bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgA Anti-Dextran B1355 Responses
Authors: Kagnoff Martin F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Injection of mice bearing the Ig-1a allotype with dextran Bl355 results in an IgM antibody response that is generally regarded as thymus independent. Moreover, the antibody is directed to α[1,3] determinants on dextran Bl355 and shares cross-reacting idiotypic determinants with a λ1 IgA (J558) myeloma protein as well as a λ1 IgM (MOPC 104E) myeloma protein. In this study, we show that BALB/c (Ig-1a) mice injected with dextran Bl355 produced highly significant IgA anti-dextran responses with specificity directed to the α[1,3] epitope. Kinetics of the IgA anti-dextran response in BALB/c mice paralleled kinetics of the IgM response. However, the magnitude of the IgA response was markedly T cell dependent and age dependent.
A Quantitative Assay for Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Rat Based on Permeability of Spinal Cords to 125I-Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Stohl William , Kaplan Marc S. , Gonatas Nicholas K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have developed a quantitative assay for experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in the rat based on permeability of the spinal cord to 125I-human γ-globulin (HGG). This assay is highly reproducible and eliminates many of the drawbacks of assaying for EAE on the basis of clinical and/or histologic criteria. Using the assay, we have shown a direct correlation between onset of histologic changes in the spinal cord and onset of permeability changes in the spinal cord. No rat without histologic lesions manifest permeability alterations, and all rats with histologic lesions did manifest increased permeability to 125I-HGG. Furthermore, strains of rats susceptible to EAE demonstrated permeability changes, whereas resistant rats did not. In addition, we demonstrated by permeability and histologic criteria that guinea pig myelin basic protein emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant is encephalitogenic in the Lewis rat. We also demonstrated that recipients of passive transfer of sensitized cells develop permeability changes along with histologic lesions. We conclude that measuring permeability to 125I-HGG in the spinal cords of rats is a valid assay for EAE, and it improves upon current indices of EAE in that it is readily quantifiable.
Functional Activation of Immune Lymphocytes by Antigenic Stimulation in Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Yamamoto Yusei , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Histocompatibility-linked restriction of macrophage-T lymphocyte interaction in antigen-induced MIF production by sensitized lymphocytes was examined, by using combinations of inbred strain 2, strain 13, and JY-1 guinea pigs. The effective interaction of the antigen-bearing macrophages with the immune T lymphocytes was observed when the donor of the antigen-bearing macrophages and that of the immune lymphocytes shared Ia antigens of the major histocompatibility complex. Identities of B antigens and S antigens were not important for this cooperation. It was further demonstrated that the previously reported soluble factor derived from LPS-stimulated peritoneal adherent cells (macrophages) could help antigenic activation of the immune lymphocytes across the strain barrier provided a small number of macrophages (0.01%) from syngeneic strain were present. These results show that the presence of macrophages is absolutely required to present antigen to immune T lymphocytes in a genetically restricted manner and the soluble factor from macrophages appears to give a nonspecific effect on the lymphocyte activation in addition to or in collaboration with antigenic stimulation.
Evaluation of the Quantity and Affinity of Human IgG “Blocking” Antibodies
Authors: Adkinson N. Franklin , Sobotka Anne K. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have analyzed the quantity and avidity of IgG antibodies in human sera specific for allergenic proteins of clinical relevance. The methods used were saturation analysis, which provides quantitative estimates of antibody content and Scatchard and Sipps analyses of antigen-binding experiments, which provide estimates of antibody affinity and homogeneity and, by mathematical extrapolation, antibody quantity as well. We studied human IgG “blocking” antibody specific for three unrelated allergens: honeybee phospholipase A (PLA), ragweed antigen Ra5 (Ra5), and the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) hapten.
Antibody content determined by saturation analysis was highly correlated (r = 0.99; p &lt; 0.001) with estimates obtained by mathematical extrapolation of Scatchard and Sipps plots. The average equilibrium constant (K0) for IgG anti-PLA was 3 × 1010 M-1; for IgG anti-Ra5, the average K0 was 0.34 × 1010 M-1; and the K0 of a single serum with IgG anti-BPO had a high binding constant (12 ± 1.3 × 1010 M-1). The heterogeneity coefficients obtained from the Sipps analysis were consistently high for all allergens studied, suggesting remarkable homogeneity of antibody. Since antibody affinities varied over a relatively narrow range, it was possible to obtain estimates of antibody content by interpolation from the dilution curve of a standardized serum that agreed very well (r = 0.99; p &lt; 0.001) with values obtained by the more laborious saturation analysis technique.
It appears that saturation analysis and the Scatchard and Sipps transformations can be usefully applied to the study of human IgG “blocking” antibodies against large and small m.w. allergens, as well as haptens. The average affinity constant of human IgG blocking antibody is high when compared with hyperimmune animal antisera. The affinity constant for each allergen system varied over less than a 10-fold range in the limited number of sera studied, suggesting that variability in K0 is not a major contributor to the allergen-binding capacity of most sera.
β2-Microglobulin Enhances Human Lymphocyte Surface Receptor Expression for IgG
Authors: Birch Ruth E. , Fanger Michael W. , Bernier George M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of its close sequence homology to immunoglobulin constant domains, the effect of β2-microglobulin (β2µ) on the expression of Fc receptors on human peripheral blood lymphocytes was studied. Treatment of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) at 4°C with β2-microglobulin resulted in an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes expressing receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fcγ) from 34% in untreated preparations to 54% in preparations incubated with 50 µg of β2µ/2 × 106 cells. As shown by the binding of 125I-labeled β2µ, the molecule was taken up by peripheral lymphocytes and was associated with those lymphocytes that expressed Fcγ receptors. β2µ treatment had no demonstrable effect on the expression of other lymphocyte markers—E, EAC, sIg. The increase in Fcγ receptor expression was observed on T cells. Removal of adherent cells had no effect on β2µ induced Fcγ receptor expression, but the increased Fcγ receptor expression was abrogated by treatment with rabbit anti-human β2µ F(ab′)2 fragments. These findings suggest that high concentrations of β2µ exert effects on lymphocyte surfaces that may have functional as well as structural consequences in regulation of the immune system.
Molecular and Quantitative Analysis of Helper T Cell-Replacing Factors on the Induction of Antigen-Sensitive B and T Lymphocytes
Authors: Watson James , Aarden Lucien A. , Shaw Jennifer , Paetkau Vermer 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine spleen cells activated by the T cell mitogen concanavalin A (Con A) secrete factors that exhibit biologic activity on both bone-marrow (B) and thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes. In the presence of heterologous erythrocyte antigens, these factors stimulate antibody synthesis in T cell-depleted spleen cultures. In the presence of Con A, these factors stimulate mitogenic responses in thymocyte cultures where the cell density is too low to support mitogenic responses to Con A alone. Both culture systems have been developed as quantitative assays for the activities of the Con A factors. Purification of the biologic activities by salt precipitation, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing (IEF) establish that the molecules responsible for effects on B and T lymphocytes in these assay systems are identical. The quantitative assays performed reveal that these factors are active in each culture system at concentrations below 10-9 M. The IEF-purified factors also stimulate the specific generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes to allogeneic tumor cells in culture. These experiments reveal a requirement for helper T cells in the induction of antibody synthesis in B lymphocytes, mitogenic responses to Con A in T lymphocytes, and cytotoxic T cell precursors to effector cells. Each assay system may be a measure of the induction of antigen-sensitive lymphocytes, suggesting that B and T lymphocytes respond to similar, if not identical, helper T cell activity.
Complement Lysis of Resealed Red Cell Membrane Ghosts Pretreated with Glutaraldehyde
Authors: Giavedoni Elda B. , Chow Yeh Mei , Dalmasso Agustin P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate the effect of extensive cross-linkage of membrane proteins on the susceptibility of the membrane to complement (C) lysis, resealed sheep erythrocyte membrane ghosts (M) containing 3H-inulin or 3H-Dextran 20 were treated with glutaraldehyde (gl). The release of these marker molecules by the action of antibody (A) and C was then measured and compared to controls not treated with gl. There was an increase in C-induced release over a wide range of gl concentrations with guinea pig or human serum but not with rabbit serum. Most experiments were carried out with 0.25% gl, which caused a profound increment in the rate of marker release. MglAC1-7 treated with human C8 and C9 underwent more release than MAC1-7, but the difference diminished with high C8 concentrations. Gl treatment did not alter the number of 125I-C8 molecules that bind to M containing the first seven C components. Upon Sephadex G-200 chromatography, the Dextran 20 released by C from MglA was found to contain large molecules that were not present in the material released from MA. Because gl causes extensive cross-linkage of the membrane proteins, we conclude that they play no essential role in the production of the primary C lesion. Therefore, in biologic membranes the lipid bilayer constitutes the primary site of the C attack mechanism, as shown previously with artificial membranes. The studies also demonstrate that gl-induced cross-linkage of proteins and certain phospholipids results in membranes that upon reaction with C develop larger or more stable primary C lesions than native membranes.
Characterization of the Spontaneous Murine B Cell Leukemia (BCL1)
Authors: Vitetta E. S. , Yuan D. , Krolick K. , Isakson P. , Knapp M. , Slavin S. , Strober S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have raised an anti-idiotypic antibody against the cell surface IgM of the murine BCL1 tumor cells. This antiserum reacts exclusively with the IgM expressed on the tumor cells and detects a unique population of cells in the spleen and blood of the tumor-bearing mice. When these cells are stimulated in vitro with LPS, they secrete an IgM bearing the same idiotype as the cell surface Ig. These results are discussed in terms of a model for the immunotherapy of a chronic lymphocytic leukemia-like syndrome in mice.
Selective Adherence of Lymphocytes to Myelinated Areas of Rat Brain
Authors: Kuttner Barry J. , Woodruff Judith J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro system developed for studying lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules (HEV) of lymph nodes was used to determine if there are similar binding sites in other organs of the rat. Thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) adhered selectively and uniformly to white matter when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue sections of cerebellum and cerebrum. The pattern of TDL adherence to cerebellar sections showed that binding to nonmyelinated areas was negligible. Comparison of TDL-white matter to TDL-HEV binding demonstrated that the density of adherence to each site was quantitatively similar. In contrast, lymphocytes exhibited little tendency to bind to tissue sections of liver, spleen, heart, thymus, and salivary glands. TDL adherence to cerebellar white matter occurred rapidly, was cell dose dependent and optimal at 7°C. White matter binding was also a property of spleen lymphocytes but the thymus was deficient in cells with this capability. The affinity of TDL and spleen lymphocytes for myelinated areas of the brain suggests the presence of myelin binding receptors on these cells.
Carrier-Specific Immune Memory to a Thymus-Independent Antigen in Congenitally Athymic Mice
Authors: Schott Chester F. , Merchant Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune memory to the DNP epitope coupled to a nonmitogenic thymus-independent carrier, Ficoll, was demonstrated in congenitally athymic outbred Swiss mice. Strong IgM and modest IgG components of this memory were detected. Moreover, this memory was carrier specific since it was elicitable only when DNP-Ficoll primed mice were challenged with DNP-Ficoll and not when similarly primed mice were challenged with DNP coupled to pneumococcal polysaccharide or to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Ficoll primed mice also demonstrated a memory response when challenged with DNP-Ficoll. These findings indicate that a non-T cell, presumably a B cell, is capable of recognizing the carrier epitopes of this thymus-independent hapten-carrier complex.
Unlike their athymic counterparts, euthymic mice of the same genetic background failed to demonstrate the IgM component of this memory, but they did demonstrate modest carrier-specific IgG memory. These results strongly suggest that suppressor T cells are either directly or indirectly important in regulating the IgM memory response of these mice to DNP-Ficoll. Indirect regulation could possibly occur via an antibody-mediated specific immune suppression mechanism.
Comparative Effects in Mice of Purified Bacterial Cell-Wall Components on Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor Cells and Their Regulators
Authors: Staber Fritz G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects were investigated in mice of the injection of chemically pure preparations of three structurally unrelated cell-wall components from Gram-negative bacteria (BCWC), lipid A, outer-membrane lipoprotein, and murein on humoral and cellular parameters of granulocyte-macrophage production. Analysis of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFC) from normal C57BL/6 mice by velocity sedimentation showed that these cells sedimented as a relatively uniform population with a peak sedimentation velocity between 4.2 and 4.5 mm/hr. Pretreatment of mice with murein caused no significant alteration of this profile. However, GM-CFC from mice injected with either lipid A or lipoprotein sedimented more rapidly than normal. The whole profile was broadened and more than one peak was observed. Sera from mice injected with any of the three components stimulated the growth of GM-CFC in vitro, and at high serum concentrations, the absolute number of colonies and the proportion of pure granulocytic, pure macrophage, and mixed colonies were very similar. However, serial dilution of the sera revealed a significant qualitative difference between post-lipid A serum (PLAS) and post-lipoprotein serum (PLPS) on the one hand and post-murein serum (PMS) on the other hand. Thus, with serial dilution the number of colonies induced decreased more rapidly in the case of PMS than in the case of PLAS or PLPS. At dilutions insufficient to induce any colony growth by themselves both PLAS and PLPS potentiated the growth of GM-CFC stimulated by semi-purified mouse lung-conditioned medium (MLCM), whereas PMS, like normal mouse serum (NMS), had no significant effect.
Enhanced Uptake of 3H-Glucosamine by Macrophages Stimulated by Macrophage-Activating Factor
Authors: Sober Arthur J. , Haynie Marilynn , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The enhanced uptake and incorporation of 3H-glucosamine by guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages stimulated by macrophage-activating factor (MAF) were studied. MAF was produced by concanavalin A- (Con A) stimulated lymphocytes. Two systems were developed to assay this phenomenon, one using microtiter plates, the other using suspension cultures. Enhanced uptake of 3H-glucosamine by macrophages was found after 48-hr incubation in microtiter plates and after 24 hr in suspension cultures. Increased uptake of 14C-glucose and 3H-galactose was also observed under these conditions. The enhanced uptake of 3H-glucosamine was markedly reduced or abolished by the addition of glucose to the cell cultures or by replacement of the medium with fresh medium before pulsing with labeled sugar. These observations indicate that the mechanism of enhanced uptake reflects in part increased glucose utilization by the stimulated macrophages.
Inhibition of Antibody Production in Plasmacytoma Cells
Authors: Abbas Abul K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that highly multivalent DNP conjugates of γ-globulins, but not of KLH or BSA, inhibit the production of anti-DNP IgA antibody by the mouse plasmacytoma line, MOPC 315, in vitro. The present experiments were designed to compare the fate of various DNP antigens, trace-labeled with 125I, in MOPC 315 cells. After continuous exposure of MOPC 315 cells to various antigens for up to 20 hr, suppressive DNP-globulin conjugates are extensively internalized by the cells whereas nonsuppressive DNP-KLH and DNP-BSA remain largely bound to the surface. These differences are not attributable to cooperative binding of DNP-globulins to Fc receptors, and, at least with DNP-KLH, are not due to major differences in the molecular charge of the antigens. Moreover, all internalized antigens persist within cells and are not extensively hydrolyzed for up to 18 hr of antigen-free culture. Electron microscopic studies show that internalized antigens are not enclosed within pinocytotic vesicles, and are often found close to the endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex. It is proposed that prolonged intracellular persistence of antigens may be a central mechanism in the inactivation of antibody-secreting cells as well as in B lymphocyte tolerance.
Genetic Control of the Cytotoxic T Cell Response to SV40 Tumor-Associated Specific Antigen
Authors: Knowles Barbara B. , Koncar Mirjana , Pfizenmaier Klaus , Solter Davor , Aden David P. , Trinchieri Giorgio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The H-2 gene complex controls the ability of mice to generate cytotoxic T cells to the SV40 tumor-associated specific antigen (TASA). Mice of six H-2 haplotypes (H-2b, d, f, k, q, and s) were challenged in vivo with syngeneic simian virus 40 (SV40)-transformed cells. By testing splenic lymphocytes in a 51Cr cytotoxic test, only H-2b mice were able to generate cytotoxic T cells specific for syngeneic SV40-transformed target cells. In contrast, immune lymphocytes from both H-2b and H-2k mice assayed after secondary in vitro restimulation lysed SV40-transformed target cells of appropriate H-2 genotype. Popliteal lymph node cells from H-2b, k, and d mice, immunized by footpad injection of SV40 and then incubated for 14 days in vitro before assay, are cytotoxic for syngeneic SV40-transformed cells. With this immunization protocol, H-2b mice respond to SV40 TASA in association with both the H-2 K and D locus-coded molecules, whereas H-2k mice respond to SV40 TASA in association with the H-2 K molecule only and H-2d mice respond to SV40 TASA in association with the H-2 D gene product. SV40 TASA-immune lymphocytes from various F1 (responder × nonresponder) mice were also unable to lyse syngeneic H-2Kd or H-2Dk SV40-transformed target cells. Inhibition of the response to SV40 TASA in association with H-2Dd is found when lymphocytes from SV40 TASA-immune F1 hybrid (H-2b × H-2d) or H-2 congenic recombinant (H-2KbDd) mice are analyzed. A dominant suppression or recessive helper mechanism is hypothesized to account for these results.
Enhancing Role of IgG in Lysis of Rabbit Erythrocytes by the Alternative Pathway of Human Complement
Authors: Nelson Ben , Ruddy Shaun 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adsorption of human serum with rabbit erythrocytes (E) or stromata at 0°C removes about 30% of its alternative pathway activity as measured by lysis of rabbit E in MgEGTA buffer. The activity is restored by adding back a low pH eluate from the stromata. Hypogammaglobulinemic sera have much lower levels of eluate activity than do normals. The activity of the eluate is totally abrogated by treating it with anti-IgG immunoabsorbant or Staphylococcal protein A. Reciprocal experiments comparing eluates from rabbit E stromata or zymosan revealed that eluate from zymosan had no restorative effect on the lysis of rabbit E by stromata-adsorbed serum and that the eluate from the stromata effected no increase in C3 consumption when zymosan-adsorbed serum was exposed to zymosan at 37°C. Conversely, each of the eluates enhanced alternative pathway activity when tested with their respective adsorbed sera. That this activity is not essential for alternative pathway activation was demonstrated by the ability of hypogammaglobulinemic sera to lyse rabbit E despite depletion of IgG to levels of less than 80 ng per ml as detected by radioimmunoassay. The results of these experiments suggest that specific IgG antibodies enhance, but are not essential for, lysis of rabbit E by the alternative pathway of human complement.
Humoral and Formed Elements of Blood Modulate the Response of Peripheral Blood Monocytes
Authors: Musson Robert A. , Henson Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human and rabbit peripheral blood monocytes normally adhere to plastic tissue culture plates in vitro when they are suspended in Hanks' media. Increasing amounts of autologous serum or heat-inactivated plasma in the cell suspensions prevented the adherence of both monocytes and lymphocytes. The inhibitory effect of plasma was separated into three areas of activity by chromatography on Sephacryl S-200. The profile of inhibitory activity did not coincide with the protein elution profile, suggesting that inhibition was not a nonspecific protein effect. A layer of adherent platelets overcame the inhibitory effect of plasma on monocyte adherence. Platelets selectively increased monocyte as opposed to lymphocyte adherence and this was specific for platelets in that neither neutrophils nor fibroblasts could substitute for platelets. Both plasma and platelets acted directly on monocytes.
Genetic and Cellular Requirements for Primary Antibody Immune Response to Thy-1 Antigens in Mice
Authors: Zaleski Marek B. , Gorzynski Timothy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An effective anti-Thy-1 response requires at least three conditions to be simultaneously fulfilled—1) The responder has to share an H-2 haplotype, or at least K and D alleles, with the donor of the Thy-1 disparate thymocytes, 2) The responder has to differ from the donor by some non-H-2 cell-surface antigens, and 3) The responder has to possess functionally capable T cells. All these requirements are consistent with the hypothesis that Thy-1 antigens and the non-H-2 antigen(s), the latter serving as carrier, form a complex that is viewed as a variant of self and then recognized in the context of the H-2 molecules by the responder's T cells. An attractive feature of the proposed hypothesis is that it could be applicable to a variety of cell-surface and also exogenous antigens.