bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antibody-Antigen Reaction: A Visual Observation
Authors: Giaever Ivar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rothen and Mathot (1) and later Vroman and Adams (2) have shown that the antibody-antigen reaction will take place at a liquid-solid interface, and that the results of this interaction can be detected by the use of an ellipsometer. This optical instrument measures the adsorption and rotation of plane polarized light incident on the surface in question and has a limiting sensitivity of much less than a monolayer of adsorbed protein. I have used this technique to study the adsorption of protein from a solution onto various surfaces, such as Nb, Ta, Ni, Au, In, and Si, and further to observe the kinetics of the subsequent reaction with antibodies (Giaver, I., in preparation). These studies confirm earlier findings that the adsorption of a globular protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA)1 and ovalbumin (OA) results in a monolayer about 30Å thick while the reaction with appropriate antibodies increases the thickness of the layer to approximately 100Å.
Effects of Carrageenan and High Serum Dilution on Synergistic Cytotoxicity to Tumor Cells
Authors: Pollack Sylvia , Nelson Karen 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Neither the C1 inhibitor carrageenan nor extensive dilution of the test sera (to 1:2560) abolished the specific killing of tumor cells in the presence of nonsensitized lymphoid cells and sera from tumor-bearing mice (i.e., synergistic cytotoxicity). The two lines of evidence indicate that conventional complement-dependent cytotoxicity does not play a role in synergistic cytotoxicity to tumor cells.
Site of Deposition of C3 in Arthus Reactions of C4 Deficient Guinea Pigs
Authors: Frank Michael M. , Ellman L. , Green I. , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The site of C3 deposition in the direct Arthus reaction induced in a strain of guinea pigs with a nonoperative classical complement pathway but a functional alternate complement pathway (C4 deficient animals) was examined. The area of hemorrhage, induration, and erythema was identical in these animals and controls. The lesions in homozygous C4 deficient animals showed normal infiltration of neutrophils and normal deposition of C3 by immuno-fluorescent visualization; thus the alternate complement pathway could successfully mediate this inflammatory event.
C3 Split Products Inhibit the Binding of Antigen-Antibody-Complement Complexes to B Lymphocytes
Authors: Eden Aline , Bianco Celso , Nussenzweig Victor , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The interaction between EAC and bone marrow derived, thymus independent lymphocytes depends on the amount of C3 present on the EAC and is inhibited by split products of C3.
Antibodies to Tric Agents in Matched Human Tears and Sera
Authors: Hanna Lavelle , Jawetz Ernest , Briones Odeon , Ostler H. Bruce , Keshishyan Hermine , Dawson Chandler R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In matched specimens of tears and serum from trachoma patients, antibodies were measured against six TRIC antigens. Antibodies were found in the serum of 78% and in the tears of 59% of Tunisian children aged 6 to 9, suffering from severe trachoma. Serum or tear antibodies were found in only 6% of Navajo Indian children aged 7 to 12 with mild trachoma. Although 48% of Navajo students aged 13 to 20 with mild trachoma had antibodies in serum, antibodies in tears were exceedingly rare. Of Samoan adults living in San Francisco, with moderately severe trachoma, 86% had antibodies in serum and 29% in tears. The antibodies in tears were usually of lower titer than in serum, showed similar reactivity with specific TRIC antigens, and seemed to parallel the degree of clinical activity. Most antibodies in tears appeared to be derived from serum, and not to be produced locally.
Histamine and Basophils in Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Goldman Maury A. , Simpson Blanche A. , Dvorak Harold F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been known for some years that delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in several species contain increased concentrations of histamine but the cellular localization of this amine is unknown. Recent studies have revealed that cellular hypersensitivity itself is not a homogeneous entity and that several forms of delayed-onset, lymphocyte-mediated hypersensitivity in animals and man are characterized by substantial infiltrations of basophilic leukocytes. These basophil-rich reactions to several protein, viral and tissue antigens and to contact allergens have been designated cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) to distinguish them from true delayed hypersensitivity (DH) in which basophils are relatively infrequent. The possibility that basophils might account for the increased histamine in cell-mediated reactions was therefore considered. DH reactions to several protein antigens contained increased concentrations of histamine and a modest infiltration of basophils at 24 to 72 hr after skin test. CBH reactions to the same and other antigens including a contact allergen contained much higher concentrations of histamine and numerous basophils. In combined data obtained from CBH and DH reactions and from freeze-injured skin, a correlation coefficient of 0.62 ± 0.09 was found between the percentage of infiltrating basophils and the ratio of histamine concentration in experimental as compared with control skin. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that basophils account for the elevated histamine observed in cellular hypersensitivity reactions but do not exclude a lesser contribution by mast cells or possibly by other infiltrating or fixed tissue cells.
Immunity to Chlamydial Infections of the Eye
Authors: Murray Edward S. , Charbonnet Laura T. , MacDonald A. Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Different types of immunologic stimuli were given to two separate groups of guinea pigs. One group received active conjunctival infection with live guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (gp-ic) organisms, another, formalin-killed gp-ic organisms intraperitoneally. Neutralizing complement-dependent serum antibodies were produced by both stimuli. However, immunity to conjunctival infection rechallenge developed only in those guinea pigs originally infected conjunctivally with live organisms. The latter animals were also the only ones to develop specific gp-ic secretory IgA antibodies in eye secretions. These studies cast doubt on the importance of specific serum antibodies in resistance to gp-ic conjunctival infection. The role of specific gp-ic secretory IgA antibodies as well as of cellular immunity in resistance to gp-ic infection is discussed.
Release of Surface Receptors from Lymphocytes
Authors: Jones G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse thymocytes were iodinated by the lactoperoxidase technique. On subsequent culture approximately 90% of the labeled surface material was released into the culture medium within 1 hr. Specific binding sites for phytohemagglutinin or concanavalin A could be detected in the medium by coprecipitation techniques with specific antisera to the mitogens. Treatment of surface-labeled cells with mitogen increased the release of surface material on culture, and indicated that some of the specific binding sites were released as complexes with the mitogen. These findings suggest a promising approach to the isolation and characterization of antigen-specific receptors from lymphocytes.
Acute Destruction by Humoral Antibody of Rat Skin Grafted to Mice
Authors: Baldamus Conrad A. , McKenzie Ian F. C. , Winn Henry J. , Russell Paul S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat skin grafted onto mice whose immune responses had been suppressed by thymectomy and treatment with rabbit anti-mouse lymphocyte serum survived for 23 to 62 days. About 2 weeks after transplantation, when the grafts had become well vascularized and were in excellent condition, some of the recipients were injected with antiserum that had been made by injecting rat tissues into mice or rabbits.
Signs of inflammation were evident in the grafts within 10 min after intravenous administration of mouse anti-rat serum. These consisted of edema and erythema which increased in intensity over the next few hours and were followed by hemorrhage and necrosis. Many of the grafts were completely destroyed at 24 hr and most of them had been sloughed by the end of the 2nd day. Microscopic examination of fixed tissues revealed the occurrence of edema and the margination of polymorphonuclear leukocytes as early as 5 to 10 min after injection of antiserum. These leukocytes rapidly increased in number and migrated into the interstitial spaces. Small vessels became greatly dilated and congested and fibrin thrombi became evident at 4 to 6 hr. At this time many vessels were ruptured, and hemorrhage was widespread. In a small percentage of cases the grafts recovered from the early inflammation and were actively rejected by their hosts 2 to 10 weeks later.
The reactions observed after injections of antiserum intraperitoneally were essentially the same as those described above, but they began later and developed more slowly in the early stages.
Both macroscopic and microscopic features of these reactions induced by anti-rat serum were similar to those described for Arthus reactions and other forms of immune vasculitis.
Rabbit anti-rat serum also caused destruction of rat skin that had been grafted onto mice, suggesting that this experimental system may be useful in studying the effects of different antisera on tissues from a variety of species.
Mechanism of Allograft Rejection in New Zealand Mice
Authors: Gelfand Michael C. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Skin allograft rejection was studied in young (1 month) and old (8 months) female NZB/W, DBA/2, and Swiss mice. Old NZB/W mice rejected C57BL/6 skin grafts significantly more slowly than did young NZB/W mice. This disparity was not observed in DBA/2 or Swiss animals. Splenectomy did not prolong graft survival in old NZB/W mice, but did in the other groups, suggesting a deficiency in the spleen cell population of old NZB/W mice.
Normal graft rejection could be restored in splenectomized old NZB/W mice by injection of large numbers of syngeneic young spleen cells (&gt;;50 × 106). Intact old NZB/W mice were restored by as few as 5 × 106 young NZB/W spleen cells, suggesting cooperation between young and old spleen cell populations. This cooperation was demonstrated by studies in splenectomized old NZB/W mice in which the combination of 5 × 106 young and 45 × 106 old NZB/W spleen cells led to normal skin graft rejection, whereas neither young nor old alone was effective. Both young and old synergizing populations were found to require thymus derived (T) cells. One subpopulation of T cells consisting of recirculating and both antithymocyte serum- and corticosteroid-sensitive cells was deficient in old mice. This subpopulation was present in young NZB/W mice and synergized with a population of relatively steroid-resistant T spleen cells in skin graft rejection.
Masking of Cellular Histocompatibility Antigens with Phytomitogens
Authors: Ray Prasanta K. , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cells from normal C3H/HeJ mice were incubated with Concanavalin A (ConA) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and extensively washed. Pre-incubation with these mitogens interfered with the cytotoxic activity of C57 anti-C3H antibody (anti H-2b) and complement compared to lysis of untreated control lymph node cells by this antibody. ConA- or PHA-treated C3H cells used to absorb the C57 anti-C3H serum indicated that these cells removed less anti-C3H antibody than the amount of antibody removed by absorption of the serum with untreated, control lymph node cells. These mitogens interfere with the binding and/or expression of cytotoxic activity of murine allo-antisera by unknown mechanisms.
Rapid Identification of Beta Hemolytic Streptococci by Counterimmunoelectrophoresis
Authors: Dajani Adnan S. , Taube Zaiga 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rapid identification of beta hemolytic streptococci as to specific groups can be achieved by the use of the counterimmunoelectrophoresis method. No cross-reactions among the various groups occur, and no false positive results have been noted. This inexpensive technique enables the identification of the various streptococcal groups from culture plates within an hour.
Induction of Tolerance to a Hapten
Authors: Fidler John M. , Golub Edward S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single injection of trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) induces a state of immunologic tolerance to the trinitrophenyl (TNP) hapten, which is specific and dose dependent. multiple injections of TNBS induce a longer lasting state of unresponsiveness than single injections. Escape from tolerance is characterized by the production of only 2-mercaptoethanol (ME)-sensitive (19S) anti-TNP antibody whether tolerance is induced by single or multiple injections. multiple injections of hapten-carrier conjugate (TNP-sheep erythrocytes) extend the duration of the tolerance induced by multiple injections of TNBS. The anti-TNP response of animals escaping from tolerance induced by multiple TNBS injections and extended by multiple hapten-carrier challenges consisted entirely of ME-sensitive (19S) antibody. Substitution of carrier for hapten-carrier conjugate in the initial challenge injection resulted in a normal anti-TNP response pattern in terms of class and temporal sequence of antibody produced during escape from tolerance. TNBS treatment had no effect upon the “accelerated” response to carrier induced by low-dose carrier priming, and TNBS treatment induced tolerance to TNP in low-dose carrier-primed mice.
Recognition of Hepatitis B Antigen Determinants by a Double Label Radioimmunoassay: A Sensitive Means of Subtyping Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Aach Richard D. , Hacker Edwin J. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sensitive radioimmunoassay is described for subtyping hepatitis B antigen (HB Ag) in human serum. The method utilizes antisera (HB Ab), prepared in immunized guinea pigs, which contain predominantly anti-d or anti-y antibodies, and radioiodinated HB Ag of either D or Y subtype. Sera with HB Ag of subtype D (D) were strongly positive by RIA, employing anti-d HB Ab and 125I-HB Ág (D), whereas specimens with HB Ag of Y subtype were negative or only weakly positive. Converse results were observed when antigenemic sera were evaluated by RIA with anti-y HB Ab and 125I Y. By combining guinea pig HB Ab possessing high-titered anti-d and anti-y with 131I D and 125I Y, it was possible to screen for and subtype HB Ag simultaneously. One hundred and five antigenemic sera were evaluated; 93 or 88% could be readily subtyped by the combined RIA, including 31 of 43 samples with HB Ag in amounts too low to be detected by agar gel diffusion (AGD) or counter immunoelectrophoresis (CEP). Subtype D-HB Ag was found primarily in the serum of blood donors and patients with posttransfusion hepatitis, whereas subtype Y antigen predominated in individuals whose hepatitis was associated with the illicit use of drugs. Samples showing only “a” specificity by AGD also possessed “d” or “y” determinants by RIA. The relative antigenic reactivity of “a” and “d,” or “a” and “y” determinants appeared to vary in different specimens. This could not be explained simply by the HB Ag subtype or the number of particles in the specimens evaluated.
Preferential Radioassay of Influenza-Specific 7S (IgG) Over 19S (IgM) Class of Antibodies
Authors: Daugharty Harry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Binding affinities of immunoglobulins for A2 Hong Kong influenza viral antigen have been studied as another aspect of antibody heterogeneity. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding exceeds immunoglobulin M (IgM) binding in antigen-antibody reactions of precipitation, dissociation, and absorption. Evidence now indicates that IgG is more active than IgM in solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) inhibition as well. The preferential binding capacity of either 7S (IgG) or 19S (IgM) radioiodine-labeled globulin was quantitated with the other globulin serving as inhibitor. The range of ratios of concentrations of 7S and 19S globulins indicated that at a 7S/19S weight ratio of approximately five, the inhibition of 19S by 7S globulins appeared to be almost complete. Serologically negative 7S globulins had no such effect upon binding of 19S globulins. Conversely, the effect of serologically positive 19S globulins upon binding of 7S globulins was not apparent even at a 5-fold ratio of 19S globulin concentration. Alternatively, binding of the 7S globulins could be completely inhibited by preincubating the 7S globulins with anti-IgG before solid-phase RIA.
Human Skin Responses to Products of Concanavalin A-Activated Lymphocytes
Authors: Valdimarsson Helgi , Gross Nicholas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A partially purified “lymphokine” preparation derived from concanavalin A-stimulated human lymphoid cells inhibited macrophage migration in vitro. Intradermal injection of this material into 55 human volunteers produced erythema and induration typical of delayed hypersensitivity except that the response was accelerated. It began after 4 to 6 hr, was maximally indurated after 16 to 20 hr, and subsided within 36 hr. Skin window tests revealed that the glass adherent cells of this reaction were predominantly macrophages as early as 5 to 6 hr after application of the preparation under the coverslips. By contrast, 10 to 24 hr were needed for this degree of macrophage accumulation when antigens were used. Thus, when compared with antigens, the mononuclear phase of the lymphokine reaction was accelerated to a similar extent as was the inflammatory response. A control preparation derived from unstimulated lymphocytes had no migration inhibitory activity and it produced a slight inflammatory reaction, notably erythema.
This observation is in keeping with the idea that lymphocytes are capable of producing factors which preferentially attract monocytes to the site of antigenic stimulation. It also suggests that production of lymphokines, responsible for the accumulation of macrophages, may be a rate-limiting step early in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction.
The migration inhibitory factor active material was used for analyzing skin anergy. Two patients with granulomatous candidiasis and skin anergy failed to develop an inflammatory response to the preparation. Similarly, of eight tuberculin negative patients with sarcoidosis, six failed to respond. Most of these patients responded, however, when the material was injected together with cortisone.
Allograft Immunity in the Mouse
Authors: MacDonald H. R. , Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro procedure for studying cell-mediated immunity in the mouse is described in which one can obtain cells (cytotoxic lymphocytes or CL) capable of lysing foreign (target) cells. The lysis is specific to antigens present during culture and is directed primarily against H-2 antigen differences although it is shown that non-H-2 antigens can also contribute. The relative number of CL produced in the cultures is also measured in vitro by a 51Cr release technique. By measuring the cytotoxicity produced by cells from each culture at several multiplicities of sensitized cells to target cells, it is shown that appropriate analysis can yield the actual ratio of CL in different cultures rather than the more qualitative measure obtained by merely measuring percentage of chromium release at fixed multiplicity. The procedure is extended to enable one also to quantitate relative numbers of progenitors of CL.
Allograft Immunity in the Mouse
Authors: MacDonald H. R. , Phillips R. A. , Miller R. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular requirements for the initiation of an allograft response in mice have been investigated with in vitro procedures for both the initiation of the response and for the measurement of the response obtained. The progenitor of the cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) was found to be a lymphocyte of thymic origin. Various analytical cell separation and cell-mixing experiments failed to show any evidence for cooperation of this cell with another lymphocyte of either the bone marrow or thumus-dependent lineage. However, evidence was found for cooperation with a nonspecific “macrophage-like” cell. Radiation survival and analytical cell separation experiments performed to follow the development of CL after initiation indicate that they develop through proliferation and “blast transformation,” and suggest that they revert back to small lymphocytes, physically distinguishable from the original progenitors, at late times (2 to 4 weeks). Attempts to demonstrate immunologic memory in this latter population of cells were unsuccessful.
Heterologous Adoptive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis: a Method for Detecting Reaginic Antibody Formation by Cells of the Mouse
Authors: Kind L. S. , Macedo-Sobrinho B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
One approach to a rational therapy of allergic reactions is the acquisition of a greater knowledge of the factors which control reaginic antibody synthesis. We now report a method for detecting cells producing reaginic antibody in the mouse.
Waltzer and Glazer first demonstrated local passive cutaneous sensitization of normal individuals by the intracutaneous injection of viable leukocytes obtained from atopic patients (1). Our procedure is based on the subsequent findings of Chase (2), Rosenberg et al. (3), and Battisto (4) that spleen, thymus, lymph node, and peritoneal exudate cells from immunized guinea pigs could be transferred to the skin of isologous or homologous guinea pigs with the subsequent detection of antibody at the site of the deposited cells. Presumably antibody from the transferred cells bound to skin mast cells and a typical passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA)3 (5) reaction resulted upon injection of antigen and Evans blue dye. The technique was termed adoptive cutaneous anaphylaxis (ACA) by Battisto (4).
A Third Non-Adherent Cell Required for the in Vitro Immune Response to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Talmage David W. , Hemmingsen Helen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The requirement of nonspecific cells for the induction of antibody-forming cells (PFC)1 during in vitro culture has been reported by several investigators. Mosier first demonstrated the requirement for adherent cells (1) and Roseman demonstrated the radioresistance of the adherent cell (2). Hoffman and Dutton reported that peritoneal macrophages or supernatants from macrophage cultures could substitute for the adherent cells in this system (3). More recently, Chen and Hirsch reported that the inclusion of mercaptoethanol in the medium led to the restoration of the PFC response of non-adherent cells (4).
In 1969, we reported that the spleen cells from mice x-rayed and reconstituted with bone marrow cells (BMSC) effectively reconstituted the response of non-adherent cells (5). Later we demonstrated the x-ray resistance of the reconstituting cells (6). Because the activity of BMSC resided at least partly in the adherent cell and because of a similar x-ray resistance it was concluded that the activity of BMSC could be explained by its content of adherent cells.