bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Diplomacy of Genocide
Authors: Moses A. Dirk 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter delineates a particular domain of international relations: the ‘diplomacy of genocide’. This domain comprises the intranational and international interactions between state and nonstate actors about genocide, in particular how to categorize and memorialize mass violence, and how to assess the merits of intervention to prevent or stop it. Despite the lofty rhetoric accompanying the United Nations Convention on the Punishment and Prevention of Genocide (1948), civilians were not comprehensively protected from mass violence. While the new diplomacy expanded humanitarian sensitivity in the stigmatization of genocide, it was accompanied by a contraction of the humanitarian imagination due to the immense symbolic aura of its archetype, the Holocaust, which set an impossibly high analogical bar. Moreover, the stimulation of intervention constituencies invoking the Holocaust analogy, and eventually the Responsibility to Protect norm, ran up against the UN Charter’s hardening of state sovereignty in the general prohibition on intervention in other states.
War and History in World Politics
Authors: Barkawi Tarak 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by reflecting on war as a force which shapes knowledge about it, both in History and in International Relations (IR). It outlines distinctions between history, historicism, and historiography, pointing out that granular studies can lead to conceptual and paradigmatic change. It introduces the significance of amateur, public, and veterans’ history, looking at their role in reproducing war and at their critical potential. The chapter turns to the war and society tradition for new resources for thinking about war in IR, discussing the problems involved in putting war and society into the same analytic frame. It looks at how war experience shapes military history, and in turn at how military histories shape identities and ways of warfare in world politics. The chapter closes with the example of a white supremacist military imaginary, sustained in part through popular and military history, and shaping actual wars.
Interpolity Law
Authors: Benton Lauren 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines an approach to the history of the global legal order that incorporates non-Western polities and encompasses the period before the rise of Western-dominated international law. The approach centres on the study of ‘interpolity law’, defined as a set of legal practices with broad recognition and participation across a diverse range of polities in the early modern and modern world. Drawing on recent research and emphasizing interpolity law in relation to European empires, the chapter probes three prominent categories of legal action and discourse: jurisdictional politics, protection arrangements, and the regulation of violence. It draws on recent research to outline a series of generalizations about these widely occurring modalities, then briefly considers their influence on the formation of interpolity zones and other pluri-political configurations.
Regulating Commerce
Authors: Helleiner Eric 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Contemporary debates between free traders and neomercantilists have intellectual roots in older ones from the late eighteenth, nineteenth, and early twentieth centuries. International Political Economy (IPE) scholars usually focus on thinkers from Europe and America when discussing these older debates, but this intellectual history can be told from a more global perspective that includes thinkers from many other regions of the world. This wider approach helps to support recent initiatives to create a more ‘Global IPE’ that is less Western-centric. It also contributes to efforts in the fields of both history and IPE to deepen understandings of international ideational diffusion, including with attention to processes of resonance, appropriation, and the multidirectional flow of economic ideas. In addition, this global intellectual history provides a wider perspective from which to view current ideological debates about the regulation of international commerce.
The ‘Premodern’ World
Authors: Costa Lopez Julia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Engagements with the premodern world in International Relations have so far focused on specific periods and spaces. Rather than examining each locale separately, this chapter unpacks the ways in which specific assumptions about the emergence of modernity and its fundamental features have coloured our narratives of the premodern. Specifically, I reconstruct four existing ways of tackling the premodern world that respectively emphasize its religiosity, localism, complexity, and similarity to the present, and interrogate what types of questions these different premoderns allow us to pose, but also what types of inquiry they preclude. Against these, I consider what insights it could yield to have an alternative conceptualization of premodern world, one which places plurality, diversity, and global interconnectedness centerstage. Approaching the premodern in this way, however, raises serious questions about concepts and methods and ultimately calls into question the use of the ‘premodern’ itself.
The ‘Americas’ in the History of International Relations
Authors: Gobat Michel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Since the Americas joined the international order as an independent locale in the nineteenth century, the concept has been defined by three paradoxes. First, the Americas constitute a regional system that has facilitated both the hegemonic aspirations of its most powerful member (the United States) and anti-hegemonic challenges by the rest. Second, they are home to the world’s oldest international system, yet they are also the world region most identified with modernity. A tension between tradition and modernity thus distinguishes pan-Americanism. Finally, the identification of the Americas with modernity has spurred state and non-state actors to globalize pan-American principles. These three paradoxes guide the following overview of how the Americas evolved as a regional system from the Age of Revolution to the present. Such an approach seeks to overcome the Manichean view marking much of the scholarship on inter-American relations while making the Americas more integral to international history.
The Fall of Constantinople
Authors: Harris Jonathan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The diplomatic manoeuvrings prompted by the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453 are often placed in the context of the long narrative of the expansion of Islam and the preaching of Christian crusades in response. However, they also serve as an instructive example of early modern international relations in a complicated and diverse environment. This chapter will consider three salient factors that influenced and often dictated the western European response to the disaster. First the sharp tension that existed between religious allegiance and economic and political interests. Secondly, the remarkable ability of the Roman Church to promote international dialogue and publicity in a world that was in other respects fragmented and localized. Finally, the role of local issues and national agendas in moulding and sometimes derailing any concerted Christian response.
The Peace of Westphalia
Authors: Phillips Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter revisits debates on the significance of the Peace of Westphalia as a benchmark date marking the advent of the modern system of sovereign states. Following a précis of the context and content of the treaties that comprised the Peace of Westphalia, I survey International Relations (IR) debates between traditionalist defenders of Westphalia’s epochal significance, versus their revisionist critics. I conclude that revisionists are correct in questioning Westphalia as definitively signifying either the sovereign state’s triumph, the birth of the modern state system, or the secularization of European international society. Drawing insights from global history, I nevertheless offer a qualified defence of Westphalia’s historical importance in the evolution of the modern international system. Specifically, I argue that Westphalia instantiated a distinctive diversity regime that tied legitimate political authority to the recognition of authorized forms of confessional religious difference. This regime entrenched a protean sovereign state system that consolidated in subsequent centuries. Contemporaneous crises of political authority elsewhere across Eurasia aided the consolidation of regional empires, and accompanying diversity regimes favouring imperial unipolarity. The resulting conjunction of European multipolarity and Asian unipolarity laid the basis for early modern globalization, making the advent of the world’s first genuinely global international system possible.
The Congress of Vienna
Authors: Mitzen Jennifer , Rogg Jeff 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Late-twentieth century International Relations (IR) (re)discovered the Congress of Vienna as scholars debated the Concert of Europe as a possible case of great power ‘long peace’ and the Vienna Settlement as potential pre-cursor to contemporary liberal global governance. The congress itself played a limited role—indeed, the terms ‘Congress of Vienna’, ‘Concert of Europe’, and ‘Vienna Settlement’ have not been well differentiated. This chapter summarizes the debates, then shows that they rest on implicit assumptions, some IR-specific, others more general, all of which fall under the heading of ‘modern’. These assumptions have disciplined the cumulation of knowledge, making the importance of the event derivative of other concerns. Then, with the theme of granularity in mind, the chapter returns to the event. Drawing on a wave of recent scholarship, it contextualizes the congress, looking more closely ‘around’ and ‘at’ the congress itself. What emerges is a holistic phenomenon, a global event, and a sense of the many potentialities in both the event itself and the interdisciplinary conversation.
The Revolutions of 1848
Authors: Green Daniel M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Revolutions of 1848 were an explosion of liberal-nationalist political rebellions, largely confined to Europe, that at the time had little lasting impact on international relations. Though marked by transnational demonstration and spread effects, the revolutions in most places were determined by domestic factors and largely ended in failure and suppression. While 1848 is not one of International Relation’s (IR) resonant dates, if we shift from events to macro-structural changes in predominant unit-type and political formations, 1848 becomes highly significant, indeed a founding moment, shaping the fundamentals of the ‘modern’ international system, with implications for understanding the wave of populist ethnonationalism today. The topic connects IR to the historical-sociological literatures on macro-scale socio-economic shifts, watersheds in state formation, and the development of nationalism and the nation-state, but also with postcolonial thought and the coloniality narrative of history. That the initial locale of events is Europe makes this a Eurocentric topic, yet shifting out to the macro-structural, yields insights into globe-wide experiences today.
Gender, History, and International Relations
Authors: Sjoberg Laura 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter looks at the gendered and sexed disciplinary sociological and epistemological blind spots that make International Relations (IR) incomplete, skewed, and problematic approaches to (disciplinary and) global history possible. It shows that women have always been in IR and its histories, but until recently, obscured. It then argues that ‘solving’ the ‘problem’ is not as simple as ‘correcting’ the obscuring of women. Instead, the project of de-masculinizing histories is a transformative, rather than piecemeal, process, which requires rethinking the substances of the discipline, its politics, and its histories as well as historical and historicizing processes and methods. Such rethinking reveals that histories of the state and the histories of gender have always been intertwined and inseparable, even as many IR scholars separate out the concepts completely. The conclusion of this chapter looks that the various interruptions and revisions that gender analysis might make in thinking about and doing international histories.
Tax progressivity and taxing the rich in developing countries: lessons from Latin America
Authors: Bergolo Marcelo , Londoño-Vélez Juliana , Tortarolo Darío 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis article discusses the challenges and potential policy choices for levying progressive taxes and taxing the rich in Latin America, a region known for its high-income inequality, limited tax-collection capacity, and low share of taxes collected from personal income and wealth. Factors such as high exemption thresholds, low top marginal tax rates, and limited administrative capacity undermine the redistributive ability and revenue collection of the tax systems in the region. Moreover, the income composition for the top percentiles largely comes from capital, and the effective tax rates they face are often low due to the preferential treatment of capital income and wealth. After discussing the evidence of how the rich in Latin America respond to progressive taxes on income and wealth and changes in enforcement policy, we provide some insights on potential policy choices to tax them effectively. These may include broadening the income tax base by lowering the number of exempt and non-taxable income items and the statutory exemption thresholds, reevaluating preferential tax rates on capital income, monitoring foreign income, addressing the abuse of tax treatment by business earners, and enhancing tax administration capacity. Additionally, wealth taxes may complement the tax system with updates to property registers and scrutiny of foreign assets.
Genetic architecture of source–sink-regulated senescence in maize
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Brar Manwinder S , Kunduru Bharath , Ackerman Arlyn J , Yang Yuan , Luo Feng , Saski Christopher A , Bridges William C , de Leon Natalia , McMahan Christopher , Kaeppler Shawn M , Sekhon Rajandeep S 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Source and sink interactions play a critical but mechanistically poorly understood role in the regulation of senescence. To disentangle the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying source–sink-regulated senescence (SSRS), we performed a phenotypic, transcriptomic, and systems genetics analysis of senescence induced by the lack of a strong sink in maize (Zea mays). Comparative analysis of genotypes with contrasting SSRS phenotypes revealed that feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, a surge in reactive oxygen species, and the resulting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress were the earliest outcomes of weakened sink demand. Multienvironmental evaluation of a biparental population and a diversity panel identified 12 quantitative trait loci and 24 candidate genes, respectively, underlying SSRS. Combining the natural diversity and coexpression networks analyses identified 7 high-confidence candidate genes involved in proteolysis, photosynthesis, stress response, and protein folding. The role of a cathepsin B like protease 4 (ccp4), a candidate gene supported by systems genetic analysis, was validated by analysis of natural alleles in maize and heterologous analyses in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Analysis of natural alleles suggested that a 700-bp polymorphic promoter region harboring multiple ABA-responsive elements is responsible for differential transcriptional regulation of ccp4 by ABA and the resulting variation in SSRS phenotype. We propose a model for SSRS wherein feedback inhibition of photosynthesis, ABA signaling, and oxidative stress converge to induce ER stress manifested as programed cell death and senescence. These findings provide a deeper understanding of signals emerging from loss of sink strength and offer opportunities to modify these signals to alter senescence program and enhance crop productivity.
Can Baseline Disability Predict Outcomes in Adult Spinal Deformity Surgery?
Authors: Passias Peter G. , Joujon-Roche Rachel , Mir Jamshaid M. , Tretiakov Peter , Dave Pooja , Williamson Tyler K. , Imbo Bailey , Krol Oscar , Schoenfeld Andrew J. 
Published: August 2023

Study Design.
Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective.
To assess if there is a threshold of baseline disability beyond which the patient-reported outcomes after surgical correction of adult spinal deformity (ASD) are adversely impacted.

Background.
Patient-reported outcomes vary after correction of adult spinal deformity, even when patients are optimally realigned. There is a paucity of literature examining the impact of baseline disability on patient-reported outcomes in ASD.

Methods.
Patients with baseline (BL) and two-year data were included. Disability was ranked according to BL Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) into quintiles: Q1 (lowest ODI score) to Q5 (highest ODI score). Adjusted logistic regression analyses evaluated the likelihood of reaching ≥1 MCID in Scoliosis Research Society Outcomes Questionnaire (SRS-22) Pain, SRS-22 Activity, and Short Form-36 physical component summary at two years across disability groups Q1–Q4 with respect to Q5. Sensitivity tests were performed, excluding patients with any “0” Schwab modifiers at BL.

Results.
Compared with patients in Q5, the odds of reaching MCID in SRS-22 Pain at 2Y were significantly higher for those in Q1 (OR: 3.771), Q2 (OR: 3.006), and Q3 (OR: 2.897), all P<0.021. Similarly, compared with patients in Q5, the odds of reaching MCID in SRS-22 Activity at two years were significantly higher for those in Q2 (OR: 3.454) and Q3 (OR: 2.801), both P<0.02. Lastly, compared with patients in Q5, odds of reaching MCID in Short Form-36 physical component summary at two years were significantly higher for patients in Q1 (OR: 5.350), Q2 (OR: 4.795), and Q3 (OR: 6.229), all P<0.004.

Conclusions.
This study found that patients presenting with moderate disability at BL (ODI<40) consistently surpassed health-related quality of life outcomes as compared with those presenting with greater levels of disability. We propose that a baseline ODI of 40 represents a disability threshold within which operative inte rvention maximizes patient-reported outcomes. Furthermore, delaying the intervention until patients progress to severe disability may limit the benefits of surgical correction in ASD patients.

Level of Evidence.
3
Insights From Henri Nouwen for Intellectual Disability Nursing
Authors: Hartnett Liz 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT:
Henri Nouwen's writings provide opportunity for nurses, students, and educators to reflect on nursing in the context of Christian faith. This article offers insight from Nouwen's work and its relevance to intellectual disability nursing practice and education. Five themes are developed from Nouwen's insights: 1) the descending way, 2) insignificance and marginalization, 3) learning to support the person, 4) building relationship, and 5) trusting God will catch you.
Ureteral Injury
Authors: Zhao Yue , Tan Winson Jianhong 
Published: August 2023

CASE SUMMARY:
A 70-year-old man underwent laparoscopic low anterior resection for a rectal adenocarcinoma after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Postoperatively, the patient had high drain volume output, with 800 mL of clear serous fluid being drained on the second postoperative day. Drain creatinine returned as 300 mmol/L, with a corresponding serum creatinine of 100 mmol/L. CT scan of the abdomen and pelvis confirmed a left ureteric injury with an associated urinoma. After urology consultation, the patient underwent a left ureteric reimplantation emergently.
Development and validation of a prognostic score to identify the optimal candidate for preemptive TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding
Authors: Lv Yong , Bai Wei , Zhu Xuan , Xue Hui , Zhao Jianbo , Zhuge Yuzheng , Sun Junhui , Zhang Chunqing , Ding Pengxu , Jiang Zaibo , Zhu Xiaoli , Ren Weixin , Li Yingchun , Zhang Kewei , Zhang Wenguang , Li Kai , Wang Zhengyu , Luo Bohan , Li Xiaomei , Yang Zhiping , Guo Wengang , Xia Dongdong , Xie Huahong , Pan Yanglin , Yin Zhanxin , Fan Daiming , Han Guohong 
Published: August 2023

Background and Aim:
Baveno VII workshop recommends the use of preemptive TIPS (p-TIPS) in patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding (AVB) at high- risk of treatment failure. However, the criteria defining “high-risk” have low clinical accessibility or include subjective variables. We aimed to develop and externally validate a model for better identification of p-TIPS candidates.

Approach and Results:
The derivation cohort included 1554 patients with cirrhosis and AVB who were treated with endoscopy plus drug (n = 1264) or p-TIPS (n = 290) from 12 hospitals in China between 2010 and 2017. We first used competing risk regression to develop a score for predicting 6-week and 1-year mortality in patients treated with endoscopy plus drugs, which included age, albumin, bilirubin, international normalized ratio, white blood cell, creatinine, and sodium. The score was internally validated with the bootstrap method, which showed good discrimination (6 wk/1 y concordance-index: 0.766/0.740) and calibration, and outperformed other currently available models. In the second stage, the developed score was combined with treatment and their interaction term to predicate the treatment effect of p-TIPS (mortality risk difference between treatment groups) in the whole derivation cohort. The estimated treatment effect of p-TIPS varied substantially among patients. The prediction model had good discriminative ability (6 wk/1 y c-for-benefit: 0.696/0.665) and was well calibrated. These results were confirmed in the validation dataset of 445 patients with cirrhosis with AVB from 6 hospitals in China between 2017 and 2019 (6-wk/1-y c-for-benefit: 0.675/0.672).

Conclusions:
We developed and validated a clinical prediction model that can help to identify individuals who will benefit from p-TIPS, which may guide clinical decision-making.