bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individualism and Fragmentation in the Mirrors of Secularism
Authors: McMahan David L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Particular elements of the zeitgeist of secularity have served as “magnets” that have drawn forth and transformed certain elements of Buddhism—especially the doctrine of nonself (anātman), dependent origination (pratītya-samutpāda), and certain meditative practices. These elements of Buddhism have been transformed and embodied by modern people in ways that both embrace and attempt to ameliorate certain aspects of modern secularity as a lived experience. Specifically, they attempt to negotiate the tension between two modes of secular subjectivity: the sense of selfhood as singular, independent, and autonomous—an image rooted in the European Enlightenment and enshrined in public discourse, education, and the judicial system—and the felt sense of fragmentation of the self into multiple, disembedded identities, a sense that recent social thinkers have argued is endemic to late modernity.
Who Was Nietzsche’s “Good European”?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractNietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil works very hard to present us with an author who is a disunified agent. In fact, this agent is discombobulated enough so that both by its own (elaborately worked-out) theoretical lights, and by our own, it does not support the full-fledged attribution of propositional attitudes. (That is, there’s no straight answer to the question, What does he think?) We are being presented, first, with a challenge to our historiographical practice, which is directed primarily to reconstructing the beliefs of past philosophers. And second, we are being made pointedly aware that we do not have available a notation adequate to the states of mind we encounter when faced with disintegrating agency; this remains a challenge for philosophy of mind today. The authorial character with which Nietzsche is presenting us—his “Good European”—is an exaggerated version of ourselves. (Nietzsche argues that we’re all “Europeans.”) We had better be in the business of inventing values. But how can people like that—like us—do so successfully?
Who Was Nietzsche’s Psychologist?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThe new agenda for philosophers which Nietzsche was attempting to set was inventing values. But what are values for? And how are we supposed to assess evaluative innovations? To be sure, like other inventions, they can have many purposes, but Twilight of the Idols gives them a surprising function, that of a prosthetic which serves a disunified agent as a surrogate for a coherent, controlled, and effective decision-making process. The use is demoed via the book’s implicit author—his “Psychologist”—and the work introduces ad hominem argumentation as its “first example” of an evaluative innovation: assessing both views and values by looking behind them, to the person who has them, is recommended not as what we already count as a good argument, but to be counted that way from here on out. And the book puts on display a way of motivating evaluative shifts of this kind.
Who Was Nietzsche’s Antichrist?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractWhen Nietzsche launched his program of inventing personalized and idiosyncratic values, he noticed a very large obstacle to its success: those values are most urgently needed by disunified agents, but the enterprise of inventing values seems to demand highly unified agency. Nietzsche’s never-completed Revaluation of All Values started off with The Antichrist, a work that dramatizes the problem by presenting its own implicit author as someone whose psychology was built around an internally incoherent drive; the literary models for that drive came from the political antisemitism of Nietzsche’s day. Once we see the shape of that problem clearly, we also see how the intended “revaluation of values” was not simply the substitution of one set of values for another. Rather, it was—in today’s vocabulary—metaethical.
Who Wrote Nietzsche’s Autobiography?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn Ecce Homo, Nietzsche addresses the question of whether he is a “decadent”—a disunified agent—by putting his own lapses of control on display. Because decadents aren’t in control of their psychic parts, which Nietzsche thought of as drives, a decadent can be forced to manage his personality by inventing values to stimulate and appeal to his drives. The values which Nietzsche famously introduces (the Eternal Return, the Overman, will to power, and so on) were there to hold him together, but they also show off the advantages of disunity of agency: who else but a decadent would have a need for, and so, produce them?
What Was Nietzsche’s Perspectivism?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractA Nietzschean perspective, seen through the lens of bounded rationality, provides heuristic representations: some things are left out and others are simplified in order to facilitate fast and effective responses. The shortcuts that one perspective takes can be visible from other perspectives—what one of them misses, another catches—and so being able to switch from perspective to perspective is an invaluable reality check, especially for someone in the business of inventing values. The paradigm and central case of a perspective is a human personality, and the previous chapters have been showing how each of Nietzsche’s later books is a depiction of its author. Each of these personalities was configured differently—that is, each of his later books is presenting us with a different perspective, typically on shared content. Institutionalization of values was not an acceptable monitoring and quality control method for the sort of values Nietzsche was after, but the poster boy of disunified agency could not help but lurch from perspective to perspective. And so only a decadent like himself, he decided, would have available the multiple points of view needed to imagine and make real the idiosyncratic but self-aware evaluative innovations on which he was insisting.
What Was Nietzsche’s Tragedy?
Authors: Millgram Elijah 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn his very first book, The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche had proposed a theory of the ancient Greek dramatic form: the double vision it induces, of an illusory world of order overlaid on the horrifying chaos that is reality, reconciles one to one’s own life. In retrospect, we can see that Nietzsche managed to arrange his own life to conform to this model. Because his collapsing agency enabled him to be an inventor of values—and of his metavalue, the overwhelming importance of inventing values—there was a very clean story to tell as to why his painfully difficult life had been worth living, all of it. That story was superimposed on a chaotic and disintegrating life, one culminating in the sacrifice of its tragic hero. The final meaning of life he invented for himself allowed Nietzsche to construe his own life as a tragedy, and so, in his own eyes, to redeem it.
Confronting the Racist Legacy of the American Child Welfare System
Authors: Dettlaff Alan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Confronting the Racist Legacy of the American Child Welfare System presents a call to abolish the American child welfare system due to the harm and destruction it causes Black families. The book traces the origins of the modern child welfare system, which emerged just following the abolition of slavery, to demonstrate that the harm and oppression that result from child welfare intervention are not the result of “unintended consequences” but rather are the clear intents of the system and the foreseeable results of policies put in place over decades. By tracing the history of family separations in the United States since the era of slavery, Confronting the Racist Legacy of the American Child Welfare System demonstrates that the intended outcomes of those separations—the subjugation of Black Americans and the maintenance of White supremacy—are the same intended outcomes of family separations today. What distinguishes contemporary family separations from those that occurred during slavery is that today’s separations occur under a façade of benevolence, a myth perpetuated over decades that family separations are necessary to “save” the most vulnerable children. Yet what if we could see past the mirage of benevolence and recognize family separations for what they truly are—state-directed, state-sponsored terror? The book presents evidence of the vast harms that result from family separations to make a case that the child welfare system is beyond reform. Rather, the only solution to ending these harms is complete abolition of this system and a fundamental reimagining of the way society cares for children, families, and communities.
Shakespeare: 1607–8, 1612–13
Authors: Sharpe Will 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines the kind of collaborator Shakespeare was in his late period, and considers in detail the particular authorial and wider artistic characteristics of Shakespeare’s late collaborations, Pericles, All Is True, and The Two Noble Kinsmen, also briefly considering Cardenio. Considering the late-Victorian idea of ‘romance’ in all we conventionally associate with Shakespearean lateness, it explores how he worked with George Wilkins and John Fletcher, his two late collaborators, and compares the literary and dramatic outcomes of these collaborative enterprises with those of his early career. An extended coda addresses Shakespeare’s discernible attitudes towards literary authorship, how that changed across the course of a long career, and how collaboration finally fits into that ideal.
Determining Collaboration
Authors: Sharpe Will 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at both the editing of collaboration, and the identification of it. In doing the former, it looks at how the kinds of textual theory and book-history knowledge germane to the task of editing can help us identify collaboration, and suggests ways in which textual editing can, and should, supplement stylometry (itself often performed on unedited digitized texts). In the latter, it examines the difficulties of identifying a Shakespearean ‘style’ in his collaborative works, and the difficult politics surrounding attribution study in general. It discusses attribution techniques and the rise of technologies that can be considered under the broad heading ‘stylometries’, digital humanities computer-based work that has nonetheless caused controversy for its application of apparently mathematical processes to literary texts. The analysis does not assume specialist knowledge, and all technical terms are explained. It argues that stylometry must be recognized as a legitimate form of textual criticism with a particular outcome in mind, though argues that finding authorial ‘identity’ within texts, and attempts to establish an authorial ‘fingerprint’ for Shakespeare and others are more difficult problems than stylometry sometimes allows, and examines issues around diversity, inclusivity, and equality, towards which attributionists are increasingly perceived as hostile by their opponents.
The Child-King
Authors: Landy Francis 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In chs 7–11 there is a succession of marvellous children, all of whom are signs of the new age. These chapters also present the apogee of Davidic ideology in the Hebrew Bible. The new king will rule preternaturally in justice and righteousness over a non-violent earth, and contrasts with the imperial folly of Assyria. The figures of the child and king are intertwined; in 9.5–6 the newborn baby is divine. The chapter analyses the vision of the peaceable kingdom in 11.1–9 in the context of the reassertion of Davidic sovereignty in 11.11–16. This is followed by a reading of ch. 32, in which a just king presides over a realm characterized by linguistic clarity and a transformed nature. I argue that this chapter contributes to the trajectory from the idealized image of kingship in chs 7–11 to its metaphorical displacement in Deutero-Isaiah.
Spinoza, Life and Legacy
Authors: Israel Jonathan I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Contrary to what was long thought, Spinoza was the most controversial and challenging all the thinkers of the early Enlightenment era and also the most frequently attacked and refuted. Already in his own time and the years after his death, many dozens of books and public addresses were published aiming to obliterate his arguments. This biography, using the latest research, which in recent years has revealed a great deal of new information, seeks to present a rounded and detailed picture of Spinoza’s remarkable life, activities, and uniquely contested legacy and explain why his ideas proved more controversial, far-reaching in their effects, and more widely and bitterly contested in English, French, Latin, Hebrew, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Dutch, and Italian than those of any other thinker of the age. Rather than portraying Spinoza as reclusive, as many biographers have in the past, the author sets out to correct the balance and show how engaged, active, and involved in the battle of ideas of his time, in the face of near universal opposition, Spinoza actually was, and how his friends and allies forming an underground network, operating to an extent clandestinely, forged Spinoza’s philosophy, his books, and ideas into an anti-establishment subversive ideology designed to overthrow the religious, political, and educational assumptions of the European societies of his day in favour of a freer, more open, more democratic approach.
Belief and Credence
Authors: Greco Daniel 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In chapter five I apply some lessons from chapter four to questions about the relationship between folk psychological categories like belief, and decision theoretic categories like credence. I argue that the idea that folk psychology has a distinct and ineliminable role to play in explaining certain aspects of our cognitive lives—one that cannot be coopted by decision theory—looks a good deal less plausible once these lessons are appreciated. This is because decision theory can make liberal use of certainties, and these certainties can do the theoretical work often claimed to be the distinctive purview of folk psychological belief.
The Early History of MDMA
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the early history of the molecule MDMA, which was first synthesized by the pharmaceutical company Merck, in search of a synthesis of the blood-clotting agent hydrastinine. As the original synthesis of hydrastinine had already been patented by another company, Merck needed to find an alternative synthesis. After a few failed attempts, the company’s chemists developed a rather complicated synthesis to circumvent the patent. Their new synthesis produced MDMA as an intermediate. Although it had no medical significance itself, Merck’s chemists subsequently resynthesized MDA a few times for specific purposes and conducted animal experiments, without, however, discovering its effects on humans. Two myths about the origin of MDMA often encountered in the literature—that the prominent German chemist Fritz Haber first synthesized MDMA whilst working on his dissertation, and that MDMA had been developed and tested as an appetite suppressant—are discussed and shown to be false.
The Toxicity Debate
Authors: Passie Torsten 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers the history of research and events related to the possible toxicity of MDMA, from the first cases of death involving MDMA and early toxicological research through to studies on its neurotoxicity in humans. It also provides some of the background stories behind the research and the debate about MDMA’s possible toxicity. Some ‘anti-Ecstasy campaigns’ related to the toxicity debate are also described. Complex issues and research related to the toxicity question are presented. Some early studies were obviously biased by compromised research methodologies. This is illustrated by the scandal surrounding a Johns Hopkins University researcher who, in 2000, claimed that MDMA could cause Parkinson’s disease; it was later discovered that he accidentally administered methamphetamine, instead of MDMA, to his experimental monkeys. When research on possible toxicological consequences of recreational MDMA began in earnest, a lot of studies were conducted internationally about possible changes in the brain and the long-term consequences for cognitive functions. Some of the more important, sometimes biased, studies and their implications are presented and discussed. A study undertaken with Mormon subjects, who had consumed MDMA, but no other drugs, showed that if MDMA is used alone, it has no long-term effects on cognition. The use of research results in anti-Ecstasy campaigns are described.
The natural laboratory paradigm
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘The natural laboratory paradigm’ explores the study of islands as model systems in the life sciences. It explains the key features of islands that makes them exemplary natural experiments, highlights their contribution to global biodiversity, and their importance in the development of ideas in biogeography, ecology, evolution, and conservation science. It highlights the variety of forms of insular systems and the importance of scale in framing their study, and it introduces the idea of filters on island community assembly. It closes with a brief historical account of the development of island biogeography, highlighting seminal contributions by scientists such as Charles Darwin, Alfred Russel Wallace, Joseph Dalton Hooker, Leopold von Buch, Olof Arrhenius, David Lack, Sherwin Carlquist, Robert MacArthur, and Edward Wilson, and outlining how key research foci, methods, and theories have changed over time.
Island types, origins, and dynamics
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘Island types, origins, and dynamics’ focuses on how islands emerge and develop as platforms for life. It introduces the classic subdivision into oceanic islands, continental fragments, and continental shelf islands and reviews more recent geological subdivisions of categories of oceanic island. It highlights distinctions between island geodynamics linked to divergent, convergent, and transverse plate boundaries, and those associated with various intraplate settings. These dynamics are also shown to be linked to biogeographical debates about disjunct distributions. A general ontogeny is described for islands of hotspot origin involving steep, high, active volcanos, giving way to more complex and dissected terrain, followed by decline as islands erode and/or subside. The processes of island origin, development, and eventual disappearance are illustrated with specific reference to Macaronesia (including the Canary Islands), Hawaii, and the Caribbean. The characteristics and origins of coralline islands, reefs, atolls, and guyots are also described.
Island evolutionary syndromes in animals
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘Island evolutionary syndromes in animals’ describes and evaluates the emergent combinations in physiognomic, reproductive, and behavioural traits exhibited by island endemics for consistency across different island regions. It highlights the importance of rigorous checking to avoid confirmatory biases and to account for differential colonization and anthropogenic extinction. It considers the slowing-down syndrome, exemplified by rodents and lizards. It reviews the island body-size rule (evolution of larger sizes in small-bodied island species and vice versa), in mammals and other vertebrates. It reviews such proposed additional syndromes as: flight loss in insects and birds, adjusted reproductive investment in lizards and birds, loss of defensive behaviour and relaxation in territoriality for specific taxa, herbivory in island lizards, low-gear locomotion traits in large herbivores, colouration and song shifts in birds, and the role of asexual reproduction in lizards. As key drivers, it highlights insular disharmony, reduction of vertebrate predation, and interspecific competition.
Island evolutionary syndromes in—and involving—plants
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘Island evolutionary syndromes in—and involving—plants’ identifies similarities and differences in the proposed emergent insular traits and syndromes for plants in comparison with those identified for island endemic animals. It reviews evidence for insular secondary woodiness, the loss of dispersibility, size changes, modified defensive traits, reduced fire resilience, tufted-leaved growth form, trends towards self-compatibility (Baker’s law), sexual dimorphism and directional shifts in both floral traits and pollination mechanisms, the prevalence and role of polyploidy, and of mycorrhizal symbionts in island plants. It also reviews putative syndromes involving plant–animal interactions, including both trait shifts and generalism within pollination networks, the involvement of reptiles in plant dispersal, and the development of double mutualisms. It notes that there are slightly fewer definitive and systematic comparative reviews for island plant syndromes than for animals, although uncertainty persists for both taxa.
The application of island theory to fragmented landscapes
Authors: Whittaker Robert J. , Fernández-Palacios José María , Matthews Thomas J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
‘The application of island theory to fragmented landscapes’ considers the implications of the widespread fragmentation of natural habitats globally and the application of island theory to inform conservation. It explores the concept of minimum viable populations and how they translate into minimum viable areas for population persistence. It reviews the application of incidence functions and metapopulation theory (and variants describing persistent source–sink relationships) to the occupancy of habitat islands. It reviews evidence for extinction debts, species relaxation (richness reduction), threshold effects, and the habitat amount hypothesis. It traces the development of the ‘single large or several small’ reserves debate from its initial theoretical origins to an increasingly pragmatic research theme. It reviews the prevalence and significance of nestedness within habitat island systems, the roles of edge effects, habitat corridors, and landscape matrix effects. It briefly reviews links between island theory and other conservation themes, such as rewilding and land-sharing versus land-sparing.
Classical Hydrodynamic Stability Theory
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. , Gajjar Jitesh S. B. , Walton Andrew G. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The basic concepts of hydrodynamic stability theory are introduced, followed by a discussion of some of the main classical results. This includes the formulation of the Orr-Sommerfeld equation for parallel flows such as the flow in a channel, and quasi-parallel flows including some boundary layer flows. Here the Tollmien-Schlichting instability is first mentioned. The Rayleigh equation governing inviscid stability is derived and some properties such as the inflexion point theorem are studied. This is followed by a discussion of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability of shear flows that form, for example, when a boundary layer separates from a rigid surface. The chapter concludes with two other types of instabilities. The first is cross-flow instability which is important in swept wing boundary layer flows and the flow over a rotating disk. The second is centrifugal instability in the flow between rotating cylinders and also in the flow over a concave surface when the instability manifests itself as Taylor-Görtler vortices.