bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific Binding of T Lymphocytes to Macrophages
Authors: Ben-Sasson Shlomo Z. , Lipscomb Mary F. , Tucker Thomas F. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) from immune guinea pigs that adhere to antigen-pulsed macrophages (MØ) were cultured for 1 week to yield a population enriched in antigen-specific (selected) T cells. These cells bind specifically within hours to fresh autologous antigen-pulsed MØ. The dissociation of these selected PEL from antigen-pulsed MØ was studied. No evidence was obtained that factors in the culture medium play a role in dissociation. Lymphocytes that have dissociated from antigen-pulsed MØ are usually fully capable of rebinding to MØ freshly pulsed with antigen, suggesting that there is no deficiency in the lymphocytes ability to bind. In contrast, readding antigen to cultures during incubation prevents the predicted dissociation. Moreover, repulsing MØ cultured without selected PEL restores their capacity to bind fresh selected PEL. These findings indicate that decay of antigen associated with MØ is the major mechanism underlying the observed dissociation.
Anti-Immunoglobulin Stimulation of Murine Lymphocytes
Authors: Weiner Howard L. , Scribner Duncan J. , Moorhead John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) stimulation of spieen cells from aged mice (7 to 9 months old) results in both blast cell transformation and increased incorporation of 3H-TdR. Younger animals rarely respond to anti-Ig. Using the above parameters to measure cell activation we investigated 1) the time requirements for anti-Ig-lymphocyte interaction which are necessary to induce stimulation, 2) the identity of the responding cells, and 3) the fate of surface receptors on the stimulated cells.
When spleen cells were cultured with anti-Ig for various periods of time, it was found that the anti-Ig antibodies had to remain in culture for at least 48 hr of the 3-day culture period to induce maximum stimulation. Removing anti-Ig from culture at 24 or 4 hr resulted in a significantly lower response or an inhibition of proliferation. The cells responding to anti-Ig were B cells; 85 to 90% of anti-Ig-induced blast cells, cultured to allow re-expression of surface markers, were positive for surface Ig which was IgM.
The prolonged requirement for anti-Ig in culture indicated that surface Ig must be continuously re-expressed by the responding cells. However, free surface Ig was not detected on the cells during continuous culture with anti-Ig. Rather, the cells were found to have relatively large amounts of rabbit antibody bound to their surface. Similar cultures stimulated with F(ab′)2 fragments or cultures of spleen cells from young animals stimulated with intact anti-Ig did not have surface-bound rabbit antibody. The rabbit antibody is most likely in the form of antigen-antibody complexes, i.e., surface Ig-anti-Ig, bound to Fc receptors on the stimulated cells. These complexes are apparently produced by the continuous re-expression and redistribution of surface Ig by anti-Ig, a process that is required for anti-Ig stimulation of B cells.
Analysis of the Cellular Basis of Idiotype-Specific Suppression
Authors: Ward Kathleen , Cantor Harvey , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the ability of B and T lymphocyte subclasses from donor mice that produce high levels of anti-Ar antibody but have been suppressed for one idiotypic component (CRI) to induce and maintain idiotypespecific suppression. Our studies indicate: 1) Memory B cells from such mice can preempt virgin CRI+ B cells present in the host from contributing to the anti-Ar response. 2) T cells can also adoptively transfer idiotypespecific suppression. 3) B and T cells do not act synergistically in this transfer of idiotype-specific suppression. 4) Extremely small numbers of Ly23 cells transfer suppression of idiotype and most probably represent true Ts cells. 5) Ly1 cells from hyperimmune idiotypically suppressed donors can induce idiotype-specific suppression. This latter result most likely reflects the induction of idiotype-specific suppressor cells in the host.
Regulation of IgE Antibody Production by Serum Molecules
Authors: Tung Amar S. , Chiorazzi Nicholas , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Exposure of mice to low doses of ionizing x-irradiation at or near the time of primary immunization with 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-Ascaris suum extract (ASC) results in substantial enhancement of IgE anti-DNP antibody responses; the IgG antibody responses of such mice do not increase after such manipulations. This selective enhancement of IgE antibody production occurs in mice of both high and low IgE responder phenotype, although the extent of enhancement compared to unmanipulated control animals is more striking in low IgE responder mice. The studies presented here demonstrate that the irradiation-enhanced IgE antibody responses of low responder SJL and C57BL/6 mice as well as of intermediate responder AKR mice can be effectively suppressed by passive transfer of CFA-immune serum obtained from isologous donor mice. Moreover, adoptive secondary IgE antibody responses in SJL recipients of primed syngeneic spleen cells can be totally abolished by passive transfer of CFA-immune serum or ascitic fluid from CFA-immune mice. The suppressive activity of CFA-immune serum can be diminished or eliminated by exposure of CFA-primed donor mice to low dose x-irradiation at an appropriate point during the priming regimen, after a single inoculation of CFA, and before collection of serum. Low dose x-irradiation was not effective in eliminating suppressive activity of CFA-induced ascites fluid obtained from donor mice inoculated repeatedly with CFA.
In contrast to the capacity of CFA-immune serum from isologous donors to suppress irradiation-enhanced IgE responses of low responder mice, similar sera or ascites fluids were ineffective in suppressing irradiation-enhanced responses of high responder BALB/c or (SJL × BALB/c)F1 hybrid mice. This was true irrespective of whether such sera or ascites were obtained from isologous donors or from donor mice of the low IgE responder phenotype. The implications of these findings with respect to clarifying some of the previously confusing observations concerning 1) the effects of adjuvant administration on IgE antibody production, and 2) differences in the capacities of different mouse strains to produce IgE antibodies in high vs low quantities are discussed.
Studies on the Question of Conventional Immunoglobulin on Thymocytes from Primitive Vertebrates
Authors: Yamaga Karen M. , Kubo Ralph T. , Etlinger Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of antibodies directed against carbohydrate determinants in anti-trout immunoglobulin (Ig) and anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) antisera raised the possibility that these reagents might react with Ig and non-Ig membrane determinants. In order to discriminate between these two specificities, trout splenocytes and thymocytes were radioiodinated by the lactoperoxidase procedure and immunoprecipitated with anti-trout Ig and anti-KLH. With splenocyte membrane proteins, reduced anti-trout Ig immunoprecipitates, when analyzed on SDS-gels, resolved into a 100,000 m.w. component as well as the heavy and light chain constituents from membrane Ig. The anti-KLH, on the other hand, reacted preferentially with a 100,000 m.w. component. The binding to the 100,000 m.w. component could be removed from the anti-Ig sera by absorption of the reagent with KLH such that only the membrane Ig was precipitated. The lower reactivity of anti-KLH to membrane Ig, when compared with the 100,000 m.w. component, was probably due to a difference in carbohydrate content because specifically purified antibodies eluted with l-fucose were capable of reacting with both glycoproteins from splenocytes.
On thymocytes, anti-Ig and anti-KLH reacted with membrane proteins that gave qualitatively similar SDS-gel patterns. The anti-Ig sera absorbed with KLH failed to react with any thymocyte membrane proteins indicating an absence of Ig-specific determinants on these cells. By immunofluorescence, 100% of the thymocytes were stained with anti-Ig and anti-KLH reagents. Some faint residual fluorescence was found when anti-Ig was absorbed with erythrocytes, KLH, and trout Ig glycopeptides. Thus, although some minor reactivity of anti-Ig on thymocytes cannot be accounted for by cross-reactive determinants by immunofluorescence, most of the reactivity was due to carbohydrate moieties. It does not appear that conventional Ig is found on thymocytes, at least in amounts that are detectable by the lactoperoxidase labeling method.
Genetic Analysis of Ia Determinants Expressed on Con A-Reactive Cells
Authors: Ahmann Gerald B. , Sachs David H. , Hodes Richard J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pretreatment of mouse lymphoid cells with anti-Ia sera and C abrogated the proliferative responses of these cells to Con A. Studies were carried out with several anti-Ia reagents and intra-H-2 recombinant mouse strains to map the I subregion(s) whose products are expressed on Con A-reactive cells. Treatment with a (B10.A × A)F1 anti-B10 reagent and C abrogated the ability of BALB/c cells to respond to Con A. Absorption studies on this reagent demonstrated that Con A-reactive cells express Ia determinants coded by the I-A subregion. The results with two additional reagents, B10.A(4R) anti-B10.A(2R) tested on B10.BR cells and (B10 × D2.GD)F1 anti-B10.D2 absorbed with B10.A cells and tested on BALB/c cells, demonstrated that Con A-reactive cells also express Ia determinants encoded to the right of I-A. Several antisera and strain combinations were evaluated in which the antisera could contain antibodies specific for products of genes encoded by the I-J subregion, but the results were inconclusive. These data demonstrate that there are at least two different I subregions, one in I-A and one to the right of I-A, that code for antigens expressed on Con A-reactive cells.
Studies on the Mechanism of Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Siliciano Robert F. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
These studies were addressed to the hypothesis that interactions between a target cell's plasma membrane and its nucleus might be of significance in determining the susceptibility of the cell to lysis by cytotoxic lymphocytes. To this end, P815 mastocytoma cells were enucleated by centrifugation through a discontinuous Ficoll gradient containing 20 µg/ml cytochalasin B. Two types of vesicles were isolated, both enclosed by plasma membrane: one fraction, termed cytoplasts, contained significant quantities of the cytoplasmic marker lactate dehydrogenase, but lacked nuclei by both biochemical and phase-contrast microscopic criteria. The other type, karyoplasts, contained nuclei. Cytoplasts displayed surface H-2 antigens but “capped” these molecules poorly; karyoplasts showed a “capping” capacity similar to that of intact cells. Despite a deficient capacity to “cap” surface H-2, cytoplasts were susceptible to the action of cytotoxic T cells. There was no indication that cytoplasts were more resistant to lysis than either karyoplasts or intact cells. Moreover, sources of NK, K, and lectin-dependent cytotoxic cells were all capable of inducing specific 51Cr release from both cytoplast and karyoplast preparations.
Thus, in keeping with our earlier suggestion that the target cell plays a passive role in the lytic process, these studies show that possession of a nucleus is not a prerequisite for susceptibility to cell-mediated cytoxicity.
Trinitrophenylated Red Cells (E-TNP) as a Model for Antibody-Independent Activation of the Complement System via the Classical Pathway
Authors: Loos Michael , Thesen Rolf 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Recently, it was shown that DNP-substituted human serum albumin (DNP-HSA) bound directly C1q, a subcomponent of C1. Evidence is presented that TNP-conjugated erythrocytes (E-TNP) were lysed by autologous sera as source of complement (C). The lysis was strongly dependent on the TNP substitution rate so that the TNP-carrying erythrocytes can be used directly as an indicator for the TNP-C interaction. The TNP-induced lysis of erythrocytes required the presence of C1q, C4, and Ca++, indicating a dependency on the classical pathway of C. Purified C1̄ is directly bound to E-TNP; C1̄ bound to E-TNP could be transferred to EAC4. From E-TNP-1̄ the intermediates E-TNP-C1̄4 and E-TNP-C1̄42̅ can be formed by successive addition of C4 and C2 similarly to EAC1̄4 and EAC1̄42̅. Native C1 can be activated to C1̄ by E-TNP in the same fashion as by EA. The E-TNP model provides evidence that the “activated” Fc part of the antibody molecule is not unique in its ability to trigger the internal activation of C1. Molecules with negatively charged groups, like polyanions, or molecules with high electron dense groups, like DNP or TNP, can activate the C system via the classical pathway by binding directly to C1q.
Theory of Equilibrium Binding of Symmetric Bivalent Haptens to Cell Surface Antibody: Application to Histamine Release from Basophils
Authors: Dembo Micah , Goldstein Byron 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We present a theory of equilibrium binding of symmetric bivalent haptens to cell surface antibody in the presence or absence of monovalent hapten. Bivalent haptens can link together antibodies to form linear chains or rings on cell surfaces. We show how to calculate the amount of any complex of bound bivalent hapten, monovalent hapten, and antibody.
We are particularly interested in the mole fraction of antibody involved in complexes made up of two or more antibodies, i.e., the fraction of antibody that is cross-linked (xpoly). We treat the case when the antibody on the cell surface, which is specific for the hapten, is homogeneous. For this case we prove a number of general properties about xpoly: 1) xpoly approaches zero at both high and low bivalent hapten concentration. 2) xpoly becomes a maximum when the bivalent hapten concentration equals Amax, where Amax = 1/H + B/2. H is twice the equilibrium constant for the binding of a single hapten site to a single antibody site and B is the monovalent hapten concentration. 3) a plot of xpoly vs the log of the bivalent hapten concentration is symmetric about the maximum value of xpoly. We use these and other properties of xpoly in this paper to clarify the relationship between cross-link formation and histamine release.
Intra- and Interspecies Reactivity of Human and Mouse Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Authors: Hansson Mona , Bakacs Klas Karre Tibor , Kiessling Rolf , Klein George 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells can kill certain syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic tumor targets in short-term 51Cr release assays. In the present study, intra- and interspecies NK activity was analyzed. Ten mouse and five human tissue culture lines were used. In direct cytolytic assays with mouse spleen cells or human PBL effectors, intraspecies was much stronger than interspecies reactivity, as a rule. A certain interspecies activity was obtained, stronger in mouse anti-human (M α H) than in human anti-mouse (H α M) combinations. In the H α M system, activity was associated with the same type of PBL-derived non-B-non-T cell fraction as in the intraspecies H α H system. The non-B-non-T cell nature of the M α H killer cell has been demonstrated previously.
Nonlabeled tumor cells were allowed to compete with isotope-labeled targets in intra- and interspecies cytolytic NK tests. NK-sensitive tumor lines of the same species were superior to xenogeneic competitors in both M α M and H α H tests. In the M α M assay, the competing ability of the same human tumors varied, depending on the genotype of the mouse effector cells. None of the human lines tested competed effectively with strain CBA effectors but some showed a certain competition with C57BL effectors. In the H α H assay, strong competition was seen with two of the 10 xenogeneic mouse tumors tested.
Suppression of Humoral and Delayed Hypersensitivity Repsonses by Distinct T Cell Subpopulations
Authors: Whisler R. L. , Stobo J. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunization of mice with a supraoptimal dose of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) results in splenic T cell populations capable of specifically suppressing recipients' plaque forming cell (PFC) and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to SRBC when tested in an adoptive transfer system. By localization on discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients and relative sensitivity to Cytoxan, two distinct T cell subpopulations suppressing DTH reactivity were identified. One population could not be distinguished from T cells capable of inhibiting direct and indirect PFC responses. However, another population appeared quite distinct and capable of inhibiting DTH, but not PFC responses.
Macrophage Activation for Tumor Cytotoxicity: Control of Macrophage Tumoricidal Capacity by the LPS Gene
Authors: Ruco Luigi P. , Meltzer Monte S. , Rosenstreich David L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In contrast to cells from C3H/HeN mice, macrophages from LPS-unresponsive C3H/HeJ mice fail to develop tumoricidal capacity after a variety of in vivo of in vitro activation stimuli. The macrophage-tumoricidal defect of C3H/HeJ mice was evident with treatments not dependent upon exogenously added LPS: BCG (see Abbreviations) infection, T cell mitogens, or in vitro exposure to lymphokines. This study was designed to determine if macrophage-tumoricidal capacity was controlled by the LPS gene. Tumoricidal responses of macrophages from BCG-infected F1 hybrids (C3H/HeJ × C3H/HeN) were intermediate to those of the parental strains. There were no differences in cytotoxic responses between macrophages from BCG-infected male or female F1 hybrids. These responses suggest an autosomal codominant pattern of inheritance for control of macrophages cytotoxicity similar to that previously reported for B cell responsiveness to LPS. In a backcross linkage analysis (C3H/HeJ × F1), there was complete concordance in the expression of macrophage-tumoricidal capacity and spleen cell capacity to proliferate in response to LPS. Furthermore, macrophage-tumoricidal capacity correlated with LPS responsiveness in other inbred mouse strains. Macrophages from BCG-infected, LPS-unresponsive C57BL/10ScCR mice were not tumoricidal in vitro, whereas cells from BCG-infected, LPS-responsive C57BL/10Sn mice were. Moreover, analysis of tumoricidal responses in eight different BXH recombinant inbred strains of mice revealed that the development of cytotoxic macrophages during BCG infection was associated with the capacity of each strain to respond to LPS. These findings strongly suggest that the gene for control of macrophage-tumoricidal capacity is either closely linked or identical to the LPS gene.
Inductive Requirements for the Generation of Virus-Specific T Lymphocytes
Authors: Hapel Andrew J. , Bablanian Rostom , Cole Gerald A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Priming CBA mice (H-2k) with infectious ectromelia virus (EV) and C3H mice (H-2k) with noninfectious vaccinia virus (VAC) resulted in a transient virus-specific splenic cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response followed by persisting CTL memory. When unfractionated spleen cells from these mice were cultured with mitomycin-C-treated stimulator L fibroblasts (H-2k) exposed previously to the homologous noninfectious virus, potent secondary (2°) virus-specific CTL were induced. CTL induction was not affected by depleting the responders of phagocytic and/or adherent cells (presumed to be macrophages) if either virus was presented on L cells. However, only unfractionated responders yielded 2° CTL when cultured with free EV or VAC, indicating that fibroblasts could substitute for responder macrophages as antigen-presenting cells. The failure of virus to induce 2° CTL when presented on either allogeneic fibroblasts or Sepharose provided clear evidence that triggering of CTL precursors required the recognition of antigen in some closely linked association with a “self” marker. This requirement also held for stimulating the responders to undergo virus-specific proliferative responses although proliferation was not a prerequisite for 2° CTL induction.
By exposing L cells to defined numbers of purified noninfectious VAC for only 10 min and then after increasing intervals fixing them with glutaraldehyde, it was shown that viral adsorption alone was necessary for the cells to become capable of both stimulating the induction of 2° CTL and inhibiting competitively their lytic activity. After adsorption, this dual capability of the cells increased at a rate that correlated inversely with the concentration of virions to which they were initially exposed. Thus, the stimulator or competitor efficacy of cells exposed to a poxvirion multiplicity of 5000 to 10,000 for 10 min was reached 90 min later by cells exposed to a multiplicity of 50 to 100.
Collectively, these experiments demonstrate that only a brief exposure of host cell membranes to intact poxvirions is required to form the antigenic configuration recognized by poxvirus-specific CTL or their precursors. Since this event can occur under conditions that do not favor viral modification of native host cell membrane antigens, it supports the concept that antigen recognition occurs through T lymphocyte receptors with separate specificities for “self” and viral determinants.
In Situ Cytotoxic T Cells in a Methylcholanthrene-Induced Tumor
Authors: DeLustro Frank , Haskill J. Stephen 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in situ localization of cytotoxic T-cells was examined in a methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma. The MCA 2 tumor was initiated in this laboratory and utilized before extensive in vivo passage. Tumor cell suspensions were separated by unit velocity sedimentation. The T cell-enriched tumor-derived fractions and spleen cells from MCA 2-bearing mice were cytotoxic for in vivo isolated MCA 2 and in vitro cultured MCA 2 tumor cells, but not for SAD2 tumor cells. The cytotoxic activity of effector cells isolated from MCA 2 tumors was abrogated by treatment with anti-ϑ serum plus complement. The significance of cytotoxic T cells with in a progressing tumor is discussed.
Quantitative Analysis of Spleen Cell and Immunoglobulin Allotype Composition of (CBAxCBA/H-T6) → C57BL/6 Allophenic Mice
Authors: Warner Carol M. , McIvor Judith L. , Berntson Tom J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fifteen (CBAxCBA/H-T6) → C57BL/6 allophenic mice were analyzed for the parental composition of their spleen white blood cells and serum immunoglobulin allotypes. The spleen compositions, assessed by a microcytotoxicity test, showed that the animals covered a range of parental cell mixtures. The allotype compositions of the IgG2a and IgG2b subclasses were determined by a solid phase radioimmunoassay. Although the absolute amount of IgG2a and IgG2b varied markedly from animal to animal, the percentage of the two allotypes in each subclass was remarkably constant. This suggests that the synthesis of IgG2a and IgG2b may be under a coordinate control system. Also, the spleen cell compositions were in excellent agreement with both the IgG2a and IgG2b subclass compositions. The quantitative analysis of the immune systems of allophenic mice may be a first step toward the understanding of the mechanisms of tolerance of histoincompatible cells in allophenic mice.