Entomological monitoring data driving decision-making for appropriate and sustainable malaria vector control in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Kouassi Bernard Loukou , Edi Constant , Ouattara Allassane Foungoye , Ekra Armand Kouassi , Bellai Louise Golou , Gouaméné Janice , Kacou Yves Alain Kadio , Kouamé Jackson Koffi Ives , Béké Armel-Hermann Obo , Yokoli Firmain N’Dri , Gbalegba Constant Guy N’Guessan , Tia Emmanuel , Yapo Roseline Monsan , Konan Lucien Yao , N’Tamon Roméo N’Tamon , Akré Maurice Adja , Koffi Alphonsine Amanan , Tanoh Antoine Mea , Zinzindohoué Pascal , Kouadio Blaise , Yepassis-Zembrou Patricia L. , Belemvire Allison , Irish Seth R. , Cissé Ndombour Gning , Flatley Cecilia , Chabi Joseph 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Background
Entomological surveillance provides critical information on vectors for appropriate malaria vector control and strategic decision-making. The widely documented insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in Côte d’Ivoire requires that any vector control intervention deployment be driven by entomological data to optimize its effectiveness and appropriate resource allocations.
To achieve this goal, this study documents the results of monthly vector surveillance and insecticide susceptibility tests conducted in 2019 and a review of all previous entomological monitoring data used to guide vector control decision making. Furthermore, susceptibility to pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin was assessed in addition to chlorfenapyr and pyrethroids (intensity and piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism) tests previously reported. Vector bionomic data were conducted monthly in four sites (Sakassou, Béoumi, Dabakala and Nassian) that were selected based on their reported high malaria incidence. Adult mosquitoes were collected using human landing catches (HLCs), pyrethrum spray catches (PSCs), and human-baited CDC light traps to assess vector density, behaviour, species composition and sporozoite infectivity.

Results
Pirimiphos-methyl and clothianidin susceptibility was observed in 8 and 10 sites, respectively, while previous data reported chlorfenapyr (200 µg/bottle) susceptibility in 13 of the sites, high pyrethroid resistance intensity and increased mortality with PBO pre-exposure at all 17 tested sites.
Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was the predominant malaria vector collected in all four bionomic sites. Vector density was relatively higher in Sakassou throughout the year with mean biting rates of 278.2 bites per person per night (b/p/n) compared to Béoumi, Dabakala and Nassian (mean of 48.5, 81.4 and 26.6 b/p/n, respectively). The mean entomological inoculation rate (EIR) was 4.44 infective bites per person per night (ib/p/n) in Sakassou, 0.34 ib/p/n in Beoumi, 1.17 ib/p/n in Dabakala and 1.02 ib/p/n in Nassian. The highest EIRs were recorded in October in Béoumi (1.71 ib/p/n) and Nassian (3.22 ib/p/n), in July in Dabakala (4.46 ib/p/n) and in May in Sakassou (15.6 ib/p/n).

Conclusion
Based on all results and data review, the National Malaria Control Programme developed and implemented a stratified insecticide-treated net (ITN) mass distribution in 2021 considering new generation ITNs. These results also supported the selection of clothianidin-based products and an optimal spraying time for the first indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaign in Sakassou and Nassian in 2020.