bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public expenditure and drug policies in Bulgaria in 2014
Authors: Vekov Toni Yonkov , Aleksandrova-Yankulovska Silviya 
Published: May 2023

Aim: The objective of this study was to provide an analysis of the factors which have a significant impact on the growth of public expenditure on medical products in Bulgaria.
Methods: This research work consists of a critical analysis of the data reported by theNational Health Insurance Fund in Bulgaria on the stability of the healthcare insurance model and the implementation of the budget for 2014.
Results: The results from the current analysis indicate that the growth of public expenditure is directly proportional to the number of reimbursed medical products and that the pattern of prescriptions including the innovative medical products mainly for the treatment of oncological and rare diseases has a significant impact on it.
Conclusion: The reasons for the increase of public expenditure in Bulgaria include the non-transparent decisions in pricing and reimbursement of the products, the lack of guidelines for presenting pharmacological evidence and the lack of legislatively-defined drug policies for the management and control of the patterns of medical prescriptions.
Reaction to political and socioeconomic transition and self-perceived health status in the adult population of Gjilan region, Kosovo
Authors: Qazimi Musa , Cakerri Luljeta , Tahiri Zejdush , Burazeri Genc 
Published: May 2023

Aim: The objective of our study was to assess the association of reaction to political and socioeconomic transition with self-perceived general health status in adult men and women in a region of Kosovo, a post-war country in the Western Balkans which has proclaimed independence in 2008.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Gjilan region of Kosovo in 2014, including a representative sample of 867 primary health care users aged ≥35 years (419 men aged 54.3±10.9 years and 448 women aged 54.0±10.1 years; overall response rate: 87%). Reaction to political and socioeconomic aspects of transition was assessed by a three-item scale (trichotomized in the analysis into positive attitude, intermediate attitude, and negative attitude towards transition), which was previously used in the neighbouring Albania. Self-reported health status was measured on a 5-point scale which was dichotomized in the analysis into “good” vs. “poor” health. Demographic and socioeconomic data were also collected. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of reaction to transition with self-rated health status.
Results: In crude/unadjusted models, negative attitude to transition was a “strong” predictor of poor self-perceived health (OR=2.5, 95%CI=1.7-3.8). Upon multivariable adjustment for all the demographic factors and socioeconomic characteristics, the association was attenuated and was only borderline statistically significant (OR=1.6, 95%CI=1.0-2.6, P=0.07).
Conclusion: Our findings indicate an important association between reaction to transition and self-perceived health status in the adult population of the newly independent Kosovo. Policymakers and decision-makers in post-war countries such as Kosovo should be aware of the health effects of attitudes towards political and socioeconomic aspects of transition, which is seemingly an important psychosocial factor.
Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Moldova and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia: The importance of health system governance
Authors: Thomas-Reilly R. Gregory , Tozija Fimka , Soltan Viorel , G. Nikovska Dance , Crudu Valeriu , Atun Rifat , McKee Martin 
Published: May 2023

Aim: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) arises where treatment is interrupted or inadequate, when patients are treated inappropriately, or when an individual has impaired immune function, which can lead to a rapid progression from infection with an MDR-strain to disease. This study examines the role of health systems in amplifying or preventing the development of MDR-TB.
Methods: We present two comparative studies, which were undertaken in The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (TFYR Macedonia) and Moldova.
Results: The findings reveal several health systems-level factors that contribute to the different rates of MDR-TB observed in these two countries, including: pre-existing burden of disease; organization of the health system, with the existence of parallel systems; power dynamics among policy makers and disease programmes; and the accountability & effectiveness of programme oversight.
Conclusions: The findings do not offer a universal template for health system reform but do identify specific factors that may be contributing to the epidemic and are worthy of further attention in the two countries.
Dietary patterns and physical activity among Palestinian female schoolchildren in East Jerusalem
Authors: Nubani-Husseini Maha , Berry Elliot , Abdeen Ziad , Donchin Milka 
Published: May 2023

Aim: This study aims to assess the Palestinian girls’ dietary habits and physical activity patterns as a baseline for intervention.
Methods: A cross-sectional study of grade 4 and 5 pupils (mean age: 11 years) in 14 all-girl schools in East Jerusalem, of four different types of school ownership (overall N=897), was conducted, using self-administered questionnaires and height and weight measurements. Logistic regressions were conducted to determine predictors of healthy behaviours.
Results: Only 36.6% of the pupils reported eating breakfast daily, with UNRWA schools having the highest rate of daily breakfast consumption (42.6%). About 28% reported eating the recommended daily quantity of five portions of fruits and vegetables. Only 15% of the pupils reported being active at least five days a week and more than one third of the schoolchildren viewed TV for ≥4 hours a day. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 22.2% and 7.6%, respectively, with private schools having the highest rates, 29.6% and 12.8% respectively (P=0.001). Additional predictors of overweight and obesity were: being the first child in the family, watching TV for more than four hours a day, always eating while watching TV and being physically active less than five days a week.
Conclusions: Most Palestinian pupils miss breakfast, eat less fruits and vegetables than recommended and have sedentary behaviours. These findings raise serious concerns and point to the urgent need for tailored interventions.
Source of funding: This study is a part of Ph.D. degree. Maha Nubani-Husseini received a scholarship from Joint Distribution Committee (JDC). She thanks Nutrition and Health Research Institute Al-Quds University for funding part of the research. The Linda Joy Pollin Cardiovascular Wellness Center for Women at the Division of Cardiology of Hadassah University Medical Center, directed by Dr. Donna Zfat funded the mothers’ activities and lectures towards the end of the intervention, as well as the implementation of the programme at the control schools one year after the study ended, as they were promised when they got selected.
Acknowledgments: The authors thank the participating schools, the Palestinian Ministry of Education, the UNRWA Office of Education and Jerusalem Municipality for facilitating fieldwork. Their gratitude also goes to Mr. Radwan Qasrawi (Al-Quds University), Dr. Marrio Baras and Dr. Deena Jaffeh (Hebrew University) for statistical support, and to Mrs. Suzy Daher for editing.
Discrimination of elderly patients in the health care system of Lithuania
Authors: Selli Kristina , Czabanowska Kasia , Danusevičienė Lina , Butkevičienė Rūta , Jurkuvienė Ramunė , Overall Judy 
Published: May 2023

Aim: This study aimed to explore and describe the barriers that elderly Lithuanians experience with respect to going to court or other institutions to defend their right not to be discriminated regarding medical care.
Methods: We used a mixed methods approach due to the scarcity of information in Lithuania. First, the review of laws was done using the e-tar database and court cases were searched using the e-teismai database followed by policy analysis. Additional sources of information were identified searching Google Scholar and PubMed, as well as Google for grey literature. The keywords used were: ageism in patient care, discrimination against elderly, elderly and health (English and Lithuanian: 2000-2015). Secondly, we conducted in-depth individual interviews with 27 clients of newly-established integrated home care services: 13 elderly patients, and 14 informal caregivers.
Results: This study identified five groups of barriers explaining why Lithuanian elderly are hesitant to fight discrimination in the health system. The results of the study disclose the following barriers that the elderly in Lithuania face: i) the lack of recognition of the phenomenon of discrimination against the elderly in patient care; ii) the lack of information for complaining and the fear of consequences of complaining; iii) the deficiencies and uncertainties of laws and regulations devoted to discrimination; iv) the high level of burden of proof in court cases and lack of good practices; v) the lack of a patient (human) rights-based approach in all policies and in education as well as the lack of intersectoral work.
Conclusions: This study disclosed the need to: encourage training of legists and lawyers in expanding knowledge and skills in human rights in patient care; encourage training of health care professionals – the burden of leadership for this has to be assumed by universities and public health professionals; incorporate a new article in the ‘Law on the rights of patients and compensation for the damage to their health’, clearly stating where to complain in case of discrimination; create a webpage and brochures with readable and understandable information for elderly persons and their families and caregivers; establish legal consultation and mediation cabinets in health care facilities; establish an older persons’ rights protection service under the Ministry of Social Security and Labour in close cooperation with the Ministry of Health; promote sustainable results by incorporating a human rights-based approach regarding elderly persons in all policies.
An educational initiative for Mexican school-aged children to promote the consumption of fruit, vegetables and physical activity
Authors: Arenas-Monreal Luz , Pacheco-Magana Lilian E , Rueda-Neria Celina , Carrillo-Estrada Josue , Marquez-Serrano Margarita , Magana-Valladares Laura , Rivera-Pasquel Marta 
Published: May 2023

Aim: To present the results of a community initiative focused on strengthening physical activity and the consumption of fruits, vegetables and natural water while discouraging the use of highly energetic food and sugary drinks in public schools of Morelos.
Methods: A quasi-experimental study with an educational initiative focused on the school community of two primary schools and two junior high schools. Pre- and-post initiative measurements were made. The study took place in the municipality of Yautepec, Morelos, Mexico, in a rural area and an urban area, from August 2010 to July 2011.
Results: Water consumption among school-aged children increased from 15.1% to 20.1% and soda consumption decreased from 21.4% to 13.2%. A slight increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables was also measured (oranges, jicamas, bananas, tomatoes, prickly pear pads, lettuces), that are accessible in the region. It was found that the supply of fresh food is limited and that high energy density foods have an oversupply in both study areas. Physical activity increased with actions such as football and dancing, in accordance with the baseline measurement. No changes were observed in the nutritional condition of school-aged children (n=150; 13.3% with overweight and 7.3% with emaciation), or in adults who presented a body mass index higher than normal, 60.2% to 88.4%.
Conclusion: In addition to educational activities, schools need to implement strategies to improve the access and availability of fresh foods while limiting the access of high energy-density foods.
The relevance of ethics in the European Union’s second public health programme
Authors: Otenyo Nelly K. 
Published: May 2023

Aim: The objective of this paper was to investigate whether ethical values were explicitly identified in the Second Public Health Programme (2008-2013) of the European Commission.
Methods: A qualitative case study methodology of exploratory nature was followed. The data used were the summaries of the project proposals and Public Health Programme objectives and was retrieved from the publicly available Consumers, Health and Food Executive Agency database. Since the PHP was finalized during the study, the study only focused on the summaries of the fifty-five finalized project proposals while excluding the ongoing projects and those projects at the reporting stage. The full proposals for the projects are confidential and thus could not be retrieved. However, the project summaries were inarguably sufficient to conduct the study. Using a table, a content analysis method in addition to the ethical framework, was applied in order to analyze and categorise the project findings.
Results: The results unfold that, out of the seven ethical principles, only ‘equity’ and ‘efficiency’ were explicitly considered in eighteen projects and four projects respectively. Moreover, from the shared health values, eight projects identified aspects pertaining to ‘accessibility to quality health care’ while ‘solidarity’ was only discussed in one project. Lastly, the ethical aspects ‘ethics’ and ‘values’ were identified in three projects and in one project respectively.
Conclusions: From the results, there is a limited consideration of ethical principles within the projects. Therefore, future public health programmes could use this as an opportunity to emphasis on the inclusion and application of ethical principles in public health projects.
USING GOOGLE JAMBOARD TO TEACH WRITING SKILL
Authors: MARWAH MARWAH, M.Pd 
Published: May 2023

This paper explains about how to use Google Jamboard as a digital media to teach English language with the subject of writing skill. This paper does not use a research methodology because the content of this paper is an explanation of the Google Jamboard, identification of the tools and their use in the Jamboard, and also strategies for displaying the Jamboard when carrying out the learning process both virtual meeting and face to face in the classroom. Google Jamboard is one of digital board where the writer can write, drew and created their ideas with use some tools in Jamboard application. Through Google Jamboard, teacher will find it easier to collect, correct, and save student’s writing project because in one link all students can write or edit the Jamboard file. So, this is very effective to use as a digital learning media, especially learning English in the form of writing skills lessons.
Impacto de los tutoriales para la prevención y combate en contra el hostigamiento y acoso sexual cibernético
Authors: González Jaimes Elvira Ivone , López Chau Asdrúbal , Bautista López Jorge , Trujillo Mora Valentín 
Published: May 2023

El objetivo de la investigación es medir el impacto de los tutoriales para la prevención y combate en contra del Hostigamiento y Acoso Sexual Cibernético, delito que ha aumentado de forma exponencial debido al mal uso de los medios digitales. Los tutoriales tienen la función de emitir mensajes de: conductas preventivas, seguridad, identificación del victimario, manejo personal del suceso y denuncia del delito ante autoridades. Se utilizó método cuantitativo, corte transversal y análisis descriptivo del cuestionario de satisfacción en muestra de 4,104 participantes. Los resultaron fueron: los hombres prefieren visualizar el mensaje de identificación del victimario para evitar ser confundido con éste (61%) y denunciar el delito en medios electrónicos (51%). Las mujeres solicitan atención personalizada, profesional e integral con justicia pronta y expedita (68%) para terminar con la impunidad y erradicar la cultura misógina. Concluyendo con un buen nivel de satisfacción ante la información emitida por los tutoriales (88%).
PENATAAN PEMUKIMAN KAMPUNG TOBATI DI KOTA JAYAPURA DENGAN PENDEKATAN ARSITEKTUR TRADISIONAL SUKU TOBATI, PAPUA
Authors: Wenda Chalfred , Nurmaningtyas Anggia R , Salipu M Amir , Nashruddin Inayatul Ilah 
Published: May 2023

Pemukiman di Kampung Tobati merupakan pemukiman yang unik karena struktur dan penggunaan bahan kayu pada bangunannya yang berada di atas air laut. Bangunan pada perkampungan Tobati dahulu dan sekarang telah banyak berubah, dan yang dulunya pembangunan dilakukan secara gotong royong, tidak dilakukan lagi pada saat ini. Pemerintah sering memberi bantuan pembangunan rumah sehat kepada masyarakat Kampung Tobati maka kemudian bangunan yang dahulu memiliki nilai tradisional menjadi hilang karena membangun rumah harus sesuai dengan rancangan rumah sehat menurut konsep pemerintah. Penggunaan bahan pada konstruksi juga perlahan-lahan mulai berganti menjadi beton. Dahulu menggunakan kayu sowang dan kayu tor untuk membuat pondasi tapi tidak lagi digunakan saat ini karena pemerintah melarang penebangan kayu sowang dengan alasan populasi pohon yang sudah hampir punah.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menata pemukiman masyarakat Kampung Tobati di Kota Jayapura agar dapat menampilkan kembali nilai-nilai budaya Suku Tobati. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif, yaitu dengan melakukan observasi untuk mengumpulkan data dan informasi yang dilanjutkan dengan tahap pengolahan data dan kemudian merumuskan penataan pemukiman.
Assessment of the Shellfish Resources of Balete Bay, Davao Oriental
Authors: Angsinco-Jimenez Lea , Jumawan-Nanual Bernadette 
Published: May 2023

Assessment of shellfish •resources in Balete Bay, Davao Oriental was made from March 1994 to January 1995 to determine their status and level of exploitation of most commercially exploited species in the area. Sampling followed a modified technique of the standard procedure for soft-bottom organisms. Monthly size measurements of Strombus urceus and Placuna placenta, the most commercially exploited species were made. Representative samples of other species were collected for identification purposes while some abiotic factors were also monitored. About 55 species were identified With total density ranging from less than 1 to 7 inds./m2 . S. urceus was the most dominant species being the highest in both total density (7 inds./m2) and relative abundance (24%). They were most abundant in S3 and S4 that have sandy-muddy to sandy substratum with vegetation. P. placenta, with a total density of 3 ind./m2 and relative abundance of 9% was mostly confined in the muddy substratum of S1 and S2. Some species were ubiquitous while others were restricted in occurrence. Shannon's Diversity Index revealed that S2 and S3 were more diverse areas and S6 had low diversity. Rarefactions Method showed that S3 was high in species richness while Sl and S5 were less rich in species. Frequency and size frequency distribution of S. urceus and P. placenta showed a fluctuating trend throughout the sampling period and correlation test on physico-chemical parameters showed their community zonation is strongly influenced by granulometry gradients from landward to the seaward zone.
MODEL PENDIDIKAN BEHAVIORISTIK DALAM ISLAM
Authors: Sutarto Sutarto 
Published: May 2023

The behavioristic education model in Islam is a learning approach that focuses on changing individual behavior through the use of positive reinforcement and sanctions. In Islam, this model can be applied by integrating Islamic values in the learning approach, so that it can help individuals to achieve predetermined educational goals. In its application, this model requires consistency, attention to individual conditions, as well as continuous evaluation and improvement in order to provide maximum benefits for individuals and society. In the behavioristic education model, educators focus their attention on visible behavior, to form the desired behavior. This model is applied by giving rewards or rewards for good behavior and strengthening this behavior. Conversely, sanctions or punishments are given for bad behavior, so that individuals can learn to avoid unwanted behavior. In conclusion, the behavioristic educational model in Islam can be an alternative in the development of learning approaches that can help individuals to achieve predetermined educational goals. In its application, this model requires special attention to Islamic values as well as consistency and continuous evaluation. Thus, the development of a behavioristic educational model in Islam can provide good benefits for individuals and society. Suggestions and recommendations have been put forward, such as the integration of Islamic values, attention to individual conditions, consistency in application, training and education for educators, as well as continuous evaluation and improvement.
Penentuan Kadar Parasetamol, Amonium Klorida, dan Batas Ketidakmurnian 4-Aminofenol dalam Obat Sirup Flu dan Batuk
Authors: Khusnu Emidar , Andrianto Dimas 
Published: May 2023

Obat adalah bahan yang digunakan untuk pencegahan, pemulihan, maupun peningkatan kesehatan manusia. Obat flu dan batuk dalam sediaan sirup harus memenuhi persyaratan kualitas obat sebelum diedarkan ke pasaran. Stabilitas farmasi merupakan salah satu kriteria yang amat penting untuk suatu hasil produk obat yang baik. Ketidakstabilan produk obat dapat mengakibatkan penurunan kualitas dengan hilangnya khasiat obat dan menjadi toksik atau beracun. Beberapa zat berkhasiat yang terdapat dalam obat flu dan batuk sirup adalah parasetamol dan amonium klorida. Parasetamol digunakan sebagai analgesik (pereda nyeri) dan antipiretik (penurun demam). Amonium klorida sebagai obat batuk bekerja dengan cara mengiritasi mucosa bronchial (mengencerkan dahak) sehingga mudah dikeluarkan. Jalur utama degradasi parasetamol yang menyebabkannya tidak stabil adalah peristiwa hidrolisis membentuk 4-aminofenol yang bersifat toksik bagi tubuh. Kadar parasetamol dan batas ketidakmurnian 4-aminofenol ditentukan dengan HPLC, dan kadar amonium klorida

ditentukan dengan potensiometer. Kadar parasetamol dalam sampel obat flu dan batuk sirup adalah 102.06%, kadar 4-aminofenol dalam sampel obat batuk sirup adalah 0%, dan kadar amonium klorida dalam sampel obat batuk sirup adalah 108.56%. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, sampel obat batuk sirup memenuhi persyaratan yang telah ditetapkan Farmakope Indonesia V tahun 2014 dan United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 41 tahun 2018.