bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The emergence of virtual influencers: a shift in the influencer marketing paradigm
Authors: Jhawar Anand , Kumar Prashant , Varshney Sanjeev 
Published: May 2023

PurposeThis study aims to gain insights into the rise of virtual social media influencers and identify the significant theories governing virtual influencers’ (VIs) interaction with followers on social media platforms. Studies on VI being scarce in marketing literature, the authors attempt to propose a theoretical model to understand the acceptance of VIs by social media users (SMUs).Design/methodology/approachUsing a structured literature review and a case study approach, a conceptual model is developed and propositions are offered.FindingsParasocial interaction (PSI) between the SMU and VIs builds up source credibility, thereby leading to the acceptance of VIs. Thus, the authors establish that PSI and source credibility theory combine to explain the acceptance of VIs by SMUs. Furthermore, similarity with the VI is another added dimension of source credibility, as suggested by this study. A comparative analysis of the growth of five major VIs elucidates that the fashion, electronic, tourism and health-care industries can use them for promotions and as influencers, especially for luxury products.Research limitations/implicationsVIs are a potent tool to achieve improved brand awareness and to target young consumers (especially Gen Y and Gen Z – millennials).Originality/valueThe emergence of VIs being recent; little is comprehended about their interaction with SMUs. Hence, it becomes important to delineate the foundations of VI–SMU interaction. Thus, this study addresses the gap in identifying the theoretical background and proposes a conceptual model elucidating VI acceptance by SMUs.
A posteriori insertion of information for focusing and time–depth conversion of ground‐penetrating radar data
Authors: Persico Raffaele , Marasco Francesco , Morelli Gianfranco , Esposito Giuseppe , Catapano Ilaria 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis paper deals with ground‐penetrating radar prospecting and exploits a semi‐heuristic strategy to account for inhomogeneous background media, empty cavities or topography of the surface. We assume here that no more than a commercial processing software is available. Customarily, commercial codes assume a homogeneous soil and a flat interface in order to achieve the focusing of the data. Therefore, this is also the model exploited here, whereas the data are referred to an inhomogeneous soil or to a non‐flat interface. The proposed strategy exploits the principle that ‘the data speak’, even if with some ambiguity and some reticence, and they can reveal or at least suggest important features of the underground scenario. On this basis, heuristically, we exploit features derived from the data themselves as a posteriori information, improving the available focusing and time–depth conversion even having at disposal a basic model of the background scenario.
Spatiotemporal isolation of oilseed rape fields reduces insect pest pressure and crop damage
Authors: Boetzl Fabian A. , Bommarco Riccardo , Aguilera Guillermo , Lundin Ola 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Pest management is essential to maintain agricultural production, but recent shifts in policies and the development of insecticide resistance have restricted the availability of insecticides for pest suppression. Identifying the landscape‐level resource requirements of pests to complete their life cycles might unveil new sustainable solutions to regulate their populations and prevent crop damage.

We assessed the effects of landscape composition and configuration at different spatial scales on flea beetle densities and crop damage in 56 spring oilseed rape fields sampled over 5 years in Sweden. We considered the cover of non‐crop habitats as an aspect of landscape composition and the distances to the host crop and an alternative host crop in the previous year, edge density and crop diversity as aspects of landscape configuration.

The distance from spring oilseed rape in the previous year reduced flea beetle densities and crop damage across most species and spatial scales. Edge density reduced the densities of two flea beetle species, predominantly at the 500 m radius landscape scale. The cover of forests and permanent pastures as well as crop diversity in the previous year increased the densities of different species at several, mostly larger (1000–2000 m) spatial scales. Increasing permanent pasture cover at the 500 m scale also increased crop damage.

Synthesis and applications: We find that there is no one fits all approach in designing landscapes for flea beetle regulation as habitat use and scales of effect are species‐specific for these pests. However, increasing the spatiotemporal isolation of host crop fields is a promising and potentially more general means of disrupting pest populations and reducing crop damage. Considering the ecological traits of the pest species is a possible next step to optimise landscape‐based pest management.
Effective management for deadwood‐dependent lichen diversity requires landscape‐scale habitat protection
Authors: Hämäläinen Aino , Fahrig Lenore , Strengbom Joachim , Ranius Thomas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Habitat loss is considered a major threat for biodiversity. However, the scales on which its effects occur are still insufficiently understood, namely, is the amount of available habitat important for species richness on both local and landscape scales? We studied the effects of local and landscape‐scale habitat amount on local‐scale species density of deadwood‐dependent lichens in Swedish boreal forests. Creation and retention of deadwood are common practices to benefit forest biodiversity, and recognizing the relevant scale is critical for them to be successful.

We surveyed deadwood‐dependent lichens in 90 unmanaged forest stands that differed in the local and landscape habitat amount. The local habitat amount was measured as the amount of deadwood in the sampled stands (m2 deadwood ha−1), while six alternative proxies were used to estimate the landscape habitat amount, that is, the amount of deadwood in the surrounding landscapes. Lichen species density (number of species per standardized deadwood area of 3.7 m2) was modelled as a function of local and landscape habitat amount at multiple scales (300 m–5 km from the stands).

Lichen species density increased with the landscape habitat amount. The proportion of old forests (>100 years, including newly clear‐cut stands that until recently were old forests) within 5 km from the stands explained species density better than the other proxies of landscape habitat amount. Local deadwood amount did not affect species density, and there was no interaction between the local and landscape habitat amount.

Synthesis and applications: To promote the conservation of deadwood‐dependent lichens, the amount of old forests in managed forest landscapes should be maintained or increased. A certain amount of deadwood hosted more lichen species when situated in a landscape with more old forest, while there was no effect of the local deadwood amount. This suggests that management aimed at increasing the local species density of deadwood‐dwelling lichens should focus on creating and maintaining habitat in the surrounding landscape rather than only adding deadwood to that local site. In other words, effective management for deadwood‐dependent lichen diversity requires landscape‐scale habitat protection.
IL‐26 modulates T cell function in autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: He Wei , Qian Qi Wei , Liu Qiao Yan , Li Yi Kang , Miao Qi , Wang Qi Xia , Ma Xiong , You Zheng Rui , Tang Ru Qi 
Published: May 2023

ObjectivesAutoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an aberrant autoimmune condition mediated by T cell abnormality, which may cause fulminant liver failure and persistent liver injury. This study aimed to disclose the histopathological and functional engagement of interleukin (IL)‐26, a potent inflammation mediator, in AIH disease progression.MethodsWe conducted immunohistochemical staining on liver biopsy samples to evaluate intrahepatic expression of IL‐26. Cellular sources of hepatic IL‐26 were detected by confocal microscopy. Flow cytometry was employed to determine the immunological alterations of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells following in vitro IL‐26 treatment on primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy controls.ResultsStatistically significant increase in IL‐26 level was observed in AIH (n = 48) liver samples in comparison with patients having chronic hepatitis B (n = 25), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (n = 18), and healthy donors for living donor liver transplantation (n = 10). The number of intrahepatic IL‐26+ cells was positively correlated with histological and serological severity. An immunofluorescence staining indicated that liver‐infiltrating CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and CD68+ macrophages orchestrated IL‐26 secretion in AIH. Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells demonstrated effective activation, lytic, and proinflammatory functions upon IL‐26 stimulation.ConclusionWe observed elevated IL‐26 in AIH liver which promoted T cell activation and cytotoxic capacity, indicating a therapeutic potential of IL‐26 intervention in AIH.
Viral infections at the animal–human interface—Learning lessons from the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic
Authors: Brüssow Harald 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis Lilliput explores the current epidemiological and virological arguments for a zoonotic origin of the COVID‐19 pandemic. While the role of bats, pangolins and racoon dogs as viral reservoirs has not yet been proven, a spill‐over of a coronavirus infection from animals into humans at the Huanan food market in Wuhan has a much greater plausibility than alternative hypotheses such as a laboratory virus escape, deliberate genetic engineering or introduction by cold chain food products. This Lilliput highlights the dynamic nature of the animal‐human interface for viral cross‐infections from humans into feral white tail deer or farmed minks (reverse zoonosis). Surveillance of viral infections at the animal‐human interface is an urgent task since live animal markets are not the only risks for future viral spill‐overs. Climate change will induce animal migration which leads to viral exchanges between animal species that have not met in the past. Environmental change and deforestation will also increase contact between animals and humans. Developing an early warning system for emerging viral infections becomes thus a societal necessity not only for human but also for animal and environmental health (One Health concept). Microbiologists have developed tools ranging from virome analysis in key suspects such as viral reservoirs (bats, wild game animals, bushmeat) and in humans exposed to wild animals, to wastewater analysis to detect known and unknown viruses circulating in the human population and sentinel studies in animal‐exposed patients with fever. Criteria need to be developed to assess the virulence and transmissibility of zoonotic viruses. An early virus warning system is costly and will need political lobbying. The accelerating number of viral infections with pandemic potential over the last decades should provide the public pressure to extend pandemic preparedness for the inclusion of early viral alert systems.
Identification of the aldolase responsible for the production of 22‐hydroxy‐23,24‐bisnorchol‐4‐ene‐3‐one from natural sterols in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis
Authors: Hernández‐Fernández Gabriel , Acedos Miguel G. , García José L. , Galán Beatriz 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMycobacterial mutants blocked in ring degradation constructed to achieve C19 synthons production, also accumulate by‐products such as C22 intermediates throughout an alternative pathway reducing the production yields and complicating the downstream purification processing of final products. In this work, we have identified the MSMEG_6561 gene, encoding an aldolase responsible for the transformation of 22‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐cholest‐4‐ene‐24‐carboxyl‐CoA (22‐OH‐BCN‐CoA) into the 22‐hydroxy‐23,24‐bisnorchol‐4‐ene‐3‐one (4‐HBC) precursor (20S)‐3‐oxopregn‐4‐ene‐20‐carboxaldehyde (3‐OPA). The deletion of this gene increases the production yield of the C‐19 steroidal synthon 4‐androstene‐3,17‐dione (AD) from natural sterols, avoiding the production of 4‐HBC as by‐product and the drawbacks in the AD purification. The molar yield of AD production using the MS6039‐5941‐6561 triple mutant strain was checked in flasks and bioreactor improving very significantly compared with the previously described MS6039‐5941 strain.
Discursive challenges: Power, state legitimacy and counter‐narratives in the Arab world
Authors: Walsh Tom , Dogan‐Akkas Betul 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe three articles in this special section address several processes of legitimisation in the contemporary Arab World. They provide compelling insights into why Islamist movements moderate, how alternative political orders arise in response to issues of state legitimacy and the ways in which regional and international actors legitimise their involvement in Middle Eastern conflicts. Unifying the three articles is a motivation to understand processes of legitimacy, sectarian identity and discourse, in the power vacuum following the Iraq War of 2003 and the Arab Spring of 2011. These seismic regional events have created a wave of identity entrepreneurs, who have pragmatically attached themselves to concepts of Islam, sect and democracy, in order to solidify their hold on legitimacy and power.
Clinical and genetic factors associated with post‐operative nausea and vomiting after propofol anaesthesia
Authors: Ahlström Sirkku E. , Bergman Paula H. , Jokela Ritva M. , Olkkola Klaus T. , Kaunisto Mari A. , Kalso Eija A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of post‐operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) remains at about 30% despite all therapeutic efforts to reduce it. The clinical risk factors guiding the prophylactic treatment are well established, but genetic factors associated with PONV remain poorly known. The aim of this study was to explore clinical and genetic factors impacting PONV by performing a genome‐wide association study (GWAS) together with relevant clinical factors as covariates, and systematically attempt to replicate previously reported PONV associations. Relevant clinical factors are explored with logistic regression model.MethodsThis was an observational case control study in Helsinki University Hospital between 1 August 2006 and 31 December 2010. One thousand consenting women with elevated risk for PONV, undergoing breast cancer surgery with standardised propofol anaesthesia and antiemetics. After exclusions for clinical reasons and failed genotyping, 815 patients were included with 187 PONV cases and 628 controls. Emergence of PONV up to 7th post‐operative day was recorded. PONV at 2–24 h after surgery was selected to be the primary outcome. The GWAS explored associations between PONV and 653 034 genetic variants. Replication attempts included 31 variants in 16 genes.ResultsThe overall incidence of PONV up to 7th post‐operative day was 35%, where 3% had PONV at 0–2 h and 23% at 2–24 h after surgery. Age, American Society of Anaesthesiologists status, the amount of oxycodone used in the post‐anaesthesia care unit, smoking status, previous PONV, and history of motion sickness were statistically significant predictive factors in the logistic model. The receiver operating characteristic‐area under the curve of 0.75 (95% CI 0.71–0.79) was calculated for the model. The GWAS identified six variants with suggestive association to PONV (p < 1 × 10−5). Of the previously reported variants, association with the DRD2 variant rs18004972 (TaqIA) was replicated (p = .028).ConclusionsOur GWAS approach did not identify any high‐impact PONV susceptibility variants. The results provide some support for a role of dopamine D2 receptors in PONV.
Identifying neonatal adverse events in preterm and term infants using a paediatric trigger tool
Authors: Dillner Pernilla , Unbeck Maria , Norman Mikael , Nydert Per , Härenstam Karin Pukk , Lindemalm Synnöve , Wackernagel Dirk , Förberg Ulrika 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAimTo explore the incidence and characteristics of inpatient neonatal adverse events in a Swedish setting.MethodsA retrospective record review, using a trigger tool, performed by registered nurses and a neonatologist, at a University Hospital. The identified adverse events were categorised by, for example, preventability, severity and time of occurrence.ResultsA random selection of 150 admissions representing 3531 patient days were reviewed (mean [SD] birthweight 2620 [1120]g). Three hundred and sixty adverse events were identified in 78 (52.0%) infants, and 305 (84.7%) of these were assessed as being preventable. The overall adverse event rate was 240 per 100 admissions and 102.0 per 1000 patient days. Preterm infants had a higher rate than term infants (353 versus 79 per 100 admissions, p = 0.001); however, with regard to the length of stay, the rates were similar. Most adverse events were temporary and less severe (n = 338/360, 93.9%) and the most common type involved harm to skin, tissue or blood vessels (n = 163/360, 45.3%). Forty percent (n = 145) of adverse events occurred within the first week of admission.ConclusionAdverse events were common in neonatal care, and many occurred during the first days of treatment. Characterisation of adverse events may provide focus areas for improvements in patient safety.
A dose‐dependent increase in the risk of inflammatory bowel disease after exposure to broad‐spectrum antibiotics: A national population study in Korea
Authors: Oh Shin Ju , Kim Hyo Jong , Lee Chang Kyun ,   The Big Data Research Group (BDRG) of the Korean Society of Gastroenterology
Published: May 2023

SummaryBackgroundThe association between antibiotic use and risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly among adults, remains unclear. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of data among non‐Western countries.AimsTo investigate the association and dose–response relationships between antibiotic use and subsequent IBD risk across all agesMethodsThis population‐based case–control analysis used data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service database (2004–2018). We compared 68,633 patients with new‐onset IBD to matched controls (n = 343,165) using multivariable conditional logistic regression analysis. We also examined the dose–response relationship using non‐linear regression analysis, and separately analysed childhood‐onset IBD (aged ≤14 years) risk following early‐life antibiotic exposure.ResultsThe mean age at diagnosis was 45.2 ± 16.8 years. Antibiotic prescriptions between 2 and 5 years before diagnosis significantly increased the odds of developing IBD (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–1.27). Additionally, sensitivity analysis revealed an elevated risk up to 9 years before diagnosis. Broad‐spectrum antibiotics increased IBD risk, independent of gastroenteritis. A distinct dose–response relationship was observed irrespective of the IBD subtype and study population (all p < 0.001). Furthermore, antibiotic exposure within the first year of life was linked with the risk of childhood‐onset IBD (OR, 1.51; 95% CI: 1.25–1.82).ConclusionsBroad‐spectrum antibiotics dose‐dependently increased the risk for IBD in the Korean population. Our findings provide a fundamental epidemiological basis for identifying antibiotic use as a significant risk factor for IBD across different environmental backgrounds.
Books under threat: Open access publishing and the neo‐liberal academy
Authors: Gandy Matthew 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn April 2022 UKRI (UK Research and Innovation) announced that all books must be open access from January 2024 onwards. If the UKRI proposals are formalised as part of the next REF (Research Excellence Framework) exercise, this will have damaging consequences for geography and other disciplines. In this commentary I argue that this is an ill‐considered proposal that is already disrupting academic book publishing. There is an urgent need to evaluate alternative open access models that will not entrench existing forms of academic inequality, marginalise the significance of books as a distinctive facet of intellectual life, or threaten the production of rigorous peer‐reviewed monographs.
Barriers to the Usefulness of Non‐profit Financial Statements: Perspectives From Key Internal Stakeholders
Authors: Gilchrist David J. , West Andrew , Zhang Yuyu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe extent to which financial reports are useful is of central importance in relation to the accounting standards that underpin them. This is as true of non‐profit financial reporting as it is of financial reporting in the commercial and public sectors. In this paper we report on our findings related to a research project focused on examining the usefulness of Australian accounting standards from the point of view of non‐profit directors, preparers of non‐profit financial statements and their auditors. Undertaking a series of round tables specific to each cohort, we examine the question of who is responsible, for what and to whom in the context of financial reporting. Our research reinforces a number of issues negatively impacting the usefulness of General Purpose Financial Reports (GPFRs) in the non‐profit sector. We draw particular attention to concerns around the financial literacy of non‐profit directors, potential misunderstandings in relation to financial profitability, and complexity across a range of issues, including revenue recognition. Overall, the project finds that there are manifest specific issues and aspects particular to the sector and that simply adopting the same approach with regard to accounting standards as taken in the for‐profit sector is insufficient to ensure the utility of non‐profit GPFRs.Undertaking round tables for non‐profit directors, preparers of non‐profit financial statements and auditors, we examine the issues negatively impacting the utility of General Purpose Financial Reports in the non‐profit sector. We draw attention to concerns around the financial literacy of non‐profit directors, misunderstandings in relation to financial profitability, and complexity across a range of issues, including revenue recognition.
Construction and validation of ShaMaq developmental screening tool
Authors: Maqbool Shazia , Brown Nick , Farid Aisha , Ali Anam , Iftikhar Kamila , Bari Attia , Ullah Ehsan , Hafeez Shahid 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe diagnosis of developmental delay and early intervention ameliorates long‐term sequelae. There is a need for an appropriate, regionally adapted and reliable developmental screening tool to be used in low and middle‐income countries with scarce resources.AimThe aim of this research is to construct and validate a screening tool for identifying developmental delay in Pakistani children.MethodShaMaq developmental screening tool (SDST) was developed consisting of five proformas to be administered at different age groups: 6–8 weeks (Group 1), 6–10 months (Group 2), 18–24 months (Group 3), 3–3.5 years (Group 4), and 4.5–5.5 years (Group 5). On an average, Groups 1–3 took 10–15 min, whereas Groups 4 and 5 took 20–25 min. We sampled children between the ages of 6 weeks to 5.5 years and tested them all within their designated age groups. Internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. Interobserver testing was done for reliability and concurrent validity was undertaken by using the senior consultant developmental paediatrician's final diagnosis as the gold standard.ResultsOut of 550 healthy children, 8–19% in the five groups were found to have some form of developmental delay using SDST. Approximately 50% of the families were in the low‐to‐moderate income bracket, and nearly 93% lived in a joint family system. Internal consistency of items in the five groups ranged from 0.784 to 0.940, whereas both interobserver reliability and concurrent validity ranged from 0.737 to 1.0. SDST showed 94.4% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity.ConclusionSDST is an effective tool for identifying delay in healthy children with good internal consistency, reliability, and validity.