bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Flood of First Contracts (NewsGuild-CWA)
Authors: McAlevey Jane F. , Lawlor Abby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the ambition of President Jon Schleuss to transform NewsGuild-CWA into an organizing union in 2019. The public influx of new members from prominent media outlets brought new energy to Guild locals and the international union. However, the dwindling advertising revenue and the vulture capital's near-complete takeover of the industry resulted in shrinking and shuttered newsrooms and stark financial realities for many represented shops. The L.A. Times and Law360 used structures built through new organizing to move newsrooms of in-person and remote workers to take increasingly militant workplace actions. The chapter elaborates on the L.A. Times Guild winning contract language, which influenced the workplace conditions for journalists and the entry conditions of aspiring journalists.
The New Boss in Town (UNITE HERE)
Authors: McAlevey Jane F. , Lawlor Abby 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Marriott Corporation’s growth to become the largest hotel company in existence. The Marriott’s acquisition of heavily unionized Starwood made it the largest hotel company in the world, which meant that the company was suddenly operating a significant number of union hotels for the first time. The key feature of Marriott’s union avoidance strategy had been to match the union wage in major hotel markets. The chapter explains that UNITE HERE Local 26 members expected the escalation to an open-ended strike to win their key bargaining priorities from Marriott. The Boston contract settlement was an overall victory for workers in Marriott, Omni, Highgate, and other smaller hotel companies that would see benefits under the Me Too agreements.
The Nonreductivist’s Trouble with Explanation
Authors: deRosset Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter concerns the question of how the existence and features of non-physical entities—like our thoughts and feelings or the rate of interest on U.S. treasury bonds—can be determined by the physical facts without themselves being among the physical facts. This initially appealing idea encounters a problem, which is dubbed the connection problem. Briefly, the problem is that a plausible constraint on grounding explanation appears to require that there be features of any non-fundamental process like metabolism among the grounds for any fact involving that process. In the absence of reduction, this then appears to imply that we cannot ground the existence and features of metabolism in entirely metabolism-free terms. The chapter explores some ways of dealing with the problem, but concludes that none of those proposals is satisfactory. Another idea is needed if the standard sort of nonreductivism under discussion is to be plausible.
A Mistold Story?
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter outlines the scope of the book by setting both geographical and chronological boundaries for the study. The chapter then describes how the historiography of criminal women has been overly reliant upon a range of historiographical stereotypes, universal reactions, and emotions. Women are portrayed in this analysis as naturally maternal; as having feminized approaches to piety, belief, and morality; of being compelled by instinctive impulses rather than rational judgements; of being incapable of premeditation in the committal of crime; of perennially having and using their female status as a bargaining chip for clemency within the courtroom; as committing theft only to satisfy feelings of greed and acquisitiveness; as lacking a sense of self and agency when committing crime, something which renders them subordinate clients of male criminality. Many of these views have come down to us from the pronouncements of both moral commentators and the historiography of sixteenth-, seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century criminality. The introduction will unpack the places where this conventional historiography has existed before introducing the alternative views the book offers. The introduction will indicate how the following individual case studies undermine each element of the gendered conventionally orthodox view. The result is a rounded and nuanced history of how prevailing homogenized views of female criminality are no longer wholly credible as forms of analysis. Therefore historians should qualify, or consider ditching, the unhelpful and illusory gendered separation of highly distinct male and female criminalities and other modes of supposedly deviant behaviour. This effectively introduces the arguments and evidence offered by this book.
Imagining Bad Women and Fallen Angels
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter challenges just how effectively stereotypes of female criminality were transmitted into popular culture. This analysis emerges from an investigation of the portrayal of deviant women in a number of ballads and broadsides that were widely disseminated and consumed during the nineteenth century. Within these a persistent view does not emerge of the female as criminal nor a civilizing impulse, but instead there is a range of portrayals of women which are surprisingly diverse. Some ballads and broadsides show the motivations and circumstances which led women into deviant behaviour. However, a surprising number of others seem to portray apparently motiveless acts of violence and cruelty. These produce a wide and conflicting array of moral positions, ranging from censure to the contemplation of an amoral universe where anything can happen. In some of these scenarios, women are castigated for adopting unfeminine forms of behaviour that shade into the immoral and monstrous. In others, the action of such women is merely portrayed without sanction or significant comment. Beyond this the chapter also examines the overall narratives achieved by specific mid-late nineteenth-century ballads to see what ‘picture’ of women’s deviance each presents. The conclusions reached show that both the consistency and stability of popular cultural narratives of women’s bad behaviour have been considerably overstated yet also too readily accepted.
‘When a Man Cries, it is called Crying; when a Woman Cries it is called Hysterics’
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates some profoundly different dimensions of the ‘mad’ versus ‘bad’ dichotomy so readily used in the investigation of the actions of criminal women from the lowest social class of nineteenth-century Britain. By investigating aristocratic behaviour the chapter seeks to see the ‘bad’/‘mad’ dichotomy at work amongst a stratum of women who are often seen as having even less autonomy than those at the bottom of the social scale. This chapter investigates Lady Harriet Mordaunt, who became involved in the fast set that centred on Edward Prince of Wales and eventually became pregnant in 1868. Proceedings for divorce failed when Lady Mordaunt’s family argued successfully that she was mentally unfit to plead. The couple thence parted, with Lady Mordaunt confined to a number of secure institutions for the rest of her life, dying in 1906. Some people were unsure whether Harriet Mordaunt was actually insane or in fact may have feigned this, making ‘use’ of insanity to protect herself. Historians have taken mixed views on this whole affair, so that the chapter investigates these different views of the agency of aristocratic women and maps these onto the ‘archaeology of reputation’ of Harriet Mordaunt. Each subsequent generation judged her actions, as well as her representativeness as an icon of the ‘wronged mad woman in the attic’. Thus, this chapter highlights the agency and autonomy of aristocratic women. This emerges as the case is analysed by subsequent generations who saw it through the sensibilities and issues of their own age around such things as fashion as well as the changing perceptions of women’s legitimate desires and appetites.
Type Specimens and Reference
Authors: Devitt Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In “Individualism, Type Specimens, and the Scrutability of Species Membership”, Levine alleges the following paradox: “qua organism, the type specimen belongs to its respective species contingently, while qua type specimen, it belongs necessarily”. One major concern of this chapter is to argue that the latter necessity, “Levine’s Thesis”, is false. This argument is based straightforwardly on the words of biologists themselves. There have been previous responses to Levine’s paper by LaPorte, Haber, Witteveen, and Brzozowski, which have found the matter much more complicated. My other major concern is to show that these responses have gone awry because of mistakes about language: we should not use a theory of reference to assess Levine’s Thesis; the causal theory of reference does not imply Levine’s Thesis; we should not make any inferences about species identity, and hence about Levine’s Thesis, from decisions about nomenclature. In sum, the engaging debate about Levine’s thesis has been misguided.
The Significance of Structure
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by developing a structural explanation of Mary’s post-release epistemic progress. According to the structural explanation, she makes such progress because the information she learns from her science lectures is structural, and the truths she learns from seeing colors for herself cannot be deduced from structural truths. The chapter then examines two ways to characterize the relevant notion of structure. One is Chalmers’s linguistically oriented characterization, on which structural descriptions are those that involve only mathematical, logical, nomic/causal, and perhaps spatiotemporal terms. The author adopts a modified version of this characterization. The other is a metaphysically oriented characterization, based on Derk Pereboom’s ideas. It is argued that it too can be usefully brought into the discussion.
Non-Propositional Phenomenal Knowledge
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the objection to the knowledge argument that, upon release, Mary gains only non-informational knowledge. Two versions of that objection have been developed. According to Lewis and Nemirow, when released Mary gains only non-informational ability knowledge. According to Conee, Tye, and Pitt, when released she gains only non-informational acquaintance knowledge. It is argued that both versions fail. One problem with the Lewis-Nemirow strategy is that it is possible to possess the relevant sort of phenomenal knowledge without possessing the corresponding abilities. Another problem is that the claim that, when released, Mary gains only ability knowledge is plausible only if she also gains information. That second problem arises for the Conee-Tye-Pitt strategy too. Indeed, the problem arises for any attempt to eliminate the informational component of Mary’s post-release epistemic progress.
The Conditional Analysis of Phenomenal Concepts
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditional analysis of phenomenal concepts, on which phenomenal concepts refer to non-physical properties if such properties exist and otherwise to physical properties. Hawthorne, Braddon-Mitchell, and Stalnaker argue that the conditional analysis enables physicalists to reconcile the intuitions driving the knowledge argument with standard physicalism. Unlike the phenomenal concept strategy and the new-concepts objection, the conditional-analysis strategy does not fall prey to Chalmers’s master argument. But a different problem arises. The conditional-analysis strategy requires that the relevant conditional claims can be known a priori and, it is argued, they can be known only a posteriori. The chapter then defends that criticism against counterarguments by Haukioja and Majeed.
The Knowledge Argument, Russellian Monism, and Causal Integration
Authors: Alter Torin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that, given plausible assumptions, the knowledge argument leads to Russellian monism. It then defends Russellian monism from Howell’s objection that the theory fails to live up to its promise to integrate consciousness into physical causation. It argues that Howell’s objection depends on dubious assumptions about the relationship between the distinctive properties the theory posits (“quiddities”) and properties described in fundamental physics—assumptions Russellian monists can reject. Finally, it considers Kind’s pessimistic charge that Russellian monism fails to move the mind-body debate forward. In response, it argues that Russellian monism moves the debate forward not by answering its central questions but rather by reframing them in potentially useful ways.
Sexual Assault Law in Canada
Authors: Thorburn Malcolm 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Malcolm Thorburn describes the innovative step taken by the Canadian legislature in 1983. This early reform of sexual assault law not only abolished the common-law model of rape, but also took sexual assault out of the section on sexual offences and placed it as a subcategory of assault in the Canadian Criminal Code. Thorburn explains the underlying model of consent: consent is seen as a subjective matter, but communicative elements become important if defendants claim to have believed that the other consented: a defence of mistaken belief in consent requires the accused to point to communication or conduct as the basis of this belief. He also discusses the new Canadian approach to fraud (the sexual assault provisions no longer require that fraud is about the nature and quality of the act) and cases that involved severe intoxication of complainants or defendants.
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 England and Wales
Authors: Herring Jonathan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the chapter on English and Welsh law, Jonathan Herring describes the considerations that led to the Sexual Offences Act 2003, which did away with traditional notions of rape and sexual assault. He points out that the legislative materials did not address the concept of consent but emphasized other goals (protection of children and vulnerable adults). Herring explains the construction in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, which combines a general definition of consent, based on the concept of attitudinal consent, with a number of conclusive and rebuttable presumptions, which do not play an important role in practice. In the normative part of the chapter, Herring argues that courts should focus on the question whether defendants had met their responsibilities in respecting victims’ sexual integrity rather than focusing on the quality of victims’ consent.
The New German Law on Sexual Assault
Authors: Hörnle Tatjana 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter on law reform in Germany (2016) describes the events that have accelerated law reform: public indignation after numerous incidents of sexual harassment and assault on New Year’s Eve 2015/2016 in Cologne. Tatjana Hörnle explains the new wording of the section on sexual assault in the German Criminal Code and newer court cases, including judgments referring to stealthing and the notion of threats. The central element in the new German core offence description is ‘against the recognisable will’; the legislative materials declare that it is based on a ‘no means no’ model. German law also contains a list of presumptions for lack of consent that cover situations in which victims could not communicate or did not need to do so. Hörnle argues that the new approach to sexual assault must be considered an improvement, but that hasty reform has created some problems.
Modern American Poetry and the Architectural Imagination
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Modern American Poetry and the Architectural Imagination: The Harmony of Forms assesses the relationship between architectural and poetic innovation in the United States across the twentieth century. Taking the work of five key poets as case studies, and drawing on the work of a rich range of other writers, architects, artists, and commentators, this study proposes that by examining the sustained and productive—if hitherto overlooked—engagement between the two disciplines, we enrich our understanding of the complexity and interrelationship of both. Modern American Poetry and the Architectural Imagination begins by tracing the rise of what was conceived of as “modern” (and often “international style”) architecture and by showing how poetry and architecture in the early decades of the century developed in tandem, in dialogue, and within a shared, and often transnational, context. The book then moves on to examine the material, aesthetic, and social conditions that helped shape both disciplines, offering new readings of familiar poems and bringing other pertinent resources to light. It considers the uses to which poets of the period put the insights of architecture—and vice versa. In closing, the book turns to modern and contemporary architects’ written accounts of their own practice, in memoirs and other commentaries, and examines how they have assimilated, or resisted, the practice and vision of poetry.
Introduction
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Introduction establishes the background, parameters, and methodology for the study and sets out the key figures (poets and architects) to whom the book returns. Taking one particular poem about a Boston skyscraper as a starting point, and drawing attention to its use of architectural metaphors as an index for a wider set of aesthetic, historical, and social concerns, the Introduction proposes that there is a meaningful relationship between architecture and poetry during the modern period. The Introduction asks what we might learn about poetry and about architecture across the United States from the 1900s through to the late 1960s by examining the terms of their mutual engagement. What does modern American poetry take from architecture, and vice versa?
Hart Crane
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 assesses the architectural specificity of the poetry of Hart Crane; for the most part it focuses on the poems from his first book, White Buildings (1926), before moving on to offer a reappraisal of the architectural contexts for his more widely studied long poem, The Bridge (1930). Crane recognized the contiguity between the two disciplines, architecture and poetry, and saw in both an opportunity to assess and express the contingencies of time, space, and subjectivity. The chapter argues that while Crane uses poetry to appraise architecture, he also uses architecture to talk about, or to test the efficacy and limits of, poetry.
Wallace Stevens
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 assesses the work of Wallace Stevens from the early “A Window in the Slums” (1900) to “Not Ideas About the Thing But the Thing Itself” (1954) and argues that the modern architecture that Stevens experienced in Hartford and in New York—and his engagement with wider artistic and cultural circles—were crucial to the development of his thinking about abstraction, specificity, and order (or ideas about the thing, and the thing itself). By reading Stevens in relation to key contemporaries, such as William Carlos Williams, and by tracing his developing understanding of the possibilities of light and line, the chapter shows how Stevens deployed modern architecture as a model and metaphor for poetry’s structural and imaginative work.
THE DISCOVERY OF THE CARBON DIOXIDE MOLECULE
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis chapter deals with the appearance of the carbon dioxide molecule on the world stage. The Flemish medical doctor Jean Baptiste van Helmont discovered that something was released when charcoal was burned. He called that a gas, a gas sylvestris, a spirit from the woods, or wild spirit. Around the middle of the nineteenth century the Scotsman Black discovered that a white powder, magnesium alba, when heated would lose air, that was previously held: fixed air (carbon dioxide). Like van Helmont, the German scientist Becher and Stahl realized that in combustion (burning) a substance was released, called by Stahl phlogiston. The Frenchmen Antoine Lavoisier discovered however that not the mysterious phlogiston was released during combustion, but something was taken up. What was taken up, turned out to be oxygen, the discovery of which should probably be credited to both Lavoisier and the Englishman Joseph Priestley. Priestley later also experimented with fermentation and discovered further properties of ‘fixed air’. John Dalton put everything on a modern footing and gave the first accurate description of carbonic acid, composed of one element of carbon and two of oxygen. It was then up to the Russian Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1889, to put the final touch to our chemical understanding by developing the periodic table. Carbon had an atomic weight (relative to hydrogen) of 12, oxygen of 16, so a molecule of carbon dioxide would weigh 44. The structure of carbon dioxide and indeed most of its properties were known.
World’s Fair
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eliza Scidmore begins her journalism career in 1876, a decade before American newspapers start hiring female reporters in significant numbers. She breaks into the business at age nineteen—under the pen name “Ruhamah”—by covering the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, America’s first major world’s fair. Her reporting includes her impressions of the Women’s Pavilion and an account of opening-day ceremonies, which President Grant, the emperor of Brazil, and more than 100,000 other people attend. The Centennial signals the coming of America’s industrial age and modern society, with displays including Alexander Graham Bell’s new telephone, a giant copper arm of French sculptor Bartholdi’s Statue of Liberty, the behemoth Corliss engine, and artifacts of Native Americans, whose way of life is being wiped out in Indian wars across the West. Exhibits by Japan, which spark a U.S. wave of “Japonisme,” expose Scidmore to a culture that will figure prominently in her career.
A Voice for Conservation
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eliza Scidmore begins her U.S. conservation activism by advocating for Alaska’s welfare. In 1891, she starts a twenty-year association with The Century magazine by writing about a longstanding Alaska boundary dispute between the United States and British Columbia. That summer, she and friends camp at Glacier Bay, staying in John Muir’s cabin. She writes the first article on a new U.S. policy creating national forest reserves and joins a campaign by National Geographic—which elects her its first female board member in 1892—to make the Mount Rainier area a national park. In 1893, Scidmore lectures at Chautauqua, then attends the Columbian Exposition (Chicago World’s Fair), where she reports on Japan’s exhibits and is represented in a special library exhibit in the Women’s Building. She produces a new Alaska travel guide, published by Appleton, and adds “speaker” to her resumé when signed by a major lecture bureau.
“Mrs. Taft Plants a Tree”
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The spring of 1912 finally brings the realization of Eliza Scidmore’s long-time dream of Japanese cherry trees in Washington, amid continuing tension in U.S.–Japan relations and turmoil in the White House over William Howard Taft’s bid for reelection. In mid-March, Scidmore travels to New York—accompanied by the new Japanese ambassador, Sutemi Chinda, and his wife—to lecture at a floral exhibition sponsored by the Japan Society. There, she encounters Mrs. Taft, and they sit for a newspaper photo. A week later, on the afternoon of March 27, the two women meet up again alongside the Tidal Basin in Potomac Park for a hastily organized private ceremony to mark the planting of the first of 3,000 cherry trees sent from Japan. Scidmore and the Chindas are Mrs. Taft’s only guests at the historic event, which the press reports in a three-paragraph story headlined “Mrs. Taft Plants a Tree.”