bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionation of Functional Lymphocytes Sensitized to Basic Encephalitogen on Derivatized Collagen and Gelatin Gels
Authors: Webb Cynthia , Teitelbaum Dvora , Rauch Helene , Maoz Arieh , Arnon Ruth , Fuchs Sara 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lymph node cells of basic encephalitogen (BE)-sensitized guinea pigs were fractionated on derivatized collagen and gelatin gels. The population of cells specifically reactive to this antigen can be isolated from derivatized gelatin gels and retain their viability and functionality as assayed in vitro. The specific binding of BE-sensitized cells to BE-derivatized gels comprised between 1 and 2% of the cells applied per plate. The ratio of sensitized cells bound to non-sensitized cells bound ranged between 4 and 6. The viability and functionality of adherent cells detached from collagen gels after enzymatic degradation were impaired. In contrast, the responses obtained with the adherent cell population released from the gelatin gels, by melting at 37°C, were equal or greater than those of the original unfractionated lymph node cell cultures. Furthermore, it was possible to obtain a nonadherent cell population which was virtually completely depleted of the capacity to respond to the sensitizing antigen.
Modulation of Cyclic AMP in Purified Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Sullivan Timothy J. , Parker Keith L. , Eisen Seth A. , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Changes in intracellular and extracellular rat mast cell adenosine 3′:5′ monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations during stimulation of histamine release by 48/80 were studied. There was a rapid and progressive fall in intracellular cAMP beginning within 10 sec after the addition of 48/80. The lowest cAMP values were obtained at 10 min, with return to control levels by 30 min. The fall in cAMP was dose-related with progressive decreases in 10-min cAMP measurements as the 48/80 concentration was increased from 0.25 to 1.00 µg/ml. There was a graded increase in histamine release over the same concentration range. Attempts to demonstrate significant amounts of cAMP in the medium during 48/80 stimulation were unsuccessful, indicating that the changes in cAMP intracellularly are not due to altered cellular permeability. There was a general correlation between the ability of pharmacologic agents to sustain high intracellular levels of cAMP in the presence of 48/80, and inhibition of histamine release. Theophylline (20 mM) which increased cAMP levels 2-3-fold prevented a detectable decrease in cAMP after 1 µg/ml 48/80 (measured at 10 min) and almost completely inhibited histamine release. Prostaglandin E1 (27 µM) also raised cAMP levels, decreased the 48/80-induced fall in cAMP (by 31%), and partially inhibited histamine release (by 42%). Epinephrine increased mast cell cAMP levels, but did not prevent the subsequent 48/80-induced decrease in cAMP and did not inhibit histamine release. Carbamylcholine (1 nM), adenine (1 µM), and diazoxide (10 µM) lowered mast cell cAMP and potentiated 48/80 induced release.
In view of previous studies from this laboratory indicating that 48/80 stimulates mast cell phosphodiesterase, it seems likely that the 48/80-induced fall in cAMP is due, at least in part, to increased cAMP destruction. Since agents which prevent the fall in cAMP inhibit histamine release, it is apparent that cAMP is an important part of the control mechanism of histamine secretion. On the other hand, it cannot be concluded that a decrease in cAMP alone is sufficient to produce a response since carbamylcholine, diazoxide, and adenine which lower cAMP do not alter histamine release unless 48/80 is also present.
The Induction of Delayed Hypersensitivity in Guinea Pigs to Poly U and Poly A:U
Authors: Casavant Conrad H. , Youmans Guy P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were sensitized to poly U and poly A:U so that subsequent stimulation of spleen cells from these immunized animals with poly U and poly A:U resulted in the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF). MIF was also produced when spleen cells from animals immunized with poly A:U were cultured in the presence of mycobacterial RNA or whole viable H37 Ra cells. Negative dermal reactions were observed when guinea pigs immunized with poly A, poly U, or poly A:U were skin tested with these same synthetic nucleotides.
Properties of Conjugated Protein Immunogens Which Selectively Stimulate Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Coon John , Hunter Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
If bovine serum albumin (BSA) is covalently conjugated with dodecanoic acid, its ability to stimulate delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is enhanced whereas its ability to stimulate antibody production is suppressed. Conjugates of BSA prepared with negatively charged succinyl groups and positively charged amidine groups were unable to stimulate any detectable DTH to BSA even though their ability to bind anti-BSA antibody in a radioimmunoassay was similar to that of dodecanoyl-BSA which stimulated strong, sustained DTH. By analyzing a series of conjugates of BSA with fatty acids of varying chain length, we found that the enhancement of the ability of a preparation to stimulate DTH to BSA could be separated from the suppression of its ability to stimulate antibody formation. The ability of a preparation to stimulate DTH correlated with the covalent conjugation of a large number of hydrophobic groups whereas the suppression of the ability to stimulate antibody formation correlated with covering of antibody-combining sites as measured in a radioimmunoassay.
Preparation and Characterization of Rabbit IgG Fractions
Authors: Schlamowitz Max , Kaplan Morris , Shaw Anita R. , Tsay David D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit IgG has been purified and further fractionated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography to yield three fractions, Fr-I, -II and -III-1 that span a broad range in the heterogeneous molecular population of IgG. Immunodiffusion established that these fractions are free from contamination by IgA, IgM, transferrin, and hemopexin. The three fractions were assayed for neutral hexose and sialic acid; Fr-III-1 and Fr-I yielded the highest and lowest values for these components, respectively. The order of elution from DEAE-cellulose and the electrophoretic mobilities of the fractions correlate with their content of sialic acid. Digestion of Fr-I with papain is much more rapid and complete than that of Fr-III-1. Treatment with neuraminidase to remove sialic acid from each fraction does not affect the comparative susceptibility to digestion by papain. The fractions can also be distinguished by the relative amounts of H-L half molecules and H chains formed under identical conditions of reduction with cysteine and by differences in their ability to bind with IgG receptors on the fetal rabbit yolk sac membrane.
The results are discussed in the context of the structures of IgG in the heterogeneous population of molecules and the possible relation to the oligosaccharide moieties of the IgG molecules in that population.
Alkaline Phosphatase in Differentiating Guinea Pig Thymocytes: An Ultracytochemical Study
Authors: Ruuskanen Olli J. , Pelliniemi Lauri J. , Kouvalainen Kauko E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alkaline phosphatase (AP) was demonstrated ultracytochemically on the cell membrane of guinea pig thymocytes. AP usually covers the whole cell surface. In a small subpopulation of thymocytes the cell membrane is totally AP-negative. These cells are located by light microscopy in the thymic medulla and have been shown previously to possess the migratory properties of mature thymocytes. This AP-negative subpopulation most probably represents the T cell population in the thymic medulla. No distinct morphologic differences could be observed between these AP-positive and AP-negative thymocytes. Additionally, a small AP-negative cell population with characteristics of immature lymphoid cells was noted. These lymphoid cells, which are seen more numerously in the fetal thymus, might represent the differentiating stem cells in the guinea pig thymus.
Cell Surface Immunoglobulin. XIII. Distribution of IgM and IgD-Like Molecules on Small and Large Cells of Mouse Spleen
Authors: Goodman S. A. , Vitetta Ellen S. , Melcher Ulrich , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The distribution among murine spleen cells of a newly described class of surface immunoglobulin (Ig) with properties similar to human IgD was studied. Splenocytes were separated on the basis of size and the surface Ig on large cells (sedimenting faster than 6 mm/hr in a 1 × G velocity gradient) and small cells (sedimenting between 2.5 and 3.0 mm/hr) was analyzed. Spleen cells from young animals had virtually only IgM on the large cells but had substantial amounts of IgM and the IgD-like molecule (IgD) on small cells. Spleen cells from older animals, which have larger amounts of IgD, had IgM and IgD on both cell types; however, the amount of IgD relative to IgM on the large cells was always substantially less than that on the small ones. These observations taken together with those of other investigators support the hypothesis that a large lymphocyte with surface IgM is the precursor of a small lymphocyte with both surface IgM and IgD.
Immunochemical and Chemical Studies on Streptococcal Group-Specific Carbohydrates
Authors: Coligan John E. , Schnute William C. , Kindt Thomas J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Structural studies on the carbohydrates of Groups A, C, and A-variant (AV) streptococci have utilized periodate oxidation, permethylation analysis, and immunochemical comparison of intact and periodate-oxidized polysaccharides. The data indicate that a similar 1,2- and 1,3-linked rhamnose chain is present in both the A and AV carbohydrates. The group A carbohydrate contains in addition N-acetylglucosamine residues at nonreducing terminals, whereas the AV is a homopolymer of rhamnose. There is some evidence that Group C carbohydrate contains the same rhamnose chain, but structural comparisons to the A and AV carbohydrates are complicated by the presence of intrachain N-acetylgalactosamine residues. Periodate oxidation and permethylation analysis show that while approximately 50% of the N-acetylgalactosamine of the Group C carbohydrate occupies terminal positions, the remainder is present as 1,3-linked units. Removal of the nonreducing terminal hexosamine units from the Group A carbohydrate by periodate treatment significantly enhanced its cross-reactivity with AV antiserum, whereas no enhancement was observed after similar treatment of the Group G carbohydrate. The data indicate the presence of an α-1,3-linked N-acetylgalactosamine disaccharide at the nonreducing terminal of the Group C carbohydrate.
Control of Proliferation in Mitogen Responsive Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes: Restimulation of Cells Stimulated by Sodium Periodate
Authors: Norin Allen J. , Strauss Bernard S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood lymphocytes are stimulated to a greater extent by sodium periodate when cells are incubated in medium containing human serum than when incubated in medium with fetal calf serum. NaIO4 stimulation can be reversed by treatment with sodium borohydride but cells already committed to division are not affected by borohydride treatment. Maximal commitment to DNA synthesis of a NaIO4 oxidized cell suspension occurs after about 28 hr of incubation in medium. The committal time after periodate stimulation is identical to that after stimulation with concanavalin A. Cells treated with periodate and then reduced with borohydride immediately after oxidation are refractory to further periodate stimulation. Cells stimulated with periodate and then incubated for 6 hr before treatment with borohydride can be restimulated with periodate, indicating a turnover of membrane sites in the 6 hr period. Periodate-stimulated cells divide only once in response to the stimulation. The progeny of cells which were stimulated with periodate can be restimulated by treatment with either periodate or concanavalin A.
The Mechanism of Basophil Histamine Release Induced by Antigen and by the Calcium Ionophore A23187
Authors: Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism of human basophil histamine release by the calcium ionophore A23187 has been compared to that induced by the interaction of antigen with cell bound IgE antibody. Ionophore induced histamine release (Ion. H.R.) occurs with the leukocytes of both normal and allergic donors. It is completely calcium dependent; LaCl3 inhibits both Ion. H.R. and antigen induced histamine release (Ag. H.R.) at about 10-7 M. The kinetics of Ion. H. R. suggest that this process has no “desensitization” phase as does Ag. H.R. and the ionophore is fully active on antigen-desensitized cells. Pharmacologic studies indicate that dibutyryl cyclic AMP and agents which increase endogenous cyclic AMP levels do not inhibit Ion. H.R. as they inhibit the early stages of Ag. H.R. Of the agents which affect microtubules, colchicine inhibits and D2O enhances Ion. H.R. in a manner which is qualitatively similar but quantitatively less marked than their effects on Ag. H.R. The metabolic antagonist 2-deoxyglucose inhibits both Ion. H.R. and Ag. H.R. in a similar fashion. Based on these data and the observation that cells pretreated with ionophore show a marked (synergistic) enhancement of Ag. H.R. we conclude that Ion. H.R. has a similar or identical mechanism to the later stages of Ag. H.R. but “short circuits” the cyclic AMP-associated events of Ag. H.R.
Rejection of Mammary Adenocarcinoma Cell Tumors in DBA/2 Mice Immunocompromised by Thymectomy and Treatment with Antithymocyte Serum
Authors: Likhite Vilas V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Syngeneic mammary adenocarcinoma cells were mixed with killed Corynebacterium parvum organisms and were then transplanted subcutaneously into groups of normal and immunocompromised mice. The tumors formed at the site of injection exhibited normal growth for approximately 12 days followed by rapid and lasting rejection in both normal and immunocompromised animals. The control mice were protected against reinjections of 104 to 108 cells of the same line of tumor cells. The immunocompromised mice exhibited protection to reinjection of 104 cells of the tumor line initially employed. Microscopic examination of histologic sections of 10-day-old tumors in immunocompromised mice arising from administration of tumor cells and C. parvum mixtures revealed infiltration of only macrophages whereas those from normal animals exhibited both macro-phages and lymphocytes. The data suggested that primary rejection of these tumors in immunocompromised mice may be the result of macrophage activity together with humoral immunity. These studies also revealed that 59 to 75% of immunocompromised mice exhibit protection against reinjection of the same line of tumor cells if twice-weekly treatment (i.p.) with killed C. parvum was included after inoculation of tumor cells mixed with C. parvum vaccine. These mice, unlike their saline-treated peers, exhibit delayed hypersensitivity reactions which are associated with proliferation of θ antigen-bearing lymphocytes. They also have intact tumor-directed humoral immune reactions.
Biologic Significance of Disulfide Bonds in Human IgE Molecules
Authors: Takatsu Kiyoshi , Ishizaka Teruko , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
E myeloma protein, PS, was reduced in different concentrations of dithiothreitol (DTT) for 1 hr followed by alkylation with 14C-iodoacetamide. The affinity of the reduced-alkylated molecules for target cells was evaluated by their ability 1) to sensitize primate skin in a reversed P-K reaction, 2) to sensitize human basophils in a reversed-type histamine release and 3) to block passive sensitization with reaginic antibody. Antibody-ε0 antibody was employed for reversed type reactions to avoid participation of cellbound normal IgE in the reactions. The sensitizing activity of IgE did not change following reduction in 1 mM DTT, which split inter-heavy-light chain disulfide bond. The activity of IgE significantly diminished after reduction in 2 mM DTT followed by alkylation. This treatment resulted in the cleavage of two intra-ε-chain disulfide bonds, which are present between the hinge and the Fd portion of the molecules. The reduced-alkylated protein was capable of sensitizing primate skin and human basophils, however, a much higher concentration of the reduced-alkylated protein than the native protein was required for passive sensitization. The optimal sensitization period for the reversed P-K reaction was 3 hr with the reduced-alkylated protein. The protein had the ability to block passive sensitization with reaginic antibody. The reduced-alkylated protein and the native protein were labeled with 125I, and binding of these proteins with human basophils was examined by autoradiography. The results showed that affinity of the reduced-alkylated protein for basophils was less than that of native protein. Since the disulfide bonds split by 2 mM DTT were not included in the Fc portion of the molecule, the Fc fragment was obtained from the reduced-alkylated protein and was tested for affinity for basophils. It was found that the Fc fragment had higher affinity than the reduced-alkylated protein. Recovery of the affinity by papain digestion strongly suggested that cleavage of disulfide bonds in the Fab portion of the molecules induced conformational changes in the Fc portion which is involved in binding to the target cells. Reduction of IgE with 10 mM DTT followed by alkylation resulted in cleavage of 5 disulfide bonds, which is accompanied by a loss of both sensitizing and blocking activities. The fifth disulfide bond which was cleaved by 10 mM DTT, but not by 2 mM DTT, appears to be an inter-heavy chain disulfide bond in the Fc portion of the ε-chains. Neither ε1 nor ε2 determinants in the Fc portion of ε-chains were degraded by this treatment.
Studies on Leukocyte Migration Inhibition: The Role of E Rosette-Forming Cells in Specific Antigen-Induced Inhibition of Migration
Authors: Fimmel Peter J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The role of E rosette-forming cells in leukocyte migration inhibition was investigated with human buffy coat cells fractionated by combined E rosette formation and Ficoll-Hypaque (FH) density gradient centrifugation. The migration of unfractionated dextran-sedimented leukocytes and FH-separated mononuclear cells (MN) were equally inhibited in the presence of Escherichia coli somatic antigen (E. coli), purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) and influenza virus antigen (Flu). Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) separated from whole leukocytes by one FH density gradient fractionation contained &gt; 1.0% E rosette-forming cells and were inhibited by E. coli and PPD. PMN submitted to three transits of FH (DF III) contained ≤ 0.02% E rosette forming cells and were unaffected by each of the three antigens. The migration of mixtures of 10% MN and 90% DF III cells were inhibited in the presence of specific antigen, while MN depleted of E rosette forming cells (≤ 0.5%) pooled with equal numbers of DF III cells did not respond to any antigen by migration inhibition. These results show that PMN purified by three transits of FH are unable to respond to specific antigen by inhibition of migration from microcapillary tubes, and specific antigen-induced inhibition of migration of peripheral blood leukocytes does not occur in the absence of E rosette-forming cells in normal subjects.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Bubbers J. Eric , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The lysis of DBA/2 mastocytoma cells (P815) by alloimmune C57BL/6 thymus-derived lymphocytes was inhibited by cytochalasin A (CA) and cytochalasin B (CB). Although CB prevented incorporation of glucose into lymphocytes, the effector cell susceptibility to the drug was independent of the hexose content of the culture medium. Indeed, cytolysis occurred in the absence of exogenous hexose. Furthermore CA which, like CB, inhibited the adsorption of effector spleen cell populations onto homologous allogeneic monolayers and prevented the migratory movement of lymphoid cells did so without affecting incorporation of glucose into lymphocytes.
These findings suggest that the inhibition of cytolysis by CA and CB is mediated by common inhibitory effects on membrane mobility rather than by affecting glucose uptake.
Demonstration of a Tumor-Associated Surface Antigen in Marek's Disease
Authors: Witter R. L. , Stephens E. Ann , Sharma J. M. , Nazerian K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Surface antigenic markers were detected on three classes of Marek's disease (MD) tumor cells, i.e., MD lymphoma cells, cultured cells of the MSB-1 lymphoblastoid cell line, and JMV lymphoblastic leukemia cells, by indirect membrane immunofluorescent staining with serum from chickens immunized with JMV cells or from rabbits immunized with MSB-1 cells. This surface antigen was not detected on normal chicken lymphocytes, RPL-16 tumor cells (tranedormed by an avian RNA virus, or MD virus-infected fibroblasts that were positive for viral membrane antigen (MA). Furthermore, the surface antigen appeared unrelated to embryonic or histocompatibility antigens. This antigen is provisionally designated as a Marek's disease tumor-associated surface antigen (MATSA). The MATSA's on JMV, MSB-1 and MD lymphoma cells were related but not identical as demonstrated by antiserum titration, absorption and blocking tests with homologous and heterologous systems.
Blocking of Spleen Cell Activity against Target Mammary Tumor Cells by Viral Antigens
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Lane Mary-Ann , Yagi Mary Jane 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from BALB/c females exposed to or neonatally infected with mammary tumor virus (MTV) are cytotoxic to MTV-induced mammary tumor cells in microcytotoxocity assay. This activity can be partially or completely blocked by pretreatment of spleen cells with MTV purified from milk. Murine leukemia virus (MuLV) has no effect. T cell responses of virgin and multiparous BALB/cfC3H females are effectively blocked. Non-T cell responses of multiparous BALB/cfC3H females or of virgin BALB/c females are blocked by some but not all of the MTV antigen preparations. MuLV, but not MTV, can block activity of spleen cells from MuLV-sensitized donors against target MuLV-producing tumor cells.
Antigenicity of Carcinogen and Viral Induced Sarcomas in Inbred and Random Bred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Forni Guido , Rhim Johng S. , Pickeral Susan , Shevach Ethan M. , Green Ira 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A tumor specific transplantation antigen (TSTA) has been detected in a methylcholanthrene (MCA) induced guinea pig tumor. It was possible to induce resistance to rechallenge with the tumor by immunization with irradiated cells in CFA. In contrast, the same technique failed to detect TSTA in two viral (Kirsten strain mouse sarcoma virus, Ki-MSV) induced guinea pig tumors; these results are similar to observations made with mouse Ki-MSV-induced tumors. Transplantation studies with these tumors in both inbred and random-bred guinea pigs showed a complexity of growth and rejection patterns. The B alloantigen, a major serologically defined antigen of the guinea pig histocompatibility complex, seemed to play a central role in acting as a guinea pig transplantation antigen. In all cases studied, the absence of B antigens in the recipient led to tumor rejection and anti-B antibody protection.