bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generation of T Helper Cells in Vitro
Authors: McDougal J. Steven , Cort Sheila P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A sequential culture technique for the in vitro induction and subsequent assay of T helper cells is employed to examine the histocompatibility requirements for antigen recognition by murine T helper cells. F1 T cells are primed in vitro with antigen-pulsed parental strain macrophages and tested for antigen-specific helper activity in cultures containing anti-Thy 1.2 serum and C treated spleen cells from hapten-primed parental or F1 mice. A semiallogeneic system is used and appropriate controls are included to avoid possible complicating effects of allogeneic interactions. The results indicate that F1 T helper cells preferentially stimulate carrier-specific anti-hapten plaque-forming cell responses in spleen cells which are H-2 identical with the macrophage used initially to prime the T cells. Parental spleen cell cultures do not respond to F1 T helper cells which were primed with the other parental strain macrophage. Supplementing this culture with macrophages which are histocompatible with those used to prime the F1 T cells is sufficient to restore T helper cell activity. Thus, the genetic restriction described here is between the primed T cell and the macrophage used to elicit secondary responses and not between the T cell and B cell. The results in this semiallogeneic system, however, do not rule out the possibility of additional allogeneic genetic restrictions in the subsequent interaction of T cells with B cells.
Lactic Dehydrogenase Virus Alteration of Lymphocyte Circulation
Authors: Mongini Patricia K. A. , Rosenberg Leon T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Acute infection with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) causes a systemic alteration in lymphocyte circulatory patterns. Peripheral lymph nodes (LN) and spleens in acutely, but not chronically, infected mice retain a significantly greater proportion of injected 51Cr-labeled lymphocytes than the respective tissues in noninfected controls. This increase in lymphocyte localization in LN and spleen is dependent upon the dose of LDV injected and the timing of the infection. A relatively large dose of LDV (108 infectious units) causes an early but very transient increase in splenic lymphocyte localization accompanied by an early but prolonged increase in lymphocyte recovery in LN. Smaller doses of LDV cause more prolonged effects on splenic lymphocyte recovery and retarded effects on lymphocyte localization in LN. Increases in splenic recovery were always accompanied by decreases in hepatic recovery of lymphocytes. LDV-induced alteration in lymphocyte circulation may be responsible for many previously observed modifications of immune responses in LDV-infected mice.
Mode of Action of a Soluble Immune Response Suppressor (Sirs) Produced by Concanavalin A-Activated Spleen Cells
Authors: Tadakuma Takushi , Pierce Carl W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble immune response suppressor (SIRS) is a product of concanavalin A activated Ly 2,3+ T cells which suppresses plaque-forming cell response to sheep erythrocytes by murine spleen cells in vitro through its action on macrophages. The mechanism(s) by which SIRS-treated macrophages suppress plaque-forming cell responses has been investigated. Experiments with varying ratios of control supernatant- and SIRS-treated macrophages showed that suppression was not due to inactivation of macrophages, but was an active process. This active process required at least 3 days for full expression since: 1) responses in cultures containing SIRS-treated macrophages developed normally for 3 days and suppression became apparent only on day 4, approximately 24 hr after a significant decrease in DNA synthesis; 2) responses of spleen cells in a Millipore chamber which were incubated with SIRS-treated macrophages for 48 hr and then transferred to control supernatant-treated macrophages for the last 72 hr of culture escaped suppression; and 3) addition of SIRS-treated macrophages to spleen cell cultures after initiation resulted in later expression of suppression. The experiments in which spleen cells were incubated in Millipore chambers separated from SIRS-treated macrophages indicated that a second factor(s), released from the SIRS-treated macrophages, was active in suppressing the response. This factor may also be responsible for the decrease in DNA synthesis after day 3 of culture and suggests that SIRS-mediated suppression is ultimately due to limitation of proliferation of responding B cells.
Agents That Increase Cyclic AMP Inhibit Accumulation of cGMP and Depress Human Monocyte Locomotion
Authors: Gallin John I. , Sandler Jeffrey A. , Clyman Ronald I. , Manganiello Vincent C. , Vaughan Martha 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ascorbic acid and serotonin increased the 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content and enhanced the chemotactic responsiveness of mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood. The ionophore A23187, PGE1, and polystyrene beads increased the 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) content of mononuclear cells and had no effect on basal cGMP content. A23187, PGE1, and beads caused significant increases in cAMP content in preparations of adherent cells (chiefly monocytes); PGE1 and beads also increased cAMP content in the nonadherent cells (chiefly lymphocytes). A23187 and PGE1 each inhibited mononuclear cell locomotion. The chemically unrelated agents, A23187, beads, and PGE1, that raised cAMP of monocytes inhibited the accumulation of cGMP in response to serotonin and asorbic acid. PGE1 at a concentration that caused a 349% increase in cAMP inhibited the effect of serotonin on cGMP accumulation and the amplification of chemotaxis by serotonin only 37% and 40%, respectively. In contrast A23187, which increased monocyte cAMP by only 71%, inhibited the effect of serotonin on cGMP accumulation and locomotion by 85 and 79%, respectively. Although there is no clear quantitative relationship between the increase in cAMP content and the degree of inhibition of cGMP accumulation, it is possible that the elevation of cAMP in monocytes interferes with their capacity to accumulate cGMP in response to serotonin and ascorbic acid, perhaps by increasing cGMP degradation and/or inhibiting synthesis. In any case cyclic nucleotide modulation of monocyte locomotion appears to be more closely related to intracellular cGMP content than to cAMP content.
Human Cell Membrane Components Bound to β2-Microglobulin in T Cell-Type Cell Lines
Authors: Tada Nobuhiko , Tanigaki Nobuyuki , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell membrane components bound to β2-microglobulin were isolated from Renex 30 (a nonionic detergent)-solubilized membrane materials of two human T cell-type cell lines, MOLT-4 and CCRF-CEM, by gel filtration and lectin affinity chromatography. The isolation was carried out by following the β2-microglobulin activity by radioimmune inhibition assay. The T cell membrane components bound to β2-microglobulin had a uniform molecular size of about 200,000 daltons and most of them showed an affinity to lentil lectin. The isolated membrane components were radioiodinated and examined for identity to HLA antigens by sequential precipitation with rabbit anti-HLA antiserum (specific to HLA large components) and with rabbit anti-β2-microglobulin antiserum. In addition to HLA antigens, the β2-microglobulin-bound components obtained from the MOLT-4 cells were found to contain certain membrane components that are the same in molecular size as the HLA large components but that are different antigenically from the HLA large components. On the other hand, the β2-microglobulin-bound membrane components obtained from the CCRF-CEM cells were all HLA antigens. No other membrane components were involved in the binding.
Specific Functional and Immunologic Assay of Plasma Plasminogen in Hereditary Angioedema, in Hereditary Angioedema Treated with Tranexamic Acid, and in Normal Subjects
Authors: Spragg Jocelyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Plasma plasminogen levels were determined by a specific esterolytic assay and a radial immunodiffusion assay, both of which were standardized on a weight basis by using highly purified plasminogen diluted in plasminogen-free plasma. In thirteen normal individuals the functional and antigenic levels were 275 ± 61 µg/ml and 285 ± 61 µg/ml, respectively (r = 0.95), whereas in 58 plasmas from individuals with hereditary angioedema the levels were 272 ± 58 µg/ml and 265 ± 64 µg/ml, respectively (r = 0.89). In two patients treated with tranexamic acid either acutely or chronically, both the functional and antigenic plasminogen levels were diminished.
Myeloma-Specific Transplantation Resistance: a Requirement for Complete Freund's Adjuvant Stimulation of Effectors
Authors: Bridges Sandra H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c mice immunized with purified BALB/c myeloma protein M315 produce anti-idiotypic antibody (a-Id315), directed predominantly to the binding site of that protein, and are resistant to challenge with the corresponding plasmacytoma, MOPC-315. Previous studies showed that the induction thresholds and decay patterns for the two activities were very similar; in the present study, the two activities were separated. Mice that received their initial exposure to M315 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA), instead of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), produced a-Id315 but transplantation resistance was greatly reduced in magnitude. With respect to IgG subclass distribution and hapten inhibitability by ε-DNP-L-lysine, the specific ligand of M315, the antibody was indistinguishable from that produced when CFA was used as adjuvant. Although the binding capacity of the antibody was in general lower than that produced with the standard protocol with CFA, examination of the binding capacities of sera from individual IFA-immunized mice demonstrated that the diminished resistance was not strictly correlated with the level of binding capacity. When a-Id315 activity was monitored in the sera of M315-immunized mice after tumor cell challenge, it was found that IFA-immunized mice maintained antibody levels as well as CFA-immunized mice. In mice developing tumors during the monitoring period, activity was maintained until 2 to 4 days before the detection of palpable tumors or M315 protein in the serum. The results suggest that although a-Id315 may be involved in the mediation of the myeloma-specific transplantation resistance, other elements of the immune system, which are stimulated by CFA, are required for the full expression of resistance.
Nonspecific Inhibition of Tumor Growth by Allosensitized Lymphocytes
Authors: Nakayama M. , Sendo F. , Miyake T. , Fuyama S. , Arai S. , Kobayashi H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous paper we demonstrated with the Winn test that rat spleen cells sensitized to an allogeneic tumor (AH-66 from Donryu strain) nonspecifically inhibited in vivo growth of a syngeneic tumor (KMT-17 from WKA strain) only when the spleen cells were stimulated with inactivated AH-66 cells used for immunization. These results were obtained with spleen cells harvested 2 weeks after immunization.
In the present study with the Winn test, when tumor inhibitory activity of AH-66-sensitized spleen cells was serially examined after immunization, the early spleen cells (1 week after immunization) inhibited growth of KMT-17 without further addition of inactivated AH-66 cells, but the late spleen cells (2 weeks after immunization) did not. AH-66-sensitized spleen cells 60 days after immunization did not inhibit growth of KMT-17 even with further addition of inactivated AH-66 cells, whereas these spleen cells inhibited in vivo growth of homologous AH-66. On the other hand, the early spleen cells alone did not inhibit growth of admixed KMT-17 when the mixtures were in vivo cultured in diffusion chambers where no inflammatory cells existed. However, further addition of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) to the early spleen cells reduced the number of viable KMT-17 cells even in diffusion chambers. The late spleen cells did not inhibit KMT-17 growth in diffusion chambers even when PMN were further added. Normal thymocytes, spleen cells or peritoneal macrophages did not cooperate with the early spleen cells in inhibiting the growth of KMT-17.
Expression of Group b Light Chain Allotypes in Cottontail Rabbits
Authors: Smith Linda J. , Mandy William J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Group b allotypic determinants (b4, b5, b6, and b9) were detected on cottontail IgG by several assays including immunodiffusion, radioimmune binding, and inhibition of radiobinding. The results indicate that cottontail IgG possess some but not all of the subspecificities present on domestic rabbit IgG. Several cottontail rabbits exhibited three of the four possible allotypic markers. In these instances, however, only two populations of IgG molecules (i.e., phenogroups) could be detected, each bearing one, two, or three of the allotypes. Five separate and distinctive phenogroups were identified. The results suggest that the phenogroups represent products of multiple allelic genes for the constant region of cottontail rabbit κ light chain.
Cell-Mediated Lympholysis of Trinitrophenyl-Derivatized Autologous Human Cells: in Vitro Triggering by Nonspecific Signals
Authors: Friedman Steven M. , Neyhard Nancy , Chess Leonard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This report describes the primary in vitro generation of human CTL that lyse TNP-derivatized autologous cells. Although in the majority of these studies, a direct cytotoxic response to the TNP-modified autologous stimulators was not achieved, in all experiments the addition of either allogeneic cells or soluble antigen triggered the generation of killer cells which destroy TNP-modified, but not unaltered, autologous targets. Fractionation of responder lymphocyte populations demonstrated that the cytotoxic activity was mediated by T cells. Killer cell specificity was tested by assaying for cytotoxicity to a variety of targets, and by blocking the cytolysis of TNP-altered autologous targets with various populations of nonradiolabeled cells. Results indicated that these CTL were cytotoxic for TNP-modified autologous cells but not unaltered autologous or TNP-modified allogeneic targets. The capacity of soluble antigen and alloantigens to facilitate the in vitro generation of altered-self reactive human CTL is not an isolated phenomenon. This “helper” effect has now been observed for the cytotoxic response to chemically modified autologous cells and MHC identical human leukemic blasts. It is possible that in vivo, similar responses to nonspecific antigenic stimuli may play a role in the maintenance of immune surveillance.
Nature of the Antigenic Complex Recognized by T Lymphocytes
Authors: Thomas David W. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nonimmune (2 × 13)F1 guinea pig T lymphocytes initially stimulated with trinitrophenyl- (TNP) modified macrophages from one parental strain and then treated with bromodeoxyuridrine (BUdR) and light are unable to be primed subsequently with TNP-modified macrophages of the same parental strain. In contrast, these BUdR and light treated F1 T cells can be primed with TNP-modified macrophages of the other parental strain. These results demonstrate that in a nonimmune F1 animal two T cell subpopulations exist before priming that are genetically predisposed to respond to antigen associated with macrophages derived from one or the other parent.
Characterization of a Fetal Calf Serum-Derived Molecule Reactive with Human Natural Antibodies: Its Occurrence in Tissue Culture-Grown Type C RNA Viruses
Authors: Snyder Harry W. , Fox Michelle 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By means of a sensitive radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, simian sarcoma virus-simian sarcoma-associated virus (SSV-SSAV), purified from culture fluids of infected normal rat kidney (NRK) cells, was shown to acquire a surface antigen from serum used in the tissue culture medium. This antigen, which was acquired when serum from either fetal calf, horse, swine, rabbit, or chicken origin was used, accounted for a substantial portion (but not all) of the total precipitating activity exhibited by natural human antibodies for membrane-associated antigens of these viruses. By 1) alcohol precipitation, concanavalin A chromatography, and Sephadex G-150 filtration of fetal calf serum (FCS) proteins or 2) chromatography of serum proteins over a human IgG-containing immunoaffinity column, a glycoprotein of approximately 55,000 daltons has been identified which is a minor constituent of FCS (&lt;0.1% of total protein) and has the antigenic capacity of whole FCS.
Dissociated and Reconstituted Subcellular Alloantigen Capable of Stimulating Mouse Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Fast Loren D. , Fan David P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Reconstituted subcellular membrane fragments were prepared from sonicated murine lymphoid tissue membrane fragments by detergent solubilization and dialysis. The reconstituted subcellular antigen was compared with sonicated cell membranes and x-irradiated cells for the ability to stimulate the formation of allogeneic cytotoxic thymus-dependent lymphocytes in vitro. The results showed that the reconstituted subcellular antigen had properties similar to those reported for the sonicated antigen. Both types of antigen could stimulate immune spleen cells but not normal spleen cells. Furthermore, soluble H-2 antigens, even of membrane origin, were incapable of the stimulation unless reconstituted into membrane fragments large enough to be centrifuged at 48,000 × G for 30 min.
The Induction of Cytolytic T Lymphocytes with Purified Plasma Membranes
Authors: Lemonnier François , Mescher Matthew , Sherman Linda , Burakoff Steven 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subcellular fractions were demonstrated to be effective in stimulating primary and secondary allogeneic CTL responses. 5′ nucleotidase activity was used to assess purification of plasma membranes and stimulating activity was found to co-purify with the plasma membrane fraction of the cell. Electron micrographs of these purified plasma membranes showed the majority of the material to be in the form of vesicles of relatively heterogeneous size. The cytolytic T lymphocytes generated by incubation with purified plasma membranes demonstrated immunologic specificity.
Role of T Lymphocytes in Adjuvant Arthritis
Authors: Kayashima Kohji , Koga Toshitaka , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of treatments with cyclophosphamide (CY), hydrocortisone and anti-thymocyte sera (ATS) on the development of adjuvant arthritis (AA) were examined in WKA rats inoculated with wax D to induce AA. A single injection of 25 to 50 mg/kg of CY given 2 to 3 days before wax D inoculation caused severe arthritis with high incidence, whereas larger doses of CY were less efficient. Furthermore, the enhancing effect of CY pretreatment was abolished by passively transferred normal syngeneic thymocytes 1 day before wax D inoculation, but not by thymocytes that had been treated with ATS and guinea pig C. On the basis of these results and the previous observations on the effect of adult thymectomy and low-dose irradiation, we concluded that this enhancing effect of CY pretreatment was caused by selective depletion of suppressor T lymphocytes. Pretreatment with 12.5 mg of hydrocortisone also caused severe arthritis. This enhancing effect of hydrocortisone could also be due to the elimination of those suppressor cells. In contrast, in vivo pretreatment with ATS showed striking inhibition on the development of AA, suggesting that ATS could eliminate T lymphocytes that were responsible for eliciting this disease. Thus it appears that at least two T cell subpopulations are involved in the development of AA, one is an ATS-sensitive T2 subpopulation that is effective for induction of AA and the other is a T1 subpopulation that regulates this disease process.
The Analysis of the Monoclonal Immune Response to Influenza Virus
Authors: Gerhard Walter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Individual splenic precursor B cells from BALB/c mice primed with influenza virus PR8[A/PR/8/34 (H0N1)] were stimulated in vitro in the splenic fragment culture system by homologous or various heterologous influenza viruses. The specificity of the stimulated precursor cells was determined by analysis of the antibodies secreted by the ensuing plasma cell clone in a radioimmunoassay (RIA).
Viruses of the H2N2 and H3N2 subtypes were unable to stimulate hemagglutinin (HA)- or neuraminidase (NA)-committed precursor B cells but did efficiently stimulate chicken host component (ChHC)-committed precursors. Viruses of the H1N1 and H0N1 subtypes could stimulate precursors committed to any of the three viral surface components. Analysis of the fine specificity of HA-committed B cells showed that BEL(H0N1) and CAM(H1N1) stimulated almost exclusively precursors whose clonal antibody product reacted with the stimulating virus in the RIA. On the other hand, WSE and MEL (both H0N1) quite frequently were able to stimulate precursors whose clonal antibody product did not react with the stimulating virus in the RIA. These results suggest that the stimulatory interaction of viruses with the cell-bound immunoglobulin receptors is slightly less affinity dependent than the antigen-antibody interaction in the RIA.
Generation of Suppressor Lymphocytes During Sensitization in Culture against a Syngeneic Tumor: Affinity Chromatography on Insolubilized Histamine
Authors: Schechter Bilha , Segal Shraga , Feldman Michael 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We investigated the effect of depletion of histamine-binding lymphoid cells on immunological properties of lymphocytes sensitized in culture against tumor cells. C57BL/6 spleen cells that were sensitized in vitro on monolayers of the syngeneic Lewis lung carcinoma (3LL) became cytotoxic to the tumor cells in vitro after 3 to 5 days of sensitization. Sensitized cells harvested after 4 days of sensitization occasionally enhanced tumor growth in vivo. Fractionation of the sensitized lymphocytes over insolubilized histamine-rabbit serum albumin-Sepharose (HRS) columns decreased or abolished the enhancing activity in vivo and specifically increased the in vitro cytotoxic activity of the depleted lymphocytes. A similar increase in the cytotoxic activity of HRS-fractionated cells was observed in an allogeneic combination of C57BL spleen cells sensitized against C3H fibroblasts. The effect of HRS chromatography on the in vitro cytotoxic activity increased with prolonged incubation of the depleted effector cells with the target cells.
Suppression of the Mitogen-Stimulated Blastogenic Response during Reticuloendotheliosis Virus-Induced Tumorigenesis: Investigations into the Mechanism of Action of the Suppressor
Authors: Carpenter Charles R. , Rubin Arnold S. , Bose Henry R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Splenic lymphocytes from chickens infected with reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are suppressed in their ability to undergo PHA-induced blastogenesis. This suppression can be detected within 72 hr after virus injection and requires active viral infection since i.p. or i.v. injection of UV-inactivated REV does not result in inhibition of the blastogenic response. Suppressor cells from the spleens of REV-infected birds severely inhibit the ability of spleen cells from uninfected chickens to respond to PHA at a ratio of 1:20, suggesting that each suppressor cell may be capable of suppressing more than one target cell. Contact between suppressor and target cells is required for the rapid inhibition of the normal PHA response. The suppressive mechanism is cytostatic in nature, and apparently of host origin since neither REV, nor REV-infected (or transformed) cells mediate the suppression. The ability of the suppressor cells to impair the blastogenic response of spleen cells is sensitive to trypsin, suggesting that an inhibitory protein is exposed on the surface of the suppressor cells.