bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science Education for Building Public Trust
Authors: Rudolph John L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The radical changes needed in science education will be difficult to accomplish. There are a number of forces keeping the status quo intact, including science teachers teaching the same, contentfocused way they have been taught, the societal emphasis on standards and standardized assessment, enduring assumptions about the connections between technical training and economic prosperity, and the deep-seated function of science education serving as a means of sorting and credentialing students for college admission and future careers. In order to effect the necessary change, we need to revitalize the civic mission of the high school, change the way we prepare science teachers, and build a science education based on evidence.
Tapestry of Beliefs and Faith
Authors: Ura Karma 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe people of central and non-Tsangla speaking eastern Bhutan worshipped a series of progenitor-gods headed by Lha Ode Gungyel and Gur Zhi. Rites such as Lhamochen and Lhamochung focused on longevity, vitality, fertility and potency of human beings and livestock. They also articulated the need for abundant wildlife and bountiful nature. Cosmological concepts related to this belief system was distinct from both Buddhism and Yudrung Bon. Readers are transported to the ancient Tsango festival to get a glimpse of its itinerary. Another aspect of the people’s plural mindset was the veneration of local deities personifying the mystery and the awe of nature among the local population. Landscapes especially the dwelling places of local deities were animated by spirits. Local deities represented nature, the ultimate landlord. From an ecologist viewpoint, a landscape venerated as the dwelling place of a resident deity turned out to be ecologically profound. Certain yearly oblation-offerings to resident deities were significant for breed preservation. A belief in resident deities in whom the local people reposed their distresses forged a sense of belonging to the locality, though it is changing due to migration and modernization. At the same time, lay people got acquainted with lores of Buddhist luminaries and their esoteric achievements. Others who were neither disempowered by scarcity nor distracted by wealth-seeking took to Buddhist teachings more formally and systematically.
Motive-based Judicial Review: Introduction
Authors: Sadurski Wojciech 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the ways in which public reason (PR)—usually, with no express reference to this concept—has made it into constitutional interpretation around the world. It is shown that the ‘unconstitutional motives’ doctrine, which is a useful vehicle for public reason, often ostensibly targets ‘purposes’ of lawmakers rather than their motives, and that in actual judicial decisions in systems as different as the United States, Canada, Germany, Australia, or South Africa, these terms are used interchangeably. The recognition of a theory akin to public reason in the US constitutional doctrine can be exemplified by a conception of the exclusionary reasons in constitutional law developed by Richard Pildes. The central argument of this chapter is devoted to showing how heightening the levels or standards of scrutiny of a given piece of legislation may correspond, in different legal systems (including in the United States, Canada, Germany, and South Africa) to a judicial attempt to discern true motives by legislators, and in particular to screen out non-public reasons from legislation. By reference to a theory developed by Laurence Tribe, the chapter considers at the end the clash between judicial and legislative functions occasioned by motive scrutiny.
Embodied Cognition
Authors: Tanton Tobias 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Embodied cognition, a new paradigm in cognitive science, proposes that human cognition is shaped by the particularities of human embodiment. It emerges as a reaction to ‘cognitivism’, which understands the mind as akin to a computer which uses algorithms to processes abstract symbols. In contrast to cognitivism, its alternative understanding of cognition finds expression in three distinct hypotheses. First, the conceptualisation hypothesis argues that concepts are not abstract symbols but are grounded in sensorimotor states. Second, the replacement hypothesis suggests that cognitive processes rely on sensorimotor engagement with the surrounding environment rather than on internal mental representations. Third, the constitution hypothesis posits that the physical media on which cognition is instantiated is not restricted to the brain but extends to bodily states and environmental resources. Having described the distinctive claims of embodied cognition, evidence and arguments in favour of its picture are surveyed, as well as their current limitations.
Photography and Cinema
Authors: Crew David F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One of the Nazis’ main priorities after 1933 was to transform the ways that Germans saw the world and themselves. Although this project of reshaping popular perceptions and subjectivities employed written and spoken language, as well as music, it depended heavily upon images, particularly photographic and filmic images. The Nazi rise to power coincided with the breakthrough of photography and film as mass cultural and social practices in Germany. Between 1933 and 1945, millions of Germans took photographs and millions more consumed photographic images in illustrated magazines and went to the movies. What role did this unprecedented and pervasive visualization of popular culture play in constructing new views of the world that were consonant (or perhaps also in tension) with Nazi values? This chapter responds to this question by exploring the encounters with photographs and filmic images that an ordinary German could experience as he/she pursued the activities that constituted his/her everyday life. The aim of this chapter is to look at photography and film not only in terms of the images themselves but more importantly as mass social and cultural practices that became normal, ubiquitous constituents of everyday life in the Third Reich. Although the chapter tries to give readers a clear sense of all the different sites where Germans might have engaged with photography and film during the Third Reich, it concentrates on three of the most important mass practices—reading illustrated magazines, going to the movies, and taking private photographs.
The Economy
Authors: Hayes Peter 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how and why the German economy failed to accomplish the expansionist goals Adolf Hitler set for it. At the outset of his rule in 1933, he dedicated economic policy to satisfying his military’s requirements for conquering a vast, contiguous, and economically self-sufficient empire in central and eastern Europe. Given his nation’s shortage of key natural resources, this programme involved the Nazi regime in constantly improvising measures to manage foreign trade and distribute raw materials, labour, and investments, all of which functioned for a time before foundering on the contradiction between the Reich’s limited capacities and Hitler’s sweeping ambitions and then generating new stopgaps. This spiral culminated in Albert Speer’s and Fritz Sauckel’s enormous programme of applying forced and slave labour to the German war effort, which prolonged the fighting but could not prevent Germany’s collapse in the face of the vastly superior productive capacities of the country’s enemies.
The reference system of Mupun
Authors: Frajzyngier Zygmunt 
Published: January 2023

AbstractMupun (West Chadic) has a fundamental distinction between reference to the environment of speech and to the anaphora, which is marked through distinct coding means that run throughout the grammatical system in the language. Mupun has one of the richest logophoric systems described so far in the literature in that logophoricity can have the subject, the object, and the addressee in its scope. The logophoric system is a part of the reference to speech environment-anaphoric distinction in the language. Anaphoric reference in Mupun distinguishes between pronouns whose antecedent occurs in the preceding discourse but not in the same clause; pronouns whose antecedents occur in the same clause; and logophoric pronouns whose antecedents occur in the same sentence but not in the same clause. The reference system of Mupun serves as a diagnostic tool for the discovery of syntactic categories in this language. From the point of view of reference, the topicalized phrase does not belong to the same clause as the comment on the phrase.
The law of Mars: The problem of violence mitigation in the development of extraterrestrial political institutions
Authors: Morales Ethan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In extreme environments like space, the inherent fragility of the settlement means that the usage of force is substantially more powerful than on Earth. For much less force, much more damage can be done, and the use of force is ‘democratized’ in the sense that the average settler is empowered to do much more damage (proportionally) to the state than an individual person could do on Earth. This growing power symmetry between state and civilian actors forces a rethinking of state design to mitigate the influence of violence in political decision-making, as violence can be both easily deployed and can more easily destroy the entire polity. Decision-making in such a setting begins to represent a society wide game of ‘chicken’, involving increasing escalation and unclear red lines. States in general have two approaches to mitigating these conflicts: they can attempt to repress them (authoritarianism), or they can attempt to create fair and legitimate decision-making methods wherein actors will buy into the system (only if they believe it is fair) because consenting to such a system, even risking losing the contest, brings more utility than an uncertain game with destruction as an outcome. Alternative weak forms of each state design are likely to lead to collapse, and a functioning democratic system is more likely to endure over time, as an authoritarian system may be unable to repress such conflicts forever.
Enlightenment beyond Earth
Authors: Pagden Anthony 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that the Enlightenment concept of ‘sympathy’, in particular as found in Adam Smith and David Hume, as the quality necessary for the creation of any kind of sociability, will be of still greater value in any possible future extraterrestrial community, in which all previous systems of laws and conventions will need to be reinvented. Were this to be the case then the future human extraterrestrial existence might become the fulfilment of Immanuel Kant’s vision of a cosmopolitan order of justice. In both cases, beyond Earth as on it, the conceptions and the values developed during the Enlightenment will be invaluable.
Sovereign states, private actors, and (national) space laws. A rapidly evolving landscape
Authors: Paladini Stefania , Castellucci Ignazio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nothing has changed as dramatically in the space sector as the growing number of private actors in what has traditionally been the domain of nation-states only. Whilst this creates opportunities and synergies for the sector as a whole, it also presents serious challenges in terms of the now outdated regulatory framework of reference, as the example of the Iridium 33-Cosmos 2251 collision in 2009 demonstrated. The present contribution shows how the emerging national space laws contribute to the ongoing evolution of the global legal environment, highlights the difference in terms of scope of these often-clashing legislations, and discusses possible ways forward.
Extraterrestrial governance
Authors: Shermer Michael 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
If and when humans explore, settle, and establish a community on Mars, and eventually on other planets, moons, and extrasolar systems, determining what sort of political and economic systems should be set up there are explored in this chapter. Given that these explorers and colonists will be human, they will have similar biological natures as our Paleolithic ancestors who migrated out of Africa and settled down in nearly every habitable place on earth. As such, it would be prudent to start thinking about how best to govern an extraterrestrial civilization, starting with what we have learned already from the scientific study of governance on our planet. Those lessons are considered here.
Dave Brubeck and the Performance of Whiteness
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
How can historians, writers, musicians, and audiences understand the legacy and impact of a musician like Dave Brubeck? Brubeck leveraged his fame as a jazz musician and status as a composer for social justice causes, holding to a belief system that, during the civil rights movement, modeled a progressive approach to race and race relations. However, it also took Brubeck, like others, some time to understand the full spectrum of racial power dynamics at play in post–World War II, early Cold War, and civil rights America. Dave Brubeck and the Performance of Whiteness uses Brubeck’s mid-century performances of whiteness across his professional, private, and political lives to understand mid-century whiteness, privilege, and white supremacy more fully. How is whiteness performed, and re-performed? How do particular traits become inscribed with whiteness? How do those traits, now racialized in a listener’s mind, filter the sounds a listener hears? To what extent was Brubeck’s whiteness made by others? How did audiences and critics use Brubeck to craft their own identities centered in whiteness? Drawing on archives, recordings, and previously conducted interviews, the book explores the complex and shifting frames of mid-century whiteness and how they shaped the experiences of Brubeck, his critics, and his audiences. Throughout, it asks what happens when a musician tries to intervene, using his white privilege as a tool with which to disrupt structures of white supremacy, even as whiteness continues to retain its hold on its beneficiaries.
“We Want to Play in the South”
Authors: Klotz Kelsey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on the activities surrounding Brubeck’s 1960 tour of the South. In January 1960, Brubeck made headlines after twenty-two segregated colleges and universities across the American South refused to allow his interracial quartet to perform on their campuses. Brubeck had been quietly rehearsing his activism leading up to the scheduled southern tour; he had previously canceled concerts in Dallas (1957) and at the University of Georgia (1959), refused to entertain a South African tour when organizers required an all-white group (1958), and had a near miss at East Carolina College (1958). New details in his steps toward race activism highlight the ways in which he leveraged his whiteness to support integration efforts. Ultimately, Brubeck adopted a new musical and promotional strategy aimed directly at southern audiences, a strategy that married commercial interests with political ideology by banking on his ability to draw new audiences to jazz. At the same time, the broader music industry’s placement within racial capitalism ensured that no matter what Brubeck’s individual efforts were, the market would continue to support white supremacy.
The Fuzziness of Form
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractTheories of sonata form, for all their variety, share a common challenge, well articulated by William Drabkin as “the tension between general principles, which can be derived from the repertory as a whole, and the exceptions one is forever encountering in individual works.” This chapter argues that this tension is the result of an inherent property of sonata form: its fuzziness. Instead of the crisp boundaries that characterize many theoretical entities, fuzzy categories propose a less clear notion of categorization: membership within a category is not binary (yes/no), but rather graded (more/less). Sonata form is fuzzy both synchronically, in that the limits of its definition are unclear, and diachronically, in that it is impossible to delineate when it first arose. The chapter surveys existing theories of sonata form according to the strategies they adopt in handling these types of fuzziness.
A Periodic Table of Elements
Authors: Greenberg Yoel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides empirical evidence for the suitability of a reductionist model of form to an actual musical corpus. I test the presence of three types of repetition within a corpus of more than 700 movements with binary repeat signs, dating 1670–1769: the “medial repeat,” or the requotation of the primary theme at the beginning of the second half; the “double return” of the primary theme in the tonic in the middle of the second half; and the “end rhyme,” matching the endings of both halves. I demonstrate that these elements becomes increasingly popular over the sample, and, more important, they are statistically independent. The corpus study thus strongly supports a bottom-up theory of the emergence of form.
Introduction
Authors: Buss Sarah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This introduction offers brief summaries of the essays collected here. It calls attention to shared concerns and overlapping themes, even as it notes the wide range of positions the contributors explore and defend. What justifies the assumption that we are obligated to treat one another with concern and respect? What is it about us that gives each of us a moral claim on the others which goes deeper than any social conventions and does not depend on our race, ethnicity, sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, class, or any other aspect of our identity? Knowing the hazards we face when we seek useful truths about “humanity,” “human rights,” and “moral values,” the authors take on the challenge of rethinking the value of humanity. In so doing, they encourage us to probe this value ourselves.
Decomposing Humanity
Authors: Garthoff Jon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The moral status of mature human persons entitles them to consensual relationships and to equal social status. This moral status is plausibly grounded in the possession of critical reason, and it contrasts with the most minimal moral status, which is grounded in consciousness. The latter entitles beings not to be harmed, but it does not entitle them to equal or consensual relations. The essay defends a moral status intermediate between these, one that entitles beings to intelligible relations: we must address ourselves to them and attend to how they understand their treatment. This does not entail consensuality. It does involve accountable relationships, but this is compatible with social hierarchy. Judgment, not critical reason, underlies the intermediate moral status, and so this intermediate status is distinct from that of mature human persons. There are at least three types of moral status, accordingly, and these constitute both a hierarchy and a developmental sequence.
Spinoza’s Anti-Humanism: Human Value and Dignity
Authors: Melamed Yitzhak Y. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Spinoza is probably the greatest anti-humanist of modern philosophy, and this underlying feature of his philosophy motivates many of his most outrageous claims, from his rejection of (human) free will to his critique of common, anthropomorphic, religion. This essay investigates whether in spite of his deep critique of humanism, we can rescue from Spinoza’s thought any notion of human value, rank, or even dignity. The two most promising venues which could lead Spinoza to ascribe substantial value to human beings are human friendship and human (partial) rationality. The essay explores both of these venues as well as Spinoza’s attitude toward dignity, and specifically, human dignity.
Hegemonic Religions, Public Spaces, and Established Churches
Authors: Perez Nahshon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores two cases representing the category of government-endorsed religious symbols in public spaces. It explores (section 3.1.1) the Bladensburg Cross case, in which the US Supreme Court decided that the cross does not violate the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. The chapter then discusses the Lautsi case (section 3.1.2), in which the Italian government defended its policy mandating the placement of the crucifix in public schools in Italy before the European Court of Human Rights. It then explores the importance of public spaces (section 3.2) defined as publicly owned spaces used by the public. It explores (section 3.3) the view that governmental endorsement of religious symbols in public spaces fits within a majoritarian model. This view—“the religious majoritarian approach” (RMA)—is defined and analyzed. Subsequently, the chapter presents (section 3.4) critiques of this approach. It concludes (section 3.5) that, while the RMA is ill-advised, it is permissible within the contours of democratic politics.
Shock, 1971–1979
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
On August 15, 1971, President Nixon announced on national television a unilateral decision to remedy America’s diminished global position due to the ailing dollar. Designed to redress monetary policy that had weakened the dollar abroad and to tame inflation at home, his plan prevented allies from exchanging their dollars for gold and imposed a 10 percent surcharge on imports to compel exporting countries to revalue their currencies. This second, clearly nationalistic Nixon Shock induced monetary negotiations that doomed the gold-based Bretton Woods system and punished free-trading friends. Such neo-mercantilism did not honor the capitalist peace paradigm; the 1970s was a time of transformation. Grand strategy and ideology—liberal internationalism itself—came under fire in a decade that ended in recession but along the way produced détente in trade with the Soviet Union and China and a new trade round of GATT.
Victory, 1980–1990
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1979, Cold War détente ended, but a decade later, the superpower conflict itself was all but over as the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union headed toward oblivion. It was clear that the United States had “won” the Cold War, even though competition in the world economy grew ever fiercer. Ideas and ideology, as well as policies, had mattered immensely; Soviet leadership changed with the realization that the country was bankrupted by Western liberalism. Ronald Reagan himself was a free trade ideologue who combated communism, and statist Democrats at home, to push for trade liberalization. He faced, however, a difficult adversary in Japan, which seemed like a predatory trader and investor. The capitalist peace paradigm played a major role in this battle during the 1980s for the hearts and souls in the communist, and capitalist, worlds.
Globalization, 1991–2000
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The end of the Cold War birthed a resurgence in capitalist peace belief, which supported the process of globalization. The United States, the sole superpower, integrated globalization into its foreign policy, shaping the international economy through free-trade internationalism that embedded market capitalism in the world economic system. The hope of peace and prosperity through open free trade seemed possible, nourished by a relaxation of security imperatives and the integrative force of the free market. In the 1990s, a positivism about openness, interdependence, and connectedness drove diplomats, thereby vindicating the capitalist peace. That faith would be tested at home and abroad—in the renewal of most-favored-nation status for China and, eventually, Permanent Normal Trade Relations in preparation for that nation’s entry into the World Trade Organization; the ratification of the WTO itself, as well as NAFTA, and in domestic politics that witnessed rebellions against globalization—even as it triumphed.