bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
digitalMALDI: A Single‐Particle–Based Mass Spectrometric Detection System for Biomolecules
Authors: Chen Dapeng , Bryden Wayne A. , McLoughlin Michael , Ecelberger Scott A. , Cornish Timothy J. , Moore Lara P. , Regan Kyle M. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe development of a real‐time system for characterizing individual biomolecule‐containing aerosol particles presents a transformative opportunity to monitor respiratory conditions, including infections and lung diseases. Existing molecular assay technologies, although effective, rely on costly reagents, are relatively slow, and face challenges in multiplexing, limiting their use for real‐time applications. To overcome these challenges, we developed digitalMALDI, a laser‐based mass spectrometry system designed for single‐particle characterization. digitalMALDI operates as a near real‐time platform that directly samples aerosols, bypassing the need for complex and time‐consuming sample preparation. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, intact insulin protein was used as a representative target. Results showed that digitalMALDI is capable of detecting 1 pg of insulin protein in single aerosol particles, suggesting that the system has a broad application for disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and biosecurity management.
Switchable Deep Eutectic Solvents for the Green Extraction of Tea Saponins From Camellia Oleifera Seed Meal
Authors: Gong Bincheng , Shen Lingqi , Wang Yu , Li Zuguang , Zhu Guohua 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTTea saponin has garnered tremendous interest for its potential use in surfactant and drug synthesis. This research was designed to develop a technique based on pH‐responsive switchable deep eutectic solvents (SDESs) for extracting tea saponins from Camellia oleifera seed meal. SDES synthesized from hexanoic acid and triethanolamine (1:1 molar ratio) offered the optimum extractive performance and the optimal conditions were obtained through single‐factor experiments: 30 wt% water content in SDES, solid‐liquid ratio of 1:30 g/mL, 60°C extraction temperature, 30 min extraction time, and acid volume of 1500 µL. The extraction yield was 162.14 mg/g after optimization, which increased by 15.65% and 9.47% compared to water and ethanol extraction methods, respectively. After pH adjustment, 98.95% of the tea saponins were recovered in the bottom phase. After precipitation and freeze‐drying procedures, the purity of the tea saponin solid was 62.9%.
Climate oscillations drive nutrient availability and seagrass abundance at a regional scale
Authors: Krause Johannes R. , Roden Ana , Briceño Henry , Fourqurean James W. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractSeagrasses are increasingly recognized for their ecosystem functions and services. However, both natural and anthropogenic stressors impact seagrass functional traits, for example by altering nutrient regimes. Here, we synthesize 27 yr of data from regional, long‐term seagrass and water quality monitoring programs of south Florida to investigate the impacts of relative nutrient availability on seagrass abundance (as expressed by percent cover) across an oligotrophic seascape. We employ linear mixed‐effect models and generalized additive models to show that seagrass abundance is driven by interannual variations in nutrient concentrations, which are ultimately controlled by climate oscillations (El Niño Southern Oscillation Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation) via regional rainfall‐runoff relationships. Our study suggests that climate oscillations drive interannual variations in seagrass cover on a regional scale, with high‐rainfall years leading to increased nitrogen availability and higher seagrass abundance in typically nitrogen‐limited backreef meadows. Conversely, these periods are associated with reduced seagrass cover at the more P‐limited inshore sites and in Florida Bay, with yet unknown consequences for the provision of seagrass ecosystem services. We show that nutrient delivery from runoff can have diverging impacts on benthic communities, depending on spatial patterns of relative nutrient limitation, with some N‐limited seagrass meadows showing resilience to periodic nutrient enrichment.
Dynamics of a Two‐Strain Model With Vaccination, General Incidence Rate, and Nonlocal Diffusion
Authors: Nic‐May Arturo J. , Avila‐Vales Eric J. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIn this paper, we studied a two‐strain model with vaccination, general incidence rate, and nonlocal diffusion. In this model, it is considered that those vaccinated can become infected with either strain and that those removed individuals with respect to strain 1 can become infected with strain 2 (partial cross‐immunity). We prove that solution exists and is unique, bounded, and positive, and there exists a disease‐free steady state. The basic reproduction number is defined, and the existence of principal eigenvalue is studied. For , we prove the disease‐free steady state is globally asymptotically stable, and when , the disease‐free steady state is unstable. We also prove the uniform persistence of the system. Four steady states were obtained, and it was shown that the existence of each of the steady state depends on 4 threshold quantities and we used a Lyapunov approach to prove the global stability of the steady state under certain assumptions. The results are confirmed using some graphical representations.
Excess Risk Bound for Deep Learning Under Weak Dependence
Authors: Kengne William 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper considers deep neural networks for learning weakly dependent processes in a general framework that includes, for instance, regression estimation, time series prediction, time series classification. The ‐weak dependence structure considered is quite large and covers other conditions such as mixing, association, and so on. Firstly, the approximation of smooth functions by deep neural networks with a broad class of activation functions is considered. We derive the required depth, width and sparsity of a deep neural network to approximate any Hölder smooth function, defined on any compact set . Secondly, we establish a bound of the excess risk for the learning of weakly dependent observations by deep neural networks. When the target function is sufficiently smooth, this bound is close to the usual .
Preparation and characterization of jute cellulose nanocrystals using tetrabutylammonium fluoride and dimethyl sulfoxide solutions
Authors: Sheikh Shamsuzzaman , Hirogaki Kazumasa , Irie Satoshi , Nakane Koji 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study reports the efficient extraction of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and preparation of self‐reinforced CNC films from scoured and bleached jute fibers using a unique solvent system combining tetrabutylammonium fluoride and dimethyl sulfoxide and compare the outcomes with commercial nanocellulose. The dissolution time of jute fiber was only 1.5 h at 90°C, which is the shortest time compared to all other methods. Morphological examinations revealed compact agglomeration structures of CNCs under SEM observation. TEM analysis determined an average diameter of 12–45 nm and 8–43 nm for scoured and bleached jute CNCs, respectively. The crystallinity was measured at 79.14% for scoured and 73.59% for bleached jute CNCs. TGA results indicated suitable thermal stability of the produced jute CNCs, demonstrating stability up to 210°C before starting cellulose decomposition. The prepared scoured and bleached jute CNC films exhibited a higher ultimate tensile strength of 18.89 and 42.07 MPa, with elongation at break 27.62% and 56.07%, respectively, making it a suitable solution and eco‐friendly film for packaging applications. Compared to commercial nanocellulose, extracted jute CNCs show identical properties. They are expected to be used as reinforcement with other polymers in nanocomposite films for packaging, coating, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications.Highlights
Jute CNCs and self‐reinforced CNC films are attained using the TBAF/DMSO solvent system.
The jute fiber completes rapid dissolution in 1.5 h at 90°C, the shortest time compared to all other methods.
The scoured and bleached jute CNCs exhibit average diameters of 12–45 nm and 8–43 nm, with crystallinity of 79.14% and 73.59%, respectively.
The fabricated scoured and bleached jute CNC films display ultimate tensile strength of 18.89 and 42.07 MPa and elongation at break 27.62% and 56.07%.
Copolymer Synthesis of N‐Vinylacetamide and 2‐Methylene‐1,3‐Dioxepane Provides a New Degradable Polymer
Authors: Pamungkas Mukmin Sapto , Ando Tsuyoshi , Ajiro Hiroharu 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTN‐vinylamides, especially noncyclic N‐vinylacetamide (NVA), have been used in various applications such as biomaterials, surfactants, and hydrogels. However, their potential to copolymerize with cyclic ketene acetal (CKA) to create degradable polymers is underexplored. Much research has been done on 2‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxepane (MDO), a seven‐membered CKA, and its ability to introduce ester groups into copolymers. It also demonstrates a higher propensity for ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) than its six‐ and five‐membered analogs. This research employs radical ring‐opening polymerization to synthesize poly(NVA‐co‐MDO) copolymers, which incorporate ester units in their backbone. We have successfully synthesized a degradable copolymer of poly(NVA‐co‐MDO) with 9.5% MDO incorporated into the copolymer using a free radical initiator, 2,2′‐azobis(isobutyronitrile) at 60°C for 15 min in bulk polymerization. The resulting copolymers exhibit degradation under alkaline conditions, making them a promising candidate for environmentally friendly materials. This work represents a step forward in developing degradable polymers with potential in biomedical and industrial applications.
Probing the Active Nitrogen Species in Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanozymes for Enhanced Oxidase‐Like Activity
Authors: Liu Yang , Pan Yue , Zhang Yunhang , Han Site , Ni Shou‐Qing , Wang Yifeng , Boczkaj Grzegorz , Kong Lingshuai , Zhan Jinhua 
Published: January 2025

AbstractNitrogen doping emerges as a potent approach to enhance the oxidase‐like activity of carbon nanozymes. However, the unclear knowledge of the active nitrogen species within nitrogen‐doped carbon nanozymes hinders the advancement of high‐performance carbon nanozymes. Herein, a group of nitrogen‐doped carbon (N/C) nanozymes with controllable nitrogen dopants are successfully synthesized via a dicyandiamide‐assisted pyrolysis method. The intrinsic connection between different nitrogen configurations (pyridinic N, pyrrolic N, and graphitic N) in N/C nanozymes and the oxidase‐like performance are experimentally investigated. The results confirm pyridinic N is the active nitrogen species in N/C nanozymes for enhanced oxidase‐like activity. Theoretical calculations further reveal the potential regulatory mechanism is pyridinic N can increase the local charge density of neighboring carbon atoms and accelerate the adsorption and activation of molecular oxygen. Notably, the optimized N/C nanozyme with the highest pyridinic N ratio presents impressive oxidase‐like performance, surpassing most of the previously reported oxidase‐like materials. Moreover, the optimized N/C nanozyme exhibits excellent antibacterial properties and can be easily incorporated into common medical and hygiene products to give them spontaneous antibacterial properties. The work will facilitate the rational design of carbon nanozymes with high‐performance oxidase‐like activity for applications in the antibacterial field.
Efficiently Re‐Utilizing the High‐Value Metals in the Spent LiNi1−x−yMnxCoyO2 for the Trifunctional Electrocatalysts by a Novel One‐Pot Method
Authors: Chen Genman , Zhang Xin , Gu Yaozong , Jian Jiafang , Zhang Qiuju , Wang Qin , Zheng Da , Xia Lan , Wang Jianxin , Miao He , Yuan Jinliang 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTraditional hydrometallurgy methods for recycling the spent lithium‐ion battery materials face some challenges, including the complex processes, and difficulties in separating Ni/Co/Mn. To address these issues, this work proposes a simple one‐pot method to achieve a high Li leaching efficiency (99.2%) and simultaneously transform the majority of Ni (99.5%) and Co (99.9%) into a high‐performance multifunctional electrocatalyst (LNMCO‐HS‐180). LNMCO‐HS‐180 with single‐phase structure shows a hollow microsphere morphology. LNMCO‐HS‐180 can efficiently catalyze the oxygen reduction (ORR), oxygen evolution (OER), and methanol oxidation reactions (MOR), with the ORR half‐wave potential of 0.732 V and, OER potential of 1.469 V at 10 mA cm−2. This is mainly attributed to the unique hollow microsphere morphology, suitable Ni/Co/Mn oxidation states, and reduction in the free energy barriers for OER and ORR. Additionally, LNMCO‐HS‐180 exhibits an MOR potential of only 1.43 V at 100 mA cm−2 and excellent formate selectivity (>99%).
Computational Efficient General Convolutional Layer Selection for Transfer Learning
Authors: Di Xiao , Li Bingnan , Song Wenzhan , Ke Yuan 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the transfer learning problem for convolutional neural network models. A phase transition phenomenon has been empirically validated: The convolutional layer shifts from general to specific with respect to the target task as its depth increases. The paper suggests measuring the generality of convolutional layers through an easy‐to‐compute and tuning‐free statistic named projection correlation. The non‐asymptotic upper bounds for the estimation error of the proposed generality measure have been provided. Based on this generality measure, the paper proposes a forward‐adding‐layer‐selection algorithm to select general layers. The algorithm aims to find a cut‐off in the pre‐trained model according to where the phase transition from general to specific happens. Then, we propose to transfer only the general layers as specific layers can cause overfitting issues and hence hurt the prediction performance. The proposed algorithm is computationally efficient and can consistently estimate the true beginning of phase transition under mild conditions. Its superior empirical performance has been justified by various numerical experiments.
A Policy Framework to Mainstream the Water–Food–Energy–Environment Nexus Into Water Resources Management
Authors: EL‐Gafy Inas , Mohamady Sherif , Grigg Neil , Al Zayed Islam Sabry 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIntertwined forces such as climate change, population growth, and economic development are increasingly straining the global supply of water, energy, and food. This issue necessitates integrated, sustainable solutions harmonizing environmental stewardship, economic progress, and human well‐being. The challenging task of developing policies for resource management that avoid conflicting goals and foster security in different sectors requires an inclusive policy that considers views of all sectors in an integrated manner. The water–food–energy–environment nexus (WFEEN) provides the needed integrated framework to support multi‐level strategies to face challenges such as population growth, climate change, and socio‐economic changes. This integrated framework must be mainstreamed into water resources management at different levels, including the farm, national, and regional levels, to ensure effectiveness and a positive impact on the economy, society, and the environment. This paper explains the development of the framework for policy development to enable the needed mainstreaming. The concept adopts four principles to balance social, economic, and environmental dimensions: the optimal use of resources, environment preservation, community development, and mitigation and adaptation of climate change. This paper illustrates how promoting integration between the four sectors maximizes the benefits, improves the use of resources, and achieves environmental, economic, and social sustainability at the different levels.
Basalt grid reinforcement of lightweight plywood
Authors: Cordier Marcus , Mai Carsten 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
By using basalt fibre grids as a reinforcing material, lightweight plywood with improved bending properties could be produced by using low density hardwood veneers and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) adhesives. The improvement in flexural strength would allow it to be used in a wider range of load-bearing applications. In this study, acrylate-coated basalt fibre grids with a grammage of 200g m

$$^{-2}$$

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2

and uncoated basalt fibre grids with a grammage of 116g m

$$^{-2}$$

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2

were inserted into the outer glue joints of five-layer lime (Tilia cordata) plywood as reinforcement. The plywood was bonded with two formulations of PF adhesive. The evaluation of the mechanical properties showed increases for the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE). The increase in MOR was up to 25% in the parallel direction of the top layers and up to 49% in the perpendicular direction of the top layers for plywood reinforced with the acrylate-coated basalt fibre grid compared to the unreinforced reference in a raw density-adjusted comparison. After treatment to evaluate moisture resistance under cyclic test conditions (MR), the reinforced plywoods exhibited similar bending strength to the unreinforced reference after standardised climate conditioning. At the same time, the addition of coated basalt fibre grid had no effect on surface soundness (SS). Therefore, the use of coated basalt grid as a reinforcing material could be a good way to produce high-strength plywood using low-density hardwood veneers.
Can PSMA PET detect intratumour heterogeneity in histological PSMA expression of primary prostate cancer? Analysis of [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 and [18F]PSMA-1007
Authors: Waibel Philipp Moritz Adrian , Glavynskyi Ievgen , Fechter Tobias , Mix Michael , Kind Felix , Sigle August , Jilg Cordula Annette , Gratzke Christian , Werner Martin , Schilling Oliver , Bronsert Peter , Freitag Martin Thomas , Zamboglou Constantinos , Grosu Anca-Ligia , Spohn Simon Konrad Benedikt 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Prostate-specific membrane-antigen positron emission tomography (PSMA PET) is a promising candidate for non-invasive characterization of prostate cancer (PCa). This study evaluated whether PET with tracers [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 or [18F]PSMA-1007 is capable to depict intratumour heterogeneity of histological PSMA expression.

Methods
Thirty-five patients with biopsy-proven primary PCa without evidence of metastatic disease nor prior interventions were prospectively enrolled. All patients underwent PSMA PET combined with computer tomography (CT) with either [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 (cohort I, 20 patients) or [18F]PSMA-1007 (cohort II, 15 patients) followed by radical prostatectomy. Specimens were scanned by ex-vivo CT and histologically prepared. On digitized whole-mount prostate sections, PCa areas with different morphologies were manually defined and H-Score of immunohistochemical PSMA expression was calculated with assistance by artificial intelligence (AI). PCa areas with similar H-Score were unified in segmentation on ex-vivo CT. After co-registration on PSMA PET-CT, Spearman’s coefficients of PSMA expression to mean and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmean and SUVmax) were calculated. Furthermore, the agreement of the co-registered tumour areas to gross tumour volume (GTV) in PSMA PET was analysed.

Results
Thirty-two patients were included in the final analysis. For histological PCa areas, immunohistochemical PSMA expression correlated significantly to SUVmean and SUVmax (p < 0.001, p = 0.001). An approximate linear correlation between H-Score and SUVmean / SUVmax was found for tumour areas larger than 400 μm² in histology (p < 0.001). Tumour areas with strong PSMA expression showed a significantly larger overlap to GTV in PSMA PET after co-registration than tumour areas with very low PSMA expression (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found between the two tracer cohorts (p = 0.72).

Conclusion
PSMA PET with both [68Ga]Ga-PSMA-11 or [18F]PSMA-1007 is able to detect changes in histological PSMA expression within PCa lesions allowing biologically targeted radiotherapy.
Collaborating with mathematicians to use active learning in university mathematics courses: the importance of attending to mathematicians’ obligations
Authors: Johnson Estrella , Weber Keith , Fukawa-Connelly Timothy Patrick , Mahmoudian Hamidreza , Carbone Lisa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper, we discuss our experience in collaborating with mathematicians to increase their use of active learning pedagogy in a proof-based linear algebra course. The mathematicians we worked with valued using active learning pedagogy to increase student engagement but were reluctant to use active learning pedagogy due to time constraints. Our mathematicians perceived obligations in their teaching that increased the time it would take to implement some of the active learning pedagogy that we suggested, leading them to view this pedagogy as inviable. By attending to mathematicians’ obligations, we were able to design active learning strategies that met the interests and needs of the mathematics educators and mathematicians collaborating on this project.
Receiver design for the REACH global 21-cm signal experiment
Authors: Roque Ian L. V. , Razavi-Ghods Nima , Carey Steven H. , Ely John A. , Handley Will , Magro Alessio , Chiello Riccardo , Huang Tian , Alexander P. , Anstey D. , Bernardi G. , Bevins H. T. J. , Cavillot J. , Croukamp W. , Cumner J. , de Lera Acedo E. , de Villiers D. I. L. , Fialkov A. , Gessey-Jones T. , Gueuning Q. , Josaitis A. T. , Kulkarni G. , Leeney S. A. K. , Maiolino R. , Meerburg P. D. , Mittal S. , Pagano M. , Pegwal S. , Pieterse C. , Pritchard J. R. , Saxena A. , Scheutwinkel K. H. , Scott P. , Shen E. , Sims P. H. , Smirnov O. , Spinelli M. , Zarb-Adami K. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We detail the REACH radiometric system designed to enable measurements of the 21-cm neutral hydrogen line. Included is the radiometer architecture and end-to-end system simulations as well as a discussion of the challenges intrinsic to highly-calibratable system development. Following this, we share laboratory results based on the calculation of noise wave parameters utilising an over-constrained least squares approach. For five hours of integration on a custom-made source with comparable impedance to that of the antenna used in the field, we demonstrate a calibration RMSE of 80 mK. This paper therefore documents the state of the calibrator and data analysis in December 2022 in Cambridge before shipping to South Africa.