bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of source contributions and seasonal variations on particle-associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cancer risks in a rapidly urbanizing South American City (Fortaleza, Brazil)
Authors: Saldanha Íthala S , Rocha Camille A , Pontes Fernanda , Santos Rafael P , Nascimento Ronaldo F , Costa Ana B , Bertocine Bruno , Cavalcante Rivelino M 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) was recently classified as a Group 1 (carcinogen to humans), marking a significant step forward in prioritizing the monitoring of airborne particles in urban environments. In this sense, the primary objective was to evaluate the cancer risk associated with PM10 and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) levels, with a focus on the contribution of different source types and seasonal variations in a highly urbanized city located in the tropical semi-arid region of South America, where air quality studies and understanding remain scarce. The particulate matter was collected using a Hivol sampler, and the PAHs contained within were extracted using Soxhlet extraction and analyzed by GC-MS. PM10 levels ranged from 8.9–33.3 µg/m³ and from 17.2—33.2 µg/m³, in the rainy and dry season, respectively. While the ΣPAHs ranged from 0.18 to 2.03 ng/m³ (wet season) and from 0.14 to 0.64 ng/m³ (dry season). The ratio of PM10 levels between wet and dry periods remained relatively stable throughout the year, consistently staying below 1 across most parts of the city. However, in areas with higher traffic flow, classified as moderate to deep urban canyon zones, levels were significantly higher during the dry period. The sources appointment indicates that the contribution of the vehicle fleet is geographically predominant, followed by contributions from the burning of coal and wood, and, more succinctly, the influence of the existing industrial sectors in the region. Compared to other urban and industrial regions worldwide, Fortaleza’s risk levels are moderate to relatively low. However, the Relative Cancer Risk is approximately 22% higher for smokers compared to non-smokers.
Socioeconomic position and sudden cardiac death: A Danish nationwide study
Authors: Stahl Jacobsen Toke , Skjelbred Tobias , Køber Lars , Gregers Winkel Bo , Hadberg Lynge Thomas , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to examine differences in incidence rates of all-cause mortality (ACM) and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in persons of differing socioeconomic position (SEP).

Methods
All deaths in Denmark from 01-01-2010 to 31-12-2010 (1 year) were included. Autopsy reports, death certificates, discharge summaries and nationwide health registries were reviewed to identify cases of SCD. SEP was measured as either household income or highest achieved educational level and analysed separately. Hazard rates were calculated using univariate and multivariable Cox regression model adjusting for age, sex, and selected comorbidities.

Results
A total of 53452 deaths were included of which 6820 were classified as SCDs. Incidence rates of ACM and SCD increased with age and were higher in the lower SEP groups. The greatest difference in SCD incidence was found between the low and high education level groups with an incidence rate ratio of 5.1 (95% CI 3.8–6.8). The hazard ratios for ACM and SCD were significantly higher for low SEP groups independently of comorbidities. Compared with the highest income group, the low-income group had adjusted hazard ratios of ACM and SCD that were 2.17 (2.01–2.34) and 1.72 (1.67–1.76) respectively.

Conclusion
We observed an inverse association between both income and education level and the risk of ACM and SCD in the general population, which persisted independently of baseline comorbidities. Our results indicate a need for further research into the mechanisms behind socioeconomic disparities in healthcare and targeted preventative strategies.
The Complex Epigenetic Panorama in the Multipartite Genome of the Nitrogen-Fixing Bacterium Sinorhizobium meliloti
Authors: Passeri Iacopo , Cangioli Lisa , Fondi Marco , Mengoni Alessio , Fagorzi Camilla 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In prokaryotes, DNA methylation plays roles in DNA repair, gene expression, cell cycle progression, and immune recognition of foreign DNA. Genome-wide methylation patterns can vary between strains, influencing phenotype, and gene transfer. However, broader evolutionary studies on bacterial epigenomic variation remain limited. In this study, we conducted an epigenomic analysis using single-molecule real-time sequencing on 21 strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti, a facultative plant nitrogen-fixing alphaproteobacterium. This species is notable for its multipartite genome structure, consisting of a chromosome, chromid, and megaplasmid, leading to significant genomic and phenotypic diversity. We identified 16 palindromic and nonpalindromic methylated DNA motifs, including N4-methylcytosine and N6-methyladenine modifications, and analyzed their associated methyltransferases. Some motifs were methylated across all strains, forming a core set of epigenomic signatures, while others exhibited variable methylation frequencies, indicating a dispensable (shell) epigenome. Additionally, we observed differences in methylation frequency between replicons and within coding sequences versus regulatory regions, suggesting that methylation patterns may reflect multipartite genome evolution and influence gene regulation. Overall, our findings reveal extensive epigenomic diversity in S. meliloti, with complex epigenomic signatures varying across replicons and genomic regions. These results enhance our understanding of multipartite genome evolution and highlight the potential role of epigenomic diversity in phenotypic variation.
Intergenerational Relationships and Family Support: Implications for Health and Wellbeing
Authors: Silverstein Merril , Fingerman Karen L , Suitor J Jill 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This review summarizes research projects supported by the National Institute on Aging (NIA) that have contributed scholarship on intergenerational relationships and support provided to older adults that frequently precedes, and is often complementary to, intensive caregiving. We review NIA-supported projects that have almost exclusively focused on intergenerational relationships and involved primary data collections, and others making use of omnibus aging and family studies that have allowed a variety of investigations on this topic. Where the former set of studies has generated deeply phenotypic analyses—comprehensive fine-grained analyses of relational data in specialized samples—the latter set has focused on analyses of secondary data, often from national samples which include information on intergenerational relationships. Early research funded by NIA addressed the factors underlying cohesion across generations, including the Longitudinal Study of Generations. Subsequent studies shed light on the dynamics of ties between siblings or across multiple generations in navigating support and affection. Studies have revealed important information about transfers of tangible and non-tangible resources, loss of parent or child, and diversity by race, ethnicity, and gender. NIA funding has made important inroads in understanding a relationship that is of primary importance in individuals’ lives for their health and well-being.
Chromosome-level echidna genome illuminates evolution of multiple sex chromosome system in monotremes
Authors: Zhou Yang , Jin Jiazheng , Li Xuemei , Gedman Gregory , Pelan Sarah , Rhie Arang , Jiang Chuan , Fedrigo Olivier , Howe Kerstin , Phillippy Adam M , Jarvis Erich D , Grutzner Frank , Zhou Qi , Zhang Guojie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
A thorough analysis of genome evolution is fundamental for biodiversity understanding. The iconic monotremes (platypus and echidna) feature extraordinary biology. However, they also exhibit rearrangements in several chromosomes, especially in the sex chromosome chain. Therefore, the lack of a chromosome-level echidna genome has limited insights into genome evolution in monotremes, in particular the multiple sex chromosomes complex.

Results
Here, we present a new long reads–based chromosome-level short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus) genome, which allowed the inference of chromosomal rearrangements in the monotreme ancestor (2n = 64) and each extant species. Analysis of the more complete sex chromosomes uncovered homology between 1 Y chromosome and multiple X chromosomes, suggesting that it is the ancestral X that has undergone reciprocal translocation with ancestral autosomes to form the complex. We also identified dozens of ampliconic genes on the sex chromosomes, with several ancestral ones expressed during male meiosis, suggesting selective constraints in pairing the multiple sex chromosomes.

Conclusion
The new echidna genome provides an important basis for further study of the unique biology and conservation of this species.
Where do we start? The gender gap in legal education and the legal academy: Afterword to the Foreword by Gráinne de Búrca, Rosalind Dixon, and Marcela Prieto Rudolphy
Authors: Neo Jaclyn L 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the spirit of collaborative enterprise, this Afterword builds upon one aspect that the authors had time to only briefly mention but not fully develop: the existence and depth of the gender gap in legal education and its connection to the gender gap in legal academia. I invite the reader to view the gender gap in legal academia as starting not from the point of employment but even before that. After all, if we are to create more opportunities and inculcate a more gender-equitable environment for the legal academy, including increasing the proportion of female academics, we need to also ask the question: From where would these female candidates come? Are there enough candidates in the pipeline? As we broaden our perspective, we see that the gender gap often begins with law schools, and addressing the gender gap in legal academia must include consideration of the gender gap in legal education as a whole.
Divisive Documents: Exploring the Local Impact of Legal Documents in Transitional Justice Contexts
Authors: Budhoo Sofie 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT∞
This article explores how legal documents impact communities undergoing transitional justice efforts, focusing on their potential to acquire new meanings beyond their intended purpose. Through the case of the locally dubbed ‘victim cards’ distributed by the International Criminal Court in Odek, Northern Uganda, during the trial of former Lord’s Resistance Army commander Dominic Ongwen, the study examines how these cards shape survivors’ experiences of international criminal justice. The findings indicate that possession – or lack – of a victim card in Odek impacts individual experiences of security or insecurity, and visibility or invisibility, demonstrating how such documents influence perceptions of justice and, by extension, trust in the court itself. Moreover, the findings suggest that the distribution of physical cards may have inadvertently fuelled local tensions, potentially undermining reconciliation efforts and sustainable peace among community members in Odek. The article advocates for greater bureaucratic transparency within victim communities to mitigate such risks and ensure that international criminal justice processes contribute meaningfully to reconciliation and peacebuilding efforts following mass atrocities.
Extraction and characterization of Eucommia ulmoides gum from Eucommia leaves by fermentation with Coprinellus disseminatus
Authors: Zhang Chuhan , Qin Lijun 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
To determine the optimum conditions for extracting Eucommia ulmoides gum (EUG) from Eucommia ulmoides leaves during fermentation by Coprinellus disseminatus. At the same time, the EUG characteristics were characterized.

Methods and results
The ability of C. disseminatus to secrete degrading enzymes, including enzyme activity and lignocellulose content, was observed by culturing C. disseminatus on a medium with different formulations. Based on the optimal formula, the fermentation conditions were determined by an orthogonal test and EUG was extracted. After that, the characteristic parameters of EUG were determined by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, SEM, POM, DSC, XRD and GPC. The results showed that the lignin and hemicellulose contents in Eucommia leaves decreased significantly with the increase of fermentation days, and C. disseminatus mediated fermentation had an obvious damage effect on the tissue of Eucommia leaves. At the same time, At the same time, xylan can be used as an initiator to induce the expression of degradation-related enzymes. The extraction yield of EUG from Eucommia ulmoides leaves after fermentation was 3.06%, which was significantly improved. The optimum fermentation conditions were 4% inoculum, 28°C fermentation temperature, and pH = 5. The results of infrared FT-IR and 1H-NMR showed that the extract had typical characteristics of EUG, and the surface and quenching part of the EUG were smooth, as observed by SEM. In addition, DSC and XRD analysis show that there are two crystal types, α and β, in the crystallization process of molten EUG. The main crystallization type of EUG extracted from fermented leaves was β type.

Conclusion
The ability of C. disseminatus to produce degrading enzymes can effectively improve the extraction rate of EUG under optimal fermentation process. The method can maintain the integrity of gutta-percha better. EUG has the characteristics of good crystallinity, many β crystal types and high molecular weight.
Utility of word embeddings from large language models in medical diagnosis
Authors: Yazdani Shahram , Henry Ronald Claude , Byrne Avery , Henry Isaac Claude 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective
This study evaluates the utility of word embeddings, generated by large language models (LLMs), for medical diagnosis by comparing the semantic proximity of symptoms to their eponymic disease embedding (“eponymic condition”) and the mean of all symptom embeddings associated with a disease (“ensemble mean”).

Materials and Methods
Symptom data for 5 diagnostically challenging pediatric diseases—CHARGE syndrome, Cowden disease, POEMS syndrome, Rheumatic fever, and Tuberous sclerosis—were collected from PubMed. Using the Ada-002 embedding model, disease names and symptoms were translated into vector representations in a high-dimensional space. Euclidean and Chebyshev distance metrics were used to classify symptoms based on their proximity to both the eponymic condition and the ensemble mean of the condition's symptoms.

Results
The ensemble mean approach showed significantly higher classification accuracy, correctly classifying between 80% (Cowden disease) to 100% (Tuberous sclerosis) of the sample disease symptoms using the Euclidean distance metric. In contrast, the eponymic condition approach using Euclidian distance metric and Chebyshev distances, in general, showed poor symptom classification performance, with erratic results (0%-100% accuracy), largely ranging between 0% and 3% accuracy.

Discussion
The ensemble mean captures a disease's collective symptom profile, providing a more nuanced representation than the disease name alone. However, some misclassifications were due to superficial semantic similarities, highlighting the need for LLM models trained on medical corpora.

Conclusion
The ensemble mean of symptom embeddings improves classification accuracy over the eponymic condition approach. Future efforts should focus on medical-specific training of LLMs to enhance their diagnostic accuracy and clinical utility.
A novel Q-switch technique for ringing-down dissipation of borehole NMR measurement
Authors: Luo Sihui , Li Xin , Yu Huijun , Wang Zhengduo , Xing Tianyu , Long Zhihao , Che Cheng , Liao Guangzhi , Xiao Lizhi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is a crucial logging technique for the unconventional and complex reservoir evaluation. However, the echo spacing is always an issue of borehole NMR measurement, which limits the performance of NMR tools to acquire the short relaxation components. In this paper, we proposed a novel Q-Switch technique aiming at breaking through the limitation of dead-time of borehole NMR logging tool, and to achieve much shorter echo spacing. Instead of using resistors in parallel with the radio-frequency (RF) coil to reduce the active dead-time, an inductive coupling Q-Switch circuit was introduced to decrease the ringing-down time significantly after transmitting the RF pulses with high voltage. The Q-Switch circuit consists of inductive coupling coil, capacitors, resistors and active high-voltage MOSFETs. The ringing-down time of RF system was decreased by at least 10 times compared to the system without using proposed Q-switch scheme, leading to echo spacing lower to 0.3 ms under the condition with resonant frequency lower to 500 kHz. Both simulations and experiments were in great agreements, validating the feasibility and efficiency of proposed Q-switch scheme, which proved to be promising in the borehole NMR applications.
Outcomes of a Multidisciplinary Pediatric Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (OPAT) Program at a Tertiary Children’s Hospital
Authors: Howe Zachary , Boyd LaKeisha , Rich Christa , Schneider Jack G 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Corresponding Author: Zachary Howe, 705 Riley Hospital Drive SFT Room W6111, Indianapolis, IN 46228, 317-948-9562, zhowe@iuhealth.org
No conflicts of interest

Background
Characteristics of pediatric outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) are not well described, and multidisciplinary programs are relatively rare. The primary aim of this study was to describe specific OPAT use, commonly encountered barriers, and clinical outcomes in patients from a newly established OPAT program at a tertiary children’s hospital.

Methods
A multidisciplinary OPAT program was established at Riley Hospital for Children in December 2021. Inpatient services were gradually included until all services were enrolled as of March 2023. Medical record data related to patient selection, the chosen antimicrobial regimen, and safety/efficacy outcomes were prospectively collected for patients completing OPAT during the year after go-live with all services (March 2023-February 2024).

Results
Among 90 OPAT courses during the study period, CNS and central line infections were the most common indications (30.0% and 34.4%, respectively). The most common interventions made by the OPAT pharmacist were changes in dose (30.0%), frequency (32.2%), and agent selection (56.7%) with a median of 3 interventions being made per patient (IQR 4). The most frequent IV antimicrobials utilized were ceftriaxone (25.6%) and vancomycin (12.2%), and the most reported adverse effects were acute kidney injury (5.6%) and neutropenia (ANC&lt;1000 cells/mm3; 4.4%). Eighteen percent of cases were re-hospitalized during their OPAT course, most frequently due to reasons unrelated to their infection (33.3%) or due to need for another source control procedure (33.3%). There was no difference in likelihood of readmission between patients with and without home nursing care (53.3% vs 46.7%, p=0.35). Modifications to original OPAT treatment plans were noted in 12.2% of cases, and patients received IV antimicrobials for a median of 19 days (IQR 34 days).

Conclusion
Multidisciplinary pediatric OPAT programs are rare but have the potential to optimize antimicrobial selection and provide more structured monitoring and patient follow-up. Studies with larger cohorts of patients are needed to fully elucidate necessary resources that will overall enhance OPAT care and improve patient outcomes.
Globular cluster ages and their relation to high-redshift stellar cluster formation times from different globular cluster models
Authors: Valenzuela Lucas M , Forbes Duncan A , Remus Rhea-Silvia 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
The formation details of globular clusters (GCs) are still poorly understood due to their old ages and the lack of detailed observations of their formation. A large variety of models for the formation and evolution of GCs have been created to improve our understanding of their origins, based on GC properties observed at $z=0$. We present the first side-by-side comparison of six current GC formation models with respect to their predictions for the GC ages and formation redshifts in Milky Way (MW)-like galaxies. We find that all the models are capable of forming most of the surviving GCs at more than $10 \,\mathrm{G}{\rm {yr}}$ ago, in general agreement with the observation that most GCs are old. However, the measured MW GC ages are still systematically older than those predicted in the galaxies of four of the models. Investigating the variation of modelled GC age distributions for general MW-mass galaxies, we find that some of the models predict that a significant fraction of MW-mass galaxies would entirely lack a GC population older than $10 \,\mathrm{G}{\rm {yr}}$, whereas others predict that all MW-mass galaxies have a significant fraction of old GCs. This will have to be further tested in upcoming surveys, as systems without old GCs in that mass range are currently not known. Finally, we show that the models predict different formation redshifts for the oldest surviving GCs, highlighting that models currently disagree about whether the recently observed young star clusters at high redshifts could be the progenitors of today’s GCs.
Cold collapse and bounce of an FLRW cloud
Authors: Pradhan Swaraj , Gabler Michael , Gaztañaga Enrique 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
We study the collapse of spherical cold clouds beyond black hole formation to investigate the possibility of a bounce in the in-falling matter when a critical density or pressure is reached. As a first step, we analyse the pressureless collapse in general relativity (GR), where an analytic solution exists, and demonstrate that an equivalent Newtonian solution can be derived. Such equivalence also holds for spherically symmetric perfect fluids with uniform density and non-vanishing pressure. We numerically investigate the Newtonian collapse of such clouds with masses of 5, 20, and 1000 M$_\odot$ obeying a polytropic equation of state (EoS). By choosing EoS parameters inspired by typical neutron star conditions, we observe bounces at and above nuclear saturation density. Assuming approximate uniformity, we explore the equivalent GR behaviour of the matter during the bounce. Our findings are as follows: (i) A GR bounce occurs around the ground state of the matter, characterized by $P = -\rho$. (ii) The GR solution differs significantly from the Newtonian result due to the presence of curvature ($k \ne 0$). (iii) Both the curvature and the ground state are crucial factors in allowing a GR bounce to occur.