bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Medical Students in Global Neurosurgery Committee 1.0
Authors: Shlobin Nathan A , Sadler Samantha , Ooi Setthasorn ZY , Veerappan Vigneshwar Raj , Dada Olaoluwa Ezekiel , Zolo Yvan , Boyke Andre , Ham Edward 
Published: May 2023

In 2019, the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) established an ad hoc Global Neurosurgery Committee (GNC) to coordinate its global efforts to promote equitable neurosurgical care. Medical students have been essential to the GNC since its first generation (“GNC 1.0”). We describe the integration of medical students in GNC 1.0 and provide suggestions on the incorporation of medical students into the second-generation GNC (“GNC 2.0”).
Virtual Learning in Global Neurosurgery: A Necessary Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Shlobin Nathan A , Thango Nqobile , Baticulon Ronnie E. , Johnston James M. , Esene Ignatius , Dewan Michael C. 
Published: May 2023

Objective: The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic dramatically reduced access to in-person educational activities in neurosurgery, necessitating different educational paradigms. Virtual learning, both live and on-demand, has become an essential educational paradigm in global neurosurgery in response to the pandemic. We discuss the different virtual learning modalities that have been developed or grown within global neurosurgery due to the pandemic.
Methods: A narrative and anecdotal review was conducted.
Results: We discuss webinars, virtual interactive presence technologies, digital simulation, social media, and web-based connectors and their role in global neurosurgery.
Conclusion: As a community of neurosurgeons and future neurosurgeons, if we are to meet the global growing demand for neurosurgical care, we must embrace virtual learning in surgical training. The irreplaceable role of hands-on demonstration and teaching in the operating theatre will always remain paramount. However, development and utilization of progressive connectivity technologies will bring us closer to an achievable and sustainable future for neurosurgical training worldwide.
FREQUENCY OF EFFICACY OF METFORMIN IN PREGNANT FEMALE WITH PCOS WITH REGARDS TO DEVELOPMENT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Faiqa Saleem Baig  , Sara Hafeez  , Muhammad Shahid  
Published: May 2023

Background
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a significant gynecological problem manifested by raised androgen level, menstrual irregularities, and/or one or both ovaries having small cysts. Metformin has shown to have promising effects on PCOS and its several metabolic aspects. The metformin used as therapy in these patients during pregnancy have beneficial effects regarding development of GDM.
Objective
To determine the frequency of efficacy of metformin in pregnant female with PCOS with regards to development of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Material and methods
Setting: The study was conducted in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore
Study design: Descriptive cross sectional study
Study duration: Six months from: 04-06-2018 to 04-12-2018
Data collection procedure: A total of 220 cases fulfilled the inclusion/exclusion criteria were enrolled. All cases were followed up till delivery for presence/absence of GDM. The frequency of efficacy in patients with PCOS was noted; all this information was recorded on a pre-designed proforma. Data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version for 16.0.
Results
The mean age of patients was 30.50±6.08years. About 36 (16.4%) females had parity 0, 51 (23.2%) had parity 1, 59 (26.8%) had parity 2, 42 (19.1%) had parity 3 and 32 (14.6%) had parity 4. The mean BMI of patients was 26.81±4.55kg/m2. Efficacy of metformin was achieved in 190 (86.4%) cases while in 30 (13.6%) cases efficacy could not be achieved.
Conclusion
It has been inferenced that metformin is effective in 86.4% cases in controlling blood sugar level among pregnant females.
The FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH MENTAL HEALTH OUTCOMES AMONG HEALTH CARE WORKERS EXPOSED TO CORONAVIRUS DISEASE 2019 WORKING AT MAYO HOSPITAL, LAHORE.
Authors: Ch Nasir Ahmad  , Muhammad Shaheer  , Salman Hamza  , Irfan Muslim  , Huma Ali Mirza  , Muhammad Awais Asghar  
Published: May 2023

Background:
Facing the deadly COVID-19 pandemic, health care providers especially those on the frontline and directly involved in the management of COVID patients faced severe mental health problems as compared to general population.
Objective:
To evaluate the factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care providers working in Mayo Hospital, Lahore.
Methods:
Out of 200, 100 participants working in different departments of Mayo Hospital completed the survey by filling an online questionnaire comprising 23 questions during period of one month June 01, 2020 to July 01, 2020. Participants were assessed for symptoms of anxiety, depression, hopelessness, poor concentration on work and indecisiveness. Particular COVID-19 related risk factors were also studied.
Results:
Among the respondents, 68.5% were females and 31.5% were males. 87.6% were doctors and remaining 12.4% belonged to other departments of health care system. 65.2% participants reported symptoms of anxiety, 41.6% reported deterioration in performance, 50% hopelessness, 61.8% symptoms of depression, 41.6% lack of concentration at work and 30.3% reported studying COVID related information in free time. Severe symptoms were reported in frontline workers, female gender, young age and having a close friend or relative infected.
Conclusions:
This study analyses the impact of COVID-19 on mental health of health care providers either directly or indirectly involved in managing patients categorizing the health care providers as high risk population. It also highlights the measures which need to be taken to reduce these psychological effects.
SMOG AND HEALTH
Authors: Irfan Malik  
Published: May 2023

Smog is a declared threatening Public Health Emergency in South Asia recently. The most affected areas are Pakistan, India, and China.1 Pakistan is today the world's fourth most polluted country due to industrial and vehicular emissions, crop burning, and recent projects of coal as a source of energy. The air pollution level in our region is getting alarming and is considered to be among the unhealthiest worldwide.2
Most of the smog we see is "Photochemical Smog" containing volatile organic compounds, hydrocarbons, nitrogen, and sulfur dioxide. When the sunlight reacts with the nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere, there is the production of airborne particles and smog. The problem is becoming serious over the last decade due to high levels of pollution due to vehicular smoke and industrial activities.3 Even now during the months of summer, there is now photochemical smog which is washed away by rain. Prolonged heavy exposure to hazardous air causes various health problems including asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, skin cancer etc. 4
A study reporting the long-term effects of smog in the great London concluded that exposure to smog during the first year of life increased the risk of childhood asthma by 19.87%. 5
Pollution and winter weather conditions both shroud the cities in smog. Excessive population, shortage of funds for development especially municipal services, illiteracy, poverty, vehicular emissions, industrial pollution, fossil fuel powered plants, burning of trees for industrial development, burning of waste materials and coal being burned by thousands of brick kilns all contribute to the formation of smog.6
Certain Measures should be taken to control this alarming health hazard. Effective legislation, effective public awareness programs are needed via print and electronic media. Use of face masks particularly outdoors, avoidance of outdoor activities as much as possible, regular use of air purifiers at home and offices, minimize air pollution from cars and use public transport, and tree plantation are some of the measures to reduce smog effects.
DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY OF B-HCG AND NITRAZINE PAPER TEST IN VAGINAL WASHINGS TAKING AMNIOTIC FLUID POOLING AS GOLD STANDARD OF DIAGNOSING PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
Authors: Safdar Iqbal  , Muhammad Al-Fareed Zafar  , Ilyas Mehvish , Maryam Javaid  , Fouzia Rahat  
Published: May 2023

Background: Premature Rupture of Membranes (PROM) is common in obstetrics and management of such patients depends on whether the rupture has occurred or not. With membranes ruptured the fetus is deprived of protection provided within the amniotic cavity. Beta-Human chorionic gonadotrophin (β-HCG) is a hormone and is present in high concentration in amniotic fluid as well as in the blood and urine of the mother and is studied as possible predictor of preterm labour and as marker of PROM.
Objective: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of B-hCG & nitrazine paper test in vaginal washings taking amniotic fluid pooling as gold standard for diagnosing premature rupture of membranes.
Material & Methods: It was a comparative cross-sectional study conducted at Unit Department, of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. After that vaginal washings were taken for β-hCG testing. A pregnancy test kit (Accu Check) was used for detection of β-hCG in vaginal fluid washings. According to amount of µ-hCG in the washings the result has been positive as early as 40 Seconds but for labeling the result negative 5 minutes complete reaction time has been observed. On netrizine kit, the positive test is indicated by distinct colour band on both; control and test side.
Results: Mean age of women was 27.17+4.55 years. Mean age of gestation was 36.16 + 3.30 weeks. Sensitivity & specificity of Nitrazine Paper Test were 92.17% & 66.67%. However the PPV & NPV for Nitrazine Paper Test was 98.15% & 30.77% respectively. Sensitivity & specificity of β-hCG Test was 94.35% & 75%. However the PPV & NPV for β-hCG test was 98.64% & 40.91% respectively.
Conclusion: Results of this stud y showed that B-subunit of hCG measured by over-the-counter available pregnancy test kit is a dependable quick and easy test for detection of premature rupture of membranes. This test can be performed on the bed side of the patient without Lab involvement. This test can be promoted as an additional help for the diagnosis of doubtful and ambiguous cases of premature rupture of membranes.
O USO DE ANTIDEPRESSIVOS NA ADOLESCÊNCIA DECORRENTES DA PANDEMIA DO COVID-19
Authors: Barcellos Rafaela de Araujo , Baiense Alex Sandro Rodrigues 
Published: May 2023

O presente estudo diz respeito ao uso de antidepressivos na adolescência decorrente da pandemia da COVID-19. Para tanto, objetiva conceituar os termos “adolescência” e “depressão”, com o intuito de apontar os possíveis impactos psíquicos e emocionais, quando estes coexistem no sujeito que vivencia a patologia durante esta fase e descrever os resultados do consumo desse medicamento por adolescentes durante o período pandêmico, cuja problemática é consideravelmente urgente e importante na discussão a respeito da saúde desta população. Partindo desse pressuposto, foram analisados inúmeros trabalhos científicos a respeito, que contribuíram grandemente para a conclusão deste estudo. Identificamos as causas psicossociais associadas à pandemia que desencadearam o uso de antidepressivos pelos jovens e discutimos acerca da dependência causada aos sujeitos em questão pelo uso excessivo deste medicamento. Por fim, investigamos o papel e a atuação do poder público na assistência à saúde mental da população jovem pós-período da pandemia do coronavírus, visando minimizar os impactos psicológicos causados por esse fenômeno que atingiu direta e drasticamente a vida de muitos adolescentes no Brasil e no mundo.
تقدير عمق الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة بالتكامل بين تقنيات نظم المعلومات الجغرافية و نموذج SCS-CN
Authors: عاشور عبدالونيس عبدالعزيز رمضان 
Published: May 2023

يعتبر الجريان السطحي نتيجة تساقط الأمطار من المكونات الهيدرولوجية الهامة في تقييم الموارد المائية. تتوفر العديد من الطرق لتقدير الجريان السطحي من الأمطار ومع ذلك تظل طريقة حفظ وصيانة الترب الأمريكية SCS-CN الأكثر شيوعًا والأكثر استخدامًا حيث أن رقم منحنى الجريان السطحي (CN) هو عامل حاسم في هذه الطريقة ويعتمد على استخدام الأرض أو غطاء الأرض (LU/LC) ونوع التربة وحالات رطوبة التربة (AMC) في تقدير الجريان السطحي. تم تطبيق هذا النهج بالتكامل مع نظم المعلومات الجغرافية (GIS) لتقدير حجم الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي درنة. تمت معالجة خرائط التربة وتصنيفها إلى مجموعات ترب هيدرولوجية (HSG) حيث كان HSG السائد في منطقة الدراسة هو التصنيف D. كذلك تم الدمج بين الطبقتين HSG و LU/LC لحساب قيم المنحنى الموزون CN لكل حالة من رطوبة التربة (AMC). من خلال تطبيق هذه الطريقة تم تقدير متوسط حجم الجريان السطحي السنوي لمدة أربعين سنة خلال الفترة 1960-2000م في منطقة الدراسة بـ 138.51 مليون متر مكعب. علاوة على ذلك تم تقدير حجم الجريان السطحي لعاصفتين مطريتين بناءً على فيضان أكتوبر عام 1945 وأواخر نوفمبر عام 1986. حيث بلغ متوسط هطول الأمطار 145.7 و 64.14 ملم على التوالي. ويتبين من الحسابات أن حجم الجريان السطحي المتشكل أثناء فيضان عام 1945 م بلغ 53.36 مليون متر مكعب بما يمثل 40٪ من حجم الجريان السنوي بينما بلغ فيضان نوفمبر 1986 قيمة 14.8 مليون متر مكعب من المياه وهي قيمة مقاربة لما تم تسجيله من قبل الهيأة العامة للمياه آنذاك. من خلال النتائج المتحصل عليها يتضح أن منطقة الدراسة معرضة لمخاطر الفيضانات. لذلك يجب اتخاذ إجراءات فورية بإجراء عملية الصيانة الدورية للسدود القائمة لأنه في حالة حدوث فيضان ضخم فان النتيجة ستكون كارثية على سكان الوادي والمدينة. كذلك إيجاد وسيلة لزيادة الغطاء النباتي بحيث لا يكون ضعيف ويسمح للتربة بالانجراف للحد من ظاهرة التصحر.
محطات الإنتظار الذكية لحل ظاهرة الإزدحام المروري منطقة الدراسة: (الظهرة – زاوية الدهمائي) بطرابلس ليبيا
Authors: بشير مصباح خليفة النعاس  , محمـــد الولي عبد القادر الشـريف  , منصـــور بن مســــكين  
Published: May 2023

طرابلس هي عاصمة ليبيا وأكبر مدنها ويبلغ سكانها حوالي ثلاثة ملايين نسمة تقريبا أي ما يعادل نصف سكان ليبيا وأصبحت المدينة في العقود الأخيرة وجهة الليبيين وتعج بالسكان من كافة أنحاء البلاد، وهذا الوضع إنعكس بالطبع علي الزيادة في حركة المرور في المدينة بشكل عام وعلي مركزها بشكل خاص. وعليه فإن دراستنا تتركز علي منطقة (الظهرة-زاوية الدهماني) لكونها جزء هام وكبير من مركز المدينة ذات الكثافة العالية في عدد السكان وزيادة في ملكية السيارات ومن مشاهد هذا الإزدحام قضاء المواطنين ساعات طويلة في الطريق قبل الوصول إلي أماكنهم عند المرور علي هذه المنطقة والتي أصبحت بذلك (الظهرة-زاوية الدهماني) تحت ضغط مروري كبير والذي أدى الي ظهور ظاهرة الإزدحام المروري وعدم قدرة الطرق ومواقف السيارات القائمة بمنطقة الدراسة لاستيعاب هذا الزخم المروري مما أجبر مالكي المركبات مثلا علي ركن سياراتهم على جانبي الشوارع الرئيسية والفرعية من الداخل وبالقرب من التقاطعات والمنعطفات، وغيرها من الشواهد الأخري المتعلقة بظاهرة الإزدحام المروري, هذه الورقة اقترحت إستخدام محطات الإنتظار الذكية كأحد الحلول لهذه الظاهرة . وفي النهاية ختمت الورقة بخلاصة رسمت بعض التوصيات التي لا محالة ستكون محط اهتمام لكل من له علاقة بهذا الموضوع.
تاثير العلاج بالحجامة الرطبة على ضغط الدم ومستوى الدهون الكلية لدى النساء المترددات على مركز الشفاء للحجامة بمنطقة الزوية -الشاطئ ليبيا
Authors: مبروكة محمد الزوي  , ابتهاج عبدالقادر مفتاح  , مبروكة أحمد ميلاد  
Published: May 2023

أُستخدمت الحجامة الرطبة كعلاج بديل للعديد من الأمراض.هدفت هذه الدراسة الى قياس آثار العلاج بالحجامة الرطبة على ضغط الدم والدهون الكلية في دم النساء البالغات الأصحاء والمصابات بارتفاع ضغط الدم. جُمعت عينات من 27سيدة يخضعن للعلاج بالحجامة تراوحت أعمارهن بين 22- 66 سنة، 12 منهن مصابات بارتفاع ضغط الدم و15 سليمات. تم قياس ضغط الدم قبل وبعد 30 دقيقة من العلاج بالحجامة لكلا المجموعتين، جُمعت منهن عينات دم قبل وبعد نصف ساعة من الحجامة لقياس تركيز كل من الدهون الثلاثية، الدهون المرتفعة الكثافة، الدهون المنخفضة الكثافة و الكلسترول وكان جميع المشاركات صائمات لمدة 10- 12 ساعة قبل جمع العينة. النتائج: إنخفض الضغط الانبساطي و ومستويات كل من الكلسترول، الدهون الثلاثية في الدم بشكل ملحوظ بعد الحجامة في كلا المجموعتين حيث كانت قيمة P اقل من 0.05، كما انخفض الضغط الانقباضي والدهون المنخفضة الكثافةLDL في النساء المصابات بارتفاع ضغط الدم ولم تتاثر في النساء السليمات، كما ارتفع تركيز الدهون مرتفعة الكثافة HDLفي كلا المجموعتين بعد عملية الحجامة، كانت قيمة P اقل من 0.05. الاستنتاجات: يمكن أن تمثل الحجامة أثناء الصيام طريقة تكميلية مفيدة لتنظيم ضغط الدم والوقاية او العلاج من عوامل الخطر المرتبطة بأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية.
Assessment of Groundwater Wells Pollution by Some Heavy Metals in El-Beida City-Libya
Authors: جلال محمد المنفي  , طارق السيفاط الطيب  , كريمة عبدالغني  , عادل عبدالعظيم  , جبريل اصبيح  , هدى مفتاح  , أميرة فوزي علي  
Published: May 2023

One of the most important concerns is the presence of heavy metals in water. Heavy metal pollution in groundwater is a major concern, because of their toxicity and hazard to human life and the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the quantity of five heavy metals present in groundwater wells in different sites of El-Beida city. Groundwater wells samples were collected in January 2022 from 10 randomly selected wells throughout the region and analyzed in order to determine the content of a number of heavy metals namely: Lead, Copper, Iron, Manganese, and Nickel using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS), and their levels were compared to the maximum contamination limits specified by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Libyan National Centre for Standardization and Metrology (LNCSM). The results in the current study indicate there is variation among wells. The Lead (Pb) concentrations ranged between (0.33-0.50 mg/l), whereas the Copper (Cu) value ranged (0.07-0.12 mg/l), the Iron (Fe) value ranged (1.15-1.35 mg/l), the Manganese (Mn) value ranged (0.17-0.75 mg/l), and the Nickel (Ni) value ranged (0.19-0.52 mg/l). Most of the heavy metal analyzed in this study were exceed permissible limits for international standards of drinking water by WHO or LNCSM while Copper (Cu) did not exceed permissible limits for international standards of drinking water.
The Ratio Predator-Prey Model with Random Initial Conditions
Authors: Omar Almbrok Hussin Alsonosi , Ahmed Iman Aissa Alghannay 
Published: May 2023

In this work, the predator-prey model with the ratio-dependent functional response is considered, where the randomness enters into the equations only through their initial conditions. It is done by assuming normal distribution as the initial states of the model to treat the randomness. The passage from the deterministic situation to the random one for these equations is also the most transparent. In addition, a numerical simulation will be offered using the modified approach founded on the fifth-order improved Runge-Kutta method. Furthermore, the stability of the equilibrium points, and certain statistical properties related to the random behaviour of predators and their prey, will be analyzed and discussed.
Operatic Adaptations of Shaw’s Plays The Devil’s Disciple and The Music Cure
Authors: Bogar Brigitte 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
This article examines several operatic adaptations of Shaw’s plays The Devil’s Disciple and The Music Cure. The focus is on how the musicality inherent in Shaw’s plays is so substantial that the plays almost come across as musical dramas or operatic scores. The article explores what inspired the composers, what has been changed to accommodate the new medium, and why these musical adaptations fail to make it into the general repertoire.
Amending Shakespeare: Bernard Shaw’s Displeasure with Cymbeline, Act 5, in the Contexts of Modern Bardolatry and Syncretism
Authors: Guha-Majumdar Rupendra 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
At the basis of Shaw’s immaculate conception of “Bardolatry” was his tongue-in-cheek critique of William Shakespeare for not engaging deeply enough with social problems of the Elizabethan age in the manner Shaw himself addressed in his own time. Shaw chooses to equivocally demystify Shakespeare on the one hand and, on the other, eulogize him as the greatest of authors that ever lived. His ambivalent attitude to the poet is best expressed in his replacing of the fifth act of Cymbeline with his own version, Cymbeline Refinished, 1936 because he found in the original, “a tedious string of unsurprising dénouements sugared with insincere sentimentality.” Shaw concludes his adapted version with lines about the necessity of English and Roman syncretism. This article will attempt to study the dynamics of Shaw’s adaptation of Cymbeline, which, along with The Tempest, marked Shakespeare’s concluding vision of British history during the reign of James I.
David Staller in Conversation: A Look Into the New York World of David Staller
Authors: Staller David 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT
Many of us may relate to a moment in our life when an artist or a work of art opens an unexpected door into a part of our soul with a touch of magic that informs the rest of our life. It can be in the shape of any art form, of course: a film, play, literature, music, ballet, or painting. Sometimes it’s the dynamic approach of an inspiring teacher. With David Staller, it was his introduction to the provocative and highly charged planet of George Bernard Shaw that provided an unexpected path into a swirl of self-exploration and, subsequently, a greater understanding of the world around him.
PENDAMPINGAN BELAJAR TERHADAP SISWA-SISWI KELAS VIII SMP NEGERI TAMALABANG MENYANGKUT PEMAHAMAN MATERI LUAS LINGKARAN
Authors: Tang Melki Imamastri Puling 
Published: May 2023

Pembelajaran matematika merupakan suatu proses belajar mengajar yang dibangun oleh guru untuk mengembangkan kreativitas berpikir siswa yang dapat meningkatkan kemampuan berpikir siswa, serta dapat mengkonstruksi pengetahuan baru sebagai upaya meningkatkan penguasaan yang baik terhadap materi matematika khususnya luas lingkaran. Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimana pengetahuan siswa-siswi kelas VIII SMP Negeri Tamalabang terhadap nilai phi ( dan kemampuan memahami dan menyelesaikan soal-soal yang berhubungan dengan menentukan luas lingkaran. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif. Bentuk penelitian deskriptif yang digunakan adalah penelitian kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pemahaman siswa dalam menemukan nilai phi dan rumus luas lingkaran berkembang dengan baik dari perbandingan pree test dan post test. Desain pembelajaran ini membuat siswa terlihat lebih aktif dan mulai menampakkan kemampuan untuk berpendapat meskipun hasilnya ada perkembangan pemahaman peserta didik. Pemahaman siswa dalam menemukan nilai phi dan rumus luas lingkaran berkembang dengan baik dari perbandingan pree test dan post test. Desain pembelajaran ini membuat siswa terlihat lebih aktif dan mulai menampakkan kemampuan untuk berpendapat meskipun hasilnya ada perkembangan pemahaman peserta didik. Dari 21 orang yang dinilai ternyata nilai rata-rata luas lingkaran dimana nilai pree test adalah 54,095 dan rata-rata nilai post test adalah 86,190. Hal ini menyatakan bahwa ada pemahaman siswa-siswi kelas VIII yang berkembang secara baik. Dengan kata lain banyak siswa-siswi yang memahami konsep luas lingkaran. Perlu adanya motivasi dari masyarakat dan lembaga pendidikan dalam rangka menstimuluskan siswa-siswi untuk terus giat belajar khususnya di bidang matematika.