bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Action of Mustards on the Infective and Toxic Components of Influenza A (PR8) Virus
Authors: Fong Jacob , Bernal Enrique 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The 5 × 10−3 M solutions of mustards (except methyl mustard) caused inactivation of influenzal toxin and complete or nearly complete destruction of viral infectivity. The 5 × 10−4 M solutions of chemicals caused either complete or partial suppression of viral toxicity and marked reduction of viral infectivity. Very little effect upon these two viral properties was apparent with 5 × 10−5 M mustards. The intensity of inactivation of viral toxicity by cyclo and sulfur mustard was a function of the concentration of mustard. The destruction of viral infectivity by mustard appeared to be influenced by concentration of virus and/or of extraneous substances associated with virus. Pretreatment of eggs with near lethal doses of cyclo mustard failed to influence the reproduction of active virus. The rate of destruction of viral infectivity by cyclo mustard and of viral infectivity and toxicity by sulfur mustard was a rapid one and appeared to be completed within 30 minutes at room temperature (25 C).
Precision of Potency Assay of Alum-Precipitated Tetanus Toxoid in Mice
Authors: Ipsen Johannes , Brown J. H. , Gerwe E. G. , Greenberg L. , Hendry Jessie L. , Hoeenadel J. , Masucci P. , Newman C. , Taylor Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Six laboratories performed comparative bioassays in mice of the same 5 aluminum-precipitated toxoids sampled from current production of 5 manufacturers.
Four of the toxoids were compared with the fifth toxoid as an arbitrary reference standard. Three doses of each toxoid were injected in groups of 12 mice each. The dose which produced median survival to a defined toxin challenge 14 days after immunization was chosen as the endpoint.
Graded response measurements were obtained by scoring the degree of immunity in the individual mice as indicated by survival time and symptoms at survival.
The intrinsic error of the assay was computed for each laboratory and the observed deviations in relative potencies were found to agree with the expectancy as established by the intrinsic error.
Although the immunizability of the mouse populations varied up to 15 times between the laboratories, inclusion of the reference standard limited the inter-laboratory error of the assay to 60–160%, (95% fiducial limits).
Comparative studies of the same toxoids in humans are being performed.
A Serologically Active Erythrocyte Sensitizing Substance from Typhus Rickettsiae
Authors: Chang Shih-Man , Snyder John C. , Murray Edward S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological specificity of the erythrocyte sensitizing substance (ESS) isolated from the typhus rickettsiae has been established. It appears to be a common component of the epidemic and murine typhus rickettsiae. The antibody in typhus antiserum responsible for the agglutination of ESS-treated erythrocytes is different from the antibodies which agglutinate Proteus X19, typhus rickettsiae or fix complement in the presence of specific typhus antigen. The potential usefulness of the test is discussed.
The Origin of Fecal Antibody and Its Relationship to Immunization with Adjuvant
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In guinea pigs immunized with egg albumin and adjuvant no complement-fixing antibody was detected in the feces although very appreciable amounts were found in the serum. Because of its poor antigenic properties, it was not possible to use crystalline egg albumin to determine whether the excretion of antibody was limited to those cases in which the antigen has a special association with the tissues of the intestine. However, by using adjuvant in the cholera system where fecal antibody had been observed (1, 2, 3), it was possible to demonstrate that the adjuvant was responsible for the essentially negative fecal titers and that it did not alter the ability of the antibody to diffuse through the intestinal wall.
From these data it is concluded that (a) the adjuvant localizes the antigen so that insufficient amounts reach the sources of fecal antibody to produce a measurable response, (b) fecal and serum antibody do not have a common origin, and (c) fecal antibody is synthesized independently of serum antibody probably in local sites along the intestinal tract.
The Effect of High Intensity Electron Bursts on Antibodies
Authors: Traub Frederick B. , Brasch Arno , Huber Wolfgang , Carleton Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibodies were irradiated with high intensity electron bursts under varying conditions of environment. Differences in radiation sensitivity according to species origin are described. Observed changes could not be correlated with molecular weight, state of purification and the concentration of the antibody in serum. A dose-temperature dependence has been demonstrated and a possible explanation for this phenomenon is discussed. Effect of dilution on the radiation-inactivation of antibodies has been investigated and its significance evaluated. The results are discussed in relation to the target theory of radiation inactivation.
The Molecular Weight of an Antigen-Antibody Complex
Authors: Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
For the first time, so far as is known, the theory of Neurath has been applied experimentally to the determination of the diffusion coefficient of one component of a binary mixture in the presence of the other.
The molecular weight of the saturated human albumin, horse anti-human serum albumin complex has been determined in the presence of antigen. The molecular weight so determined is consistent with previous findings that this antibody has a valence of two.
In both the serum albumin and egg albumin systems the horse-antibody-containing complex has a significantly higher sedimentation constant than the corresponding complex containing rabbit antibody.
The possible relationship of this finding to the distribution of combining sites on the antibody molecule is discussed.
Experimental Hypersensitivity
Authors: Moll Frederic C. , van Zandt Hawn Clinton 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The effect of adrenal activity upon the serological and histological changes of hypersensitivity has been studied. Observations of the effect of ACTH on the histological and serological response following the injection of heterologous serum protein indicated that although there was no alteration in serological pattern there was an inhibition of the histological changes in the glomeruli.
Cortisone inhibited antibody synthesis and the fall of the serum complement levels, and prevented the glomerulitis. Attempts to quantitate this effect by decreasing the amount of cortisone were unsuccessful. Adrenalectomized animals differed from operated controls by a regular complement drop, antibody formation and histological changes. Operative controls responded less regularly. It was speculated that in rabbits ACTH interferes with the production of lesions by alteration of tissue reactivity and cortisone by the inhibition of antibody formation. Adrenalectomy produced a more marked response as measured by complement alteration, histological changes and antibody formation. These results are summarized in Figure 5. A statistical analysis of the complement studies is presented.
An Analysis of the Difference Between a Destructive and a Vaccine Strain of NDV (Newcastle Disease Virus) in the Chick Embryo
Authors: Liu Ch'ien , Bang Frederik B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three strains of NDV (CG179, B and vaccine), differing from each other in virulence for chickens and chicks, multiplied equally well in the allantoic sac of embryos and attained a maximum titer about 24 hours after allantoic inoculation. This was demonstrated both by repeated sampling of the same embryo and by titering pooled allantoic fluids from different eggs at different intervals. The results of the two methods were identical.
The virulent strain (CG179) multiplied rapidly in all tissues of the embryo and produced an early viremia and a fulminating infection. The embryos died in less than 48 hours.
In contrast, the vaccine strain gained entrance to the blood much later, and multiplied slowly in embryo tissues such as muscle, liver and brain. However the lungs of 16–17 day old embryos were particularly susceptible to this strain of virus. The severe pneumonia was accompanied by an accumulation of a large amount of virus in this tissue.
The Fate of Mumps Antibodies Following Their Passage Through the Placenta
Authors: Florman Alfred L. , Karelitz Samuel 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Analysis of 68 sera from infants under 6 months of age showed that although 31 of 34 newborns had detectable mumps complement fixing (CF) antibodies, the serum from only 1 infant over 44 days of age gave a positive CF reaction. The rate of disappearance of mumps complement fixing (CF) and agglutination-inhibiting (A-I) antibodies was followed in 4 infants, and although there was considerable variation, the average time of disappearance for both antibodies was surprisingly similar—53 and 45 days respectively. Since placenta-passing mumps antibodies as determined in this study disappear from the circulation rather early in life, one must look to other factors to account for the rarity of mumps in infancy.
Studies on the Prevention of Mumps
Authors: Gotlieb Tamar , Bashe Winslow J. , Henle Gertrude , Henle Werner 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies have been reported which led to the development of a reliable and reproducible neutralization test for mumps in the chick embryo, employing serial dilutions of inactivated serum and constant amounts of virus. Slight variations in the concentration of test agent fail to influence significantly the results in that a 1000-fold increase in mumps virus reduces the serum titer by only 10-fold.
Convalescent sera showed a wide variation in neutralizing titers, ranging from 1:8 to greater than 1:2000. Analysis of serial sera from individual patients revealed that maximal levels were ordinarily attained within 3 weeks, and remained at this level for several months before a gradual decline was detected. Subclinical cases exhibited similar titers. Exceptional patients may develop only low levels of neutralizing antibodies.
A comparison of neutralizing, complement-fixing (V and S antigens) and hemagglutination inhibiting titers failed to reveal correlations. The ratios of neutralizing and complement fixing titers varied over a 1000-fold range, those of neutralizing and hemagglutination inhibiting titers over a 40-fold range. These variations were of an order far greater than could be accounted for on technical grounds and the suggestion has been offered that the various technics measure different antibodies.
The fact that one or the other antibody may fail to appear in the serum of convalescents from mumps, offers a practical diagnostic problem which has been discussed.
Interference between Influenza and Equine Encephalitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Taylor Carl E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Modern tissue culture methods are suited to investigation of the interference phenomenon and Schlesinger (1) has sought explanation of interference between influenza (Lee strain) and eastern equine encephalitis viruses by studying the heat-stable receptor-like inhibitor of hemagglutination (VHI) by Lee virus. Infection with influenza virus was associated with progressive decrease in the amount of VHI extractable from minced chorio-allantoic membrane of chick embryos in tissue culture. Eastern equine encephalitis virus exerted no detectable effect on the VHI, and multiplied to full titre in tissue which had been depleted of all detectable VHI by enzymatic action. Other studies of virus interference in tissue culture employed strains of influenza (4), yellow fever (5), and certain encephalitis viruses (6).
Although the mechanisms of interference remain obscure the site is probably at the cellular level. Since relatively few cell types are involved, selected factors can be satisfactorily controlled; and observations on the developmental cycle and metabolism of the virus can be quantitated (2, 3).
Serologic Studies on North American Blastomycosis
Authors: Martin Donald S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A soluble antigen, obtained by sonic vibration of washed yeast-phase cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis, was used to test for complement-fixing antibodies in 165 sera, including 69 samples from patients with proved cases of blastomycosis and 15 from patients with a clinical diagnosis or suspected diagnosis of other fungus infections.
The antigen, although failing to give positive results in 29% of cases of proved blastomycosis, proved to be as satisfactory as the yeast-phase antigens previously employed, and had the distinct advantages of solubility and ease of storage.
The soluble materials from sonic-treated washed yeast-phase cells of Histoplasma capsulatum also gave positive complement fixation tests with sera from patients with proved blastomycosis.
The supernatant fluid from the protein-free saline suspensions of untreated yeast-phase cells was shown to contain an antigen which fixed guinea pig complement with sera from immunized rabbits but not with sera from patients with blastomycosis. This supernatant fluid, and a polysaccharide precipitated from it, were capable of sensitizing sheep's cells, rendering them agglutinable by sera from patients with blastomycosis.
There was no correlation between the titers obtained by the hemagglutination technique and those obtained by the complement fixation tests in sera of patients with blastomycosis, but there was a definite relationship between the titers obtained in both tests and the prognoses of the patients.
The data obtained on a limited number of mice suggested that the injection of small amounts of carbohydrate material, precipitated from the saline extract of the untreated cells, stimulates the development of a limited degree of resistance to heavy challenge doses of living B. dermatitidis.
Skin tests on guinea pigs infected with B. dermatitidis and Histoplasma capsulatum using extracts of untreated cells and treated cells of both fungi indicated that the former substances produced more specific reactions and that the latter antigens were less specific.
The above findings and their implications in the interpretation of the immunologic reactions obtained in blastomycosis and other systemic fungus infections are discussed.
Studies of the Interference Phenomenon in Mustard-Treated Hosts
Authors: Fong Jacob , Louie Robert , Margherita Salvatore S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injections of 0.1 or 0.2 ml of 0.025 M cyclo mustard into embryonated eggs before introduction of interfering virus resulted in diminution of interference. The effect produced by prior injections of cyclo mustard into the host was of relatively short duration. Diminution of interference resulting from prior injections of mustard into the host was not attributable to destruction of interfering virus. A similar diminution of interference occurred when mustard was injected after interfering virus, but the possibility of destruction of interfering virus was not investigated in this case. Studies of the temporal relationships in diminution of interference indicated that delayed injections of mustard were ineffectual in modification of interference 2 hours after introduction of inactivated virus into the host.
Prenatal and Early Postnatal Survival in the Mouse as Affected by Infection of the Mother with Swine Influenza Virus during Gestation
Authors: Howell William E. , Winters Lawrence M. , Young George A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pregnant mice were given swine influenza virus intranasally approximately 5, 10 and 15 days after conception to determine what effect the maternal infection would have on the developing young. Effect on fetuses 10 to 15 days along at time of inoculation was negligible. Significantly fewer fetuses developed in mice inoculated approximately five days after conception. Viability of pups whelped was high and no effect on subsequent litters was manifested.
The Role of Enzyme in Reversible Agglutination of Red Cells
Authors: Hoyt Robert E. , Zwicker Helen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is suggested that the reversible agglutination of trypsin-treated red cells is related to trypsin-antitrypsin activity rather than to submerged antigens in the cell and preexisting specific antibody in the homologous serum. If the tendency toward reversible agglutination of trypsin-treated cells is responsible for false positive reactions in grouping and cross-matching, it seems that papain might be a preferable enzyme, since it has been found that papain-treated cells do not show the phenomenon of reversible agglutination.
Studies on the Role of Ca++ and Mg++ in Complement Fixation and Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Levine Lawrence , Osler Abraham G. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that Ca++ as well as Mg++ are essential for immune hemolysis. Mg++ can be replaced with a fair degree of efficiency by Co++ or Ni++. The requirement for Ca++ could not be met by Co++, Mn++, Ni++, Mg++, Cd++, Sr++, Ba++, and Zn++. Evidence is presented showing that immune hemolysis takes place in at least two reaction steps: Step 1, involving C′ fixation requires Ca++; Step 2 is a reaction of an unknown nature, which requires Mg++.
The Transfer of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Rat by Means of Parabiosis
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Freund Jules , Brady Eileen 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pregnant guinea pigs were given a subcutaneous injection of CNS tissue in water-in-oil emulsion containing killed mycobacteria. Their offspring delivered at the time of the onset of encephalomyelitis in the mothers had no lesions in the CNS. Rats were given multiple, simultaneous, intracutaneous injections of an encephalitogenic emulsion and 7 or more days later joined in parabiosis with normal rats as recipients. The couples were sacrificed after 7 to 12 days of parabiosis. Twenty pairs were killed 15 days after the injection of the donors and 8 days of parabiosis. Histologic examination of the CNS of the 40 rats revealed encephalomyelitis in 12 donors and 5 recipients. These 5 recipients which had lesions were mates of the positive donors. Control experiments showed that 9 days after active sensitization only 1 of 22 rats had encephalitis. The reasons for the view that passive rather than active sensitization occurred in the parabiotic recipients are discussed.
Virus Neutralizing Antibodies in Pooled Human Serum
Authors: Stanley N. F. , Dorman D. C. , Ponsford Joan 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The titer of neutralizing antibodies to Coxsackie viruses in pooled human serum and human gamma globulin has been estimated in samples covering a period of twelve years. The construction of antibody titer curves for each infective agent demonstrated marked differences in the behaviour of some of the Coxsackie viruses. It was shown that group A and group B Coxsackie virus antibodies were widespread throughout the Western Pacific Area and present in all sera examined. Antibody to the group of Coxsackie viruses associated with an outbreak of encephalitis in Sydney was confined to the Sydney Metropolitan Area and to some of the Highland natives of New Guinea. It is thought that the nature of the antibody titer curves reflects to some extent the degree of immunity of the adult population of a large city to the infective agent under consideration. The estimation of the herpetic antibody content of pooled human serum was used for comparison.
The Experimental Chemotherapy of Influenza Viruses
Authors: Takemoto Kenneth K. , Robbins Mary Louise , Smith Paul K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Twelve compounds were found to inhibit the PR8 strain of influenza A virus in embryonated eggs, and six of these also inhibited the Lee strain of influenza B. Four of the inhibitors were virucidal as shown by in vitro tests at concentrations similar to those existing in the allantoic cavity. At high concentrations, only two compounds were without virucidal activity. Three compounds showed inhibitory effects when given by the yolk sac, a route different from that of the virus. The possibility that some of these compounds do not reach the site of viral growth when injected into the yolk sac is suggested.
When tested at various time intervals after the infectious process had started, four compounds were found to be ineffective when given only 1 hour after the virus. The other compounds were effective when given at intervals which ranged from 3 to 12 hours after infection. Polymerised sodium salts of substituted benzoid sulfonic acids, one of the most effective compounds tested, prevented multiplication up to 12 hours after injection of virus.
Thirty-seven naturally occurring substances were tested for ability to reverse the inhibition caused by six of the compounds. Several sudstances were antagonistic to the virus inhibitors. Tryptophane reversed the inhibition caused by minimal concentrations of polymerized sodium salts of substituted benzoid sulfonic acids, but it did not affect higher concentrations. Riboflavin caused reversal of inhibition by Congo red, but only at low concentrations of the drug. Thiamin hydrochloride also reversed the inhibition caused by Congo red, apparently due to a direct combination of the drug with the antagonist, making the drug unavailable for virustatic action.
None of the compounds tested against influenza A infections in mice was found to have any effect in preventing infection.
Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Combined Prophylactics
Authors: Levine Leo , Stone Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects on the potency of tetanus toxoid for mice of adding diphtheria toxoid and pertussis vaccine were investigated.
Diphtheria toxoid in concentrations of 0.3 Lf and 10 Lf per Lf of tetanus toxoid had no significant effect on the potency of tetanus toxoid.
Pertussis vaccine in densities of 100 million and 1,500 million organisms per Lf of tetanus toxoid were potent adjuvants for the latter.
The dose-response curves of 5 variously combined preparations of tetanus toxoid maintained significant parallelism in both their regression portions and in their asymptotic portions.
Growth of Neurotropic Viruses in Extraneural Tissues
Authors: Evans C. A. , Byatt Pamela H. , Chambers Velma C. , Smith Wayne M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys, mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rabbits and dogs were inoculated intratesticularly with two strains of poliomyelitis virus, Hof of type I and Lansing of type II. Tests at 7, 10 and 14 days gave no evidence of multiplication of virus at the site of inoculation. In a second experiment inoculation of testes of cynomolgus monkeys was accomplished by placing virus in an area in which testicular tissue had been minced in situ, to expose cells inside tubules. Tests for virus at 3, 6, 7 and 10 days did not show increase of virus in local tissue.
It is concluded that negative findings in these experiments do not constitute substantial evidence against the concept of extraneural multiplication of poliomyelitis virus in natural infection and that this remains an unsettled problem. The striking contrast between rapid and abundant growth of poliomyelitis virus in suitable testicular tissue cultures and failure of the virus to multiply in injected testes in the present experiments remain unexplained.