bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Murine and Rat IgE: Relationships in Terms of Binding to Cell Receptors and to Antibodies against Rat Epsilon Chain
Authors: Lang Glen M. , Conrad Dan H. , Kelly Ken A. , Carter Brian G. , Froese Arnold , Sehon Alec H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The similarity between murine and rat IgE was examined in terms of their fixation to target cells and interaction with monospecific antibodies to rat ε-chain (anti-ε). Purified rat monoclonal IgE (IgEr) was found to block the fixation of murine reagin (IgEm) to mouse and rat skin and to rat basophilic leukemia (RBL) cells. The capacities of mouse reaginic serum (MRS), rat reaginic serum, and IgEr to inhibit the binding of radiolabeled 125I-IgEr to RBL cells were shown to be similar. These results suggest that the binding of IgE of either species occurs on the same or on adjacent receptor sites of mast cells and RBL cells. The antigenic cross-reactivity between IgEm and IgEr was established by depletion of the reaginic activity from MRS by treatment of MRS with anti-ε. The reaginic activity of MRS could be recovered by the addition of IgEr to anti-ε:IgEm complexes. From these findings it may be inferred that i) IgEm and IgEr share some antigenic determinants and ii) the regions of the immunoglobulins responsible for fixation to receptors on mast cells and RBL cells are identical or similar.
Immune Response to Immunization Via the Anterior Chamber of the Eye
Authors: Kaplan Henry J. , Streilein J. Wayne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunizing abilities of alloantigens placed within the anterior chamber of the eye have been studied in inbred rats. Although intracameral inoculation of F1 hybrid lymphocytes into parental strain recipients elicited both cell- and antibody-mediated immunity, a delimited interval was identified postinoculation during which the systemic cell-mediated immune response was suppressed as indicated by prolonged acceptance of orthotopic skin allografts. The prompt appearance of hemagglutinating antibodies in the serum of immunized rats followed a time course which coincided with the suppression of cell-mediated immunity and suggested that the two events are causally related. Since exposure to allogeneic antigens on lymphoid cells via the anterior chamber elicits a transient suppression in cell-mediated immunity, whereas humoral immunity is preserved, the phenomenon resembles immune deviation.
Analysis of the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Syrian Hamsters
Authors: Duncan William R. , Streilein J. Wayne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Among the genetic loci incorporated into the major histocompatibility complex in every species studied to date have been prominent genes encoding for strong histocompatibility determinants that elicit detectable alloantibody responses and which are the chief antigenic targets of cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions. The K and D regions of the H-2 complex in the mouse and the A, B, and C regions of the HLA complex in man are representative examples. Syrian hamsters, as described in this report, do not make alloantibodies to antigens of this type and only very poorly do they carry out in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity to target cells putatively bearing these antigens. Since hamsters are quite capable of discriminating analogous antigenic differences in xenogeneic species, and xenogeneic sources cannot distinguish immunologically between the antigens encoded by the two hamster major histocompatibility alleles, Hm-1a and Hm-1b, we conclude that the hamster strains we work with are serologically indistinguishable by the methods used here. However, they obviously differ for determinants which elicit T cell-mediated responses, as evidenced by their ability to express acute skin graft rejection, mixed lymphocyte reactivity, graft-vs-host reactions, and cell-mediated cytotoxicity reactions. Such alloreactivity may reflect a mutation at an SD locus, affecting antigenic sites recognized only by T cells, or that the available hamster strains are SD identical, but differ at loci similar to the I region loci in mice. Alternatively, we cannot exclude the possibility that Syrian hamsters somehow fail to express properly the genes coding for SD determinants.
Functional Characteristics of Peyer's Patch Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Kagnoff Martin F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches from normal BDF1 and sheep red blood cell (SRBC)-fed BDF1 mice that could respond to antigenic determinants on SRBC and trinitrophenyl (TNP) was determined using an in vitro system of limiting dilution analysis. In normal mice, one B cell in 1.9 × 104 Peyer's patch cells could be induced to an anti-SRBC response and one B cell in 3.6 × 104 Peyer's patch cells could be induced to an anti-TNP response. The frequency of B cells capable of responding to SRBC in normal mice was similar in Peyer's patches and spleen. However, after feeding mice SRBC for 3 weeks, there was a 6-fold reduction in the frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches capable of responding to SRBC but no change in the frequency of B cells capable of responding to TNP. The average clone size of Peyer's patch B cells responding to SRBC was similar in normal and SRBC-fed mice. Although antigen-feeding does not stimulate Peyer's patch B cells in situ to humoral antibody synthesis, antigen-feeding can markedly alter the reactivity of the antigen-sensitive cell population in Peyer's patches. We previously demonstrated that T cells in Peyer's patches could be specifically carrier primed for helper function by SRBC feeding. We have now demonstrated that antigen-feeding reduced significantly the frequency of B cells in Peyer's patches capable of responding to the fed antigen. Peyer's patches appear to serve an important function as a sampling site for intestinal antigens.
Cyclic Antibody Formation to Polyglycerophosphate in Normal and Injected Rats
Authors: Bolton Ronald W. , Rozmiarek Harry , Chorpenning Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal adult Sprague-Dawley rats were bled serially over a 30-week period and their sera were examined for antibodies to polyglycerophosphate (PGP) by a standardized passive hemolysis test. Levels of “natural” antibodies to PGP fluctuated during this period with a majority of animals exhibiting pronounced cycling of serum antibody levels, however, the individual cycles were not synchronized with each other. Feeding of radiolabeled Gram-positive bacilli to these animals and examination of lymphoid tissue by liquid scintillation counting revealed that the antigen persisted mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes. A second group of rats was injected i.v. with radiolabeled Gram-positive bacilli and tissues were examined for plaque-forming cells (PFC) of PGP specificity, and the sera were examined by passive hemolysis. Cycling of both anti-PGP antibodies and PFC became synchronized in the injected animals with peaks of serum antibody evident at 16 and 28 days post-injection and splenic PFC peaks at 4 and 16 days post-injection. Cycling was also observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes and bone marrow. Examination of lymphoid tissue from the rats injected i.v. revealed that antigen introduced by this route also persisted mainly in the mesenteric lymph nodes. This report demonstrates individual cycling of natural responses to environmental antigen and to the same determinant in secondary responses, indicating its importance as a regulatory mechanism.
Mechanisms of B Cell Tolerance
Authors: Bankert Richard B. , Mayers George L. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The bacterial dextran B1355, which is normally a potent thymus-independent immunogen, was made tolerogenic by oxidation. The injection of the oxidized dextran into BALB/c mice before, at the same time, or up to 4 days after the injection of the immunogenic form of the dextran resulted in a marked immunologically specific suppression of the number of anti-dextran antibody-forming cells found in the spleen. This suppression resulted from a direct inactivation of antibody-forming cell precursors rather than from either inhibition of antibody secretion or the exhaustive utilization of precursor B cells that have been observed in other tolerance systems. A substantial degree of tolerance was achieved after only a 1-hr in vivo exposure of the spleen cells to the tolerogen. At a dose of 1 mg of oxidized dextran per mouse, tolerance persisted for at least 3 weeks. A complete recovery was apparent by 10 weeks. The stability of the tolerance was demonstrated by transferring tolerant spleen cells to irradiated recipients. The response in the recipient animals to an immunogenic dextran challenge remained suppressed. It appears that the tolerogenicity of the oxidized dextran is due to its ability to couple covalently with free amino groups in or near the receptor site of the cell membrane via the reactive dialdehyde groups of the dextran.
Inhibition of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Capping by A Chemotactic Factor
Authors: Mandell Brian F. , Spilberg Isaias , Lichtman Jeff 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Incubation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes with colchicine and fluorescein-concanavalin A leads to the formation of a polarized cap of fluorescence not seen if cells are incubated with fluorescein-Con A alone. When cells are preincubated with a chemotactic factor before colchicine treatment, the capping is inhibited in a dose-related manner. Studies with α-methylmannoside indicate that the caps represent extracellular fluorescein-Con A and are not areas of Con A internalization. Experiments utilizing an irreversible inhibitor of serine esterases suggest that a chemotactic factor-activated enzyme is involved in the inhibition of cap formation in the human neutrophil.
Neutropenia Induced by Systemic Infusion of Chemotactic Factors
Authors: O'Flaherty Joseph T. , Showell Henry J. , Ward Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autologous plasma, when exposed to complement-activating agents that generate leukotactic activity, induces transient neutropenia after infusion into rabbits. Trypsinized human C5 as well as the chemotactic fragment isolated from zymosan-activated human serum also induces transient neutropenia in rabbits, as do chemotactically active synthetic tripeptides. In each instance the neutropenia-inducing activity parallels the chemotactic activity. Thus, neutropenia-inducing activity and chemotactic activity seem to be related physiologic responses of neutrophils. In vivo margination and/or agglutination of leukocytes may underlie this phenomenon of neutropenia.
Modulation of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-Mediated Function by Structural Differences of Two Physically Distinct Fractions of Escherichia Coli K235 LPS
Authors: Goodman Michael G. , Morrison David C. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), extracted from Escherichia coli K235 by the butanol water technique, was fractionated by gel filtration chromatography into high m.w.(LPS I) and low m.w.(LPS II) fractions. These two forms of LPS were characterized by different densities and chemical compositions. Chemical analysis provided evidence for greater amounts of lipid A and lipid A-associated protein (LAP) per unit weight associated with LPS II. The biologic activity of the two LPS preparations was compared over a spectrum of different parameters. LPS II was shown to be a more potent mitogen and toxin than LPS I, whereas the two preparations were demonstrated to be of equal activity as polyclonal B cell activators, immunogens, and adjuvants. A modulatory role for the polysaccharide component of the LPS molecule is discussed.
Regulatory Mechanisms in Cell-Mediated Immune Responses
Authors: Nadler Lee M. , Hodes Richard J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two antigen-nonspecific T cell-dependent suppressor systems were compared for their effects upon CML and MLR. Suppressor cells generated by an in vitro culture of spleen cells were compared with suppressor cells generated by in vivo priming with alloantigen. Culture-induced suppressor cells were themselves unable to respond in CML or MLR; were able to suppress actively the CML and MLR responses of untreated responding cells; were mitomycin-sensitive; and, produced no easily demonstrable suppressive supernatant. Alloantigen-primed cells were able to respond in CML and MLR; could suppress proliferation in MLR, but were able to suppress CML only after mitomycin treatment; and, produced suppressive supernatants active in suppressing both CML and MLR. In addition to cataloging the differences and similarities between these suppressor populations, the data have been employed to analyze the mechanisms by which suppression occurs in CML and MLR.
Specificity and Structural Analysis of a Guinea Pig Transfer Factor-Like Activity
Authors: Dunnick Wesley A. , Bach Fritz H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A transfer factor-like activity was prepared by Sephadex G-25 chromatography of immune guinea pig leukocyte lysates. This isolated material leads to antigen-dependent migration inhibition and thymidine uptake by nonimmune lymphoid cells. Tests of the “transfer factor” from guinea pigs immunized to either ovalbumin or bovine γ-globulin demonstrated the donor specificity of the in vitro activity. The activity is susceptible to heat (56°C), alkali (0.5 M sodium hydroxide), pronase, and phosphodiesterase. The pronase susceptibility is blocked by traysylol, a protease inhibitor; the phosphodiesterase susceptibility is not blocked by traysylol. The guinea pig factor was purified further by alkaline phosphatase treatment, Sephadex G-25 chromatography, and DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The final product, active in vitro, represents about 0.03% of the cellular material absorbing 260 nm light, and contains polymerized amines and phosphate. Gel electrophoresis of the fluram-reactive components suggests a limited heterogeneity of the DEAE-cellulose-purified material. These data are consistent with the active “transfer factor” molecule including both peptide and phosphate-containing components.
Antibody-Hapten Reaction Kinetics: A Comparison of Hapten Interactions with IgG and Fab Preparations
Authors: Skubitz Keith M. , O'Hara Donald S. , Smith Thomas W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Association and dissociation kinetics for the interaction of hapten with both IgG and Fab preparations from a high affinity rabbit antiserum were determined by recently described techniques by using dextran-coated charcoal for rapid separation of free and antibody-bound hapten. The association and dissociation rate constants were determined for the interactions of 3H-ouabain with an IgG preparation, an Fab preparation obtained by treatment of IgG with papain followed by Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography, and a mixture containing approximately equal concentrations of Fab and IgG-binding sites. These data were then analyzed for evidence of cooperativity of the two binding sites of IgG. Association rate constants for interactions of IgG and Fab with 3H-ouabain were not significantly different [3.43 ± 0.29 (S.D.) × 106 M-1 sec-1 and 3.36 ± 0.26 × 106 M-1 sec-1, respectively]. Dissociation data revealed no significant difference in dissociation kinetics between preparations of IgG, Fab fragments, or a mixture of the two containing approximately equal concentrations of binding sites. The ratios of association and dissociation rate constants were in satisfactory agreement with average intrinsic association constants determined under equilibrium conditions. The results are interpreted as showing no demonstrable cooperativity between the two binding sites of the IgG preparation under study in its interaction with the hapten 3H-ouabain.
Suppressor Lymphocytes in Young and Aged Humans
Authors: Hallgren H. M. , Yunis E. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using human peripheral lymphocytes activated by concanavalin A (ConA), we observed suppression of the normal lymphocyte response to mitogens and allogeneic cells. The suppressive effect requires at least a 24 hr activation period of lymphocytes with ConA and is dose dependent. Activation of the suppressor population and stimulation of the responding population with mitogenic doses of ConA caused suppression of the response to mitogens, whereas activation and stimulation with submitogenic doses generally caused enhancement of the response. Responding lymphocytes showed individual variation in their ability to be suppressed by ConA-activated lymphocytes. This variable suppression could be demonstrated in autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes stimulated by ConA and also in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. ConA- activated lymphocytes derived from an aging human population differ from those of young individuals in showing a variable loss of suppressor activity. The decline of this suppressive phenomenon in aged humans may provide an explanation for the increased frequency of autoantibodies seen in the aging human population.
Studies on Demyelination by Activated Lymphocytes in the Rabbit Eye
Authors: Brosnan Celia Fildes , Stoner Gerald L. , Bloom Barry R. , Wisniewski Henryk M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The rabbit eye model has been used to investigate the role of antibody to CNS antigens in effecting primary demyelination. Serum from rabbits immunized with homologous spinal cord in complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into the vitreous of normal rabbits, alone, or admixed with the supernatants of activated lymphocytes which induce a mononuclear cell infiltrate. Neither immune serum alone nor the nonspecific inflammatory response induced by the lymphocyte supernatants was capable of causing primary demyelination. In contrast, injection of products of activated lymphocytes plus anti-CNS antibodies induced focal primary demyelination. The demyelinating activity was found in the serum of animals that had been specifically immunized to CNS antigens and was not found in the serum of normal rabbits or serum from rabbits immunized with homologous lung or kidney in FCA or FCA alone. By ammonium sulfate precipitation the factor was shown to be present in the globulin fraction of the serum. It was removed by an immunoadsorbent column of sheep anti-rabbit IgG, and the adsorbed IgG, upon elution, retained the activity. It was relatively stable to heating at 56°C for 30 min. Light microscopic examination indicated that the primary demyelination occurred in the vicinity of the invading cells, and electron microscopy suggested an active stripping of myelin by these cells. These results establish an antibody-dependent cell-mediated mechanism for primary demyelination.
Development of Cellular Anti-Tumor Immunity in Chickens Bearing Tumors Induced by Rous Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Israël Evelyne , Wainberg Mark A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The technique of peripheral lymphocyte stimulation in response to antigen was used to demonstrate the existence of cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity in chickens bearing tumors induced by avian sarcoma viruses. The expression of this anti-tumor response against virus-containing transformed cell culture supernatant fluids and cell extracts varied among animals in terms of time after inoculation with the oncogenic agent. Animals whose tumors had completely regressed rapidly lost the ability to mount such continuing immunity. In addition, we found evidence that some normal animals express endogenous levels of natural immunity against neoplasms induced by these viruses and/or against the viruses themselves.
The Effect of BCG on Experimental Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Mice
Authors: Weintraub Johathan , Weinbaum Fredric I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of administration of live Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), a nonspecific immunostimulant, on the course of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice was investigated. BALB/c mice were injected in the footpad with Leishmania tropica, NIH S-strain; in mice that were not pretreated with BCG this produced a reproducible fatal infection characterized by local inflammation, regional lymphadenopathy, and dissemination of parasites with hepatosplenomegaly. In mice that were pretreated with BCG and similarly infected with L. tropica there was a reduction in the severity of cutaneous disease and a significant (p &lt; 0.005) decrease in mortality without evidence of visceralization.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Junger William J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sir: After reading the interesting report by Noble et al. (1) on thyroid antibodies in spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in the Buffalo rat, I was unable to reconcile myself with their statement in the Introduction that “the disease appears first at the age of 4 months” and their statement in the Abstract which read in part “When the rats were sacrificed at 4 months, at a time when spontaneous disease is not seen in untreated animals….” Moreover, as can be seen from the accompanying table, spontaneous thyroiditis has been documented in female Buffalo rats only 3-months old. As well, it is unfortunate that Noble et al. did not distinguish between sexes with regard to their neonatally thymectomized animals.
William J. Junger
Thyroid Research Laboratory
Faculty of Medicine
Memorial University of Newfoundland
St. John's, Newfoundland
Canada A1B 3V6
Functional and Morphologic Characterization of Human T Cells Continuously Grown in Vitro
Authors: Ruscetti Francis W. , Morgan Doris A. , Gallo Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Long-term growth (now over 13 months) of thymus-derived lymphocytes from numerous normal human bone marrow and peripheral blood cell samples was accomplished by using a factor present in media obtained from mitogenstimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This long-term growth could neither be initiated nor maintained by mitogens alone. All cell cultures were greater than 90% E rosette-positive, whereas the tests for B cell markers, surface IgG and IgM, and EAC rosette were routinely negative. There was no evidence for the presence of granulocytes, monocytes, and their precursors in these cultures. The E rosette-positive cells were then tested to see if they had T cell functions. PHA, Con A, and pokeweed mitogens stimulated lymphproliferative responses in these cultures comparable to those of fresh peripheral blood cells. These proliferating cells were also able to release cell mediators, such as interferon and colony-stimulating activity. Further evidence for the T lymphocyte nature of these cultured cells was obtained from one-way mixed leukocyte cultures in which these cells responded to but were unable to stimulate allogeneic cells. The functional and morphologic characteristics of these cultured cells show that these cells are T cells that grow continuously in vitro.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Different Immunoglobulin Classes
Authors: Suemura Masaki , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Hirai Yoshikatsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Selective suppression of anti-DNP IgE antibody response by DNP-Tbc-primed T cells was studied by using the in vitro culture system of murine spleen cells. The addition of DNP-Tbc-primed cells to DNP-OA-primed cells suppressed the in vitro production of anti-DNP IgE antibody response induced with DNP-OA without any effect on anti-DNP IgG antibody response. The addition of DNP-MGG-, DNP-KLH-, or DNP-Asc-primed cells to DNP-OA-primed cells did not show any suppressive effect on anti-DNP IgE antibody response. Depletion of T cells by anti-ϑ treatment abolished the suppressor activity of DNP-Tbc-primed cells, whereas depletion of B cells by anti-Ig-column did not affect the suppressor activity. The suppressor activity of DNP-Tbc-primed cells was dose-dependent and radiosensitive. Cell-free supernatants (CFS) from the culture of DNP-Tbc-primed cells with DNP-HSA-pulsed macrophages or DNP-HSA-coupled Sepharose beads showed the suppressor activity on anti-DNP IgE antibody response of DNP-OA-primed cells. CFS did not show any effect on IgG response. The suppressor activity of CFS was not absorbed with DNP-HSA- or anti-Ig-coupled Sepharose immunoadsorbent, indicating that the IgE class-specific suppressor factor is not antigen-specific and does not have Ig-determinants.