bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical approaches to the grounds of differentiation in labour law
Authors: Mihailenko Yu. A. , Parubov A. I. , Shakhanina S. V. 
Published: June 2023

The subject.Differentiation in the science of labor law is examined as a feature of its sources; it is named among the principles of the branch and features of the method of legal regulation. The article analyzes the formation and development of the doctrine of differentiation (with an emphasis on its foundations) in the science of Soviet labor law, as well as modern problematic aspects of differentiation in labor law. Alongside the traditional division of the grounds for differentiation into objective and subjective, in the modern science of labor law it is proposed to conduct it on the basis of the structure of the employment relationship and the factor of working conditions. Subjective differentiation is proposed to be associated not only with the personal characteristics of citizens who are the subjects of employment legal relations, but also with the individual characteristics of the employer.Purpose of the study. It is proposed to specify the criteria according to which the grounds for differentiation are divided into objective and subjective ones (whether the need for special regulation is dictated by the specifics of work or is related to the special qualities of an employee). In addition, proposals are made to improve labour law in order to ensure the effective protection of labour rights.Methodology.The research was carried out with the application of the formally legal interpretation of legal acts as well as the comparative analysis of Russian and European legal literature. Method of rather-legal analysis are also the basis of the research.The main results.Thus, the criterion at the foundation of classification of differentiation factors of labour law norms is fairly obvious: whether the need for special regulation is dictated by the specifics of work (that said it does not matter which person will perform it) or whether the specificity of legal regulation is related specifically to the special characteristics of the employee and will appear regardless of the nature of his work.Consequently, employee's loss of special status entails termination of the specific rules of labour law, regardless of the will of the employer. At the same time, it is advisable to amend the Labor Code of the Russian Federation by establishing the obligation of the employee to inform the employer of such legally significant changes within a reasonable time. At the same time, the norms establishing benefits in respect of such employees should cease to be effective from the moment the employee loses his/her special status (e.g. due to removal of disability, termination of powers as a member of an election commission or member of an elected body of a trade union), while the rules imposing additional obligations and restrictions on the employee may be linked to the moment the employee notifies the employer.Conclusions.The authors clarified the criteria for classification the grounds for differentiation in labour law and, as a result, proposed amendments to labour law.
Features of local self-government in the Steppe general government
Authors: Konovalov I. A. 
Published: June 2023

The subject. Many shortcomings in the current state of local government and self-government systems are that in the process of forming institutions of public power, there were not evolutionary qualitative changes, but, on the contrary, there were processes of quantitative complication of mechanisms and institutions for the exercise of public power, making the role of the people in administrative processes impossible or insignificant.The theoretical and methodological basis of the research are the categories and principles of materialistic dialectics, systematic, formal-logical, formal-legal and comparative-legal methods.The main results. The article discusses 4 types of self-government that existed in the Steppe General Government in the prerevolutionary period. Special attention is paid to organizational and legal issues, the structure and forms of activity of urban, peasant, Cossack and Kyrgyz (Kazakh) self-government, their interaction with local administrative and police bodies represented by the Governor-General, regional governors and county chiefs. Conclusions. The activity of local self-government bodies in the Steppe Region was based on the concept of self-government, which was based on the fact that local self-government had to act in the interests of state power. It carried out its activities on the basis of laws, the subjects of its jurisdiction and competence were also determined by the state. The activities and powers of the local state administration and local self-government were considered homogeneous and constituted a single power vertical.
Cost–benefits analysis in public law
Authors: Dolzhikov A. V. 
Published: June 2023

The subject-matter of the research is economic analysis in public law. This method evaluates both costs and benefits of the regulatory measures. When assessing the alternatives, the judges in public litigation take into account their side effects. If an economically effective alternative is found, it should be ensured that it imposes a minimal burden on the rightholder or the costs to third parties.The purpose of the research is to argue that the cost-benefits analysis should be limited primarily to the economic field. Otherwise, personal, political, and social rights can be conferred with the properties of goods (commodification).The methodology of research is based on approaches of school “law and economics”. Economic analysis of law makes it possible to construct a scale of constitutional values, albeit not uncontroversial, but universal. This scale offers the important advantage of introducing proportionality for seemingly disparate individual freedoms and public interests. The introduction of material and financial scales, including compensation even for irreparable intangible goods, represents a better solution than the available alternatives.The main results of the research and the scope of their application. The above-mentioned method consists of assessing the costs and benefits both for the right-holders and for achieving the common good. It is necessary to analyse the costs and benefits of the challenged legal provision to individuals. Then, the governmental costs incurred in using alternative means should be reviewed. The public authorities should not incur excessive organisational or financial costs from a legal alternative that is humane to the individual. Due to the objective constraint on public resources, judges take into account future budgetary expenditures.In constitutional adjudication and administrative litigation, cost-benefit analysis is most effective in the economic sphere. It is easier to ensure the measurability of judicial review, usually in monetary or other material terms. The preparatory works, including the financial and economic justification of draft laws or regulations, may serve as an informational source in reviewing the legislative provisions and administrative acts which entail material costs. The cost-benefit analysis is applicable to non-material sphere. Although such costs generated by regulators are often difficult to assess in public law. A cost-benefit analysis is possible even in the political sphere. At the same time the judges usually restrain itself from assessing the political expediency of legislative decisions and administrative actions. Conclusions. There is a danger of economic analysis being abused in public law. The disadvantages of using this methodology include the possible devaluation of values which are essential for democracy. The abstract common good and reducing public expenditure will prevail over individual freedoms.
Large normal-stress differences observed in a novel self-assembling functionalized dipeptide surfactant solution
Authors: Maklad Osama 
Published: June 2023

A number of functionalised dipeptides self-assemble in water under specific conditions to give micellar aggregates. The micellar aggregates formed depend on the exact molecular structure and are important to understand as they control the properties both of the micellar phase and also of the gel phase which can be formed from these precursor solutions. We investigated the rheological properties of a functionalised dipeptide which behaves as a surfactant at high pH. This solution has been shown previously to exhibit very “stringy” behaviour, and this has previously been characterised using capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER). In the current technical note, we extend the rheological characterisation of an exemplar precursor solution via small-amplitude oscillatory shear and steady shear. Using a cone-and-plate geometry and a dedicated protocol, we can measure the first normal-stress difference N1 and using a parallel-plate geometry to also measure (N1-N2), subsequently determining the second normal-stress difference N2. In so doing, we confirm that these systems are highly elastic, e.g. for shear rates greater than   30 s−1, corresponding to a Weissenberg number based on the longest relaxation time   330, N1 > 10τ where τ is the shear stress, and also, we find that N2 can be significant, is negative and approximately equal in magnitude to   0.36 ± 0.05 N1. Significant uncertainties associated with the normal-stress difference data led to us using a range of different rheometers (and geometries) and highlight the issues with determining N2 using this two-measurement approach. Despite these uncertainties, the non-negligible value of the second-normal stress difference is demonstrated for these fluids.
Holistic Assessment Framework for General Education Program Review
Authors: Ramachandran Roshini , Jacobs Molly S. , Lavine Adrienne S. , Levis-Fitzgerald Marc 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
An assessment framework was developed and implemented for UCLA’s science general education (GE) program that combined overall program goals, individual course improvement, and faculty engagement. Specifically, the framework targeted (a) developing institutional goals for GE courses, (b) ensuring alignment of individual course learning outcomes with institutional goals, (c) exploring the student experience during GE courses, and (d) engaging faculty to understand the classroom experience. Using the methods detailed, information was gathered regarding student learning experiences, scientific skill/literacy level, and attitudes toward science after completing the GE course. Furthermore, this process also facilitated faculty involvement in the assessment and an improved awareness about course pedagogy. This framework can be applied to assess other general education programs (diversity, writing, etc.) or even individual departmental science programs.
Undergraduate Perceptions of the Three Branches of the Arts and Sciences: An Empirical Study of Both Stated and Revealed Preferences
Authors: Gammon David E. , Namaste Nina , Darby Alexa , Giovanello Sean 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Exploration of the breadth of the Arts and Sciences lies at the core of liberal arts education and gets prominently featured in most undergraduate general education programs. The authors of this study investigated student perceptions of the three branches of the Arts and Sciences using cohorts of high-achieving first-year college students enrolled in an innovative 3-week course designed to increase interest, familiarity, and research competency within each of the three branches. Stated and revealed preferences of these students were measured through student surveys and course work. The data often showed a retreat to pre-existing disciplinary preferences, particularly the data on revealed preferences. Students became more familiar with all three branches during the course, but their interest in Arts and Humanities and STEM decreased unless they were majoring in the branch. Also, despite the course’s emphasis on crossdisciplinarity, students informally sorted themselves into two groups: STEM students (who avoided Arts and Humanities), and non-STEM students (who avoided STEM). Faculty and administrators of general education programs will therefore need to think carefully about how to structure disciplinary and interdisciplinary coursework, especially when it comes to bridging the perceived divide between the STEM and non-STEM disciplines.
Think Beyond the Major: Pilot Test of a Communication Campaign to Increase Student Appreciation for General Education Curriculum
Authors: Record Rachael A. , Lash Brittany N. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Although skills learned in general education courses are seen as vital by faculty and employers, students often fail to understand their benefits. The Think Beyond the Major communication campaign was developed to increase undergraduate perceptions about the value of general education courses. Campaign effectiveness was evaluated in a pilot test using a pre-test/post-test noncontrol-group design; all students on campus were invited to participate in the study. Although perceptions were unchanged pre- to post-campaign, analyses found campaign exposure was positively associated with higher student perceptions of general, educational, and career benefits of taking general education courses. Implications for theory and practice are explored.
Upaya Peningkatan Hasil Belajar Siswa dengan Menerapkan Metode Diskusi dan Metode Presentasi pada Mata Pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti Materi Perilaku Jujur Kelas IX-4 Semester 1 SMPN 4 Bolo Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023
Authors: Mulyanti Mulyanti 
Published: June 2023

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan medeskripsikan cara dan dampak peningkatkan hasil belajar siswa dengan menerapkan metode diskusi dan metode presentasi pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam dan Budi Pekerti materi perilaku jujur di kelas IX-4 Semester 4 SMPN 4 Bolo Tahun Pelajaran 2022/2023. Hasil refleksi penelitian pada prasiklus menunjukan bahwa hasil belajar siswa rendah, dimana rata-rata nilai formatif tes siswa ada pada nilai 72,83 dengan ketuntasan klasikal 60%. Nilai rata-rata dan ketuntasan klasikal ini masih berada di bawah indikator keberhasilan yang ditetapkan yakni ≥75 dan ≥85%. Selanjutnya, penelitian perbaikan pembelajaran dilakukan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa ini. Subyek penelitian ini adalah siswa Kelas IX-4 SMPN 4 Bolo, sebanyak 30 siswa, 24 laki-laki, 16 perempuan. Pada siklus 1, hasil belajar siswa melalui posttest rata-rata nilainya 72,83, dengan persentase ketuntasan 60%. Nilai rata-rata dan presentase ketuntasan klasikal ini belum memenuhi indikator keberhasilan yang telah ditetapkan. Dari sisi prestasi belajar siklus 1 belum berhasil. Dan untuk kinerja guru, skor guru dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran adalah 3,85. Penelitian diteruskan ke siklus 2. Hasil posttest pada siklus 2 rata-rata berada pada angka 78,07 dengan persentase ketuntasan 90%, dan ini telah mencapai indikator keberhasilan yang diinginkan dalam penelitian. Dari sisi prestasi belajar siklus 2 telah berhasil. Sementara itu, skor kinerja guru dalam pelaksanaan pembelajaran adalah 4,55 dan telah mencapai indikator kinerja yang ditetapkan. Peningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa, disebabkan oleh peningkatan aktivitas, interaksi guru dan siswa dalam proses pembelajaran di kelas dengan menerapkan metode Diskusi dan metode Presentasi. Tercapainya indikator keberhasilan menandakan pelaksanaan perbaikan pembelajaran telah berhasil dan penelitian dilakukan sampai siklus 2 saja.
MEANING OF VERBAL AND NONVERBAL SIGN IN CIGARETTE ADVERTISEMENTS
Authors: Ningsih Ni Ketut Tila , Ardiantari Ida Ayu Putri Gita 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This study entitled â€œThe Meaning Of Verbal And Non Verbal Sign In Cigarette Advertisements". Advertisements usually contains signs both verbal and non-verbal signs. This study found there are signs contained in advertisement of verbal and non-verbal signs. These advertisements are depicted from the words, pictures and utterances that appear. By using theory purposed by Saussure (1983) and by using Roland Barthes theory (1967), in this study to discuss and analyzes verbal and non-verbal visual sign in cigarette advertisements. The data source of this study is the cigarette advertisements of Esse, Marlboro, Surya, LA Bold, Camel, GG Mild, Gudang Garam Signature, and Lucky Strike. This study used observation method to collect the data that both verbal and non-verbal sign cigarette advertisements contain hidden message.

Keywords: advertisement, verbal, non-verbal, sign, cigarette
Evaluaciòn del comportamiento del suelo mejorado con adiciòn de fibras pet
Authors: Susunaga María Paula Salazar , Bate Mayra Fernanda Cabal , Puentes Laura Valentina Garzón 
Published: June 2023

Las propiedades físicas y mecánicas de un suelo son de gran utilidad al momento de clasificarlo e identificarlo, además estas dependen de la ubicación, profundidad y espesor del estrato de donde este se encuentre; dentro de estas propiedades se pueden encontrar la porosidad, densidad, relación de vacíos, contenido de humedad, permeabilidad, capacidad portante, entre otros; los cuales son de gran importancia al momento de llevar a cabo una obra civil. (eddy.hgz, 2011)En esta investigación se busca cambiar las propiedades físicas y mecánicas que presenta este tipo de suelo (fino), el cual está constituido de partículas compuestas de fragmentos diminutos de minerales de arcilla, minerales y roca, con textura granular y en hojuelas. Estas partículas tienen un tamaño inferior a 0.075mm; con ayuda de tiras PET, donde se ha encontrado que el plástico es un material resistente a esfuerzos de tracción, por lo que sería un excelente agregado para los suelos sometidos a estos esfuerzos. Junto con esto se busca darles un uso a los residuos de plástico para generar mayor resistencia en el suelo y así poder implementarlo en obras civiles, y contribuir con el medio ambiente.
On the real or consensual nature of the vehicle rental agreement
Authors: Асмандияров В.М. , Санташов А.Л. 
Published: June 2023

Статья рассматривает возможные варианты конструирования договоров аренды транспортных средств. Исходя из противоречивости судебной практики в вопросах характеристики данных договоров как реальных или как консенсуальных, выявлена правовая коллизия норм, содержащихся в общих положениях договора аренды, и норм, регулирующих аренду транспортных средств. Представлена последовательность решения вопросов в процессе определения момента вступления в силу обязательств указанных договоров.
The article examines the possible options for the construction of vehicle rental agreements. Based on the inconsistency of judicial practice in the characterization of these contracts as real or consensual, the authors identify a legal conflict between the norms contained in the general provisions of the lease agreement and the norms governing the rental of vehicles. The sequence of resolving issues in the process of determining the moment of entry into force of the obligations of these agreements is presented.
Social harmful of concealing cash or property of organization or individual entrepreneur from which taxes, fees and insurance contributions should be recovered
Authors: Надиров Н.А. 
Published: June 2023

В статье автор рассматривает деяния, связанные с сокрытием денежных средств либо имущества организации или индивидуального предпринимателя, за счет которых должно производиться взыскание налогов, сборов, страховых взносов, через призму теоретической категории «общественная опасность», вследствие чего приходит к выводу, что данный уголовно-правовой признак проявляется в форме социальной вредности.
The article deals with acts related to the concealment of funds or property of an organization or individual entrepreneur, at the expense of which taxes, fees, insurance premiums should be collected, through the prism of the theoretical category of “public danger”, as a result of which the author comes to the conclusion that this criminal and legal sign manifests itself in the form of social harm.
The role and place of artificial intelligence in the detection, disclosure and investigation of crimes
Authors: Смирнов А.А. 
Published: June 2023

В статье рассматривается роль современных технологий в криминалистике, возможности внедрения систем искусственного интеллекта в процесс выявления, раскрытия, расследования преступлений, положительные и отрицательные факторы этого явления.
The article examines the role of modern technologies in criminology, the possibility of introducing artificial intelligence systems in the process of detecting and investigating crimes, positive and negative factors of this phenomenon.
SUSTENTABILIDADE E GANHOS SOCIAIS PARA AGROINDÚSTRIAS ARTESANAIS DO DISTRITO FEDERAL
Authors: Rocha Dias Santos Renato , Guarnieri Patricia , Gaban Filippi Amanda Cristina 
Published: June 2023

O objetivo do artigo é analisar quais práticas sustentáveis, na perspectiva de uma gestão sustentável de cadeias de suprimentos, podem gerar ganhos e melhorias dos indicadores de sustentabilidade social das famí­lias envolvidas na produção agroindustrial artesanal no Distrito Federal. Foram realizados estudos de casos múltiplos, em cadeias de suprimentos de produtos artesanais para sete agroindústrias selecionadas por meio da técnica de amostragem "bola de neve" , os quais foram analisados pela técnica Análise de Conteúdo Categorial Temática de Bardin (1977). As entrevistas semiestruturadas aplicadas foram baseadas nos indicadores sustentáveis de Labuschagne, Brent & Erck (2005). Os principais resultados apontam que algumas práticas sustentáveis vêm ampliando requisitos sociais aos produtores, tais como estabilidade de trabalho e renda, medidas de proteção à saúde e a prevenção de acidentes e inovações. Entretanto, algumas práticas ainda requerem ser desenvolvidas, especialmente aquelas relacionadas ao compartilhamento de informações, elevação do poder de negociação dos produtores, colaborações na perspectiva fornecedor/cliente, apoios financeiros, pesquisas e desenvolvimento tecnológico, formação profissional continuada e acesso a polí­ticas públicas.Â Este estudo pode contribuir para que pesquisadores e gestores possam analisar a sustentabilidade social considerando os relacionamentos na cadeia de suprimentos e os apoios institucionais circundantes a pequena produção rural.