bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune and Antibody Responses to an Isolated Capsid Protein of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Bachrach Howard L. , Moore Douglas M. , McKercher Peter D. , Polatnick Jerome 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purified capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A12 strain 119 emulsified with incomplete Freund's adjuvant were studied in swine and guinea pigs. Swine inoculated on days 0, 28, and 60 with 100-μg doses of VP3 were protected by day 82 against exposure to infected swine. Serums from animals inoculated with VP3 contained viral precipitating and neutralizing antibodies, but such serums recognized fewer viral antigenic determinants than did antiviral serums. Capsid proteins VP1 and VP2 did not produce detectable antiviral antibody in guinea pigs, and antiviral antibody responses in swine to a mixture of VP1, VP2, and VP3 were lower than the responses to VP3 alone. However, when swine were inoculated with VP1, VP2, and VP3 separately at different body sites, no interference with the response to VP3 was observed. Vaccine containing VP3 isolated from acetylethylenimine-treated virus appeared less protective for swine than vaccine containing VP3 from nontreated virus. Trypsinized virus, which contains the cleaved peptides VP3a and VP3b rather than intact VP3, produced approximately the same levels of antiviral antibody responses in guinea pigs as did virus. Conversely, an isolated mixture of VP3a and VP3b did not produce detectable antiviral antibody responses in guinea pigs. The VP3a-VP3b mixture did, however, sensitize guinea pigs to elicit such responses following reinoculation with a marginally effective dose of trypsinized virus.
Chemotaxis Under Agarose: A New and Simple Method for Measuring Chemotaxis and Spontaneous Migration of Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes and Monocytes
Authors: Nelson Robert D. , Quie Paul G. , Simmons Richard L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A variety of methods have been devised for the study of spontaneous and directed cell migration. Among these, the membrane filter method introduced by Boyden in 1962, with its more recent modifications, has become the technique of choice for studies of leukocyte migration in vitro. This method, however, cannot be applied without alteration to studies of chemotaxis and spontaneous migration of cells of different types. We describe in this report a new and simple method for studying human leukocyte chemotaxis, in vitro, which is based upon migration of cells under agarose gel. This method has application to both polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes, permits measurement of both chemotaxis and spontaneous migration, requires fewer cells per test, and is rapid, simple, reproducible, and inexpensive to set up.
Cyclic GMP and Lectin-Induced Lymphocyte Activation
Authors: Wedner H. James , Dankner Rand , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified human peripheral lymphocytes incubated with the mitogenic plant lectins phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were examined for alterations in intracellular cGMP and cAMP under a variety of experimental conditions and using multiple techniques for the isolation and purification of cGMP and cAMP before assay of the cyclic nucleotides by radioimmunoassay. In contrast to work reported by others, we have been unable to demonstrate consistent increases in cGMP under any of the experimental conditions used and with any of the various purification schemes. In these same experiments exogenous cGMP added to the lymphocytes could be measured, and the immunoreactive material was destroyed by cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, indicating that our inability to measure increases in cGMP was not caused by our inability to measure cGMP.
Under identical experimental conditions, small but consistent and statistically significant increases in cAMP were noted. In addition, other parameters of lymphocyte activation, 45Ca uptake (an early parameter), and incorporation of 3H thymidine into DNA were unimpaired. These data call to question the concept of cGMP as the second messenger in lectin-stimulated human peripheral lymphocytes.
Enumerating Immunoglobulin-Secreting Cells Among Peripheral Human Lymphocytes. A Hemolytic Plaque Assay for A B Cell Function
Authors: Eby William C. , Chong Christine A. , Dray Sheldon , Molinaro Giuseppe A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells bearing immunoglobulin (Ig) can be enumerated by current methods, but cells secreting Ig (with unknown antibody specificity) can not. By using a reverse plaque-forming cell assay, we counted the Ig-secreting cells in the blood of nonimmunized individuals. Isolated human lymphocytes were plated in gels together with erythrocytes coated with purified antibody to human Ig. After treatment with anti-Ig antibody and complement, the Ig-secreting cells formed hemolytic plaques. In 10 normal individuals, 1.2 ± 0.4% of the plated mononuclear cells formed plaques; in an individual tested on 7 different days during 3 months, 1.1 ± 0.2% of the cells formed plaques. From the number of mononuclear cells in the blood, we calculated 22 ± 8 Ig-secreting cells per mm3 of blood. Enumerating Ig-secreting cells is a new direct assay for a B cell function and need not correlate with quantitating serum Ig. Thus, this assay should be useful for studying Ig-secretion in normal and altered states.
Detection of Immune Complexes in Unheated Sera by a Modified 125I-C1q Binding Test
Authors: Zubler Rudolf H. , Lange Ghislaine , Lambert Paul H. , Miescher Peter A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The 125I-C1q binding test was modified in order to allow for the detection of immune complexes in native unheated human serum. Indeed, heat-inactivation (56°, 30 min) was found to reduce the C1q-binding activity of immune complexes mixed with native serum. This effect was not observed when EDTA was added to the native serum before mixing with immune complexes. The modified 125I-C1q binding test was performed in two steps: first, the tested native serum sample was incubated for 30 min at 37°C with 0.13 M EDTA in order to prevent the integration of 125I-C1q into the intrinsic C1qrs complex, second, 125I-C1q and polyethylene glycol (final concentration 2.5%) were added to this mixture, and further incubated for 1 hr at 4°C. Under these conditions, free C1q remained soluble whereas C1q bound to macromolecular complexes was precipitated. The competitive effect of intrinsic C1q and the interference of other substances such as DNA or bacterial LPS were very limited. The modified C1q binding test was applied to the clinical investigation of 44 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus; and increased C1q binding activity (C1q-BA) was observed in 91% of the samples. The level of C1q-BA was found to be significantly correlated to the DNA-binding capacity and to the decrease of the level of some complement components.
Mechanism of Immunologic Resistance to Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) Infection
Authors: Rager-Zisman Bracha , Allison Anthony C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Susceptibility of adult mice to i.p. infection with HSV-1 was greatly increased by administration of a single dose of cyclophosphamide. Mortality of cyclophosphamide-treated virus-infected mice was associated with increased virus replication and pathologic changes in brain and liver. The development of a fatal infection in immunosuppressed mice could be curtailed after transfer of specifically immune spleen cells. Passively transferred antibody had no such effect. Protective activity of spleen cells was significantly reduced after pretreatment with anti-θ serum. Significant protection was also achieved when normal spleen cells plus immune serum were administered simultaneously. Our results indicate that protection against this virus infection is predominantly T cell dependent, and suggests that antibody-dependent cell-mediated protection may also be operative in vivo.
Immunoglobulin Biosynthesis by the MOPC 173 Mouse Myeloma Tumor and a Variant Spleen Clone
Authors: Baumal Reuben , Scharff Matthew D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The IgG2a producing MOPC 173 tumor synthesizes heavy (H) and light (L) chains and assembles them into H2L2 utilizing heavy chain dimers (H2) and H2L as the major precursors. Although the tumor cells secrete only H2L2, they synthesize excess L chains which appear to be degraded and are not secreted. A L chain-producing variant arising spontaneously from the MOPC 173 tumor also failed to secrete any L chains. MOPC 173 tumor cells were cloned in the spleens of normal BALB/c mice and 1 of 23 spleen clones appeared to differ from the parent tumor in demonstrating a) a transient block in the assembly of H2L2 at the H2 level, leading to delayed formation and secretion of H2L2, b) appreciable amounts of non-covalently bonded H2L, c) an abnormal intracellular immunoglobulin species, H4, d) production of equimolar amounts of H and L chains. The patterns of immunoglobulin synthesis and assembly demonstrable in the above studies were also observed when tumor cells were studied in site. Tryptic peptide mapping of the H and L chains produced by the MOPC 173 tumor and the variant spleen clone failed to demonstrate any differences in the H chains, but there were definite chemical differences in the L chains. These studies indicate that variant myeloma cells producing structurally altered immunoglobulins may continually be arising in myeloma tumors.
Complement Activation in Semi-Solid Medium: Insolubilization of Properdin and the Third Component of Complement (C3) in Agar Gels
Authors: Ziegler John B. , Watson Lillian , Goodkofsky Ira , Alper Chester A. , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although the role of properdin in the alternative pathway of complement activation remains unclear, evidence has recently been obtained for the formation of complexes between properdin and other components, including C3. In this study such complexes have apparently been directly visualized. When normal human serum and properdin were allowed to diffuse toward each other in agar gel for 16 hr, a line of precipitation could be seen when stained with Coomassie brilliant blue. The reaction occurred at pH 8.6 in 0.05 M Veronal buffer at room temperature but not under physiologic conditions of pH or tonicity. Like the alternative pathway, the reaction was Me++ dependent, occurred with C2- or C5-deficient or hypogammaglobulinemic serum, and did not occur with aged, 52°C-inactivated, C3b inactivator-deficient, or C3-deficient serum. 125I-labeled C3 and properdin but not Factor B were incorporated in the precipitate. Eleven sera containing the C3 nephritic factor failed to produce a precipitate with properdin, but a line of precipitation occurred between seven of these sera and normal serum. This line showed identity with the line occurring between properdin and normal serum. The phenomenon appears to result from formation of insoluble complexes between proteins of the alternative pathway and agar.
In Vitro Studies of the Genetically Determined Unresponsiveness to Thymus-Independent Antigens in CBA/N Mice
Authors: Cohen Philip L. , Scher Irwin , Mosier Donald E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The X-chromosome-linked B lymphocyte defect of CBA/N mice has been studied in vitro by comparing the ability of (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 (X-/X- × X+/Y) male (X-/Y) and female (X-/X+) spleen cells to respond to the thymus-independent antigen DNP (or TNP)-AECM-Ficoll. (CBA/N × DBA/2)F1 male spleen cells failed to generate significant in vitro anti-TNP antibody responses to DNP- or TNP-AECM-Ficoll, in contrast to spleen cells from F1 female (X-/X+) mice which responded normally to these T-independent antigens. Spleen cells from male F1 mice responded almost as well as F1 female cells to the thymus-dependent antigen, TNP-sheep red blood cells (TNP-SRBC) in vitro. Adding F1 male cells to F1 female cells failed to reduce the response of the latter to DNP-AECM-Ficoll, suggesting that the inability of F1 male cells to respond was not due to active suppression. The response of F1 male spleen cells to TNP-SRBC was not impaired by adding high concentrations of TNP-AECM-Ficoll indicating that the mechanism of unresponsiveness was not tolerance induction in all TNP-specific precursors. Lymphocytes from F1 male mice were capable of forming anti-TNP antibody after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in high concentrations; DNP-AECM-Ficoll had no effect no this polyclonal response.
B lymphocytes from mice bearing only the X-chromosome of the CBA/N strain thus display a profound defect in B cell activation. This functional defect may represent either an inability of the defective B cells to be activated by thymus-independent antigens or the absence of a sub-class of B cells which respond to thymus-independent antigens.
Immunosuppressive Factor(s) Extracted from Lymphoid Cells of Nonresponder Mice Primed with L-Glutamic Acid60-L-Alanine30-L-Tyrosine10 (GAT)
Authors: Kapp Judith A. , Pierce Carl W. , De La Croix Fern , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The synthetic terpolymer of L-glutamic acid60-L-alanine30-L-tyrosine10 (GAT) not only fails to elicit a GAT-specific antibody response in nonresponder mice, but also prior injection of GAT specifically decreases the ability of nonresponder mice to develop a GAT-specific antibody response to a subsequent challenge with GAT-MBSA. This inhibition is mediated by GAT-specific suppressor T cells. Further, a suppressive factor can be extracted from lymphoid cells of GAT-primed nonresponder mice that inhibits the development of primary GAT-specific antibody responses to GAT-MBSA and to GAT-PRBC by normal syngeneic mice. The suppressive activity is dose-dependent and absorbed by GAT-Sepharose, but not by BSA-Sepharose. The suppressive activity elutes from a G-100 Sephadex column in the same fraction as ovalbumin, suggesting its m.w. is approximately 45,000 daltons.
In Vitro Response of Subpopulations of Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Gausset Philippe , Delespesse Guy , Hubert Claude , Kennes Bernard , Govaerts André 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A significant and constant increase in DNA synthesis was observed in human lymphocytes cultured in the presence of purified anti-immunoglobulin antibodies specific for human IgG, IgA, and IgM. This has been found in cultures of lymphocytes isolated from blood, tonsils, spleen, and lymph nodes. The optimal culture conditions for blood and tonsil lymphocytes were determined. As a rule 6-day cultures containing 2 × 106 cells/ml and 100 µg/ml of antibody yielded the highest 3H-thymidine uptake.
Purified T cell cultures could not be stimulated, whereas a low response could be observed in most of the purified B cell cultures. Optimal culture conditions were the same for the B and total tonsil lymphocytes. However, when the purified B cells were totally depleted of T cells, no response was observed. A T and B cell synergy has been demonstrated by supplementing B cell cultures with purified T cells, whether treated or not with mitomycin. These experiments indicated a permissive and potentiating effect of T cells on the B cell response. Cultures containing mitomycin-treated B cells and purified T cells (mB + T) could be stimulated by a-Ig, thus indicating a T cell proliferation. In keeping with this finding was the observation of an increased response of total lymphocytes supplemented with T cells but not with B cells. Adherent cells are necessary for an optimal response to a-Ig; they enhanced the B cell proliferation observed in (Tm + B) cultures and suppressed the response of T cells in (T + Bm) cultures.
Properties of Antigen-Specific Suppressive T Cell Factor in the Regulation of Antibody Response of the Mouse
Authors: Taniguchi Masaru , Hayakawa Kyoko , Tada Tomio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An antigen-specific suppressive T cell factor, which was extracted from carrier-primed T cells, was further characterized in an in vitro secondary antibody response. The factor was capable of suppressing secondary IgG antibody response of primed spleen cells when it was added to the culture together with relevant antigen. The suppressive T cell factor was not released from primed T cells by a short-term culture with antigen, but was kept bound to the membrane of the residual cultured cells, only the physical disruption of which can release the T cell factor. The target of the suppressive T cell factor was determined as being the helper T cell, since the factor did not exert any effect in the absence of the helper T cell with identical specificity to that of the factor. The suppressive activity was completely absorbed with alloantisera specific for products of the I region of H-2 complex, although various anti-immunoglobulin antisera failed to do so. Close analysis of the specificity of alloantisera capable of absorbing the suppressor molecule indicated that the suppressive T cell factor may, in fact, be an I region gene product probably coded for by genes in I-A and/or I-B (including I-E) subregions.
Evidence for More Than One Ia Antigenic Specificity on Molecules Determined by the I-A Subregion of the Mouse Major Histocompatibility Complex
Authors: Cullen Susan E. , David Chella S. , Cone James L. , Sachs David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ia antigenic specificities determined by the I-A subregion of the mouse major histocompatibility complex have been examined in strain B10.D2 (H-2d), C57BL/10 (H-2b), and in a (C57BL/6xDBA/2) hybrid (BDF1; H-2b/d). Detergent solubilized, 3H-leucine-labeled antigen preparations were mixed with appropriate alloantisera and precipitation was induced either by addition of goat anti-mouse γ-globulin or by addition of protein A-bearing Staphylococci. Sequential precipitation analysis showed that in strain B10.D2, Ia specificities 8 and 11 were co-precipitable, and that in strain C57BL/10, Ia specificities 8 and 9 were co-precipitable. In contrast, precipitation of specificities 9 and 11 from a BDF1 antigen preparation showed that these two Ia specificities were on separate molecules. The genetic implications of these data are discussed.
Artifactual Plaque Formation in Vitro and in Vivo Due to Passive Transfer of Specific Antibody
Authors: Muchmore A. V. , Koski I. , Dooley N. , Blaese R. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The localized hemolysis in gel (LHG) assay for antibody-secreting cells was used to evaluate antibody production in heterologous erythrocyte-immunized cultures of human peripheral blood lymphocytes supplemented with 10% human plasma. Antigen-specific plaques were detected in such cultures and the number of plaques varied with different lymphocyte donors and were inhibited by heat killing the cultures before assay. However, plaque number varied directly with the number of immunizing erythrocytes added to the cultures and inversely with the number of lymphocytes added. Maximum plaque production occurred within 10 min of initiation of the cultures and occurred in the absence of any lymphoid cells. Absorption of the plasma used as culture supplement with the immunizing erythrocyte resulted in complete abrogation of subsequent specific plaque formation. Mice previously passively immunized with high titered anti-erythrocyte antibody had large numbers of plaques detected 30 min after i.v. immunization with the appropriate erythrocyte. These plaques detected by LHG are the result of carry-over of aggregates of antibody-coated erythrocytes and subsequent release of this antibody in the LHG assay and are not the result of active antibody synthesis. This “pseudoplaque” production may lead to the false interpretation of plaque formation as indicating active synthesis of antibody in vivo and in vitro where such experiments are carried out in immune animals or with antibody containing serum culture supplements.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Vitro
Authors: Hirano Toshio , Nordin Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the in vitro development of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL), suppressor cells also develop. Spleen cells or lymph node cells harvested from mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) on day 2 (day-2 MLC) and added to a fresh MLC suppressed the development of CL. This suppressive effect was sensitive to treatment with anti-θ and C. The suppressive effect of day-2 MLC was not due to cytotoxic effects nor to altered kinetics of the development of CL. Thymidine hot pulse experiments showed that cell proliferation is necessary for the development of both suppressor cells and CL. Although CL develop from hydrocortisone-treated spleen cells, day-2 MLC of hydrocortisone-treated spleen cells did not suppress the development of CL. These studies suggest that suppressor cells and CL are derived from different T cell subpopulations.
Release of Xenotropic Type C RNA Virus in Response to Lipopolysaccharide: Activity of Lipid-A Portion upon B Lymphocytes
Authors: Phillips S. Michael , Stephenson John R. , Greenberger Joel S. , Lane Particia E. , Aaronson Stuart A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present studies demonstrate that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes the release of endogenous xenotropic type-C RNA virus from BALB/c spleen cells. The evidence suggests that virus release is stimulated by the lipid-A portion of LPS and primarily involves an action of LPS on B lymphocytes. LPS had little or no effect on virus release by T lymphocytes, macrophages, or fibroblasts. These results indicate that the differentiated state of the cell plays an important role in the regulation of endogenous virus release.
Cell Membrane IgD: Demonstration of IgD on Human Lymphocytes by Enzyme-Catalyzed Iodination and Comparison with Cell Surface Ig of Mouse, Guinea Pig, and Rabbit
Authors: Finkelman Fred D. , van Boxel John A. , Asofsky Richard , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A substantial fraction of human cord blood and peripheral blood lymphocytes have recently been shown to bear IgD. Although IgD has not been identified in mice, it has been suggested that it is also a major surface immunoglobulin of murine lymphocytes. Thus, lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of surface immunoglobulin of mouse spleen and lymph node cells reveals the existence of an Ig H chain differing from µ, γ, and α-chain both antigenically and by mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This new H chain class has been previously proposed to be the mouse homologue of δ-chain.
In this paper, we analyzed human, mouse, guinea pig, and rabbit lymphoid cell membrane Ig by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination, extraction with non-ionic detergent, precipitation with a variety of specific anti-Ig sera, and electrophoresis of dissolved reduced precipitates on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Our studies confirm the previous reports of a new mouse cell membrane H chain with a mobility more rapid than that of µ-chain. However, we fail to detect a molecule with this electrophoretic mobility on the surface of guinea pig or rabbit lymph node and spleen cells. Moreover, neither anti-κ nor anti-δ antibody precipitates a molecule with an H chain of this mobility from labeled extracts of human cord blood or peripheral blood lymphocytes. Cell surface δ was identified on both human cord blood and peripheral blood lymphocytes, but it proved to have mobility similar to human and mouse µ-chain. This result indicates either that mouse δ-chain has an electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels which differs appreciably from that of human membrane δ-chain or that the newly described mouse H chain is not the homologue of human δ-chain.