bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observation of Exceptional Stability in a Nonlinear Optical Crystal Under Extreme Conditions
Authors: Wang Yuejian , Barone Victor T , Khare Sanjay V. , Yang Ankun , Zhang Dongzhou , Ryu Young Jay , Menon Sidharth , Zhou Wei‐lin , Kanthan Prathisha Sri , Kozel Matthew 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAs a unique nonlinear optical material, Ba3(ZnB5O10)PO4 (BZBP) boasts a range of distinctive properties, including low anisotropic thermal expansivity, high specific heat, minimal walk‐off effect, large acceptance angle, non‐hygroscopicity, and high conversion efficiency. These features position BZBP as a highly promising candidate for crucial components in ultraviolet (UV) laser systems. Notably, all previous studies have been conducted under ambient pressures. In this research, synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy are employed to investigate BZBP's behavior under extreme conditions. The findings revealed that BZBP remains exceptionally stable up to 43 Gigapascals (GPa), significantly extending its application range from ambient to high‐pressure environments. This stability enhancement opens new avenues for utilizing BZBP in optical systems designed to function under extreme conditions. Additionally, the study determined BZBP's bulk modulus (110 GPa) and linear compressibility along each lattice axis. Theoretical computations are used to assign the Raman modes, characterize their corresponding lattice vibrations, validate the experimental results, and elucidate the mechanisms underlying the material's remarkable stability.
Crystal‐Phase Engineering of Iridium‐Embedded Tungsten for Hydrogen Oxidation Electrocatalysis
Authors: Zhao Lei , Ouyang Bo , Yang Yisong , Li Jingtao , Xu Kun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractUnderstanding the phase structure‐dependent catalytic performance is of great significance for the investigation of advanced electrocatalysts. At present, research in phase engineering of metal materials for electrocatalysis predominantly concentrates on the iron group, platinum group, and coinage group metals with A1‐, A2‐, and A3‐ type structures. However, the investigation of metal phase engineering beyond the above metal group with other types of structures for electrocatalysis is still poorly explored. Herein, using tungsten as a substrate to support iridium, it is shown that iridium‐embedded tungsten with diverse crystal phase structure (referred to as Ir/α‐W for A2‐type structure and Ir/β‐W for A‐15 type structure) exhibits distinct catalytic activity for hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR) in alkaline medium. Notably, the mass‐normalized exchange current density (j0, m) of noble metal iridium in Ir/α‐W (518.3 A g−1Ir) is ≈1.8 times and 16.4 times higher than that of Ir/β‐W and Ir/C, respectively. In‐depth mechanistic studies suggest that the enhanced HOR performance on Ir/α‐W is attributed to the enhanced connectivity of the H‐bond network as well as the synergistic optimization of the adsorption binding energies of H and OH intermediate species. This study can inspire more scientific interest on the exploration of metal phase engineering for electrocatalysis.
Intrinsic Anti‐Freezing, Tough, and Transparent Hydrogels for Smart Optical and Multi‐Modal Sensing Applications
Authors: Zhang Xinyue , Lin Ye , Shen Shengtao , Du Zehang , Lin Ziqing , Zhou Piaopiao , Huang Hanlin , Lyu Xiaolin , Zou Zhigang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHydrogels have received great attention due to their molecular designability and wide application range. However, they are prone to freeze at low temperatures due to the existence of mass water molecules, which can damage their flexibility and transparency, greatly limiting their use in cold environments. Although adding cryoprotectants can reduce the freezing point of hydrogels, it may also deteriorate the mechanical properties and face the risk of cryoprotectant leakage. Herein, the microphase‐separated structures of hydrogels are regulated to confine water molecules in sub‐6 nm nanochannels and increase the proportion of bound water, endowing the hydrogels with intrinsic anti‐freezing properties, high mechanical strength, good stretchability, remarkable fracture energy, and puncture resistance. Even after being kept in liquid nitrogen for 1000 h, the hydrogel still maintains good transparency. The hydrogel can exhibit excellent low‐temperature shape memory and intelligent optical waveguide properties. Additionally, the hydrogel can be assembled into strain and pressure sensors for flexible sensing at both room and low temperatures. The intrinsically anti‐freezing microphase‐separated hydrogel offers broad prospects in low‐temperature electronic and optical applications.
Biopolymer‐Based Flame Retardants and Flame‐Retardant Materials
Authors: Xu Ying‐Jun , Zhang Kai‐Tao , Wang Ji‐Rong , Wang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPolymeric materials featuring excellent flame retardancy are essential for applications requiring high levels of fire safety, while those based on biopolymers are highly favored due to their eco‐friendly nature, sustainable characteristics, and abundant availability. This review first outlines the pyrolysis behaviors of biopolymers, with particular emphasis on naturally occurring ones derived from non‐food sources such as cellulose, chitin/chitosan, alginate, and lignin. Then, the strategies for chemical modifications of biopolymers for flame‐retardant purposes through covalent, ionic, and coordination bonds are presented and compared. The emphasis is placed on advanced methods for introducing biopolymer‐based flame retardants into polymeric matrices and fabricating biopolymer‐based flame‐retardant materials. Finally, the challenges for sustaining the current momentum in the utilization of biopolymers for flame‐retardant purposes are further discussed.
Imine‐Linked 3D Covalent Organic Framework Membrane Featuring Highly Charged Sub‐1 nm Channels for Exceptional Lithium‐Ion Sieving
Authors: Wu Tong , Qian Yijun , Zhu Zebin , Yu Weihao , Zhang Lifang , Liu Jie , Shen Xiaowei , Zhou Xi , Qian Tao , Yan Chenglin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCoupling ion exclusion and interaction screening within sub‐nanoconfinement channels in novel porous material membranes hold great potential to realize highly efficient ion sieving, particularly for high‐performance lithium‐ion extraction. Diverse kinds of advanced membranes have been previously reported to realize this goal but with moderate performance and complex operations gained. Herein, these issues are circumvented by preparing the consecutive and intact imine‐linked three‐dimensional covalent organic framework (i.e., COF‐300) membranes via a simple solvothermal approach and employing the intrinsically interconnected sub‐1 nm one‐dimensional channels for exceptional lithium‐ion sieving. The synthesized membranes with highly charged angstrom scale channels of ≈0.78 nm achieve an excellent Li+ permeance (0.123 mol m−2 h−1) with an ultrahigh Li+/Mg2+ of 36 in the binary system. The experimental measurement and theoretical calculation reveal that a channel size right exactly between Li+ and Mg2+ enables restricted Mg2+ penetration. Meanwhile, the ion affinity interaction screening with imine groups further strengthens the fast Li+ permeability but severely suppresses the Mg2+ passage. In particular, the synthesized three‐dimensional covalent organic framwork membranes also have a remarkable separation performance during a long‐term operation test without sacrificing trade‐off, demonstrating chemistry stability and mechanical integrity under the high‐salinity aqueous environment.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Difluoroalkylation of C(sp3)−H Bonds with Trimethylsilyl Chloride as a Dual‐Function Reagent
Authors: Wang Xiaochen , Wu Senhui , Ding Pengxuan , Liu Yuxiu , Song Hongjian , Wang Qingmin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractHerein, we report a mild, operationally simple method for synthesis of α,α‐difluoroketones through selective single defluorination of trifluoroketones and subsequent difluoroalkylation of C(sp3)−H bonds at room temperature within a single step. By successfully difluoroalkylating unfunctionalized ethers and benzyl radical precursors, we demonstrated the broad applicability of this method. The mechanistic study supports that the success of the reaction is probably attributed to the dual roles of trimethylsilyl chloride under the photocatalyzed conditions: 1) fluoride anion scavenger; and 2) chlorine radical source which promote hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reaction.
Multifunctional Crown Ether Additive Regulates Desolvation Process to Achieve Highly Reversible Zinc‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Wu Aohua , Zhang Shaojie , Li Qiaohui , Xue Wenxian , Li Chuanyang , Xi Baojuan , Mao Wutao , Bao Keyan , Xiong Shenglin 
Published: January 2025

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries have garnered significant attention due to their abundant materials, low production costs, and safety. However, these batteries suffer from severe side reactions, which are closely associated with the presence of a substantial amount of solvent at the electrode surfaces. Herein, 1,4,7,10,13,16‐hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18‐crown‐6) is added to the electrolyte to illustrate both theoretically and experimentally its contribution to the rapid desolvation aspect. It is shown that the addition of 18‐crown‐6 to the electrolyte greatly facilitates the desolvation of the solvated structure and prevents the collection of solvent molecules on the surface of zinc anode, thus inhibiting the hydrogen precipitation reaction. It also enhances the transference number of zinc ions, which makes the interfacial electric field on the zinc anode stable and thus promotes the orderly diffusion and uniform nucleation of Zn2+, and inhibits the growth of dendrites. As a result, the electrolyte containing 18‐crown‐6 as additives shows a stable cycle life, Zn||Zn symmetric cell is cycled for nearly 1700 h at 1 mA cm−2, showing a significant improvement in Coulombic efficiency. The assembled Zn||NH4V4O10 cell exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, reaching a capacity of 100.9 mAh g−1 even after 4000 cycles at 10.0 A g−1.
The Influence of Various Feeding and Pond Fertilization Strategies on Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) Production and the Selectivity for Natural Versus Supplementary Diet in Semi‐Intensive Aquaculture Systems
Authors: Musa Safina , Aura Christopher Mulanda , Tomasson Tumi , Sigurgeirsson Ólafur , Kubiriza Godfrey Kawooya , Thorarensen Helgi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTHigh feed costs constrain tilapia production, making exploring low‐cost feeding strategies important. We assessed the growth of tilapia over a period of 6 months, fed 1%, 2%, or 4% of body mass day−1 with and without fertilization in 18 liner ponds stocked with fingerlings (5.1 ± 0.71 g). Growth was significantly better in fertilized ponds than in unfertilized ponds. The best growth (320.7 ± 8.5 g) was in fertilized ponds where fish were fed 2%, achieving a 45% larger weight gain than in the group fed 4% in unfertilized ponds. These results show that with fertilization, the feeding can be reduced by half while still having better growth than in unfertilized ponds. In fertilized ponds fed 4%, the minimum nocturnal oxygen levels may have limited growth of the fish and, as a result, their final weight (180.1 ± 6.6 g) was lower than in groups fed 2% in fertilized ponds and 4% in unfertilized ponds. Fish up to 60–90 g rely mainly on zooplankton as a source of food, while fish of sizes ≥100 g rely mainly on supplementary feed. Analysis of the gut content of fish of different sizes suggested that tilapia up to 60–90 g do not consume the feed presented which instead ends up as an expensive form of fertilizer. The best economic return was in ponds that were fertilized and fed 2%. It is concluded that feed‐use and production costs may be reduced even further by fertilizing the ponds and restricting or omitting feeding of fish < 100 g and only commence feeding when the fish have reached around 100 g. The results of the finding have a wider applicability in developing countries where pond culture of tilapia is common.
Flood‐driven survival and growth of dominant C4 grasses helps set their distributions along tallgrass prairie moisture gradients
Authors: Wernerehl Robert W. , Givnish Thomas J. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPremiseFive C4 grasses (Bouteloua curtipendula, Schizachyrium scoparium, Andropogon gerardii, Sorghastrum nutans, Spartina pectinata) dominate different portions of a moisture gradient from dry to wet tallgrass prairies in the Upper Midwest of the United States. We hypothesized that their distributions may partly reflect differences in flooding tolerance and context‐specific growth relative to each other.MethodsWe tested these ideas with greenhouse flooding and drought experiments, outdoor mesocosm experiments, and a natural experiment involving a month‐long flood in two wet‐mesic prairies.ResultsBouteloua promptly succumbed to inundation, so flooding intolerance likely excludes it from wet and wet‐mesic prairies. Competition is likely to exclude short‐statured Bouteloua from productive mesic sites. Schizachyrium is excluded from wet prairies by low flooding tolerance, demonstrated by all experiments. Sorghastrum had low flooding tolerance in both greenhouse and natural experiments, suggesting that physiological intolerance excludes it from wet prairies. Spartina had by far the greatest growth under the wettest mesocosm conditions; this and comparisons of species growth in monocultures vs. mixtures suggests that competition helps it dominate wet prairies. Indeed, quadrat presence of Spartina increased by 57% two years after flooding of two prairies, while that of upland grasses declined by 44%. The high flooding tolerance, lack of significant differences from other species in drought tolerance, and tall stature of Andropogon suggest that broad physiological tolerance combined with competitive ability allows it to thrive across the prairie moisture gradient.ConclusionsFlooding helps shape the distributions of dominant prairie grasses, and its effects may become more important as extreme rain events continue to increase.
C–Centered Radicals: Generation, Detection, Stability and Perspectives
Authors: Velloth Archana , Kumar Piyush , Butt Shabana , Venkataramani Sugumar 
Published: January 2025

AbstractC–Centered radicals are one of the classical reactive intermediates that have shown enormous utility in organic synthesis. Besides homolytic bond cleavages, the advancements of electron transfer‐based photoredox and electroredox processes are popular choices for their generation and synthetic explorations. Considering the widespread attention and versatility of C‐centered radicals in several fields, a systematic understanding of structural, stability, and reactivity aspects is crucial for the further development and futuristic applications of radical chemistry. In this regard, several topics pertaining to the generation, detection, and studies relevant to radical chemistry in general and thermodynamic and kinetic stability of the C‐centered radicals specifically, with a major emphasis on physical organic chemistry aspects, are presented. Besides portraying the factors governing their stability and reactivity, this contribution also discusses their challenges and perspectives.
FeCl3‐Promoted Conjugate Reduction of Exocyclic α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones with Polymethylhydrosiloxane
Authors: Zhang Yulong , Wang Hang , Gu Bin , Hu Bowen , Tang Xiaoxue , Chen Yushuang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractA new iron catalytic conjugate reduction of exocyclic α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds with PMHS has been established for the first time. The reaction utilized PMHS as readily available, non‐toxic, and mild reductant that can be handled in open air. This protocol exhibits high compatibility with various substituents, and gives excellent yields, providing an environmentally benign and efficient access to construct synthetically useful α‐benzyl cyclic ketone scaffolds.
How Do Common Marmosets Maintain the Balance Between Response Execution and Action Inhibition?
Authors: Samandra Ranshikha , Rosa Marcello G. P. , Mansouri Farshad A. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTSocio‐dynamic situations require a balance between response execution and action inhibition. Nonadaptive imbalance between response inhibition and execution exists in neurodevelopmental and neuropsychological disorders. To investigate the underlying neural mechanisms of cognitive control and the related deficits, comparative studies in human and nonhuman primates are crucial. Previous stop‐signal tasks in humans and macaque monkeys have examined response execution (response time (RT) and accuracy in Go trials) and action inhibition (stop‐signal reaction time (SSRT)). Even though marmosets are generally considered suitable translational animal models for research on social and cognitive deficits, their ability to inhibit behavior remains poorly characterized. We developed a marmoset stop‐signal task, in which RT could be measured at millisecond resolution. All four marmosets performed many repeated Go trials with high accuracy (≥ 70%). Additionally, all marmosets successfully performed Stop trials. Using a performance‐dependent tracking procedure, the accuracy in Stop trials was maintained around 50%, which enabled reliable SSRT estimates in marmosets for the first time. The mean SSRT values across sessions ranged between 677 and 1464 ms across the four marmosets. We also validated the suitability and practicality of this novel task for examining executive functions by testing the effects of a natural hormone, oxytocin, on response execution and action inhibition in marmosets. This marmoset model, for reliable (millisecond resolution) assessment of the balance between response execution and inhibition, will further facilitate studying the developmental alterations in inhibition ability and examining the effects of various contextual and environmental factors on marmosets' executive functions.
The impact of stigma on the provision and coordination of dementia care
Authors: Jacobs Roxanne 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundCare and support for people with dementia and their families in South Africa are largely inadequate. Responses to dementia are driven by a widespread lack of understanding of dementia amongst the general public, communities, and within local health, policy‐ and social care systems. This presentation will focus on the findings of a situational analysis completed within the STRIDE project (i.e. strengthening responses to dementia in developing countries) that provided an evidence base to inform priority‐setting for strengthening responses to dementia in South Africa.MethodEvidence was generated on current provisions for older persons and their families through: (1) an in‐depth desk review; (2) multi‐stakeholder interviews; and (3) a SWOT‐analysis (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats).ResultOur findings highlight the gaps in current service provision from diagnosis through to follow up support and end‐of‐life care. The findings show how structural factors (including stigma and discrimination) create barriers to diagnosis, support and care.ConclusionThere is an urgent need for inter‐sectoral policy development in South Africa to support adequate health, social care, and long‐term care solutions for people with dementia and their families. This situational analysis provides an evidence base to inform priority‐setting and strengthening responses to dementia in South Africa.
Ophthalmic pathology in patients with primaryneurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Makhnovich Ekaterina Vladimirovna , Bogolepova Anna Nicolaevna , Kovalenko Ekaterina Аndreevna , Alekseevna Osinovskaya Nina , Beregov Mikhail Mikhailovich 
Published: January 2025

AbstractBackgroundThe priority problem of modern healthcare is irreversible dementia due to the steady increase in morbidity. Among irreversible dementias, Alzheimer’s disease takes the first place. Most often, only with sufficiently pronounced cognitive disorders, the doctor can diagnose Alzheimer’s disease, although it is obvious that the neurodegenerative process begins even before the clinical manifestations of the disease. Due to the common origin of the eye and the brain, we can say that the eye is a “window to the brain”. Many scientists note the similarities between gerontophthalmological diseases and Alzheimer’s disease.MethodThe study examined 60 patients who were divided into 2 groups: the first group included patients with Alzheimer’s disease, the second group included patients with vascular dementia. Each group included 9 men and 21 women, with an average age of 65.5 years. All patients underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological examination, using the short Mental Status Assessment Scale (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Function Assessment Scale (MoCA), the battery of tests for assessing frontal dysfunction (FAB), the clock drawing test. Also, all patients underwent ophthalmological examination of the visometry, measurement of intraocular pressure, examination of the anterior segment of the eye and fundus, and spectral optical coherence tomography.ResultIn the course of the study, significant ophthalmic pathology was detected in the group with neurodegenerative changes ‐ age‐related macular degeneration was found in 16.7%, pseudoexfoliative syndrome‐20%, primary open‐angle glaucoma‐46.7%.ConclusionThis means that the risk of developing gerontophthalmological diseases increases in patients with neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, we can assume that the retina is a mirror of neurodegenerative changes in the brain, which will allow to diagnose the disease at early stages and with the help of drug therapy to delay further development of the disease, resulting in reduced disability for patients and socio‐economic costs of society. The results obtained are promising for the early diagnosis of primary neurodegenerative diseases and indicate the need for further research on this topic.