bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jumping the Fence
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In November 1935, Webb’s band’s appearance at the Savoy Ballroom in Chicago coincided with Benny Goodman’s at the Congress Hotel. Webb was written up in Tempo Magazine by young jazz journalist Helen Oakley, who produced Goodman’s concert series at the Urban Room at the Congress Hotel a few months later. The Goodman band’s popularity was soaring, thanks in large part to Goodman’s use of arrangements by top Black arrangers Edgar Sampson, Fletcher Henderson, and Benny Carter, and his powerful drummer Gene Krupa. In 1936, Webb had to replace Sampson, who was going freelance, and tenor saxophonist Elmer Williams, one of his long-time best soloists. He hired Teddy McRae, Louis Jordan, and Al Feldman (later known as Van Alexander). In fall 1936, Webb’s interactions with Goodman became more intertwined and conflicted when Goodman asked Ella Fitzgerald to sing with his band on a radio broadcast and his next recording session. Ella recorded “Goodnight My Love” with Goodman, and he attempted to buy out Fitzgerald’s contract with Webb. The conflict caused Ella Fitzgerald to disappear for a few days.
Battling It Out in Swingtime
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In 1937–38, Webb’s band got commercially successful with Ella Fitzgerald singing popular songs. Helen Oakley wanted to shock Webb into featuring more jazz-oriented swing numbers, like he had previously. Benny Goodman’s popularity proved that the public loved it. Oakley arranged for Webb’s band to battle the Count Basie band, now settled in New York and a big hit with dancers and jazz fans. The Webb-Basie band battle took place at the Savoy Ballroom on January 16, 1938, after Benny Goodman’s debut concert at Carnegie Hall. Oakley’s staging of both the Webb-Goodman battle of 1937 and the Webb-Basie battle of 1938 helped elevate Webb’s and his band’s visibility. Webb’s band had a few hit records and a huge radio following; their popularity went beyond Harlem. They were booked at Levaggi’s, a whites-only Boston nightclub. In Boston, Webb became friends with fellow bandleader Artie Shaw, and Ella Fitzgerald came up with a swing version of “A-Tisket, A-Tasket,” arranged by Van Alexander. Audiences adored it, and the band recorded it in May 1938. “A-Tisket, A Tasket” was on Hit Parade charts for months; this was the national breakthrough hit record Webb had worked so hard to achieve. On Sunday, May 29, 1938, Webb’s band participated in the Randall’s Island “Carnival of Swing,” the first outdoor day-long jazz festival.
Epilogue
Authors: Crease Stephanie Stein 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
After Webb’s death on June 16, 1939, Ella Fitzgerald and Webb’s band returned to New York. Gale canceled the rest of the band’s southern tour and hired Bill Beason as drummer. Gale named Ella as bandleader, and over the next two years there were many personnel changes. By spring 1942, the Chick Webb Orchestra had disbanded and Fitzgerald became a solo artist, featured with other small bands. The Savoy Ballroom was shut down for a few months after the Harlem riot of 1943. After World War II, Moe Gale was no longer involved, and Charles Buchanan ran the ballroom until it closed in 1958. The epilogue discusses the subsequent careers of several of Webb’s sidemen, including Louis Jordan, Mario Bauza, Edgar Sampson, John Trueheart, and Van Alexander. It also discusses what happened to Webb’s widow, Sally. In 1940, a benefit fundraiser was held for the Chick Webb Memorial Recreation Center in Baltimore, organized by Webb’s long-time physician, Ralph J. Young. Ella Fitzgerald, Joe Louis, and many celebrities spoke and entertained thousands who attended. The center finally opened in 1947 and is now being renovated.
Writing the Results Section
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the process of writing the Results section of the journal article. The Results section makes use of text and graphics (figures and tables) to highlight the essential findings of a study and to tell a story of scientific discovery. Months (possibly years) of accumulated knowledge and wisdom, and countless pages of data, are distilled into only a few pages; hence, only the essential threads of the story are described in the results. Traditionally Results sections stood alone in most journals, separated from Discussion sections. Today, however, most journals combine these sections. Combined Results and Discussion (R&D) sections are preferred because they are more concise. However, combined R&D sections are not all alike. If viewed on a continuum, three patterns emerge: blocked R&D, alternating R&D, and integrated R&D.
Writing the Discussion Section
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Discussion section, the last part of the standard IMRD structure for a journal article. As mentioned in the previous chapter, the Discussion section can stand alone or can be part of a combined Results & Discussion (R&D) section. In either case, it serves the same major purpose: to interpret the results of the study. Ideally, the Discussion section explains the story revealed by the data, postulates reasons for the observed behaviors, and furthers the fundamental understanding of the underlying science. However, authors must be careful not to overinterpret their data, misinterpret their results, overstate their assumptions, or stray too far from scientific evidence. The excerpts selected for this chapter illustrate that the language of the Discussion section is typified by restraint and understatement. By using hedging words, writers acknowledge the limitations of their knowledge, the tentativeness of their claims, and the recognition that their knowledge will be subjected to scientific scrutiny over time.
Writing the Abstract and Title
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how to write abstracts and titles for journal articles. Both the abstract and title provide succinct, informative (not descriptive) summaries of the research. To this end, they are usually written in the final stages of the writing process. The major purpose of the title is to inform readers about the specific content of the work, ideally identifying both what was studied and how it was studied. The major purpose of an abstract is to summarize, in one clear and concise paragraph, the purpose, experimental approach, principal results, and major conclusions of the work. When compared to the Introduction, Methods, Results, and Discussion sections of a journal article, the title and abstract are quite short. Despite their brevity, the title and abstract are the most widely read sections of the journal article and thus are viewed by many as the most important sections of the journal article.
Writing the Conference Abstract and Title
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the process of writing a conference abstract, which is written in response to a Call for Abstracts issued by conference organizers, typically 4–6 months before the conference takes place. Abstracts are usually submitted to a specific division of chemistry for review. If accepted, the authors are able to present their work (as an oral or poster presentation) at the conference. Like the journal article abstract, most conference abstracts have strict word limitations and formatting specifications. The reason for such specificity is that the abstract, if accepted, will be published (as is) in the conference’s program or conference proceedings. Adherence to common guidelines by all authors ensures that the proceedings appear uniform and professional.
Preparing a Poster
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the process of organizing and formatting a poster for a scientific conference and writing each of the poster sections. There is no one right audience to target in a poster; rather, the correct audience will vary with the conference. Most conferences send poster guidelines to presenters, and information about audience is often addressed in those guidelines. Instead of a Discussion section, the poster has a short section entitled Conclusions (or Conclusion). The last two sections, Acknowledgments and References, are not required but are included in most posters. Some conferences also recommend that posters include abstracts, so it is important to check conference guidelines before preparing the poster. At most conferences, there is a block of time (usually 2 hours) when authors are expected to present their poster. During this time, they have the opportunity to “walk” viewers through their poster and engage in dialogue with them. The chapter includes a model poster and a poster template that can be downloaded for use.
Overview of the Research Proposal
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the research proposal, a document written to request financial support for an ongoing or newly conceived research project. Like the journal article, the proposal is one of the most important and most utilized writing genres in chemistry. Chemists employed in a wide range of disciplines, including teaching, research and technology, the health professions, and industry, all face the challenge of writing proposals to support and sustain their scholarly activities. The chapter looks at excerpts from successful proposals submitted to two separate funding programs: (1) the 2019 National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) and (2) the NSF Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Program. It then differentiates between Requests for Proposals (RFP) for NSF GRFP and NSF CAREER proposals. The chapter also considers the significance of intellectual merit and broader impacts.
Writing the Goals and Importance Section
Authors: Robinson Marin S. , Stoller Fredricka L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how to write the Goals and Importance section of the research proposal, in which the author is asked to provide an overview of their project and describe their research idea or research goal. The central purpose of this section is to give reviewers a first glimpse at what the author proposes to do. In so doing, authors also provide relevant background information in their research area and highlight the importance of their work. Students describe a research idea in NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program (GRFP) proposals; faculty describe a research goal in NSF CAREER proposals. The chapter recommends that authors mirror the term(s) used in their targeted RFP (Request for Proposals).
A Journey with the Oraons
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 focuses on the transformations in S.C. Roy’s writings on the Oraons between 1915 and 1938 in order to examine the different ways in which Roy represented a ‘tribe’ and the Oraons. An anthropologist, lawyer, writer, global intellectual, Indian and Bengali, Roy engaged with local communities and their leaders, colonial administrators, missionaries, Congress nationalists, and a Bengali vernacular public. As he dexterously navigated different worlds, writing both in English and in Bengali, Roy’s voice changed over time: an ‘academic anthropologist’ gradually came to adopt the stance of an ‘activist anthropologist’. Unpacking Roy’s descriptions, which he reworked in response to theoretical and political developments, will caution one against an uncritical adoption of his views as Roy continually refigured the idea of the tribe.
Pagan Tanas, Dangerous Aboriginals, Sensitive Prophets
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The second section of the book deals with the reordering of rural and social landscapes and the ways in which the Tana Bhagats, a marginalized section in the internally fractured community of the Oraons, responded in colonial and postcolonial times to the different interventions in their world. The introduction to Section II draws upon the author’s experiences in present-day Jharkhand and her interactions with the Tana Bhagats. It discusses the predicaments of a historian, who, while crafting narratives of Tana pasts from the colonial archive, seeks to understand how the Tana Bhagats relate to this history, drawing as they do on memories of events passed down generations, but which they carefully rework in the present context.
Stories, Pamphlets, Petitions
Authors: Dasgupta Sangeeta 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7, as the concluding chapter, takes the story of the Tana Bhagats to the present. It analyses the speeches of Tana gurus at ritual gatherings, along with the pamphlets and petitions that Tana Bhagats have submitted to state officials and distributed during demonstrations in Ranchi. The Tanas, as a political community, this chapter argues, draw upon the memories of their past, but carefully reorder these in conjunction with events relevant today. Through selective references to their past, they legitimize their demands and claim reparation from the state. There are thus differences between the history of the Tana Bhagats that a historian would construct from the official archives, and the Tanas’ renditions of their past. While it is critical to consider Tana perceptions of the self and their history, it is also necessary to unpack these narratives and recognize the politics of representation.
Patents and Utility Models
Authors: Harrison Robert 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the utility model patent protection, which the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) refers to as a type of exclusive right granted on an invention which is different from patents. According to WIPO, utility model protection is generally considered suitable for protecting inventions, small improvements, and adaptations of existing products or that have a short commercial life. Thus, utility patents are designed to be less expensive than regular patents to prepare, obtain, and maintain. The chapter looks into utility models across the globe, including Germany and the EU. It explains that most countries merely register utility models without examining their validity, but third parties can still request a search or examination. Moreover, the lower level of inventiveness in some countries, like Italy, was exploited to enforce rights to inventions.
Patents and Regulatory Data Exclusivity for Medicinal Products
Authors: Curley Duncan , van den Horst Marleen H. J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the patents and regulatory data exclusivity for medicinal products. It examines the laws prevailing in the European Union (EU) which relate to data exclusivity and patent protection for medicinal products for human use. The European system for the granting of supplementary protection certificates (SPCs) for medicinal products provides a link between the regulatory and patent frameworks. The chapter then clarifies the difference and overlap between data exclusivity and patent protection. It highlights the importance of maintaining exclusivity in the market through patent protection, which primarily depends on research and innovation. Meanwhile, extensive clinical trials present a medicinal product’s quality, safety, and efficacy to the relevant regulatory authorities to obtain marketing authorization.
When Copyright and Trademark Rights Overlap
Authors: Isaac Belinda , Mende Craig S. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the overlap between copyrights and trademark rights, particularly the notion surrounding text and images. It references Aroma Inc instructing Blaggit Inc to help develop a new brand of luxury perfume. The overlap between copyright and trademark rights includes the benefit from protection and diversity of extraneous influences and policy levers that might be relied on by courts and government agencies. Moreover, the scope of copyright and trademark rights expanded in correlation to the ongoing developments in technology and commerce. The chapter elaborates on the laws of the UK and US regarding trademark rights and copyright that changed over the years. It also mentions that policy consideration continues to play a significant role when determining issues relating to the registration and enforcement of trademark rights.
Overlapping Forms of Protection for Databases
Authors: Band Jonathan , Butler Brandon 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates the overlapping forms of IP protection for databases in the US. It explores the copyright protection for the selection and arrangement of the facts contained in a database. The overlap of copyright and sui generis protection for databases can be viewed simply as an extension of the historical clash between two conflicting models of copyright protection for compilations. Moreover, copyright only protects the original selection and arrangement of facts in a database after the US Supreme Court’s case of Feist Publications, Inc v Rural Telephone Service Co, Inc. The chapter then elaborates on the models of intellectual property, citing how different elements of a database receive different intellectual property protection. It also mentions how Database Directive’s sui generis provisions prohibit the extraction of a substantial part of a database so extraction of even a small amount of data could result in litigation.
Overlapping Rights in Designs, Trademarks, and Trade Dress
Authors: Nemes Alan S. , Scott Michael , Carboni Anna , Gibbs Joanne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the overlapping rights and interrelationships between designs, trademarks, and trade dresses. It mentions how the rights are simultaneously overlapping and complementary to each other. The establishment of exclusive rights in the design of its products depends on a combination of trademark, trade dress, and design (or design patent) protection. The chapter elaborates on the distinction between rights in the United States and European Union. It advises applying for either design patents in the US or registering designs in the EU to protect new product shapes and design features before or soon after the launch of the business or product line.
Trademarks, Common Law, and the Rights of Publicity
Authors: Welkowitz David 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explicates the interrelation between trademarks, common law, and rights of publicity. It discusses how several courts recognize a common law right of privacy, giving individuals the right to prevent the commercial exploitation of their name or likeness. Moreover, the application of the First Amendment to rights of publicity resulted in a multifaceted problem that lacked uniformity. The chapter clarifies that the rights of publicity coincide with state law, so the enactment of the law varies across the United States. On the other hand, trademarks primarily protect the associational value of a word, symbol, or device as it relates to products or services. Unlike the common law for the rights of publicity, the main advantage of using trademark law to protect public interests is the availability of a uniform statute throughout the United States.
Power Allocation in the EU
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of Chapter 2, which looked at the allocation of foreign relations powers in the US, Canada, and Belgium, Chapter 3 explores how these powers are allocated in the EU. The picture that emerges from the analysis is one of a particularly open federal union wherein both levels of governance—the EU and the Member States—can conclude international agreements and engage in external representation. This openness has important implications. As the EU and its Member States operate in the same fields, EU law must put in place mechanisms to either avoid or resolve conflicts between the different governments and institutions involved in this complex foreign relations space. These mechanisms are explored in Chapter 5.
Conflict Resolution in the EU
Authors: Verellen Thomas 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWhat mechanisms do the EU Treaties provide to resolve conflicts between the EU institutions and the Member States in the conduct of their respective foreign relations? And how do those mechanisms compare to the ones in Canada, Belgium, and the US discussed in the previous chapter? Chapter 5 explains how the EU Treaties provide for two formal, judicial conflict resolution mechanisms: the ERTA pre-emption doctrine and the duty of sincere cooperation. In addition, secondary EU legislation endows the European Commission with a number of sector-specific political conflict resolution mechanisms. Compared to the other federal unions explored in this book, the conflict resolution mechanisms in the EU Treaties are primarily judicial and formal in nature. The Court of Justice plays a central role in resolving conflicts between the EU institutions and the Member States. The judicial and formal nature of conflict resolution mechanisms in the EU distinguishes the EU from both Belgium and Canada, which both rely on political mechanisms—in the former they are more formal; in the latter informal. And it highlights a commonality with the US. There, too, conflicts are resolved through the application of constitutional principles enforced by the (federal) courts.
The Scenery of the Event
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In an essay on Flaubert, Proust wrote that ‘only a metaphor can give a sort of eternity to style’. The claim isn’t true, if only because nothing can provide such luxuries, but, like many of Proust’s claims, it is perhaps more interesting in its implications than in what it literally proposes. This chapter explores what we might call Proust’s theory of the second scene, the strange need for everything to happen in some sense twice. Where there are two distinct but relatable instances of a mood or happening, as in the case of an involuntary memory but in many other cases too, there is a chance of what Proust calls ‘true life’. Without this repetition or variant, all events are inert.
Profound Albertine
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the meanings of the word angoisse (anguish, anxiety) in A la recherche du temps perdu. It is never welcome, always present. There is no life (and especially no love) without it. The chief emblem of angoisse is the narrator’s friend Albertine, who causes in him, because he cannot fully know her or control her, something like a permanent anxiety attack. Proust’s theory of love, like much of his thinking, is based on a blatant contradiction, both parts of which are true. Love can die, the person who meant the world to us can come to mean nothing. Love cannot die, it always has enough life in it to resurrect old, enduring pains and distresses.
Proust’s Law School
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
There is very little real crime in Proust’s work, but fantasies of crime are everywhere. This chapter looks at an early story, a newspaper article, and a sequence in A la recherche du temps perdu as illustrations of Proust’s haunted (and haunting) theory of justice. His recurring suggestion is that misnaming or misplacing a crime may be the only way of arriving at an equitable judgment. In this context, he says there is no such thing as a judicial error. He leaves open the possibility, though, that there may be only judicial errors. Who judges the judges in such cases?