bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Behavior of Sodium Sulphite in High-Pressure Steam Boilers
Authors: Hitchens R. M. , Purssell J. W. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
1 Tests for sulphite and sulphite in condensed steam and for sulphide in boiler water are described, which tests are sensitive to 0.01 ppm as sulphur.
2 By these tests, it was found that no hydrolysis of sodium sulphite occurs up to a boiler pressure of 1775 lb per sq in.
3 Tests on water in boilers operating at 675 and 1400 lb per sq in. pressure showed no auto-oxidation and reduction of sodium sulphite in such waters. Tests on a third boiler, carrying a pressure of 1775 lb per sq in., showed slight traces of such a reaction. The slowness of sulphite consumption in the three boilers precludes any significant auto-oxidation and reduction at the metal surfaces. This is opposed to certain laboratory data which indicate that this reaction is of the first order and rapid at high temperatures.
4 Of the small amounts of sodium sulphite carried into the steam mechanically, a portion decomposes to sulphate and sulphide as the spray of water becomes concentrated or dried. The amounts present, however, are too small to be of significance.
5 In view of these findings, it is the authors’ conclusion that sodium sulphite can be used in high-pressure boilers with no harmful effects.
6 A continuous feed to maintain 10 to 20 ppm sodium sulphite in the boiler water is recommended.
Some Observations on the Yield Point of Low-Carbon Steel
Authors: Winlock Joseph , Leiter Ralph W. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A study has been made of the yield-point phenomena in low-carbon steel with the view of determining the mechanism of the transition of the metal from the elastic to the plastic state. Unlike copper and aluminum, low-carbon steel does not yield in tension until an excessively high elastic resistance has been built up. This high elastic resistance is the upper yield point. The upper yield point is believed to be of fundamental importance in the Lüders’ line phenomena, and experimental evidence is given which supports this view.
Attack on Steel in High-Capacity Boilers as a Result of Overheating Due to Steam Blanketing
Authors: Partridge Everett P. , Hall R. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In recent years a number of failures have occurred in certain portions of boilers operating in the pressure range near 1400 psi. Many of these failures have occurred under conditions such that oxygen corrosion or scale could not be considered as the cause. Characteristically the tubes have shown internal attack along the top, generally with definite grooving and the production of black magnetic iron oxide.
The fundamental cause of this type of failure is steam blanketing. In a tube which is only slightly inclined to the horizontal, the steam inevitably tends to rise to the top and move along it. This introduces a considerable resistance to the flow of heat from the tube wall to the fluid, and causes the top of the tube to become more or less seriously overheated. Boiler water of normal alkalinity passing through the tube and touching the overheated surface is concentrated to an excessive degree, with resultant attack on the steel. As has been shown by Berl, the rate of oxidation of steel by water at high boiler temperatures is greatly accelerated by increase in concentration of sodium hydroxide.
Condensed case histories of occurrences of this type of failure in a number of high-pressure boilers are presented. These histories include failures in ash screens in dry-bottom furnaces, floor tubes in slag-bottom furnaces, and slag-screen and top-row tubes in straight-tube cross-drum boilers.
From certain of the case histories it is evident that the dissolution of the steel along the top of steam-blanketed tubes may be stopped or greatly retarded by eliminating caustic alkalinity from the boiler water. This, however, does not affect the fundamental cause, and may merely postpone trouble, as indicated by other case histories in which steam blanketing has resulted not in dissolution of the steel, but in serious cracking.
It is concluded that the best chance of obviating the difficulties which may result from steam blanketing is so to design the surfaces exposed to high rates of heat input that steam blanketing cannot occur, or where slightly inclined tubes must be used, to protect them so that the rate of heat input will be sufficiently low to avoid excessive overheating of the metal.
Viscosity of Coal-Ash Slags
Authors: Nicholls P. , Reid W. T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a viscometer for measuring the viscosity of coal-ash slag up to temperatures of 2900 F. The investigations disclose that slags in only a relatively small portion of the field of compositions of coal ash have the melting characteristics of glasses and that, for most compositions, there is a distinct liquidus point. From the limited data available for this progress report, plots for viscosity are given for 2800, 2600, 2400, and 2200 F, as well as showing the liquidus lines for each temperature. The relation between “flow temperature,” as determined in earlier investigations for use with slag-tap furnaces, and viscosity and liquidus temperature is derived.
When complete trilinear diagrams are available, accurate predictions can be made on the effect of mixing the ash of two coals or of the addition of the main constituents. The authors emphasize that predictions of the relative fusion and clinkering characteristics of coals from the softening temperatures of their ashes may give erroneous comparisons, but that the initial and fluid temperatures can be some additional guide.
Power Swings in Hydroelectric Power Plants
Authors: Rheingans W. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Power swings chargeable to hydraulic turbines have been found in hydroelectric plants built as far back as 1912. However, it has only been during the last ten years that much thought has been given to such swings, their characteristics, source, and elimination. The purpose of this paper is to supply technical data on the subject and to start such discussion as may lead to a better understanding of the problem. The paper shows that power swings are due to draft-tube surges. It deals with the characteristics of such surges, their relation to power swings, the elimination of surges and power swings in the field, if necessary, and a consideration of the factors of the design of a hydroelectric unit which will prevent small draft-tube surges from producing excessive power swings. However, the paper does not present a theoretical analysis of the true origin or source of draft-tube surges, which is a matter for further observation and study and for future discussion.
Mean Temperature Difference in Design
Authors: Bowman R. A. , Mueller A. C. , Nagle W. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In heat-transfer apparatus the rate of heat flow from the hot to the cold fluid is proportional to the temperature difference between the two. For design purposes, it is necessary to be able to determine the mean difference in temperature from the inlet and exit temperatures. Numerous investigators have contributed analyses of the temperature difference for exchangers with neither counter-nor cocurrent flow. This paper coordinates the results of previous studies on the same basis to give as complete a picture as possible of all the various arrangements of surface and flow. Shell-and-tube exchangers with any number of passes on shell side and tube side are covered as are the crossflow exchangers with different pass arrangements and with mixed and unmixed flow. The special cases of trombone coolers, pot coolers, and batch processes, not previously published, are also treated in detail.
Pump Discharge Valves on the Colorado River Aqueduct
Authors: Peabody R. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines the arrangement and physical equipment of the five pumping plants installed on the Colorado River Aqueduct. Studies and estimates indicated that for these aqueduct plants a common delivery pipe with a valve at each pump was more economical than separate delivery lines. Rotating-plug-type pump valves were finally selected for shutoff service at all plants. With proper control of the rate of closure they can be made to limit the pressure rise to a moderate percentage in systems comparable to those of the Metropolitan Water District. Constructed by two manufacturers for application at different plants, the valves, while varying somewhat in detail, give practically the same operating result. Model tests were conducted by the manufacturers and by the hydraulic laboratory at the California Institute of Technology. Details of the design, construction, and operation of the valves, as well as the test results, are included in the paper.
Interactions of magmatic intrusions with the multiyear flank instability at Anak Krakatau volcano, Indonesia: Insights from InSAR and analogue modeling
Authors: Zorn Edgar U. , Vassileva Magdalena , Walter Thomas R. , Darmawan Herlan , Röhler Leonie , Amelung Falk 
Published: February 2023

AbstractVolcano flank collapses have been documented at ocean islands worldwide and are capable of triggering devastating tsunamis, but little is known about the precursory processes and deformation changes prior to flank failure. This makes the 22 December 2018 flank collapse at Anak Krakatau in Indonesia a key event in geosciences. Here, we provide direct insight into the precursory processes of the final collapse. We analyzed interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data from 2014 to 2018 and studied the link between the deformation trend and intrusion occurrence through analogue modeling. We found that the flank was already moving at least 4 yr prior to collapse, consistent with slow décollement slip. Movement rates averaged ~27 cm/yr, but they underwent two accelerations coinciding with distinct intrusion events in January/February 2017 and in June 2018. Analogue models suggest that these accelerations occurred by (re)activation of a décollement fault linked to a short episode of magma intrusion. During intrusion, we observed a change in the internal faults, where the outward-directed décollement accelerated while inward faults became partially blocked. These observations suggest that unstable oceanic flanks do not disintegrate abruptly, but their collapse is preceded by observable deformations that can be accelerated by new intrusions.
Supplemental Material: Progressive Miocene unroofing of the Big Maria and Riverside Mountains (southeastern California, USA) along the southwestern margin of the Colorado River extensional corridor
Authors: Flansburg M.E. , Stockli D.F. 
Published: February 2023

<p>Progressive Miocene unroofing of the Big Maria and Riverside Mountains (southeastern California, USA) along the southwestern margin of the Colorado River extensional corridor </p>
Providing paediatric surgery in low-resource countries
Authors: Bryce Emma , Fedatto Maíra , Cunningham David 
Published: February 2023

Successful health systems comprise good outcomes, accessibility and availability. Surgery is the service that cuts across many treatment scenarios, yet in low- and middle-income countries 90% of people cannot access it. Estimates using most recent population data suggest that 1.75 billion children lack access to surgical care. Additionally, 30% of the global burden of disease is treatable with surgery, yet in LMICs as much as 87% of the surgical need remains unmet. Paediatric surgical services are not at the level they need to be, highlighting an increasing surgical burden on children’s health globally with a human cost of morbidity and mortality. Achieving Universal Health Coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals will fail if surgical systems are not strengthened in low resource settings.In 2018, global health charity Kids Operating Room was founded with a goal of ensuring every child has access to the surgery they need. The charity has a four-pillar approach to its work: provision of infrastructure and equipment, paediatric surgical workforce training, database development and research capacity strengthening, and advocating on behalf of children denied access to safe surgery. To ensure that paediatric surgical interventions produce real impact on service delivery, contextual understanding and needs assessment are key. The building of paediatric surgical capacity should align to countries’ priorities and wishes. Investing in local health workforce is essential to delivering quality services, supporting resilient health systems and provides integrated, people-centred health services. A competent surgical information system gives the local surgical workforce the tools needed to action evidence-driven decisions.Strengthening surgical services in a manner aligned to the WHO’s fundamental health system building blocks, allows for sustainable and long-lasting change. Confronting bottlenecks that exist in surgical services and establishing multi-faceted development, will allow global, national and local surgical targets to be met.
Higher indescribability and derived topologies
Authors: Cody Brent 
Published: February 2023

We introduce reflection properties of cardinals in which the attributes that reflect are expressible by infinitary formulas whose lengths can be strictly larger than the cardinal under consideration. This kind of generalized reflection principle leads to the definitions of [Formula: see text]-indescribability and [Formula: see text]-indescribability of a cardinal [Formula: see text] for all [Formula: see text]. In this context, universal [Formula: see text] formulas exist, there is a normal ideal associated to [Formula: see text]-indescribability and the notions of [Formula: see text]-indescribability yield a strict hierarchy below a subtle cardinal. Additionally, given a regular cardinal [Formula: see text], we introduce a diagonal version of Cantor’s derivative operator and use it to extend Bagaria’s [Derived topologies on ordinals and stationary reflection, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 371(3) (2019) 1981–2002] sequence [Formula: see text] of derived topologies on [Formula: see text] to [Formula: see text]. Finally, we prove that for all [Formula: see text], if there is a stationary set of [Formula: see text] that have a high enough degree of indescribability, then there are stationarily many [Formula: see text] that are nonisolated points in the space [Formula: see text].
Technology Acceptance of Neo-Broker Applications: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Fortagne Marius Arved , Reith Riccardo , Nguyen Khanh , Lis Bettina 
Published: February 2023

Disruptive neo-broker applications (NBAs) enable users to access financial markets easily and have attracted millions of investors worldwide. As a gamified implementation for financial services, NBAs provide a unique research setting in which to examine the determinants of NBA acceptance among investors, some of whom are wholly inexperienced in financial products. We propose a research model specifically designed to explain the usage intention of NBAs by drawing on established factors from technology acceptance and financial behavior research. We validated the research model empirically with structural equation modeling (N = 653) and found significant drivers of NBA acceptance. Distinct from previous finance technologies, we confirmed consumption-oriented factors, including performance expectancy, hedonic motivation, price value, and habit as antecedents of NBA usage intention. From the financial perspective, initial trust and overconfidence were identified as further drivers, while overconfidence in turn is shaped by risk aversion and subjective financial knowledge, indicating a mediated effect on NBA acceptance. Thereby, we present the first NBA-tailored acceptance model that links technology characteristics and financial behavior. Correspondingly, we provide implications for theory and practice.
The Significance of Environmental Factors in Human-Centred Lighting Policy
Authors: Pourfathollah Maedeh , Ghasemi Zahra , Shams Dolatabadi Hosna Sadat , Alilou Mina 
Published: February 2023

Lighting policies and the influence of light colour parameters on humans and the environment are complex. The opinions of experts and the optimisation of night-time lighting policies create a suitable nightscape that satisfies users’ needs and minimises environmental impacts. This study aims to provide a nightscape design policy for outdoor spaces considering environmental factors. This evaluation can provide multidisciplinary policy recommendations and evaluate the position of environmental considerations in human-centred lighting design. Initially, the factors affecting the night landscape are identified and priorities are subsequently determined on a smaller scale based on the typology of Tehran’s nightscape. The data output from these prioritisations is used to develop how the lights in the night landscape can be improved for various spatial typologies. Finally, a human and environment-friendly conceptual model is developed.
Current knowledge of the Ordovician System in Antarctica
Authors: Percival Ian G. , Glen Richard A. , Yi Zhen Yong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Evidence of Early Ordovician deposition and intrusion in East Antarctica is best known from the Ross Orogen, postdating the 495–489 Ma Ross Orogeny. Here,
c.
490–475 Ma granites (with related dykes and sills) of the Granite Harbour Intrusives represent roots of a continental margin arc. Detrital zircon grains in the upper Byrd Group (Central Transantarctic Mountains) are of comparable Early Ordovician age. Contemporaneous fossils are rare. In northern Victoria Land they include latest Cambrian to earliest Ordovician conodonts and microbrachiopods in allochthonous limestones of the Handler Formation (Robertson Bay Group) in the Robertson Bay Terrane, and probable Early Ordovician trace fossils in the Camp Ridge Quartzite of the Leap Year Group in the Bowers Terrane. In the Shackleton Range of Coats Land, West Antarctica, the Blaiklock Glacier Group contains a diverse ichnofossil fauna of probable Ordovician age associated with undescribed bivalved arthropods and segmented crustacea. The Swanson Formation of the Ross Province in Marie Byrd Land (correlated with the Robertson Bay Group of the Ross Orogen) is a turbiditic unit dominated by quartz-rich sandstones. Its Ordovician age is based on a post-depositional whole rock K–Ar metamorphic age of 448–444 Ma, with detrital zircon grains indicating a late Cambrian maximum depositional age.
The Ordovician System in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Percival Ian G. , Zhen Yong Yi , Normore Leon 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The stratigraphic overview presented in this chapter substantially updates and revises the last major review of the Ordovician rocks of Australia and New Zealand published 40 years ago. In the western two-thirds of the present-day continent of Australia, Ordovician sedimentary rocks are restricted to intracratonic basins. The Canning Basin (Western Australia) and Amadeus Basin (central Australia) contain the best known Lower and Middle Ordovician shallow marine successions. The eastern third of the continent, known as the Tasmanides, comprises multiple orogens (i.e. Delamerian, Lachlan, New England, Thomson, Mossman) that formed along the convergent East Gondwana Margin. As a result, volcanic and intrusive rocks are much more common in these orogens than in the intracratonic basins. Their deep-water depositional environments span 31 graptolite biozones. Slope and basinal siliceous sedimentary rocks are constrained by a newly defined set of 12 conodont biozones, complementing the conodont biostratigraphic scheme refined for shallow-water environments from the basal boundary of the Ordovician to the latest Katian. In some places, these conodont biozones are integrated with radiometric ages from tuff interbeds (e.g. Canning Basin). Ordovician graptolitic strata in the Buller Terrane of New Zealand share palaeogeographic links with those in the Bendigo Zone of the western Lachlan Orogen.
Exosomal lincROR Promotes Docetaxel Resistance in Prostate Cancer through a β-catenin/HIF1α Positive Feedback Loop
Authors: Jiang Xingkang , Xu Yong , Liu Ranlu , Guo Shanqi 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Emerging evidence has suggested that patients with metastatic prostate cancer will become resistant after receiving docetaxel (DTX) chemotherapy, but the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear. lincROR is an important oncogenic long noncoding RNA which plays an important role in regulating tumor carcinogenesis and metastasis; however, the underlying mechanism of lincROR functioning in the DTX resistance process of prostate cancer remains largely unknown. In the current study, we found that lincROR is highly expressed in DTX-resistant prostate cancer cell lines and was associated with poor DTX response in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. By using loss- and gain-of-function experiments revealed that lincROR promotes prostate cancer cells growth and DTX resistance in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that lincROR specifically interacts with and stabilizes MYH9 protein, which enhances β-catenin/hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1α) pathways. Besides, HIF1α could bind with the promoter region of lincROR to activate its transcription, thus forming the lincROR/MYH9/HIF1α positive feedback loop. Moreover, lincROR could be packaged into exosomes in an heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNPA1)-dependent manner and then disseminated chemoresistance phenotype to receipt cells. Overall, our study provides evidence supporting exosome-mediated lincROR activates the β-catenin/HIF1α positive feedback loop by targeting MYH9 protein, which may be exploited for anticancer therapy.

Implications:
Our findings suggest that targeting hypoxia stress and chemoresistance for therapeutic purposes and lincROR could promote the improvement of treatment responses in patients with DTX-resistant prostate cancer.