bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asphaltene Deposition Simulator with Aggregation
Authors: Mateen Khalid , Smith Eric William 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Asphaltene stability, aggregation, and transport are coupled with hydraulic and heat transfer equations to predict the effects of asphaltene deposition in wellbores and pipelines. The model uses lab measurements to characterize the asphaltene in solution and develop a precipitation curve in a pre-processing step. Smoluchowski coagulation theory predicts the rate of aggregation of smaller particles into larger particles in a geometric distribution. Finally, the resulting concentration of asphaltene particles diffuses to the wall as determined by mass convection theory. An innovative approach (Saidoun 2000), where only the primary particles, and not the aggregates, contribute to the deposit is also formulated. This second model has been successfully used to match 9 years of production data and screen a greenfield system for asphaltene risks. The simulator is deployed as a standalone desktop application built on React.JS and electron communicating to a Wolfram Engine kernel over gRPC.
Case Study: Use of Digital Twins to Mitigate Risks in Pull-Out Operations of Damaged Risers
Authors: Lobo Daniel De Moraes , Dos Santos Lucas André , Araújo Pereira Leury , Axelsson Gunnar , Duncan Marotta Rodrigues Felipe 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA digital twin is proposed to quantify the loads and mitigate the risk of rupture during the recovery operation of a flexible riser with severe structural weakness (30% of broken wires in the outer tensile armor layer). The allowable axial tension is compared with the loads expected during operation to establish safe operating limits. The digital twin is divided into a local model and a global model. The local analysis uses a finite element model to investigate how stresses on tensile armor wires change when the number of broken wires increases. It considers all pipe layers and two configurations, 1) straight and 2) with a curvature expected during the recovery operation. The FPSO motion performance is calibrated by offshore field measurements and improved RAOs for the global analysis are provided based on the measured motions. Finally, the allowable axial load from the local analysis is compared with the expected loads from the global analysis. The local model is simulated stepwise with 0 - 28 broken wires and indicated a reduction of 83% in allowable axial load with 25 broken wires. The results were combined with global simulations considering different sea states to provide insights about how close the loads might be to the allowable limit during operation and what loads the riser was subjected to since the last broken wires were detected. This analysis allowed the identification of the most critical steps in operation and helped to design the procedure to achieve ALARP risks. Finally, operating limits were discussed to keep the estimated load inside the established limits.
Injector Well Performance Optimization
Authors: Izgec Bulent , Prasad R.S. , Ross Jim 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper presents an integrated multi-disciplinary approach to optimize the value of water, that is, barrels of water injected per barrel of oil produced. Value of water (VoW) is optimized through focusing on the following critical components of a successful injector: Optimum drilling and completion programAbility to inject above fracture pressureInjection system availability with high water qualitySurveillance and analysis-driven ramp-ups to target injection ratesDrilling program optimization includes well trajectory alignment with maximum horizontal stress, selection of acid-soluble stress cage materials when used, and considerations involving proper perforating gun selection. Completion design optimization includes vertical and/or near vertical entry to the formation, an efficient completion type selection based on the rock strength/competency, proper breakdown of the formation along with a pre-injection acid treatment.The topsides facility requirements for injecting above fracture pressure is ensured with full field thermal geomechanical simulations coupled with injection network models to capture the changes in fracturing conditions with depletion and cooling. These simulations also incorporate injectivity decline models required to account for injection water quality variations over time. Topside's injection water specifications are maintained through filtration and chemical treatments with daily measurements of sulphate, oxygen, chlorine levels for souring and scaling prevention.Surveillance and analysis-driven ramps to target injection rates are achieved by integrating multiple methods for efficient diagnostics along with signposts; advanced Hall plots for real-time continuous monitoring, numeric/analytic pressure transient analysis for reservoir characterization, skin tracking, material balance methods for investigating aquifer support, and history-matched integrated thermal/geomechanical simulation models to gain insights into dynamic fracture behavior for improved sweep.Case studies from several deep offshore injectors show how the integrated multi-disciplinary approach was successfully used to drill, complete, and operate injectors. Initial negative skins point to the successful optimization of drilling and completion programs. Sustained injectivities for more than 5 years demonstrate the benefits of surveillance and analysis-driven, consistent, and repeatable ramps with rest periods during unplanned shutdowns. Field data along with numeric/analytic reservoir studies suggest good support of producers and low VoW numbers.This work combines the best practices for a successful injector in the areas of reservoir engineering, geomechanics, drilling, completions, production, and operations. Also, an extensive holistic injector well performance analysis approach is outlined integrating thermal/geomechanical/ geochemical simulations, numeric/analytic pressure transient analysis (PTA), advanced Hall plots and injection network/wellbore models.
The Future of Underwater Asset Surveys | Completely Remote Visualizations in 2D and 3D
Authors: Kooh Riley 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The adoption of imaging technologies to create 2D and 3D models is becoming more and more common in the management of critical infrastructure. In most cases of submerged infrastructure, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) are the only way to easily capture reliable data for modeling. Underwater asset surveys previous to ROVs relied on commercial dive teams using handheld equipment. This methodology is primarily limited to commercial diving safety regulations related to maximum depths, working in confined entry, and time limitations from oxygen levels. Alternatively, autonomous unmanned vehicles (AUVs), unmanned surface vessels (USVs), or a standard ships equipped with imaging technologies could be utilized, however, details are limited at depths or confined spaces.
The use of different imaging sensors on ROVs such as stereo cameras, sonars, and laser scanners allow operators to capture data to build detailed structural models in both 2D or 3D with unparalleled accuracy. Recent field results have confirmed the validity of the application of these technologies for real-world use. The variety offered by the three different practices, and modular simplicity of integration allows for these modeling techniques to be be widely interchangeable between use-cases.
Using a mounted dual-frequency imaging sonar, ROV operators were recently able to complete an entire 2D model of a submerged tunnel measuring 60 metres in length, with widths raging from 0.7 - 1.0 metres. A battery powered ROV was remotely deployed from a small topside vessel, and performed multiple runs of the submerged tunnel within a three day period to examine this otherwise impossible enter tunnel for a pre-construction assessment. Similarly, an offshore survey company based in Newfoundland was able to generate a 2D model of a Floating Production, Offloading, and Storage (FPSO) Vessel’s prop using an ROV-mounted laser scanner to verify the necessary blade clearances within millimetres.
The most detailed model was generated in 2022 by a southern Ontario archaeology team within a civil engineering company. The crew used two different ROVs to repeatedly capture high resolution photos every two seconds as they ran multiple passes over a historical dam structure. After running their collected images through the modeling program Agisoft Metashape, the crew successfully generated an extremely accurate 3D model of the submerged structure from just one day’s worth of imagery.
Changing the Game - Enhanced OTEC System Design
Authors: Robinson Roy , Engelmann Georg 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, better known as OTEC is a base load power source that runs on the temperature difference between warm surface water and cold depths. Generally, the accepted minimum temperature difference is 18°C, with a minimum surface water temperature of 25°C. The maximum possible thermal efficiency of these systems is 3% to 7% and requires massive flows of seawater. The concept was first developed in the 1890's but has struggled since then, with every commercial scale system to date suffering failures on the cold water riser due to required pipe diameter (up to 14m being considered) and the required water depth to reach the cold waters, usually taken as greater than 1000 meters.
This paper presents the thermodynamic analysis of an Enhanced OTEC system that will allow for an order of magnitude reduction in the size of the down risers. This enhancement should both improve the performance of the OTEC system and reduce the cost, bringing the Levelized Cost of Energy on par with Offshore Wind.
Using computer modeling the new system is compared to a conventional system's performance. A comparison using a thermodynamics and energy balance, outputs of the models are used to confirm that the increase in power and a reduction required riser size are possible. The new system provides significant improvements in terms of performance, while adding some mechanical complexity, in the form of a second closed fluid loop. The Enhanced OTEC system (E-OTEC) will bring this century old technology into the 21st century as a leading source of clean energy. It is unlike any existing OTEC system.
Vito Project: Host Construction and Commissioning
Authors: Dixon Paul Christopher , Wild Brady , Hernaiz Maria , Rush Keith Richard , Smith Greg Neil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In 2009, the Vito field was discovered in more than 1,200 m of water approximately 240 km offshore from New Orleans, Louisiana in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The project produces from reservoirs nearly 9,100 m below sea level. This paper provides the efficiencies in constructing the Vito FPS at a single fabrication yard, commissioning, and preparation for offshore installation. This paper is part of a Vito Project series at OTC 2023 and the other papers are listed in the references.
The Vito Floating Production System (FPS) has a Lightship of 21,500 mt, Topside Lift Weight of 8,700 mt, and is 86 m Length × 86 m Width overall. Vito FPS fabrication at a single fabrication site included Hull Fabrication, Topside Fabrication, Living Quarters (LQ) Fabrication, Integration, and a majority of the Commissioning Scope. Key drivers to be successful at a single site included demonstratable safe execution, offshore fabrication quality capability, fabrication yard throughput availability, achievable integration execution plan, and competitive pricing. Following a transport to a readiness site adjacent to the Gulf of Mexico, four months of continued commissioning and preparation for offshore installation included the key activities of installation of the Temporary Living Quarters, riser and umbilical installation winches, tow-out and station-keeping rigging; de-preservation, final commissioning and verification of operability of key systems; aviation readiness and safety equipment verification; and final USCG inspections to obtain the Authorization to Proceed Offshore.
The efficiencies identified and realized at the single fabrication site during the Vito FPS fabrication execution included focused safety at a single site, simplified quality weld procedures, single interface for detail engineering, simplified procurement delivery plan for Company Provided Items (CPI), efficient preservation strategy, single regulatory interface site, enhanced site team efficiencies in engineering and inspection, and simplified contracting at a single source. The readiness site integrated members of the Construction, Commissioning and Operation teams utilizing a single location to quickly mobilize various vendor teams for a final preparation for offshore installation without the constraints of remote offshore work.
A key enabler to select the fabricator was their ability to complete a majority of the commissioning scope on the ground prior to integration of the complete Topside and Hull based on the single lift capability of the new 2 × 15,000 mt gantry cranes, which further increased the efficiency at the single fabrication site. 85% of the commissioning was completed by a Commissioning Management Contractor (CMC) prior to integration including load testing and dynamic commissioning of all the major rotating equipment.
Update on the Challenges to Offshore Facility Decommissioning on the California Coast
Authors: Smith John Bridge , Byrd Robert Clark 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The authors have been working with the challenges related to decommissioning facilities offshore California since 1996. In a 2018 OTC paper (OTC-28844-MS) they reviewed the challenges for offshore facility decommissioning in this region. This paper reviews the oil and gas platform decommissioning projects being conducted on the federal Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) offshore California and the decommissioning outlook for OCS platforms through the end of this decade. There are a total of 23 oil and gas platforms on the federal OCS offshore California which are submerged lands located more than three nautical miles from the coastline. The authors project that one-third of the 23 OCS platforms and one state water platform are likely to be decommissioned by the end of the decade, and at least 50 percent of the OCS platforms are likely to be removed by the middle of the next decade. Three of the eight OCS platforms being decommissioned, if fully removed, would each establish world water depth records for removing conventional steel platform jackets from the seafloor. The paper also describes the major technical, logistical, environmental, and regulatory challenges operators face in planning and conducting decommissioning projects offshore California.
Industry Application and Benefits of ISO/TR 12489 for Reliability Modelling and Calculation of Safety Systems
Authors: Estecahandy Maïder , Selvik Jon T. , Signoret Jean-Pierre , Summers Angela , Isaksen Stefan L. , Brissaud Florent , Clave Nicolas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The paper presents benefits of applying the ISO technical report ISO/TR 12489, i.e., a document providing guidance for analysts on how to perform reliability modelling and calculation of safety systems. The objective of the paper is to show how this document adds value when used in relevant industries, including oil, gas, and lower carbon energy industries.
The benefits are discussed and illustrated using examples of safety systems in gas production, processing, and signal transmission applications. These discussions and examples reflect the broad guidance given in the ISO/TR 12489, covering different approaches and technical challenges within this area with explanations regarding how to solve these. An aim of the ISO technical report is to close a gap between the state-of-the-art and the application of probabilistic calculations for safety systems, where the paper contributes to this aim by illustrating how the ISO technical report applies in practice with focus on the methods and tools covered.
Several application areas and benefits are addressed, such as: relevant issues encountered when implementing relevant standards, and particularly the IEC 61508 and IEC 61511; the understanding of key concepts and approaches; the use of simplified approaches; understanding of systemic approaches and demonstration that they can be simpler to implement than so-called ‘simplified formulae’; how to use common standardized models for more complex situations (e.g., reliability block diagrams, fault trees, Markovian approach and Petri nets); and how to assess the frequency of failures. The observations show that the ISO technical report plays a key role in supporting the existing framework in how to perform probabilistic modelling and calculations in a safety context.
Safety systems are necessary to protect industrial installations against undesired events. The illustrations given in this paper show how the ISO/TR 12489 can guide assessments leading to acceptable safety levels for protected installations and safer oil and gas industries including lower carbon energy.
Compressor Optimization for Capacity and Efficiency Improvements in a Mature Facility
Authors: Sleight Neil Colin , Nguyen John , Seppala Christopher 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The authors will present examples of how revising base layer control strategies have resulted in improved compressor operation in a mature deep-water asset. The revised control strategies have resulted in improved production and capacity whilst reducing greenhouse gas production.
Existing control schemes were in place for multiple compressors at the asset; Vapor Recovery (VRU), Gas Lift (GLC) and Field Gas Compression (FGC). In the case of the VRU, process dynamics exceeded the ability of the control scheme to provide good control and a new valve position control scheme was designed and implemented. Further gains were realized through automated surveillance techniques which identified controller induced disturbances which when removed increased useable capacity by 16%. For the Gas Lift compressor, the initial control scheme would not work under low gas lift demand conditions. The control scheme was dealing with upstream disturbances, resulting in frequent trips and higher than expected energy consumption. Finally the FGC control scheme was adjusted to allow recycle to be minimized at all times without compromising process control.
Through the use of new control strategies existing compressors are being operated in new and more efficient ways. This has led to direct results to the business in terms of additional oil and gas production whilst also reducing energy intensity in line with the business strategy. Furthermore, the changes have resulted in reduced recycling meaning the compressors are capable of greater useable throughput. The wear to control valves has also been reduced.
The field examples presented show how advanced surveillance tools and strategy adjustments can lead to meaningful and cost-effective improvements even for control schemes that were initially meeting expectations. With the focus on energy efficiency being renewed by the oil and gas industry the examples given may extend to other production facilities.
A Review of Laser Peening Method to Mitigate Stress Corrosion Cracking in Stainless Steels for Subsea Distribution Systems
Authors: Kumar Anil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Stress corrosion cracking (SCC) is a phenomenon caused by the combined effects of a corrosive environment and sustained tensile stress. SCC is an integrity concern for high value assets in energy sector such as wellheads, offshore production platforms, processing plants, power plants and pipelines.
Because stainless steel is often selected for design in subsea distribution systems, this makes SCC a great concern to the industry.
This paper will explore and propose new ideas to mitigate SCC in subsea distribution systems, such as Laser Shock Peening (LSP). The paper reviews the existing literature on the effects on SCC from variety of laser parameters such as laser intensity, wavelength, frequency, pulse duration etc. The study involves an overview of the resulting effect of residual compressive stresses on material behavior at different depths.
The conclusion of the study explores and proposes surface modification techniques using lasers to mitigate the SCC in subsea distribution systems. The paper intends to provide clarity on laser shocks to create compressive stress at different depths to make the stainless-steel material more sustainable.
Advanced Ice Model Test Techniques and Services for Future Scenarios of Arctic Logistics and Infrastructure
Authors: Hisette Quentin , Reimer Nils , Schröder Christian , Myland Daniela 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
One consequence of climate change is that sea areas that were usually subjected to harsh ice conditions now become accessible for exploration of oil and gas and other offshore or shipping activities. The average ice extent decreases and the probability of heavy ice conditions decrease steadily in many arctic or subarctic regions. Nevertheless ice occurrence in those regions can never be excluded and extensive theoretical and experimental studies are usually performed to design and optimize floating platforms, coastal and grounded structures or other installations.
This paper discusses adaptions and prioritization in engineering approaches to address the needs of future scenarios of arctic maritime activities. Several crucial aspects to be considered when investigating the interaction of sea ice with a floating platform or vessel are reviewed and disussed through an exemplary operation case. The relevance of model tests is discussed with regards to model ice type, ice formation (level ice, broken ice, ice ridges, rubble ice, etc) as well as scaling of ice properties. In a first step the main gaps and uncertainties of state of the art scale model testing and numerical simulations in ice are identified. In a second step the list of open questions and uncertainties is compared to expected requiremnets of future arctic / antarctic activities.
A recently developed type of model ice specifically design for better reproduction of crushing failure is also introduced and compared to standard model ice. Furthermore, some complex testing methods such as the combination of wave and ice (marginal ice zone), the proper reproduction of friction (hull-ice, but also concrete-ice, rubber-ice, rubber-steel in port areas) as well as shallow water effects and modeling of ice impact to coastal structures.
In close relationship to the testing techniques, the instrumentation of the test set-up is of significant importance, since measuring accurate loads without affecting the quality of the modelling is not trivial. Most relevant/ suitable load measurement techniques (load cells, instrumented pockets, tactile sensors, etc.) are presented.
Additionally, the importance of simulation-based design is also discussed. Prior to a model test campaign, simulations can be used to compare several variants and select the most promising one(s) to be investigated further by model tests. Subsequently to testing, a simulation setup can be calibrated to extent numerically the matrix of experimental testing.