bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Induction, Specificity, Prevention and Breaking of Immunologic Paralysis and Immunity to Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Brooke Marcus S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic paralysis against the soluble specific substance of type III Diplococcus pneumoniae (SIII) has been studied using an in vitro technique for determining antibodies and a specific depolymerase (D3) for removing persistent antigen from the circulation.
When mice were injected with small quantities of SIII, circulating antibodies were detectable 48 hr later and the titers persisted for several months. Subsequent injection of the homologous antigen gave a booster response.
Mice could be paralyzed after the onset of immunity by the injection of relatively large quantities of antigen. On the other hand, once paralysis is induced it is long-lasting, and paralyzed mice cannot be immunized by subsequent injections of immunogenic doses of the homologous antigen.
Paralysis is type specific: mice paralyzed against SIII can be immunized against SVIII and mice paralyzed against SVIII can be immunized against SIII.
Attempts to prevent paralysis by the injection of spleen cells or peritoneal exudates from mice of the same strain, together with the antigen, were unsuccessful. Attempts to break paralysis by injection of the homologous vaccine in Freund's adjuvant, by vaccine alone or by irradiation were also unsuccessful.
The Production of Antibodies to Mononucleotides, Oligonucleotides and DNA
Authors: Halloran Mark J. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the accompanying article we have described methods for preparing mono, oligo and polynucleotide protein conjugates (1). This article is concerned with the evaluation of the immunologic response to these preparations. We will present evidence for the formation of antibodies with specificity for nucleotides and DNA as demonstrated by precipitin and complement fixation reactions. The results of prelimiuary evaluation of the antibody response to tetrathymidylic acid in terms of the number of nncleotide residues involved in the antigenic site also will be reported.
Materials and Methods. Methods for preparing protein conjugates and tetrathymidylic acid are described in the preceding article (1).
Random bred albino rabbits (2.5 kg) were immunized with either 2 or 3 mg of nucleotide or polynucleotide-protein conjugate in complete Freund's adjuvant, distributed among the footpads. Antisera were obtained by cardiac puncture at 21 to 26 days. Globulin fractions were obtained by precipitation at 50% ammonium sulfate followed by dialysis.
Heterogeneity of Nonspecific Forces in the Precipitation Reaction
Authors: Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Nonspecific factors are of importance in the reaction of precipitation of antibody by antigen. Purified anti-DNP antibody populations, even from individual rabbits, are heterogeneous with respect to these nonspecific factors. This heterogeneity is independent of the heterogeneity of affinity shown by the specific binding sites.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Adult Guinea Pig
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Flax Martin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The degree and persistence of immunologic unresponsiveness, induced in the adult guinea pig with a single intravenous injection of protein antigen in saline, depended on the time relationships between administration of the suppressing and sensitizing injections. Unresponsiveness was maximal when suppressing and sensitizing injections were administered concurrently. As the interval between the suppressing and sensitizing injections was increased, progressively less unresponsiveness resulted. Animals receiving a “suppressing” intravenous antigen injection 6–12 weeks prior to sensitization developed increased 7 Sγ1 antibody titers, suggesting that the suppressing injection was itself potentially immunogenic. It was also possible to induce immunologic unresponsiveness as late as 10 days after administration of a sensitizing injection of antigen, at a time when the animal already manifested a weak immune response; however, larger doses of suppressing antigen were required.
Delayed skin reactivity was most readily suppressed by intravenous antigen and last to recover. Hemolytic antibody production followed an intermediate course, while 7 Sγ1 antibody production was most resistant to suppression and the first to recover. The differences in suppressibility of these immune functions may reflect differences in the sensitivity of the techniques used to measure them or may indicate that these immune functions arise independently, possibly from different cell lines.
The Production of Congenital Malformations Using Tissue Antisera
Authors: Slotnick Victor , Brent Robert L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Teratogenic rat kidney and placental antisera were injected into rats that were eight days pregnant and were sacrificed two and five days later to study the localization of these antisera in the maternal organs and embryonic sites. Both these antisera had specific localization in the basement membrane of the kidney glomeruli, adrenal, liver, spleen and parietal yolk sac membrane. No in vivo localization of teratogenic sera was observed in the young embryo, the trophoblast, the amnion and many other maternal tissues. These studies lend support to two of the three hypotheses that attempt to explain the mechanism of action of teratogenic antisera, namely, 1) the interference of the function of the trophoblast, decidua or extraembryonic membranes (in this case, the yolk sac) and 2) production of maternal disease which is then reflected in the fetus (localization in many maternal organs). A direct effect on the fetus was not supported by these studies, but was not refuted by them either.
Finally, the significance of the hypothesis that yolk sac pathology could result in teratogenesis is discussed, since it could have important implications, not only with regard to antisera-induced malformations but because these findings may be applied to malformations induced by chemicals and other environmental influences.
Heterogeneity in the Complementation of Polypeptide Subunits of a Purified Antibody Isolated from an Individual Rabbit
Authors: Hong Richard , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments on complementation were carried out with light and heavy chains of antidinitrophenyl antibodies, purified from the serum of the same rabbit but differing in affinity for the hapten. Light chains derived from antibody of higher affinity were more effective than the light chains of low affinity antibody in complementation with their homologous heavy chains, but were equally or less effective when combined with the heavy chains of the antibody of lower affinity. The results indicate heterogeneity of the light chain population with respect to their effectiveness in complementation. A similar conclusion was reached with respect to the population of heavy chains. The data suggest that different clones of cells utilize different pairs of polypeptide chains in the synthesis of antibody of a given specificity.
Use of Sarcoma 180/TG to Prepare Hyperimmune Ascitic Fluid in the Mouse
Authors: Sartorelli Alan C. , Fischer David S. , Downs Wilbur G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Large amounts of hyperimmune antibody can be prepared in mice by use of the relatively nonvirulent ascites cell neoplasm Sarcoma 180/TG. The titers of the ascitic fluid antibodies compare favorably with those of the sera, and more than 20 times as much antibody can be obtained per mouse. Antibody has been prepared against several viruses, human serum proteins and sheep erythrocytes. The antibody is of relatively high titer and specificity and is homologous for viruses maintained in mice.
Comparisons of Antibodies Reacting with DNA
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Stollar B. David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies reactive with the homologous antigens (A-R-HSA and G-R-HSA) as well as with denatured DNA were produced in rabbits by immunization with nucleoside-protein conjugates. In C′ fixation, these sera reacted with the homologous antigens more efficiently when incubation was carried out at 4°C than at 37°C. The C′ fixation reaction of these sera with denatured DNA was not markedly affected by the temperatures of incubation. Upon separation of the serum proteins by Sephadex G-200 it was found that the antibodies reactive with the homologous antigens were contained in Fraction II (7S fraction) and the antibodies in this fraction reacted with greater efficiency at 4°C than at 37°C. Both Fractions I (19S) and II (7S) reacted with denatured calf thymus DNA. With DNA, Fraction I exhibited C′ fixing activity only after incubation at 37°C whereas C′ fixation of Fraction II was much greater at 4°C than at 37°C. Treatment with 0.1 M mercaptoethanol had little effect on the C′ fixing reaction of the serum with A-R-HSA at 4°C or with DNA at 4°C. However, a marked decrease in the ability to fix C′ occurred when DNA was utilized as the antigen and incubation was carried out at 37°C. These studies therefore indicate the production of 19S antibodies reactive with DNA at 37°C and the production of 7S antibodies reactive with both the homologous antigen and with DNA at 4°C. Inhibition of the whole serum and denatured DNA occurred with a much lower level of adenosine at 4°C than when an incubation period at 37°C was employed. Inhibition of the fractions demonstrated that Fraction II at 4°C was inhibited with lower concentrations of adenosine than was Fraction I at 37°C, and adenosine in both cases produced greater inhibition than did the other nucleosides.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Torii Mitsuo , Kabat Elvin A. , Weigel H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A variety of oligosaccharides have been studied for their capacity to inhibit precipitation by dextrans of antidextrans with specificities directed toward chains of α-1 → 6 linked D-glucopyranosyl units and of antidextrans with specificities involving the non α-1 → 6 linked residues. From studies with branched oligosaccharides containing a single D-glucopyranosyl unit linked α-1 → 3 or α-1 → 4 to a homologue of isomaltose, additional inferences about the antidextran combining site have been drawn. Findings with 6-O-acetyl-D-glucose and various mono-methyl and deoxy-D glucoses have also aided in defining the contribution to interaction with antibody of various portions of the D-glucose molecule. Similar information has been obtained with anti-dextrans with specificities other than α-1 → 6.
Serologic Relationships between β-Lysins of Different Species
Authors: Matheson Audria , Jensen Robert S. , Donaldson David M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Techniques similar to the Seitz filtiation-elution procedure used to purify rabbit-β-lysin have been successfully employed to separate human, horse, and rat β-lysins from other serum constituents. The standard purification procedure for rabbit β-lysin was extended to obtain a more specific antiserum for use in studies on the serologic relationships of β-lysins of different species. Neutralization studies with this antiserum have shown that qualitative serologic relationships exist between β-lysins from the rat, human, horse and rabbit.
Protective Effect of Elevated Temperature on Mice Infected with Coe Virus
Authors: Underwood Gerald E. , Baker Carolyn A. , Weed Sheldon D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice infected with Coe virus and held at 36°C had many more survivors than those held at 25°C. Relatively little virus was recovered from muscle of those kept at the higher temperature. Infected mice held up to 3 days at 25°C, then put at 36°C, were protected, even though much virus multiplication had occurred.
Mice inoculated with Coe virus and challenged 1 to 4 days later were more resistant to Coe challenge than were those which had not received the initial inoculum. This resistance was enhanced by holding the animals at 36°C rather than 25°C during the interval between initial and challenge inocula. Those inoculated with Coe virus showed no resistance to herpes challenge.
Coe-infected mice treated with thio-TEPA, a known immunosuppressant, were not protected by being held at 36°C, suggesting that the protective effect of elevated temperature was due, in part, to stimulated production of specific antibody.
Fluorescent Antibody, Complement Fixation Method for Detection of Dengue Viruses in Mice
Authors: Atchison R. W. , Ordonez J. V. , Sather G. E. , Hammon W. McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The complement fixation fluorescent antibody (CF-FA) test was used for the detection of several types of dengue viruses, using serum of types 1 through 4, TH-36 and TH-Sman, in dilutions comparable to those of the conventional CF tests employed in this laboratory. Two-way cross-reaction experiments were done to determine the extent of CF-FA staining among dengues 1 and 3, Japanese B encephalitis, Murray Valley encephalitis and Eastern equine encephalomyelitis arboviruses and their respective antisera. Although cross-reactions could be observed among certain group B agents they did not cross with the representative of group A. It was also shown that the CF-FA test could detect inapparent dengue infection in two early (blind) passages of the unadapted dengue type 3 prototype strain.
Ontogeny of the Immune Response
Authors: Kim Yoon Berm , Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Germfree, colostrum-deprived miniature piglets obtained by hysterectomy 3 to 5 days prior to term were free of detectable immunoglobulins in their sera and appear to be “immunologically virgin.”
These piglets, however, were fully immunologically competent as manifested by an excellent antibody response measurable within 48 hr after the injection of antigen.
This true primary immune response was greater to a single antigen than to a multiple antigen, indicating antigenic competition. In addition, animals exposed to antigens in the diet gave less antibody response when injected with a single antigen than animals not previously exposed to antigens.
The antibody response to a single injection of 1012 MSP-2 actinophage in 1-month-old piglets was identical to the response in adult sows. This was characteristic of the early secondary response as previously described for the mouse system.
With adequate equipment and experimental methods designed to take into consideration the necessary precautions stressed here, these piglets serve a unique and useful model for study of the ontogeny of immune response and the role of specific as well as nonspecific immunity in host-parasite relationships.
Effects of Immunization of Guinea Pigs Lacking Bactericidal Antibody against Salmonella Enteritidis
Authors: Steward J. P. , Collis L. R. , Roantree R. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs in this study were deficient in bactericidal antibodies against a serum-sensitive mutant strain of Salmonella enteritidis derived from a serum-resistant parent. Intraperitoneal challenge of such animals with 102 or 103 bacteria of the parent strain killed 8 or 9 animals and a similar challenge with the sensitive strain killed 10 of 14. Immunization with either strain resulted in good protection against the mutant and the parent strain.
Bacteria of the serum-sensitive mutant strain multiplied in i.p. diffusion chambers in unimmunized guinea pigs. After immunization with this strain a bactericidal effect in such chambers was demonstrated against it but not against its resistant parent. Immunization with an antigenically unrelated Escherichia coli strain, or with a Salmonella typhimurium strain which has a related 012 factor, produced no bactericidal effect in the chamber upon the mutant S. enteritidis. Immunization with the S. typhimurium resulted in only low titers of bactericidal antibody against the S. enteritidis, suggesting that the 09 antigenic factor of the latter is of major importance to the bactericidal action of serum in the susceptibility of the S. enteritidis.
It is postulated that the rarity of occurrence of tyvelose, the sugar most responsible for the 09 antigenic determinant, accounts for the lack of naturally-occurring antibodies in these animals. Such a deficiency may be responsible for the susceptibility of the unimmunized animals to challenge.
Specificity of Fish Antibody
Authors: Everhart Donald L. , Shefner Alan M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fish anti-BSA differed from rabbit anti-BSA in at least three ways. 1) The fish antibody had three equivalence points, 50, 25 and 6.25 mg/ml, whereas rabbit antibody had only one, 0.31 mg/ml. 2) The fish antibody had a larger amount of low-avid antibody. 3) The fish antibody migrated in the same direction but more slowly.
However, it could not be demonstrated that fish antibody has a higher cross-reactivity than rabbit antibody.
The modified agar gel diffusion method for demonstrating the equivalence point of an antigen-antibody system is recommended as a useful method. As little as 0.75 ml of either antibody or antigen is all that is required to determine the equivalence point.
Immunologic Impairment in Mice Treated Intravenously with Killed Coccidioides Immitis Spherules: Suppressed Response to Intramuscular Doses
Authors: Levine H. B. , Kong Yi-Chi M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subsequent to intramuscular (i.m.) vaccination with killed Coccidioides immitis spherules, mice developed strong immunity and survived intranasal challenge doses of arthrospores in the magnitude of 200 LD50. This was not the case in mice vaccinated intravenously (i.v.); a majority succumbed to challenge with 5 LD50. Furthermore, i.m. vaccinated mice also succumbed to the latter challenge when small amounts of antigen were administered i.v. either concurrently with, before, or up to 35 days after the i.m. doses. The nature of the deficient response was in general accord with that described for immunologic unresponsiveness in the adult animal and was readily demonstrable with 120 µg of killed spherules.
The i.v. administration of antigen adversely affected immunity development, not its expression, because the immunity of preimmunized mice could not be impaired by the above-noted treatment. Immunity suppression was produced also with spherule walls, the major locus of the immunogens. Similarly, a suppressed response followed the i.v. injection of endospores in mice vaccinated i.m. with either the spherule or the endospore phase of the fungus. However, neither Saccharomyces cerevisiae nor Cryptococcus neoformans, given i.v., induced a deficient response in spherule-vaccinated mice nor did a weakly immunogenic soluble cellular fraction impair it significantly. The data suggested that suppression was mediated by immunospecific substances and was not influenced by the size of the structures introduced i.v. which varied from 1 to 2 µ (endospores) to 15 to 20 µ (spherules).
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. , Liakopoulou Athanasia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
About 12 antigens were demonstrated in saline extracts of homogenized rat brain by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. A brain organ antigen was discovered which appears to be species restricted. One antigen was found to be shared by similar extracts of bovine, guinea pig, human or rabbit brains. Immunoelectrophoretic analyses of the brain extracts showed this organ antigen had an α2 or β1 mobility, depending on the species from which it was derived. About nine antigens were species-specific globulins and could be partially separated from one another by diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography. All of these antigens were shared by the brain and different rat organs. However, one major antigen was shared by all the rat organs tested.
Assay of Coxiella Burnetii by Enumeration of Immunofluorescent Infected Cells
Authors: Hahon Nicholas , Cooke Kenneth O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative assay of Coxiella burnetii was developed based on immunofluorescent staining of infected L cell monolayers and enumeration of cells containing fluorescent rickettsial antigens within 48 hr after inoculation. Adsorption of rickettsiae onto coverslip cell cultures was accelerated and highly efficient when augmented by centrifugal force. By this procedure, a proportionality was demonstrated between the number of infected cells and the volume of inoculum. The incubation period of 48 hr for inoculated cell cultures was established from sequential observations of the development of rickettsial infection of cells and infected cell counts. The relationship between rickettsial concentration and cell-infecting units of rickettsiae was linear; the distribution of infected cells was random. The assay of C. burnetii by the infected cell-counting procedure was highly precise and sensitive.
Antibody Formation Initiated in Vitro
Authors: Adler F. L. , Fishman M. , Dray S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies on the initiation of antibody formation in vitro have been conducted with cells from rabbits homozygous at the b locus (Ab4/Ab4 and Ab5/Ab5) which determines antigenic markers on the light polypeptide chains that are common to the several classes of immunoglobulins of the rabbit. It has been found that the IgM antibody produced by lymph node (LN) fragments from one normal rabbit in response to ribonucleic acid extracted from antigenically stimulated peritoneal exudate (PE) cells of a second rabbit has allotypic determinants characteristic for the immune globulins of the donor of the PE cells and foreign to those of the donor of the LN cells. In contrast, the IgG antibody that is subsequently formed in the same culture has the light chain allotypic markers of the immune globulins of the donor of the lymph node cells.
The Use of a Water-Soluble Carbodiimide as a Coupling Reagent in the Passive Hemagglutination Test
Authors: Johnson H. M. , Brenner K. , Hall H. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simplified method is described for coupling proteins to red cells using the water-soluble carbodiimide, 1 - ethyl - 3 - (3 - dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride. The procedure is simpler than BDB coupling and the sensitized cells are more stable than those in the BDB system. The data indicated a marked similarity in the specificity and sensitivity of ECDI-and BDB-hemagglutination.
Physicochemical Properties of Reaginic Antibody
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko , Hornbrook Margaret M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The skin-sensitizing activity in the sera of nine atopic patients, who are sensitive to ragweed pollen, and in a reagin-rich fraction of another patient's serum was precipitated by anti-γE-globulin antiserum which did not contain any detectable antibody against γG-, γA-, γM- or γD-globulins. Absorption of the skin-sensitizing antibody was accompanied by the loss of γE antibody in the supernatants. The skin-sensitizing activity in the patients' sera, determined by P-K reactions with antigen E, paralleled radioactivity of the γE band which was observed by radioimmunodiffusion with the radioactively-labeled antigen, whereas no correlation was observed between the skin-sensitizing activity and either γG or γA antibodies. When one of the patients' sera was fractionated by chromatography on a DEAE cellulose column, gel filtration, sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation and by zone electrophoresis on agarose gel, distributions of reaginic activity paralleled those of γE antibody. These findings strongly support the hypothesis that reaginic antibodies in ragweed sensitive patients' sera are associated with γE-globulin. Light chains of immunoglobulins were detected in γE-globulin, indicating that γE-globulin is a new immunoglobulin.