bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Genetic Control of Response to Antigenic Stimuli
Authors: Sang J. H. , Sobey W. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The level of secondary antibody response to Tobacco Mosaic Virus (T.M.V.) is shown to be a highly heritable characteristic (h2 = 0.876, σ = 0.09) in a cross-bred population of rabbits. The secondary response to Bovine Plasma Albumin (B.P.A.) does not show any such heritability; variation as measured under our experimental conditions could all be assigned to environmental differences. However, diffusion tests demonstrate that this antigen has at least 7 reactive components, 2 of which are due to a globulin contaminant. In these circumstances, it is suggested that the “experimental error” deriving from the complexity of the antigen make any estimation of heritability impossible. A proportion of the rabbit population showed no response to B.P.A., even when given in massive doses. This failure to produce antibodies is probably due to a recessive gene (or genes) segregating in the population. Animals of this genotype retain the antigen in their circulation for an abnormally long time. Response in normal animals follows immediately on the disappearance of circulating antigen, but this reaction apparently does not occur in the abnormal group. Response to the other antigens tested, except possibly to globulins, was not affected by this “genetic block”. Correlations were found between response to T.M.V. and Diphtheria toxoid (D.t.) (r = 0.5, σ = 0.15) and to T.M.V. and Bovine Red Cells (r = 0.54, σ = 0.24). No correlations could be demonstrated for responses to Shigella Shiga, Bushy Stunt Virus, Human Red Cells, or Tetanus toxoid (T.t.) But the complex nature of these antigens makes this negative evidence inconclusive. Rabbits tested with all these antigens showed a significant tendency to produce related responses to different antigens, suggesting that they have a general predisposition to respond at some inherent level to all antigenic stimuli. Primary and secondary responses to D.t. are shown to be correlated, as are primary responses to D.t. and to T.t. Pregnant or lactating rabbits show a significantly lowered response to D.t. and to T.t. The importance of genetic constitution in determining ability to produce antibodies is discussed, and some of the necessary conditions for further work on this subject are defined.
The Hemagglutination Test for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Heller George , Jacobson Abraham S. , Kolodny Maxwell H. , Kammerer William H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Two serological reactions have been described. The first reaction involves the inhibition of the hemagglutination test for rheumatoid arthritis by including human plasma Fraction II as a reagent. In the second reaction, the serum from individuals with active peripheral rheumatoid arthritis specifically agglutinated tannic acid-treated sheep erythrocytes sensitized with Fraction II. The heterogenic relationship of the reactants involved as well as the antigen-antibody-like character of these reactions are discussed.
Studies on the Complement Function
Authors: Silverstein Arthur M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The fixability of guinea pig complement was found to be quite different from that of human C. The observed antibody titer of an immune serum may be raised or lowered by employing for the fixation test one of the several modified C reagents in admixture with normal C. Alterations of normal C component ratios produce C solutions which are quantitatively identical in hemolytic potency but qualitatively different in fixation to an immune complex. A non-additivity of C hemolytic potency units exists under the conditions of partial fixation to a immune complex, and is a function of the extent of that fixation. The unit of hemolytic activity measured before fixation seems to be different from that measured afterward, indicating the necessity to examine more deeply the exact functions of C components in fixation and hemolysis. The addition of increasing amounts of three C components for the estimation of the “titer” of the remaining component results in a continual increase in titer, never quite reaching the limiting asymptotic value. Hemolytic activity would appear to be a function of the active concentrations of all of the components, not only of that component present in “limiting amounts” as postulated previously.
Serological Aspects of the Suppression of Normal Bactericidal Action of Rabbit Serum Following Whole Body X-Irradiation
Authors: Donaldson David M. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The loss or suppression of the normal bactericidal activity of rabbit serum following 650 to 725 r of whole body x-irradiation was not demonstrated to be due to a substance in the sera of irradiated rabbits which inhibits normal bactericidal activity. No decrease in the bactericidal action of normal serum was observed following the addition of serum from x-irradiated rabbits to normal serum. Titrations were carried out with sera from nonimmunized x-irradiated and control rabbits to determine natural agglutinin levels. Suspensions of sheep red blood cells and Bacillus subtilis were employed as antigens. The amount of circulating natural agglutinin was not significantly altered in the sera of x-irradiated rabbits with suppressed bactericidal activity. Complement concentrations determined at a time when the sera from irradiated rabbits showed suppressed bactericidal activity were of the same magnitude in x-irradiated and control rabbits. Addition of either E or M fractions of guinea pig complement failed to restore the bactericidal activity of sera from x-irradiated rabbits.
The Use of RDE to Improve the Sensitivity of the Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for the Serologic Diagnosis of Influenza
Authors: Jordan William S. , Oseasohn Robert O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
To aid in the selection of a serologic procedure best suited for the measurement of changes in the levels of influenza antibodies in serum specimens collected from individuals at six month intervals, paired sera from 58 patients with influenza and other acute respiratory illnesses were tested by the complement-fixation and hemagglutination-inhibition techniques employing PR8, FM1, Lee and 1233 influenza virus antigens.
By using the complement-fixation test for reference, it was shown that destruction of heat stable (62°C) non-specific inhibitor by RDE increased the sensitivity and reliability of the hemagglutination-inhibition test in 22% of the cases. RDE did not alter serum inhibitor levels against 1233 virus. RDE affected a greater reduction of inhibitor active against Lee antigen than of inhibitor against PR8 or FM1 antigens.
With proper antigens, the hemagglutination-inhibition test on RDE treated sera is as sensitive as the complement-fixation test with virus antigen. It has been shown by others that use of soluble antigen increases the sensitivity of the complement-fixation test, but the antibody elevation measured is transient. It is believed that the hemagglutination-inhibition test using RDE is the method of choice for measuring changes in the level of influenza antibodies in serum specimens collected at wide intervals.
Cytopathogenic Agents Isolated from Patients during an Unusual Epidemic Exanthem
Authors: Neva Franklin A. , Enders John F. , Chang Yinette 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A group of agents cytopathogenic for tissues of human origin was isolated from the feces of seven patients during an epidemic exanthem in the late summer of 1951. Isolation of the agents was effected in suspended cell cultures of kidney tissue and subsequent propagation in roller tube cultures of human embryonic skin-muscle, postnatal foreskin or myometrium. Evidence for the development of neutralizing antibodies against the agents was obtained in almost all of the patients whose blood specimens were tested. Cross neutralization tests indicated that the new agents are immunologically closely related. Further study is needed to establish with certainty the etiologic relationship suggested by the data now available between this group of agents and the disease with which they were associated.
Studies on the Interaction of the Large and Small Hemagglutinating Components of Newcastle Disease Virus with Red Cells
Authors: Granoff Allan , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Partially purified preparations of the L and S components of Newcastle disease virus were obtained from infected allantoic fluid and membrane suspensions, respectively, by differential centrifugation. The L component could be separated also from the infected tissues but S could be detected in allantoic fluid only in relatively low concentrations. The S component was found to be partially sedimentable by centrifugal forces far in excess of those needed for removal of L. Suspension of the L component revealed ID50/HA ratios of the order of 106. In contrast, S preparations gave ratios as low as 100.6 and generally below 102.
Whereas L was readily absorbed onto red cells in the cold, only relatively small amounts of S appeared to combine with these cells under the same conditions. No inhibitor of adsorption could be detected in S preparations. The data presented suggest that the S component either possesses greater eluting activity than L or that an elution-promoting factor is present in such preparations.
The L component readily causes hemolysis whereas S according to all indications lacks this property. When red cells were exposed to S and subsequently washed they resisted hemolysis by the L component. Heated S or control material had no such effect.
Only the L component showed the phenomenon of extension of titers in hemagglutinin assays upon repeated resuspension and settling of the red cells at 37°C. Only red cells previously exposed to L at 37°C until stabilized could be agglutinated by dilute NDV-immune serum or were capable of agglutinating normal red cells. These properties, according to Burnet, are closely linked with the hemolytic activity. The facts that S failed to reveal these reactions and was found to be non-hemolytic appear to be in agreement with this suggestion.
Under carefully graded conditions S precedes the L component in the receptor gradient.
Various problems concerning the mechanisms of interaction of these components with red cells have been discussed.
Studies on Vi Antigen
Authors: Landy Maurice , Webster Marion E. , Sagin Jerome F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vi antigens derived from three V form enteric species by a uniform isolation procedure were examined in a variety of immunological tests. The antigens derived from E. coli and P. ballerup were significantly more active than the Vi antigen obtained from S. typhosa in hemagglutination, quantitative complement fixation, and quantitative precipitin tests.
Antigenic activity measured in terms of stimulation of antibody production in rabbits and active immunization of mice against challenge with S. typhosa revealed that coli Vi antigen was the most potent, followed by Vi antigen from ballerup, while the Vi antigen isolated from S. typhosa was the least effective. These differences were established most clearly in the mouse protection tests.
The relationship of these biological activities to specific viscosity of the antigen preparations and the possibility of this being a causal relationship was considered. Attention was drawn to certain similarities between the biological properties of the Vi antigens and the pneumococcal polysaccharides.
The Effect of Gamma Globulin on Subclinical Infection in Familial Associates of Poliomyelitis Cases
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , Rabson Alan S. , Schieble Jack H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the summer and fall of 1953, family associates of reported cases of poliomyelitis were inoculated with gamma globulin as a possible prophylactic measure.
Fecal specimens were collected at three weekly intervals from 135 individuals in 29 families, most of whom had received twice the amount (0.28 ml/lb) of gamma globulin.
Four of 64 individuals (6%) in families of questionable cases from whom no virus could be isolated were found to be positive for virus.
In contrast, 29 of 70 persons (41%) in families of confirmed poliomyelitic cases were undergoing subclinical infection.
The quantity of fecal virus was determined by direct titration in Hela cell type tissue cultures. The specimens of some individuals were infective in dilutions as high as 10-6.
Virus was found to persist during the period of study in essentially the same titer in most individuals. Nine persons with low titered virus became negative, but five who were originally negative for virus developed subclinical infection with high titered virus although the gamma globulin had been administered over a week before.
From these data it would appear that subclinical infections, when present at the time of inoculation, were usually not affected by gamma globulin nor were they necessarily prevented from developing during the week after its administration.
The significance of these data and their possible applications to the phenomenon of passiveactive immunization against poliomyelitis are discussed.
The Effect of Biologic and Chemical Agents on the Experimental Production of Arteritis by Passive Sensitization
Authors: Cohen Sheldon G. , Walsh John W. , Dzury Daniel S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twenty-six male albino rabbits of the same strain and approximate age and weight were passively sensitized with rabbit anti-horse serum and challenged with horse serum according to a procedure favoring the production of acute lesions of periarteritis and panarteritis of the pulmonary arteries and arterioles. Nitrogen mustard in sufficient doses to induce and maintain a leukopenia was administered to twenty of the animals for one to two weeks prior to sensitization. Five of the six non-treated sensitized rabbits and fifteen of the twenty sensitized rabbits that received nitrogen mustard developed the typical lesions of panarteritis and periarterial infiltration of eosinophiles, lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and eosinophilic infiltration into the media and intima of the small pulmonary arteries and pulmonary arterioles. The results of this study indicate that any suppressive effect of nitrogen mustard exerted on the arterial lesions due to hypersensitization mechanisms cannot be attributed to an interference with in vivo antigen-antibody reactions, or an alteration of the tissue response to antigen-antibody combinations by an anti-inflammatory action or through a deficiency of reacting cells secondary to the induced leukopenia.
The Immunochemistry of Blood Group O
Authors: Baer Harold , Bringaze Joan Kemp , McNamee Mary 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substances with marked blood group activity have been isolated from hog and human stomach linings, and from human pseudomucinous ovarian cyst fluids. On injection of these preparations into chickens, antibody was produced capable of agglutinating human red cells and precipitating with purified blood group substances. One antiserum obtained by immunization with human O substance derived from a pseudomucinous ovarian cyst appeared to have the characteristics of a true anti-O serum.
Quantitative Comparisons of Responses of Cotton Rats and Albino Mice to Measured Doses of Epidemic Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Fuller Henry S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
On the basis of titrations, dosage-response curves were obtained for three types of response to viable epidemic typhus rickettsiae: acute lethal toxic effect in mice, lethal infection in cotton rats, and immunity in cotton rats. The following approximate relationships were revealed: one mouse LD50 equals 101 cotton rat LD50 or 106.5 cotton rat ID50; one cotton rat LD50 equals 105.5 cotton rat ID50. A dose which kills one hundred per cent of mice by an acute toxic effect contains at least one lethal infective dose for cotton rats when administered by the intracardial route. These observations are discussed in relation to the problem of detecting and measuring immunity by a challenge of test cotton rats.
Influenza Virus-Erythrocyte Interaction
Authors: Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cat erythrocytes are agglutinable by influenza B virus but not by influenza A or C viruses or by swine influenza, mumps, or Newcastle disease viruses. Lee virus, either active or after heating at 56°C for 30 minutes, combines with and agglutinates cat RBC at 4°C but not at 24°C. The Lee virus-cat erythrocyte complex, formed at 5°C, promptly dissociates at 24°C in the absence of enzymatic activity. Formation of the Lee virus-cat erythrocyte combination is a reversible equilibrium reaction which is markedly temperature dependent. The temperature dependence probably indicates that the strength of binding forces between Lee virus particles and cat erythrocyte receptors is very low. Under proper conditions, the formation of the combination is followed by enzymatic elution of Lee virus resulting in destruction of receptors for inflenza B viruses present on the cat RBC surface. In allantoic fluid there are present one or more dialyzable components which inhibit enzymatic elution of Lee virus from cat erythrocytes. The receptors for Lee virus on the cat RBC surface are similar to influenza virus receptors on erythrocytes from other species. Lee virus-cat RBC interaction is dependent on the ionic environment in a manner observed for other influenza virus-RBC systems.
Influenza Virus-Erythrocyte Interaction
Authors: Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Early (3rd) and later (10th) chick embryo passage NA strain of influenza A virus adsorbs on sheep RBC at 4°C and elutes from these cells at 20°C at identical rates. Adsorption of virus is accompanied by agglutination of the RBC. When elution takes place at 20°C, disagglutination of RBC occurs earlier and proceeds faster with 3rd passage than with 10th passage NA virus. After inactivation of the virus enzyme by heat, the 10th passage virus fails to elute at 26°C, whereas the 3rd passage virus still dissociates promptly. Under these conditions RBC disagglutinate rapidly in samples containing 3rd passage virus but remain agglutinated in the presence of 10th passage virus. It is concluded that the binding forces which operate between early passage NA virus and sheep RBC are weak. On adaptation to a new host, i.e., the chick embryo, the virus undergoes a gradual change resulting in increased strength of these forces.
The Nature of “Complete” Rh Antisera as Revealed by Antiglobulin Augmentation
Authors: Sturgeon Phillip , Stettner Constance E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. It is widely accepted that a saline agglutinating Rh antiserum exhibiting a prozone in its saline titration, or a significantly higher incomplete antibody titer, or both, contains “univalent”3 as well as the more apparent “bivalent” antibodies (1–5). The lack of these phenomena in a saline agglutinating serum may denote a total absence of incomplete antibodies. It may, however, indicate that the incomplete antibodies, present in a relatively reduced concentration, are masked by the saline agglutinating antibodies. Under the latter circumstances, the masked incomplete antibodies have been exposed with the use of technics not ordinarily available or practiced in the routine immunology laboratory.
Diamond and Abelson (6) heated saline agglutinating Rh antiserum to 56°C for 15 hours and mixed the resultant material with control Rh antisera known to cause agglutination in saline. In most cases, the heated sera showed distinct inhibition of the agglutinating property of the control antisera.
Antibody Response of Suckling Mice to Mumps Virus
Authors: Overman John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Development of resistance of suckling mice to mouse adapted mumps virus, as the age on inoculation increases, correlates with improvements in ability to form antibody as the mice mature. Mice 3 days of age on inoculation are partially susceptible to mumps virus in that about 35% die, 20% become ill but recover, and the remainder fail to show sign of disease at any time. Antibody levels of the mice well at the end of the incubation period are consistently higher than mice sick at this interval after virus inoculation. Passive immunization of mumps-infected newborn mice affords complete protection to animals which do not ordinarily survive the infection.
Adaptation of Influenza Virus to Mice
Authors: Briody B. A. , Cassel William A. , Medill Mary A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The egg lines of the Seerey Type A prime and the SSM Type B strains of influenza virus are sensitive to the hemagglutinin (HA)-inhibiting and the in ovo neutralizing activity of the β inhibitor in normal ox serum. Adaptation of the Seerey and SSM strains to CF1, CFW, and NIH mice is accompanied by the development of resistance to the HA-inhibiting and neutralizing effect of β inhibitor. The sudden and concomitant nature of the appearance of extensive pulmonary consolidation in 4 days and the development of resistance to HA-inhibition and neutralization by β inhibitor suggests that these changes are interrelated. Virus resistant to β inhibitor has also been isolated by passage of sensitive virus in eggs in the presence of ox serum.
Studies on Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Stark Orton K. , Uyeda Charles T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Biosynthesis of C14-SI is easily accomplished by the addition of C14-glucose to the culture medium in which the pneumococci are grown. Approximately 4.5 per cent of the radioactivity thus introduced into the medium is present in the purified C14-SI. Introduction of 100 μc of C14-glucose per liter of culture medium is sufficient to adequately label SI for identification in animal tissue extracts when the dosage is 500 μg per mouse. If smaller antigenic dosages are to be used additional C14-glucose would probably be required for adequate labeling if the counting technique described is to be used.
Significant comparative counts due to C14-SI can be secured on splenic tissue extracts by making the determinations on material in water solution if the dosage approximates 500 μg per mouse. This method permits use of extracts for antigenic assay or other biological procedures not possible when the sample is destroyed as in the barium carbonate method of determining total radioactivity. Results obtained by this counting technic are comparative only but are proportional to the concentration of C14-SI present in the sample.
Studies of Rickettsial Toxins
Authors: Wattenberg L. W. , Elisberg B. L. , Wisseman C. L. , Smadel J. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A reproducible series of vascular reactions can be seen in vivo in the skin of mice injected with 4 LD50 of murine typhus toxin. Following toxin injection, there is an initial lag period of about half an hour during which the circulation appears normal; this is followed, in sequence, by slowing of the blood flow, constriction of the arterial channels and edema.
Hemoconcentration and extravasation of fluids become detectable about 40 minutes after administration of toxin and both increase in intensity until the mouse dies in vascular collapse about an hour later.
Evidence obtained in experiments employing high molecular weight tracer substances suggests that the plasma leakage during rickettsial toxemia occurred diffusely throughout most of the tissues of the animal.
The pattern of the vascular reactions after toxin is very similar, except for the edema, to that occurring in mice in response to a decrease in blood volume produced by progressive hemorrhage.
Increased vascular permeability with resultant loss of plasma is considered a basic physiologic abnormality in toxemic mice which leads to the recognizable chain of events that terminate in death. The means by which rickettsial toxin induces this increased permeability remains a matter of conjecture.