bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sustainable Pathway to Achieving Operational Efficiency While Reducing Carbon Emissions Using Remote Operations and Drilling Automation
Authors: Umeonaku Loretta , Aluu Ben , Okafor Kenechi , Atakpa John 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In recent times, remote operations in drilling and wellsite activities have evolved from a nice-to-have service to a vital solution for delivering world-class logging and well placement management in the oil and gas industry. The drive towards remote operations accelerated during the Covid-19 pandemic where it was beneficial to operate with minimal personnel in order to limit their exposure. Moreso, with 2050 being about three decades from now, energy companies are strengthening their commitments to achieving net zero global carbon emissions in solidarity with the Paris agreement of 2015 geared at reducing the impact of climate change. It is safe to say that remote operations services are poised to change the future of oil and gas operations as more operators jump on board and see the true benefit of remote operations from a safety, cost-saving, and carbon footprint reduction viewpoint.
In May 2020, as part of Baker Hughes Drilling Services Nigeria's strategy for carbon reduction and carving a road map to automated drilling, the first Remote Operations centre in Sub-Saharan Africa was launched. Equipped with robust high-speed data links to connect to multiple rig sites enabling 24/7 monitoring and control of multiple drilling operations. The centre provides real time unified data streaming and visualisation enabling enhanced well monitoring and management. In addition, it is manned by highly experienced drilling professionals who collaborate with various subject matter experts to optimise overall service delivery.
This paper demonstrates the significant value of adopting remote operations in delivering optimized drilling and logging services. Two case studies illustrating the approach and strategies utilised in safely and flawlessly delivering two wells remotely will be elucidated. The technicalities deployed to save one of the operators from shutting down in the middle of the Covid-19 pandemic, the re-manning model utilized, and workflow schematics will be discussed. Finally, it quantifies the amount of carbon footprint reduction achieved, lessons learnt, and optimization opportunities.
Net-To-Gross Uncertainty Impact in Field Development Planning: A Deltaic Reservoir Example
Authors: Manuel Tekena , Arochukwu Elias , Nwonodi Chike 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Net-To-Gross (NTG) is the ratio of pay rock volume to the gross rock volume estimated over an interval used to compute hydrocarbon-initially-in-place (HCIIP). Identifying NTG as a series of discrete data points along the well path where the rock is ascribed as reservoir (NET = 1), or non-reservoir (non-NET = 0) based on a suitable cut-off estimated from a combination of petrophysical logs is a first step. In a deltaic setting, prevailing depositional processes result in inherent vertical and lateral variability with the effect that the determination of NTG is scale sensitive and interval dependent. This reality imposes a requirement of deliberate focus in 3D NTG modelling to preserve the depositional heterogeneity and ensure that any integrated reservoir modelling effort is geologically representative. This paper discusses different practices in the use and upscaling of NTG from well data and distribution in a static model, by comparing three approaches: (1) upscale and distribute using Sequential Gaussian Simulation (SGS) biased to facies, (2) upscale and distribute independent of the facies model but biased to established NTG regional trend, and (3) generate a discrete model based on a combination of the facies model and NTG data from the wells. The best method, which is still a simplification of reality, will be one where the model can rightfully predict NTG in undrilled areas and assess the impact on recovery estimation. Assessing these methodologies using a mature field in the coastal swamp depobelt in the Niger delta helps build a case for model simplification in an adjacent partially appraised field in the same depobelt. Thus, providing a simplified approach and clarifying insights on the conundrum of utilizing discrete NTG ‘logs’ to build a continuous property that is useful for HCIIP estimation but has minimal impact in the dynamic behavior of the reservoir.
Strategic Reservoir Management: An Integrated Approach to Production Restoration and Optimization
Authors: Pepple Precious , Tafida Maryam , Chukwuma Akaba , Mogbo Chinwendu , Udo-Etuk Aniekan , Okeke Chinweike , Nwachukwu Chukwuemeka , Yaboh Dengie , Itene Richard , Adeeyo Yisa 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A large percentage of the oil and gas production around the world today comes from mature hydrocarbon reservoirs. In turn, these mature assets supply the bulk of the world's energy. In Nigeria, most of these assets are situated in volatile environments. Managing these assets is therefore a pivotal aspect of ensuring Nigeria meets its OPEC energy supply obligation.
Strategic Reservoir Management (SRM) is a robust integrated production restoration and optimization approach that seeks to drive value from existing assets by ensuring economical/optimal and safe evacuation of hydrocarbon from the reservoir to surface tanks. The BNT Field Management Team seeks to leverage on SRM best practices to identify Short Term and Long-Term opportunities that will enable the asset to achieve its oil and gas production aspirations and enable Nigeria to continue to fulfil its oil and gas production obligation.
Some of the BNT field's most productive oil and gas reservoirs are the prolific X1000A and Y9500A reservoirs. Many third-party interferences with flowlines and difficulties with asset integrity have significantly delayed output from the oil conduits and reduced value. Based on the outcome of an integrated well, reservoir and facility review and candidate selection process, BNT002 well was chosen as the first well to be restored to production. This paper presents an integrated approach for the restoration and optimization of a surface comingled oil well to add ca. 4.15 Mbopd and develop ca. 6.00 MMstb. BNT hydrocarbon streams are evacuated via two facilities – BN NAG Plant (450 MMscf/d capacity for gas and a liquid handling capacity of 10 Mbbl/d) and BN flow station (30 Mbpd capacity).
Sustainable Host Community Development – An Enabler for Energy security & Economic development in Nigeria
Authors: Chukwu Engr. Emeke , Offor Chinyere 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Till date, Nigeria is heavily dependent on revenue generated from oil and gas to finance its annual budget to provide public goods and services beneficial to its citizenry. The 2022 budget reflects that 31% of Federal government earnings will be result from oil and gas. Despite the push to diversify her economy, the stark reality remains that oil and gas sales is an influential factor to enabling economic development in Nigeria. More so, countries such as Saudi Arabia and Norway have utilized oil and gas wealth as the basis to invest in other sectors and promote diversification. However, Nigeria's goal of Energy security and economic development is likely not to be achieved as she battles with crude theft plaguing her ability to evacuate crude to her customers. Nigeria National Petroleum Company Limited (NNPCL) reported a loss of 470,000 bpd of crude amounting to an estimated 0.4 trillion naira monthly due to oil theft. The annualized estimate of 5.2 trillion-naira loss represents a staggering 30% of Nigeria's 2022 budget expenditure of 16 trillion naira. With other associated impacts to Nigeria, there is an imperative to deal and ultimately put an end to this looming menace. This study focused on addressing the crude oil theft through sustainable Host community engagement and development.
A review of the factors promoting crude oil theft in Nigeria was performed. The study analyzed the production loss data over a decade and positively correlated it with economic development indicators such as poverty index, inflation, per capita income. The impact on the host community was studied.
The results showed that the disenchantment of host communities (despite being key stakeholders in the oil and gas value chain) necessitated their little to no responsibility for protecting oil & gas assets and preventing the perpetration of crude oil theft.
The study developed and proposed a "Host community development plan" which if administered with provisions already existing in the Petroleum Industry Act could revolutionize the Oil & gas industry by promoting increased ownership & fostering collaboration towards achieving Energy security & Economic development in Nigeria.
Development of an Automobile Adulteration Indicator System
Authors: Olotu O. O. , Isehunwa S. O. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Automobile users in the city are battling a serious problem these days with adulteration of Fuel. With an increased number of petrol pumps dispensing ‘unfit’ fuel, ‘dirty fuel’, consumers complain that vehicles are now faced with a range of glitches including poor ignition, reduced mileage and even jammed engines. Apart from causing inconvenience, this has also added to the maintenance cost of automobiles, say users, with the price of spare parts, especially engines skyrocketing by the day. Adulterated petroleum products in automobiles contributes to auto malfunctions, urban air pollution, health hazards and has continued to increase in Nigeria due to scarcity of products. Laboratory analyses normally conducted by regulatory agencies and some end - users for routine assurance of the petroleum products are not competent enough to address the issue.
To effectively technically detect petroleum products adulteration in an automobile at real-time with the use of an indicator system on the dash board of the automobile, the technology of an electronic device, adulterate meter is being incorporated. The said indication system having an input are supplied by the ignition system. The design is such that as soon as the fuel sample torches the base of the fuel tank, or a change in chemical composition of fuel purity, an electrical signal, mostly a load cell sensor or a voltage signal is connected to the sensor situated at the base of the fuel tank. The output signals from the detector circuit are conditioned to produce outputs which can be measured with color display and alarm.
Investigation of Suitable Slug Models for Polymer Alternating Gas Deployment (Niger Delta Case Study)
Authors: Dennar L. N. , Amro M. , Onu C. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Core Flood analysis is one of the processes that can be deployed towards investigating the property changes associated with the reservoir post polymer flooding. The core flooding system is a test to determine rock permeability and how a core sample will interact with various fluids. The core sample is placed in a rock core holder. Once the core is inserted in the core holder, the outer surface is pressurized to simulate the same reservoir pressure created by the overburden in the reservoir.
A test fluid is subsequently passed through the core and the flow rates and pressure drops across the system is measured. From this data, various parameters are measured including unsteady state liquid relative permeability and single-phase permeability, EOR tests, Residual Resistance Factor (RRF) and Resistance Factor (RF). The mobility of water to the mobility of a polymer solution under the same conditions is defined as the Resistance Factor (RF) (Jennings et al. 1971)1. This is a good index in the determination of the success of a good polymer flood (see the equation below). Kw and Kp are water and polymer relative permeabilities and µw and µp are water and polymer viscosities, respectively. RF = KwKpμpμw
Residual Resistance Factor (RRF) is another useful parameter which is defined as the ratio of the initial water mobility to the water solution mobility after polymer flooding (Jennings et al. 1971)1: where wi indicates the water permeability or viscosity at initial condition (before polymer injection) and wa is the water solution permeability and viscosity after polymer flooding. The RRF is a quantitative indication of the reduction of water mobility which controls the water fingering process due to water injection after polymer flooding (Jennings et al. 1971)1.RRF = KwiKwaμpaμwi
This study investigated the RF and RRF associated with a Niger Delta reservoir post Polymer Alternating Gas (PAG) flood which was subsequently instrumental in the selection of an optimal (PAG) slug model. Biopolymer (Xanthan) and Synthetic polymer (Polyacrylamide) were used as the base fluids. Polyacrylamide which is a copolymer of acrylic acid/acrylamide and Xanthan has been used extensively in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. High molecular weight polyacrylamide strongly increases the water viscosity and thus decreases the water–oil mobility ratio in water-flooding.
The Resistance Factor and Residual Resistance Factor for single phase saturations and slug deployments investigated gave interesting outcomes for each polymer type. PAA gave a more favorable outcome as indications from the flooding suggests the existence of high injectivity associated with the Xanthan flooding. Results from the different Slug scenarios suggest that using smaller slug model would not be favorable for the deployment. Larger slug models yield better RRFs. A combination of larger slugs of CO2 + Polymer gives better results and enables greater injectivity.
Resolving Conflicting Recommendations in Investment Analysis
Authors: Akinpelu L. O. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Investment worth or investment performance metrics guide us in making investment decisions. These metrics address specific aspects of investments such as value creation, investment efficiency, risk exposure and risk mitigation amongst many considerations. With the complexity of most investment decisions and the size and scale of many investments especially in the Oil & Gas Industry, it is not enough to look at one dimension of investment. For instance, while most people will look favorably at value creation, which is the central premise of most investment decisions, in the context of limited capital, it is also relevant to factor into decision making, the cost of such value created. In other words, net present value (NPV) which is the time-tested value creation performance metric for investors, will not suffice for most current managerial considerations, particularly when comparing two or more investments. How much value is created is usually juxtaposed with the question: at what cost? In which case, analysts must, of necessity present to Management or the Project Decisions Board, NPV along with other performance metrics, usually the discounted profit to investment ratio, (DPI) and Rate of return (ROR). DPI is value creation per unit of investment or a measure of investment efficiency. The two measures complement each other and expand managerial insights as to the efficacy or otherwise of the investment(s) under consideration. In contemporary investment analysis, more emphasis is placed on investment efficiency reflecting investor preference for ever higher return on capital employed. If the two measures each recommend a particular investment over another, then the decision to invest is straight forward. The problem arises when one metric recommends one investment and the other metric recommends another - a situation that we describe as conflicting recommendations. Which investment to choose will require factoring into the investment decision several considerations beyond just value creation and investment efficiency. Considerations such as available capital, the company's short- and long-term business objectives, other potentially available opportunities all come into play.
This paper addresses issues arising from conflicting recommendations. We will highlight this problem by considering a simple example of two investments A and B of the same duration of five years and slightly different investment levels. We will limit our analysis to two popular investment metrics - Net present value (NPV) and discounted profit to investment ratio - DPI. The analysis presented is mainly deterministic and the investment opportunity space is limited to these two investments.
Practical Approach to Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Reduction in Stranded Oil Producing Assets – Technical Feasibility Safeguards 15MMscf/d Gas Supply
Authors: Muzan Eelah , Ogbunude Basil , Chiroma Barka , Maxwell-Amgbaduba Sunday , Udobata Uchenna , Okereke Onyedikachi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Global climate change concerns and the need for decarbonization of the energy sector make it imperative for oil and gas companies to reduce greenhouse - gas (GHG) emissions in their operations. In Nigeria, the Federal Government Gas Commercialization Programme (FGCP) stipulates fines for routine flaring above specified thresholds in Nigeria.
Most oil wells in the Niger Delta are produced with Associated Gas (AG) and high gas-oil-ratios (GOR) wells result in significant flares and attendant GHG emissions where there isn't gas gathering facility to process the AG. In addition, the remoteness and unavailability of nearby gas markets in the locations of some assets in the Niger Delta threatens the economic viability of standalone AG processing facility in these assets. Based on these limitations, an optimal solution of re-routing producing wells to the nearest available gas processing facility was assessed for Alpha & Beta Fields.
Alpha & Beta Fields commenced production in 1973 without AG processing. Oil production peaked in 1975 at ca. 50kbopd with current production at 11kbopd. The producing reservoirs have a combination drive mechanism with both an active aquifer and a gas cap. Consequently, the wells completed in these reservoirs have a GOR ranging between 500 – 2000scf/bbl and about 15-20MMscf of gas is flared from the facilities daily. To manage the flare volume, the oil wells are typically beaned down to produce on restricted rates, resulting in production deferments.
This paper outlines the technical assessments using Integrated Production System Modelling (IPSM) with the Petroleum Expert IPMTM tool to confirm the viability of bulk flowing the wells from the Alpha & Beta Fields to the nearest facility with AG gathering capability to manage flaring, reduce GHG emissions and create value by unlocking additional gas and oil production. Re-routing to the 120MMscf/d capacity AG compression facility, located ~30km from the fields required the isolation of the wells from the existing delivery line and installation of multiphase header and flowmeters.
Results of the analysis indicated that the wells could deliver the expected production to High Pressure (HP) Separator in the Central Processing Facility (CPF). In addition, the wells are expected to sustain production with peak gas rate of 15MMscf/d. The project is expected to contribute to the company's net-zero emission ambition through reduction of GHG emission from flares and combustion engines, enable OPEX savings associated with flare penalties and maintenance activities while providing revenue from unlocking oil production as well as the monetization of the produced gas.
Performance Evaluation of Nanocellulose Synthesised from Yam Peels as a Fluid Loss Additive in Water Based Mud
Authors: Ibrahim Khadijah , Nzerem Petrus , Salihu Ayuba , Gimba Abdullahi , Ogolo Oghenerume , Otedheke Ajiri , Adamu Rabiatu , Karofi Aisha 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Drilling fluids play a variety of roles in order to achieve a smooth and cost-effective drilling operation, the most important of which is their ability to seal permeable walls of the formation through the formation of a desirable mud cake, thereby reducing fluid loss. This study is targeted at evaluating the performance of nano cellulose, cellulose microfibrils synthesised from yam peels as a fluid loss additive and also its effect on the other properties of the drilling mud. The use of nano-cellulose is due to smaller particles forming better impermeable packing that will plug the permeable pore of the mud cake, as well as its ability to hold water. The nano cellulose was synthesised using bleaching, alkali treatment, and acid hydrolysis, and its quality was assessed using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy, which confirmed the removal of some non-cellulose components as well as changes in surface morphology. The results of the experiment revealed that nano cellulose had an effect on the pH, rheological properties, and filtration properties of the drilling mud. The results also show that adding 1.5 g of nanocellulose reduced fluid loss by 8.13 %, and thus it can be concluded that yam peels nanocellulose will be an effective additive at higher concentrations compared to the Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose, a commercial additive.
Integration of Artificial Intelligence with Economical Analysis on the Development of Natural Gas in Nigeria; Focusing on Mitigating Gas Pipeline Leakages
Authors: Ezechi C. G. , Okoroafor E. R. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
With Nigeria's massive proven natural Gas reserves and potential to provide a sustainable and economically viable system, a significant challenge has been the need for development strategies that enhance safety, growth, and investments in the gas sector. To tackle these challenges, the data generated in oil and gas, which is a valuable tool, has to be harnessed for stakeholders to implement life-changing solutions. The Nigerian economy has faced a significant drawback in the gas transportation and storage sector. The challenge in gas transportation can be seen in gas pipeline leakages which have resulted in the loss of lives, properties, and the country's revenue. Thus, early leak detection gas of pipelines remains critical for economic and safety reasons. This paper uses artificial intelligence to build models that utilize the available gas flow data to detect potential gas leakages across the pipeline. Machine learning algorithms which include Recurrent Neural Networks, and K-nearest neighbourhood are built and trained with operational data to derive the optimal learning model. Also, each model's performance metrics were evaluated to measure the model's accuracy and precision. Furthermore, an economic model is then developed to show the monetary benefits of implementing AI solutions to gas leakages. Thus, we provide a stepwise comparative analysis of the gas revenue, gas leakage detection cost, and the cost of providing an answer from an AI-based architecture to a non-AI-based one. The results showed that recurrent neural network outperforms the K-nearest neighbors in leak detection in pipelines as a result of the framework of neural network that allows the algorithm to learn without human supervision a and sift through the data set and label the data point. However, all the machine learning models possess high reliability. The accuracy and reliability of these models upon economic analysis proved to be a cost-effective solution lowering cost and increasing revenue. These models can be employed by companies and engineers to tackle the problem of pipeline leakage detection.