bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Runt Diseases Induced by Non-Living Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Ekstedt Richard D. , Hayes Lawrence L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neonatal mice injected repeatedly with a variety of sterile bacterial vaccine exhibit a form of runt disease similar in most respects to classic graft-vs.-host runting. Fractionation of these organisms has suggested that the responsible antigens are polysaccharide or polysaccharide-nucleic acid complexes. Vaccine-runted mice showed a characteristic depression of circulating lymphocytes with a marked alteration and depletion of lymphocytopoiesis in the spleen and thymus. Immunoelectrophoretic analysis of plasma from vaccine-runted animals showed no striking alterations although a characteristic smearing of the IgM region was consistently observed. Runted mice were shown to respond less well to immunization with sheep erythrocytes than normal animals but no change in their ability to reject skin homografts could be demonstrated.
Gross and Microscopic Skin Reactions to Killed Typhus Rickettsiae in Human Beings
Authors: Wisseman Charles L. , Batawi Yehia El , Wood William H. , Noriega Antonio R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the skin reactions produced by formalin-killed suspensions of Rickettsia mooseri and Rickettsia prowazekii in normal human subjects and in subjects with various kinds of previous experience with typhus organisms have yielded the following observations: Relatively concentrated rickettsial suspensions produce local “toxic” reactions in the skin of normal subjects which are compatible with an endotoxic component in the organisms.Subjects with previous typhus experience exhibit a markedly enhanced local and systemic reactivity to the typhus antigens. Thir reaction is compatible with a delayed type hypersensitivity to typhus antigens.Histologic studies of skin biopsies taken from different subjects at various times after injection of test material revealed an early inflammatory response in normal subjects compatible with that induced by endotoxins and a delayed inflammatory response in hypersensitive subjects compatible with a reaction of delayed type hypersensitivity.The skin reaction did not distinguish between murine and epidemic typhus, suggesting that the major antigen(s) involved is common to both species of organism.The delayed type hypersensitivity to typhus antigens developed with regularity following vaccination with the attenuated living E strain of R. prowazekii, a positive reaction often appearing as early as 7 to 10 days following vaccination.
Localization of Anti-Brain Radioantibodies in Rat Brain
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Rigsbee Lewis , Wilkins Robert , Mahaley M. Stephen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The brain localization of intravenously (i.v.) and intracerebrally (i.c.) injected radioantibodies and normal radioglobulin in rats has been investigated. Cross-localizing antibodies, that remain in brain when i.c. injected but localize primarily in other normal tissue when i. v. injected, were used to test the concept that the blood-brain barrier to radioglobulin is in essence a dynamic equilibrium whose equilibrium constant favors the general circulation by several orders of magnitude. This concept was offered to explain the phenomenon that i.c. injected normal radioglobulin achieved the same general bodily distribution as did i. v. injected normal radioglobulin.
Through passive transfer of 125I-labeled antibrain radioantibody, paired with 131I-labeled normal radioglobulin, in normal rats for 2 hr, and subsequent i.v. transfer of serum-borne radioglobulins to normal recipient rats for another 24 hr, a specific brain-localizing antibody was detected in minute but significant amounts. It was not determined whether the detected portion constituted the bulk of the specific entity or whether some was removed during the passive transfer.
Bacteriophage Neutralizing Activity of Fragments Derived from Rabbit Immunoglobulin by Papain Digestion
Authors: Stemke G. W. , Lennox E. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fragments of IgG derived from antiphage IgG retain phage neutralization activity upon papain digestion. However, only about 10% to 20% of the globulin activity remains and, for phage T2, more than one antibody fragment is required to neutralize the phage. While Fabfragment II has more activity than Fab-fragment I, it is suggested that phage binding by Fab I and II may be about equal. The variation in phage neutralizing activity of Fab I and Fab II is not evident in the neutralizing activity of the parent IgG class which gives Fab I or Fab II, but must arise upon digestion.
Physicochemical and Immunologic Properties of Eluates Containing I-125 Anti-Rh0(D)
Authors: Fong Susie W. , Masouredis S. P. , Dupuy Mary Edith , Elliot Margaret , Hug Katherina 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of different elution procedures on the physicochemical properties and the immunologic behavior of I-125 anti-Rh0(D) containing eluates derived from the same antiserum was studied. Differences in the properties of the I-125 anti-Rh0(D) eluates could be attributed to the composition of the globulin containing fraction used for sensitization, the physical form of the antigen-containing red cells used for absorption-elution, the manner in which the red cells were converted to stroma and the modality used for eluting the sensitized stroma. Eluates were prepared by using heat to 56°C, an acid medium to pH 3.5 and by lipid solvent disruption of the red cell membrane. The I-125 anti-Rh0(D) eluates showed differences in antibody content, rate of association with red cells and in their reaction with red cells in antibody excess (zoning). Zoning was observed in eluates prepared by heat from red cells or stroma sensitized with a crude globulin fraction, and in eluates prepared from sensitized cells lysed with digitonin and eluted by acid. All I-125 anti-Rh0(D) eluates on immunoelectrophoresis contained γG-globulins of extended (fast) electrophoretic mobility. The increase in the anionic charge of the eluted I-125 anti-Rh0(D) is probably due to the presence of soluble antigen-antibody complexes in the eluates. When a homogeneous γG fraction was used for sensitization of red cells, it was possible to prepare a heat and an acid eluate which did not differ significantly from each other in either physicochemical properties or immunologic behavior.
The Nature of C-Reactive Protein in Acute Phase Serum: Evidence for an Equilibrium form Containing a Mucopolysaccharide of Serum
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
C-reactive protein (CRP) in acute phase serum is in equilibrium with mucopolysaccharide, also present in normal serum, to form a higher molecular weight mucopolysaccharide-CRP complex. The interaction, in part, involves participation of sialic acid. CRP purified by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, or partially purified by the procedure of Wood et al. (3), contains mucopolysaccharide. Addition of a final gel filtration step on Sephadex G200 to purified CRP isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose yields readily crystallizable CRP, and the interacting mucopolysaccharide.
The Growth of Rubella Virus in Small Laboratory Animals
Authors: Oxford J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The studies provided evidence for the multiplication of rubella virus in the lungs of the rabbit, hamster, guinea pig and ferret after intranasal inoculation of virus. Rubella virus could be recovered from the hamster lung for as many as 20 weeks after the intranasal inoculation of virus. This long persistence of virus in the lung was not detected in the ferret, rabbit or guinea pig.
No evidence of infection was obtained for the chick, the adult rat or the hedgehog, while the results for the newborn mouse were equivocal.
No illness attributed to rubella virus was noted in any of the animals inoculated by different routes, and no consistent correlation was noted between the presence of rubella virus in the lungs and macroscopic lung lesions.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Polypeptide Chains Isolated from Antibodies in the Serum of Immunized Rabbits
Authors: Miller Edward J. , Osterland C. Kirk , Davie Joseph M. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The electrophoretic patterns of the sera from rabbits hyperimmunized with group A-variant and group C streptococcal vaccines exhibit a prominent narrow band in the γ-globulin region. This electrophoretically homogeneous γ-globulin was identified as antibody. L chains isolated from purified antibody preparations were shown to migrate as a narrow band on acid urea starch gel electrophoresis, whereas L chains from normal γ-globulin traveled as a diffuse smear. A limited number of L chain bands was also demonstrable using alkaline urea starch gel. All of the rabbits exhibiting this unusual antibody response were allotypically homozygous at both the a and b loci. Precipitin gel diffusion experiments suggest that the purified antibodies represent a limited population of the antigenic spectrum of normal rabbit γ-globulin. Thus, the immunologic and physicochemical properties of the γ-globulin isolated from these rabbits suggest a selective manufacture of an unusually homogeneous population of group specific carbohydrate antibodies.
Quantitative Hemagglutination Studies on Several Anti-A Lectins
Authors: Chattoraj Aparna 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The anti-A lectins of Dolichos biflorus, Sieva lima beans and the snail, Otala lactea have been compared in a sensitive and reproducible quantitative hemagglutination technique using a Coulter electronic particle counter model B. The HD50 and slopes were noted for differentiation between the lectins. A sharp specificity of Dolichos biflorus was plainly evident. The snail extract seemed to be a specific anti-A lectin with the widest range of reactivity for the different subgroups of A and AB.
The Effect of Antigen on the Rate of Guanosine-8-C14 Incorporation by Lymphocytes
Authors: Mayron Lewis W. , Baram Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphocyte cultures from PPD-hypersensitive human donors have been shown to develop an increase in the rate of nucleic acid synthesis upon stimulation with PPD. This increase, as reflected by the rate of incorporation of guanosine-8-C14 into a trichloroacetic acid-insoluble fraction, occurs between the 5th and the end of the 13th day of culture with a peak at 8 days. Cells from weakly-sensitive donors have a peak of incorporation at approximately 3 days. Lymphocyte cultures from ragweed-sensitive human donors, demonstrating no delayed hypersensitivity reaction, developed a slight increase in the rate of nucleic acid synthesis upon stimulation with ragweed extract. The peak observed was at day 6 and the rate of incorporation fell to normal levels by day 8. The reaction appears not to be influenced by antibody or antibody-producing cells.
Antigenic Analysis of a Metazoan Parasite, Toxocara Canis
Authors: Jeska Edward L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A fractionation procedure is presented, together with the analysis of two genus-specific antigenic components extracted from the metazoan parasite, Toxocara canis. The components were identified as bands 2 and 5 of the six formed with the whole extract and absorbed antiserum. They were recognized by their electrophoretic characteristics in immunoelectrophoresis and by elution patterns from Sephadex G 200 and from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose.
Both antigenic components were derived from ovarian tissue of the adult female.
Desensitization to Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Schlossman Stuart F. , Levine Herbert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions in guinea pigs sensitized to α,DNP(Lys)7–10 peptides could be specifically inhibited by prior intraperitoneal injection of the homologous immunizing antigen or by larger immunogenic α,DNP-oligo-L-lysyl peptides. Desensitization was short-lived and normal skin reactivity returned by 6 days. Small closely related nonimmunogenic α,DNP-oligo-L-lysines, oligo-L-lysines, or dinitrophenylated proteins were unable to desensitize these animals. The exquisite immunologic specificity and the requirement for an immunogenic molecule to desensitize as well as elicit the delayed response provides strong evidence for the concept that the initial event in the delayed response is an active process triggered by antigen rather than the result of passive interaction of preformed “delayed antibody” with antigen.
Immunoglobulins in Serum and Nasal Secretions Following Infection with Type 1 Parainfluenza Virus and Injection of Inactivated Vaccines
Authors: Smith Charles B. , Bellanti Joseph A. , Chanock Robert M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response in serum and nasal secretions was studied in volunteers following infection with type 1 parainfluenza virus and injection with type 1 virus inactivated vaccines. Although both methods of immunization stimulated a serum antibody response, virus infection was more effective in stimulating a local antibody response than was vaccination. Antibody in nasal secretions was found to be associated with γA-immunoglobulins. No significant differences were observed in the immunoglobulin distribution of serum antibody following infection and vaccination.
Effect of Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) on an Antibody-Forming System
Authors: Gengozian N. , Hübner K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The results of this study have shown a) a marked depression of the primary immune response when phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is given 1 day before antigen; b) the absence of a nonspecific anamnestic response when an antigen-sensitized system was exposed to PHA; c) no enhancement or inhibition of the secondary response when PHA is given shortly (8 hr) before the antigen to the animals that have shown a primary response including both 19 S and 7 S antibody; d) induction of a 19 S memory system following a depressed primary immune response yielding only 19 S antibody formation; and e) a suppression of the secondary response when PHA was given shortly (8 hr) before the antigen in animals that have shown a primary response without 7 S antibody production.
Immunologic Responses in the Axolotl, Siredon Mexicanum
Authors: Ching Yi-Chuan , Wedgwood Ralph J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specific immune response of the axolotl is of a lower order than seen in anurans and higher fish. In both larvae and adult animals a prolonged period passed between antigen administration and the appearance of specific antibody. Larval animals, with one exception, produced only rapidly sedimenting antibody after primary or secondary stimulation, whereas adults produced both slowly and rapidly sedimenting antibodies after secondary stimulation. This response appeared to be dose dependent. Marked susceptibility of antibody activity to heating of serum to 56°C for 30 min was noted. This susceptibility was not related to dependence on other serum components analogous to complement and is probably intrinsic to the antibody itself. Observations on the inhibition of appearance of circulating antibody in the cold suggest that cold exerts a major influence on the early part of the induction period.
Herpes Simplex Neutralizing Antibody—Quantitation of the Complement-Dependent Fraction in Different Phases of Adult Human Infection
Authors: Heineman Herbert S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative analysis of complement dependence in herpes antibody was carried out, using the plaque-reduction technique to test sera from young adults with primary and recurrent herpes. The results suggest the following conclusions:
Between one- and two-thirds of neutralizing antibody activity is complement dependent.
Neither the fraction of complement-dependent antibody nor the serum complement level varies in the different phases of recurrent herpes in such a manner as to suggest any role of complement in allowing or preventing recurrences.
In adult primary herpes, complement-dependent and complement-independent antibody appear together, so that complement dependence cannot be used in the diagnosis during the acute phase.
Selective Immunoglobulin Deficiencies in Rats Infected with Moloney Virus
Authors: Cremer Natalie E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The concentration of serum α- and β-globulins in rats remained within normal limits during the course of infection with Moloney virus. The γ-globulin concentration in such rats was normal at weaning age (4 weeks). However, the γ-globulin concentration did not increase normally as the animals matured, but remained at low levels throughout the life of the animal. The ability of the infected rat to produce IgM globulin appeared to be unimpaired. After immunization with S. typhi “O” antigen, a line corresponding to IgM appeared in both normal and infected rat serum. Agglutination titers to O antigen were comparable in both groups of rats. The antibody in the serum of infected rats was primarily mercaptoethanol sensitive while that in the serum of control rats consisted of both mercaptoethanol sensitive and mercaptoethanol resistant agglutinins.
Passive Transfer of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity with Cellular Fractions from Sensitized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dunn Donald J. , Patnode Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Passive transfer of tuberculin sensitivity to normal, intact guinea pigs, or to the leukocytes thereof, was accomplished using whole cells, crude cell lysates, microsomes or Sephadex fractions from tuberculin sensitive animals.
Sephadex G 50 Fraction I from sensitized cell lysates, which was capable of passive transfer, contained one major peak with an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 280 mµ, suggesting the presence of a protein component. Sephadex G 50 Fraction III, also capable of passive transfer, contained a major component with a ribose sugar moiety and an ultraviolet absorption maximum at 260 mµ, suggesting an RNA-like material.
Studies of the Effect of Induced Immune Lymphopenia
Authors: Denman A. Michael , Frenkel Eugene P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inbred Fischer rats, rendered tolerant to rabbit Ig G, were injected daily with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte globulin (ALG) for periods up to 1 month. These rats developed “wasting disease,” which included a hemolytic anemia. Histologically, lymphoid tissues demonstrated profound lymphocyte depletion with marked reticulum cell and moderate plasma cell hyperplasia.
Animals not tolerant to rabbit Ig G required larger and more prolonged injections of ALG to produce persistent lymphopenia. Compared with the tolerant rats, weight loss was slight, “wasting disease” did not develop, and the histologic changes were minimal. Unlike the tolerant animals, these rats developed circulating antibodies against rabbit Ig G.
These findings suggest that the effects of antilymphocyte globulin were potentiated in the tolerant rats, and that the reduction in lymphoid mass in these animals was greater. They provide additional evidence that “wasting disease” results whenever the lymphoid mass is reduced below a critical level irrespective of the manner employed to produce this effect.
Some Experiences with Chemical Inactivants of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Fellowes O. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tris (1-(2 methyl) aziridinyl) phosphine oxide (MAPO), tributyltin benzoate (TBTB), and acetylpropylene imine (API) were each tested for their ability to inactivate FMDV, type SAT-2 strain RHO-1 at 37°, 23° or 4°C. Various concentrations of the chemicals were employed and some were combined with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). MAPO or API in concentrations of 0.1 to 1% inactivated all virus present in mixtures at 37°C in 24 hr. TBTB in concentrations up to 1% was not capable of inactivating all of the virus in mixtures at 37°C in 24 hr. MAPO and TBTB were comparatively ineffective as inactivants of FMDV, type SAT-2 at 23°C in 24 to 30 hr in concentrations of 0.1 to 1% as contrasted to API. Neither MAPO or TBTB were particularly active at 4°C over a period of 72 hr in reducing the infectivity of the virus while API was quite active at the same temperature. The inactivated viruses, treated with MAPO and API, were immunogenic in guinea pigs.
Neutralization of the Shwartzman Reactions by Polymyxin B
Authors: Rifkind David , Hill Rolla B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Polymyxin B prevented the localized Shwartzman reaction in rabbits when admixed with the intravenous (i.v.) provocative dose of endotoxin but enhanced the reaction when admixed with the intracutaneous preparatory dose.
Polymyxin B prevented the generalized Shwartzman reaction when admixed with either the preparatory or the provocative i.v. dose of endotoxin.
A preparatory i.v. dose of endotoxin resulted in the production of low concentrations of plasma heparin-precipitable protein, and following a second or provocative dose of endotoxin 24 hrs later the concentration was augmented 30-fold. This augmentation was prevented by polymyxin B admixed with the provocative but not with the preparatory dose of endotoxin. These data indicate that the production of high concentrations of heparin-precipitable protein is not in itself sufficient for the production of the generalized Shwartzman reaction.
The addition of polymyxin B in vitro to heparinized plasma samples obtained after two i.v. doses of endotoxin did not depress the formation of heparin-precipitable protein.
The admixture of polymyxin B to a single i.v. dose of endotoxin resulted in the reduction of the toxin mortality in rabbits from 23% to 4%.
Cell-Released Non-Specific Stimulators of Antibody-Forming Spleen Cell Populations
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Braun Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Addition of particulate antigen (e.g., chicken RBC) to a suspension of spleen cells from mice previously immunized with this antigen, will cause the release of a soluble, relatively heat-stable, dialyzable, 260-absorbing material capable of producing a non-specific stimulation of antibody-forming cells in vivo (e.g., of cells forming anti-sheep RBC or anti-E. coli). As in the case of oligodeoxyribonucleotides derived from calf thymus DNA, the non-specific endogenous stimulators (which also appear to be oligodeoxy-ribonucleotides) a) must be administered with antigen, b) enhance the early period of increases in antibody-forming cell populations, and c) are antagonized by kinetin riboside. The stimulators are recoverable from the extracellular environment 60 min after the initiation of in vitro reactions between immune spleen cells and corresponding antigen and can be released from spleen cell populations even when the spleen is harvested as late as 3 weeks after immunization. A corresponding release of non-specific stimulators in vivo by re-exposing animals at time of immunization, with antigen B, to a previously experienced different antigen A, has been noted. The results appear to elucidate the nature of a number of previously observed adjuvant effects and may have a bearing on a number of hitherto unexplained stimulations of immune responses.
Adjuvanticity of Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus: Influence of Virus Infection on the Establishment of Immunologic Tolerance to a Protein Antigen in Adult Mice
Authors: Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Notkins Abner L. , Dougherty Suanne F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adult Balb-C mice developed immunologic tolerance following intraperitoneal injection of “unaggregated” human γ-globulin (HGG) prepared either by ultracentrifugation or “biological filtration.” However, unaggregated HGG did not produce immunologic tolerance in mice which had been acutely infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) or which had been inoculated with bacterial endotoxin. Acute but not chronic LDV infection converted the animal's response to unaggregated HGG from tolerance induction into antibody production. These studies suggest that one of the mechanisms of action of an adjuvant is its ability to alter the host's response to a tolerogenic stimulus.