Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are differentially sensitive to interference from previous verbal feedback
Authors: Reed Phil 
Published: January 2023

This study examined whether set-shifting ability for children with autism spectrum disorder without intellectual disability would be affected differentially by verbal or nonverbal feedback as the outcome of previous research tentatively suggests that verbal feedback may lead to slower set-shifting. Overall, 56 children participated (42 male; 14 female); 28 with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (24 male) and 28 (21 male) typically developing children matched on cognitive and verbal abilities. Each group was exposed to a set-shifting task using cards varying in three dimensions. One group of typically developing children, and one group of autism spectrum disorder children, received verbal feedback on their performance, and one group received nonverbal feedback. Children with autism spectrum disorder learned an initial categorisation rule as fast as matched typically developing children. There was little difference in the impact of the type of feedback on acquisition. However, on shifting the classification rule, children with autism spectrum disorder showed slower rates of learning the new rule, relative to matched controls, which was worse when verbal feedback was used compared to nonverbal feedback. This finding has implications for the interpretations of set-shifting performance and for classroom use of feedback strategies.Lay abstractIndividuals with autism spectrum disorder can find behavioural flexibility challenging, often exhibited in terms of repetitive behaviours or restricted ranges of interests and activities. An inability to shift efficiently from one situation to another is connected with problems in daily life, and identifying factors associated with this ability may help develop teaching strategies to improve behavioural flexibility. Some existing findings imply shifting performance for individuals with autism spectrum disorder is better with nonverbal, compared to verbal, feedback – even for those with strong verbal abilities. Unfortunately, there are few behavioural examinations that further explore these findings, which is the aim of this study. In this study, 28 children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and 28 typically developing children matched on cognitive and verbal abilities learned to sort cards according to one out of a possible three dimensions (colour, shape and number), and then had to relearn the sorting rule. One group of typically developing children, and one group of autism spectrum disorder children, received verbal feedback on their performance, and one group received nonverbal feedback. Children with autism spectrum disorder learned an initial categorisation rule as fast as matched typically developing children, and there was little difference in the impact of the type of feedback on acquisition. However, on shifting the classification rule, children with autism spectrum disorder showed slower rates of learning the new rule, which was worse when verbal feedback was used compared to nonverbal feedback. This finding has implications for the interpretations of set-shifting performance and for classroom use of feedback strategies.