bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Invited) 2D Mxenes for Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Matthews Kyle , Gogotsi Yury 
Published: September 2023

MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, with a general structure of Mn+1XnT
x
, where M is the transition metal, X is carbon and/or nitrogen, and T represents the surface terminations (F, O, OH). MXenes have attracted attention in a multitude of energy storage applications due to their high electronic conductivity, tunable interlayer spacing, redox-active transition metals, and hydrophilic surface groups. In this talk, we discuss the use of MXene electrodes in supercapacitor applications, including aqueous, non-aqueous, and water-in-salt electrolytes. The variability of MXenes is demonstrated with each electrolyte system showing unique electrochemical responses, not limited to redox and/or intercalation pseudocapacitance, and hydrated cation intercalation. Furthermore, the versatility of the hydrophilic, 2D morphology of MXenes is demonstrated through its use in multiple form factors, not limited to flexible free-standing films, multilayer powder electrodes, interdigitated microsupercapacitors, knitted textiles, and more. New directions and perspectives for MXenes in energy storage are discussed, including MXenes’ use as passive components (separators, current collectors, binders, scaffolds, conductive additives) in energy storage systems.

Figure 1 (A) Schematic illustration showing MXenes’ electrochemical properties for ion storage applications. (B) Cyclic voltammetry (CV) data collected at scan rates from 10 to 100,000 mV·s−1 for a 90-nm-thick Ti3C2T
x
film. (C) Influence of an electrolyte’s solvent on the lithium-ion storage capacity of Ti3C2T
x
; CV curves of microporous Ti3C2T
x
electrode in 1 M lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) in DMSO, acetonitrile (ACN), or propylene carbonate (PC) electrolytes. (D) A digital photograph showing the wafer scale fabrication of an array of 143 MXene microsupercapacitors. (E) Photograph of a knitted textile with an interdigitated pattern made using Ti3C2T
x
MXene-coated cotton yarn to produce electrodes for wearable textile supercapacitor.
Reference
[1] A. VahidMohammadi, J. Rosen, Y. Gogotsi, Science,
2021, 372, eabf1581.

Figure 1
(Second Place Poster Award) Improving Oxygen Reduction Reaction ORR Fuel Cell Efficiency with Carbon Nano Onions
Authors: Steiger Florian , Kaiser Pascal , Assebban M'hamed , Hirsch Andreas , Abellán Gonzalo , Echegoyen Luis , Mayrhofer Karl J. J. , Cherevko Serhiy , Pérez-Ojeda Rodríguez Maria Eugenia , Lloret Segura Vicent 
Published: September 2023

Hydrogen Fuel cell innovations are cutting-edge clean power solutions highly demanded nowadays. Since the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells needs to be catalyzed heterogeneously, conductive substrates such as carbon materials are critical for the construction of electrocatalysts. Thus far, the research has been focused on commercially available carbon supports such as the well-known Vulcan, and the high-surface area Ketjenblack.[1] Thanks to the fast development of material science, other carbon supports such as graphite, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes have been also studied in a lesser extent, mainly due to their novelty and underdeveloped scale up syntheses.[2,3] This work focuses on utilizing a relatively new and, as of yet, largely unexplored carbon nanomaterial: carbon nano onions (CNOs).
CNOs are spherical nanoparticles of about 5 nm diameter composed of concentrical multi-layered fullerenes, first discovered by Ugarte in 1992. CNOs exhibit outstanding properties such as low density, high thermal stability, and a graphitic multilayer morphology, which makes them excellent candidates for a wide variety of applications. Furthermore, the onion’s large surface area and high conductivity make them particularly interesting as catalyst support for electrochemical applications as they have already been demonstrated to be a superior Pt support alternative thanks to a higher cycling stability compared to carbon black, since their particle size and morphology suppress catalyst agglomeration and avoid its ripening.[4] However, despite their excellent long-term stability, the few available studies using CNOs were performed using the rotatory disc electrode (RDE) method, reaching only modest performance in the mA / cm2 range. Thus, our work aims to further extend upon this research by measuring the ORR performance with a gas diffusion electrode (GDE), to reproduce realistic fuel cell conditions.[5] The catalyst layer, obtained by growing Pt nanoparticles on CNOs, is characterized by electrochemical measurements such as ORR polarization curves, electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) by the CO-stripping method, and O2-mass transport. The utilization of GDE cells allows for higher current densities and a realistic catalyst mass transport compared to the RDE method, thus better representing an applied ORR fuel cell test.[6]

[1] Electrochem. Solid-State Lett.
2005, 8, A320-A323
[2] Carbon
2013, 58, 139-150
[3] Energy Environ. Sci.
2010, 3, 1286-1293
[4] ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
2017, 9, 28, 23302–23308
[5] Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.
2021, 60, 8882-8888
[6] ACS Energy Lett.
2022, 7, 2, 816–826

Figure 1
(Digital Presentation) Self-Discharge Study of Carbon-Based Supercapacitors with Tunable Pore Size
Authors: Zhang Qing , Wang Yuru 
Published: September 2023

Electrochemical double-layer capacitors (EDLCs), as a major type of energy storage devices besides rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, holds excellent properties such as high power density and ultra-long cycling stability[1-3]; however, its fast self-discharge process has become the major issue that impedes its development and application. Even though research on EDLCs’ self-discharge has demonstrated that the fast self-discharge rate can be tuned even repressed through modifying certain structural properties of electrodes or electrolytes[4-9], to the end of realizing full control over the self-discharge process requires unveiling the fundamental relation between structural parameters (i.e., the pore structure, the surface functionalities, the electrolytic ion size and shape, and etc.) and the self-discharge performance.
Carbon, due to its superior chemical stability, high surface area, natural abundance, etc.[4,10], has become one of the main types of electrode materials under extensive research interest for developing advanced EDLCs. Herein, we focus on tuning the pore size, one of the major structural properties of carbon materials relating to its electrochemical performance, to study its effects on self-discharge process and to learn how to construct the optimal pore structure with respect to certain application requirements.
In this work, porous carbon materials with designed pore structure are prepared via soft-template method to analyse the self-discharge performance. Through investigating the effects of pore size, as the single variable, on the self-discharge process, as well as on the micro-electrochemical process on the electrode/electrolyte interface, underlying mechanism between pore size and the self-discharge performance has been constructed. These findings should provide guidance on how to locate the optimal pore size for a chosen electrolyte and to realize control over self-discharge, which will serve as solid references for designing the next-generation EDLCs with high performance and controllable self-discharge rates.

Reference

[1] X. Chen, R. Paul, L. Dai, Natl. Sci. Rev., 2017, 4(3), 453-489.
[2] G. Wang, L. Zhang, J. Zhang, Chem. Soc. Rev
.,
2012, 41, 797-828.
[3] Y. Liu, Y. Shen, L. Sun, J. Li, C. Liu, W. Ren, F. Li, L. Gao, J. Chen, F. Liu, Y. Sun, N. Tang, H. Cheng, Y. Du, Nat. Commun., 2016, 7, 10921.
[4] Q. Zhang, C. Cai, J.W. Qin, B.Q. Wei, Nano Energy., 2014, 4, 14-22.
[5] T. Tevi, H. Yaghoubi, J. Wang, A. Takshi, J. Power Sources., 2013, 241, 589-596.
[6] L. Chen, H. Bai, Z. Huang, L. Li, Energy Environ. Sci., 2014, 7, 1750-1759.
[7] G. Shul, D. Bélanger, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2016, 18, 19137-19145.
[8] M. Xia, J. Nie, Z. Zhang, X. Lu, Z.L. Wang, Nano Energy., 2018, 47, 43-50.
[9] J. Menzel, E. Frackowiak, K. Fic, Electrochimica Acta, 2020, 332, 135435.
[10] D.P. Dubal, O. Ayyad, V. Ruiz, P. Gomez-Romero, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2015, 44, 1777–1790.

Figure 1
Inactivated Enzyme-Nanotube Based Nanosensors for Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Biological Fluids
Authors: Nishitani Shoichi , Landry Markita P 
Published: September 2023

In-blood continuous glucose monitoring is important for diabetes management but remains a technical challenge owing to the dearth of tissue-transparent glucose sensors. In this study, we present the development of nanosensors capable of immediate and reversible responses upon exposure to glucose in serum and in translational biological applications. Here, we present on the development of near-infrared fluorescent single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) based sensors, directly functionalized with glucose oxidase (GOx), to catalyze and thus fluorescently detect the oxidation of glucose.
We prepared GOx-SWCNT nanosensors by facile direct sonication of SWCNT with GOx in a manner that – surprisingly – does not compromise the ability of GOx to detect glucose. We next studied the mechanism of glucose detection by GOx-SWCNT through an increase in SWCNT near-infrared fluorescence. Specifically, we prepared the nanosensors using an irreversibly deactivated GOx, to show that the fluorescence modulation of our nanosensors does not require enzymatic activity and confirming the fluorescence modulation of our nanosensors is purely affinity-based. These results are important, because consumption of the analyte typically compromises nanosensor reversibility, whereas our results show using a deactivated version of an enzyme could enable generation of reversible glucose sensors. Next, based on our observations, we developed sensitive and reversible glucose nanosensors using apo-GOx, where the cofactor was removed from the glucose enzyme, rendering it inactive but otherwise conformationally similar to native GOx. Because the apo-form of GOx preserves its native structure, these nanosensors showed superior sensitivity and stability to that of the native nanosensors with a change in fluorescence upon glucose exposure of up to dF/F=40 % within 2 seconds. We further show that apo-GOx-SWCNTs enable glucose imaging reversibly, and in serum, motivating the use of these nanosensors for continuous in-tissue monitoring of glucose. Separately, we show that sonication-based synthesis of enzyme-SWCNT conjugates enables nanosensor generation of a range of additional targets other than glucose, potentially opening the door to rapid nanosensor generation through direct enzyme conjugation. Our work herein both generates a tissue-translatable glucose nanosensor and motivates direct sonication and enzyme-SWCNT physisorption as a generalizable method for nanosensor generation.
(Invited) Application of Machine Learning in Carbon Nanotube-Based Biosensors
Authors: Star Alexander 
Published: September 2023

Among electrochemical sensors, electrolyte-gated field-effect transistor (FET) with semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is one of the most promising choices for the ultrasensitive biosensors. The biosensing is typically based on the recognition of analytes with capture probes (antibody, aptamer, receptor, enzyme, etc.) attached to SWCNTs. While the capture probes improve the chemical sensitivity and selectivity, the stability of the nanotube-based biosensors is limited by the activity of the capture probes. Another approach involves sensor arrays with different metal nanoparticles/self-assembled monolayers on the SWCNTs that act as nonspecific receptors. These sensor arrays can be trained with machine learning algorithms to distinguish analytes.
When analytes bind to the sensor surface and interact with the semiconducting SWCNTs, they can cause modulations of the number of charge carriers in the FET channel, changing the device conductance, and eventually result in change in the FET characteristics, i.e., measured source-drain current vs. applied gate voltage. Rich information regarding the biorecognition process, sensing mechanism and sensing performances can be extracted from the changes in FET transfer characteristics. We proposed 11 features that can be selected to accurately describe the changes in FET transfer curves, including (1) relative change in transconductance, (2) threshold voltage (Vth) shift, (3, 10) relative change in conductance at ±0.6 Vg, (4-9) change in overall conductance normalized to conductance at Vth, and (11) the relative change in minimum conductance (see figure below). The transfer characteristics were extracted as distinct features for model training using established machine learning algorithms.
We fabricated SWCNT-FET array functionalized with gold nanoparticles and different self-assembled monolayers (dodecanethiol and lipoic acid) for the sensing of nonmalignant and malignant cells, which were classified by linear discriminant analysis.[1] We have also demonstrated that the SWCNT-FET sensor array could be used for the screening of cell behaviors, and that live/dead mouse B16 melanoma cells could be successfully classified with machine learning.[2]

[1] Silva, G. O.; Michael, Z. P.; Bian, L.; Shurin, G. V.; Mulato, M.; Shurin, M. R.; Star, A., Nanoelectronic Discrimination of Nonmalignant and Malignant Cells Using Nanotube Field-Effect Transistors. ACS Sens.
2017,
2, 1128–1132.
[2] Liu, Z. R.; Shurin, G. V.; Bian, L.; White, D. L.; Shurin, M. R.; Star, A., A Carbon Nanotube Sensor Array for the Label-Free Discrimination of Live and Dead Cells with Machine Learning. Anal. Chem.
2022, 94, 3565-3573.

Figure 1
(Invited) Reduced Graphene Oxide Complexed to MnO2 Nanoparticles as Efficient Platform for Photothermal and Chemodynamic Combined Therapy
Authors: Bianco Alberto 
Published: September 2023

The intracellular cascade reactions triggered by nanomateraials are emerging as promising strategies to treat cancer more efficiently, by exploting the specific tumour microenvironment [1]. One of the mechanisms of cell ablation is based on depletion of glutathione (GSH) and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We recently exploited reduced graphene oxide (rGO), one of the most popular form of graphene, in combination with manganese dioxide nanoparticles (MnO2 NPs) to design a multifunctional nanoplatform (rGO@MnO2) for efficient photothermal/chemodynamic combined therapies. Manganese-based NPs were bound onto the surface of rGO nanosheets (rGO NSs). These NPs are able to oxidize intracellular GSH, generating Mn2+ ions that convert H2O2 into hydroxyl radicals by Fenton reaction. In addition, rGO NSs mediated photothermal therapy (PTT) enhance the mortality of cancer cells. The high temperature caused by photothermal conversion increases the Fenton reaction rate, which enhances the efficiency of MnO2 NPs mediated chemodynamic therapy (CDT). Such type of hybrid materials has great potential in cancer therapy by exploiting the synergistic effect of PTT and CDT.
[1] Ma, B.; Guo, S.; Nishina, Y.; Bianco, A. Reaction between Graphene Oxide and Intracellular Glutathione Affects Cell Viability and Proliferation. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
2021, 13, 3528-3535. DOI:10.1021/acsami.0c17523
[2] Ma, B.; Nishina, Y.; Bianco, A. A glutathione responsive nanoplatform made of reduced graphene oxide and MnO2 nanoparticles for photothermal and chemodynamic combined therapy. Carbon
2021, 178, 783-791. DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2021.03.065
Effect of Device Design Parameters on the Sensitivity of Graphene Field-Effect Transistors
Authors: Borotra Ryan , Bazan Claudia M. , Bouilly Delphine 
Published: September 2023

Graphene field-effect transistors (GFETs) present several advantages for biomolecular sensing applications. Their high conductivity, carbon chemistry and sensitivity to the electrostatic environment have made GFETs a promising technology for the detection of biomarkers with high sensitivity. While research has mostly focused on biomolecular immobilization strategies to improve detection in GFET biosensors, much less attention has been given to the effect of different design parameters of the devices themselves on the sensitivity of the sensors.
Here, we assess the sensitivity metrics of GFET sensors using their response to changes in buffer salinity. To do this, we incubated GFET devices in phosphate buffer solutions (PBS) with concentrations ranging from 0.001X to 10X, and collected electrical transfer curves before/after each incubation to extract the voltage of the charge neutrality point (VCNP). Two metrics were extracted from the calibration curve of VCNP against concentration: (1) the dynamic range, as the range of concentrations showing a variation of the VCNP, and (2) the sensitivity, as the slope of the calibration curve in the dynamic range, measured in mV/decade. Using small-area non-passivated GFET devices, we obtained a sensitivity of -50 mV/decade from 0.1X to 10X PBS using an Ag/AgCl reference electrode and -160 mV/decade from 0.1X to 10X PBS using a coplanar Au electrode. We will discuss the response to changes in salinity using different combinations of design parameters, including the size of the graphene area, the choice of reference electrode and the type of passivation. Overall, this study will shed light on device design optimization for increased sensitivity, giving us an indication as to which parameter combination is best for the development of highly sensitive biosensors.
A Tutorial on the Spectral Theory of Markov Chains
Authors: Seabrook Eddie , Wiskott Laurenz 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Markov chains are a class of probabilistic models that have achieved widespread application in the quantitative sciences. This is in part due to their versatility, but is compounded by the ease with which they can be probed analytically. This tutorial provides an in-depth introduction to Markov chains and explores their connection to graphs and random walks. We use tools from linear algebra and graph theory to describe the transition matrices of different types of Markov chains, with a particular focus on exploring properties of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors corresponding to these matrices. The results presented are relevant to a number of methods in machine learning and data mining, which we describe at various stages. Rather than being a novel academic study in its own right, this text presents a collection of known results, together with some new concepts. Moreover, the tutorial focuses on offering intuition to readers rather than formal understanding and only assumes basic exposure to concepts from linear algebra and probability theory. It is therefore accessible to students and researchers from a wide variety of disciplines.
Νόμος/νόμοι in the Septuagint and the Letter to the Hebrews
Authors: Seleznev Mikhail 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article explores the usage of plural νόμοι versus singular νόμος throughout the whole corpus of the Greek Bible. Obviously, the singular is predominant. If we put aside later variants and textual traditions, the rare passages where the plural νόμοι is used (in Proverbs, Jeremiah, Esther, and 2 Maccabees) mutually elucidate each other: the plural occurs where the translators wanted to stress that the law(s) in question should be distinguished from the Torah. With respect to Jer 31:31–34 (LXX 38:31–34) and the quotations from it in Hebrews, the article demonstrates that the plural νόμοι in the LXX cannot be explained by the Vorlage, as many modern researchers suggest, but was a conscious device used by the LXX translator. The aim of the translator, followed by the author of Hebrews, was to stress the distinction between the Law of Moses and the Laws of the New Covenant.
The Rights of Intersex Children in Aotearoa New Zealand
Authors: Breen Claire , Roen Katrina 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe UN Committee on the Rights of the Child has recommended that Aotearoa New Zealand ban unnecessary and unconsented surgery on intersex children. Yet, the overall number of surgeries being undertaken on the genital and reproductive organs of children remains largely unchanged. Neither is it clear how many surgeries were undertaken on intersex children and what information and explanations were given to children and their families as to why the surgery was necessary. Culturally sensitive, medical, psychosocial and legal research must inform decision-making around surgical interventions on children with variations in sex characteristics, in order to realise the rights of intersex children in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Child as Method as an Intersectional Frame for Conceptualising the Geopolitics of Child Rights
Authors: Burman Erica 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this paper I discuss an approach I have termed, “Child as method”, which I suggest provides some useful perspectives on child rights debates and concerns, specifically in connecting these with the realm of the geopolitical and, beyond that, insisting on how such connections deepens understanding of their significance. Building on previous work examining the relations and “translation” processes between global and local in the (re)formulation and implementation of child rights instruments, a conceptualisation of geopolitical context is presented as constitutive of the range of theories and practices surrounding child rights, and vice versa. The feminist and postcolonial conceptual resources informing Child as method are outlined, with examples offered of specific projects that have used this in child rights-related work. It is suggested that, far from diminishing the relevance and utility of Child as method, the non-child-centred assumptions underlying this approach might helpfully promote ways of working with and for children and young people, based on solidarity rather than, for example, the discretionary humanism structured within prevailing notions of recognition or identification.
The Early Institutionalization of State–Islam Relations in Sweden
Authors: Borevi Karin , Sorgenfrei Simon 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
With the case of Sweden as its focus, this article contributes to the research on state–Islam relations in Europe. From a comparative European perspective, it demonstrates that Sweden departs from what is generally presented as the common pattern when it comes to when, how and why state-Islam relations were first established. Previous theorising on this topic, primarily connected with Jonathan Laurence’s seminal work on state–Islam relations in Europe, argues that such relations follow two phases, namely (1) Embassy Islam (1960–1990) and (2) the institutionalisation of domestic relations with (national) Muslim Councils (1990-onwards). Our conclusion, however, is that Sweden skipped the first phase and went directly to the second in the mid-1970s. This, we argue, can be explained as the (unplanned) result of a general change in church–state relations in Sweden.
The Irony in the Lineage of Modern Chinese Constitutions and Constitutionalism
Authors: Huang David K.C. , Li Nigel N.T. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This article juxtaposes modern Chinese constitutions and constitutionalism with constitutionalism chiefly developed in the West for clarity on the former’s lineage. As constitution is a concept foreign to China, there is no need for the country to enact any constitution unless it genuinely intends to embrace the true spirit of constitutionalism. A comparison of three signal Chinese constitutions yields an ironic, counterintuitive result, for the Constitution of the Republic of China is a refutation of the Nationalist Basic Law of the Political Tutelage Period (enacted in 1931), whereas the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China, though enacted by the Communists, bears the legacy of the Nationalist Basic Law of the Political Tutelage.