bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis in nonhuman primates. I. Studies on the relationship of immunoregulation and disease activity.
Authors: Keller R H , Calvanico N J , Stevens J O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigated the relationship of immunoregulation to disease activity in a nonhuman primate model of pigeon breeder's disease. Two Macaca arctoides monkeys developed classical symptoms of hypersensitivity pneumonitis after sensitization and prolonged bronchial challenge, whereas 2 other monkeys remained asymptomatic after in vivo challenge. There were no differences in the percentages of T cells, B cells, monocytes, or FC gamma-bearing T cells between symptomatic and asymptomatic animals. Nonetheless, we found a population of concanavalin A-induced, pigeon serum- (PS) induced, and spontaneous T cells that functioned as suppressor cells in autologous in vitro co-cultures in asymptomatic animals that were missing or nonfunctional in symptomatic animals. Monocyte suppressors functioned in both groups. We used low-dose total body irradiation (TBI) to inactivate T suppressor cells. Fifteen radiation units of TBI caused no change in the physical activity, routine chemistries, or blood counts of the 4 animals. After TBI, however, the previously asymptomatic animals developed fever, tachypnea, and signs of pulmonary congestion after in vivo challenge with PS. There was no change in the response to challenge in the symptomatic group. This altered response to in vivo challenge in the previously asymptomatic group persisted for 2 wk after TBI. During this period the difference in vitro immunoregulatory activity between Con A-induced, PS-induced, and spontaneous T cells in symptomatic and asymptomatic animals disappeared. Monocyte suppressors, however, continued to function in both groups after TBI. These data suggest that the monkey is an appropriate model for studies of human HP and that T cell immunoregulation may be an important element in the pathogenesis and disease activity of HP.
Cultured human monocytes require exposure to bacterial products to maintain an optimal oxygen radical response.
Authors: Pabst M J , Hedegaard H B , Johnston R B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Freshly isolated human blood monocytes displayed a vigorous oxygen radical response, measured as release of superoxide anion (O2-), after stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or opsonized zymosan. High O2- release was observed with cells isolated by using a variety of procedures. Monocytes cultured in endotoxin-free medium M199 with or without 5% heat-inactivated autologous serum gradually lost this ability to produce O2- in response to PMA over the course of 4 days. The decreased responsiveness to PMA was accompanied by decreased adherence and viability. The loss of function, adherence, and viability was prevented by supplementing the culture medium with either bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or muramyl dipeptide (MDP). The O2- response of monocytes cultured for several days without bacterial products could be partially restored by the addition of LPS on day 2 or 3 of culture. Partial restoration could be detected in monocytes after only 1 hr of exposure to LPS, although a maximal response required a 2-day exposure. The minimum effective concentration of MDP was 1 ng/ml; stereoisomers of MDP, which are inactive as adjuvants, had no effect at 1 micrograms/ml. The minimum effective concentration of LPS was 1 pg/ml, corresponding to fewer than 10 molecules of LPS per monocyte. These results suggest that exposure to LPS or other bacterial products, represented here by MDP, may be required to preserve the microbicidal potential of human monocyte-macrophages in vivo.
Genetic influences on the adjuvanticity of muramyl dipeptide in vivo.
Authors: Staruch M J , Wood D D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The possibility that the adjuvanticity of N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP) is under genetic control in mice was examined. It was observed that MDP markedly enhances the secondary antibody response of BALB/c mice to bovine albumin but has little enhancing effect on C57BL/10Sn (B10) mice under the same conditions. This strain difference was not abolished by variations in the amount of MDP, the immunization protocol, the assay method, or the antigen used. An analysis of inbred and congenic strains showed that the responsiveness to MDP was influenced by at least two genes, one inside and one outside of the major histocompatibility complex. Mice with the C57BL background and/or the H-2b genome responded weakly to the adjuvant action of MDP, whereas those with the BALB/c or C3H background and/or H-2d or H-2k haplotypes responded more strongly. It is anticipated that the analysis of the mechanism of adjuvanticity of MDP will be facilitated by the use of mice that differ in their response to the adjuvant action of MDP.
Mechanisms controlling TCGF production by cloned sublines of EL-4 azgr in response to stimulation by anti-Thy-1 antibody.
Authors: Shimizu S , Smith R T , Norcross M A , Maino V C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of xenogeneic anti-Thy-1 antibody on T cell growth factor (TCGF) production by T lymphoma cell lines has been examined as a model system for T cell activation. EL-4 G12 (a cloned subline of the producer EL-4 azgr cell line) produced TCGF when stimulated by a high concentration of anti-Thy-1, but none was induced by low concentrations of anti-Thy-1. Large amounts of TCGF were produced when these cells were cultured with Fc-receptor positive (FcR+) accessory cells. TCGF production by EL-4 G12 showed dose response kinetics similar to TCGF production by anti-Thy-1-stimulated, purified normal spleen T cells. Goat anti-rabbit IgG (GaRIG) and protein A substituted for this accessory helper effect, but neither FcR+ cells nor Protein A worked when (Fab')2 anti-Thy-1 was used instead of IgG anti-Thy-1. Anti-T-200 monoclonal antibody inhibited anti-Thy-1-induced TCGF production by EL-4 G12 and accessory cells. Phorbol myristic acetate and lymphocyte-activating factor also substituted in part for the accessory cell help. The data suggest there are at least 2 different accessory cell help mechanisms in anti-Thy-1-induced TCGF production, anti-Thy-1-bound membrane aggregation either by GaRIG, Protein A or FcR, and a LAF-dependent mechanism.
Delayed hypersensitivity granuloma formation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs in vitro. I. Definition of the model.
Authors: Doughty B L , Phillips S M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro model of granuloma formation was established in order to study the cellular interactions involved in the formation of delayed hypersensitivity granulomas and the cellular interactions responsible for host modulation of that response in chronic infections of schistosomiasis. This model utilizes Schistosoma mansoni eggs from adult worm pairs that have been cultured in vitro as an antigenic source and spleen cells from either normal or actively infected C57BL/6 mice as the cell donors. The results establish a consistent sequence of events characterized by initial adherence of mononuclear cells to the egg; subsequent blast transformation by these cells; recruitment of additional mononuclear cell populations, including lymphocytes and macrophages; and recruitment of eosinophils and fibroblasts, which are capable of synthesizing collagen. The immunologic nature of this reaction has been established through analyses after presensitization either by natural infection or through the use of soluble egg antigen. These studies have demonstrated the immunologic specificity of the reaction, its dependence on an initial T lymphocyte-mediated event, and recruitment of other cell populations. Preliminary studies show that modulation in vitro reflects the in vivo kinetics of granuloma modulation.
The complete V domain amino acid sequences of two myeloma inulin-binding proteins.
Authors: Johnson N , Slankard J , Paul L , Hood L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The myeloma proteins binding inulin afford a unique opportunity to study the V region patterns of variation because of the similarity in the VL as well as the VH regions. The diversity patterns in both the VL and VH regions suggest these proteins are encoded by multiple, very similar V gene segments or that somatic mutation may repeatedly generate identical variants. Because of the close similarity in the V domains of these proteins and the extensive idiotypic analyses that have been carried out previously, several interesting conclusions can be drawn about the nature of idiotypic determinants. First, a single amino acid residue may be involved in determining multiple idiotypic determinants. Second, hapten-inhibitable idiotypes may depend on residues within and outside the hypervariable regions. Third, idiotypic similarity does not always predict a corresponding sequence similarity.
Avidity of antibodies to dsDNA: comparison of IFT on Crithidia luciliae, Farr assay, and PEG assay.
Authors: Smeenk R , van der Lelij G , Aarden L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Farr assay is thought to detect only antibodies to DNA of relative high avidity. This is due to the high salt concentration of the employed ammonium sulfate precipitation, which dissociates DNA-anti-DNA complexes of low avidity. A recently introduced method to detect anti-DNA, the PEG assay, circumvents these dissociating reaction conditions by using polyethylene glycol instead of ammonium sulfate to precipitate the complexes; we therefore thought to measure antibodies to DNA of low avidity as well. We tested this assumption in several ways. It was found that the PEG assay detects a population of antibodies to DNA that are missed by the Farr assay. Complexes made with these antibodies were salt labile and could readily be dissociated by means of excess DNA, whereas Farr-positive antibodies formed stable complexes with DNA. Avidity studies using the method described by Celada et al. indicated that the anti-DNA detected by the PEG assay but missed by the Farr assay was of relatively low avidity. An inverse correlation between avidity and slope of the binding curves in the PEG assay was observed. These results confirm the notion that the PEG assay detects antibodies to DNA of low avidity. The fact that the Farr assay does not measure these antibodies confers possible diagnostic importance upon the PEG assay.
Inability of newborns' or pregnant women's monocytes to suppress pokeweed mitogen-induced responses.
Authors: Durandy A , Fischer A , Griscelli C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Although an excess of human adult blood adherent cells inhibits the pokeweed mitogen- (PWM) induced normal adult lymphocyte proliferation and B cell maturation into immunoglobulin-containing cells (ICC), adherent cells collected from newborn infants or pregnant women at time of delivery were unable to exert a similar suppressor activity. After activation by Concanavalin A (Con A), newborns' and pregnant women's adherent cells acquired a suppressor activity comparable to that of control adult adherent cells. The adherent suppressor cell was shown to be radioresistant (3000 rad), indicating its probable monocytic origin. Both monocyte-suppressor activities (MSA) observed in adulthood (spontaneously) and in the neonatal period (after activation) were dependent on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, because they were abolished by indomethacin or a specific anti-PGE2 antiserum. Expression of MSA appeared to be under a negative regulation exerted by naturally occurring T suppressor lymphocytes present in the blood of newborns or pregnant women, because incubation of adult monocytes or Con A-activated newborn monocytes with newborns' or pregnant women's T lymphocytes resulted in a dramatic decrease of their MSA. These results strongly suggest that the lack of MSA in the neonatal period and in late pregnancy is a consequence of activation of T suppressor lymphocytes.
T cell subsets required for protection against age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis of C58 mice.
Authors: Bentley D M , Morris R E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C58 mice are rendered susceptible to age-dependent polioencephalomyelitis by the natural aging process or by treatment with immunosuppressive agents. The mechanism of immunologically-mediated resistance was investigated. Susceptibility to the disease results from the loss of protective T cells. Transfer of unfractionated, naive splenic T cells from young donors prevented disease induction in immunosuppressed mice. Spleen cells from aged mice did not render young animals susceptible to disease, nor were they protective. Lyt phenotype analysis of the protective cells showed that the Lyt-1, Lyt-1,2, and Lyt-2 T cell subsets were all required for the generation of a protective response. When young donor animals were presensitized with LDV, transfer of Lyt-2 cells alone was protective.
Preferential response patterns of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for fluorescein isothiocyanate-[FITC] modified autologous cells.
Authors: Arora P K , Levy R B , Shearer G M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine cytotoxic responses to TNP-modified syngeneic cells (TNP-self) have been shown to exhibit preferential recognition of K or D end self products encoded by the H-2 complex. In the present study, a number of B10 congenic and recombinant mouse strains were investigated to determine the H-2K and H-2D-restricted FTC-self CTL response patterns, and these were compared with the CTL response patterns obtained for TNP-self. The results indicate that for strains possessing the H-2k,d,h2,h4 haplotypes, respectively, preferential CTL responses were observed against FTC recognized in association with Kk over Dk, Dd over Kd, and Kk over Db. These patterns of preferential CTL responses were the same as those reported for TNP-self as well as several anti-viral CTL responses. In contrast to the results obtained in the B10.A strain, in which Kk preference was observed over Dd for TNP-self CTL, no preferential CTL response was observed when FTC was recognized in association with Kk and with Dd. In this context, it was observed that the CTL response to FTC recognized in association with Dd was particularly strong. This strong D end-associated response was shown to involve D locus products, and no evidence was obtained indicating that L locus self products were involved. These studies are discussed with respect to the possibility that different haptens can be recognized by CTL in association with different self determinants encoded by the same H-2 gene products.
T cell-mediated immunoregulation of Epstein Barr virus- (EBV) induced B lymphocyte activation in EBV-seropositive and EBV-seronegative individuals.
Authors: Tosato G , Magrath I T , Blaese R M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Infection with Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is accompanied by seroconversion and life-long persistence of the virus in B lymphocytes. During acute EBV-induced infectious mononucleosis, suppressor T cells become activated, which may provide an additional mechanism of host defense against the causative agent. When cultures of lymphocytes from normal adults seropositive for EBV were stimulated with the B95-8 strain of EBV, purified B cells produced increasingly higher numbers of immunoglobulin- (Ig) secreting cells, whereas in co-cultures of autologous B and T cells a profound suppressor T cell activity inhibited further B cell activation after 10 to 12 days in culture. No such T cell-mediated inhibitory effect was seen in cultures of lymphocytes obtained from normal adults seronegative for EBV, indicating a correlation between the suppressor effect with evidence of prior immunity to this virus. The T cell-mediated suppression in patients with infectious mononucleosis is characterized by an early-acting inhibitory effect on B cell differentiation that is not specific in that all polyclonal B cell activators are inhibited, whereas in EBV-seropositive normal subjects suppression is delayed in time and affects only EBV-activated cultures. These data indicate that after infection with EBV, immunoregulatory T cells are generated that are capable of inhibiting further EBV-induced activation of autologous B cells and thus may provide an additional unique mechanism of host defense against persisting EBV-infected B cells.
Immune response to phosphorylcholine. IX. Characterization of hybridoma anti-TEPC15 antibodies.
Authors: Wittner M K , Bach M A , Köhler H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hybridoma antibodies against the PC-binding T15 BALB/c myeloma protein were raised by cell fusion with anti-T15 A/He immune cells. The idiotype specificity of these monoclonal anti-T15 antibodies was determined with a panel of different myeloma and hybridoma immunoglobulins. Two types of anti-T15 antibodies are seen. One reacts with a number of different IgA myeloma proteins and with serum IgA of certain strains of mice; this reactivity most likely is due to allotypy. The other group consists of anti-T15 antibodies that are specific for the T15 idiotype and are therefore termed anti-idiotypic. The bindings of the anti-idiotype antibodies to T15 were specifically inhibited by T15 (F(ab')2 but not by other PC-binding myeloma proteins of different idiotypes. The relationship of the idiotype-specific anti-T15 antibodies to the PC-binding site of the T15 idiotype was analyzed by hapten inhibition of anti-idiotypic binding and by inhibition of BALB/c anti-PC splenic hemolytic plaque formation. Anti-T15 antibodies, for which the T15 binding is inhibited by PC or PC-BSA, also specifically inhibit anti-PC plaque formation. These antibodies are labeled site and near-site anti-idiotypic antibodies. Site and near-site-specific anti-idiotypic antibodies recognize different idiotopes on the T15 molecules. The possible differential biologic activities of these anti-idiotopes in idiotype network regulation is considered.
T lymphocytes of young and aged rats. II. Functional defects and the role of interleukin-2.
Authors: Gilman S C , Rosenberg J S , Feldman J D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Splenic T lymphocytes of aged Lewis rats respond to Con A and PHA with diminished 3H-TdR uptake compared with splenic T lymphocytes of young Lewis rats. After immunization with allogeneic tumor cells, uptake of 3H-TdR in mixed lymphocyte-tumor cultures and T cell cytotoxicity against tumor target cells are significantly lower with spleen cells of aged rats compared with those of young rats. The culture of spleen cells of aged rats with Con A results in a diminished conversion of Ia-positive T cells from Ia-negative precursors compared with similar cultures of spleen cells of young rats. Spleen cells of both young and aged rats produce high amounts of IL-2 in response to Con A stimulation. "Old" T cells, however, bind relatively little IL-2, do not utilize it in culture, and do not respond to exogenous IL-2 with enhanced 3H-TdR uptake as do "young" T cells. In allogeneic MLTC, "old" T lymphocytes produce little IL-2 compared with "young" cells, and both "young" and "old" cells respond to exogenous IL-2 with enhanced 3H-TdR uptake and increased cytotoxic activity. The data suggest defects in the synthesis and/or recognition of IL-2 as well as defects in the regulation of Ia antigen expression may be responsible, in part, for the reduced T cell function in aged animals.
The requirement for esterase activation in T cell replacing factor (TRF)-induced IgG production in a human B blastoid cell line.
Authors: Miki Y , Kishi H , Muraguchi A , Kishimoto S , Yamamura Y , Kishimoto T 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Involvement of stimulus-activatable serine esterase in the process of TRF-induced IgG production in a human B blastoid cell line (CESS) was demonstrated. Addition of DFP or PMSF (1 X 10(-3) M to 1 X 10(-5) M) showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on TRF-induced IgG induction in CESS cells. Other organophosphorous inhibitors, such as p-NPEPP and PEPP, were also effective, but a nonphosphorylating analogue of DFP, DMP, was not inhibitory. Simultaneous addition of DFP with TRF showed the inhibitory effect, and the inhibition was irreversible. However, pretreatment of the cells with DFP did not abrogate TRF-induced IgG production. In synchronized cells, signals provided by TRF could be transduced only when cells were in the G1-phase, and DFP showed an inhibitory effect only when it was added to cells in the G1-phase with TRF. One amino acid derivative (AAME) partially inhibited TRF-induced IgG production.
Studies on induction and effector functions of concanavalin A-induced suppressor cells that limit TCGF production.
Authors: Gullberg M , Larsson E L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular mechanisms regulating TCGF production in Con A-stimulated cultures have been investigated. Normal spleen cells, activated by Con A for 24 hr, develop suppressive cells that inhibit de novo production of TCGF by fresh spleen cells. Effector cells mediating suppression are nonadherent, radioresistant, Lyt-2-positive T cells. The induction of suppressor cells is radiosensitive and it requires 18 hr. The kinetics of suppressor cell induction parallels very closely the termination of TCGF production in situ, suggesting the major importance of this mechanism in the control of TCGF production. Reculture of 24-hr Con A-activated cells in the absence of Con A for 24 to 72 hr results in a gradual loss of suppressive activity that can be recalled by readdition of Con A with the same kinetics found in fresh spleen cells. In addition, de novo production of TCGF is readily induced in such cultures upon restimulation with Con A, demonstrating that abrogation of TCGF-production in primary cultures is due to suppression and not to lectin-dependent killing of the TCGF-producing T cells. Measurements of suppressive activity and lectin-dependent cytotoxicity, in various populations of Con A-activated spleen cells, further distinguish these activities. Finally, the reduced suppressive activity of Con A-activated cells after expansion in TCGF excludes that suppressor cells act by absorption or removal of TCGF produced at normal rates. Direct, reversible suppression of TCGF-producing cells by T lymphocytes appears, therefore, to constitute a major mechanism by which cytotoxic T cell responses are regulated.
Suppressor-target interaction in alloantigen induced responses: induction of a second cell in the suppressive pathway.
Authors: Beckwith M , Rich S S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sequence of events involved in MLR-TsF-induced suppression of the mixed lymphocyte response has been investigated. It is demonstrated in this report that MLR-TsF, which is secreted by predominantly Ly-2+ alloantigen-primed splenic T cells, carries out its suppressive function through the active recruitment of an intermediary suppressor cell. Substantial suppression of the proliferative response is observed when unprimed BALB/c splenocytes are cultured with MLR-TsF and then added as irradiated regulator cells to MLR. This inductive process is dependent on factor concentration, requires a 48-hr exposure of cells to MLR-TsF, and occurs in the absence of added priming strain alloantigen. The target cell involved in this factor-cell interaction is characterized as a nonadherent, Ly-1+2+ T cell resistant to complement-dependent cytotoxicity with a monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 antibody. In addition, second-order suppression does not appear to operate in an antigen-specific manner. These studies indicate that MLR suppression is a complex process involving a series of interactions between cellular components and their soluble regulatory products.