bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Humoral Immunity in Mice Infected with Attenuated Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Howard R. J. , Craig C. P. , Trevino G. S. , Dougherty S. F. , Mergenhagen S. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) infection increased the antibody response to human γ globulin (HGG) in adult Balb/c mice. Mice infected 1 or 11 days before but not 29 days before immunization with 1 mg HGG showed increased rates of elimination of 131I-HGG and elevated hemagglutination titers to HGG. In addition, VEE infection prevented the induction of tolerance to HGG and converted a tolerance-inducing stimulus into an immunizing stimulus. However, VEE infection did not prolong the survival of skin allografts across weak or strong histocompatibility barriers.
Two to 6 days after infection, mice showed increased rates of clearance of colloidal carbon. This may have been related to the proliferation of reticuloendothelial cells, since VEE infection caused a proliferation of these cells in germfree mice. In addition, germfree mice infected with VEE had increased spleen weights, and germinal centers appeared in histologic sections of spleens. Increased γ globulin concentrations were seen in the sera of infected germfree mice, which could be attributed only partially to antivirus antibody. Thus, VEE behaves as an adjuvant for humoral antibody responses.
Spontaneous Thyroiditis in the Obese Strain of Chickens
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Kite Joseph H. , Wick Georg , Cole Randall K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic findings in the Obese Strain (OS) of chickens are described. This strain was obtained by selective breeding of individual OS chickens which comprised less than 1% of the original flock of the Cornell C-strain. At the present state of breeding about 80% to 90% of the individual chickens exhibit the OS characteristics. Tanned red blood cells from chicken, sheep and human coated with chicken thyroid extract are agglutinated by the majority of sera of OS chickens to various titers. Only chicken thyroid extract and no other chicken organ extract is capable of inhibiting the reaction. On the other hand, cells coated with human thyroid extract are essentially negative, showing the species-specificity of the chicken thyroglobulin antibodies. Precipitins can be easily demonstrated in the sera of OS chickens. By both methods (indirect hemagglutination and precipitation) the autoantibody nature of the thyroglobulin antibody can be demonstrated using thyroid material from the antibody-producing chicken itself. Upon sucrose gradient fractionation of OS chicken serum the highest hemagglutination titer appeared in the lighter antibody fraction and a lower one in the heavier antibody region.
Varying Specificity of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Sera for Histone Fractions and a Periodatesensitive Antigen Associated with Histone
Authors: Stollar B. David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) sera reacted with free histones and showed varying selectivity for the histone fractions. Two sera were primarily reactive with F1 histone and one with F2a. Another serum appeared to react specifically with F2a2 histone, but the antigen which reacted with this serum was inactivated by periodate and was removed from the histone by electrophoresis. A fifth serum, which did not react with free DNA or free histone, reacted with histone-DNA complexes, but only when they were formed with the F2a2 histone; this component of histone antigen remained active after exposure to periodate and was recovered with homogeneous F2a2 protein on preparative electrophoresis. The sera also varied in their relative reactivities with free histone and nucleoprotein.
Myeloma Proteins with Anti-Hapten Antibody Activity: ε-2, 4-Dinitrophenyl Lysine Binding by the Protein Produced by Mouse Plasmacytoma MOPC-460
Authors: Jaffe Bernard M. , Eisen Herman N. , Simms Ernest S. , Potter Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Approximately 5% to 10% of mouse myeloma proteins react selectively with nitrophenyl ligands (1, 2), and nearly all of the reactive proteins are IgA immunoglobulins. Comparison of the binding properties and structural features of these proteins is therefore of some interest. The protein produced by mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-315 was previously shown to bind ε-DNP-l-lysine with an affinity (intrinsic equilibrium association constant) of 1 to 2 × 107 M-1 (1). In this preliminary study we show that another A-myeloma protein, produced by mouse plasmacytoma MOPC-460, has a markedly different affinity for the same ligand.
MOPC-460 was induced in an inbred, pedigreed Balb/c An N mouse by three intraperitoneal injections of mineral oil (Bayol F, Humble Oil and Refining Co., Bayonne, N. J.) (3). The tumor was maintained in serial transplant by subcutaneous passage every 4 weeks. Pooled sera, obtained by cardiac puncture of mice with large tumors, were stored at -20°C.
A Small Molecular Weight Permeability Factor in Guinea Pig Serum: Adsorption to Antigen-Antibody Aggregates
Authors: Movat Henry Z. , Treloar Mary P. , Takeuchi Yuko 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The plasma kinin system is readily activated in vitro by glass and other surface active agents (1, 2). Davies and Lowe (3, 4) showed that in addition to anaphylatoxin a permeability factor, which is not suppressed by antihistamine, is activated when serum is incubated with immune precipitates. They demonstrated the possible role of complement in the generation of this factor (designated Pf/P), but failed to show its relationship to any known chemical mediator. We have presented evidence that guinea pig, rabbit and human serum can be activated by immune aggregates (5), and that such serum contains at least two distinct kinin-forming enzymes in addition to other permeability factors, presumably activators (6, 7). Activation of the kinin system by antigen-antibody complexes is of interest because it may have in vivo significance.
We have further investigated the properties of the vascular permeability enhancing material that becomes adsorbed on the immune aggregates.
Structural Localization of Isotypic Markers on Mouse Myeloma γG Globulins
Authors: Medgyesi G. A. , Gorini G. , Doria G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to the papain-sensitive antigenic determinants of mouse myeloma γG globulins were produced in guinea pigs. These antibodies could be used to identify isotypic markers on globulins of different subclasses. Immunochemical analyses of globulin fragments obtained by different proteolytic enzymes indicated that amino acid residues located both near to the site of papain cleavage and on the Fc participate in the expression of the papain-sensitive antigenic determinants.
Communications
Authors: Wang A. C. , Goodman J. W. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The N-terminal residue on the heavy chains of five human IgA myeloma proteins was determined. Three of these heavy chains had PCA at their N-terminal end while the other two had flee N-terminal amino groups. The presence or absence of PCA at the N-terminal position of the a chain was not correlated with any of the following characteristics of the IgA molecules: a) antigenic subclass of the a chains; b) inherited anti-genic determinant of a chains, the so called Am(l) factor; and c) class of light chain associated with the a chain in the intact IgA molecule.
The Use of Egg Albumin Conjugates for the Purification of Antibody
Authors: Szafran Halina , Beiser Sam M. , Erlanger Bernard F. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A simple procedure is described for obtaining purified anti-hapten antibodies in good yield. The hapten was coupled to egg albumin in solution and the resulting heavily substituted conjugate was rendered insoluble by boiling in solution at pH 4.5. The insoluble product was used as an immunoabsorbent, the purified antibody being recovered by displacement with hapten.
An Active Interferon Inducer Obtained from Hemophilus Influenzae Type B
Authors: De Clercq Erik , Merigan Thomas C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An extract was prepared from Hemophilus influenzae type b which induced significant interferon production both in vitro (human skin fibroblasts) and in vivo (mice). When compared to the endotoxin of Salmonella enteritidis the H. influenzae extract was 10 times more active in inducing interferon in human cells, 10,000 times more active in inducing cellular resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus in human cells and 300 to 1000 times less toxic in inducing lethality in mice and dermotoxicity in rabbits. The antiviral activity of the extract was not affected by ribonuclease, deoxyribonuclease or trypsin but was partially reduced by incubation at 25°C or 37°C. The chemical structure of the active substance of the H. influenzae extract has yet to be defined.
Studies on the Polylysine Immune Responder Gene. The Rank Order of Immunogenicity of Dinitrophenyl Conjugates of Basic Homopolyamino Acids in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Levine Bernard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The poly-l-lysine (PLL) gene appears to control an “antigen-processing step” permitting responder guinea pigs to make immune responses to hapten-PLL conjugates. This paper reports the finding of a rank order of immunogenicity of dinitrophenyl (DNP) conjugates of basic homopolyamino acids: poly-l-lysine τ; poly-l-arginine τ; poly-l-homarginine τ; poly-l-ornithine in both antibody formation and delayed hypersensitivity in responder guinea pigs. A similar rank order was observed for the hydrolysis of these conjugates by crystalline trypsin, except that polyarginine was hydrolyzed slightly faster than was polylysine. Complexing the ornithine and homarginine conjugates to bovine serum albumin considerably increased their immunogenicity. These data indicate that the same gene controls the immunogenicity of all four basic polyamino acids. The data suggest the hypothesis that the above rank order may reflect the specificity of interaction of these conjugates with the PLL gene-product.
Identification and Genetic Control of two Rabbit Immunoglobulin Allotypes at a Second Light Chain Locus, the c Locus
Authors: Gilman-Sachs Alice , Mage Rose G. , Young Glendowlyn O. , Alexander Cornelius , Dray Sheldon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cross immunization of rabbits of different strains with IgG of varying electrophoretic mobility resulted in production of two precipitating allo-antibodies, which identified two IgG immunoglobulin light chain allotypes, c7 and c21. The c7 and c21 allotypes segregate as if controlled by allelic genes; however, progeny data of a few families suggest that the genes may instead be closely linked, i.e., pseudoalleles. The b and c light chain loci of immunoglobulins are not closely linked. The c locus is not linked to other immunoglobulin loci, i.e., the a heavy chain or f Ig A loci, nor to other serum protein loci, the Lpq low density lipoprotein and the Mtz α2 macroglobulin loci.
Lymphoid Precursors: Thymus Independent Antibody Production
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Herzenberg Leonard A. , Gibbs Priscilla R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymectomized and nonoperated adult mice were lethally irradiated and given liver cells from embryos of various ages. The resultant chimeras were hyperimmunized with sheep erythrocytes, and cell suspensions from their spleens were used in a hemolytic plaque assay employing specific anti-allotype antisera as developing agents in order to distinguish between cells producing host and donor-type γG2a (7S) antibodies. It was found that lymphiod stem cells taken from embryos as early as the 10th day of gestation (i.e., before the appearance of the thymic rudiment) were able to produce γG2a anti-SRBC antibodies in thymectomized hosts. The number of donortype “developed” plaques found in the spleens of thymectomized hosts was approximately one-tenth that found in their nonoperated controls.
Sensitization of the hosts to SRBC before irradiation and the transfer of embryonic liver cells did not increase the number of donor-type PFC.
The Effects of Heterologous Antithymocyte Sera in Mice
Authors: Mandel Mark A. , DeCosse Jerome J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The inoculation of Balb/c mice with 5 × 104 MPC 37 plasma cell tumor cells resulted in death of the animals in 8 to 9 weeks. Treatment of these mice with a single 0.5-ml dose of antithymocyte serum on the day of tumor inoculation resulted in an accelerated rate of tumor growth and death of all animals within 5 weeks. This rapid tumor growth effect was noted even when ATS was given 3 days prior to tumor inoculation. When mice given antithymocyte serum were injected intravenously 2 days later with 7.5 × 107 syngeneic adult spleen cells, a partial reversal of the rapid tumor growth was noted. Critical considerations in this reconstitution were the timing of the injection and number of cells administered. When tumor cells were incubated in ATS prior to their inoculation into mice, accelerated tumor growth did not result. These findings were corroborated by similar experiments carried out with a second tumor, MOPC 104E.
The relationship between tumor size and host serum γ2b immunoglobulin level was constant in mice that received tumor alone, tumor and ATS, and tumor, ATS, and then syngeneic spleen cells. Thus, treatment of the host did not seem to alter the functional capability of the tumor.
The accelerated tumor growth rate found in mice treated with ATS appears to be due to the immunosuppressive effects of this antiserum. A potential hazard of ATS is, therefore, that it lowers the ability of the host to cope with oncogenic challenges.
Enzyme Activation by Antibody
Authors: Suzuki T. , Pelichová H. , Cinader B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera to bovine pancreatic ribonuclease were fractionated on columns of DEAE Sephadex A-50 and the fractions were characterized by allotype content, electrophoretic mobility, the heterogeneity of heavy chains and the effect on enzyme activity.
Neutralizing antisera contained fractions which augmented ribonuclease activity in the presence of cyclic cytidylic or cyclic uridylic acid as substrate, but not in the presence of nucleic acid. Such antibodies were contained in a fraction P1 which could be separated as the first eluate from DEAE Sephadex A-50 and freed of small quantities of inhibiting antibody by rechromatography. The resulting fraction P1′ was less heterogeneous than other fractions and its heavy chains had unique mobilities and showed a minimal tendency to polymerize.
The properties of these activating antibodies differed from those previously obtained by immunization with polyalanine-polytyrosine ribonuclease. Some other fractions, all more heterogeneous than P1, also showed neutralization properties which differed from those found with unfractionated antisera. This was particularly marked with fractions P3–P6, which gave an initial decrease in enzyme activity as a function of increasing levels of antibody, and a secondary increase in enzyme activity with yet higher antibody concentrations.
Antiphagocytic Effects of Staphylococcal Protein A
Authors: Dossett John H. , Kronvall Göran , Williams Ralph C. , Quie Paul G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strains of Staphylococcus aureus possessing large amounts of protein A tended to resist phagocytosis more than strains that contain lesser amounts or none of this protein. Protein A extracted from S. aureus inhibited phagocytosis of both S. aureus and Escherichia coli in in vitro phagocytosis systems. The antiphagocytic effect was produced by nonspecific reaction of protein A with the Fc piece of γG globulin.
Effect of Disodium Cromoglycate on Certain Passive Cutaneous Anaphylactic Reactions
Authors: Lopez Manuel , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Disodium cromoglycate, in certain doses, completely inhibited the 48-hr PCA reaction in the rat prepared with homoeytotropic antibody and partially inhibited the 4-hr PCA reaction in rats prepared with IgGa antibodies. It is suggested that disodium cromoglyeate may inhibit the immunologic release of histamine and serotonin from rat mast cells regardless of the immunoglobulin class of the antibodies involved.
A Model for the Interaction of Cell Types in the Generation of Hemolytic Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Groves D. L. , Lever W. E. , Makinodan T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of limiting-dilution and dose-response experiments involving the primary immune response of dispersed mouse spleen cells in Millipore diffusion chambers are presented. Sheep erythrocytes were employed as antigen and the immune response assessed by the enumeration of hemolytic plaque-forming cells using the classical Jerne technique. Limiting-dilution analysis demonstrated that the number of “response units” involved in initiating the immune response was a linear function of the spleen cell dose. The frequency of these response units in the antigen-stimulated spleen cell population was also estimated. Logarithmic dose-response curves dealing with the magnitude of the immune response as a function of spleen cell dose were found to be biphasic. At low doses of spleen cells the magnitude of the response was a nonlinear function of the cell dose, but this relationship abruptly became linear at higher spleen cell doses. A stochastic model for the initiation of the immune response based on the interaction of two cell types is proposed and this model is compatible with the findings of both limiting-dilution analysis and dose-response experiments. This model suggests that a response unit is formed by the multiplicative interaction of precursors of antibody-forming cells with antigen-reactive cells, the former cells becoming transformed into antibody-forming cells through such an interaction. That is, an individual antigen-reactive cell is able to interact with and influence the transformation of more than one precursor cell and the number of precursor cells transformed per antigen-reactive cell is a function of the spleen cell dose.
The Immunochemistry of Immune Tolerance
Authors: Baer Harold , Dawson Charles R. , Byck Joseph S. , Kurtz A. Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune tolerance was induced in guinea pigs to pentadecylcatechol and to cyclohexylmethylcatechol when oil solutions were injected subcutaneously. Structural features of these molecules associated with the induction and specificity of delayed contact sensitivity were operative in the induction and specificity of immune tolerance. These factors include the size and shape of the hydrocarbon side-chain which determine specificity, the presence of unsubstituted ring hydroxyl groups that permit quinone formation, and the availability of ring positions to permit coupling. Serum antibody could be found only occasionally either in sensitive or tolerant animals.
Chemical Modification of Human and Rabbit Antistaphylococcal γG Antibodies: Effect of Acetylation, Carbamylation and Amidination on Opsonic Activity
Authors: Messner R. P. , Parker C. W. , Williams R. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Opsonically active γG-globulins isolated from five patients with staphylococcal subacute bacterial endocarditis and two hyperimmunized rabbits were subjected to acetylation, carbamylation and amidination to determine if substitution of chemical groups in the γG molecule would result in loss of opsonic activity. The degree of chemical substitution was monitored by the ninhydrin reaction. In vitro opsonic capacity of all γG preparations tested decreased with progressive acetylation or carbamylation. No preparations were opsonically active after substitution of 50% of the free amino groups. The ability of the antibodies to react with staphylococcal antigens was not significantly diminished by these treatments. Both acetylation and carbamylation produced a marked increase in the net negative charge of γG globulin and significantly altered antigenic determinants of both light and heavy chains. Limited alteration of γG opsonins was obtained with ethylacetimidate which substitutes only at α and ε amino groups. Amidination of up to 87% of the free amino groups did not alter the charge of the γG preparations and resulted in only minor changes in antigenic determinants of the light and heavy chains. The ability of the antibody to combine with staphylococcal antigens was retained. The opsonic capacity of human γG was abolished by substitution of 65% of the free amino groups. A comparable degree of amidination of rabbit γG globulin had no significant effect on its opsonic activity.
Isolation of Molecules of Restricted Allotype from Antistreptococcal Polysaccharide Antibody
Authors: Rodkey L. Scott , Choi Tat K. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized with pepsin-treated Streptococcus pyogenes, strain C-39. Two of thirty-five rabbits immunized responded with antibodies of limited electrophoretic heterogeneity, as indicated by zone electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing. Both of these rabbits were heterozygous, one at the a locus and the other at the b locus. Antibodies in the major peaks of the isoelectric focusing profile were refocused. The antibodies were then distributed in a very narrow range of isoelectric pH. In each case the protein in the peak had a distribution of allotypic specificities markedly different from that of the IgG of the same serum, with one specificity predominating. When light chains were isolated from the preparation heterozygous at the b locus, and subjected to isoelectric focusing, 99% of the chains in the major peak were of b5 specificity. In contrast, isoelectric focusing and refocusing of nonspecific IgG had no appreciable effect on the distribution of allotypic specificities.
The results provide support for the hypothesis that a substantial portion of certain antipolysaccharide antibody populations may be of monoclonal origin. The data also suggest that the isoelectric focusing technique may be applicable to the isolation of relatively homogeneous antibody populations on a preparative scale.
Macrophage Aggregation in Vitro: A Correlate of Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Lolekha Somsak , Dray Sheldon , Gotoff Samuel P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A macrophage aggregation test which uses peritoneal exudate cell suspensions (PEC) in tubes in the presence of antigen was found to correlate with cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity. Moreover, the supernatant fluids from lymphoid cell cultures from antigen sensitive animals caused aggregation of nonsensitive PEC in the presence of antigen. Thus, antigen leads to the release of a macrophage aggregation factor (MAF) from sensitive lymphoid cells in culture. By serial dilution, the MAF titers were determined for the supernatant fluids of various lymphoid cell cultures.
The Biologic Activities of Guinea Pig Antibodies
Authors: Sandberg Ann L. , Osler Abraham G. , Shin Hyun S. , Oliveira Benedito 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig γ1 immunoglobulins diminish the hemolytic activity in fresh serum when added as preformed immune precipitates. The loss in lytic potency is due primarily to interaction with the late C components beginning with C3. This fixation profile differs from that of the γ2 immunoglobulins which utilize all of the C components, whether they interact with antigen in the presence of C, or are incubated with C as preformed precipitates. Since the γ1 immunoglobulins do not cleave C3 in the presence of EDTA, it is suggested as one alternative, that a metal requiring enzyme other than the C4–C2 convertase may be involved in initiating C utilization by guinea pig γ1 immunoglobulins.