bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron impact cross-sections and rate coefficients of Si+2 ions relevant to collisional radiative modeling of silicon plasma
Authors: Baghel S S , Priti  , Srivastava R 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We report on the fine structure resolved electron impact excitation (EIE) cross-sections of Si+2 from its ground state 3s
2 (J= 0) to the 41 excited fine structure levels of the configurations 3s3p, 3p
2, 3s3d, 3s4s, 3s4p, 3s5s, 3s4d, 3s4f, 3s5p, 3s5d and 3s5f using relativistic distorted wave theory. The excitation cross-sections from the excited metastable levels (3P0,3P2) of the configuration 3s3p to higher excited levels as well as for some other dominant transitions relevant to plasma modeling are also obtained. In addition, the ionization cross-sections are evaluated from the ground and metastable levels to higher ionized state Si+3 (2S1/2). The calculated cross-sections are utilized to obtain the rate coefficients corresponding to EIE and ionization processes affecting the intensity of prominent Si+2 emission lines 379.61, 380.65, 456.78, and 457.48 nm recorded through optical emission spectroscopic measurements by Wang et al (2020 Phys. Plasmas
27 063513) on laser produced silicon plasma. Further, the rate coefficients corresponding to radiative, and three body recombination are also presented. The reported cross-sections and rate coefficients will be useful for developing rigorous collisional radiative model for the diagnostics of silicon plasma.
Effect of TiN barrier layer in Cu-based ohmic contact of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor
Authors: Chang Bei Rong , Panda Debashis , Weng You-Chen , Yang Chih Yi , Chang Edward Yi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ti/TiN/Cu is established to be an enabling alternative to the better-known Au-based ohmic contact metals such as Ti/Al/Ni/Au. The Cu-based option delivers lower contact resistance and smoother surface morphology and is proven to be compatible with AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) device processing. The TiN layer serves as an effective Cu-diffusion barrier as no detectable Cu-diffusion was observed when subjected to thermal treatment up to 600 °C. There is a tendency of N-diffusion across the Ti/GaN interface near which N-deficiency in the GaN epitaxial layer and formation of a nano-sheath of TiN were found. This ultrathin layer of TiN works to further improve the ohmic performance of the electric contact, as reflected in lowered contact resistivity ρ

C
. It is possible to manufacture the TiN thin films with low sheet resistance at a high deposition rate by adjusting the ratios between argon and nitrogen gas flows during sputtering deposition. Contact resistivity ρ

C
, tested for the AlGaN/GaN HEMT devices fabricated on Si substrate according to the transmission line method standard was found to be as low as 3.65 × 10−6 Ω cm2 (R
C = 0.54 Ω mm). The outcomes benchmark favorably against many reported metal-stacking structures for ohmic contacts. The robustness of surface morphology and interface sharpness against thermal treatments make the established ohmic stack structures suitable for scalable device fabrications.
Impact of Soret effect on hydrogen and helium retention in PFC tungsten under ELM-like conditions
Authors: Dasgupta Dwaipayan , Blondel Sophie , Martínez Enrique , Maroudas Dimitrios , Wirth Brian D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In our previous work, we have demonstrated using nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations that the fluxes of helium and self-interstitial atoms in the presence of a thermal gradient in tungsten are directed opposite to the heat flux, indicating that species transport is governed by a Soret effect, namely, thermal-gradient-driven diffusion, characterized by a negative heat of transport that drives species transport uphill, i.e. from the cooler to the hot regions of the tungsten sample. In this work, the findings of our thermal and species transport analysis have been implemented in our cluster-dynamics code, Xolotl, which has been used to compute temperature and species profiles over spatiotemporal scales representative of plasma-facing component (PFC) tungsten under typical reactor operating conditions, including extreme heat loads at the plasma-facing surface characteristic of plasma instabilities that induce edge localized modes (ELMs). We demonstrate that the steady-state species profiles, when properly accounting for the Soret effect, vary significantly from those where temperature-gradient-driven transport is not accounted for and discuss the implications of such a Soret effect on the response to plasma exposure of plasma-facing tungsten. Although our cluster-dynamics simulations do not yet include self-clustering of helium or hydrogen blister formation, our simulation results show that the Soret effect substantially reduces helium and hydrogenic species retention inside PFC tungsten.
Study of the senescence of rice leaves through stationary and time-resolved photoluminescence
Authors: Fonthal G , Tirado-Mejía L , Giraldo-Pinto L A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This work describes the relationship between the complex of photosystem I and photosystem II in the senescence process of rice leaves observed through changes in the optical response. We studied three varieties of rice plants at different aging times using time-resolved photoluminescence to measure the time decay of the emission, and stationary photoluminescence, to measure the emission wavelength. The spectra obtained with the former technique were fitted with decreasing exponential functions. Two relaxation times were obtained, one ranging between 1.0 and 1.7 ns, and the other, from 5.0 to 10.5 ns. They are associated with the electron’s deexcitation of PSI and PSII, respectively, and these decay times increase as the leaf senescence process takes place. The spectra obtained with stationary photoluminescence were fitted with Voigt functions. These spectra exhibit two main peaks around 683 and 730 nm, which could be associated mainly with PSII and PSI emissions, respectively. The PSI de-excitation exhibits higher dispersive processes because chlorophyll-a molecules in it move away from each other, decreasing their concentration. Therefore, it takes longer for electrons to recombine during photosynthesis, as seen in the time-resolve response. Articulating the results of both photoluminescence techniques, the changes in the response of the photosystems of the living rice leaves during senescence are evidenced.
Motor unit placement in a realistic muscle cross section model: performance of a new algorithm and effects of muscle architecture on surface EMG power spectral components
Authors: Miralles Francesc 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objetive. Surface electromyogram (sEMG) characteristics are strongly dependent on the spatial localization of motor units (MU). Thus, the definition of the muscle architecture is a crucial step in the simulation of sEMG. Muscles cross section or even the shape of the MU territories is not a regular geometric figure. Moreover, MU may have different fibre densities, and its distribution may not be random but follow a spatial regionalization by type. Despite these prior conditions, the method for MU placement in a muscle model should be able to achieve constant muscle fibre density, which is a generally accepted property of any muscle. Approach. An algorithm was developed that meets the previously established requirements for the distribution of MU in a muscle model. The algorithm considers the muscle cross section and MU territories as bitmaps and encodes the muscle fibre density distribution by pixel brightness. This allowed the use of digital image processing techniques to optimally distribute the MU. The impact of the different muscle architectures on sEMG was investigated using one of the most accepted models of motor unit pool recruitment combined with a model of MU action potential simulation. element-citationitalic Main results. The algorithm produced a completely regionalized architecture with constant muscle fibre density in a muscle with both an irregular cross-section and elliptic MU territory. Significance. In addition to the improvement in the realism of the muscle simulations, the algorithm allowed the investigation of the influence of the spatial distribution of MU on the sEMG power spectrum, thus helping to explain the existing inability to detect changes in motor unit recruitment strategies through the spectral analysis of interference patterns.
Impact of Allocation Concealment and Blinding in Trials Addressing Treatments for COVID-19: A Methods Study
Authors: Zeraatkar Dena , Pitre Tyler , Diaz-Martinez Juan Pablo , Chu Derek , Rochwerg Bram , Lamontagne Francois , Kum Elena , Qasim Anila , Bartoszko Jessica J , Brignardello-Peterson Romina 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
We aimed to assess the impact of allocation concealment and blinding on the results of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) trials, using the World Health Organization COVID-19 database (to February 2022). We identified 488 randomized trials comparing drug therapeutics with placebo or standard care in patients with COVID-19. We performed random-effects meta-regressions comparing the results of trials with and without allocation concealment and blinding of health-care providers and patients. We found that, compared with trials with allocation concealment, trials without allocation concealment may estimate treatments to be more beneficial for mortality, mechanical ventilation, hospital admission, duration of hospitalization, and duration of mechanical ventilation, but results were imprecise. We did not find compelling evidence that, compared with trials with blinding, trials without blinding produce consistently different results for mortality, mechanical ventilation, and duration of hospitalization. We found that trials without blinding may estimate treatments to be more beneficial for hospitalizations and duration of mechanical ventilation. We did not find compelling evidence that COVID-19 trials in which health-care providers and patients are blinded produce different results from trials without blinding, but trials without allocation concealment estimate treatments to be more beneficial compared with trials with allocation concealment. Our study suggests that lack of blinding may not always bias results but that evidence users should remain skeptical of trials without allocation concealment.
Preparing for the market entry of adalimumab biosimilars in the US in 2023: A primer for specialty pharmacists
Authors: Cisek Stefanie , Choi David , Stubbings JoAnn , Bhat Shubha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Purpose
The impact of the market entry of adalimumab biosimilars on clinical practices and specialty pharmacies is explained. A roadmap is also provided for how pharmacists can successfully navigate this landscape.

Summary
Biosimilars have previously been introduced as a mechanism to help curb biologic expenditures, with biosimilars undergoing an abbreviated regulatory approval process that focuses on biosimilarity and generating product competition. Adalimumab is currently the leading product in the biologics market, generating approximately $20 to $30 billion in sales worldwide consecutively from 2019 to 2021. Many adalimumab biosimilars are slated to enter the market in 2023 and become available for patient use. However, compared to other biosimilars, adalimumab biosimilars have several unique considerations, such as interchangeability and concentration, that will impact pharmacy practices and workflows. Because pharmacists embedded in clinical practices and specialty pharmacies will be significantly involved in the processes relating to adalimumab biosimilar implementation, adoption, and use, a primer on understanding the various adalimumab biosimilar products available and considerations surrounding these products with regard to workflow and patient use is critical. Several resources are also provided to help pharmacists successfully navigate the adalimumab biosimilar landscape.

Conclusion
The biosimilar landscape continues to evolve, and 2023 will see the launch of several adalimumab biosimilar products, which vary with regard to formulation, concentration, and interchangeability status. Pharmacists are well positioned to educate providers and patients about this landscape and help implement an efficient workflow to support adalimumab biosimilar adoption and use.
Shorter time to initiation of biologic therapy in the setting of a hidradenitis suppurativa specialty clinic
Authors: Kearney Niamh , O’Donohoe Sarah , Hughes Rosalind , Kirby Brian 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic condition with a significant psychological and physical burden but a paucity of effective treatments. Early intervention with adalimumab improves disease outcomes. Two previous studies in Denmark and Northern Ireland have identified a time of 8.2 and 2.9 years, respectively, from first HS systemic/dermatology consultation to commencing a biologic. We aimed to evaluate the time from disease onset and from first specialty HS clinic review to the initiation of biologic therapy. We retrospectively reviewed 34 patients on biologic treatment for HS. The mean diagnostic delay was 12.4 years. The mean time from disease onset to biologic initiation was 14.8 years. Prior to a biologic, patients received a median of 3.3 treatments from the specialty HS clinic. The median time to biologic from first presentation at the specialty HS clinic was 1 year. This is shorter than the therapeutic delay reported in dermatology clinics in Denmark and Northern Ireland, providing evidence on the importance of specialized HS treatment. However, to make an impact with specialized HS care and earlier biologic initiation, diagnostic delay needs to be reduced.
Source-sink migration of natural enemies drives maladaptation of victim populations in sink habitats
Authors: Chu Xiao-Lin , Buckling Angus , Zhang Quan-Guo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Natural enemies are critical drivers of species biogeography, and they may often limit the evolutionary adaptation and persistence of victim populations in sink habitats. Source-sink migration is also a major determinant of adaptation in sink habitats. Here, we specifically suggest that source-sink migration of enemies reduces evolutionary adaptation of victim populations in sink habitats. The underlying mechanisms may include depressed population size (which limits the supply of genetic variation) and enforced resistance evolution in victims (which shows a trade-off with growth performance). We experimentally tested this hypothesis using a model microbial system, bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens (victim) and its lytic bacteriophage (enemy). The ancestral bacterial strain had lower growth performance at a cold temperature (10 °C, considered as sink habitat) than at its optimal temperature (28 °C, source habitat). Evolutionary adaptation took place in bacterial populations that evolved alone in the cold environment. When phages were present, no significant abiotic adaptation was observed. Crucially, phage immigration from source populations caused maladaptation, i.e., decreased growth performance relative to the ancestral genotype, although this was not the case when there was simultaneous immigration of phage and bacteria. Therefore, enemy-mediated intraspecific apparent competition could lead to prosperity in core habitats causing hardship in edge habitats.
Indirect genetic effects increase heritability estimates for male and female extra-pair reproduction
Authors: Dobson Sarah , Dunning Jamie , Burke Terry , Chik Heung Ying Janet , Schroeder Julia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The question of why females engage in extra-pair behaviors is long-standing in evolutionary biology. One suggestion is that these behaviors are maintained through pleiotropic effects on male extra-pair behaviors (genes controlling extra-pair reproduction are shared between sexes, but only beneficial to one sex, in this case, males). However, for this to evolve extra-pair reproduction must be both heritable and positively genetically correlated between sexes. Previous studies have suggested low heritability with no evidence for between-sex genetic correlations in extra-pair reproduction. However, these have not considered indirect genetic effects (derived from the behavior of others, IGEs) from the social partner, the influence of the social partner’s genotype on the phenotype of an individual, despite the potential of IGEs to uncover hidden heritable variation. Using data from a closed-house sparrow population with a genetic pedigree spanning two decades, we tested the influence of social partner IGEs on heritable variation and genetic correlation estimates of extra-pair reproduction. We found that the inclusion of IGEs resulted in larger heritable genetic variance for both male and female extra-pair heritability. While IGEs did not change between-sex genetic correlations, we found they reduced uncertainty in those estimates. Future studies should consider the effect of IGEs on the mechanisms of sex-specific extra-pair reproduction.
The gap-free genome of mulberry elucidates the architecture and evolution of polycentric chromosomes
Authors: Ma Bi , Wang Honghong , Liu Jingchun , Chen Lin , Xia Xiaoyu , Wei Wuqi , Yang Zhen , Yuan Jianglian , Luo Yiwei , He Ningjia 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Mulberry is a fundamental component of the global sericulture industry, and its positive impact on our health and the environment cannot be overstated. However, the mulberry reference genomes reported previously remained unassembled or unplaced sequences. Here, we report the assembly and analysis of the telomere-to-telomere gap-free reference genome of the mulberry species, Morus notabilis, which has emerged as an important reference in mulberry gene function research and genetic improvement. The mulberry gap-free reference genome produced here provides an unprecedented opportunity for us to study the structure and function of centromeres. Our results revealed that all mulberry centromeric regions share conserved centromeric satellite repeats with different copies. Strikingly, we found that M. notabilis is a species with polycentric chromosomes and the only reported polycentric chromosome species up to now. We propose a compelling model that explains the formation mechanism of new centromeres and addresses the unsolved scientific question of the chromosome fusion-fission cycle in mulberry species. Our study sheds light on the functional genomics, chromosome evolution, and genetic improvement of mulberry species.
Chronic Stress Decreases Lactation Performance
Authors: Josefson Chloe C , De Moura Pereira Lucelia , Skibiel Amy L 
Published: May 2023

Synopsis
The ability to provision offspring with milk is a significant adaptive feature of mammals that allows for considerable maternal regulation of offspring beyond gestation, as milk provides complete nutrition for developing neonates. For mothers, lactation is a period of marked increases in energetic and nutritive demands to support milk synthesis; because of this considerable increase in demand imposed on multiple physiological systems, lactation is particularly susceptible to the effects of chronic stress. Here, we present work that explores the impact of chronic stress during lactation on maternal lactation performance (i.e., milk quality and quantity) and the expression of key milk synthesis genes in mammary tissue using a Sprague–Dawley rat model. We induced chronic stress using a well-established, ethologically relevant novel male intruder paradigm for 10 consecutive days during the postpartum period. We hypothesized that the increased energetic burden of mounting a chronic stress response during lactation would decrease lactation performance. Specifically, we predicted that chronic exposure to this social stressor would decrease either milk quality (i.e., composition of proximate components and energy density) or quantity. We also predicted that changes in proximate composition (i.e., lipid, lactose, and protein concentrations) would be associated with changes in gene expression levels of milk synthesis genes. Our results supported our hypothesis that chronic stress impairs lactation performance. Relative to the controls, chronically stressed rats had lower milk yields. We also found that milk quality was decreased; milk from chronically stressed mothers had lower lipid concentration and lower energy density, though protein and lactose concentrations were not different between treatment groups. Although there was a change in proximate composition, chronic stress did not impact mammary gland expression of key milk synthesis genes. Together, this work demonstrates that exposure to a chronic stressor impacts lactation performance, which in turn has the potential to impact offspring development via maternal effects.
Separation principle of delay perturbed singular systems
Authors: Ben Mrad Khawla , Ellouze Ines 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we establish a separation principle for a class of time-varying delay perturbed singular systems. Furthermore, we propose a singular observer to estimate the system states. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii functionals, the practical stability of the proposed singular observer is achieved. These results are applied to show that a separation principle for perturbed singular systems can be obtained. Eventually, we provide a numerical example to verify the validity of the proposed results.
Variations in the activity of proteolytic and lipidic enzymes of wild and cultured individuals of the prawn Macrobrachium tenellum Smith, 1871 (Decapoda: Caridea: Palaemonidae) fed with different diets
Authors: Martínez-Salazar Nathali , De los Santos-Romero Rodolfo , Alvarez-González Carlos Alfonso , Martínez-García Rafael , Garcia-Guerrero Marcelo U 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The freshwater longarm river prawn (Macrobrachium tenellumSmith, 1871) is common in the coastal lagoons and freshwater bodies of the Mexican Pacific region. Its potential for aquaculture has been investigated recently, including evaluating its nutritional needs by investigating the digestive enzymatic activity of wild and culture individuals. We collected wild prawns from three different habitats and fed two laboratory-prepared diets and a commercial food for two months. The levels of lipase, trypsin, and leucine aminopeptidase were measured at the time of sampling and after one and two months of culture. Survival and growth were also recorded. It was observed that food consumption during culture causes a significant increase in growth and survival as well as a tendency towards an increase in the digestive enzymatic activity with time. The habitat of origin can also influence performance in digestion from the start.