bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DAILY EXERCISE DOES NOT ALTER CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW REGULATION DURING TILT IN OLDER ADULTS AFTER TWO WEEKS OF BEDREST
Authors: Robertson Andrew , Hedge Eric , Mastrandrea Carmelo , Unger Federico Granados , Hughson Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bedrest is associated with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular changes that are linked to a greater prevalence of orthostatic intolerance; however, much of what we know from bedrest trials comes from young adults. How older adults respond to extended periods of activity restriction is not well understood. The current work tested the hypothesis that impaired control of cerebral blood flow in older adults following bedrest could be attenuated by regular exercise. Twenty-two older adults (55-65 years, 11 women) participated in a randomized controlled trial involving 14 days of continuous 6-degree head-down bedrest. The cohort was randomized to an exercise intervention (EX), involving daily aerobic, high-intensity interval, and resistance training, or a control group (CON), involving passive manual therapy. Cerebral blood flow velocity, cardiac output, and arterial blood pressure were measured continuously during a passive 80-degree head-up tilt protocol for up to 15 minutes. Responses in the cerebral and peripheral vascular beds were quantified by vascular resistance (cerebral: resistance area product (RAP); peripheral: total peripheral resistance (TPR)). Following bedrest, both supine RAP and TPR were elevated (p&lt; 0.01), with no effect of exercise training. In addition, the number of participants who could not complete 15 minutes of tilt increased from 3 to 15 (8 EX, 7 CON). In these non-finishers, RAP dropped ~20% and TPR dropped ~15% during the final 2 minutes of tilt, with no difference between groups. These data suggest that multimodal exercise training is insufficient to prevent changes in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular regulation in older adults observed during 14-day bedrest.
OLDER ADULT PERSPECTIVES ABOUT ONLINE EXERCISE CLASSES DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AT MULTIPLE TIME POINTS
Authors: Porter Michelle , Murphy Dallas , Dunn Nicole , Barclay Ruth , Cornish Stephen , Ripat Jacquie , Sibley Kathryn , Webber Sandra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Engaging in physical activity can bring health benefits for older adults. However, during the pandemic the availability of in-person exercise classes has been sporadic. As such, online exercise programs have become more common. This research had the goal of exploring the uptake of online exercise programs by older adults in Manitoba, Canada in the first few months in the pandemic and then more than 1.5 years into the pandemic. Older adults (65 years and older) were recruited via emails from a variety of community organizations. Participants completed anonymous online surveys in summer 2020 (n=678) and fall 2021 (n=570). Less than 50% of respondents reported participating in online exercise classes during the pandemic in both surveys. For both surveys, pre-recorded classes were the most common, however, this decreased from 80% in the first survey, to 57% in the second survey. Conversely, live classes where the instructor could see the participants increased from 17% in the 2020 survey, to 47% in the 2021 survey. Additionally, platform use shifted from YouTube as the most popular in the first survey, to Zoom in the second survey. Most of the online classes originated from their local communities. Of those who participated in online exercise early and later in the pandemic, about two thirds reported that they would continue online exercise classes outside of the pandemic. A major reason for not participating was because they enjoy the social aspect of in-person classes. The perspectives of the study participants will be valuable for policymakers, programmers, and instructors.
COMPARING DATA-DRIVEN AND THEORY-DRIVEN APPROACHES TO CLASSIFY SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE
Authors: Friedman Elliot , Teas Elizabeth , Marceau Kristine 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A life course perspective on social relationships highlights the salience of specific relationships at specific times in life, but analyses that account for life course trajectories in social relationships are rare. The present study explores the properties of two analytic approaches to classifying life course relationships: 1) a priori, or theoretical, classification strategies, and 2) latent profile analysis (LPA). Including multiple dimensions of social relationships at different time points across the life course, we determined whether theoretical or LPA profiles better predict later-life functional limitations, given that functional impairment is prevalent among middle-aged and older adults. We also assessed whether the two approaches are differentially associated with a broad set of covariates. Data were from three waves of the Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) study (n = 6,909). Relationship variables (parental affection, parental discipline, social support, social strain, and positive relations with others) were from wave 1. Functional limitations were measured at wave 3. Both the LPA and theoretical approach resulted in 4 profiles (although there were qualitative differences), and both approaches differentiated covariate values in similar ways. Loglikelihood comparisons in Mplus showed that the LPA, compared to the theoretical approach, was more sensitive to detecting differences in functional limitations. Overall, the data-driven profiles differed from theory-based profiles, which may be substantively meaningful for understanding associations between life-course relationships and health. Practical implications include development of a measure for future research to apply these novel life-course social relationship groups, particularly with smaller samples not suitable for LPA.
OLDER AMERICANS LIVING ALONE: AN INTERSECTIONAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL ISOLATION RISKS DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Bokun Anna , Flood Sarah , Moen Phyllis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
More Americans aged 50-75 are living alone than ever before (about a third of adults over 60 live alone today–see Ausubel 2020; Esteve 2020), placing older adults at risk of social isolation, and especially so during COVID-19. Not only do demographers’ project the rate of older adults living alone will continue to rise, but they also predict increasing racial disparities due to differential population aging rates (Verdery and Margolis 2017). We pinpoint two mediators of social isolation: employment status and living arrangements, drawing on panel data from the Current Population Survey, from January 2018 through August 2021 (N = 83,232), to investigate whether the pandemic increased disparities in vulnerabilities to social isolation across different subgroups. We use an intersectional lens to consider the experiences of population groups defined by gender, age, race/ethnicity and social class. We know that employment has important protective health benefits (Berkman, et al. 2000; Kelly, et al. 2017). Living arrangements condition social isolation, especially in terms of living alone (Cudjoe, et al. 2020). The aim of our study is twofold. First, we aim to show how the dynamics of living alone and employment participation for older adults change between the immediate pre-Covid period and Covid period, using COVID-19 as a natural experiment in precipitating change. Second, we show how demographic characteristics intersect to structure vulnerability to social isolation during the same period. Our results demonstrate the risks of social isolation are not evenly distributed, suggesting the need for policies and practices promoting social inclusion.
INTERFACE OF INFORMAL AND FORMAL SUPPORT IN THE LINKAGE BETWEEN COGNITIVE DECLINE AND LONELINESS
Authors: Park Soobin , Park Sojung , Amano Takashi , Kim BoRin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Older adults with cognitive impairment are at risk of higher loneliness due to increasing challenges to retain essential social skills and decreasing social networks. This study explores ways to reduce the relationship between cognitive function and loneliness. Drawing on the cognitive discrepancy theory of loneliness, we hypothesized loneliness may be reduced by improving an individual’s actual level of social interaction, creating opportunities for social relationships. This study examined complex relationships among informal (frequency of social contact with family members and friends) and formal support (use of home- and community-bound services, HCBS), and loneliness, among older adults with different levels of cognitive impairment. Data came from the Health and Retirement Study (2012) (N=651) with the sample included respondents 51+ years who completed a modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Results from hierarchical regression showed older people with a lower level of cognitive function were less likely to experience loneliness (b=-.15, p&lt;.01). Although frequent social contact with family and friends reduces loneliness (b=-.24, p&lt;.001), it did not moderate the relationship between cognitive function and loneliness. Interestingly, the use of HSBC also turned out to be not a significant protective factor. Our findings suggest merely increasing social interaction levels with family and friends may not necessarily curb loneliness for older adults with cognitive impairment. Given the current characteristics and nature of HCBS primarily focus on providing basic physical needs of older adults, prioritizing the development of emotional comfort and recreational activities that alleviate their psychological loneliness is essential, especially amidst the pandemic.
BEYOND HOUSING
Authors: Raimondo Marianne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Social isolation and loneliness in older adults are a public health challenge that has been exacerbated during the COVID pandemic. While quarantining although it was necessary to protect individuals from the virus, older adults lost their usual social supports, connectedness, and relationships. Research has shown that loneliness and social isolation have many negative effects on a person’s physical and mental health. This presentation will describe an initiative of Age Friendly RI which addressed the problem of social isolation among older adults living in a congregate housing community who struggled with stress, anxiety, depression, and exacerbation of mental illness. Through a partnership between a state college and a community based mental health center, and supported with grant funding, behavioral health services and supports were embedded in the housing community. The project was multi-faceted involving community health workers and a community support professional who provided outreach and emotional support, the use of technology to help residents connect with medical providers or loved ones or enjoy music, games, movies, and students who provided outreach and taught older adults how to use technology. A social isolation scale was administered to identify residents at high risk of social isolation and targeted intervention. The evaluation of the program will be discussed in terms of the interventions implemented and the outcomes realized, including resident well-being and satisfaction. Finally, it will suggest a pathway for sustaining the integration of behavioral health services in housing to better meet the behavioral health needs of older residents beyond the pandemic.
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS AND COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT IN LATER LIFE
Authors: Thomas Patricia , Sauerteig-Rolston Madison , Bauldry Shawn , Nemeth Samuel , Ferraro Kenneth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With population aging and the growing population at-risk of cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and related dementias, there is a need for a better understanding of how social factors may affect cognitive impairment. Drawing from stress process theory and social integration theory, we examine the impact of positive and negative dimensions of relationship quality with friends and family on cognitive impairment in later life. We analyze Cox proportional hazards models using nationally representative panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (2006-2016, N=10,626) to examine how the quality of family and friend relationships in adulthood may influence risk of cognitive impairment. Strain with family members and with friends was significantly related to higher risk of cognitive impairment (Hazard Ratio: 1.15 [95% CI: 1.08, 1.21] and 1.20 [95% CI: 1.13, 1.28], respectively). Support from family members was beneficial, related to lower risk of cognitive impairment (HR: 0.93, CI: .89, .99); however, support from friends was related to higher risk of cognitive impairment (HR: 1.10, CI: 1.05, 1.14). Findings reveal the implications of social support and strain in different types of relationships for cognitive health.
THE STRUCTURAL AND COGNITIVE SOCIAL CAPITAL OF KOREAN OLDER ADULTS AND THEIR DEPRESSION TRAJECTORIES
Authors: Kim Jinhyun , Um Sun-Bi , Shi Xiang , Park Hyunjung 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Despite the rapid increase of older population in South Korea, we do not understand the patterns of their social capital and relationships with depression trajectories in depth. This study aims to identify the patterns of social capital of Korean older adults aged 65 years and older based on latent class analyses and their depression trajectories by latent classes. For data analyses, 3,606 Korean older adults from the Korean welfare panel study data were selected. Latent class analyses were conducted by using various components of structural social capital such as number of contacts with family, friends, and neighbors and cognitive social capital such as trust, reciprocity, and satisfaction from social relationships. Results showed that three latent classes were found. We named the first class as a strong structural and cognitive group because it showed the highest levels of number of social contacts, trust and reciprocity. The second class was called as a weak structural and strong cognitive group because it showed lower levels of social contacts but higher levels of satisfaction from social relationships. The third class was called a weak structural and cognitive group because it showed the lowest levels of social contacts, trust, reciprocity, and satisfaction from social relationships. Results from latent growth curve modeling, the second class showed the lowest depressive symptoms but the third class showed the highest depressive symptoms at baseline. Only the third class showed significant rate of changes in depression. Differences in depression trajectories by three latent classes need to be further discussed.
DO I GET BY WITH A LITTLE HELP FROM MY FRIENDS? FINDINGS FROM THE IOWA UNMARRIED SURVIVORS STUDY
Authors: Hensley Robert , Bishop Alex , Martin Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the role that selected personality variables (Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, and Openness), social support, and coping played in loneliness of 227 (M = 78.2, SD = 8.1) participants in the Iowa Unmarried Survivors Study. This study is a sample of never married, divorced, and widowed participants. Blocked multiple regression analyses were used in this study. In the first block, age, gender, ethnicity, past schooling, current marital status, total illnesses, and childhood poverty were included. The second block contained the aforementioned personality variables, and the third block included both social support and coping. Results indicated that both Neuroticism and Extraversion were significant predictors of loneliness, β = .266, p &lt; .00, β = -.294, p &lt; .05, and β = .27, p &lt; .00, respectively. In short, the greater the neuroticism, the higher the score in loneliness. Moreover, the lower the level of extraversion, the higher the score in loneliness. In addition, social support served as a significant predictor of loneliness, β = -.412, p &lt; .00. The more social support in the participants’ lives, the lower level of loneliness. Finally, coping predicted loneliness. In essence, the more loneliness in their lives, the greater the use of coping mechanisms utilized. This model explained 58% of the variance in loneliness scores. Navigating through late adulthood as an unmarried survivor presents a host of challenges, and these results add to our understanding of the link between personality, social support, coping, and loneliness in late life.
UNRAVELING THE AMBIGUITY BETWEEN COGNITION AND DEPRESSION: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS OF OLDER ADULTS
Authors: Roessler Meghann , Manchella Mohit , Singh Anmoldeep , Coleman Max , Francis Heather , Saykin Andrew , Risacher Shannon , Apostolova Liana 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Research on directionality of the relationship between cognitive functioning and depression is ambiguous, especially when considering implications for patients with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer disease (AD). Previous research suggests that depression in late life could be a pre-clinical manifestation of AD before other cognitive symptoms are detectable. Some research supports the hypothesis that level of depression can independently predict level of cognition. Other research suggests that depression is a risk factor for developing dementia or AD late in life. Further research on the impact of subjective cognitive decline versus objective cognitive performance in association with depressive symptoms is a critical area to explore. Using data from the Social Networks in Alzheimer Disease (SNAD) study and the Indiana Alzheimer Disease Research Center (IADRC), we conducted a preliminary longitudinal analysis of 196 focal subjects (Mage = 71.6 years, Pfemale = 63%). Interviews conducted one year apart were leveraged to elucidate the bidirectional relationship between depressive symptomology and cognition. Using a lagged dependent variable approach controlling for age, sex, race, and education, the results indicate that only executive function predicts depression at timepoint 2 (-0.31 SD, p&lt; 0.001). However, depression predicts focal Cognitive Change Index (CCI) (0.06 SD, p&lt; 0.05), processing speed (-0.04 SD, p&lt; 0.05), and episodic memory (-0.04 SD, p&lt; 0.05). Other cognitive domains examined, including attention, language, visual/spatial skills, MoCA score, and informant-rated CCI, were not significant as predictors or as outcomes. These results suggest that depression may be a more robust predictor of cognition than cognition is of depression.
DEPRESSION, DEPRESSIVE COGNITIONS, AND DEPRESSIVE SYMPTOMS IN CAREGIVING GRANDMOTHERS: A GROWTH CURVE MODEL
Authors: Burant Christopher , Musil Carol , Zausniewski Jaclene , Jeanblanc Alexandra 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Grandmothers caring for grandchildren have elevated levels of depressive symptoms compared to grandmothers who do not provide care. Depressive symptoms are state-like in nature and describe recent depressive symptoms. The Depressive Cognition Scale© captures changes in negative thinking patterns that often precede depressive symptoms. Depressive cognitions, according to Beck’s theory of depression, are the first depressive symptoms to appear and typically lead to more serious symptoms of depression. Specifically, depressive cognitions reflect negative thinking patterns. Previously diagnosed depression may contribute to current levels of depressive cognitions and depressive symptoms. Data were collected on 342 participants in a longitudinal nationwide online research study of caregiving grandmothers. A latent growth curve model was used to track the trajectory of depressive symptoms at four time points (baseline, 2 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks). This latent growth curve model was tested to gain an understanding of how diagnosed depression and depressive cognitions impact the trajectory of depressive symptoms over time. The model fit the data well (Chi Square=24.301.; df=12; p=.019; TLI=.977; CFI=.987; RMSEA=.055). Baseline depressive cognitions strongly impacted the intercept (Standardized Beta=.65, p&lt;.001) and the slope of depressive symptoms (Standardized Beta=-.65, p&lt;.001), diagnosed depression predicted depressive cognitions (Standardized Beta =.32, p&lt;.001) and the intercept of depressive symptoms (Standardized Beta=.36, p&lt;.001). The continued impact of diagnosed depression and depressive cognitions over 24 weeks indicates the need for potential interventions to further address diagnosed depression and depressive cognitions as a way to decrease depressive symptoms in grandmother caregivers.
THE MULTIDISCIPLINARY HISTORIES OF ACTIVE AGING IN POLAND
Authors: Robbins-Panko Jessica 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In contemporary Poland, Universities of the Third Age are the most visible institutional forms of active aging. These lifelong-learning institutions that are specifically for retirees often cultivate ideals of independence through workshops and classes that teach new, and potentially transformative, skills and hobbies (Kobylarek, 2018). Universities of the Third Age in Poland emerged out of the fields of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work, fields that have regional intellectual roots in the late 19th/early 20th-century presocialist era, and are based on radically different ideals of personhood, relationality, and care than those of the contemporary postsocialist neoliberal era (Robbins, 2021). This paper analyzes 1) historical data from institutional archives of two Universities of the Third Age in Poland, and 2) secondary sources on histories of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work, to create a locally grounded intellectual history of active aging in central and eastern Europe. The Polish case offers an opportunity to think across divergent political-economic eras, in which assumptions about the value of a person to society have shifted. By tracing how the fields of andragogy, pedagogy, and social work have shaped active aging in Poland, this paper finds that 1) dichotomies of East/West, socialist/capitalist, and individual/collective are insufficient to explain the history of contemporary practices of active aging, and 2) intellectual history can reveal complex relations between political-economic change, and ideals and practices of aging. These findings have implications for advancing gerontological theories of 1) active aging in cross-cultural contexts, and 2) how active aging relates to sociopolitical change.