bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Deterioration of Diphtheria Toxin in Dilution
Authors: Dow Jessie E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Dilutions of freshly prepared diphtheria toxin of 1:100 or less in phenolized 0.85-per-cent NaCl solution, while stored at from 3° to 8°C. for approximately two years, followed a curve of deterioration similar to that of the undiluted toxins from which they were made. After reaching a state of relative stability such dilutions withstood, without appreciable loss in potency, five days' exposure to conditions involving moderate temperatures and transportation. The 1:100 dilutions did not maintain their potency when subjected for five days to conditions involving extreme heat and transportation, although the routine undiluted toxin for the Schick test which accompanied them gave no evidence of deterioration. The dilutions were also affected by frequent alternations between room temperature and extreme cold.
Studies in Isohemagglutination
Authors: Polayes S. H. , Lederer M. , Wiener A.S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
The agglutinogen and agglutinin contents of maternal and cord bloods were studied in 500 cases.
The mothers' bloods were found to occur in the following groups in order of frequency: A, β, 40.0 per cent; O, αβ, 37.4 per cent; B, α, 16.8 per cent; and AB, o, 5.8 per cent. The cord bloods were classified in the following subdivisions2 in order of frequency: A, o, 24.6 per cent; A, β, 15.0 per cent; O, αβ, 14.4 per cent; O, o, 12.4 per cent; B, o, 10.0 per cent; B, α, 9.4 per cent; O, β, 6.0 per cent; AB, o, 4.6 per cent; O, α, 3.6 per cent. When classified according to agglutinogen content, however, the cord blood groups and maternal blood groups occurred in nearly the same frequency. The full quotient of agglutinogen and agglutinins were found in 43.4 per cent of the cord bloods.
In tabulating the number of offspring from the A, β; B, α; AB, o; and O, αβ mothers, and arranging the cord bloods in their nine different subdivisions, two very interesting phenomena were observed: Firstly, in no case did the cord blood contain agglutinins specific to the mother's cells. It was observed, however, that out of the 500 cases examined, about 25 per cent of the cord bloods were incompatible with the blood of their respective mothers, the incompatibility being due to the agglutination of the cells of the cord blood by the serum of the mother, and never vice versa. These findings suggest the presence of a protective mechanism against danger to the mother in case of passage of the child's serum into the maternal circulation. Secondly, out of 187 cases of O, αβ mothers, not one group AB, o offspring was found. Similarly, not a single group O, αβ offspring was found out of 29 group AB, o mothers. This strengthens Bernstein's multiple-allelomorph theory.
A Simple Method of Obtaining Soluble Specific Substances from Various Bacteria (Streptococcus Viridans, B. Dysenteriae and B. Mallei)
Authors: Ando K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chemical and immunological studies to determine the nature of the substances responsible for the specific reactions of a number of microorganisms have been reported recently by several investigators. If the conclusions of Avery and Heidelberger in regard to the pneumococcus should be found to be applicable to other species of bacteria, some problems such as diagnosis of glanders and also the question in regard to the variety of B. dysenteriae may be simplified or solved. As it seemed that studies on such problems have not been reported on account of the difficulties encountered in the method of isolating the specific substance, simpler methods of obtaining this substance in a relatively pure form were sought.
After confirming the results of Lancefield on Streptococcus viridans, we have succeeded in isolating a soluble specific substance from the glucose broth culture filtrate of Streptococcus viridans in a simple manner according to a modification of Avery and Heidelberger's method.
The Production of Antibodies for Cypridina Luciferase and Luciferin in the Body of a Rabbit
Authors: Harvey E. Newton , Deitrick John E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
An antiluciferase can be produced in the blood of rabbits by repeated injection of luciferase solution prepared from the luminous ostracod crustacean, Cypridina hilgendorfii. The antiluciferase is not destroyed by a temperature of 56 or 61° for thirty minutes but is destroyed at 71° for thirty minutes and 95° for five minutes. No indication that complement is necessary for the action of antiluciferase was obtained.
No indication that antiluciferin can be produced in the blood of rabbits was obtained.
The results suggest that luciferase is a protein or associated with protein, whereas luciferin is not an antigenic protein.
Allergic Testis Reactions in Guinea Pigs with Coccidioidal Granuloma
Authors: Hirsch Edwin F. , D'Andrea Dorothy 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The testes of guinea pigs with coccidioidal granuloma respond to injections of broth culture filtrates of coccidioides immitis, as do other allergic tissues in the presence of antigen, by the appearance of an acute inflammatory exudate far in excess of that in the tissues of uninfected hosts similarly injected.
These results are further evidence that the tissue reactions of hosts with coccidioidal granuloma injected with culture filtrates of coccidioides immitis are allergic.
Study of a Case of Hodgkin's Disease in a Child
Authors: L'Esperance Elise S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of a previous study of 2 cases of Hodgkin's disease seemed to constitute prima facie evidence of the probable etiological significance of the avian tubercle bacillus in that disease. This evidence could not be considered conclusive on account of the small number of experiments and the lack of pure cultures of that microörganism from the inoculated birds.
The present study confirms the previous findings and includes the successful isolation of an acid-fast bacillus possessing many of the cultural characters of the avian tubercle bacillus from chickens and guinea pigs, which were infected with tissue from Hodgkin's granuloma.
The material for this study was obtained from the New York Hospital through the courtesy of Dr. James Denton, and consisted in the organs from a fatal case of Hodgkin's disease in a female child of eight years.
This previously healthy child of normal parents had a routine tonsillectomy and one month after this operation developed a low fever ranging to 102°F.
The Relationship of Two Hemotoxic Antigens in B. Welchii Growth Products
Authors: Schnayerson A. F. , Samuels S. L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In the sterile filtrates of B. welchii broth cultures two hemotoxins have been demonstrated. One of these designated as A is active in vitro and probably to some extent in vivo; the other, B, causes no hemolysis in vitro but marked blood destruction in vivo. These two principles were not completely separated.
The hemotoxin A (hemolysin) was produced in such strength that 0.0075 cc. completely lysed 1 cc. of 5 per cent washed red blood sheep cells in eighteen hours.
Hemotoxin B was generally found to be much more toxic for pigeons than A.
Immune sera were produced with these two hemotoxins. It was found that anti-hemotoxin A serum in high dilution would neutralize its homologous antigen whereas anti-hemotoxin B had no effect on it.
On intravenous inoculation into rabbits it has been found that hemotoxin B alone caused approximately as marked an anemia as a mixture of A and B. Although A apparently gave rise to a more rapid initial hemolysis in vitro than B, the continuing anemia and morphological blood changes were evidently due to the action of hemotoxin B.
The Rate of Disappearance of Injected Horse Serum from the Blood of the Rabbit
Authors: Dean H. R. , Goldsworthy N. E. , Broeck C. Ten 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A series of rabbits have received intravenous injections of horse serum, usually 10 cc. Samples of blood have been taken from these rabbits at intervals from a few minutes to twelve days after the injection. The volume of horse serum present in the rabbit serum obtained from these samples has been determined by the optimal proportions method. The blood volume of each rabbit has been calculated by a formula put forward by G. Dreyer and W. Ray (1912) and the serum volume has been taken as 60 per cent of the blood volume. The results obtained by the titration of each sample together with the calculated serum volume of the rabbit provide data for the estimation of the volume of horse serum present in the blood of the rabbit at various intervals after the injection. In a considerable proportion of the experiments the results obtained during the first hour after the injection have yielded ridiculously high figures, results indeed which appeared to show that the rabbit's blood contained more horse serum than had in fact been injected. In other experiments the results obtained from the titration of the earlier samples were more reasonable. A satisfactory explanation of the more surprising results has not been found. In all experiments the rate of disappearance of horse serum from the blood of the rabbit was rapid during the first six hours after which on an average about 50 per cent of the injected horse serum had disappeared. After the sixth hour the rate of disappearance was much more gradual. Quantitative determinations of the volume of the horse serum which remained in the rabbit's blood, could be made until about the eighth day when rather less than ten per cent of the injected volume of horse serum remained.
The Nature of the So-Called Conglutination Reaction (Bordet-Streng)
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The adsorption (fixation) of complement midpiece by antigen-antibody suspensions (sensitized red cells or bacteria; specific precipitate) causes a change in their surface properties, evidenced by an increased tendency to cohesion and flocculation.
So-called conglutination is simply a specific instance of this general property of complement-midpiece, involving sensitized cells and the slight quantities of midpiece present in heated sera.
Since the terms conglutinin and conglutination do not define a distinctive substance or reaction, it is suggested that they be dropped from immunologic nomenclature.
Studies in Isohemagglutination
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Lederer Max , Polayes S. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary and Conclusions
The bloods of 1334 mothers and their 1462 children were typed. Although 485 group O mothers with 516 children and 94 group AB mothers with 142 children were examined, not once did the combinations AB mother—O child or O mother—AB child appear. The authors' data together with Schiff's and Thomsen's, therefore completely support the Bernstein theory.
A survey of the literature shows that many apparent exceptions were found. On careful analysis of these cases, not a single completely proven exception to Bernstein's theory could be found.
It may therefore be concluded that although the existence of bona fide exceptions to the Bernstein theory cannot be entirely disproved, it is certainly true that of all the theories of heredity of blood groups, Bernstein's theory agrees best with the facts. Any true exceptions to this theory may be due to other factors complicating the mechanism of heredity.
The Antigenic Substances of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Dienes L. , Schoenheit E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
In the filtrates of cultures grown on the synthetic medium of Long, beside the carbohydrate precipitable substance, we can demonstrate the presence of two antigenic substances. They are separated from each other by acid precipitation. Both by the serological reactions and the antibody production these antigens are well differentiated from each other and from the other antigens of the tubercle bacillus. The difference between these two fractions can be observed also concerning the tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs treated with one or the other of these preparations.
The acid-precipitable antigen readily forms antibodies in tuberculous animals which are specific toward this antigen. The acid non-precipitable fractions did not form antibodies reacting with the same preparations or with the acid precipitate and concentrated culture medium, but the sera of the majority of the guinea pigs treated with these preparations gave strong reactions with the bacillary emulsion.
From the observations that neither of the two antigens separated by acid precipitation or their mixture gave a positive reaction with several sera produced with the concentrated culture medium and that the latter did not react with the sera produced with the acid precipitate we draw the conclusion that in the culture medium the antigens which are separated by acid precipitation are united in a higher complex which has a specificity markedly different from that of the isolated antigens, and in the reactions of which the effect of the isolated antigens does not appear. The differences which we found concerning the serological reactions between the culture filtrate of different tubercle bacillus strains are probably caused not by the absence or presence of a certain antigen, but by the differences in the way in which the acid-precipitable part is united to the higher complex.
Probably the above mentioned complex antigen is responsible for the production of antibodies by the concentrated culture medium and the acid filtrate, although this complex often gives no, or gives only a slight, reaction with these sera.
The Titration of Scarlatinal Antitoxin in White Pigs
Authors: Ando K. , Kurauchi K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The relative merits and limitations of various methods of titrating scarlet fever antitoxin reported by many authors have been described and discussed in brief.
A method of titration of scarlatinal antitoxin with white pigs has been described. This method is not only convenient, but also reasonable since firstly the substance which is responsible for the skin reaction of white pigs was proved to be the essential scarlatinal toxin, and secondly this animal does not react to the nucleoprotein contained in the ordinary Dick toxin which may interfere with the results of the skin test method on human beings.
Certain Characteristics of the Infectious Processes in Connection with the Influence Exerted on the Immunity Response
Authors: Dienes L. , Schoenheit E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The observations described in this paper inform us concerning important properties of the lesions, with the help of which the production of the tuberculin type of sensitiveness is successful. Twenty-four hours after the injection of a large dose of the R1 strain into the testicle, the injection of eggwhite in the same place produces tuberculin type of sensitiveness. When intraparitoneal injections are used, forty-eight-hour intervals were necessary between the two injections. In the production of the sensitiveness the local reaction at the site of the tubercle bacillus injection played the preponderant rôle because only the injection of eggwhite in this place was effective. The intravenous injection of small doses is without effect. At the stage when we injected the eggwhite an acute inflammatory reaction is present, with large accumulation of leucocytes around the injected bacteria. The typical tissue reaction of tuberculosis is not yet developed. The latter is not a prerequisite of the development of the tuberculin type of sensitiveness.
It was possible to produce a tuberculin type of sensitiveness with the injection of eggwhite into the testicle of guinea pigs infected with smallpox vaccine.
With extensive acute inflammatory processes produced with infusorial earth, tapioca, turpentine, the immunity response of the animals was not influenced. The local reactions produced with the antigenic lipoid substances of the tubercle bacilli also remained without effect.
With the soluble substances of the tubercle bacillus we did not succeed in increasing the antigen response. Different considerations make it improbable that the substances of the bacterium are directly responsible for the influence exerted by the lesions on the immunity response.
We give also a review of unsuccessful experiments in which we tried to transfer passively the increased response toward the antigens with the products of tuberculous lesions.
Effect of Repeated and Continuous Peptone Injections and Ingestion in Dogs
Authors: Petersen WM. F. , Müller E. F. , Saelhoff C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous communications we have published experiments dealing with the effect of continuous injections of antigen in sensitized dogs (1) and of suspension of B. coli in normal dogs (2) and have discussed the correlation of lymph and blood chemistry with the clinical effects observed (3).
In this paper we should like to present graphs illustrative of the changes that are to be observed when Witte peptone is injected either continuously or at repeated intervals in animals with thoracic duct incannulation and also the effect on the leucocyte curve following repeated ingestion of a meat peptone prepared in the laboratory.
Experimental. Normal dogs were used and thoracic duct incannulation made under local anesthesia. After a period of observation, the injection of peptone was made intermittently—with small doses at repeated intervals—or continuous injections were made with the Woodyat Pump. The technic has been completely described in previous publications (4).
Experiment 7 (chart 1).
The Reaction of the Human Skin to Normal and Immune Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The human skin reacts rather regularly, with the immediate type of reaction, to normal guinea pig serum in a dilution of 1:10, and to a lesser degree to one of 1:50. Usually, after this reaction, the skin becomes normal in appearance in two to twenty-four hours. When an anti-human serum in a dilution of 1:10 is injected, the immediate reaction is not always greater than that due to the normal serum. But a difference is made more evident by using higher dilutions of the sera, indicating a specific antigen-antibody response. A further difference in the reactions is seen in the persistence of that to the immune serum, with induration and inflammation for twenty-four hours. The degree of the reaction, with both sera, is only slightly reduced by heating the sera for ten minutes at 50°C.
The Transfer of the Skin-Reacting Antibody in Human Serum to Guinea Pig Skin
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A specific reaction in the guinea pig skin may be obtained, with fair regularity, where the test-antigen can be used in a considerable concentration, on transfer of the serum of asthmatic subjects to the animal skin. The sera of hay-fever, urticarial, and eczematous patients only occasionally transfer this reaction. This failure is ascribed to a relatively low antibody content in such sera and to the limitations of the technic used.
A Quick Method for Preparing Homogeneous Suspensions of Hemolytic Streptococcus Antigens for Agglutination Testing
Authors: Spicer Sophie 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is well known that the greatest single difficulty encountered in the application of the agglutination and agglutinin absorption tests to the hemolytic streptococcus, is the fact that the hemolytic streptococcus almost invariably grows in liquid media, with sedimentation of the cells, leaving at the end of eighteen to twenty-four hours incubation, a clear supernatant fluid, whereas a cloudy homogeneous suspension of cells is essential for the agglutination test.
The belief that the spontaneous clumping of the streptococci in broth media is due to excessive acidity produced during the growth of the bacteria brought about the adaptation of special methods of growing these organisms. One of the methods is to cultivate the organisms in calcium-carbonate-glucose broth in which the carbonate is supposed to neutralize the acidity in the broth culture. Another method, developed by Dochez, Avery and Lancefield, depends on the use of a special sugar-free broth containing buffer. The buffer used is dibasic potassium phosphate.
A Study of the Comparative Value of Rough and Smooth Strains of B. Typhosus in the Preparation of Typhoid Vaccines
Authors: Grinnell Francis B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
That prophylactic vaccination has been of the greatest value in reducing the incidence of typhoid fever, especially in military organizations under war conditions, as well as in times of peace, can hardly be questioned. The instances, however, of failure of such vaccination to protect against ordinary exposure to typhoid are sufficiently frequent to suggest that the present procedure is open to improvement.
A number of writers (1) have, on the basis of active and passive protection experiments with laboratory animals, and also on theoretical grounds, pointed out the probable importance of selecting smooth, virulent strains of the organisms used in preparing the vaccines. Larkum (2) obtained six strains of B. typhosus “Rawlins” used by different laboratories in the preparation of vaccines and found that five of them were non-virulent rough strains.
Protection Against Fatal Anaphylactic Shock with γ-Globulins in Guinea Pigs and Mice
Authors: Halpern Bernard N. , Frick Oscar L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effects of γ-globulins originating from various animal species on fatal anaphylactic shock induced by passive sensitization have been investigated in guinea pigs and mice.
Human and rabbit γ-globulins completely protected guinea pigs against fatal anaphylactic shock when injected in adequate doses before or simultaneously with sensitization. However, γ-globulin was injected after passive sensitization, the protective effect decreased when the interval between sensitization and injection of γ-globulin was increased.
A similar effect of human γ-globulin was observed in Haemophilus pertussis-treated and passively sensitized mice.
The quantity of γ-globulin required to prevent fatal anaphylaxis was much higher in mice than in guinea pigs.
Horse and bovine γ-globulins were ineffective even in very high doses.
The significance and the possible mechanism of action of the γ-globulins are discussed.