bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speciation patterns of related species under the hybrid zone: A case study of three sclerophyllous oaks in the east Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains
Authors: Ju Miaomiao , Yang Jia , Yue Ming , Zhao Guifang 
Published: July 2023

AbstractSpeciation is often accompanied by frequent gene exchanges, which have been gradually recognized as a common phenomenon in nature. Although gene flow may influence different reproductive isolations, the specific mechanism of the process still requires more experimental evidence, especially in hybrid populations that have no significant differentiation and isolation. To address this challenge, this study aims to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of sympatry and parapatry in related species. Three sclerophyllous oaks (Quercus spinosa, Quercus aquifolioides and Quercus rehderiana), which are mainly distributed in the sympatry/parapatry of the East Himalaya–Hengduan Mountains and adjacent regions, were used to explore the population dynamics and evolutionary history. Based on 12,420 genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphism datasets, gene flow detection showed that the three species did not present any obvious genetic barriers. Evolutionary analysis indicated that the three species diverged during the Tertiary Period, and no migration events occurred in the early stages of species divergence. Combined with the data of 19 ecological factors, geological movements and climatic turbulence caused the rapid radiated differentiation of the three species during the Neocene, and similar selective pressures resulted in the same evolutionary pattern based on demographic history analysis. In addition, the predicted niche occupancy profiles and Generalized Dissimilarity Modelling revealed that the three species occupied distinct niches and had significant differences in ecological adaptation, which may explain the specific morphological characteristics of the different species. Therefore, we believe that the populations of the three related species underwent adaptive evolution in different habitats during the early stages of divergence. This study provides new experimental evidence of the formation patterns of parallel speciation.
Effects of heat waves on telomere dynamics and parental brooding effort in nestlings of the zebra finch (Taeniopygia castanotis) transitioning from ectothermy to endothermy
Authors: Ton Riccardo , Boner Winnie , Raveh Shirley , Monaghan Pat , Griffith Simon C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractHeat waves are predicted to be detrimental for organismal physiology with costs for survival that could be reflected in markers of biological state such as telomeres. Changes in early life telomere dynamics driven by thermal stress are of particular interest during the early post‐natal stages of altricial birds because nestlings quickly shift from being ectothermic to endothermic after hatching. Telomeres of ectothermic and endothermic organisms respond differently to environmental temperature, but few investigations within species that transition from ectothermy to endothermy are available. Also, ambient temperature influences parental brooding behaviour, which will alter the temperature experienced by offspring and thereby, potentially, their telomeres. We exposed zebra finch nestlings to experimental heat waves and compared their telomere dynamics to that of a control group at 5, 12 and 80 days of age that encapsulate the transition from the ectothermic to the endothermic thermoregulatory stage; we also recorded parental brooding, offspring sex, mass, growth rates, brood size and hatch order. Nestling mass showed an inverse relationship with telomere length, and nestlings exposed to heat waves showed lower telomere attrition during their first 12 days of life (ectothermic stage) compared to controls. Additionally, parents of heated broods reduced the time they spent brooding offspring (at 5 days old) compared to controls. Our results indicate that the effect of heat waves on telomere dynamics likely varies depending on age and thermoregulatory stage of the offspring in combination with parental brooding behaviour during growth.
Striving to thrive or striving to survive: Professional identity constructions of medical trainees in clinical assessment activities
Authors: Liao Kuo‐Chen , Ajjawi Rola , Peng Chang‐Hsuan , Jenq Chang‐Chyi , Monrouxe Lynn V. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractContextAssessment plays a key role in competence development and the shaping of future professionals. Despite its presumed positive impacts on learning, unintended consequences of assessment have drawn increasing attention in the literature. Considering professional identities and how these can be dynamically constructed through social interactions, as in assessment contexts, our study sought to understand how assessment influences the construction of professional identities in medical trainees.MethodsWithin social constructionism, we adopted a discursive, narrative approach to investigate the different positions trainees narrate for themselves and their assessors in clinical assessment contexts and the impact of these positions on their constructed identities. We purposively recruited 28 medical trainees (23 students and five postgraduate trainees), who took part in entry, follow‐up and exit interviews of this study and submitted longitudinal audio/written diaries across nine‐months of their training programs. Thematic framework and positioning analyses (focusing on how characters are linguistically positioned in narratives) were applied using an interdisciplinary teamwork approach.ResultsWe identified two key narrative plotlines, striving to thrive and striving to survive, across trainees' assessment narratives from 60 interviews and 133 diaries. Elements of growth, development, and improvement were identified as trainees narrated striving to thrive in assessment. Neglect, oppression and perfunctory narratives were elaborated as trainees narrated striving to survive from assessment. Nine main character tropes adopted by trainees with six key assessor character tropes were identified. Bringing these together we present our analysis of two exemplary narratives with elaboration of their wider social implications.ConclusionAdopting a discursive approach enabled us to better understand not only what identities are constructed by trainees in assessment contexts but also how they are constructed in relation to broader medical education discourses. The findings are informative for educators to reflect on, rectify and reconstruct assessment practices for better facilitating trainee identity construction.
Assessment of optometrists' referral accuracy and contributing factors: A review
Authors: Carmichael Josie , Abdi Sarah , Balaskas Konstantinos , Costanza Enrico , Blandford Ann 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPurposeIn the UK, ophthalmology has the highest number of outpatient appointments within the National Health Service. False‐positive referrals from primary care are one of the main factors contributing to the oversubscription of hospital eye services (HESs). We reviewed the accuracy of referrals originating from primary care optometrists and contributing factors, such as condition type and years since registration.Recent findingsOf the 31 studies included in the review, 22 were retrospective analyses of referrals and appointments at the HES. Eight were prospective studies, and one used online clinical vignettes. Seven assessed the accuracy of referrals for all ocular conditions. The remaining studies focused on glaucoma (n = 11), cataracts (n = 7), emergency conditions (n = 4), neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (n = 1) and paediatric binocular vision (n = 1). The diagnostic agreement for suspected emergency ocular conditions was the lowest, with only 21.1% of referrals considered to require urgent attention in one study. For glaucoma, the first‐visit discharge rate was high (16.7%–48%). Optometrist referral accuracy was overall 18.6% higher than General Medical Practitioners'; however, the two mainly referred different ocular conditions. Female optometrists made more false‐positive referrals than males (p = 0.008). The proportion of false positives decreased by 6.2% per year since registration (p < 0.001).SummaryThere was significant variation in referral accuracy across different ocular conditions, partly due to differences when defining accurate referrals. Optometrists working in primary care are generally more limited in their resources than the HES. Thus, choosing the cautious option of referral when they are unsure could be in the patients' best interests. The possible effect of increased use of advanced imaging on referrals requires evaluation. Although interventions such as refinement schemes have been put in place, these vary across regions, and their approaches such as virtual referral triaging may reduce unnecessary HES face‐to‐face appointments and promote communication between primary and secondary care.
Decoupling subgenomes within hybrid lavandin provide new insights into speciation and monoterpenoid diversification of Lavandula
Authors: Li Jingrui , Li Hui , Wang Yiming , Zhang Wenying , Wang Di , Dong Yanmei , Ling Zhengyi , Bai Hongtong , Jin Xiaohua , Hu Xiaodi , Shi Lei 
Published: July 2023

SummaryPolyploidization and transposon elements contribute to shape plant genome diversity and secondary metabolic variation in some edible crops. However, the specific contribution of these variations to the chemo‐diversity of Lamiaceae, particularly in economic shrubs, is still poorly documented. The rich essential oils (EOs) of Lavandula plants are distinguished by monoterpenoids among the main EO‐producing species, L. angustifolia (LA), L. × intermedia (LX) and L. latifolia (LL). Herein, the first allele‐aware chromosome‐level genome was assembled using a lavandin cultivar ‘Super’ and its hybrid origin was verified by two complete subgenomes (LX‐LA and LX‐LL). Genome‐wide phylogenetics confirmed that LL, like LA, underwent two lineage‐specific WGDs after the γ triplication event, and their speciation occurred after the last WGD. Chloroplast phylogenetic analysis indicated LA was the maternal source of ‘Super’, which produced premium EO (higher linalyl/lavandulyl acetate and lower 1,8‐cineole and camphor) close to LA. Gene expression, especially the monoterpenoid biosynthetic genes, showed bias to LX‐LA alleles. Asymmetric transposon insertions in two decoupling ‘Super’ subgenomes were responsible for speciation and monoterpenoid divergence of the progenitors. Both hybrid and parental evolutionary analysis revealed that LTR (long terminal repeat) retrotransposon associated with AAT gene loss cause no linalyl/lavandulyl acetate production in LL, and multi‐BDH copies retained by tandem duplication and DNA transposon resulted in higher camphor accumulation of LL. Advances in allelic variations of monoterpenoids have the potential to revolutionize future lavandin breeding and EO production.
Enhanced mucosal response in sheep harbouringβAbeta‐globin against haemonchosis
Authors: Okino Cintia Hiromi , Niciura Simone Cristina Méo , Giaretta Paula Roberta , Melito Gláucia Roberta , Kapritchkoff Rafaela Tami Ikeda , Santos Isabella Barbosa dos , Rech Raquel Rubia , Minho Alessandro Pelegrine , Esteves Sérgio Novita , Chagas Ana Carolina de Souza 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAssociation between ovine β‐globin polymorphisms and resistance against haemonchosis was described and related to the mechanism of high oxygen affinity βA➔ βCswitch during anaemia, but there are no studies regarding the involved local host responses. Phenotypic parameters and local responses were evaluated in sheep from two β‐globin haplotypes naturally infected withHaemonchus contortus. Morada Nova lambs were monitored at 63, 84 and 105 days of age for faecal egg counts and packed cell volume (PCV) under natural infection withH. contortus. At 210 days of age, lambs of Hb‐AA and Hb‐BB β‐globin haplotypes were euthanised, and the fundic region of abomasum was sampled for evaluation of microscopic lesions and relative expression of genes related to immune, mucin and lectin activities. Lambs harbouring the βAallele presented an improved resistance/resilience against clinical haemonchosis, showing higher PCV during infection. Hb‐AA animals presented increased eosinophilia in the abomasum compared to Hb‐BB animals, accompanied by higher Th2 profile, mucin and lectin activity transcripts, while the inflammatory response was increased in Hb‐BB animals. This is the first report to demonstrate an enhanced local response in the primary site ofH. contortusinfection related to βAallele of β‐globin haplotype.
Magnification of the ‘China shock’ through the U.S. housing market
Authors: Xu Yuan , Ma Hong , Feenstra Robert 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe ‘China shock’ operated in part through the housing market, which is one reason why its impact was so large on the U.S. labor market. We add housing to a multi‐region multi‐sector model, with individuals choosing whether and where to work. Controlling for housing reduces the negative direct impact of import exposure on manufacturing employment by 26%–31%, with a significant magnification through the housing market. A variance decomposition analysis shows that the indirect effect of the China shock through the housing market contributes an added 11% to the variance in manufacturing employment as compared to the direct effect of import exposure. For manufacturing and construction employment combined, the indirect effect even outweighs the direct effect.
Exporters' environmental premium in a developing country: Firm‐level evidence from China
Authors: Yang Gaoju , Xie Yuexing , Huang Xianhai , Chen Hangyu 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis article reveals the source of exporters' better environmental performance (exporters' environmental premium) for Chinese firms with a model based on heterogeneous firm theory and empirical analysis with a difference‐in‐differences method based on the Chinese export tax refund reduction in 2004 and comprehensive firm‐level environmental survey data. The results show that exporting releases Chinese firms' financing constraints and enables them to upgrade production technologies quickly by applying advanced production technology (capital‐embodied technological upgrading) rather than by upgrading abatement technologies, to drive down sulfur dioxide (SO2) intensity and energy intensity. Exporting also reduces a firm's average energy intensity and SO2 intensity by reallocating resources from energy‐intensive and polluting production and firms to cleaner ones, that is, the resource reallocation effect. However, Chinese firms cannot expand their production much when trade costs decrease, which makes it difficult for the scale effect to work well.
Tandem duplication and sub‐functionalization of clerodane diterpene synthase originate the blooming of clerodane diterpenoids in Scutellaria barbata
Authors: Qiu Ting , Li YangYan , Wu Haisheng , Yang Hui , Peng Ziqiu , Du Zuying , Wu Qingwen , Wang Hongbin , Shen Yanting , Huang Lili 
Published: July 2023

SUMMARYScutellaria barbata is a traditional Chinese herb medicine and a major source of bioactive clerodane diterpenoids. However, barely clerodanes have been isolated from the closely related S. baicalensis. Here we assembled a chromosome‐level genome of S. barbata and identified three class II clerodane diterpene synthases (SbarKPS1, SbarKPS2 and SbaiKPS1) from these two organisms. Using in vitro and in vivo assays, SbarKPS1 was characterized as a monofunctional (−)‐kolavenyl diphosphate synthases ((−)‐KPS), while SbarKPS2 and SbaiKPS1 produced major neo‐cleroda‐4(18),13E‐dienyl diphosphate with small amount of (−)‐KPP. SbarKPS1 and SbarKPS2 shared a high protein sequence identity and formed a tandem gene pair, indicating tandem duplication and sub‐functionalization probably led to the evolution of monofunctional (−)‐KPS in S. barbata. Additionally, SbarKPS1 and SbarKPS2 were primarily expressed in the leaves and flowers of S. barbata, which was consistent with the distribution of major clerodane diterpenoids scutebarbatine A and B. In contrast, SbaiKPS1 was barely expressed in any tissue of S. baicalensis. We further explored the downstream class I diTPS by functional characterizing of SbarKSL3 and SbarKSL4. Unfortunately, no dephosphorylated product was detected in the coupled assays with SbarKSL3/KSL4 and four class II diTPSs (SbarKPS1, SbarKPS2, SbarCPS2 and SbarCPS4) when a phosphatase inhibitor cocktail was included. Co‐expression of SbarKSL3/KSL4 with class II diTPSs in yeast cells did not increase the yield of the corresponding dephosphorylated products, either. Together, these findings elucidated the involvement of two class II diTPSs in clerodane biosynthesis in S. barbata, while the class I diTPS is likely not responsible for the subsequent dephosphorylation step.
Evaluating gender discrepancies in the time to successful match into a small animal surgery residency program
Authors: Menard Jenna V. , Schroeder Mikayla M. , Buote Nicole J. , Tinga Selena , Krotscheck Ursula , Morello Samantha L. , Lopez Daniel J. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo determine any association between gender and likelihood of first attempt match and overall time to match into an American College of Veterinary Surgery (ACVS)‐registered small animal surgical residency program (SASRP).Study designOnline survey.Sample populationA total of 100 (77 female, 23 male) ACVS small animal surgery residents or diplomates participating in a SASRP during the past 5 years.MethodsAn online survey was sent to eligible individuals. Respondents anonymously provided information related to demographics, postgraduate internships, and qualifications at the time of each surgical residency application. First attempt and overall match success were evaluated by gender through univariable analysis and then via a multivariable model.ResultsMen were 2.89 times more likely to match directly into a SASRP following a rotating internship than women (p = .041), and women completed more total internships than men prior to successful match into a SASRP (p = .030); however, men were found to have more publications at the time of first residency application (p < .001) or successful match (p = .018). Multivariable analysis revealed no association between gender on overall match success or first attempt match rate when considering all other qualifications.ConclusionNo evidence for gender bias was found during the Veterinary Internship and Residency Matching Program (VIRMP) SASRP applicant selection process; however, gender specific patterns in research qualifications were identified.ImpactGender‐blinded assessment is not considered necessary for the VIRMP small animal surgical resident selection process. Efforts should be made to educate applicants about the impact of research on the residency selection process and encourage research engagement of female students and graduates.
Sparse universal graphs for planarity
Authors: Esperet Louis , Joret Gwenaël , Morin Pat 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWe show that for every integer , there exists a graph with vertices and edges such that every ‐vertex planar graph is isomorphic to a subgraph of . The best previous bound on the number of edges was , proved by Babai, Chung, Erdős, Graham, and Spencer in 1982. We then show that for every integer , there is a graph with vertices and edges that contains induced copies of every ‐vertex planar graph. This significantly reduces the number of edges in a recent construction of the authors with Dujmović, Gavoille, and Micek.
Designing Evolving Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: Computational Research Opportunities
Authors: Allen Janet K. , Nellippallil Anand Balu , Ming Zhenjun , Milisavljevic-Syed Jelena , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCyber-physical-social systems (CPSS) are natural extensions of cyber-physical systems that add the consideration of human interactions and cooperation with cyber systems and physical systems. CPSS are becoming increasingly important as we face challenges such as regulating our impact on the environment, eradicating disease, transitioning to digital and sustainable manufacturing, and improving healthcare. Human stakeholders in these systems are integral to the effectiveness of these systems. One of the key features of CPSS is that the form, structure, and interactions constantly evolve to meet changes in the environment. Designing evolving CPSS includes making tradeoffs amongst the cyber, the physical, and the social systems. Advances in computing and information science have given us opportunities to ask difficult and important questions, especially those related to cyber-physical-social systems. In this paper, we identify research opportunities worth investigating. We start with theoretical and mathematical frameworks for identifying and framing the problem—specifically, problem identification and formulation, data management, CPSS modeling, and CPSS in action. Then we discuss issues related to the design of CPSS including decision-making, computational platform support, and verification and validation. Building on this foundation, we suggest a way forward.
Reduced Order Modeling of Dynamic Mechanical Metamaterials for Analysis of Infinite and Finite Systems
Authors: Wang Weidi , Amirkhizi Alireza V. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Dynamic mechanical metamaterials (MMs) are artificial media composed of periodic micro-structures, designed to manipulate wave propagation. Modeling and designing MMs can be computationally demanding due to the broad design space spanned by the geometric and material parameters. This work aims to develop a generalized reduced order modeling approach for determining MM dynamics in low frequency ranges with accuracy and speed, using a limited number of parameters and small matrices. The MM unit cells are treated as assemblies of structural elements with discrete degrees-of-freedom, whose effective stiffness and inertia are determined by optimizing energy criteria based on continuum results derived from a small number of eigen-study simulations. This proposed approach offers a parameterized and discretized representation of MM systems, which leads to fast and accurate computation of eigen-study results for periodic arrays, as well as dynamic responses in time domain for finite-sized arrays. The high computational efficiency and physical accuracy of this method will help streamline the modeling process and aid in design discovery and optimization, especially in combination with machine learning and data-driven techniques.