bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The spatial and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 from the built environment of COVID-19 patient rooms: A multicentre prospective study
Authors: Fralick Michael , Burella Madison , Hinz Aaron , Mejbel Hebah S. , Guttman David S. , Xing Lydia , Moggridge Jason , Lapp John , Wong Alex , Nott Caroline , Harris-Linton Nicole , Kassen Rees , MacFadden Derek R. 
Published: March 2023

Background
SARS-CoV-2 can be detected from the built environment (e.g., floors), but it is unknown how the viral burden surrounding an infected patient changes over space and time. Characterizing these data can help advance our understanding and interpretation of surface swabs from the built environment.

Methods
We conducted a prospective study at two hospitals in Ontario, Canada between January 19, 2022 and February 11, 2022. We performed serial floor sampling for SARS-CoV-2 in rooms of patients newly hospitalized with COVID-19 in the past 48 hours. We sampled the floor twice daily until the occupant moved to another room, was discharged, or 96 hours had elapsed. Floor sampling locations included 1 metre (m) from the hospital bed, 2 m from the hospital bed, and at the room’s threshold to the hallway (typically 3 to 5 m from the hospital bed). The samples were analyzed for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). We calculated the sensitivity of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in a patient with COVID-19, and we evaluated how the percentage of positive swabs and the cycle threshold of the swabs changed over time. We also compared the cycle threshold between the two hospitals.

Results
Over the 6-week study period we collected 164 floor swabs from the rooms of 13 patients. The overall percentage of swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 93% and the median cycle threshold was 33.4 (interquartile range [IQR]: 30.8, 37.2). On day 0 of swabbing the percentage of swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 88% and the median cycle threshold was 33.6 (IQR: 31.8, 38.2) compared to swabs performed on day 2 or later where the percentage of swabs positive for SARS-CoV-2 was 98% and the cycle threshold was 33.2 (IQR: 30.6, 35.6). We found that viral detection did not change with increasing time (since the first sample collection) over the sampling period, Odds Ratio (OR) 1.65 per day (95% CI 0.68, 4.02; p = 0.27). Similarly, viral detection did not change with increasing distance from the patient’s bed (1 m, 2 m, or 3 m), OR 0.85 per metre (95% CI 0.38, 1.88; p = 0.69). The cycle threshold was lower (i.e., more virus) in The Ottawa Hospital (median quantification cycle [Cq] 30.8) where floors were cleaned once daily compared to the Toronto hospital (median Cq 37.2) where floors were cleaned twice daily.

Conclusions
We were able to detect SARS-CoV-2 on the floors in rooms of patients with COVID-19. The viral burden did not vary over time or by distance from the patient’s bed. These results suggest floor swabbing for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a built environment such as a hospital room is both accurate and robust to variation in sampling location and duration of occupancy.
Multimodal (Inter)action Analysis for the study of lectures: active and passive uses of metadiscourse
Authors: Bernad-Mechó Edgar 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This paper offers a Multimodal (Inter)action Analysis study of how metadiscourse is used in university lectures. Metadiscourse is frequently employed in spoken academic discourse to guide the audience through the contents of the speech, thus becoming an essential element to foster comprehension in lectures. Although lectures have been largely researched under a multimodal eye, studies looking at the multimodal nature of metadiscourse are still scarce. In fact, previous multimodal explorations of metadiscourse in lectures point towards discrepancies in the attention given by lecturers to metadiscursive instances. In this study, six face-to-face lectures in fields within Humanities were analyzed to spot all instances of organizational metadiscourse. Next, the fragments containing such metadiscourse were further explored through a Multimodal (Inter)action Analysis to identify the structure of higher-level actions and the ways in which metadiscourse was integrated as part of the modal configurations of the actions. The analysis of higher-level actions using the foreground-background continuum reveals two main roles in the use of metadiscourse: an active one, in which metadiscourse is explicitly used to guide and engage the audience, as expected; and a passive one, in which metadiscourse is rather used as a filler in the background. These results contribute to reflecting on teaching practices and raising awareness on the importance of multimodal literacy for teacher training.
Highly functional nanocellulose-reinforced thermoplastic starch-based nanocomposites
Authors: Nguyen Dang Mao , Buchner Julia , Tran Thien Huu , Hoang DongQuy , Hanh Diep Thi My , Bui Quoc-Bao 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Starch/nanocellulose nanocomposite is of interest because of its potential applications in the field of biodegradable food packaging and biomedical applications thanks to its safe, biodegradable, fabricated by simple traditional methods, and cheap. The starch reinforced by nanocellulose significantly improved the physicochemical properties, especially the mechanical properties, thermal stability as well as barrier properties, compared to the starch matrix. With outstanding advantages compared to polymer nanocomposites derived from petroleum, the starch/nanocellulose composite is considered a potential agent for biodegradable food packaging and biomedical technology.
Towards applications of genome‐scale metabolic model‐based approaches in designing synthetic microbial communities
Authors: Du Huan , Li Meng , Liu Yang 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundSynthetic microbial communities, with different strains brought together by balancing their nutrition and promoting their interactions, demonstrate great advantages for exploring complex performance of communities and for further biotechnology applications. The potential of such microbial communities has not been explored, due to our limited knowledge of the extremely complex microbial interactions that are involved in designing and controlling effective and stable communities.ResultsGenome‐scale metabolic models (GEM) have been demonstrated as an effective tool for predicting and guiding the investigation and design of microbial communities, since they can explicitly and efficiently predict the phenotype of organisms from their genotypic data and can be used to explore the molecular mechanisms of microbe‐habitats and microbe‐microbe interactions. In this work, we reviewed two main categories of GEM‐based approaches and three uses related to design of synthetic microbial communities: predicting multi‐species interactions, exploring environmental impacts on microbial phenotypes, and optimizing community‐level performance.ConclusionsAlthough at the infancy stage, GEM‐based approaches exhibit an increasing scope of applications in designing synthetic microbial communities. Compared to other methods, especially the use of laboratory cultures, GEM‐based approaches can greatly decrease the trial‐and‐error cost of various procedures for designing synthetic communities and improving their functionality, such as identifying community members, determining media composition, evaluating microbial interaction potential or selecting the best community configuration. Future efforts should be made to overcome the limitations of the approaches, ranging from quality control of GEM reconstructions to community‐level modeling algorithms, so that more applications of GEMs in studying phenotypes of microbial communities can be expected.
Feasibility of a Contraception Intervention for Hospitalized Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Masonbrink Abbey R. , Noel-MacDonnell Janelle , Staggs Vincent S. , Stancil Stephani , Goggin Kathy , Miller Melissa K. 
Published: March 2023

OBJECTIVES
Unintended pregnancy in adolescents and young adults (AYAs) is linked with negative outcomes. We sought to evaluate the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of a contraception intervention in the pediatric hospital.

METHODS
We conducted a pilot study of hospitalized AYA females aged 14 to 21 years who reported past or anticipated sexual activity. A health educator offered a tablet-based intervention to provide contraception education and medications, if desired. We assessed feasibility (ie, intervention completion, duration, disruption to care), acceptability (ie, proportion rating as acceptable or satisfactory) among AYAs, parents or guardians, and healthcare providers, as well as preliminary efficacy (eg, contraception uptake) at enrollment and 3-month follow up.

RESULTS
We enrolled 25 AYA participants; mean age was 16.4 ± 1.5 years. The intervention demonstrated high feasibility as all enrolled participants (n = 25, 100%) completed the intervention and median intervention duration was 32 (interquartile range 25–45) minutes. Among 11 nurses, 82% (n = 9) reported the intervention was not at all or minimally disruptive to their workflow. All AYAs were very or somewhat satisfied with the intervention and 88% (n = 7) of 8 parents and guardians surveyed felt it was acceptable for the educator to meet privately with their child. Eleven participants (44%) started hormonal contraception, most commonly the subdermal implant (n = 7, 64%), and 23 (92%) received condoms.

CONCLUSIONS
Our findings support the feasibility and acceptability of our contraception intervention in the pediatric hospital resulting in contraception uptake among AYAs. Efforts to expand access to contraception are important to reduce unintended pregnancy, especially as restrictions to abortion are increasing in some states.
Determination of dynamic and traction-energy indicators of all-wheel-drive traction-transport machine
Authors: Antoshchenkov Roman , Bogdanovich Serhii , Halych Ivan , Cherevatenko Halyna 
Published: March 2023

The results of a study of dynamic and traction-energy indicators of an all-wheel drive wheeled traction-transport machine are presented. A diagram of a dynamic transmission model for an all-wheel drive wheeled traction and transport machine and a system of equations for the transmission dynamics in the Cauchy form have been compiled. This made it possible to determine the dependences of the angular speeds of rotation of the transmission elements of the traction-transport machine, the dependences of the torques and the dependences of the contacting traction forces on the wheels on time. The method allows to determine the optimal transmission parameters, differential designs and gear ratios to improve the traction and coupling and fuel-economic performance of the machine. It has been established that the angular speeds of rotation of the front wheels of the traction-transport machine 1.29 rad/s, 1.27 rad/s are higher than the angular speeds of rotation of the rear wheels 1.24 rad/s, 1.25 rad/s, which leads to the appearance of a kinematic discrepancies and additional energy losses. The torques of the front drive wheels are 6972 Nm, the rear drive wheels are 4622 Nm. The contacting traction forces on the front wheels of the machine are 5478 N after the end of the acceleration of the machine, on the rear wheels – 3473 N. Experimental studies were carried out on the example of an all-wheel drive wheeled tractor with an articulated frame to validate the method for assessing the dynamics of the traction-transport transmission. The difference between the values of the angular speeds of rotation of the wheels and the tangential traction forces on the wheels, determined theoretically and obtained during experimental studies, is 2 %. The developed method for assessing the transmission dynamics of an all-wheel drive traction and transport machine should be considered valid. The method proposed in the paper can be used to assess the dynamics of wheeled machines
Transcriptional and Clonal Characterization of Cytotoxic T Cells in Crescentic Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Mueller Anne , Zhao Yu , Cicek Hakan , Paust Hans-Joachim , Sivayoganathan Amirrtavarshni , Linke Alexandra , Wegscheid Claudia , Wiech Thorsten , Huber Tobias B. , Meyer-Schwesinger Catherine , Bonn Stefan , Prinz Immo , Panzer Ulf , Tiegs Gisa , Krebs Christian F. , Neumann Katrin 
Published: March 2023

Significance Statement
T-cell infiltration is a hallmark of crescentic GN (cGN), often caused by ANCA-associated vasculitis. Pathogenic T-cell subsets, their clonality, and downstream effector mechanisms leading to kidney injury remain to be fully elucidated. Single-cell RNA sequencing and T-cell receptor sequencing revealed activated, clonally expanded cytotoxic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in kidneys from patients with ANCA-associated cGN. In experimental cGN, kidney-infiltrating CD8+ T cells expressed the cytotoxic molecule, granzyme B (GzmB), which induced apoptosis in renal tissue cells by activation of procaspase-3, and aggravated disease pathology. These findings describe a pathogenic function of (clonally expanded) cytotoxic T cells in cGN and identify GzmB as a mediator and potential therapeutic target in immune-mediated kidney disease.

Background
Crescentic GN (cGN) is an aggressive form of immune-mediated kidney disease that is an important cause of end stage renal failure. Antineutrophilic cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis is a common cause. T cells infiltrate the kidney in cGN, but their precise role in autoimmunity is not known.

Methods
Combined single-cell RNA sequencing and single-cell T-cell receptor sequencing were conducted on CD3+ T cells isolated from renal biopsies and blood of patients with ANCA-associated cGN and from kidneys of mice with experimental cGN. Functional and histopathological analyses were performed with Cd8a
−/− and GzmB
−/− mice.

Results
Single-cell analyses identified activated, clonally expanded CD8+ and CD4+ T cells with a cytotoxic gene expression profile in the kidneys of patients with ANCA-associated cGN. Clonally expanded CD8+ T cells expressed the cytotoxic molecule, granzyme B (GzmB), in the mouse model of cGN. Deficiency of CD8+ T cells or GzmB ameliorated the course of cGN. CD8+ T cells promoted macrophage infiltration and GzmB activated procaspase-3 in renal tissue cells, thereby increasing kidney injury.

Conclusions
Clonally expanded cytotoxic T cells have a pathogenic function in immune-mediated kidney disease.
HONG KONG, SINGAPORE, UKRAINE – THE GENESIS OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL CENTERS, THE DEVELOPMENT PROSPECT OF UKRAINE
Authors: Posokhov Igor , Novik Irina 
Published: March 2023

The analysis of the features of the formation of the world financial centers of the Asia-Pacific region has been carried out. The study showed that the experience of Singapore and Hong Kong shows that attracting the best specialists can turn into a prosperous country, an international financial center. Ukraine has great opportunities and resources for development, it has the potential to become one of the leading financial centers, but for this it is necessary to adopt the experience of establishing existing international financial centers, take into account strengths and weaknesses, develop its own unique development concept, train qualified specialists, provide support all spheres of the country's activities for their development. The features of the formation of the world financial centers of the Asia-Pacific region are highlighted: an advantageous geographical position on the routes of regional and world trade, close communication ties with London and the presence of a preferential tax regime; Singapore is the financial center of the countries of Southeast Asia with a developed set of all components, namely: a developed gold market, a developed foreign exchange market; a developed bank lending market and a developed stock market; Hong Kong is the second international financial center in terms of IPO and the second stock market in Asia, has representative offices of 70 largest banks in the world; close partnership (cooperation) of the financial centers of Hong Kong and Shanghai and the support of investors and the market as a whole; the growth of the role of the world economy in the world and the development of the specialization
of international financial centers. Proposals for the gradual transformation of Ukraine into a global financial center have been developed: programs for state regulation and support of the education system to gradually improve the efficiency of the level of education: significant retraining of specialists, free state training programs, increased funding for the education sector; reform of the medical system is a factor contributing to attracting foreign investment, both in the medical and industrial sectors, solving the problem of labor migration of medical workers due to their low wages; development and implementation of anti-corruption measures; development of the financial sector of Ukraine (banking, stock, insurance market, etc.) in order to achieve the status of "International Financial Center"; creating conditions for attracting public and private investments in the financial sector, improving the legislative and tax policy of the financial sector.
Experimental and Mathematical Investigation of Natural Gas Huff-n-Puff on Eagle Ford Shale Samples
Authors: Alinejad Amin , Dehghanpour Hassan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractGas Huff-n-Puff (HnP) has been implemented as an enhanced oil recovery technique to recover the residual oil after primary production from unconventional wells. Natural gas, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide can be used as candidates for injecting fluids in HnP operations. However, natural gas is the common choice for injecting gas due to its availability and incentives for reducing the venting and flaring of the produced gas. So far, some experimental studies attempted to investigate the natural gas HnP on Eagle Ford shale. However, the associated oil-recovery mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we perform natural gas HnP experiments using C1 and C1-C2 on Eagle Ford shale samples under representative reservoir conditions. We use a custom-designed visualization cell to observe the interactions of gas, oil, and shale during the whole HnP cycle. Consistent with field operations, we adopt a hybrid depletion strategy of steep depletion at the initial stages followed by a slow depletion at later stages. We select the pressure depletion rates by downscaling field data of a HnP operation in the Eagle Ford Formation. Our results reveal that solution-gas drive or gas expansion during the depletion stage is the dominant oil-recovery mechanism. However, the extended soaking period helps in oil recovery by allowing sufficient gas diffusion into the core plug. We observe that enrichment of injecting gas by C2 results in earlier and more oil production compared to pure C1. The ultimate oil recovery factor after a single-cycle C1 and C1-C2 HnP is 46.1 and 55.6% of the original oil-in-place, respectively. We estimate the apparent diffusivity coefficient of C1 and C1-C2 in oil-saturated shale plugs using available analytical models. The estimated apparent diffusivity coefficients are in the order of 10–10 m2/s with an 8% higher diffusivity coefficient in the case of C1-C2 compared to the case of C1.
A Laboratory Protocol to Investigate EOR by Surfactants During Pre-Loading of Parent Wells to Mitigate Fracture Hit
Authors: Alinejad Amin , Wang Lan , Dehghanpour Hassan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Generally, pressure and fluid communications between parent and child wells which is referred to as frac hit deteriorate the production performance of the parent well. Small pre-loading technique is one of the cost-efficient and operationally simple strategies to mitigate frac hit. However, the production outcome of the parent well is unsatisfactory after flowback of pre-loading fluid in most of the pilots. To overcome this negative impact, we intend to evaluate the extent of additional oil recovery by imbibition of fluids with two types of non-ionic surfactant additives (SF-1 and SF-2) during pre-loading and flowback processes. We utilize a high-pressure and high-temperature visualization cell to conduct the pre-loading experiments using Montney rock and fluid samples. We restore the initial reservoir condition in the core plug and then simulate the primary production stage of the reservoir to establish a depleted core plug. Then, we conduct two sets of experiments on the depleted core plug: 1) soaking the plug with SF-1 surfactant solution under atmospheric conditions and 2) pre-loading the depleted core plug with the SF-1 surfactant solution at a pressure of 3,500 psig and reservoir temperature of 78°C. We also pre-load an oil-saturated core plug with SF-2 surfactant solution at similar operational conditions. Our results show that 31.4% of the original oil-in-place is produced during the primary production stage with solution-gas drive as the dominant oil-recovery mechanism. We observe an additional 3.9% (of original oil-in-place) oil recovery due to counter-current imbibition of the SF-1 surfactant solution after soaking under atmospheric conditions. The interfacial tension reduction and wettability alteration are two possible oil-recovery mechanisms during surfactant soaking. Pre-loading the depleted core plug with SF-1 surfactant solution at a set pressure of 3,370 psig and a temperature of 78°C does not result in additional oil recovery. However, pre-loading the oil-saturated core plug with SF-2 surfactant solution at the same operational conditions results in an approximately 29.6% oil recovery. We observe oil droplets formed on the rock surface during soaking of the oil-saturated plug with SF-2 surfactant solution. We conclude that longer soaking periods may assist in additional oil recovery in core plugs with depleted state compared to the non-depleted plugs.
Optimization of Flare Gas Recovery in Oil and Gas Processing Plants, from Challenges to Opportunities
Authors: Behrang Arash , Solano Angela , Quiroga Victor , Cota Raul 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA flare network is an important part of the pressure-relieving system of hydrocarbon processing plants. The primary function of a flare system is to protect the plant and personnel by reliably and safely disposing of flammable waste gas by burning it into the atmosphere during an emergency. However, the excess gas generated in oil and gas operations may also be continuously sent to the flare network to be burned. This routine flaring releases emissions that include greenhouse gases, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and any unburned hydrocarbons, all of which contribute to the total emissions from the plant.In this paper we describe a feasibility study of low to zero routine flaring in a processing plant. The process under study involved recovering flare gas and routing it back to the plant for appropriate use. Detailed design, economic assessment, and evaluation of a flare reduction strategy is presented through modeling of the complete system from production to facilities to the flare system and gas recovery method of choice. Reciprocating compressor design and optimization to maximize throughput and minimize emissions is featured. The possibility of occurrence of different operating hazards is studied, including brittle fracture, hydrate, and dry ice formation in the flare network. This study is helpful to detect and mitigate the risk of pipe rupture caused by flare line embrittlement.