bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinician accuracy in identifying essential laryngeal landmarks on swallowing fluoroscopy
Authors: Zhao Nina W. , MacDonald Bridget V. , Pietrowski Jessica R. , Laus Joey , Evangelista Lisa M. , Joseph Ian , Rosen Clark A. , Belafsky Peter C. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractObjectiveIdentification of anatomical landmarks is essential for interpretation of video fluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS). This investigation sought to confirm the location of essential laryngeal landmarks and determine clinician accuracy in structure identification on VFSS.MethodsA single human cadaver was used to generate unmarked standard lateral and anterior–posterior (AP) fluoroscopic images. Essential laryngeal structures (e.g., true vocal fold, arytenoid) were directly identified using a guidewire placed through an endoscope while obtaining corresponding marked fluoroscopic images. Licensed clinicians (speech‐language pathologists [SLP], laryngologists) and trainees (otolaryngology residents, SLP clinical fellows [CF]) identified 18 structures (9 lateral, 9 AP) on unmarked images. Answers were compared to corresponding marked images. The percentage of accurate identification was calculated for each clinician and then compared between groups using t‐tests.ResultsTwenty‐four individuals (10 SLPs, 1 CF, 9 residents, 4 laryngologists) from six institutions completed structure identification. Mean overall accuracy was 41.7 ± 13.0% (range 18.8–68.8%). There were no significant differences in mean overall accuracy between trainees (41.9 ± 12.9%) and clinicians (42.0 ± 13.1%), p = .97, or between SLPs (45.5 ± 12.8%) and physicians (38.9 ± 12.3%), p = .22. On average, participants were significantly more accurate identifying structures on lateral view (53.1 ± 16.1%) than AP (27.3 ± 22.8%), p < .001. Less than half of participants accurately identified the laryngeal ventricle, cricoid, epiglottic petiole, and the anterior commissure on lateral view.ConclusionsThe ability of certified clinicians and trainees to correctly identify essential anatomic landmarks on swallowing fluoroscopy may be poor. Future work is needed to identify how we can train clinicians on more accurate identification of essential anatomic structures on swallowing fluoroscopy.Level of Evidence: NA.
Systematic Tuning of Persistent Luminescence in a Quaternary Wurtzite Crystal Through Synergistic Defect Engineering
Authors: Zhang Xin , Suo Hao , Wang Yanze , Chen Bing , Zheng Weilin , Wang Qiangke , Wang Yu , Zeng Zixin , Tsang Sai‐Wing , Tu Dong , Wang Feng 
Published: July 2023

AbstractPersistent luminescence (PersL), characterized by continuous light emission after cessation of excitation, finds enormous applications in night displays, optoelectronics, and biomedicine. Despite the long history and a recent renaissance of PersL research, there still lacks a versatile approach for deliberate control over PersL in a single material system, which is crucial for mechanistic understanding and rational design of PersL. Herein, a strategy for the systematic tuning of PersL in the wavelength, time, and temperature domains in a wurtzite CaZnOS crystal, based on synergistic defect engineering (i.e., simultaneous control of activator/trap states and trap‐filling process) through combinatorial doping in the double cationic sites, is presented. This design principle can be harnessed to produce PersL in a vast collection of emitters with distinct electronic transitions, including ns2‐nsnp, 3d–3d, 4f–4f, and donor–acceptor recombination, which is inaccessible to the existing material systems. The results highlight that the strategy of synergistic defect engineering can provide unprecedented PersL properties with stimulus‐responsive features for information encryption and photoexcitation‐free optical thermometry.
Inverse Design of Diffusion–Absorption Hybrid Metasurfaces
Authors: Song Zicheng , Zhang Ruicong , Min Pingping , Wang Tianyu , Cao Wenxin , He Yurong , Wu Lin , Zhu Jiaqi , Qiu Cheng‐Wei 
Published: July 2023

AbstractRandom metasurfaces have demonstrated significant potential in radar‐signature control applications, but their ability to manipulate scattering‐field reduction is limited by relying solely on the diffusion mechanism. To achieve flexible and arbitrary designs for scattering‐field reduction, a diffusion–absorption hybrid metasurface is proposed based on the Babinet principle. This hybrid metasurface adopts complementary bilayer metasurfaces to satisfy the impedance matching condition and employs a hybrid absorption and diffusion mechanism. Such complementary designs' intralayer resonances and interlayer couplings are tailored by multi‐objective optimization, achieving the precise and wideband design of absorptive elements with a specific reflection phase. By optimizing the spatial distributions of elements, diffusion is introduced and designs are achieved with a continuous scattering‐field reduction from 15.40 to 32.58 dB at 15 GHz. Three representative designed structures are fabricated and verified as proof of concept. The experimental results are consistent with the calculations and simulations, demonstrating a 12.32–24.46 dB scattering‐field reduction range. The proposed high‐freedom metasurface and the implementation multi‐objective optimization strategy collectively empower flexible wavefront manipulation, offering a viable solution for designing hybrid meta‐devices that incorporate multiple mechanisms.
On‐Chip Non‐Volatile Reconfigurable THz Varifocal Metalens
Authors: Zhang Shoujun , Chen Xieyu , Liu Kuan , Lang Yuanhao , Xu Quan , Singh Ranjan , Cao Tun , Tian Zhen 
Published: July 2023

AbstractImplementation of integrated, nonvolatile, and reconfigurable solutions for on‐chip terahertz (THz) metadevices holds great potential for applications in sensing, integrated circuits, and high‐speed communications. This study demonstrates the non‐volatile reconfigurable dynamic manipulation of THz on‐chip metadevices through optical modulation of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) and 2π phase shift of metasurfaces. The approach allows for the simultaneous realization of surface plasmons (SPs) excitation, wavefront shaping, and amplitude modulation in a single device. Using the principles of 2D holography, a reconfigurable multilevel THz SP metalens switch with a maximum extinction ratio of 29.9 dB is presented. The focusing intensity of the metalens can be continuously modulated by varying the pump laser energy. The implementation of the approach is further demonstrated by realizing a switchable THz SP varifocal metalens. Reconfigurable, reversible, and repeated switching is achieved through optical and thermal stimuli, resulting in switching contrast ratios of 7.4 dB and −44.4 dB in the amorphous and crystalline states of GST, respectively. The results demonstrate a promising route toward developing non‐volatile, reconfigurable, and energy‐efficient on‐chip THz integrated metadevices. By enabling the dynamic manipulation of THz waves on a single chip, the approach holds significant potential for advancing the field of terahertz‐integrated photonics.
Predictive modeling for infectious diarrheal disease in pediatric populations: A systematic review
Authors: Ogwel Billy , Mzazi Vincent , Nyawanda Bryan O. , Otieno Gabriel , Omore Richard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIntroductionDiarrhea is still a significant global public health problem. There are currently no systematic evaluation of the modeling areas and approaches to predict diarrheal illness outcomes. This paper reviews existing research efforts in predictive modeling of infectious diarrheal illness in pediatric populations.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review via a PubMed search for the period 1990–2021. A comprehensive search query was developed through an iterative process and literature on predictive modeling of diarrhea was retrieved. The following filters were applied to the search results: human subjects, English language, and children (birth to 18 years). We carried out a narrative synthesis of the included publications.ResultsOur literature search returned 2671 articles. After manual evaluation, 38 of these articles were included in this review. The most common research topic among the studies were disease forecasts 14 (36.8%), vaccine‐related predictions 9 (23.7%), and disease/pathogen detection 5 (13.2%). Majority of these studies were published between 2011 and 2020, 28 (73.7%). The most common technique used in the modeling was machine learning 12 (31.6%) with various algorithms used for the prediction tasks. With change in the landscape of diarrheal etiology after rotavirus vaccine introduction, many open areas (disease forecasts, disease detection, and strain dynamics) remain for pathogen‐specific predictive models among etiological agents that have emerged as important. Additionally, the outcomes of diarrheal illness remain under researched. We also observed lack of consistency in the reporting of results of prediction models despite the available guidelines highlighting the need for common data standards and adherence to guidelines on reporting of predictive models for biomedical research.ConclusionsOur review identified knowledge gaps and opportunities in predictive modeling for diarrheal illness, and limitations in existing attempts whilst advancing some precursory thoughts on how to address them, aiming to invigorate future research efforts in this sphere.
Grease material properties from first principles thermodynamics
Authors: Osara Jude A. , Chatra Sathwik , Lugt Piet M. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThermodynamics has historically been used to derive characteristic material properties. In this study, fundamental thermodynamics is applied to grease. First‐principle formulations of existing material properties—heat capacity and storage modulus—and new properties—thermal strain and stress coefficients, chemical resistance and thermo‐chemical decay coefficient—are derived, some of which are experimentally determined. A new group of Maxwell relations is introduced by replacing the classical compression work with the grease shearing work . The physical interpretations and implications of these properties on grease behaviour and performance are presented. Experimental measurements of the derived properties are performed in accordance with the theoretical formulations. Six different grease types are studied. Obtained results are shown to conform with anticipated, observed and established grease behaviours. The proposed properties can be used in grease performance and degradation analyses, as well as grease selection for lubrication applications.
Elliptic problem involving logarithmic weight under exponential nonlinearities growth
Authors: Dridi Brahim 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we study the nonlinear weighted elliptic problem
where B is the unit ball of , , and the singular logarithm weight with the limiting exponent in the Trudinger–Moser embedding. The nonlinearities are critical or subcritical growth in view of Trudinger–Moser inequalities. We prove the existence of nontrivial solutions via the critical point theory. In the critical case, the associated energy functional does not satisfy the compactness condition. We give a new growth condition and we point out its importance for checking the Palais–Smale compactness condition.
The Clinical Profile of Tremor in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Pasquini Jacopo , Deuschl Günther , Pecori Alessandro , Salvadori Stefano , Ceravolo Roberto , Pavese Nicola 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundTremor is one of the most troublesome manifestations of Parkinson's Disease (PD) and its response to dopaminergic medication is variable; an evidence‐based framework of PD tremor is lacking yet needed to inform future investigations.ObjectiveTo perform a comprehensive longitudinal analysis on the clinical characteristics, course and response to dopaminergic medication of tremor in de‐novo PD.MethodsThree hundred ninety‐seven participants were recruited in the Parkinson Progressive Markers Initiative, a prospective observational cohort study in early de‐novo PD. Rest, postural and kinetic tremor scores were extracted from the Movement Disorders Society—Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale. Progression from baseline to 7‐year follow‐up of rest, postural and kinetic tremor scores, and their response to in‐clinic dopaminergic medication were analyzed through linear mixed‐effects models adjusted for age, sex and disease duration at enrollment. A sensitivity analysis was conducted through subgroup and imputation analyses.Results382 (96.2%) participants showed tremor and 346 (87.2%) showed rest tremor in at least one assessment over 7 years. Off‐state rest, postural and kinetic tremor scores increased significantly over time, coupled with a significant effect of dopaminergic medication in reducing tremor scores. However, at each assessment, tremor was unresponsive to in‐clinic dopaminergic medication in at least 20% of participants for rest, 30% for postural and 38% for kinetic tremor.ConclusionsPD tremor is a troublesome manifestation, with increasing severity and variable response to medications. This analysis details the current clinical natural history of tremor in early‐to‐mid stage PD, outlining an evidence‐based framework for future pathophysiological and interventional studies.
The Challenge of Choosing the Right Stimulation Target for Dystonic Tremor—A Series of Instructive Cases
Authors: Paschen Steffen , Becktepe Jos S. , Hobert Markus A. , Zeuner Kirsten E. , Helmers Ann‐Kristin , Berg Daniela , Deuschl Günther 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundThalamic deep brain stimulation (DBS) is established for medically refractory tremor syndromes and globus pallidus stimulation (GPi‐DBS) for medically refractory dystonia syndromes. For combined tremor and dystonia syndromes, the best target is unclear.ObjectivesWe present four patients with two different profiles whose clinical course demonstrates that our current analysis of clinical symptomatology is not a sufficient predictor of surgical success.MethodsOutcome parameters were assessed with observer‐blinded video ratings and included the Fahn‐Tolosa‐Marin‐Tremor Rating Scale (FTM‐TRS) and the Unified Dystonia Rating Scale (UDRS).ResultsTwo patients with “predominant lateralized action tremor” of the hands and mild cervical dystonia showed no relevant tremor improvement after GPi‐DBS, but UDRS improved (mean, 45%). Rescue ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim)‐DBS electrodes were implanted and both patients benefited significantly with a mean tremor reduction of 51%.Two other patients with “axial‐predominant action tremor of the trunk and head” associated with cervical dystonia underwent bilateral Vim‐DBS implantation with little effect on tremor (24% reduction in mean FTM‐TRS total score) and no effect on dystonic symptoms. GPi rescue DBS was implanted and showed a significant effect on tremor (63% reduction in mean FTM‐TRS) and dystonia (49% reduction in UDRS).ConclusionsThe diagnosis of dystonic tremor alone is not a sufficient predictor to establish the differential indication of GPi‐ or Vim‐DBS. Further criteria (eg, proximal‐distal distribution of tremor/dystonia) are needed to avoid rescue surgery in the future. On the other hand, the course of our patients encourages rescue surgery in such severely disabled patients if the first target fails.
Distance‐layer structure of the De Bruijn and Kautz digraphs: Analysis and application to deflection routing
Authors: Fàbrega J. , Martí‐Farré J. , Muñoz X. 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this article, we present a detailed study of the reach distance‐layer structure of the De Bruijn and Kautz digraphs, and we apply our analysis to the performance evaluation of deflection routing in De Bruijn and Kautz networks. Concerning the distance‐layer structure, we provide explicit polynomial expressions, in terms of the degree of the digraph, for the cardinalities of some relevant sets of this structure. Regarding the application to defection routing, and as a consequence of our polynomial description of the distance‐layer structure, we formulate explicit expressions, in terms of the degree of the digraph, for some probabilities of interest in the analysis of this type of routing. De Bruijn and Kautz digraphs are fundamental examples of digraphs on alphabet and iterated line digraphs. If the topology of the network under consideration corresponds to a digraph of this type, we can perform, in principle, a similar vertex layer description.
Nursing students' attitudes towards sexuality before training in sexual and reproductive health
Authors: Martínez‐Vázquez Sergio , Hernández‐Martínez Antonio , Peinado‐Molina Rocío Adriana , Martínez‐Galiano Juan Miguel 
Published: July 2023

AbstractAimTo know the attitudes towards sexuality of nursing students and those sociodemographic and cultural factors that can influence it.DesignAn observational study was carried out on Nursing degree students. One hundred and eighteen nursing degree students who were going to take the sexual and reproductive health nursing course.MethodsA self‐administered online questionnaire. This questionnaire had several parts specifically designed to collect sociodemographic variables. In order to determine the attitudes towards sexuality, the questionnaire based on the ATSS (Attitudes Towards Sexuality Scale). The Double Standard Scale (DSS) was also used. This scale evaluates double standards within the area of sexuality. The Rape Supportive Attitude Scale (RSAS), was included to determine beliefs about rape, rapists and their victims.ResultsThe ATSS shows a statistically significant association with religious beliefs (p = 0.005), with mean scores of 113.84 (SD = 9.81) for non‐believers (no religion), 108.36 (SD = 15.68) for non‐practicing believers and 102.32 (SD = 17.87) for believers (those who practice their faith). The mean score in the DSS shows a statistically significant association with alcohol consumption (p = 0.001). The mean score on the RSAS is statistically significantly associated with the place of residence (p = 0.050), the means were 44.32 (SD = 9.26) for those who lived in the city, 34.94 (SD = 19.21) if the place of residence was between 10,000 and 5000 inhabitants and 32.54 (SD = 15.01) if the family home was in a town with less than 5000 inhabitants.ConclusionReligious beliefs reduce liberalism and positive attitudes towards sexuality, whereas sporadic alcohol consumption increases them.Patient or Public ContributionNo patient or public contribution.
Strong convergence for an explicit fully‐discrete finite element approximation of the Cahn‐Hillard‐Cook equation with additive noise
Authors: Lin Qiu , Qi Ruisheng 
Published: July 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we consider an explicit fully‐discrete approximation of the Cahn–Hilliard–Cook (CHC) equation with additive noise, performed by a standard finite element method in space and a kind of nonlinearity‐tamed Euler scheme in time. The main result in this paper establishes strong convergence rates of the proposed scheme. The key ingredient in the proof of our main result is to employ uniform moment bounds for the numerical approximations. To the best of our knowledge, the main contribution of this work is the first result in the literature which establishes strong convergence for an explicit fully‐discrete finite element approximation of the CHC equation. Finally, numerical results are finally reported to confirm the previous theoretical findings.
Recent and lifetime maternal substance use: Rurality and economic distress
Authors: Miller Jennifer S. , Bada Henrietta , Dunworth Caitlin , Charnigo Richard 
Published: July 2023

AbstractResearch on opioid use disorder (OUD) in pregnancy has mainly considered women in urban areas receiving treatment, with less known about women in rural areas. We sought to describe demographics and substance use characteristics of pregnant women with OUD and to compare the women based on urbanicity, in a state (Kentucky) with unfavorable economic conditions in many rural counties; we hypothesized that pregnant women in rural areas would have greater adversity, broadly defined, related to substance use. Using data collected from a larger project between 2017 and 2020, we analyzed characteristics of 93 pregnant women (59 rural and 34 urban) with OUD; we examined data in medical, employment, substance use, legal, family history, relationship, and psychiatric health domains, both overall and within rural (population <50,000) and urban (population ≥50,000) strata. Pregnant women with OUD from rural and urban areas were similar on almost all attributes. Among the few significant differences, 30% from urban areas perceived inadequate prenatal care versus 11% from rural areas (p = 0.024); 21% of urban women used amphetamines/methamphetamines in the month before delivery versus 0% of rural women (p < 0.001); and rural women had longer most recent abstinence from substance use than their urban counterparts (medians 7.0 and 2.8 months, p = 0.049). The few significant differences that were discovered favored rural women. These findings, contrary to our hypothesis, suggest that tailoring interventions may require more than focusing on geography. The participants in this study were pregnant women being treated for OUD, and as such there is patient contribution of data.
Identifying links between the biodiversity impacts and monetary costs of alien birds
Authors: Evans Thomas , Angulo Elena , Diagne Christophe , Kumschick Sabrina , Şekercioğlu Çağan H. , Turbelin Anna , Courchamp Franck 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Alien species can be damaging to native biodiversity, human well‐being and the economy. Identifying the complete range of impacts they cause, and the ways that these impacts are connected, may inform the prioritisation of management actions to mitigate impacts.

Using datasets on the biodiversity impacts and monetary costs (damage and management costs) of alien birds, we aimed to establish whether species with the most severe biodiversity impacts also had the highest costs; whether types of biodiversity impact were associated with high costs; and whether specific factors associated with alien species are linked to both damaging biodiversity impacts and high costs.

We identified a positive relationship between a specific type of biodiversity impact (predation) and costs, possibly because predation by alien birds can be severely damaging to native species and therefore attracts management actions. However, predation impacts are likely to occur more frequently and to be easier to identify than some other impact mechanisms such as hybridisation and transmission of diseases, and they are therefore likely to be more frequently managed and hence to have costs.

We identified a specific species characteristic (generalism) to be associated with severe biodiversity impacts and high costs, probably because generalist species have greater opportunity to cause impacts, whether they be on biodiversity or the economy, or both. We also found widely distributed alien birds to be associated with high costs, probably because these species also have greater opportunity to cause impacts.

Management interventions that prevent the introduction of both predatory and generalist alien bird species, or that reduce their geographic distribution at early stages of invasions, may have significant biodiversity and economic benefits.

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