bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identity in Latin American Social Movements
Authors: Fontana Lorenza B. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter reconstructs the origins of identity as a key concept in socio-political analysis and illustrates the role it has played both in making sense of social and political transformations as well as in influencing the very processes of collective mobilization in Latin America. It begins by analysing the shift from class to identity in the narrative on social struggle since the 1980s and the main feature that distinguish identity movements compared to other social movements. The second part of the chapter focuses on some of the main Latin American identity movements, namely: indigenous, feminist, and LGBT movements. In the conclusions, I provide some ideas around the limitations as well as potential developments of identity-based theories of social mobilization.
Social Movements and Modes of Institutionalization
Authors: Lavalle Adrian Gurza , Szwako José 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the influence of social movements on public policy through an examination of modes of institutionalization. Due to the prevalence of approaches which posit a rigid divide between civil society and the state, the role of social movements in institutionalization has been insufficiently analyzed. In dialogue with historical institutionalism and both discursive and pragmatic policy approaches, the chapter casts new light on how institutionalization varies according to the object that is to be institutionalized. Based on an extensive literature review on Latin America, it focuses on four modes: programmatic, positional, symbolic, and practical. The programmatic mode refers to a form of institutionalization of public policies and institutional arenas that emerges from the projects and programs of militants and social movements organizations. The positional mode can be understood as a form of institutionalization in which official positions within the state apparatus are linked to social movements and occupied by activists. The symbolic mode concerns the internalization of symbolic and cognitive categories of social actors by the state, through its bureaucracies. Once these categories become part of the language of the state, they affect the way policies classify and organize the social world. Finally, the practical mode of institutionalization refers to what are often understood as “merely technical” aspects or “minor details” of public policy but are in reality policy instruments whose origins often lie in the interaction between authorities and movements.
Legal Mobilization
Authors: Ruibal Alba 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the use of law and courts has become part of the repertoire of collective action by social movements in Latin America. After democratic transitions, the rights discourse set out to permeate political claims, social actors started framing their grievances and goals in terms of legal and constitutional rights, and constitutional and judicial reforms brought about new legal opportunities for social actors in different Latin American countries. In this setting, legal mobilization became part of social movements’ work and strategies, and movements started to have a relevant role in constitutional politics. This chapter presents an account of the main processes and events in the recent history of the interaction between social movements and the judicial system across the region. It analyzes the role of social movements in the creation of new legal opportunities, through their influence in constitutional conventions and judicial reform processes. It also examines some of the main developments in the relationship of social actors with the court system, including progressive judicialization as well as counter-legal mobilization. Finally, it addresses multi-level processes of legal mobilization, by pointing out the importance of international litigation and subnational legal mobilization and the impact of federalism.
Strengths and Blind Spots of Digital Activism in Latin America
Authors: Treré Emiliano , Harlow Summer 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Through a critical meta-analysis of the literature, this chapter assesses the actors, tools, and theories that constitute digital activism research in Latin America. First, the chapter highlights the strengths of this research in the region, casting light on the diversity, nuance, and richness of case studies, technologies, and conceptual lenses that have been explored. Then, it points out its blind spots and challenges, including: the trend towards fragmentation; the propensity to adopt conceptual lenses from the Global North; the underdevelopment of South–North and North–South dialogue; the tendency to provide limited analyses focused on just one medium; the application of ahistorical approaches that disregard the legacy of previous protest events; the limitations of emerging computational methods; and the emergence of digital agnosticism and a general uncritical stance towards digital platforms. All these factors, it is argued, hinder a more unified, region-wide understanding of digital activism. Second, the chapter illustrates the complexities of digital activism using case studies of Guatemala and Mexico. The contribution concludes by providing future directions and areas of study in need of further scrutiny.
Social Movements and Capitalist Models of Development in Latin America
Authors: Rossi Federico M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Social movements are crucial actors in producing transformations in society. One important dimension in this regard is certainly capitalism. The goal of this chapter is to analyze social movement dynamics across the capitalist models of development that predominated in Latin America from independence from colonial rule until the early twenty-first century. This is done through the lens of a political economy of social movements, understood as the substantive and theoretical recoupling of the political and economic spheres in the relational study of social movements and capitalist dynamics. If an economically determinist approach is avoided and the North Atlantic mainstream narrative is decentered, a political economy of social movements reveals multiple struggles for the expansion of the socio-political arena and the resistance to this expansion with plutocratic retrenchment periods that contract that arena. In Latin America there has been an enormous development of research since the 1980s linked to protest and the transformations of capitalism. However, this accumulated research has not yet been systematized into models of development to understand the impact of capitalism on social movements, and even less so, the role played by social movements and protests in economic change.
Multiple Paradigms for Understanding a Mobilized Region
Authors: Rossi Federico M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The field of social movement studies in Latin America has gradually consolidated into a subdiscipline since the re-democratization of most of the region in the 1980s. The reinstatement of academic freedom, the return of some scholars from exile, and the political relevance of social movements and protests since re-democratization have put this area of research at the core of numerous studies. The question of how to understand the struggles that have defined Latin American history since independence has led to very intense theoretical debate that has developed alternative explanations for the comprehension of social movements. In Latin America, social movement studies as a subdiscipline has been characterized by a great diversity of theoretical approaches and a pragmatic combination of perspectives in empirical studies. As a general overview of the main Latin American output on social movement studies, this introductory chapter presents the contributions in this book under the five sections that structure this volume: first, the theoretical perspectives developed in or applied to social movements in Latin America; second, the main macro-dynamics and processes and the role of social movements from the mid-nineteenth to the early twenty-first century; third, a review of the main social movements in Latin America; fourth, an analysis of the ideational and strategic dimensions of movements; and fifth, an exploration of the interaction of movements with (formal and informal) institutional politics.
Financing and Reframing Universal Social Protection in Africa
Authors: van Vrede Brenton 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Societies naturally organize themselves to care for one another, either at a family or community level. These social transfers are normal in any society. Governments have the ability to formalize these transfers and share the burden and benefits across society as a whole through fair and transparent administrative arrangements. When viewed from this perspective, we no longer question whether social protection is affordable or sustainable or whether it will cause dependency. Instead, the debate should center around how much of the social protection system should be formal versus informal. This is normally dependent on the level of social solidarity within society. Development can also be chaotic and the development of social protection systems can often be fragmented. Care needs to be taken to ensure that tax and transfer systems reduce inequality and do not themselves become a source of inequality.
Transforming Social Protection in South Africa
Authors: Taylor Viviene 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of social policy transformation in South Africa’s post-apartheid, post-independent era after 1994 over a 20-year period until 2014. Using social protection as the lens, it highlights that while the policy intentions over the period were transformative, there was, and still is, a disjuncture in the administration and implementation of policy that constrains the fulfillment of social and economic rights derived from the Constitution. The role and place of social assistance (primarily in the form of cash grants) and social policy in broader processes of transformation and innovation in South Africa inform the analysis. Among the issues raised is that of navigating social policy change in a fluid, neoliberal global economic system in which terms of trade and development are predetermined. In addition, the context of neoliberal globalization and its consequences for social policy interventions by national governments is a focus. It is particularly difficult to mitigate the negative impacts and address the roots of inequities, especially in South Africa, when the terms of national social development are shaped by transnational processes.
Welfare State Administration and the East Asian Welfare Regime
Authors: Aspalter Christian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe main subject of this chapter is the real-typical side of comparative welfare regime analysis. Welfare state systems from Singapore, South Korea, Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Japan are examined from a close distance, focusing on their in-depth institutional particularities. When looking at East Asian welfare state systems, it is useful to apply an ideal-typical (Weberian) method especially when looking at larger international and historical developments, while other methods of applying real types are also highly beneficial for welfare state analysis in comparative perspective. When applying the real-typical method, in particular, the relative weaknesses and strengths of various welfare subsystems come into sharper view, as seen in this chapter’s review of specific welfare state systems in Asia. Important insights are gained about the extent to which incentive structures of each social security system increase or decrease effectiveness and efficiency of the overall welfare state system in place.
Social Policy Administration in the Canadian Federation
Authors: Graefe Peter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey of the institutional context for social policy renewal in Canada. It begins with a brief sketch of how social policy makers identified new social risks in the early 2000s, and the main policy instruments that they developed in response. The chapter then considers how development of these instruments nevertheless had to engage with long-standing constitutional barriers to central government involvement in social policy, as well as the legacy of earlier intergovernmental institutions that worked around those barriers. Finally, the chapter describes and evaluates the new intergovernmental institutional “workarounds” developed when implementing social policy renewal, including recent developments in mental health and early childhood development.
Enabling Social Policy Innovation
Authors: Moulton Stephanie , Sandfort Jodi R. , Merrick Weston 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Public sector innovation is often driven by leaders and organizations to address complex, “wicked” problems, shifting and increasing citizen expectations, and new levels of political and economic insecurity. This chapter provides an overview of recent approaches to fostering social policy innovation in North America. Recent trends, including co-production, behavioral science, and implementation science, tend to focus on either technical or managerial innovation. Yet integrating the two holds more promise, as it is often necessary to address both the core programmatic technology and the organizational or field context. We conclude by exploring the potential of design-based research and pragmatic experiments as approaches that enable scholars to support innovation more holistically within the social sector.
Front-line Workers and the Creation of Administrative Data
Authors: Hetling Andrea , Saunders Correne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Public agencies generate administrative data as part of their routine management of programs and services. The growth of big data analytics and open government has led to a great increase in the popularity of administrative data among policy researchers. Partnerships with public administrators are necessary and important in enabling researchers both to access and understand the data. Little consideration has been given, however, to front-line workers, like caseworkers and eligibility workers, as key stakeholders in the production and understanding of administrative data. Street-level organization research offers an applicable theoretical framework based on the roles of front-line workers in implementing policy and delivering services. By connecting this framework to administrative data, this chapter offers suggestions to include front-line workers as research partners and thus strengthen the quality and use of administrative data in evaluations.
Standardized Educational Assessments
Authors: Rivas Axel 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the last 25 years, Latin America became a region overwhelmed with standardized educational assessments. Standardized assessments point to a major change in the governance of education systems, not only because they enter as policy inputs for decision-making, but also because they rise to the status of high-stakes standardized assessments where rankings on outcomes are published so that parents can make informed decisions regarding school choice. The first assessment systems emerged in almost all Latin American countries during the nineties. Then, some countries introduced high-stakes assessments with publication of rankings and economic incentives for schools. The third wave of reforms seems to point toward a “reasonable convergence” among countries, with greater institutional capacity to assess schools. This chapter reviews developments in this area of public administration through a proposed typology of standardized assessment models and a comparison of different systemic-change theories in education. Decisions regarding types of assessment require re-envisioning the institutional, curricular, and pedagogical design of educational systems.
The Hidden Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs on State Capacity
Authors: Cecchini Simone 
Published: May 2023

AbstractState-run conditional cash transfer (CCT) programs have made a significant contribution to poverty reduction in many Latin American and Caribbean countries. CCTs also have had a less-discussed impact, which has been to foster management and technical changes in social policy that are gradually supplanting the clientelistic approaches typical of the past. This chapter discusses key management and technical innovations and their programmatic impact on state capacity in the social protection sector. Although approaches differ between countries, CCTs have tended to be established through laws or decrees and supported by solid institutional frameworks. In addition, CCTs typically have made use of modern information systems for selecting, registering, and paying program participants; and many have introduced a culture of impact evaluation in the social policy field. The effects of this management and technical revolution will be felt for a long time to come.
Afrikaner Nationalism and White Politics, 1910–1948
Authors: Grundlingh Albert 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the dynamics of Afrikaner nationalism during the first half of the twentieth century. It includes dimensions such as the historiography of Afrikaner nationalism, the ways in which the movement was mobilized, gender relations, the reification of history, and the manner in which events impinged on developments. The trajectory of Afrikaner nationalism was not a simple, linear process, but several inter-Afrikaner tensions had to be negotiated. It finally points out that at the time of the watershed election of 1948, apartheid was not necessarily a fixed concept and its implications only emerged later.
Water, Earth, and Fire
Authors: Jue GUO , Sturm Camilla 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the material evidence of the making of riverine communities in the Greater Jiang Han Region in prehistoric central-southern China and their uniquely emplaced social dynamics of collaborating with both the landscape and with one another. By focusing on two types of material remains—hydraulic “landmarks” and special classes of pottery—at the Shijiahe site complex in the Jiang Han Basin that brought together people and place, this chapter demonstrates how these communities integrated the natural and the social through collective activities of place-making and ritualized practices of community building. The chapter argues that these activities all foreground a common set of social values of shared labor, community participation, and an intimate connection to the landscape that persisted through millennia in this region. Ultimately, the chapter advocates shifting attention to the deep-time pattern of living in the Jiang Han region at the local level and seriously considering the alternative path of social development—characterized by heterarchy rather than hierarchy—that was emplaced in the co-evolving socio-natural landscape and integral to the long-term social resilience of the Jiang Han riverine communities.
The Communicative-Cognitive Mode of Existence and Material Differences
Authors: Mizoguchi Koji 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows that the smallest and the most basic phenomenal unit of society is communication, where sociality is generated through the mutual coordination by those who interact/communicate their thoughts and acts. For communication as a system, human individuals and their mind/psychic systems constitute the environment of its reproduction. The material differences that can be recognized archaeologically are involved in and mediate the reproduction of the communication system. This means that material differences are linked with the operation of human cognitive systems through the mediation of communication systems and through the structural coupling of cognitive and communication systems. To solve the innate inaccessibility of the operation of cognitive systems, the concept of mode of existence is proposed. This is the mode in which the communication system and the mind/psychic system are structurally coupled: The communication system and the mind/psychic system mutually irritate each other and react to it in uniquely self-referential manners, respectively.
The Evolution of Human Causal Cognition
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter , Lombard Marlize 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of casual cognition from evolutionary and archaeological perspectives. A comparison between humans and non-human primates suggests that human causal cognition is based on reasoning about the underlying forces that are involved in phenomena, while other primates hardly understand external forces. We illustrate this by an analysis of the causal cognition required for early hominin tool use. Causal cognition about forces does not only concern physical forces, but Theory of Mind is also an integral element of such cognition in humans. The desires, intentions, and beliefs of others function as social causal variables, so that the evolution of human causal cognition depends more and more on representations of mental variables. Another distinguishing aspect is that humans often think about causality in terms of events. Unlike other models in philosophy and psychology where causality is seen as a relation between events, the account of events presented here moves causality inside events in the sense that an event is modeled as containing two entities representing a cause as well as a result. The chapter ends with a presentation of two models of causal reasoning that are particularly relevant for cognitive archaeology: Woodward’s three-tier model and our seven-grade model.
Borges, Bewitched by Film
Authors: Aguilar Gonzalo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Even after becoming blind, Borges participated in film not only as a viewer and a critic but also as a screenwriter. Apart from literature, film seduced him like no other art form, and it presented him with a number of moral, aesthetic, and narrative dilemmas, which were essential to his initial explorations of prose fiction. In film, he not only found narrative strategies and their relation between art and the masses but also a political dimension that led him to think about the role of the individual in society and the possibility for heroic acts through the revival of the epic genre.
Jain Tantra
Authors: Chapple Christopher Key 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Jain faith is known first and foremost for its thoroughgoing commitment to nonviolence (ahiṃsā) and emphasis on psychic and bodily purity (śuddha, śubha). Hence, Jain texts proclaim antipathy toward tantric practices that include “defiling” practices, such as the ingestion of meat, fish, and alcohol and the performance of sexual acts. Nonetheless, the allure of tantra does not go without notice, and, eventually, tantric practices such as the recitation of mantras and meditation on yantras and colors become absorbed within mainstream Jaina ritual. This chapter examines the Jain critique of tantra, particularly as found in Somadeva’s Yaśatilaka and Haribhadra Yakini Putra’s Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya, and the seeming affirmation of tantra within Śubhacandra’s Jñānārṇava and Hemacandra’s Yogaśāstra. It makes observations about the contemporary Jaina worship of Padmāvatī as an example of assimilation and amalgamation of Jaina faith and tantra.