bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sing Rage
Authors: Mihut Cristian F. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 addresses the following question: Can we recommend curative forgivingness to people living under oppression? At first blush, virtuous anger seems overall a more fitting response to wrongdoers whose actions express and perpetuate systemic evil. The chapter surveys and clarifies several ways in which anger can be taken to be virtuous. It then articulates a model of practical selfhood—the dialogical/dramatic model—that aims to accommodate both forgivingness and the virtue of anger for individuals living in non-ideal circumstances. It illustrates how the dialogical/dramatic model responds to a serious worry about anger-entrenchment. It suggests a theological meta-narrative that makes sense simultaneously of the virtues of anger and forgivingness. The picture that emerges is this: the virtuousness of anger cannot be assessed piecemeal, in separation from larger psychological forces active in one’s agency. These in turn depend on the larger meta-narratives, and one of the stories available to those oppressed expresses God’s own responses to systemic injustices. The chapter and the book end by suggesting not only that curative forgivingness is compatible with virtuous anger, but that they can be brought closer together through the concept of normative hope in persons.
Humanist Moral Fusion: Terence and the Prodigal Son
Authors: Little Katherine C. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Humanist authors, including, famously, Erasmus of Rotterdam, confidently insisted that classical texts were useful for Christian readers, for shaping them in good and bad behavior. Despite humanist confidence in moral usefulness, the Renaissance encounter with pagan, classical texts was at times marked by ambivalence, an uneasy awareness of the gap between classical and Christian. Such ambivalence shapes the influential humanist play Acolastus (1529), a Latin play that fuses the biblical parable of the prodigal son and its message of repentance with Terentian comedy. Even as Acolastus embraces Roman comedy, the play generates a particularly Christian sense of loss. This sense of loss haunts the classical imitation that the play ostensibly promotes.
Contract Before the Enlightenment
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study explains the development and reception of Viscount Stair’s innovative contractual ideas. By considering his philosophical and theological impulses this examination sheds new light upon what shaped his legal thought and shows the imprint of Aristotelianism, Grotius, and Calvin upon legal thought in Scotland. It explains how Stair broke new ground within the Roman law tradition by assimilating it with Protestant natural law. Importantly, this investigation demonstrates how Stair’s Calvinist alteration of Grotius’ natural law theory resulted in a unique viewpoint in comparison to his contemporaries: bare agreements and promises are binding; the human will is the central trigger for creation of contractual obligations; man has a God-given freedom by which to create contractual obligations that he should use to bring glory to God; and that the rules of contract should be informed by the needs of commerce as much as equity. It concludes by arguing that once the Calvinist theistic premises of Stair’s contractual thought are dropped his approach bears the hallmarks of the natural law jurisprudence adopted by many of the leading moral philosophers of eighteenth-century Scotland.
Introduction
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Who is Stair? Why explore his contractual thought? Why does he matter to those beyond Scotland? How does his legal thought relate to the intellectual context of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe? These are some of the questions this introductory chapter starts to answer. It begins by offering an overview of Stair’s public life as well as his published work, emphasizing why an analysis of legal texts alone cannot adequately explain the unique path which Stair took within the Institutions of the Laws of Scotland. This introduction explains that by examining the philosophical, political, and theological influences of Stair we can start to explain some of the distinctive features of Scots contractual thought and see how Calvinism, Aristotelianism, and Grotian natural law has left its imprint on the law of Scotland.
Roman Law as a Source of Contract Law
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
How did Stair use Roman law? In the mid-seventeenth century it was the most comprehensive, structured, and respected source of legal thought in Scotland, and indeed, Europe more generally. Yet in offering an account of the law contract in Scotland, Stair innovated within the Roman law juristic tradition. This chapter sets out Stair’s two objectives—offer a summary of the laws and customs of Scotland and demonstrate the universal justice embodied within the laws of Scotland—and explains how they shaped, in part, his handling of Roman law as a source. Crucially, it explains Stair’s preference for reason over tradition and first principles over antiquity. In offering an account of Stair’s approach to Roman law, this chapter touches upon much larger political, legal, and philosophical debates of mid-seventeenth-century Scotland.
Standing by the Faith of Pactions and Promises
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The enforcement of nuda pacta is, prima facie, a departure from the traditional approach of Roman law and is redolent of canon law’s approach to contracting. Therefore, in terms of legal history, Stair’s statement that nuda pacta are enforceable in the Court of Session, namely a secular court, is a significant break from centuries of legal practice and is representative of a shift in legal thought. More generally, the recognition of the enforceability of a nudum pactum within a secular court is a significant development of contractual thought within European legal history which signals the emergence of modern notions of contract, including the secularization of contracting and the unification of different systems of law otherwise applicable to contracting behaviour. It also undermines the authority of the learned law of Roman law found in the Digest and commentaries upon the Corpus iuris civilis, which appeared to say otherwise. Arguably, by the time Stair said nuda pacta were enforceable within a Scots secular court, it was already being practised in various jurisdictions and geographical locations across Europe. The aim of this chapter is to explain Stair’s role and motivations as the first jurist in Scotland to proudly proclaim that nuda pacta were now enforceable in Scotland.
Freedom, Liberty, and Conscience
Authors: Bogle Stephen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how Stair’s conception of liberty and freedom used in the Institutions of the Law of Scotland can be informed by his theological treatise, Divine Perfections. What emerges is that Stair held a theologically rich conception of liberty, which meant that when prescribed obligations of divine law were exhausted, man had a discretion to decide how he would bring glory to God. But this was not freedom in a negative Hobbesian or a secular Pufendorfian sense: it was uttered within the context of seventeenth-century Scotland, where the notion of bringing glory to God was central to the social, institutional, and personal organization of an individual’s life. Indeed, when Stair is read within the appropriate context, it appears that for him there was a range of permissible actions which man could do with his liberty, and which could bring glory to God; but this was not licence or immunity to do whatever you wanted to do. That is, once Stair’s approach to liberty is understood within the context of the seventeenth century and his own theological writing, for Stair, man is only truly free when he acts in accordance with what God has willed, which was known to man through the Moral Law, which was written on his heart, and through his dialogue with his conscience, reason, and Scripture.
Processes and Records at the End of the Fifteenth Century
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Doctrine provided lawyers with an intellectual toolbox, but they also needed to be familiar with a procedural toolbox, since the common law relied on process to ensure order. Chapter 3 complements the story of doctrinal development in chapters 1 and 2 with an outline of how the criminal justice processes around felony worked in the late fifteenth century in practice, from the discovery of the body in a homicide through to verdict and sentencing. It also examines the activities of ecclesiastical officers in the common law courts, the ecclesiastical processes and records around benefit of clergy and purgation, and the rituals of abjuration in the years around 1500.
Sanctuary and Benefit of Clergy 1529–1536
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While the Reformation parliament clearly earned its adjective, this busiest of early Tudor parliaments had other concerns besides religious change, including law and order. Between 1529 and about 1536 the trajectory visible from late in the reign of Henry VII continued, and in the statutes of that parliament and the activities of the courts we can see three developments which both continued previous practices and built upon them in new ways. This chapter will start by examining the changes to sanctuary and benefit of clergy individually, but will highlight the ways in which they were increasingly intertwined, both in practice and in policy.
Sanctuary and Benefit of Clergy after 1537
Authors: McGlynn Margaret 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
While criminal justice reform rode the wave of religious reform successfully through the early 1530s, it crashed painfully in the last years of the decade. Over the previous four decades the justices had developed a new model of criminal confinement, sometimes in the face of ecclesiastical opposition, which confidently, if unthinkingly, assumed that the resources of the institutional Church would be available to fund and manage it. In the 1530s the opposition disappeared, but so did the resources. Without any compensating secular resources devoted to the problem—for that was never an option—the common lawyers increasingly found themselves responding on the fly to religious changes which undermined criminal justice practices in ways that were often not intended or foreseen. They were forced not only to improvise, but to improvise quickly. If the story of the five decades from 1490 to c. 1536 is of the creation of a secular system of criminal confinement housed, funded, and managed by the ecclesiastical authorities, the story of the two decades from 1537 to c. 1553 is of the swift collapse of that system as religious changes removed the institutional foundations on which it had been built.
Modes of Perpetuating Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to analytic preliminaries. Its task is to distinguish the four fundamental modes of perpetuating advantage. One is by simply retaining it, holding on to what you have. A second is by expanding it, securing further advantage being a way of also retaining advantages that you already have. A third is by replicating advantage, creating for yourself a new advantage just like the one you originally had. A fourth is by recreating advantage, different in kind than you previously had but just as advantageous. These are four patterns of perpetuated advantage. The task of subsequent chapters is to explicate the more specific mechanisms that produce those patterns.
Language, Coding Categories, and Interpretive Schema Confer Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractLanguages pose a classic coordination problem: everyone wants to speak the same language as those with whom they want to communicate, in order to be understood. But while everyone wants to coordinate on the same language, the choice of which it is to be can differentially advantage some (e.g., native speakers) over others. The choice of language can thus confer advantages on some over others because they accrue more status from the language they speak, they are more fluent in it, and more facile in manipulating it. Similar dynamics are at work in the choice of concepts and coding categories. it is convenient (sometimes essential) for everyone to use the same ones, but the choice of which to use can advantage some people over others, and persistently so as the same concepts and categories are used recurringly time and again. The same dynamics are at work in the choice of interpretative schema (ideologies and their explanatory cognates).
Coordination and Organization Confer Advantage
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis chapter extends Chapter 5’s categorization of ‘coordination problems’ in relation to languages. In addition to ‘pure coordination games’ (where benefits are equal for all parties) and ‘unequal coordination games’ (where different coordinated outcomes are better for some than others), there are also imperatives to coordinate in ‘assurance game’ (‘Stag hunt’) and ‘Prisoners’ Dilemma’ situations. Such coordination can be accomplished by various mechanisms: formal mutual agreements; shared norms or conventions; mutual adjustment (each responding to the other’s moves); or mutual alignment (each doing what they think is best from the point of view of the collective). Organizations are the institutional embodiment of such coordination, although even in the most institutionalized organization much of the coordination is of a more informal sort. Organization and ongoing schemes of coordination more generally inevitably embody distributional biases that advantage some over others, and recurringly so insofar as the same structures persist over time. This chapter concludes the book’s discussion of specific mechanisms for perpetuating injustice.
External Opportunities
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis is the first of two chapters exploring the fundamental ‘drivers’ underlying the specific mechanisms of structural injustice already elaborated. Its focus is upon ‘scale effects’ and the way in which the opportunities they afford give rise to many of the mechanisms for perpetuating advantaged previously discussed. Scale effects arise at various points. One is in production: the stuff of monopolies and mergers. A second is in consumption: with some goods, the more you consume, the more you have to consume (practising the piano is arguably like that, as is trusting one another). A third sort of scale effect arises in connection with valuation: network externalities are like that (the bigger the network, the more valuable it is to be part of it) but there are various other cases where ‘bigger is better’ (e.g., it is better to open an account in a bank with more customers). Scale effects of any of those sorts perpetuate advantage. Insofar as bigger is better and better attracts more people, the bigger thing gets still bigger—and better for those already advantaged in being part of something that big.
Ideal and Non-Ideal Theory
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that epistemology needs to have a debate about idealization. Moreover, it argues that the existing debate between traditional and social epistemology is not a good surrogate for such a debate. The chapter also sketches the contours of the debate by identifying the epistemological analogues of positions that have been taken on the role of idealization in political philosophy by John Rawls and Charles Mills, among others. The result is a way of distinguishing between ideal and non-ideal epistemology that is based on the way that Mills has distinguished between ideal and non-ideal theory in political philosophy. Along the way, the chapter clarifies what is and is not at issue in the debate between ideal and non-ideal epistemology and addresses some objections to the book as a whole.
The Obligation to Engage
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues against the view, defended by John Stuart Mill, that we have an obligation to engage with challenges to our beliefs. On the Millian picture, engaging with challenges will bring epistemic benefits. The chapter draws on insights from Kristie Dotson about epistemic exclusion and oppression to argue that engagement will only have these benefits if inquirers satisfy their obligations to each other. But inquirers often fail to satisfy their obligations to members of marginalized groups, who are regularly excluded from systems of knowledge production and dissemination. The chapter finishes by sketching a new, non-ideal picture of our obligations as inquirers. On this picture, the extent of our obligations depends on whether we can expect other inquirers to satisfy their obligations to us. If I can’t expect you to satisfy your obligations towards me, it may be that I have no obligation to engage with you or what you have to say.
Scepticism Motivated
Authors: McKenna Robin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses empirical work on motivated reasoning to argue that many of our beliefs about political issues, and scientific issues that have become politically contentious like global warming, are unjustified. This is a distinctive form of scepticism that is motivated by the recognition of human cognitive limitations. The chapter uses the fact that scepticism is a live issue within non-ideal epistemology to underscore several points. The debate between ideal and non-ideal epistemology is not a debate about whether our epistemic norms and ideals should be demanding, and the non-ideal epistemologist’s criticism of ideal epistemology is not that it is overly demanding. The criticism is that ideal epistemology sometimes traffics in norms and ideals that we would do better not to try and follow or attain.
Section introduction: principles of vaccine economics
Authors: Bishai David , Mayora Chrispus 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This section provides an overview of the specificities of vaccines as a complex medical product. Vaccines are some of the most complex molecules ever invented and the social systems that deploy, monitor, and finance them are equally complex. Readers will be exposed to the peculiarities of vaccine economics, which arise from the peculiarities of vaccines. The fundamental elements of economics such as price, demand, and supply will take on a new meaning in the world of vaccines, which are often “free” to most consumers. On the supply side, this section will present how costs of vaccines are determined, highlighting the cost differences between newer vaccines where companies must recover their substantial outlay required for discovery and traditional older vaccines whose production costs resemble undifferentiated commodities produced in competitive markets. The demand side of vaccine economics will also be discussed, with the challenges in accessing vaccines and the rise of vaccine hesitancy.
Introduction to global vaccine systems
Authors: de Broucker Gatien 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Vaccines are a sophisticated and highly regulated product. Their level of sophistication, which dictates their cost and global distribution, lies in the biotechnology used and the complex delivery system in place to ensure their effectiveness in the real world. Private companies and academic institutions lead the research effort to develop and test in clinical trials new vaccine formulations that will prove both effective and safe for the consumer. Those vaccine types include the presentation of the antigen itself, from live-attenuated virus to a fragment of messenger-RNA—each with a different cost for development and production. While pharmaceutical and manufacturers supply vaccines, international agencies and governments will select them and organize their distribution. Governments set standards on how vaccines are made available to the consumer using an immunization schedule and an immunization program (e.g., routine immunization vs. supplemental immunization activities. Extensive public regulation is commonly used to ensure vaccines have their optimal effectiveness both for the individual they protect and people who benefit from secondary protection via herd immunity.
Relevance of health economics to vaccines
Authors: Bishai David , Mayora Chrispus 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A complex system called the immunization system governs the development, financing, and distribution of vaccines. The building blocks in this system include institutions that rely on information about the need for vaccines, the potential benefits, costs, and risks, and the number of potential beneficiaries. There is a demand side to this system based on which individuals can express their own private assessment of how much they will benefit and incur costs to access vaccines including travel time and bearing side effects or the fear of side effects. The demand side also includes social planners who can express the value of collective immunity that goes beyond the private benefit. On the supply side are firms that vary in their comparative advantages in discovering and producing vaccines. Industry-level supply and private demand do not meet at a well-defined equilibrium price, because public subsides often bring the money price of a vaccine to zero. The lack of a market equilibrium emphasizes the importance of information about costs, risks, and benefits for public planners who must make decisions on vaccine adoption and scale-up that maximize social well-being at lowest cost.
Vaccination as investment in human capital
Authors: Sevilla J. P. , Bloom David , Salmon Dan , Bishai David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Vaccines can be regarded by individuals as investments in human capital that can yield future returns in the form of the direct utility of health as well as the utility of higher earnings from future productive time. From the societal perspective, vaccines have an emergent property when herd immunity is achieved allowing whole communities to lower their need for precautions and disease control spending. The additional value of vaccines to society is not accounted for by individual choices to accept a vaccine, hence the individually optimal vaccine coverage rate will predictably fall short of the socially optimal coverage. The human capital calculation of the individual value of vaccines does not completely account for nonrational behavioral economics effects on vaccine hesitancy. Nonrational heuristics drive people to incorrectly overweight small consequences in the present and underweight large benefits in the future. People can also take shortcuts like attending to emotions such as fear or dread or shortcut risk-benefit assessment by emulating the choices of people in their social network. In the face of the predictable shortfall in vaccine acceptance, governments will need to play a role in subsidizing access to good information about vaccine benefits and risks and lowering all access barriers. The amount the government allocates to subsidizing vaccine coverage has an upper bound based on the efficacy of promotion measures and the full social utility of achieving higher rates of coverage.
Designing a primary costing study or analysis
Authors: Edoka Ijeoma , Resch Stephen , Brenzel Logan 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents and highlights critical elements related to the purpose and design of immunization costing studies. Core concepts on the scope and boundaries of costing the program which is often integrated with other services are explored. In addition, the perspective of the costing exercise and whether costs reflect those of the provider, the funder or society are presented. This chapter discusses data collection approaches, particularly for key elements such as labor time and allocation of other health systems and shared costs. Methods and data sources on prices are included. Readers are provided resources for sample questionnaires and interview techniques. Importantly, this chapter discusses sampling strategies and provides an example of a sampling procedure.