bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classification Algorithm for Skin Color (CASCo): A new tool to measure skin color in social science research
Authors: Rejón Piña René Alejandro , Ma Chenglong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectiveA growing body of literature reveals that skin color has significant effects on people's income, health, education, and employment. However, the ways in which skin color has been measured in empirical research have been criticized for being inaccurate, if not subjective and biased.ObjectiveIntroduce an objective, automatic, accessible and customizable Classification Algorithm for Skin Color (CASCo).MethodsWe review the methods traditionally used to measure skin color (verbal scales, visual aids or color palettes, photo elicitation, spectrometers and image‐based algorithms), noting their shortcomings. We highlight the need for a different tool to measure skin colorResultsWe present CASCo, a (social researcher‐friendly) Python library that uses face detection, skin segmentation and k‐means clustering algorithms to determine the skin tone category of portraits.ConclusionAfter assessing the merits and shortcomings of all the methods available, we argue CASCo is well equipped to overcome most challenges and objections posed against its alternatives. While acknowledging its limitations, we contend that CASCo should complement researchers. toolkit in this area.
Race, linked fate, and attitudes toward the police
Authors: Russell Erica B. , Garand James C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractObjectivesIn this article, we explore the effects of race linked fate and racial self‐identification on Americans’ attitudes toward the police. We suggest that the strength of the connection between race linked fate and police attitudes depends on whether a given racial group experiences or perceives a pattern of marginalization and discrimination by the police that targets their racial group. We expect that the negative relationship between race linked fate and police attitudes will be strongest among African Americans and Latinos (i.e., two groups with often contentious relations with law enforcement), weaker among Asians and other race individuals, and negligible or (possibly) positive for whites.MethodsUsing data from the 2016 Voter Study Group survey, we estimate a series of ordinary least squares regression and binary logit models of police attitudes.ResultsWe find, as expected, that the effects of race linked fate on attitudes toward the police are very strong for African Americans and Latinos, weak and/or inconsistent for Asians and other race respondents, and nonexistent for white respondents.ConclusionThese results point to the importance of racial self‐identification and race linked fate in shaping attitudes about the police, particularly among African Americans and Latinos.
Sensor-Less Grasping Force Control of a Pneumatic Underactuated Robotic Gripper
Authors: Hua Hongliang , Song Jie , Zhao Jingbo , Liao Zhenqiang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The primary motivation of this study is to develop a sensor-less, easily controlled, and passively adaptive robotic gripper. A back-drivable pneumatic underactuated robotic gripper (PURG), based on the pneumatic cylinder and underactuated finger mechanism, is presented to accomplish the above goals. A feedforward grasping force control method, based on the learned kinematics of the underactuated finger mechanism, is proposed to achieve sensor-less grasping force control. To enhance the grasping force control accuracy, a state-based actuating force modeling method is presented to compensate the hysteresis error which exists in the transmission mechanism. Actuating force control experiment is performed to validate the effectiveness of the state-based actuating pressure modeling method. Results reveal that compared with the non-state-based modeling method, the proposed state-based actuating force modeling method could reduce the modeling error and control error by about 37.0% and 77.2%, respectively. Results of grasping experiments further reveal that grasping force could be accurately controlled by the state-based feedforward control model in a sensor-less approach. Adaptive grasping experiments are performed to exhibit the effectiveness of the sensor-less grasping force control approach.
A Novel Variable Stiffness Compliant Robotic Link Based on Discrete Variable Stiffness Units for Safe Human–Robot Interaction
Authors: Fu Jiaming , Yu Ziqing , Lin Han , Zheng Lianxi , Gan Dongming 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Variable stiffness manipulators balance the trade-off between manipulation performance needing high stiffness and safe human–robot interaction desiring low stiffness. Variable stiffness links enable this flexible manipulation function during human–robot interaction. In this paper, we propose a novel variable stiffness link based on discrete variable stiffness units (DSUs). A DSU is a parallel guided beam that can adjust stiffness discretely by changing the cross-sectional area properties of the hollow beam segments. The variable stiffness link (Tri-DSU) consists of three tandem DSUs to achieve eight stiffness modes and a stiffness ratio of 31. To optimize the design, stiffness analysis of the DSU and Tri-DSU under various configurations and forces was performed by a derived linear analytical model which applies to small/intermediate deflections. The model is derived using the approach of serially connected beams and superposition combinations. 3D-Printed prototypes were built to verify the feature and performance of the Tri-DSU in comparison with the finite element analysis and analytical model results. It’s demonstrated that our model can accurately predict the stiffnesses of the DSU and Tri-DSU within a certain range of parameters. Impact tests were also conducted to validate the performance of the Tri-DSU. The developed method and analytical model are extendable to multiple DSUs with parameter configurations to achieve modularization and customization, and also provide a tool for the design of reconfigurable collaborative robot (cobot) manipulators.
Design and Modeling Framework for DexTeR: Dexterous Continuum Tensegrity Manipulator
Authors: Woods Cole , Vikas Vishesh 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe field of tensegrity faces challenges in design to facilitate efficient fabrication, and modeling due to the antagonistic nature of tension and compression elements. The research presents design methodology, and modeling framework for a human-spine inspired Dexterous continuum Tensegrity manipulatoR (DexTeR). DexTeR is a continuum manipulator that comprises of an assembly of “vertebra” modules fabricated using two curved links and 12 strings, and actuated using motor-tendon actuators. The fabrication methodology involves the construction of the equivalent graph of the module and finding the Euler path that traverses every edge of the graph exactly once. The vertices and edges of the graph correspond to the holes and strings or links of the mechanism. Unlike traditional rigid manipulators, the design results in centralization of the majority of the weight of the actuators at the base with negligible effect on the manipulator dynamics. For the first time in literature, we fabricate a tensegrity manipulator that is assembled using ten modules to conceptually validate the time and cost efficiency of the approach. A dynamic model of a vertebra module is presented using the Euler–Newton approach with screw theory representation. Each rigid link is represented using a screw, a six-dimensional vector with components of angular rotation, and linear translation. The nonlinearity in the system arises from the discontinuous behavior of the strings and the “closed-chain” nature of the mechanism. The behavior of the strings is piece-wise continuous to model their slack, compliant, or tension states.
Analyzing Harmony and Discord Among Optimal Building Controllers Responding to Energy, Cost, and Carbon Reduction Objectives
Authors: Li Lily X. , Pavlak Gregory S. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractOptimization and control of building thermal energy storage holds great potential for unlocking demand-side flexibility, an asset that is being given much attention in current grid reforms responding to the climate crisis. As greater information regarding grid operations is becoming available, grid-interactive building controls inherently have become a multi-objective problem. Typical multi-objective optimization frameworks often introduce greater complexity and computational burden and are less favorable for achieving widespread adoption. With the overall goal of easing deployment of advanced building controls and aiding the building-to-grid integration, this work aims to evaluate the trade-offs and degrees of sub-optimality introduced by implementing single-objective controllers only. We formulate and apply a detailed single-objective, model predictive control (MPC) framework to individually optimize building thermal storage assets of two types of commercial buildings, informed by future grid scenarios, around energy, economic, environmental, and peak demand objectives. For each day, we compare the building’s performance in every category as if it had been controlled by four separate single-objective model predictive controllers. By comparing the individual controllers for each day, we reveal the level of harmony or discord that exists between these simple single-objective problems. In essence, we quantify the potential loss that would occur in three of the objectives if the optimal control problem were to optimally respond to only one of the grid signals. Results show that on most days, the carbon and energy controllers retained most of the savings in energy, cost, and carbon. Trade-offs were observed between the peak demand controller and the other objectives, and during extreme energy pricing events. These observations are further discussed in terms of their implications for the design of grid-interactive building incentive signals and utility tariffs.
Entropy Generation Minimization for Boiling Flow Inside Evaporator Tube With R32 and R410A Refrigerants: A Comparison of Different Two-Phase Flow Models
Authors: Hossain Md Naim , Ghosh Koushik 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe objective of the present work is to find out the optimal mass flux of two common refrigerants, R32 and R410A, undergoing boiling in an evaporator tube based on the entropy generation minimization approach. An entropy generation model is developed for two-phase boiling flow based on the drift flux approach. The distinct terms for entropy generation due to heat transfer and pressure drop are developed. The optimal solutions of the present model under a practical range of parametric conditions are compared with that obtained from the existing homogeneous and separated flow-based model. Analysis reveals that increasing the evaporator diameter and heat flux increases the optimal mass flux at minimum entropy generation for both refrigerants. On the other hand, increasing the evaporator length decreases the optimal mass flux. It is observed that the optimal mass flux data for all parametric conditions deviate within 10–15% on the positive and negative sides for drift flux and homogeneous models, respectively, compared to separate flow model. The present analysis also reveals that the overall deviation of data of the drift flux model and homogeneous flow model indicates a standard deviation of 1.95–1.98%, respectively.
Assessment of a Conjugate Heat Transfer Method on an Effusion Cooled Combustor Operated With a Swirl Stabilized Partially Premixed Flame
Authors: Amerini A. , Paccati S. , Mazzei L. , Andreini A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) plays a crucial role in the design of cooling systems in gas turbine combustors due to the difficulties and costs related to experimental measurements performed in pressurized reactive environments. Despite the massive advances in computational resources in the last years, reactive unsteady and multi-scale simulations of combustor real operating conditions are still computationally expensive. Modern combustors often employ cooling schemes based on effusion technique, which provides uniform protection of the liner from hot gases, combining the heat removal by means of heat sink effect with liner coverage and protection by film cooling. However, a large number of effusion holes results in a relevant increase of computational resources required to perform a CFD simulation capable of correctly predicting the thermal load on the metal walls within the combustor. Moreover, a multi-physics and multi-scale approach is mandatory to properly consider the different characteristic scales of the several heat transfer modes within combustion chambers to achieve a reliable prediction of aerothermal fields within the combustor and wall heat fluxes and temperatures. From this point of view, loosely coupled approaches permit a strong reduction of the calculation time, since each physics is solved through a dedicated solver optimized according to the considered heat transfer mechanism. The object of this work is to highlight the capabilities of a loosely coupled unsteady multi-physics tool (U-THERM3D) developed at the University of Florence within ansys fluent. The coupling strategy will be employed for the numerical analysis of the TECFLAM effusion cooled swirl burner, an academic test rig well representative of the working conditions of a partially premixed combustion chamber equipped with an effusion cooling system, developed by the collaboration of the Universities of Darmstadt, Heidelberg, Karlsruhe, and the DLR. The highly detailed numerical results obtained from the unsteady multi-physics and multi-scale simulation will be compared with experimental data to validate the numerical procedure.
A Kinematically Constrained Kalman Filter for Sensor Fusion in a Wearable Origami Robot
Authors: Yumbla Emiliano Quinones , Li Dongting , Nibi Tolemy M. , Aukes Daniel M. , Zhang Wenlong 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSensing for wearable robots is an ongoing challenge, especially given the recent trend of soft and compliant robots. Recently, a wearable origami exoshell has been designed to sense the user’s torso motion and provide mobility assistance. The materials of the exoshell contribute to a lightweight design with compliant joints, which are ideal characteristics for a wearable device. Common sensors are not ideal for the exoshell as they compromise these design characteristics. Rotary encoders are often rigid metal devices that add considerable weight and compromise the flexibility of the joints. Inertial measurement unit sensors are affected by environments with variable electromagnetic fields and therefore not ideal for wearable applications. Hall effect sensors and gyroscopes are utilized as alternative compatible sensors, which introduce their own set of challenges: noisy measurements and drift due to sensor bias. To mitigate this, we designed the Kinematically Constrained Kalman filter for sensor fusion of gyroscopes and Hall effect sensors, with the goal of estimating the human’s torso and robot joint angles. We augmented the states to consider bias related to the torso angle in order to compensate for drift. The forward kinematics of the robot is incorporated into the Kalman filter as state constraints to address the unobservability of the torso angle and its related bias. The proposed algorithm improved the estimation performance of the torso angle and its bias, compared to the individual sensors and the standard Kalman filter, as demonstrated through bench tests and experiments with a human user.
Numerical Investigations on Suspended Power Cable Configurations for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines in Deep Water Powering an FPSO
Authors: Schnepf Anja , Devulder Aymeric , Johnsen Øyvind , Ong Muk Chen , Lopez-Pavon Carlos 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Floating offshore wind turbines (FOWTs) are an opportunity for floating production storage and offloading units (FPSOs) to reduce emissions. To avoid long connecting power cables with long transmission distances between a FOWT and an FPSO, the novel concept of a suspended power cable in a large water depth of 1000 m is investigated in this study. The power cable is kept floating between the sea surface and the seabed without touching either of them. A catenary configuration and two configurations with subsea buoys attached at different locations along the cable are investigated. The OC3-Hywind 5 MW reference FOWT is set up with a deepwater mooring system, and a spread-moored FPSO is modeled with characteristics similar to existing FPSOs. Steady-state and dynamic simulations are carried out in the numerical software OrcaFlex. The different configurations are first evaluated in steady-state analyses. The largest tensions are observed for the catenary configuration, whereas it shows the lowest horizontal cable excursions. Buoys attached along the center section of the cable lift it into regions with strong currents. This results in a large horizontal excursion of the cable and large tensions. The suspended configuration with buoys attached evenly over the cable results in significantly lower tensions than the other two configurations. It is studied further with dynamic analyses. The tensions at the floater hang-offs increase by a maximum of 24% compared to steady-state results indicating that dynamic analysis is crucial for the design of suspended cable configurations.
A Theoretical and Experimental Study on High-Efficiency and Ultra-Low Damage Machining of Diamond
Authors: Yuan Song , Guo Xiaoguang , Wang Hao , Gao Shang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDiamond has attracted extensive attention from many scholars due to its characteristics, whereas the high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining regarding diamond is still a bottleneck restricting its applications. Herein, a new polishing equipment was built, and a new method of photochemical mechanical polishing (PCMP) combining mechanical + chemical + optical field coupling was proposed to solve the problem of high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond. The experimental results show that the sub-nanoscale surface of Ra 0.071 nm, rms 0.090 nm, Rz 0.943 nm, and the micro removal rate per hour can be obtained after PCMP for the first time. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results manifest that the damage of the diamond substrate after PCMP is amorphous carbon damage, and the damage thickness of amorphous carbon is only 0.6 nm. The PCMP model of ReaxFF molecular dynamics (MD) simulation was constructed to elucidate the microscopic mechanism during the diamond PCMP process. Simulation results show that ultraviolet (UV) irradiation increases the activity of diamond by decreasing the stability of substrate and weakening the C-C bonds, thus promoting the oxidation of diamond surface. Our experimental and theoretical research provides an insight for realizing high-efficiency and ultra-low damage machining of diamond.
Hip Joint Biomechanical Parameters and Their Relationship With the Esthetic Functional Performance of the Développé à la Seconde Movement in Classical Ballet Dancers
Authors: Metzen Fernanda , Ribeiro-Alvares João Breno , Pompeo Klauber Dalcero , Sonda Francesca Chaida , Santos Rodrigo Silva , Vaz Marco Aurélio 
Published: February 2023

Développé à la seconde is a classic ballet movement that requires the maintenance of a high hip joint range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength. However, the contribution of these hip joint biomechanical parameters to this movement’s esthetic performance is unclear. Therefore, this study evaluated hip joint biomechanical characteristics of 21 experienced ballet dancers (15–29 y old) and verified the relationship between these variables with the développé à la seconde static and dynamic performance. Correlations between age, ballet practice time, gluteus maximus and gluteus medius thicknesses, ROM, and muscle strength with absolute and relative static and dynamic performances were verified. Flexors, extensors, and internal rotators peak strength and external rotation ROM were highly correlated with absolute and relative static performances (0.5–0.7). Flexors and extensors strength and external and internal rotation ROM showed the highest correlations with the développé dynamic performance (0.49–0.67). Flexor strength and flexor and internal rotation ROM predicted 26% to 41% of this movement’s static and dynamic performances. Thus, from a biomechanical perspective, clinical assessment of hip strength and ROM may be used to predict the quality of the ballet dancers’ performance of the développé à la seconde and guide classical ballet training.
Giant proximity exchange and flat Chern band in 2D magnet-semiconductor heterostructures
Authors: Paul Nisarga , Zhang Yang , Fu Liang 
Published: February 2023

van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures formed by two-dimensional (2D) magnets and semiconductors have provided a fertile ground for fundamental science and spintronics. We present first-principles calculations finding a proximity exchange splitting of 14 meV (equivalent to an effective Zeeman field of 120 T) in the vdW magnet-semiconductor heterostructure MoS
2
/CrBr
3
, leading to a 2D spin-polarized half-metal with carrier densities ranging up to 10
13
cm
−2
. We consequently explore the effect of large exchange coupling on the electronic band structure when the magnetic layer hosts chiral spin textures such as skyrmions. A flat Chern band is found at a “magic” value of magnetization

m
¯

∼
0.2

for Schrödinger electrons, and it generally occurs for Dirac electrons. The magnetic proximity–induced anomalous Hall effect enables transport-based detection of chiral spin textures, and flat Chern bands provide an avenue for engineering various strongly correlated states.
SDCBP promotes pancreatic cancer progression by preventing YAP1 from β-TrCP-mediated proteasomal degradation
Authors: Liu Jing , Bai Weiwei , Zhou Tianxing , Xie Yongjie , Yang Bo , Sun Jingyan , Wang Yifei , Li Xueyang , Hou Xupeng , Liu Ziyun , Fu Danqi , Yan Jingrui , Jiang Wenna , Zhao Kaili , Zhou Bodong , Yuan Shuai , Guo Yu , Wang Hongwei , Chang Antao , Gao Song , Shi Lei , Huang Chongbiao , Yang Shengyu , Hao Jihui 
Published: February 2023

ObjectivePancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a highly lethal tumour with limited treatment options. Here, we identified syndecan binding protein (SDCBP), also known as syntenin1, as a novel targetable factor in promoting PDAC tumour progression. We also explored a therapeutic strategy for suppressing SDCBP expression.DesignWe used samples from patients with PDAC, human organoid models, LSL-KrasG12D/+mice, LSL-Trp53R172H/+ and Pdx1-Cre (KPC) mouse models, and PDX mouse models. Immunostaining, colony formation assay, ethynyl-2-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, real-time cell analysis, cell apoptosis assay, automated cell tracking, invadopodia detection and gelatin degradation assays, coimmunoprecipitation, and pull-down assays were performed in this study.ResultsThe median overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates in the high-SDCBP group were significantly shorter than those in the low-SDCBP group. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that SDCBP promotes PDAC proliferation and metastasis. Mechanically, SDCBP inhibits CK1δ/ε-mediated YAP-S384/S387 phosphorylation, which further suppresses β-TrCP-mediated YAP1 ubiquitination and proteasome degradation by directly interacting with YAP1. SDCBP interacts with the TAD domain of YAP1, mainly through its PDZ1 domain. Preclinical KPC mouse cohorts demonstrated that zinc pyrithione (ZnPT) suppresses PDAC tumour progression by suppressing SDCBP.ConclusionsSDCBP promotes the proliferation and metastasis of PDAC by preventing YAP1 from β-TrCP-mediated proteasomal degradation. Therefore, ZnPT could be a promising therapeutic strategy to inhibit PDAC progression by suppressing SDCBP.