bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advantages and limitations of microscopy and molecular detections for diagnosis of soil-transmitted helminths: An overview
Authors: Miswan N. , Singham G. V. , Othman N. 
Published: February 2023

Summary
World Health Organization (WHO) reported that over 1.5 billion people are infected by soil-transmitted helminths (STH) worldwide in sub-Saharan Africa, the United States of America, China, and East Asia. Heavy infections and polyparasitism are associated with higher morbidity rates, and the patients are exposed to increased vulnerability to other diseases. Therefore, accurate diagnosis followed by mass treatment for morbidity control is necessary.STH diagnosis commonly involves the microscopic observation of the presence of the STH eggs and larvae in the faecal samples. Furthermore, molecular approaches are increasingly utilised in monitoring and surveillance as they show higher sensitivity. Their capability to differentiate hookworm species is an advantage over the Kato-Katz technique. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of microscopy and various molecular tools used for STH detection.
Differential activity of human leukocyte extract on systemic immune response and cyst growth in mice withEchinococcus multilocularisinfection after oral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes of administration
Authors: Ciglanová D. , Jurčacková Z. , Mudroňová D. , Dvorožňáková E. , Hrčková G. 
Published: February 2023

SummaryAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by the larval stage ofEchinococcus multilocularisis serious parasitic diseases associated with the host´s immunosuppression. The effects of human non-immune dialyzable leukocyte extract (DLE) on immune cells in blood and spleen and parasitic cysts weight in Balb/c mice after oral (PO), subcutaneous (SC) and intraperitoneal administration (IP) were compared. The reduction in cysts weight (p < 0.01) was recorded after PO route, whereas moderate reduction was found after SC and IP routes. The elevation of lymphoid populations in blood and spleen was found after PO administration (p < 0.01) in parallel with reduced myeloid population. Infection-elicited decline in B220+B cells was partially abolished by PO route, but DLE routes did not influence the CD3+ T cells. The proportions of CD3+CD4+Th lymphocytes were moderately upregulated, whereas CD3+CD8+Tc populations were reduced after all DLE routes (p < 0.01). PO administration increased CD11b+MHCIIhighblood monocytes, CD11b-SigleF+ cell, but not CD11b+Si-glecF+ eosinophils in the blood, stimulated after SC and IP routes. DLE induced downregulation of NO production by LPS-stimulated adherent splenocytesex vivo. Con A-triggered T lymphocyte proliferation was associated with the elevated IFN-γ production and transcription factor Tbet mRNA expression. The alleviation of Th2 (IL-4) and Treg (TGF-β) cytokine production by lymphocytesex vivoparalleled with downregulation of gene transcription for cytokines, GATA and FoxP3. Reduction of myeloid cells with suppressive activity was found. The SC and IP routes affected partially the cysts weights, diminished significantly gene transcription, NO levels and Th2 and Treg cytokines production. Results showed that PO route of DLE administration was the most effective in ameliorating immunosuppression via stimulation of Th1 type, reducing Th2 and Treg type of immunity and CD3+CD8+Tc lymphocytes in the blood and spleens duringE. multilocularisinfection in mice.
New Parasitic records of Aves: Phasianidae (Alectoris chukar) in Malakand division northern, Pakistan
Authors: Ullah A. , Khan K. , Bibi N. , Ahmad S. , Khan A. , Ali M. , Ali H. , Khan M. F. , Ghayyur S. , Yasmin S. , Ul Haq A. 
Published: February 2023

Summary
More than 24,000 species of helminth parasitize wild birds worldwide, and this number is expanding as interest in wildlife parasitology increases. The objective of the current study was to update the baseline of helminthological surveys conducted on chukar partridges (Alectoris chukar) in northern Pakistan. After reviewing the available literature, a parasite-host association checklist was developed. Nematodes (53.8 %) were the most commonly reported parasite, followed by cestodes (15.3 %) and trematodes (15.3 %) respectively.
Seventy (70) chukar partridge (Alectoris chukar) distributed across the Malakand division of northern Pakistan were screened for parasitosis during the period from October 2020 to the end of December 2021. Blood samples of all the specimens were screened for haemoprotozoa, the digestive tract was examined for protozoans and helminths. The examined birds were infected with nine different helminth parasite species identified as cestodes (4 species), trematodes (2 species) and 3 species of nematodes. 29 out of 70 birds were infected, with the male and female infection rates being 36 % and 52.1 %, respectively, with a total prevalence of 41.3 %. Among the infected birds 10 (34.4 %) contained cestodes, 2 (6.8 %) contained trematodes and 17 (58.6 %) contained nematodes. Of which Ascaridia galli and Capillaria phasianina recorded the highest prevalence (10 %). While Amoebotaenia cuneate, Choanotaenia infundibulum, Hypoderaeum conoideum, Lyperosomum longicauda recorded the least (1.4 %) respectively. Reporting of Raillietina echinobothrida, Amoebotaenia cuneate and Lyperosomum longicauda constitute new host records. A. cuneate is a new record in the parasitological list in the country. In terms of host’s sexuality, the overall figures show no significant changes in infection indices.
Prevalence of ruminant paramphistomosis and comparative histopathology of the infected rumens in Narowal district, Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Rizwan H. M. , Usman M. , Naeem M. A. , Farid M. U. , Younus M. , Sajid M. S. , Tahir U. B. , Luqman N. , Abbas H. , Ateeq M. K. , Taseer M. S. A. , Asif M. 
Published: February 2023

Summary
The present study reports the prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. in small and large ruminants and their association with the histopathology of the infected rumens. A total of 384 animals were screened for Paramphistomum spp. The animals found positive for Paramphistomum spp. were divided into three groups according to the worm load/5 cm2 (G1: 10 – 20 worms/5 cm2 = Low, G2: 20 – 40 worms/5 cm2 = Medium, and G3: >41 worms/5 cm2 = High). Tissue slides were prepared from samples of the rumen (1 cm2) taken from animals positive for ruminal fluke to determine the histological parameters, including epithelial length or thickness, length and width of the ruminal papilla, and thickness of tunica submucosa and mucularis externae. The overall prevalence of Paramphistomum spp. in the ruminant population of district Narowal was 56.25 % with a significant (P < 0.05) variation among different species of ruminants. The highest prevalence was in cattle, followed in order by buffalo, goat, and sheep. Epithelium thickness was significantly correlated with parasite load in large ruminants and the most significant (P < 0.05) decrease in epithelium thickness was in Group B (31.12 ± 1.82 μm) and Group C (31.07 ± 1.68 μm) and a same trend was recorded in small ruminants. Histopathological changes due to Paramphistomum spp. are reported for the first time, which explained the histomorphological and physiological changes in Paramphistomum-infected rumens which might be associated with lowered feed efficiency and productivity in ruminants.
Inducing systemic acquired resistance (SAR) against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and evaluation of biochemical changes in cucumber root
Authors: Taher I. E. , Ami S. N. 
Published: February 2023

Summary
For inducing systemic acquired resistance (SAR), Salicylic acid (SA), Ascorbic acid (AA), and silicon (Si) were applied on shoots, roots, and both of them simultaneously. Results showed that all treatments reduced the number of galls, root gall index, number of egg mass/root system, number of nematodes/root system, number of eggs/root system, number of nematodes/pot soil, the final population density of nematodes, and rate of reproduction. Treatments also increased growth criteria, including chlorophyll, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight, shoots dry weight, root dry weight, shoots length, and root length. SA foliar and root application decreased infection criteria and increased total phenol, peroxidase, and phenol oxidase activities. Ascorbic acid and silicon increased total phenol, peroxidase, and phenol oxidase activities.
Institutional influences on social enterprise types in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Cannon Sheila M. , Byrne Danielle , Donnelly-Cox Gemma , Rhodes Mary Lee 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Extensive research over the past twenty years explains and documents different approaches to and examples of social enterprise across the world. One line of research analyses the institutional contexts – considering economic development, governance, culture, and civil society - in order to explain different national approaches to social enterprise. Simultaneously, researchers have focussed on organisational level features to create typologies of social enterprises. This paper synthesises that research to create an embedded model of types, which sit within and are infl uenced by institutional contextual factors. The model is tested in the case of the Republic of Ireland, through desk research and empirical observation. A set of 57 organisations provides qualitative data for a narrative account of four types of social enterprise. Contributions include a new model of institutionally embedded social enterprise types which conceptualises and highlights the importance of historical contexts in applying typologies.
A novel H-shape fishway with excellent hydraulic characteristics
Authors: Zhang Di , Liu Chunming , Shi Xiaotao , Liu Yakun , Qu Yingmin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Fishway design not only takes into account the swimming abilities of target fishes, but also considers the hydrodynamic characteristics within the fishway. In this study, the flow fields of one vertical-slot fishway (i.e. VSF), five T-shape fishways (i.e. TSF-1~TSF-5) and two H-shape fishways (i.e. HSF-1 and HSF-2) are numerically simulated by solving the three-dimensional Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations and the K-Omega-SST turbulence model. The numerical results clearly indicate that the hydrodynamic properties of HSF-2 are overall superior to the remaining seven cases, in terms of the time-averaged flow pattern, the time-averaged velocity magnitude, the depth-mean time-averaged velocity magnitude along the vertical-slot section, the volume percentages of the time-averaged velocity magnitude less than some critical values, and the distribution of the time-averaged turbulent kinetic energy. Therefore, HSF-2 is more friendly for fishes with relatively smaller sizes and weaker swimming capacities to transfer upstream. The novel HSF-2 is firstly proposed in this paper, and it is naturally designed during the process of improving the flow regime. Furthermore, the generalizability of the superiority of HSF-2 over VSF and the original T-shape fishway (i.e. TSF-1) has been exhibited with the aid of the numerical results of four operating conditions (i.e. Q = 400 L/s, 600 L/s, 800 L/s and 1000 L/s).
Accuracy of radar-estimated precipitation in a mountain catchment in Slovakia
Authors: Sleziak Patrik , Jančo Martin , Danko Michal , Méri Ladislav , Holko Ladislav 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Accurate estimation of precipitation in mountain catchments is challenging due to its high spatial variability and lack of measured ground data. Weather radar can help to provide precipitation estimates in such conditions. This study investigates the differences between measured and radar-estimated daily precipitation in the mountain catchment of the Jalovecký Creek (area 22 km2, 6 rain gauges at altitudes 815–1900 m a.s.l.) in years 2017–2020. Despite good correlations between measured and radar-based precipitation at individual sites (correlation coefficients 0.68–0.90), the radar-estimated precipitation was mostly substantially smaller than measured precipitation. The underestimation was smaller at lower altitude (on average by –4% to –17% at 815 m a.s.l.) than at higher altitudes (–35% to –59% at 1400–1900 m a.s.l.). Unlike measured data, the radar-estimated precipitation did not show the differences in precipitation amounts at lower and higher altitudes (altitudinal differences). The differences between the measured and radar-estimated precipitation were not related to synoptic weather situations. The obtained results can be useful in preparation of more accurate precipitation estimates for the small mountain catchments.
Evaluation of a general model for multimodal unsaturated soil hydraulic properties
Authors: Seki Katsutoshi , Toride Nobuo , van Genuchten Martinus Th. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Many soils and other porous media exhibit dual- or multi-porosity type features. In a previous study (Seki et al., 2022) we presented multimodal water retention and closed-form hydraulic conductivity equations for such media. The objective of this study is to show that the proposed equations are practically useful. Specifically, dual-BC (Brooks and Corey)-CH (common head) (DBC), dual-VG (van Genuchten)-CH (DVC), and KO (Kosugi)1BC2-CH (KBC) models were evaluated for a broad range of soil types. The three models showed good agreement with measured water retention and hydraulic conductivity data over a wide range of pressure heads. Results were obtained by first optimizing water retention parameters and then optimizing the saturated hydraulic conductivity (K

s
) and two parameters (p, q) or (p, r) in the general hydraulic conductivity equation. Although conventionally the tortuosity factor p is optimized and (q, r) fixed, sensitivity analyses showed that optimization of two parameters (p + r, qr) is required for the multimodal models. For 20 soils from the UNSODA database, the average R
2 for log (hydraulic conductivity) was highest (0.985) for the KBC model with r = 1 and optimization of (K

s
, p, q). This result was almost equivalent (0.973) to the DVC model with q = 1 and optimization of (K

s
, p, r); both were higher than R
2 for the widely used Peters model (0.956) when optimizing (K

s
, p, a, ω). The proposed equations are useful for practical applications while mathematically being simple and consistent.
Effect of water surface slope and friction slope on the value of the estimated Manning’s roughness coefficient in gravel-bed streams
Authors: Zwolenik Monika , Michalec Bogusław 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using the empirical formulas to determine the roughness coefficient in gravel-bed streams, the bed slopes of which range from 0.006 to 0.047. Another aim was to determine the impact of taking into account the conditions of non-uniform flow on the application of these formulas and to develop the correlation relationships between the roughness coefficient and water surface slope and also between the roughness coefficient and friction slope in order to estimate the roughness coefficient n in gravel-bed streams.
The studies were conducted in eight measuring sections of streams located in the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland, southern Poland. The roughness coefficient n
0 for these sections was calculated from the transformed Bernoulli equation based on the results of surveys and hydrometric measurements. The values of n
0 were compared with the calculation results obtained from fourteen empirical formulas presenting the roughness coefficient as a function of slope.
The Lacey, Riggs, Bray and Sauer formulas were found to provide an approximate estimate of the n value, while the best roughness coefficient estimation results were obtained using the Riggs formula. It was also found that taking into account the non-uniform flow and using the friction slope in the formulas instead of the bed slope or water surface slope did not improve the estimated values of the roughness coefficient using the tested formulas. It was shown that the lack of differences in the RMSE and MAE error values calculated for the developed correlation equations between the roughness coefficient and the friction slope or with the water surface slope also indicate no influence of the assumed friction slope or water surface slope on the value of the estimated roughness coefficient.
Augmented Reality for Guiding Students Through Nawroz University’s Buildings using Unity Platform
Authors: Rajab Asaad Renas , Bahjat Abdulrahman Nechirvan , Hassan Ahmed Hanaa 
Published: February 2023

Artificial intelligence (AI) applications and technologies aim to increase the intelligence of the machines and computers around us, while virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) technologies aim to create an entirely new scene that cannot be physically touched but is perceptually perceptible through a variety of artificial visual and auditory effects. The new artificial world that any of these two technologies may produce is different, and virtual and augmented reality will not give us the same understanding or awareness of this fake reality. This is to say, even if the main objectives of virtual and augmented reality technologies are identical.
This system is for guiding students in Naworz University by AR. And the application is on android operating system. This application is useful for students at Nawroz University. The application doesn’t need much of feature, basic iPhone and android smartphone with a camera and AR capability, So the phone needs to be android 8.0 or higher.
Efecto de la hormona 17 α - metil testosterona en la reversión sexual de truchas (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Roca Dilmer , Manrique Lisbeth N. , Boza Washinton H. 
Published: February 2023

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de la hormona 17 alfa metiltestosterona en la reversión sexual de la trucha (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Se trabajó con una población de 6000 peces y se evaluó diferentes concentraciones hormonales por un período de 105 días. Los tratamientos fueron, T0 sin hormona, T1: 3mg, T2: 5mg y T3: 7mg. Los alevines de truchas se distribuyeron de manera aleatoria en 12 estanques circulares de fibra de vidrio con 3 repeticiones para cada tratamiento. La temperatura del agua fue de 11.5+/-0.025 °C y la alimentación se basó en su requerimiento nutricional. La evaluación del efecto hormonal se realizó mediante la técnica squash y evaluado a través del microscopio. Se determinó el porcentaje de peces con reversión sexual, neomachos (0 %, 90 %, 95.85 % y 98.33 %), para los tratamientos T0, T1,T2 y T3 respectivamente, mientras para intersexo (0%, 10%, 4.17% y 1.67%) para los tratamientos T0, T1,T2 y T3 respectivamente, donde se deduce que a medida que el nivel de la hormona se incrementa la cantidad de truchas intersexo va disminuyendo y la cantidad de neomachos va incrementándose. Esto se evidencia con la existencia de relación (asociación) entre el nivel de hormona y el sexo de la trucha (p-valor<0.05).
Руська православна церква у зовнішній політиці СРСР: історіографія радянської доби
Authors: Trygub Oleksandr , Stepanchuk Yurii 
Published: February 2023

Руська православна церква (РПЦ) завжди була тісно пов’язана з інститутом влади і займала важливі позиції не тільки у внутрішньому житті держави, а й у зовнішньополітичному курсі. Характер сучасної міжнародної діяльності РПЦ був сформований радянською системою після Другої світової війни. Не дивлячись на досить активну позицію Московської Патріархії у зовнішній політиці СРСР, дане питання до сьогодні залишається одним із найменш вивчених як в історичній, так і політологічній літературі. Тому автори спробують визначити рівень висвітлення даного феномену у науковій літературі у розрізі використання радянською системою структури Руської православної церкви (РПЦ) у реалізації зовнішньополітичних завдань післявоєнної доби. Отже, метою статті є окреслення історіографічного надбання радянської доби щодо місця та ролі РПЦ у зовнішній політиці СРСР 1944-1991 років.
Радянська історіографія проблеми діяльності РПЦ на міжнародній арені почала формуватися з 1940-х років. Серед дослідників радянської доби можна виділити два напрямки: церковний і світський. Церковна школа представлена духовенством Московської патріархії: архієпископ Серафім (Соболєв), протоієрей Григорій Разумовський), Анатолій Вєдєрніков, Олександр Кожа. Світська школа презентована працями радянських антирелігійників: Миколи Гордієнка, Павла Курочкіна, Володимира Куроєдова, Миколи Краснікова.
Праці радянських дослідників, зазвичай, мають оглядовий агітаційно-пропагандистський характер, несуть або релігійний, або ж ідеологічний відбиток негативного ставлення до минулого православної церкви та загалом до релігії. Навіть найкращі зразки радянської історіографії, що представлені працями Миколи Гордієнка та Павла Курочкіна, позбавлені глибокого розкриття теми, оскільки автори не мали доступу до архівних документів у сфері державно-церковних відносин, не бачили латентних механізмів тих чи інших кроків у діяльності РПЦ і т.д. Усі використані в історіографічному аналізі роботи були написані в умовах певного ідеологічного тиску зі сторони політичного керівництва країни.
US-Polish Relations: Stability of the Euro-Atlantic Community in the Focus of NATO
Authors: Shevchuk Oleksandr , Tykhonenko Iryna 
Published: February 2023

The issue of stability in the Euro-Atlantic community is related to NATO’s activities and the interaction of European states with the United States. In turn, an important place in the security environment of the European subcontinent is occupied by Poland, due to the geopolitical position of the state (critical influence on the stability in Central and Eastern Europe) and its activities in cooperation with the United States within NATO.
US cooperation with Poland has some conceptual background and determined by Warsaw’s participation in NATO operations, military and defense cooperation with NATO allies. There is a certain cyclical nature in US-Polish relations, given the political priorities of both countries (priorities of American Presidents’ administrations and activities especially of the Law and Justice (PiS) party in Poland), however, the security sphere is becoming an element of expanding allied relations. In connection with the Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, US cooperation with Poland has gained new significance both in the format of strengthening bilateral cooperation and in the regional context.
In turn, a tendency to change the European architecture of regional security due to the transformation of the Western European security complex in accordance with the theory of B. Buzan is existed, given the military threat from Russia, which determines the strengthening of Poland’s role in NATO, cooperation with the United States in the Euro-Atlantic community.