bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The indispensability of race in medicine
Authors: Lorusso Ludovica , Bacchini Fabio 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA movement asking to take race out of medicine is growing in the US. While we agree with the necessity to get rid of flawed assumptions about biological race that pervade automatic race correction in medical algorithms, we urge caution about insisting on a blanket eliminativism about race in medicine. If we look at racism as a fundamental cause, in the sense that this notion has been introduced in epidemiological studies by Bruce Link and Jo Phelan, we must conclude that race is indispensable to consider, investigate, and denounce the health effects of multilevel racism, and cannot be eliminated by addressing more specific risk factors in socially responsible epidemiology and clinical medicine. This does not mean that realism about human races is vindicated. While maintaining that there are no human races, we show how it is that a non-referring concept can nonetheless turn out indispensable for explaining real phenomena.
The Challenge of Diagnosing Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Children: A Review of Existing and Emerging Tools
Authors: Yeoh Daniel K. , McMullan Brendan J. , Clark Julia E. , Slavin Monica A. , Haeusler Gabrielle M. , Blyth Christopher C. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality for immunocompromised children, particularly for patients with acute leukaemia and those undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Timely diagnosis, using a combination of computed tomography (CT) imaging and microbiological testing, is key to improve prognosis, yet there are inherent challenges in this process. For CT imaging, changes in children are generally less specific than those reported in adults and recent data are limited. Respiratory sampling by either bronchoalveolar lavage or lung biopsy is recommended but is not always feasible in children, and serum biomarkers, including galactomannan, have important limitations. In this review we summarise the current paediatric data on available diagnostic tests for IPA and highlight key emerging diagnostic modalities with potential for future use.
Post-disaster (im)mobility aspiration and capability formation: case study of Southern California wildfire
Authors: Tinoco Nick 
Published: April 2023

AbstractScholarship on the environmental dimensions of migration demonstrates the complex interplay of climatic and non-climatic factors which combine to create a potential for migration. Yet in times of environmental crisis or change, not everyone aspires to or is capable of moving to reduce their vulnerability. When, why, and how populations vulnerable to hazard risks decide not to migrate remains a significant gap in our understanding of the migration—environment relationship. Analysis of data from 38 qualitative interviews shows how Los Angeles County residents—after surviving the 2018 Woolsey Fire—developed aspirations to stay and/or rebuild, depending on the attachments and meanings associated with their communities. This paper also seeks to clarify the concept of capabilities to stay by considering separately the capabilities to return and rebuild from the capabilities to cultivate preparedness. Many who stayed also worked to strengthen community resilience to alleviate concerns of future wildfire risk. Some residents expressed individual commitments to stay and defend homes during future fires, while well-equipped volunteer fire brigades have proliferated in more affluent areas. Community mobilizations pressured local government and fire services to address the perceived institutional failure during previous fire responses and fostered feelings of collective efficacy among residents which increased their confidence to remain in high wildfire risk communities.
Biomarkers of oxidative stress, diet and exercise distinguish soldiers selected and non-selected for special forces training
Authors: Stein Jesse A. , Farina Emily K. , Karl J. Philip , Thompson Lauren A. , Knapik Joseph J. , Pasiakos Stefan M. , McClung James P. , Lieberman Harris R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Introduction
The metabolomic profiles of Soldiers entering the U.S. Special Forces Assessment and Selection course (SFAS) have not been evaluated.

Objectives
To compare pre-SFAS blood metabolomes of Soldiers selected during SFAS versus those not selected, and explore the relationships between the metabolome, physical performance, and diet quality.

Methods
Fasted blood samples and food frequency questionnaires were collected from 761 Soldiers prior to entering SFAS to assess metabolomic profiles and diet quality, respectively. Physical performance was assessed throughout SFAS.

Results
Between-group differences (False Discovery Rate < 0.05) in 108 metabolites were detected. Selected candidates had higher levels of compounds within xenobiotic, pentose phosphate, and corticosteroid metabolic pathways, while non-selected candidates had higher levels of compounds potentially indicative of oxidative stress (i.e., sphingomyelins, acylcarnitines, glutathione, amino acids). Multiple compounds higher in non-selected versus selected candidates included: 1-carboxyethylphenylalanine; 4-hydroxy-nonenal-glutathione; α-hydroxyisocaproate; hexanoylcarnitine; sphingomyelin and were associated with lower diet quality and worse physical performance.

Conclusion
Candidates selected during SFAS had higher pre-SFAS levels of circulating metabolites that were associated with resistance to oxidative stress, higher physical performance and higher diet quality. In contrast, non-selected candidates had higher levels of metabolites potentially indicating elevated oxidative stress. These findings indicate that Soldiers who were selected for continued Special Forces training enter the SFAS course with metabolites associated with healthier diets and better physical performance. Additionally, the non-selected candidates had higher levels of metabolites that may indicate elevated oxidative stress, which could result from poor nutrition, non-functional overreaching/overtraining, or incomplete recovery from previous physical activity.
An analysis of the left top pulmonary vein and comparison with the right top pulmonary vein for lung resection by three-dimensional CT angiography and thin-section images
Authors: Murota Makiko , Norikane Takashi , Yamamoto Yuka , Ishimura Mariko , Mitamura Katsuya , Takami Yasukage , Fujimoto Kengo , Satoh Katashi , Yokota Naoya , Nishiyama Yoshihiro 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The right top pulmonary vein (RTPV) is defined as an anomalous branch of the right superior PV (SPV) draining into the PV or left atrium (LA). Several previous reports have described the RTPV, but only a few have mentioned the left top PV (LTPV). The present study aimed to evaluate the branching patterns of the RTPV and LTPV using thin-section CT images and three-dimensional CT angiography (3D-CTA).

Materials and methods
This study included 1437 consecutive patients for evaluation of the right side and 1454 consecutive patients for the left side who were suspected of lung cancer and underwent CTA. We assessed the presence of each RTPV and LTPV and their branching patterns on the CTA images. When the RTPV or LTPV was identified, the maximum short-axis diameter was measured.

Results
RTPV was found in 9.1% (131/1437), whereas LTPV was found in 2.9% (42/1454) of the patients. RTPV was also observed in 17.1% (7/41) of LTPV cases, except for one case in which the right side could not be evaluated. The most common RTPV inflow site was the right inferior PV (IPV) in 64.9% (85/131) of the patients, whereas that of the LTPV was the left IPV in 100.0% (42/42) of the patients. The mean diameter of the RTPV and LTPV was 3.3 mm (range, 1.3–7.5 mm) and 2.4 mm (range, 0.9–6.3 mm), respectively (P < 0.01).

Conclusion
The top PV branching pattern variations can be evaluated using thin-section CT and 3D-CTA images. RTPV is not a rare finding, and LTPV should also be identified in lung cancer cases scheduled for resection.
Revisiting macrophages in ovarian cancer microenvironment: development, function and interaction
Authors: El-Arabey Amr Ahmed , Alkhalil Samia S. , Al-Shouli Samia T. , Awadalla Maaweya E. , Alhamdi Heba W. , Almanaa Taghreed N. , Mohamed Samah Saif Eldin M. , Abdalla Mohnad 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have been linked to immunosuppression and poor prognosis. TAMs have been shown to be harmful in ovarian cancer (OC), with a positive correlation between their high levels of tumors and poor overall patient survival. These cells are crucial in the progression and chemoresistance of OC. The primary pro-tumoral role of TAMs is the release of cytokines, chemokines, enzymes, and exosomes that directly enhance the invasion potential and chemoresistance of OC by activating their pro-survival signalling pathways. TAMs play a crucial role in the metastasis of OC in the peritoneum and ascities by assisting in spheroid formation and cancer cell adhesion to the metastatic regions. Furthermore, TAMs interact with tumor protein p53 (TP53), exosomes, and other immune cells, such as stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) to support the progression and metastasis of OC. In this review we revisit development, functions and interactions of TAMs in the TME of OC patients to highlight and shed light on challenges and excitement down the road.
Selected Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Energy Metabolism Disorders in Neurological Diseases
Authors: Korczowska-Łącka Izabela , Hurła Mikołaj , Banaszek Natalia , Kobylarek Dominik , Szymanowicz Oliwia , Kozubski Wojciech , Dorszewska Jolanta 
Published: April 2023

AbstractNeurological diseases can be broadly divided according to causal factors into circulatory system disorders leading to ischemic stroke; degeneration of the nerve cells leading to neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases, and immune system disorders; bioelectric activity (epileptic) problems; and genetically determined conditions as well as viral and bacterial infections developing inflammation. Regardless of the cause of neurological diseases, they are usually accompanied by disturbances of the central energy in a completely unexplained mechanism. The brain makes up only 2% of the human body’s weight; however, while working, it uses as much as 20% of the energy obtained by the body. The energy requirements of the brain are very high, and regulatory mechanisms in the brain operate to ensure adequate neuronal activity. Therefore, an understanding of neuroenergetics is rapidly evolving from a “neurocentric” view to a more integrated picture involving cooperativity between structural and molecular factors in the central nervous system. This article reviewed selected molecular biomarkers of oxidative stress and energy metabolism disorders such as homocysteine, DNA damage such as 8-oxo2dG, genetic variants, and antioxidants such as glutathione in selected neurological diseases including ischemic stroke, AD, PD, and epilepsy. This review summarizes our and others’ recent research on oxidative stress in neurological disorders. In the future, the diagnosis and treatment of neurological diseases may be substantially improved by identifying specific early markers of metabolic and energy disorders.
Mechanisms of preferential bone formation in myeloma bone lesions by proteasome inhibitors
Authors: Nakaue Emiko , Teramachi Jumpei , Tenshin Hirofumi , Hiasa Masahiro , Harada Takeshi , Oda Asuka , Inoue Yusuke , Shimizu So , Higa Yoshiki , Sogabe Kimiko , Oura Masahiro , Hara Tomoyo , Sumitani Ryohei , Maruhashi Tomoko , Yamagami Hiroki , Endo Itsuro , Tanaka Eiji , Abe Masahiro 
Published: April 2023

AbstractProteasome inhibitors (PIs) can preferentially restore bone in bone-defective lesions of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) who respond favorably to these drugs. Most prior in vitro studies on PIs used continuous exposure to low PI concentrations, although pharmacokinetic analysis in patients has shown that serum concentrations of PIs change in a pulsatile manner. In the present study, we explored the effects of pulsatile treatment with PIs on bone metabolism to simulate in vivo PI pharmacokinetics. Pulsatile treatment with bortezomib, carfilzomib, or ixazomib induced MM cell death but only marginally affected the viability of osteoclasts (OCs) with F-actin ring formation. Pulsatile PI treatment suppressed osteoclastogenesis in OC precursors and bone resorption by mature OCs. OCs robustly enhanced osteoblastogenesis in cocultures with OCs and MC3T3-E1 pre-osteoblastic cells, indicating OC-mediated coupling to osteoblastogenesis. Importantly, pulsatile PI treatment did not impair robust OC-mediated osteoblastogenesis. These results suggest that PIs might sufficiently reduce MM cell-derived osteoblastogenesis inhibitors to permit OC-driven bone formation coupling while suppressing OC differentiation and activity in good responders to PIs. OC-mediated coupling to osteoblastogenesis appears to be a predominant mechanism for preferential occurrence of bone regeneration at sites of osteoclastic bone destruction in good responders.
Home (Office) is where your Heart is
Authors: Marx Julian , Stieglitz Stefan , Brünker Felix , Mirbabaie Milad 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWorking conditions of knowledge workers have been subject to rapid change recently. Digital nomadism is no longer a phenomenon that relates only to entrepreneurs, freelancers, and gig workers. Corporate employees, too, have begun to uncouple their work from stationary (home) offices and 9-to-5 schedules. However, pursuing a permanent job in a corporate environment is still subject to fundamentally different values than postulated by the original notion of digital nomadism. Therefore, this paper explores the work identity of what is referred to as ‘corporate nomads’. By drawing on identity theory and the results of semi-structured interviews, the paper proposes a conceptualization of the corporate nomad archetype and presents nine salient identity issues of corporate nomads (e.g., holding multiple contradictory identities, the flexibility paradox, or collaboration constraints). By introducing the ‘corporate nomad’ archetype to the Information Systems literature, this article helps to rethink established conceptions of “home office” and socio-spatial configurations of knowledge work.
Digitalization in Disaster Risk Reduction: The Use of Smartphones to Enhance the Safety of Informal Settlements in Iringa, Tanzania
Authors: Sechi Giulia Jole , Hendriks Eefje , Pregnolato Maria 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHousing in informal settlements often lacks construction techniques that adopt criteria of resilience to natural hazards. Smartphones are rapidly diffusing in economically developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the current use of smartphones by the masons of the informal settlements of Iringa, Tanzania, and to identify pathways for improving their construction practices. Data were collected through a mixed method approach that includes in-depth interviews, surveys, and a focus group with masons. The results reveal that only a few masons received formal training, most of them have never interacted with a qualified engineer nor consulted trained professionals when needed. Most masons own a smartphone and they extensively use it to gather technical information from the web, transfer money through mobile payments, share images of construction details, and promote their work on social media. The broad use of smartphones shows potential for enhancing construction quality. This article presents a unique analysis of the use of smartphones in the construction of informal settlements in Tanzania, which could be extended to other countries. Based on the findings, new strategies are proposed to engage with local stakeholders and foster the exchange of technical knowledge for safer settlements via smartphones.
Rapid Damage Prediction and Risk Assessment for Tropical Cyclones at a Fine Grid in Guangdong Province, South China
Authors: Ning Yazhou , Wang Xianwei , Yu Qi , Liang Du , Zhai Jianqing 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRapid damage prediction for wind disasters is significant in emergency response and disaster mitigation, although it faces many challenges. In this study, a 1-km grid of wind speeds was simulated by the Holland model using the 6-h interval records of maximum wind speed (MWS) for tropical cyclones (TC) from 1949 to 2020 in South China. The MWS during a TC transit was used to build damage rate curves for affected population and direct economic losses. The results show that the Holland model can efficiently simulate the grid-level MWS, which is comparable to the ground observations with R2 of 0.71 to 0.93 and mean absolute errors (MAEs) of 3.3 to 7.5 m/s. The estimated damage rates were in good agreement with the reported values with R2 = 0.69–0.87 for affected population and R2 = 0.65–0.84 for GDP loss. The coastal areas and the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area have the greatest risk of wind disasters, mainly due to the region’s high density of population and developed economy. Our proposed method is suitable for rapid damage prediction and supporting emergency response and risk assessment at the community level for TCs in the coastal areas of China.
Mechanism of thermoviscoelasticity driven solid-liquid interface reducing friction for polymer alloy coating
Authors: Tan Sheng , Luo Yimin , Yang Junhua , Wang Wei , Li Xia , Jia Baoguang , Luo Zhuangzhu , Zhang Guangan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHigh-temperature ablation is a common failure phenomenon that limits the service life of the transmission parts on heavy-duty machines used in heavy load, high temperature, high shock conditions due to in-sufficient supply of lubricating oil and grease. Traditional self-lubricating coatings prepared by inorganic, organic or organic-inorganic hybrid methods are prone to be oxidated at high temperatures to lose their friction reducing function, so that it is difficult to meet the engineering requirements of high-temperature lubrication. We design viscoelastic polymer coatings by a high-temperature self-lubricating and wear-resistant strategy. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE, Tm = 329 °C) and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS, Tg = 84 °C, Tm = 283 °C) are used to prepare a PTFE/PPS polymer alloy coating. As the temperature increases from 25 to 300 °C, the PTFE/PPS coating softens from glass state to viscoelastic state and viscous flow state, which is owing to the thermodynamic transformation characteristic of the PPS component. Additionally the friction coefficient (µ) decreased from 0.096 to 0.042 with the increasing of temperature from 25 to 300 °C. The mechanism of mechanical deformation and surface morphology evolution for the PTFE/PPS coating under the multi-field coupling action of temperature (T), temperature-centrifugal force (T-Fω), temperature-centrifugal force-shearing force (T-Fω-Fτ) were investigated. The physical model of “thermoviscoelasticity driven solid-liquid interface reducing friction” is proposed to clarify the self-lubricating mechanism determined by the high-temperature viscoelastic properties of polymers. The high-temperature adjusts the viscosity (η) of the coating, increases interface slipping and intensifies shear deformation (τ), reducing the friction coefficient. The result is expected to provide a new idea for designing anti-ablation coatings served in high temperature friction and wear conditions.
Präferenz Individualsport? – Eine Trendanalyse des Sportengagements von Jugendlichen in Deutschland
Authors: Gehrmann Sebastian , Schreiner Laura , Hansjürgens Marlene , Kastrup Valerie 
Published: April 2023

ZusammenfassungTrotz eines Anstiegs der Sportpartizipation in Deutschland in den vergangenen 30 Jahren ist der Organisationsgrad im Sportverein in dieser Zeit konstant geblieben. Eine mögliche Erklärung dafür ist die Pluralisierung der ausgeübten Sportarten mit einer Zunahme der Präferenz von Individualsportarten. Dieser Beitrag untersucht daher zunächst, ob sich ein Trend in Richtung Individualsportarten für Jugendliche in Deutschland tatsächlich empirisch beobachten lässt und in welchem Setting diese hauptsächlich ausgeübt werden. Vor dem Hintergrund von Bourdieus Kapitaltheorie ist davon auszugehen, dass die Ausprägung von kulturellem, ökonomischem und sozialem Kapital den sportbezogenen Habitus und somit auch die Sportartpräferenz und das Setting beeinflusst. In einem weiteren Schritt wird daher überprüft, welche Determinanten sowohl die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass eine Individualsportart die wichtigste für einen Jugendlichen darstellt, als auch in welchem Setting diese ausgeübt wird, beeinflussen. Dafür wird die binär-logistische Regression angewendet.Für die Analysen stehen Daten von insgesamt 4365 Jugendlichen aus dem sozioökonomischen Panel (SOEP) von 2000 bis 2018 zur Verfügung. Im Zeitverlauf ist eine Zunahme von Individualsport als präferierter Sportart zu erkennen. Zudem zeigt sich, dass diese im Zeitverlauf seltener im Verein und häufiger in kommerziellen Einrichtungen betrieben werden, konstant am häufigsten aber privat. Mädchen und Jugendliche ohne Migrationshintergrund haben eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, eine Individualsportart zu präferieren. Diese steigt zusätzlich mit dem Vorhandensein von eigenem und elterlichem kulturellen Kapital und sinkt bei einer hohen Schulform und hohem sozialen Kapital. Kulturelles und ökonomisches Kapital senken die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass die präferierte Individualsportart privat ausgeführt wird. Soziales Kapital steigert die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sie vereinsgebunden durchgeführt wird.
Shattering the Mirage: The FDA’s Early COVID-19 Pandemic Response Demonstrates a Need for Reform to Restore Agency Credibility
Authors: Fuleihan Christina 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe power afforded to the administrative state is heavily reliant on public trust and the perception of evidence-based agency decision-making. Organizational reputation is key to preserving regulatory power. However, recent investigations reveal that existing scientific integrity policies may not be sufficient to preserve the credibility of many federal agencies. In fact, a significant number of career scientists across various entities – including the FDA – have observed unreported incidents of political interference. While political influence exerted by the executive branch to set policy goals and determine agency priorities can be beneficial, political pressures must not undermine public trust in scientific agencies. Recently, public perception regarding the FDA’s COVID-19 response threatened to weaken the agency’s longstanding reputation as the gold standard of review. The COVID-19 pandemic publicized vulnerabilities that exist across agencies, as well as those that are unique to the FDA. The FDA’s evolution as an increasingly public health-focused agency that must function in the landscape of politicized science exposes the agency to a greater risk of political interference. After all, the FDA’s involvement in public health requires increased participation in non-ideal, value-based decision-making. Throughout its history, the FDA has managed to maintain its reputation through its firm responses to scandal. The COVID-19 pandemic provides a platform for the FDA to – once again – look introspectively and institute safeguards addressing vulnerabilities that plagued the agency’s pandemic response. This Article examines the FDA’s early COVID-19 response to propose reforms that promote meaningful transparency, public accountability, and scientific integrity.