southwestern Ethiopia. It has a phonemic length contrast both in its vowel and consonant systems. Kambaata is agglutinating-fusional and suffixing, with many portmanteau morphemes. Five open word classes are defined morphosyntactically: verbs, nouns, adjectives, ideophone, and interjections. Stress is phonemic and has a grammatical function; it serves, either alone or in combination with a segmental suffix, to distinguish between grammatical forms of one lexeme. Kambaata is a nominative-accusative language with an elaborate system of nine nominal cases. Nouns fall into two genders; number is rather derivational than inflectional in nature. Adjectives agree with their head nouns in case and gender. Verbs index the subject and are marked for aspect, mood, and dependency status. Past tense marking is periphrastic and optional. Subordinate verbs encompass different types of converbs and purposive verbs, some of which are sensitive to switch-reference marking, as well as relative verbs and verbal nouns. Negative relative verbs are almost perfect verb-adjective hybrids. Kambaata’s constituent order is consistently head-final. The present chapter gives an overview of salient aspects of Kambaata’s phonology, derivational and inflectional morphology, and syntax. The data is written in the official, Roman-based orthography.
Konso
Authors: Orkaydo Ongaye Oda , Mous Maarten 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Lowland East Cushitic language of the Afroasiatic phylum spoken in southwest Ethiopia: Konso. It emphasizes that the Konso call themselves Xonsitta and their language Afaa Xonso. The chapter also displays the four dialects of Konso: Faashe, Karatte, Tuuro, and Xolme. The Konso are organized in nine exogamous clans, each with their own chief. They are predominantly farmers who are known for their indigenous terracing system. This chapter also stresses that the majority of the Konso people are monolingual. It then investigates the rate of bilingualism in Konso and Amharic, and argues that monolingualism in Amharic in the Konso zonal town of Karatte is beginning to show up among children born of native Konso. Ultimately, this chapter details the early studies of Konso phonology and morphology. It also looks at the Konso syntax, grammar, and ideophones.
Oromo
Authors: Banti Giorgio , Mazengia Shimelis 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to Oromo, the Cushitic language with the highest number of speakers, which is also used as a second language in several areas of Ethiopia. After an introductory section on its history, sociolinguistics, dialectology and a brief survey of previous research, several aspects of its phonetics and phonology are discussed, also taking into account dialect variation. After a discussion of the official orthography of Oromo, and segmental and tonal sandhi, verbal and nominal morphology are analyzed, and other word classes such as adjectives, interrogatives and quantifiers are discussed. Then derivational morphology and compounds are surveyed. Furthermore, the structure of declarative and interrogative simple sentences, as well as coordination, co-subordination, and subordination are surveyed. After the discussion of focus phenomena and definiteness, agreement and phrasal case marking are surveyed in the final section.
Xamtanga
Authors: Darmon Chloé 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the Central Cushitic (or Agaw) language spoken in the Wag Hemra Zone of the Amhara Region of Ethiopia: Xamtanga. Xamtanga is a working and educational language in the Wag Hemra Zone. The chapter argues that Xamtanga is employed as the primary medium of communication by all ages and in all domains in Ziqwala and Abergelle. Bilingualism in Amharic and/or in Tigrinya is extremely frequent. This chapter then explores the five dialects of Xamtanga: Soqota (South East), S’agibji (East), Ziqwala (Central), Semen/Sihalla (West), and Abergelle (North). Ultimately, the chapter analyzes the Xamtanga phonology, verbal morphology, nominal morphology, pronominal morphology, and pragmatics.
Geez (Old Ethiopic)
Authors: Tefera Amsalu , Bulakh Maria 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Old Ethiopic, which is also known as Geez. Geez was a spoken and a literary language amidst the Aksumite period and continued as the religious language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church until the present time and the literary language of Christian Ethiopia until the 19th century. The chapter lists the phonological changes that took place in the Aksumite period in the consonant and vowel systems of Geez, the main phonological alternations, the basic facts on morphology, syntax, and pragmatics.
Mesqan
Authors: Shafi Ousman , Meyer Ronny 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Mesqan language. It is not used for writing and in official domains. Moreover, most Mesqan speakers are bilingual in Amharic. The chapter outlines the structure of verbs and nominals as the major word classes, and also deals with ideophones and interjections, which have a limited distribution. The verb derivation encompasses the prefixation for valency adjustment and reduplication to express the iterative, while nouns are derived from other nominals through suffixation. Additionally, the chapter looks into subject and object marking in Mesqan being differentiated through flagging and word order.