bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benzonidazole treatment has a beneficial effect on cells infected with the Colombian strain of Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Rafael Moreira Leyllane , dos Santos Oliveira Kamila Kássia , Torres Diego José Lira , da Silva Barros Michelle , de Arruda Tiago Ribeiro , Nascimento Amanda Vasconcelos , Soares Ana Karine Araújo , Higino Taciana Mirely Maciel , Diniz George Tadeu Nunes , Souza Valdênia Maria Oliveira , de Morais Clarice Neuenschwander Lins , de Lorena Virginia Maria Barros 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBenznidazole (Bz) is the recommended drug for the treatment of Chagas disease; however, its efficacy may vary according to the sensitivity of Trypanosoma cruzi strains to the drug and host immune background. The study evaluated the immune response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) that were infected in vitro with the Colombian strain (Col) and treated with Bz. The co‐cultures were incubated for 24 h, 5 and 10 days, where cytokine dosage was performed in the supernatant and evaluation of the cells for CD28+ and CTLA‐4+ molecules in CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes, and CD80+, CD86+ and HLA‐DR+ in CD14+ cells. The results showed that Col induced a strong inflammatory response, with an increase in IFN‐γ and TNF early in the infection (24 h), however, from 5 days of infection on, TNF production declined, and IL‐10 production increased, which may be associated with a control mechanism of the exacerbated inflammatory response. The Bz treatment did not significantly alter the frequencies of the phenotypes evaluated both T cell subsets and CD14+ cells. Therefore, this study reinforces the need for typing the patient's strain to guide therapy and promote individualized treatment protocols due to the heterogeneous genetic background among T. cruzi strains.
Risk factors for massive transfusion in obstetrical hemorrhage and consideration of a whole blood program
Authors: Myers John C. , Braverman Maxwell A. , Ciaraglia Angelo , Alkhateb Rahaf , Barry Lauran , Brooke Zachary , Chang Jeffrey , Wang Hanzhang , Elenes Rafael , Hepburn Byron , Ireland Kayla , Jonas Rachelle , Nelson Jeremy , Pedraza Santiago , Song Jun , Nicholson Susannah , Eastridge Brian , Stewart Ronald , Greebon Leslie , Xenakis Elly , Jenkins Donald 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundPostpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is one of the leading causes of obstetric complications. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for obstetric (OB) massive transfusion (MT) and determine the feasibility of developing a low‐titer group O RhD‐positive whole blood (LTO + WB) protocol for OB hemorrhage.Study Design and MethodsA retrospective study of OB patients who received transfusion within 24 h. MT patients were those who received >3 U of pRBC within 1 h or > 10 U in 24 h. Patient demographics, OB history, comorbidities, blood type, antibody status, and known risk factors for PPH and maternal‐fetal outcomes were compared. Logistic regression was used for univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsOf the 610 transfused OB patients, 12.0% (n = 73) required MT. Groups were well matched for body mass index (BMI), maternal comorbidities, and history of spontaneous vaginal deliveries. The incidence of the previous cesarean section was higher in the MT group. Exactly 93.9% of patients were RhD‐positive and 3.77% of all patients possessed an antibody on pretransfusion testing. Patients with MT had a longer length of stay (LOS), higher rate of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, fetal death, and hysterectomy. Multivariate analysis found age >35, PPH, placenta percreta, accreta, and increta to be significant (p < .05) risk factors for MT.DiscussionPatients over 35 years and those with abnormal placentation are at increased risk of requiring MT. With a time to delivery of 2 days, potential MT patients can be identified early, and with a 94% rate of RhD‐positive+, they are eligible to receive low‐titer O whole blood (LTOWB) providing hemostatic resuscitation with reduced donor exposure.
Capturing the Spirit of Bureaucratic Images: Photo IDs, Biometrics, and Passing in Border‐Free Europe
Authors: Lewkowicz Romm 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTThis article looks at how the biometric surveillance of migrants in the European Union interweaves border‐passing with the embodied capacity to pass as, or against, one's bureaucratic image. Despite biometrics' promise to eliminate photographic mediation, photo IDs are embedded in biometric regulation, which further entangles bodies and photographs. Based on ethnographic research in the Turkish city of Izmir, the migrant hotspot of Chios in Greece, and Athens' counterfeit document market, this article examines the material, embodied, and performative experiments migrants employ to pass borders while negotiating their bureaucratic images (both authentic and fake). Photographs emerge as a regime of practice through which European citizenship is enacted and exercised.
Wing Radiator Development
Authors: Luburg G. A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This general paper on the subject of wing radiators contains a summary of experimental data of the Curtiss company and information of much original work. It should be of interest and help to airplane designers. The author explains apparently contradictory results by stating the comparatively few installations of this type and the usual accompanying secrecy. The use of wing radiators for general service is questionable, as they are expensive to build and easily subject to damage.
Stresses in Rigid Airships: The Effect of Indeterminateness on Their True Value
Authors: Pagon W. Watters 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Part I of the paper discusses statical determination as applied to a rigid airship and cites the difficulty of computing the actual stresses in a redundant structure of high degree. Part II treats the subject of statical stresses in an unbraced shell of varying longitudinal profile, advancing from a simple prismatic tube, through such a tube with a conical nose, to a symmetrical form of elliptical profile. Part III deals, in the way of a progress report, of the effect of introducing internal bracing, beginning with a single wire in a complete shell, prismatic or curved, and leading up to a more complex system in two prismatic bays.
The conclusions tentatively show that unless there is a considerable degree of rigidity in the bracing systems the shell stresses cannot be determined with even fair accuracy; that the change to loose wired ring frames requires careful attention to stresses induced in the shell by reason of the lowered rigidity of the ring frames as compared with tight wired frames; that there should be local reinforcement of members near concentrations of load; that keels and corridors have a marked influence on the stress distribution in the shell and that their effect on these stresses is as yet undetermined; that ships of curved profile differ so from those of prismatic form, heretofore studied, that the approach to St. Venant’s Principle is different and probably less certain; that there is some similarity to the stresses in a semi-rigid; that redundancy of the crossed diagonals in the facets of the shell is of rather localized effect; that even joint rigidity causes a secondary effect that is of importance; that some points are deserving of further study, such as the “keel effect” adjacent to loaded longitudinals; and the rigidity of the longitudinals between main frames; that there is evidence of a stress system underrunning the systems calculated by the common theories; that as the number of sides of the ship increases, from triangular to rectangular (square), hexagonal and octagonal, the stresses agree less and less well with the common theories, progressively, and since the trend is large, the effect should be studied further; that further study is needed to determine if, and how much, additional braced frames reduce the discrepancy just noted; finally, attention is called to the fact that the discrepancies discussed apply only to part of the stress in any one member, and that the discrepancy from the total stress will be a lesser percentage.
The Autogiro Rotor
Authors: Alfaro Heraclio 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The rotor of the Autogiro is described, as some authorities have considered that this revolving feature has added much in the way of increased safety and utility to the heavier-than-air craft. In the latest designs the Pitcairn Aircraft blade spars have been made of chrome-molybdenum steel. The necessity of attaining rigidity in torsion has determined in some designs the size of the blade main tubular spar. Research during the year has been devoted to mastering this structural requirement. The chief features are flexibility in the plane of lift, rigidity in the plane of rotation, and rigidity in torsion.
Airplane Landing Gears
Authors: Knack Frederick 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The landing gear is an important part of an airplane, for although failure may not be as dangerous to life as failure of another part, it is bound to be costly. Five things to look for in a landing gear are strength, satisfactory shock absorption, low drag, light weight, and stable taxying characteristics, and these are not necessarily antagonistic one to another nor difficult of attainment. Landing-gear failures are seemingly more frequent than other failures in spite of high load factors, possibly because taxying loads are neglected in specifying design loads. Small planes are often not able to make use of a retractable chassis, and the one-wheel chassis and tandem-wheel truck are suggested as possible methods of reducing chassis drag. Mention is made of the evolution of the Monocoupe landing gear toward decreased weight and resistance and greater dependability.
Racing Propellers for Light Airplanes
Authors: Weick Fred E. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To clear up the apparently puzzling situation in regard to propellers for light airplanes with high-speed engines the author has suggested a design for a racing propeller and then attempted to change its shape systematically in every possible way, noting the effect on the efficiency and the maximum speed. The effect of having the engine deliver its rated power at various revolution speeds is also investigated, as well as running a particular engine at revolution speeds above the rated.
The Design of Practical Light Airplanes
Authors: White Karl H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Expense has instilled the thought of low-powered airplanes in the minds of airplane manufacturers during the slump, in order that a market can be maintained for their product and an outlet seed planted for later production. The important features in the design of light airplanes are (1) price, (2) safety, and (3) appearance and performance. The manufacturing cost depends upon materials employed and simplicity of design, and also varies with the quantity produced. Curves are plotted showing the cost of materials and direct labor for different quantities of production. Safety is dependent upon (1) visibility, (2) low take-off and landing speeds, (3) controllability at low speed, and (4) fire hazard. Photos show how visibility is obtained in the pusher type of light airplane. Appearance and performance rank equally in third place, and the author speaks of the necessity for “eye appeal.” Performance in light airplanes is not measured in terms of high speed and maneuverability, but should be measured in terms of take-off and landing characteristics, together with controllability at low speeds. Wing-cell design is discussed, and charts show comparison of wing weights of light airplanes and normal-powered airplanes.
Kinematography in Photoelasticity
Authors: Frocht Max M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Photoelasticity is one of several methods for stress analysis. Kinematography in photoelasticity was made practicable by the introduction of the monochromatic method and should be found useful in the study of gear action, tool cutting, impact stresses, and in the phenomenon of failure.
Moving pictures of 15 models in 29 set-ups are presented which show a variety of stress-distribution patterns and their formations. Stress concentration can spring from various sources such as holes, grooves, notches, sharp curves, scratches, and the edges of flat steel dies.
A layer of rubber, lead, or wood has been found to eliminate stress concentration due to a die. Stress concentrations have been found to be mutually destructive when their sources are many and close. Application of this principle is made to the design of a thread and results from direct tests are shown which substantiate it.
Moving pictures are presented showing the stress fluctuation during impact, and from these the increase of stress in pure bending and the time of stress oscillation are determined, the latter being in good agreement with theory.
On the Lift Distribution for a Wing of Arbitrary Plan Form in a Circular Wind Tunnel
Authors: Millikan Clark B. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Previous theories dealing with the interference of wind-tunnel boundaries on airfoil characteristics have in general neglected the distortion of the lift distribution along the span caused by the presence of the boundaries. In the present paper this effect is considered and the general equations for a monoplane wing in a circular wind tunnel, with either closed or open working section, are developed. As an example, the case of an untwisted wing of elliptical plan form is considered in detail, and numerical results are obtained from which curves are plotted giving the more important interference effects. It is found that, at least for this case, the distortion of the lift distribution is rather surprisingly small and has an unimportant influence on the customary interference factors. It is concluded that the simple Prandtl type of correction is satisfactory for all practical cases in which the lack of uniformity of the airstream or the size of the airfoil chord does not become excessive.
Burning Oil-Refinery Waste Fuels in a Modern Steam Plant
Authors: Klotz H. J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Unsalable by-products in the refining of crude petroleum present a disposal problem. Such undesirable by-products are the acid and alkaline sludges and acid tar, the residues from the purification of lubricating oils and gasoline by the use of sulphuric acid, and the fine coke, or breeze, screened from the salable lump petroleum coke. Refineries were forced to burn the sludges to effect their removal. The chief problem was to get them into condition to be pumped. Louisiana Steam Products, Inc., entered into contract with a large refinery to supply their steam and electric requirements from a plant that would burn non-merchantable refinery waste fuels up to 50 per cent of the total heat content of the fuel required. The equipment used in this installation is described.
Pulverization and Boiler Performance
Authors: Tenney E. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While much has been said about the effect of varying degrees of pulverization, this paper gives specific and practical information on the relationship of pulverization of coal to boiler performance. The paper contains a resume of theoretical studies and actual tests that have been made in the past by other investigators and a recapitulation of the factors and theory of effects of fineness of grind on the combustion of pulverized coal and design of furnaces, mills, and boiler arrangements. Results are given of efficiency tests made at Cahokia with various finenesses.
Decomposition of Sodium Carbonate in Steam Boilers
Authors: Larson Reinhold F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper deals quantitatively with the extent of decomposition of sodium carbonate, which is present in many boiler waters and has an important bearing on the inhibition of caustic embrittlement and corrosion. Data are presented in the form of curves obtained from tests on a steaming laboratory boiler at various high pressures and with various feedwaters. The extent of decomposition occurring is found to be dependent upon several factors, the principal one being the amount of sodium carbonate in the feedwater. An attempt is made to correlate laboratory data with those obtained from operating plant boilers.
Piezometer Investigation
Authors: Allen Charles M. , Hooper Leslie J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This investigation had for its object the determination of a standard piezometer for commercial use and the study of the hydraulic effect of various conditions of operation upon different forms of piezometers. Piezometers were compared in operation with suitable reference orifices, the differentials being measured with hook gages. A number of factors concerning the performance of piezometer orifices were analyzed. The paper gives results covering a variety of forms and conditions and should assist in establishing a standard form of piezometer.
Hydraulic Jump in Sloping and Horizontal Flumes: Investigation of a Rational Solution Offering Formulas for the Tail-Water Depth
Authors: Ellms Robert W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The formulas presented in this paper were developed on a rational basis by the author in an attempt to solve for the tail-water depth of the hydraulic jump when it is produced in either sloping or horizontal flumes. A recent study of the mathematical analysis of this phenomenon has brought to light certain interesting relationships which are discussed in this paper. The conclusion drawn from this investigation is that Prof. W. C. Unwin’s momentum formula is really a special case of a more general formula which can be used to include jumps produced in both sloping as well as horizontal flumes. Data from a paper by the author entitled, “Computation of the Tail-Water Depth of the Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Flumes” are used to substantiate the theoretical conclusions reached herein.
Hydraulic Practice in Europe
Authors: Angus Robert W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The title describes in general the nature of this paper, but the author has confined the discussion to such features of European practice as are different from those in America. Various types of reaction turbines and draft tubes are illustrated, and also some two-nozzle Pelton wheels and one vertical four-nozzle machine. Types of valves, gates, and weirs peculiar to the Continent are discussed, and also some features of pumped-storage plants, with the special design of pump that is peculiar to them.
Lignum-Vitae Bearings for Roll Necks of Medium-Sized Rolling Mills
Authors: Atwater K. W. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The performance of metal roll-neck bearings is frequently unsatisfactory, particularly with regard to rapidity of wear and excessive power loss in friction. Roller bearings, although free from these disadvantages, are comparatively expensive, and are limited in applicability because of their space requirements. These circumstances provide a definite field of usefulness for bearings made of very hard wood. Tests of various species of lignum-vitae and of different methods of cutting bearings from the log have indicated specifications under which satisfactory lignum-vitae bearings can be produced. Bearings produced according to these specifications are used successfully in a great many rolling mills and can be lubricated adequately by means of water sprays. With such lubrication, the rate of wear and the power loss in friction are considerably lower than those of metal bearings lubricated with oil or grease. In some rolling mills the use of this type of bearing has effected power saving as high as 23 per cent in comparison with metal bearings. Tests have also shown that their life in certain cases is 15 times as long as that of metal bearings. Experience has indicated that the best results with such bearings can be obtained by polishing the roll necks before installation in the mill.
Water-Lubricated Soft-Rubber Bearings
Authors: Busse W. F. , Denton W. H. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Rubber bearings lubricated with water are found to have remarkably low coefficients of friction and to give excellent service under many conditions. The softness of the rubber makes these bearings stand up in the presence of sand and grit, and it also makes the laws of lubrication governing these bearings differ from the classical laws worked out by Reynolds and others for cylindrical metal bearings.
This paper gives a comparison of the frictions of rubber and metal bearings lubricated with water at various loads and speeds. Metal bearings have the lower static coefficient of friction, but the coefficient of running friction is usually lower for rubber bearings. The difference in favor of rubber bearings increases as the load increases, provided the shaft is smooth and the load is applied after the shaft gets up to speed. Rubber bearings have been tested at loads up to 850 lb. per sq. in.
Rubber bearings are particularly suitable for use on shafts running at high speeds not only because the friction is very low but because the softness of the rubber allows the shaft to turn on its center of gyration even though this differs slightly from the geometrical center, thus reducing the dynamic load in the bearing and the vibration in the machine.
Straight Copper-Lead Alloys Versus Leaded Solid-Solution Bronzes for Heavy-Duty Bearings
Authors: Hensel F. R. , Tichvinsky L. M. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This paper describes the metallurgical investigation of various bronze bearing metals and deals with a comparative study of the bearing performance of those metals. The technological possibilities of producing heavy-duty bearings were investigated. Experimental installations of bearings with severe requirements are under trial.
Application of Impregnated Fabric Bearings to Roll Necks
Authors: Schmitt Arthur J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The suitability of celoron for roll-neck bearings has led to widespread use of the product in that field. Its resilience allows bearings to absorb severe impact loads without permanent deformation. Celoron bearings are most commonly lubricated with water, in which case the rate of wear and the power consumed in friction are much less than those of metal bearings. The application of a superior lubricant such as oil or grease improves their performance appreciably. Celoron bearings serve most efficiently on highly polished roll necks, and they have produced substantial power savings in comparison with metal bearings, and their life in numerous installations has been found to be many times that of metal bearings.
Dividend Programs Related to Depreciation
Authors: Field E. G. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Figures are presented to show the working out of five selected dividend programs and to demonstrate that depreciation funds can be and often are misused as a result of the dividend program chosen. Several related subjects also are discussed, such as historical statements for interpretation of results, possibility of a current investment to current liability ratio, dividends that return parts of the original investment, and depreciation funds spent by management.
Improved Device for Recording Instantaneous Tool Pressures in Machinability Studies
Authors: Gechter O. F. , Laird H. R. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The device described permits the measurement of the three tool-pressure components during the machining of short test pieces. The advantages of the device as compared to similar devices used in the past are outlined. It is shown that the use of the piezo-electric pressure-measuring method makes possible a rigid tool mounting and the recording of relatively sudden pressure changes. The mechanical and electrical limitations are discussed, and improvements are suggested. A discussion of some of the test results illustrates the value of the device for machinability studies.