bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smart city 3D modeling with a total station and a smartphone
Authors: Hussein Luay Y , Alwan Imzahim A , Ataiwe Tariq N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Modern technology has radically altered documentation and has promised to do so again. Photographic and non-photographic documentation tools are combined into a single operation in which digital imaging technology is the mainstay. 3D support is still not popular among users involved in documenting the facades of modern buildings or important historical sites. This is a very important technique nowadays for (memorizing, preserving, restoring, and protecting) the facades of modern buildings or historical sites that need restoration and continuous follow-up. Cost and time play a vital role in the quick development of documentation strategies and tools to provide a true comparison between these methods. Surveyors can now complete projects with unprecedented precision because of advancements in hardware and software technology. For their daily activities, surveyors now rely on contemporary electronic instruments such as total stations and GPS. When conducting work, the surveyor always chooses the most appropriate equipment and the most cost-effective method of completing it. There are numerous microchips on the market nowadays. Surveyors can benefit from tools like GPS, complete bot stations, and digital levels. Over time, large, expensive survey equipment has been replaced with the smallest, most powerful equipment available. For example, the 3D ground laser is a highly expensive piece of equipment due to the high cost of the laser scanner. An alternative technology has been developed which is the use of the Total Station. The type is capable of scanning interfaces through a cloud of points based on the control point and back sight (B.S) and processing them by the software used to process the data acquired by the laser scanner. The 3D results of the output model from Total Station are compared with the model’s output from smartphone camera images after processing. In this paper, the interface is scanned, and its details will be mentioned in the case study.
Population growth scenarios and population expectations for the expansion of urban cities in Najaf governorate
Authors: Taha Ahmed Ihsan , Motlak Jamal B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Population growth and population prediction influence the expansion of cities. There are multiple ways to know and predict population growth for the target year. The problem with the research is that studies of population prediction and studies of updating (master plans) depend on the growth rate method in population prediction, while the Cohort method is one of the most appropriate methods. The research aims to compare the results of the two methods. The result was an increase in the population for the target year in the study area using the 38% growth rate method over the Cohort method. To find out population growth according to environment and gender, three scenarios were adopted: urban concentration, balanced urban-rural development, and rural development. According to the realistic results of the study area and the data, and based on the state’s orientation and its planning and development policies for urban cities and rural settlements, the second scenario, urban concentration, is the most likely. Population distribution will be 80% urban and 20% rural. It will leave its mark on the estimation of the urban population. And the researchers attempt to give a perception of the population distribution according to Zipf’s law. This affected the knowledge of the space required for urban expansion.
The spatial spread of private universities and colleges and their impact on the sustainable urban development of Baghdad
Authors: Hamdan Maarb Yousif 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The integration of the resources of the educational complex with the city community is directly related to the site of the educational institution, which is selected according to planning grounds based on changing indicators related to determining the on-site importance of it and in a form that serves the objectives of higher education in general and higher education in particular. According to its spatial spread, the educational institution interacts with the surrounding areas of urban land use in a way that maximizes functional integration within the city’s master plan by applying urban planning standards to achieve sustainable development of the city and its surrounding areas of impact. The establishment of community universities is one of the basic and important services in the city centre and sectors and is an important pillar of sustainable social development it is possible to evaluate the site category of the community university institution in the light of the application of spatial appropriateness according to the approved standards. The goal of urban communities is to review and modernize their educational systems, particularly universities, because of their ability to lead community change locally and globally and achieve the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals.
Effect of household size on housing type case study: city of Al-Dujail
Authors: Othman Shahd Essam , Motlak Jamal B 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
One of the most important reasons for the incompatibility of housing plans with spatial development is the presence of shortcomings in the methods of calculating the housing need, as planning studies often tend to set a time ceiling that includes predicting the number of households and housing without clarifying other population characteristics that affect the determination of housing need, such as household size and their life cycle. This research aims to determine the housing needs based on the number of households according to their sizes, to determine the features of the housing development in urban areas, the needs of the household for housing, and then calculate the net residential area. The city of Dujail was chosen to achieve the goal of the research under the premise: that estimating the housing types required based on the housing need according to the size of the household contributes to fulfilling the need of those households for the appropriate housing type and helps in calculating the housing spaces to meet the required need. The population of the city of Dujail was determined according to Cowhart’s method for predicting the population until 2030, estimating the number of households according to their sizes, calculating the housing need, and distributing the need for housing among households based on urban and rural housing standards in Iraq. And to reach a set of conclusions and recommendations related to the topic of the research. The research reached an analysis of the housing need of the city of Dujail at a detailed level of household sizes to identify the subjective need for housing and to identify the factors and variables associated with it depending on the updated housing standards. The research recommended the necessity of compatibility of housing plans with spatial development, due to the presence of shortcomings in methods of calculating the housing need and developing housing models that fit the sizes of different households and the spaces of the minimum standard.
Adsorption technique for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater using low-cost natural adsorbent
Authors: Ali Ghasaq Abd , Mohamed Salih Nuha Q , Faroun Ghsoon Ali , Al-Hamadani Rawaa Fahim Chyad 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The primary goal of this study was to use low-cost adsorbents, this achieves by using pine cones as plant waste adsorbents in the treatment of industrial wastewater. In the experimental work of this study, a system of PVC horizontal pipes of 15cm diameter and 600 cm length without membranes was used. The polluted water values discharged in the system were 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 L/hr. The effect of many hydraulic parameters (contact time, flow discharge, length of the pipe, and pressure) with environmental parameters (pH, TDS, TSS and electrical conductivity) was investigated in this continuous flow system. The sample of plant waste (pine cone) was treated and activated by ozonation, to manufacture new media with high porosity, activated carbon developed from pine cone (ACPC), and to determine the activity that produces the best results in the removal of heavy metals. To remove Fe+2 and Zn+2 ions from industrial wastewater, activated carbon was used as an adsorbent. Adsorption tests result in an exhibit that, the ACPC adsorbent had remarkable heavy metals removal efficiency. The most effective removal efficiency of 95% of Zn+2 was recorded at pH 7, 20 l/hr, and 5hrs. The higher removal efficiency of 96.67% of Fe+2 occurred at pH 6, 20 l/hr, and 5hr. The study also revealed that activated carbon devolved from pine cones can be adopted as a low-cost alternative for removing metal ions.
Development stages of planning thought and factors affecting the morphology of modern Iraqi cities
Authors: Al-Jabri Mohanad Kadhem Ali , Ladik Elena Igorevna 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAnalysis and understanding of the historical formation processes of urban structures are essential in identifying factors that influence the spatial development of cities and human settlements for predicting promising development directions. The article is devoted to analysing the historical processes of the formation and development of Iraqi cities. The purpose of the study is a retrospectively analysis and identification of the key factors that influenced the planning development of Iraqi cities. The study was based on an analytical approach to studying the layout of Iraqi cities and understanding the influences that led to structural changes in urban morphology. A historical approach was also adopted to determine the time stages of the development of Iraqi planning institutions that accompanied these changes. In the course of the study, the article’s authors highlighted the stages of the historical development of Iraqi planning thought and factors that had a critical impact on the formation of the modern morphology of Iraqi cities. Among them are population growth, colonialism, the variety of land uses, and Technological Evolution. These factors classified the Iraqi city into three forms: compact and small in size, modern with European-style architecture, and developed far from the ancient historical city. As well, five stages of Iraqi planning institutions evolved were discovered that accompanied these changes in the city’s morphology.
Sustainable communities rating system within the context of Iraqi cities characteristics
Authors: Alwehab Abdelwehab A , Alrawi Firas , Almosawi Falah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Rating systems for evaluating the sustainability of communities are an essential tool that is increasingly applied throughout the developed world to set criteria indicators to optimize the physical, social, economic, and environmental potential within such communities. Rating systems vary based on existing disparities among societies and their unique building and physical planning practices. Iraqi cities lacked the adaptation of a formal methodology or sustainability rating system to correctly measure the built environment’s sustainability indicators. This research attempts to review the most substantial rating systems to measure the sustainability of communities worldwide to form a point of departure. In conclusion, the Article attempts to delineate relevant parameters to develop a local model to evaluate the suitability levels of communities in urban centres per regional environmental characteristics.
Sustainable tourism development strategy in West Nusa Tenggara province, Indonesia
Authors: Kurniawan Cahyadi , Purnomo Eko Priyo , Fathani Aqil Teguh , Fadhlurrohman Mochammad Iqbal 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This study analyzed sustainable tourism development and tourism strategies in West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) through their tourism office. The method used in this study was a qualitative description with the help of NVIVO 12 Plus software to analyze the West Nusa Tenggara government strategy. The results of this study are that the West Nusa Tenggara government’s plan for developing sustainable tourism is to increase attractions, accessibility, security, public facilities, and government intervention to develop tourism and realize sustainable tourism. The five variables have also supported the economy as seen from the gross domestic product increased by 4.6% in the second quarter of 2021 compared to the second quarter of 2020, fulfilled the social needs of the community and did not damage the environment and even exceeded the target as evidenced by the environmental index data for West Nusa Tenggara Province.
Mitigating urban heat island effects in urban environments: strategies and tools
Authors: Fadhil Mohammed , Hamoodi Mustafa N , Ziboon Abdul Razzak T 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the twenty-first century, urban heat islands (UHIs) have become a major problem for humanity as a consequence of urbanization and industrialization. The main causes of UHI are the vast amounts of heat generated by urban structures as they consume and re-radiate solar energy and anthropogenic heat sources. The two heat sources cause an urban area’s temperature to rise above its surroundings, a phenomenon known as Urban Heat Island (UHI). Many approaches, methods, models, and investigative tools have been implemented to study and analysis this phenomenon. In general, green areas in cities are thought to be an effective approach to mitigate urban heat island effects and bring comfort to residents. The improvement of microclimatic conditions in urban environments is mostly influenced by evapotranspiration. Most of the studies show a rising trend in the UHI, which is linked to decreased plant cover and land-use changes. The main objectives of this paper were to explain the concept, formation factors, and influential factors of UHI. In addition, the most common strategies and tools that are applied in mitigating rising temperatures in urban areas were reviewed and summarized. The finding of several studies showed that increasing urban vegetation areas in addition to optimizing their spatial distribution and configuration is an effective strategy to reduce the impact of UHI.
Environmental planning for monitoring soil contamination in Iraq’s lama facility using GIS methods
Authors: Jamil S K , Al-Sharaa H M , Abass A S 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The authors provide a study of concentration levels in the soil of the LAMA (Lab Active Metal Testing Laboratory) soil, in which they employed GIS and visual interpretation to introduce radioactive contamination into the soil of this facility. Using a high-purity germanium detector and spectroscopic apparatus, 28 samples were collected and examined using gamma spectroscopy to measure the radioactivity concentrations of radionuclides. Standards coefficients derived for the (U-238 series, Th-232 series, and Cs-137) distributions imply an asymmetric distribution with a little tail toward higher concentrations. However, the (U-238 series, Th-232 series, and Cs-137) activities in soil samples are more variable and exceed the authorized environmental thresholds.
Drying water and its impact on the vital system in the marshes of southern Iraq
Authors: Hussein Alaa Abdul Kereem , Asal Amal Abd 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The marshes of southern Iraq have suffered from numerous environmental problems as a result of the drying process. The reasons for the drying of the marshes are due to two factors: the first - is natural factors: low rainfall, high temperatures and increased evaporation, and the second are the human factors, the most important of which is the influence of the political factor that has destroyed the marsh environment since the 1990s, which led to damage to biodiversity in wetlands, plant communities have disappeared and drought has led to the extinction and threatened many animals, birds and fish and changed the course of migration of some of them so the research will focus on the effect of the human factor. The research attempts to determine the level of deterioration of the vital system in the marshes environment in southern Iraq and to find the best solutions to the problems that resulted from this process. The research problem lies in the exposure of the marshes environment during a long period to drought due to the influence of human factors. The study assumes that there is a change in the biological system that has negatively affected the environment of the marshes. The study aims to show the importance of moving towards planning the management of the marshes, which can restore the environment of the marshes before drying through the process of revitalizing the marshes in southern Iraq and through the Centre for the Revitalization of the Marshes. The descriptive analysis method was used in the study, and it relied on statistical data issued by official authorities, in addition to satellite visuals and GIS maps.
Complexity approach and urban sustainability
Authors: Al-Askari Abdulhusein A , Al-Saadi Hadi Abdulzahra Fayyadh 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This work constitutes a theoretical revision of understanding the coherence of the complex concept and urban sustainability should be considered as the main key to producing an urban environment characterized by the futuristic ability to be adaptable to all unexpectable changes and development and yet keep a sound living environment to city people and accommodate their various activities. Using a complexity concept is the more effective approach to handling the sustainability issues in the city, which is connected through a network of interrelated interactions with the other elements of the city structure, the significance of every element in the city should be seen as a part of the indivisible mass of effective power which directs the city growth and development otherwise the processes of urban planning will be non-integrated, simple response unable to comprise the adequate vision to the city future. This research focuses on sustainability as an efficient tendency and the main objective in urban planning cannot be handled effectively in the traditional methods and techniques, and it requires a new approach to cover the dynamic nature of the city and its development. The objective of the research is to shed a light on the new practices in urban planning issues by choosing a new approach to deal with the contemporary necessity of sustainability applications in the modern urban context and environment. The research attempts to address the complexity concept as a new approach has been adopted in different sciences and disciplines, and it presents the most efficient approach that could be aligned with the urban sustainability objectives achievement. The research applies the analytical, descriptive methodology to shed a light on the integrity of the complex concept and sustainability, providing a new understanding of complexity utilization to achieve the sustainability objective in the urban context.
Urban heat islands: a review of contributing factors, effects and data
Authors: Jabbar Hajer Khaled , Hamoodi Mustafa N , Al-Hameedawi Amjed N 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Urban Heat Island (UHI) is one of the most serious difficulties that humans have faced in the twenty-first century resulted due to urbanization and industrialization. The main causes of UHI are the vast amounts of heat produced by urban structures, which solar energy should be used and re-radiated as well as anthropogenic heat sources. The two heat sources cause an urban area’s temperature to rise in comparison to its surrounding areas, which refers to a phenomenon of the urban heat islands. Large cities and diverse economic activities face even more serious difficulties. This paper defined the concept and types of UHIs. This paper explained a comprehensive review of the phenomenon of UHI from its first appearance with regard to causing factors, its influences on people’s lives and the urban environments, and widely used data for measuring and evaluating the intensity of UHIs. The finding of most studies mentioned that UHI values are different from city to city based on land-use changes. It is revealed that an increasing trend occurred mainly because expand in built-up areas and a reduction in green cover. Also, a number of studies showed that the UHI intensity was low during summer afternoons and high during winter nights in many places around the world.
DeepVID: deep-learning accelerated variational image decomposition model tailored to fringe pattern filtration
Authors: Cywińska Maria , Szumigaj Konstanty , Kołodziej Michał , Patorski Krzysztof , Mico Vicente , Feng Shijie , Zuo Chao , Trusiak Maciej 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The algorithms defined as variational image decomposition (VID) constitute the state-of-the-art in solving the image prefiltration problem. However, the discussion about the advantages and disadvantages of different VID models in the context of fringe pattern prefiltration is yet to be addressed and this work is the first one leaning into this issue. The unsupervised variational image decomposition (uVID) algorithm allows for automatic, accurate and robust preprocessing of diverse fringe patterns and introduces the parameters and stopping criterion for Chambolle’s iterative projection algorithm to separate the fringes and background. However, determining the stopping criterion in each iteration is a severely time-consuming process, which is particularly important given the fact that in many cases thousands of iterations must be calculated to obtain a satisfactory fringe pattern decomposition result. Therefore, the idea of using convolutional neural network to map the relationship between the fringe pattern spatial intensity distribution and the required number of Chambolle projection iterations has emerged. That way, it is no longer required to determine the value of the stopping criterion in every iteration, but the appropriate number of iterations is known in advance via machine learning process. We showed that the calculation time is reduced on average by 3–4 times by employing the deep learning-based acceleration (convolutional neural network called DeepVID) without jeopardizing the overall accuracy of the prefiltration. This way an important progress in developing uVID algorithm features towards real-time studies of dynamic phenomena is reported in this contribution. For the sake of metrological figure of merit, we employ deep learning based solution, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, to accelerate powerful and well-established VID approach, not to bypass it completely.
Proposal for an active whispering-gallery microclock
Authors: Yu Deshui , Vollmer Frank , Zhang Shougang 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Optical atomic clocks with compact size, reduced weight and low power consumption have broad out-of-the-lab applications such as satellite-based geo-positioning and communication engineering. Here, we propose an active optical microclock based on the lattice-trapped atoms evanescently interacting with a whispering-gallery-mode microcavity. Unlike the conventional passive clock scheme, the active operation directly produces the optical frequency standard without the need of extra laser stabilization, substantially simplifying the clock configuration. The numerical simulation illustrates that the microclock’s frequency stability reaches

1.5
×

10

−
14

at 1 s of averaging, over one order of magnitude better than the recently demonstrated chip-scale optical clock that is built upon rubidium vapor cell and also more stable than current cesium fountain clocks and hydrogen masers. Our work extends the chip-scale clocks to the active fashion, paving the way towards the on-chip quantum micro-metrology, for example, the optical frequency comparison and synchronization between multiple microclocks through frequency microcombs.