bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract Number ‐ 267: The Role of Non‐stenosing Carotid Artery Plaques in ESUS, is it a Silent Offender?
Authors: Jumah Ammar , Nour Hassan Aboul , Choudhury Omar , Eltous Lara , Zoghoul Sohaib , Walsh Megan , Chebl Alex , Marin Horia , Miller Daniel 
Published: April 2023

Introduction
The secondary prevention of Acute ischemic stroke (AIS)varies based on the root cause of the initial event; thus, determining the cause of an individual AIS is critical for implementing effective care. The well‐described TOAST classification is used to classify stroke etiology, and according to this paradigm, the presence of large vessel disease is considered a high risk for subsequent stroke only if >50% carotid artery stenosis is present. Cryptogenic strokes represent around 30% of all AIS and Embolic stroke of unknown source (ESUS) is a subcategory of the cryptogenic strokes and is characterized as a non‐lacunar ischemic stroke presumed to be of an embolic origin with no evidence of an obvious source of emboli. Here we discuss the most important and latest evidence on the relationship between ESUS and high‐risk plaque features not causing significant stenosis per NASCET criteria.

Methods
N/A

Results
The Relationship Between ESUS and Non‐stenosing Carotid Artery Plaques is mainly illustrated in the following points: Plaque vulnerability Researchers have described the following high‐risk features of plaques that may lead to stroke (Table). Plaque vulnerability is a plaque’s susceptibility to rupture and is a proposed determinant of high risk for superimposed thrombosis. According to a meta‐analysis conducted by Kamtchum‐Tatuene et al, high‐risk plaque features were three times more prevalent in patients with symptomatic versus asymptomatic carotid stenosis.3 Laterality of cartid plaques and stroke A meta‐analysis of 8 studies that assessed 323 patients with ESUS showed that mild carotid stenosis with high‐risk plaque features was more commonly located ipsilateral to the stroke side (32.5%) versus being contralaterally located (4.6%).4 Knight‐Greenfield et al evaluated plaque features by CTA in patients with AIS who did not have hemodynamic stenosis. It was also found that ESUS patients had a higher total plaque thickness ipsilateral to the stroke side when compared to the contralateral stroke‐free hemisphere.5 Clot composition and stroke etiology Fibrin/platelet component was dominant in cardioembolic thrombi and cryptogenic stroke, while red blood cells were seen more frequently in non‐cardioembolic thrombi. This supports the hypothesis that plaque histological features play a major role in causing large vessel occlusion despite the absence of significant stenosis.8

Conclusions
Despite the evidence that high‐risk plaque features can predict a recurrent stroke, adoption of this principle and its integration into the medical guidelines have not yet been established. This reflects a lack of clinical trials that have utilized detailed plaque characterization for assessing risk of stroke.
Abstract Number ‐ 279: Clinical Factors of Vascular Dementia, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Mixed Vascular Dementia Stratified by Gender
Authors: Stanley Madison C , Stanley Madison C , Poupore Nicolas , Bailey‐Taylor Melissa J , Roley Laurie Theriot , Nathaniel Thomas 
Published: April 2023

Introduction
The different factors that contribute to gender differences among patients with vascular dementia (VaD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and mixed vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease (VDAD) are not fully understood. This study examined gender differences among patients with VaD, AD, and VDAD using demographic and pharmacologic factors.

Methods
Data was collected from Prisma Health‐Upstate Alzheimer registry from 2016 to 2021 for 6,039 VaD patients, 9,290 AD patients, and 412 VDAD patients. A logistic regression model was used to determine demographic and pharmacological factors that are associated with gender differences in patients with VaD, AD, and VDAD.

Results
In the adjusted analysis for patients with VaD, increasing age (OR = 1.023, 95% CI, 1.017‐1.029, p< 0.001) and use of aripiprazole (OR = 4.395, 95% CI, 2.880‐6.707, p< 0.001) were more associated with women, whereas use of tobacco (OR = 0.312, 95% CI, 0.278‐0.349, p< 0.001) and galantamine (OR = 0.228, 95% CI, 0.116‐0.449, p< 0.001) were more associated with men. In patients with AD, Black race (OR = 1.747, 95% CI, 1.486‐2.053, p< 0.001) and use of buspirone (OR = 1.541, 95% CI, 1.265‐1.878, p< 0.001) were more associated with women, whereas use of ETOH (OR = 0.627, 95% CI, 0.547‐0.718, p< 0.001) and memantine (OR = 0.882, 95% CI, 0.799‐0.974, p = 0.013) were more associated with men. In patients with VDAD, use of rivastigmine (OR = 3.293, 95% CI, 1.131‐9.585, p = 0.029) was more associated with women, whereas increased length of hospital stay (OR = 0.910, 95% CI, 0.828‐1.000, p = 0.049) was more associated with men.

Conclusions
Our study revealed that there are gender differences and similarities in the demographic and pharmacological factors of VaD, AD, and VDAD. Future studies can be conducted investigating each of these factors to improve treatment of VaD, AD, and VDADin all patients.
Abstract Number: LBA7 Outcomes of Endovascular Thrombectomy Versus Medical Treatment in Ischemic Strokes Secondary to Medium Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Fourcand Farah Y , Scarpiello Sean , Amireh Abdallah , Snyder Thomas , Vyas Shrinjay , Joshi Rudra , Dubinsky Ilya , Percival Brigitte , Zacharatos Haralabos , Mehta Siddhart , Kirmani Jawad F 
Published: April 2023

Introduction
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) from arterial occlusions are treated with emergent endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) when clinically appropriate. Clinical outcomes of EVT in medium vessel occlusion (MVO) compared to large vessel occlusion (LVO) have neither been well established nor compared to alternate medical management. Our aim was to evaluate outcomes of patients with AIS secondary to MVO undergoing EVT.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients presenting to our comprehensive stroke center with MVO‐associated AIS undergoing EVT or aggressive intra‐arterial thrombolytic treatment with concurrent administration of IV eptifibatide. We assessed occlusion site, NIHSS (presentation, 7 day or discharge, 3 months), modified Rankin Scale (baseline, 90‐day), and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) rate. MVO was defined as occlusion of pure M2 middle cerebral artery without M1 segment involvement, anterior cerebral artery A1 segment or more distal, and posterior cerebral artery P1 segment or more distal. Mann‐Whitney U test, Fisher exact test statistic, and T‐test statistic were used for analysis. Social science statistics software was used for data analysis.

Results
From August 2020 to December 2021, out of 175 patients who underwent EVT, 50 had MVO (n = 33 M2 occlusion, n = 12 M3 occlusion, n = 1 for P1, P2, A1, A2, A3 each). Twelve subjects with MVO received aggressive medical management with concurrent IV eptifibatide. Subjects between arms were similar at baseline (median NIHSS 11 [95% CI 10.75, 14.32]; mean age 71.5 [95% CI 69.24, 73.77]; male 48.39% [n = 30]). The difference between initial NIHSS and discharge NIHSS was statistically significant in the EVT arm (Z‐Score = 4.03; p‐value < .00001) but not in the medical arm (Z‐score = 1.96; p‐value 0.05). Hemorrhagic transformation occurred in 28% (n = 14) of EVT arm and 16.67% (n = 2) of medical arm. This was not statistically significant (Fisher value: 0.71). Median 90 day mRS was 1 (95% CI [0.89, 2.11]). The difference between 90 day mRS was not significantly different (Z‐score = ‐1.20; p‐value 0.23).

Conclusions
In our patient cohort, endovascular therapy was safe in medium vessel occlusion and may have more favorable clinical outcomes as illustrated by higher delta NIHSS in the endovascular thrombectomy group. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate our results.
Abstract Number: LBA8 Thin Cut Non‐Contrast Computed Tomography for Periprocedural Planning: Thrombus Burden Assessment Prior to Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Fourcand Farah Y , Amireh Abdallah , Scarpiello Sean , Percival Brigitte , Tabibzadeh Navid , Kirmani Ayman , Mehta Siddhart , Kirmani Jawad F 
Published: April 2023

Introduction
In patients presenting with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), non‐contrast CT (NCCT) and CT angiography (CTA) are used to determine large vessel occlusions (LVO). Using thin‐cut NCCT, hyperdense signs represent thrombus. NCCT provides information on thrombus characteristics such as length and morphology that is not evidenced by CTA. The aim of this study is to determine if hyperdense signs identified on thin‐cut NCCT are a valid tool in periprocedural planning for endovascular thrombectomy (EVT).

Methods
At our comprehensive stroke center, patients presenting with AIS who had thin‐cut NCCT defined as 0.625mm per slice followed by EVT and subsequent High Resolution Photographs (HRPs) of post‐EVT thrombus were identified. High‐resolution photographs were taken by operating physician with adjacent ruler for accurate measurement. Thin‐cut NCCT and associated fully extracted thrombus HRPs were reviewed by two board certified vascular neurologists to determine agreement. Cohen’s K was used to determine kappa inter‐rater agreement. Wilcoxon signed‐rank test was used to determine if significant difference existed between thrombus length and independently measured hyperdense sign. Social science statistics software was used for data analysis.

Results
From January 2019 to December 2021, out of 87 cases where thrombus was extracted after EVT, 57 met inclusion criteria and had associated initial CT head. Mean age was 68.22 (95% CI 64.26, 72.18), and 49% were female (n = 28). Mean thrombus length was 12.49mm (95% CI 10.19, 14.80). Mean hyperdense sign length measured by Interpreter 1 was 12.86mm (95% CI 10.54, 15.18). Mean hyperdense sign length measured by Interpreter 2 was 12.61mm (95% CI 10.40, 14.83). Kappa score was 1. There was no significant difference in thrombus length and Interpreter 1 hyperdense sign (z = 0.99; p‐value 0.317) or Interpreter 2 hyperdense sign (z = ‐0.92; p‐value = 0.36).

Conclusions
Our study suggests that in acute ischemic stroke patients, hyperdense sign on thin‐cut NCCT may be a valid reliable marker of thrombus length and morphology that assists in peri‐procedural planning for mechanical thrombectomy. Larger, prospective studies are needed to validate our results.
Technologies of Decision Support and Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Gunneflo Markus , Noll Gregor 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What does proportionality reasoning mean for decision support in international humanitarian law (ihl)? We first consider contemporary ihl commentaries on proportionality as an analogue form of decision support through a paradigmatic example. Over time, proportionality in ihl has changed from being a rule-specific space for discretionary decision making to a much broader compromise-seeking within boundaries marked by law. Today, proportionality is a master norm in ihl, remaking rules by stealth and enabling the accommodation of novel master technologies as lawful. Artificial Intelligence (ai) support for military decision making is one such master technology that resonates particularly well with the inner structure of proportionality thinking: both build on cost-benefit analysis and engender the quantification of the world through data collection. We analyse how cost-benefit analysis and digitalization and algorithmic processing intersect in the U.S. legal context, to then proliferate into U.S. warfare and decision support systems, and onwards into ihl.
Expressing the Evaluation of Socially Contested Issues through Metaphor: Higher Education Reform
Authors: Cibulskienė Jurga 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Metaphor may express a positive or negative evaluation (Charteris-Black, 2014; Musolff, 2016). The paper aims to study how the predicative function of metaphor is manifested in the discourse of contemporary social concerns. The study was carried out within the framework of Critical Metaphor Analysis (cma), which was employed in order to determine how metaphors reflect attitudes towards higher education reform in Lithuania. The results show that the concept quality is understood as an object and evaluated through bipolar oppositions where the first element of the opposition is positively connoted while the second acquires a negative connotation. The evaluation of the concept reform is carried out through the source domains of movement, living being, object and conflict and is based on whether metaphors are used by the proponents of the reform or by the opposition.
A Radical Embodied Characterization of German Modal Constructions
Authors: Torres-Martínez Sergio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper starts out from a radical embodied analysis of German modals. The merit of this proposal is that it provides a framework for the conceptualization of these constructions as part of a broader continuity between perception, memory and consciousness. According to the interpretation and defense of this view offered here, I will argue that modal events in German are constructed as instances of the embodied information encoded by specific constructional attachment patterns. The results of the corpus study in the latter part of the paper reveal that syntactic content (rather than lexical information alone) is crucial for the reduction of both surprise and entropy, as it reflects cognitive processes associated with affordance mapping and the speakers’ need to increase epistemic capital. This shows that humans make use of stored perceptual maps, the combination of which allows us to construct and manipulate complex event representations.
A Cognitivist Approach to I promise and I guarantee Constructions
Authors: Kwon Iksoo , Jung Hanbeom , Kwon A Young , Kang Ji-in 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper compares the constructional and functional properties of I promise (you) + X and I guarantee (you) + X constructions, whose construal revolves around the speaker’s commitment to making a situation happen and/or to vouching for the validity of the embedded clause X. Taking a usage-based perspective, it analyzes 563 spoken tokens of I promise constructions and 398 tokens of I guarantee constructions from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (coca). Three types of construals were identified: commissive, epistemic modal, or both. While the I promise construction can have any of the three, the I guarantee construction never has the commissive construal alone. Working within mental-spaces theory, this paper contends that the speaker’s commitment to the occurrence of the focal situation is necessarily involved in the default conceptualization of I promise constructions, but not of the other. The frequency data indicate that the distinctive conceptual structures motivate their functional distributions.
Relations across Cognitive Faculties: An Addition to the Taxonomy of Cognitive Semantics
Authors: Talmy Leonard 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Language is often approached as a self-contained system, one with its own specifically linguistic elements of organization, generally independent of other systems in cognition. But by the analysis here, language shares parts of its organization with other systems in cognition and could not function without their participation. For this analysis, cognition is heuristically divided into a number of cognitive faculties, each judged to perform some integrated function. Some faculties, including language, are treated as “cognitive systems” and others as “cognitive organizers”. Language is examined both in its evolutionary relation to other faculties and as an interface among them.
Posthumous Selves
Authors: Binetti Roberto 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The self-elegy is considered a hyper-literary genre which provides the readers with a self-portrait of the poets, while also discussing their own poetics and literary works. This article aims to re-map the genre of self-elegiac writing in contemporary Italy by focusing on two recently published collections: Patrizia Cavalli’s Vita meravigliosa (2020) and Biancamaria Frabotta’s Nessuno veda nessuno (2022). Both collections play with the genre of self-elegiac writing by trying to redefine its boundaries: first, both authors problematize the gender perspective intrinsic to the elegy; second, Cavalli and Frabotta delve into some of the canonical references and the structure of the elegiac genre; third, they insert their elegiac discourse within a global literary community.
Discovery of the mechanism of n-propylparaben-promoting the proliferation of human breast adenocarcinoma cells by activating human estrogen receptors via metabolomics analysis
Authors: Chen Yunxia , Zhao Chan , Zheng Jun , Su Ning , Ji Hainan 
Published: April 2023

Background N-propylparaben (PP), a type of paraben, is commonly used as a preservative or antibacterial agent in daily chemicals, medicine, food, cosmetics, feed, and various industrial preservatives. Although PP promotes the growth of human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) cells by activating the human estrogen receptor (ER), the mechanism responsible for this type of programmed cell proliferation is poorly understood. Objective To clarify the effect of PP on cell metabolic function and the potential molecular mechanism of PP induced MCF-7 cell proliferation from a new perspective. Methods To use high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics combined with bioinformatics analysis to analyze the molecular mechanism. Results The results illustrated that differential endogenous compounds related to the effects of PP on cell metabolic functions were detected. PP was found to promote glycolysis in MCF-7 cells and enhance the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) in mitochondria, thus improving the energy supply to these tumor cells for metabolic function and promotion of rapid proliferation. Moreover, we found that PP promoted cell proliferation by affecting the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway of MCF-7 cells. Conclusion Our results revealed the molecular mechanism of low concentration PP promoting MCF-7 cell proliferation by activating ER.
Finding the (biomarker-defined) subgroup of patients who benefit from a novel therapy: No time for a game of hide and seek
Authors: McShane Lisa Meier , Rothmann Mark D , Fleming Thomas R 
Published: April 2023

An important element of precision medicine is the ability to identify, for a specific therapy, those patients for whom benefits of that therapy meaningfully exceed the risks. To achieve this goal, treatment effect usually is examined across subgroups defined by a variety of factors, including demographic, clinical, or pathologic characteristics or by molecular attributes of patients or their disease. Frequently such subgroups are defined by the measurement of biomarkers. Even though such examination is necessary when pursuing this goal, the evaluation of treatment effect across a variety of subgroups is statistically fraught due to both the danger of inflated false-positive error rate from multiple testing and the inherent insensitivity to how treatment effects differ across subgroups. Pre-specification of subgroup analyses with appropriate control of false-positive (i.e. type I) error is recommended when possible. However, when subgroups are specified by biomarkers, which could be measured by different assays and might lack established interpretation criteria, such as cut-offs, it might not be possible to fully specify those subgroups at the time a new therapy is ready for definitive evaluation in a Phase 3 trial. In these situations, further refinement and evaluation of treatment effect in biomarker-defined subgroups might have to take place within the trial. A common scenario is that evidence suggests that treatment effect is a monotone function of a biomarker value, but optimal cut-offs for therapy decisions are not known. In this setting, hierarchical testing strategies are widely used, where testing is first conducted in a particular biomarker-positive subgroup and then is conducted in the expanded pool of biomarker-positive and biomarker-negative patients, with control for multiple testing. A serious limitation of this approach is the logical inconsistency of excluding the biomarker-negatives when evaluating effects in the biomarker-positives, yet allowing the biomarker-positives to drive the assessment of whether a conclusion of benefit could be extrapolated to the biomarker-negative subgroup. Examples from oncology and cardiology are described to illustrate the challenges and pitfalls. Recommendations are provided for statistically valid and logically consistent subgroup testing in these scenarios as alternatives to reliance on hierarchical testing alone, and approaches for exploratory assessment of continuous biomarkers as treatment effect modifiers are discussed.
Characterization of the Rhizosphere Bacterial Microbiome and Coffee Bean Fermentation in the Castillo-Tambo and Bourbon Varieties in the Popayán-Colombia Plateau
Authors: Pino Andrés Felipe Solis , Espinosa Zuly Yuliana Delgado , Cabrera Efren Venancio Ramos 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background
The microbial biodiversity and the role of microorganisms in the fermentation of washed coffee in Colombia were investigated using the Bourbon and Castillo coffee varieties. DNA sequencing was used to evaluate the soil microbial biota and their contribution to fermentation. The potential benefits of these microorganisms were analyzed, including increased productivity and the need to understand the rhizospheric bacterial species to optimize these benefits.

Methods
This study used coffee beans for DNA extraction and 16 S rRNA sequencing. The beans were pulped, samples were stored at 4ºC, and the fermentation process was at 19.5ºC and 24ºC. The fermented mucilage and root-soil samples were collected in duplicate at 0, 12, and 24 h. DNA was extracted from the samples at a concentration of 20 ng/µl per sample, and the data obtained were analyzed using the Mothur platform.

Results
The study demonstrates that the coffee rhizosphere is a diverse ecosystem composed primarily of microorganisms that cannot be cultured in the laboratory. This suggests that the microbial community may vary depending on the coffee variety and play an essential role in fermentation and overall coffee quality.

Conclusions
The study highlights the importance of understanding and optimizing the microbial diversity in coffee production, which could have implications for the sustainability and success of coffee production. DNA sequencing techniques can help characterize the structure of the soil microbial biota and evaluate its contribution to coffee fermentation. Finally, further research is needed to fully understand the biodiversity of coffee rhizospheric bacteria and their role.