bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distributed Representations for Cognitive Control in Frontal Medial Cortex
Authors: Colin Thomas R. , Ikink Iris , Holroyd Clay B. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In natural and artificial neural networks, modularity and distributed structure afford complementary but competing benefits. The former allows for hierarchical representations that can flexibly recombine modules to address novel problems, whereas the latter can benefit from less constrained training, potentially uncovering fruitful statistical regularities. Here, we investigate these competing demands in the context of human sequential behavior. First, we explore this setting by comparing the properties of several recurrent neural network models. We find that explicit hierarchical structure by itself fails to provide a critical performance advantage when compared with a “flat” model that does not incorporate hierarchical structure. However, hierarchy appears to facilitate cognitive control processes that support nonroutine behaviors and behaviors that are carried out under computational stress. Second, we compare these models against fMRI data using representational similarity analysis. We find that a model that incorporates so-called wiring costs in the cost function, which produces a hierarchically organized gradient of representational structure across the hidden layer of the neural network, best accounts for fMRI data collected from human participants in a previous study [Holroyd, C. B., Ribas-Fernandes, J. J. F., Shahnazian, D., Silvetti, M., & Verguts, T., Human midcingulate cortex encodes distributed representations of task progress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 115, 6398–6403, 2018]. The results reveal that the ACC encodes distributed representations of sequential task context along a rostro-caudal gradient of abstraction: Rostral ACC encodes relatively abstract and temporally extended patterns of activity compared with those encoded by caudal ACC. These results provide insight into the role of ACC in motivation and cognitive control.
Neural Evidence for Feature-based Distractor Inhibition
Authors: Hanne Aylin A. , Han Sizhu , Schubö Anna 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Interference from a salient distractor is typically reduced when the appearance of the distractor follows either spatial or feature-based regularities. Although there is a growing body of literature on distractor location learning, the understanding of distractor feature learning remains limited. In the current study, we investigated distractor feature learning by using EEG measures. We assumed that learning benefits distractor handling, and we investigated the role of intertrial priming in distractor feature learning. Furthermore, we examined whether distractor feature learning influences later visual working memory (VWM) performance. Participants performed an adapted variant of the additional singleton task with a distractor that appeared more often in a specific color. The behavioral results provided additional evidence that observers can use distractor feature regularities to reduce distractor interference. At the neural level, we found a reduced PD with high-probability compared with low-probability distractors, suggesting that less suppression is required when the distractor appears in the more likely color. This reduced need for suppression was partly driven by intertrial priming. The PD elicited by repeated high-probability trials decreased over time, indicating that experience with the distractor reduced the need for suppression. In addition, the results showed that distractor feature learning did not affect VWM performance. Overall, our findings demonstrate that distractor feature learning decreases the interference of a salient distractor while also benefitting from intertrial priming processes, thereby improving attentional selection. In addition, it seems that learned distractor feature inhibition is not maintained in VWM when the task context is changed.
Allzyme® Spectrum supplementation improves apparent ileal phosphorus digestibility and retention in older laying hens
Authors: Walker H. , Bauer K. , Cvejić D. , Keegan J.D. , Nikodinoska I. , Taylor-Pickard J. , Moran C.A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is required by laying hens for various biological functions, and it is usually provided in excess, in a readily digestible inorganic form in diet formulations. By adding enzymes to diets, the availability of phytate-bound P can be increased, allowing for the reduced inclusion of inorganic P in the diet formulation. The following study was conducted to examine the effect of a natural enzyme complex that contains phytase and xylanase on P digestibility in laying hens. Novogen Brown Classic layers (n=314, 95 weeks of age, approximately 14 weeks into second lay) were fed one of two diets; either a basal control diet or a the basal control diet plus a natural mixed-enzyme product (Allzyme® Spectrum; ASC, Alltech Inc, KY, USA) containing phytase (1000 SPU/g) and xylanase (7,500 EPU/g). The experimental diets were provided for 15 days, and excreta was collected from each pen at day 13–15 of the trial to determine total tract retention and apparent ileal digestibility of P and gross energy. At the end of the trial, birds were euthanised and ileal contents were collected. Productivity parameters, including egg production and feed conversion ratio, were recorded over the course of the study. The amount of P in the excreta from birds in the control group was significantly higher than the ASC enzyme-supplemented group. Both P retention, its ileal digestibility and gross energy digestion (ileum and total tract) were significantly higher in the ASC enzyme-supplemented birds. This study showed that the ASC enzyme supplement can improve the total retention and ileal digestibility of P and gross energy in older layers.
On the Intraseasonal Oceanic Processes Constrained by Data Assimilation: A Case Study of the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Rohith B. , Gasparin Florent , Ruggiero Giovanni , Remy Elisabeth , Cravatte Sophie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the ability of a global ocean reanalysis at 1/12° horizontal resolution, GLORYS12, to represent oceanic processes at intraseasonal and higher-frequency scales. GLORYS12, which includes data assimilation of satellite and multi-instrument in situ observations, is compared to a twin-free simulation (with no assimilation) in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Spectral analyses show that data assimilation improves the realism of sea surface height intraseasonal variability in the entire tropical Pacific Ocean, in both amplitude and phase, with an increase in the amplitude of more than 50% for the 20–90-day band and up to 15% for the 2–20-day band. The improvement is largest along the 5°N/S latitudes, where the magnitude of tropical instability waves is maximum, but is limited along the equator where steric height variability is dominated by intraseasonal oceanic Kelvin waves, already well represented in the free simulation. Wavenumber–frequency spectra show that data assimilation constraint improves both the spatial and temporal scales of intraseasonal waves and their timing. Data assimilation impacts the realism of oceanic simulations in two ways. By modifying the background oceanic stratification, it corrects the phase speed of westward-propagating waves. It is also shown that the intraseasonal component of analysis increments (data assimilation corrections applied) is dynamically consistent and exhibits clear intraseasonal propagation. By demonstrating the benefits of data assimilation for intraseasonal processes in the tropical Pacific Ocean, this study highlights the high value of both in situ and satellite observations to constrain ocean models in a wide range of time scales.
(E)-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-Decafluoro-3-hexene (HFO-153-10mczz-E)
Authors:   Workplace Environmental Exposure Level (WEEL) Committee,   Occupational Alliance for Risk Science (OARS),   Toxicology Excellence for Risk Assessment (TERA)
Published: January 2025

(E)-1,1,1,2,2,5,5,6,6,6-Decafluoro-3-hexene (HFO-153-10mczz-E) (CASRN 1256353-26-0) is a volatile liquid proposed for use as a new low global-warming potential dielectric fluid in cooling applications. Workplace exposures are expected to be by inhalation exposure. The substance has low acute inhalation toxicity as indicated by a 4-h inhalation LC50 value of approximately 8000 ppm. A suite of in vitro assays was negative for skin and eye irritation as well as for skin sensitization potential. The chemical did not induce cardiac sensitization up to 5000 ppm. Repeated inhalation exposure in rats for 4 or 13 weeks did not produce any effects attributable to the substance at 3000 ppm, the maximum tested concentration. No indications of developmental or reproductive toxicity were observed in studies in rats, also conducted with a maximum concentration of 3000 ppm. There was no indication of genotoxicity in the Ames assay, an assay with human TK cells, chromosome aberration in cultured human lymphocytes, or an in vivo rat micronucleus assay. The critical study for the development of the 8-hour TWA WEEL is the 13-week inhalation toxicity study with a NOAEC of 3000 ppm (32,400) mg/m3). This inhalation NOAEC was adjusted by application of appropriate uncertainty factors to account for interindividual variability, subchronic to chronic exposure extrapolation and other sources of uncertainty. A WEEL value of 200 ppm (2160 mg/m3) is expected to provide an acceptable margin of safety for potential adverse health effects in workers.
Minimum clinically important difference of 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) to assess post-surgery quality of life in knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Longo Umile Giuseppe , Campi Stefano , De Salvatore Sergio , Piergentili Ilaria , Bandini Benedetta , Lalli Alberto , Ammendolia Valerio , de Sire Alessandro , Papalia Rocco 
Published: January 2025

Background Quality of life in patients receiving knee arthroplasty is crucial for rehabilitation. Even if the validity of the 36-Item Short Form (SF-36) was already confirmed, the Substantial Clinical Benefit (SCB) and Patient Acceptable Symptom Score (PASS) values of this score remain unknown for both Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) and Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty (UKA). Objective The purpose of this research was to compute the Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID) of the SF-36 after UKA, and the SCB and PASS of SF-36 after TKA and UKA, in order to assess post-surgery quality of life in knee osteoarthritis. Methods Overall, 59 patients (40 women and 19 men, mean age 60.3 ± 13.1 years) completed the questionnaire until six months follow-up. Of these patients, 22 underwent the TKA procedure, while 37 patients underwent the UKA procedure. The anchor question for computing the MCID and SCB thresholds was “How would you describe your health condition in relation to your previous state?”. The PASS scores were determined using the ROC curve and the 75th percentile of the cumulative percentage curve of respondents who believe their symptoms are under control. Results The MCID values of global SF-36, Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) after UKA were 11.3, 14.5 and 11.4, respectively. The SCB values of global SF-36, PCS and MCS after UKA were 23.5, 23.1 and 15, respectively. The PASS values of global SF-36, PCS and MCS after TKA were 71.2, 75 and 69.3, respectively. The PASS values of global SF-36, PCS and MCS after UKA were 70.4, 72.1 and 67.5, respectively. Conclusion The SF-36 score represents a valid score for quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Taken together, the results showed a statistically significant improvement between inception and latest follow-up after TKA and UKA.
Differentiating Latent Tuberculosis from Active Tuberculosis Through Activation Phenotypes and Chemokine Markers HLA-DR, CD38, MCP-1, and RANTES: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kadi Chaimae , Ahmadi Narjisse , Houdou Anass , Badisy Imad El , Bouaddi Oumnia , Mennane Zakaria , Najimi Nouhaila , Benlamari Maryam , Boutayeb Saber , Khalis Mohamed , Mtili Noureddine EL , Seghrouchni Fouad 
Published: January 2025

Background: Latent TB infection (LTBI) affects one fourth of the global population. Currently, there is an absence of an optimal strategy for distinguishing between active tuberculosis (aTB) and LTBI. While some researchers have explored cytokines other than interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) as biomarkers, results have shown significant variability in their ability to differentiate between these conditions. This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the performance of activation phenotype and chemokine markers in distinguishing between aTB and LTBI. Objectives: To assess the diagnostic accuracy of specific biomarkers (HLA-DR+ IFNγ+, CD38+ IFNγ+, MCP-1, and RANTES) in differentiating aTB from LTBI. Design: This study was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of diagnostic studies. Data sources and methods: We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, Sciences Direct, and Web of Science for primary studies published in English up to 2023. Studies were included if they reported sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and area under the curve (AUC) for the biomarkers in question. We calculated pooled diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, DOR, and AUC, and used the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) to summarize the diagnostic performance of each biomarker. Results: Sixteen studies involving 1696 participants were included in the analysis. Among them, 925 individuals were diagnosed with aTB, while 771 were classified as having LTBI. The specificity, sensitivity, DOR, and AUC for CD38+ IFNγ+, HLA-DR+ IFNγ+, RANTES, and MCP-1 were (0.97 [95% CI: 0.72-1.00], 0.90 [95% CI: 0.75-0.96], 291.863, and 0.9432), (0.90 [95% CI: 0.70-0.97], 0.83 [95% CI: 0.63-0.94], 41.819, and 0.8598), (0.68 [95% CI: 0.55-0.79], 0.72 [95% CI: 0.56-0.84], 5.733, and 0.7979), and (0.63 [95% CI: 0.54-0.72], 0.63 [95% CI: 0.50-0.75], 2.892, and 0.7290) respectively. Conclusion: The findings indicate that CD38+ IFNγ+ and HLA-DR+ IFNγ+ demonstrated the highest diagnostic accuracy. Additional prospective research is necessary to identify the optimal combination of biomarkers to enhance diagnostic accuracy in clinical settings. Registration: This review has been registered on PROSPERO: (CRD42023472091). Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails
Exploring the readiness to practice of underrepresented healthcare workers: A scoping review
Authors: Hussein Sara , Ishaky Liam , Nowrouzi-Kia Behdin , Laughton Sarah , Gohar Basem 
Published: January 2025

Background: Studies across the extant literature suggest that less-experienced healthcare workers are more likely to experience adverse outcomes such as burnout, sick leaves, or intend to leave the profession. Thus, one’s readiness to practice is an important element that requires more attention. While extensive research exists on the readiness of certain professions like nurses, a notable gap remains concerning other healthcare workers. Purpose: This study sought to explore studies examining readiness to practice among various underrepresented healthcare workers. Methods: We conducted a scoping review to determine the available research related to clinical and nonclinical areas related to the readiness to practice of healthcare workers, excluding physicians and nurses. We examined three databases, MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO, from 1 January 2000 to 31 December 2023. Our search focused on readiness to practice among various healthcare professions, whether clinically focused or broadly related to professionalism. Results: Our search identified 41 articles meeting the inclusion criteria from several professions, including but not limited to physiotherapists and occupational therapists, pharmacists, osteopaths/chiropractors, and social workers. Overall, studies differed in assessing readiness to practice with a broad range of identified clinical competencies that varied between professions and regions. Nonclinical skills, such as communication, conflict management, and cultural competence, were common barriers across professions. Conclusion: Despite the heterogeneity in job roles, work settings, and geographical reasons, there is evidence to suggest that new healthcare professionals may be clinically adept but may be lacking in other nonclinical skills that could affect their work and well-being. With early-career healthcare workers particularly vulnerable to adverse outcomes in the workplace, future research should standardize core competencies, including nonclinical skills and well-being-related activities, as a prevention method across various health groups.
Open-source 3D printed manifolds for exposure studies using human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Singer Ryan , Milad Nadia , Ball Elizabeth , Nguyen Jenny P. , Cao Quynh , Selvaganapathy Ravi , Zhang Boyang , Dabaghi Mohammadhossein , Satia Imran , Hirota Jeremy A. 
Published: January 2025

RationaleIn vitrostudies using air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures enable controlled investigation of human airway epithelial cell (HAEC) responses to clinically relevant exposures. Commercialin vitroexposure systems provide precise and reproducible dosage but require significant investment. Exposure science may benefit from a more accessible customizable open-source exposure system. We present 3D printed manifolds for applying a range of exposures uniformly across standard, commercially available 6- and 24-well plates with ALI culture inserts.MethodsA chamber-style exposure system and designed manifolds were evaluated for exposure uniformityviasimulations and deposition of nebulized FITC-labelled dextran. Chamber and manifolds were manufactured using 3D stereolithography printing. Cannabis concentrate vapour was generated from 3 different vaporizers and applied to well plates using the manifold system. Calu-3 cells and primary HAECs were cultured on Transwell™ inserts for exposure studies.ResultsThe manifolds produced less variation in simulations and physical deposition of FITC-dextran aerosol across well plates compared to the chamber system. Distinct doses of cannabis concentrate vapour were delivered to well plates with minimal variation among wells. Whole tobacco smoke exposure using the manifold system induced functional changes in Calu-3 barrier function, cytokine production (IL-6 and IL-8), and cell membrane potential. Cannabis smoke led to reduced primary HAEC barrier function in a dose- and strain-dependent manner.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate the feasibility and the validity of our open-source 3D printed manifolds for use in studying multiple exposures and position our designs as an accessible option in parallel with commercially available systems.All article content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY-NC 4.0) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).
External validation of the LENT and PROMISE prognostic scores for malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Mounsey Craig A , Kanellakis Nikolaos I , Addala Dinesh N , Mawhinney Jamie A , Freemantle Nick , Rahman Najib M 
Published: January 2025

BackgroundAccurate survival estimation in malignant pleural effusion is essential to guide clinical management strategies and inform patient discussion. The LENT and PROMISE scores were developed to aid prognostication in malignant pleural effusion, however their uptake in practice has been limited. We aimed to conduct a detailed external validation of the LENT and PROMISE scores to develop recommendations regarding clinical utility, and to highlight factors limiting performance.MethodsMedical records of patients diagnosed with malignant pleural effusion between 2015–2023 at Oxford University Hospitals were retrospectively reviewed to determine length of survival and the LENT and PROMISE scores at diagnosis. Performance of the scores in predicting overall survival and chance of survival at 3-, 6- and 12-months was assessed using measures of discrimination, calibration and overall model performance. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox models were utilised to further investigate individual score variables.Results773 patients with malignant pleural effusion were included. Both scores showed predictive ability for overall survival, however median survival estimates lacked precision. Score performance in predicting survival at 3-, 6- and 12-months was stronger, with C-indices around 0.8 for both at each time-point, and the models appearing well-calibrated. Limited stratification of tumour types and lack of consideration of sensitising mutations were demonstrated to be potential factors restricting performance.ConclusionsBoth scores have ability to prognosticate in malignant pleural effusion, and greater use in practice should be considered. However, areas to improve score performance were also highlighted, and these may aid future model development.
Biodegradation of azo dyes by Aspergillus flavus and its bioremediation potential using seed germination efficiency
Authors: Ghanaim Amira M. , Mahdy Omima M. El , Mohamed Heba I. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe worldwide textile industry extensively uses azo dyes, which pose serious health and environmental risks. Effective cleanup is necessary but challenging. Developing bioremediation methods for textile effluents will improve color removal efficiency. The recent attention to effectively utilizing microbes to convert toxic industrial azo dyes into non-hazardous compounds has garnered significant attention. In the present study, four fungal strains—Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium oxysporium—were employed to screen for the degradation and detoxification of azo dyes including congo red, crystal violet, bromophenol blue, and malachite green. After eight days, A. flavus had degraded azo dyes at the maximum proportion. The maximum decolorization (%) was achieved at 50 mg/L of dye concentration, 8 days of incubation, pH 6, 30 °C temperature, sucrose as a carbon source, NaNO3 as a nitrogen source, Ca+2 as minerals, and using static culture. The efficient production of laccases, lignin peroxidase, and manganese peroxidase enzymes by A. flavus proved that the enzyme played a crucial role in decolorizing the harmful azo dyes. The Fourier Transform Infrared spectrometer (FT-IR) data validated the decolorization and degradation process brought on by absorption and biodegradation. Compared to control plants, the results of the phytotoxicity assay showed that the degraded product was less harmful to maize and common bean plant's growth and germination rates. As a result, the findings indicate that A. flavus is a viable option for remediating azo dyes. This aids in the biodegradation of azo dyes found in wastewater.