bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics of drift Alfvén instabilities and energetic particles in fusion plasmas
Authors: Li Yueyan , Falessi Matteo Valerio , Lauber Philipp , Li Yang , Qiu Zhiyong , Wei Guangyu , Zonca Fulvio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Shear Alfvén wave (SAW)/drift Alfvén wave (DAW) fluctuations can be destabilized by energetic particles (EPs) as well as thermal plasma components, which play a key role in the EP energy and momentum transport processes in burning fusion plasmas. The drift Alfvén energetic particle stability (DAEPS) code, which is an eigenvalue code using the finite element method, was developed to analyze Alfvén instabilities excited by EPs. The model equations, consisting of the quasineutrality condition and the Schrödinger-like form of the vorticity equation, are derived within the general fishbone-like dispersion relation theoretical framework, which is widely used to analyze SAW/DAW physics. The mode structure decomposition approach and asymptotic matching between the inertial/singular layer and ideal regions are adopted. Therefore, the DAEPS code can provide not only frequency and growth/damping rate but also the parallel mode structure as well as the asymptotic behavior corresponding to the singular-layer contribution. Thus, it fully describes fluid and kinetic continuous spectra as well as unstable and damped modes. The model equations have been extended to include general axisymmetric geometry and to solve for the response of circulating and trapped particles by means of the action-angle approach. In this work, we discuss linear dispersion relation and parallel mode structure of drift Alfvén instabilities excited by EPs, computed with the DAEPS code with realistic experimental plasma profile and magnetic configuration. We compare DAEPS results with FALCON/LIGKA to provide a verification of the code. We then adopt the Dyson–Schrödinger model (DSM) to further analyze the EP energy and momentum flux. We will briefly discuss how the parallel mode structure of the drift Alfvén instabilities can be used in the DSM to calculate the nonlinear radial envelope evolution and the EP transport.
Solitons and quasi-Grammians of the generalized lattice Heisenberg magnet model
Authors: Amjad Zeeshan , Haider Bushra 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we study the discrete Darboux and standard binary Darboux transformation for the generalized lattice Heisenberg magnet model. We calculate the quasi-Grammian solutions by the iteration of standard binary Darboux transformation. Furthermore, we derive the explicit matrix solutions for the binary Darboux matrix and then reduce them to the elementary Darboux matrix and plot the dynamics of solutions.
Application of solar photovoltaic electricity in unravelling the effects of coating defects on cathodic protection parameters of buried pipeline
Authors: Ekperi R , Ajieh M U , Ikpeseni S C , Owamah H I , Edomwonyi-Otu L C , Okafor I F 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Corrosion management in some remote locations such as Niger Delta region of Nigeria, is at risk of uncertainty of constant power supply. Thus, solar photovoltaic (PV) presents a sustainable alternative to conventional fossil energy in mitigating pipeline failure, associated human and material harzards and other environmental exposures. Coating defects takes place when the surface of the structure is cathodically exposed. An epoxy coating was applied on the X65 carbon pipeline powered with four (4) solar PV modules to charge a 200Ah battery to generate a direct current (DC) and to detect defects initiated on the coated pipe. Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR) technique was adopted in assessing cathodic protection (CP) parameters of the coated pipe. The result shows that current flow decreased with an increase in the size of the defect. Resistance to CP was found to be 12354263.07 Ohm.cm2 compared with no CP of 87174 Ohm.cm2 at 0.1 cm2 scratch size. By implication, the application of coating with CP in the absence of defects was observed to significantly increase cathodic current. This is otherwise known as overprotection, a situation that enhances hydrogen embrittlement and coating disbondment.
Comparative study of dyes and effects of purification on selected plants for dye-sensitized solar cells application
Authors: Akwolu R A , Offiah S U , Agbogu A , Nwakanma O , Ekechukwu O. V. , Okafor I. F. , Ugwuoke P E 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The extensive research and interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) due to their relatively low cost, simple preparation methodology, low toxicity, and comparable ease of production continues to garner momentum over recent decades. This study explores the extraction and purification of dyes from different plant sources for solar cell applications. The results obtained from these extracts commonly serve societies ranging from dyes for textiles to medicinal applications for multiple ailments and also for DSSC. The purification using dyechloromethyl (DCM), an organic solvent, and column chromatography helps separate the impurities and other solutions and get the pigment responsible for each dye. The dyes were deposited using a simple drop-casting technique on a doctor-blade fabricated TiO2 layer. The UV-Vis characterizations of the dyes showed an increase in the band gap values after the purification, and FTIR characterizations showed the presence of chemical structures needed for dye-sensitized solar cells. EIS studies showed a decrease in the impedance values after purification, which could positively enhance the efficiency of solar cell devices.
Morphological characterization of sweet sorghum lines which has the potential as a raw material for bioethanol
Authors: Herniwati  , Widaryanto E , Waluyo B , Wicaksono K P , Pabendon M B 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Sweet sorghum is a potential plant as a raw material for bioethanol. This plant has the potential to be developed in tropical, semi-tropical and arid climates. To obtain information on elite lines as raw material for ethanol, it is necessary to characterize qualitative and quantitative traits. This study aims to obtain information about the quantitative and qualitative characters of several sweet sorghum lines that have the potential as raw materials for bioethanol. The research was carried out from August to December 2019 on the Experimental Farm of Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICERI), at Maros, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The genetic materials used in this study were ten sweet sorghum lines, namely 15020B, 1115-C, 4-183ABEOTO, AB-6-1-1, EA-13-1-1, KL2, 10 (1-1), 23 (1-1), Buleleng Abang and WR2 and two varieties as check, namely Super-1 and Super-2, using a randomized block design in which genotype was the treatment factor. Qualitative data is explained by a descriptive method which refers to UPOV. Analysis of variance indicated significant differences in the quantitative and qualitative characters. Significantly different characters quantitatively were plant height, leaf length, leaf width, day to flowering, panicle length, and weight of 1000 grains. While the significant qualitative data are green leaf intensity, leaf bone color, pistil color, pistil length, dry stamen color, panicle shape, panicle density after pollination, self-pollination, husk color, husk length, grain color, seed shape, and endosperm texture. Based on morphological data, the promising elite lines as raw material for bioethanol were EA-13-1-1, KL2, WR2, Buleleng Abang, 61 (1-1) and 15020B. However, other scientific supporting data are needed to recommend superior sweet sorghum lines as raw material for bioethanol.
Estimation of Rice Straw Adequacy as Ruminants Feed-in Java Based on Yield Area Conversion
Authors: Nugraha R I , Shiddieqy M I , Laconi E B , Jayanegara A 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Java is considered a center for the ruminant population and supplies cattle and buffalo to several parts of Indonesia. Livestock population increment needs the adequacy of feed, both quantity and quality. Potential sources of feeds are therefore needed to be inventoried to ensure the sustainability of feed adequacy. This study aimed to estimate the potential amount of feed from rice straw in Java for supporting ruminant production in the region. The method of this study was descriptive and quantitative, using secondary data. The potential amount of rice straw as cattle and buffalo feed ingredients was calculated using the yield area of rice. The yield area was converted to grain production, which led to the rice straw production as feed availability. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), and total digestible nutrient (TDN) contents were used as a parameter. The percentage of the three parameters was collected from previous studies. The availability of DM, CP, and TDN from rice straws was then calculated based on the Animal Unit (AU). On the other hand, feed requirement was derived from the cattle and buffalo population. The population data were converted to AU, and then the total DM, CP, and TDN requirements were calculated based on previous studies (6.25 kg DM.AU-1, 0.66 kg CP.AU -1, and 4.3 kg TDN.AU-1). The feed availability and condition in Java province were compared and classified into three categories: surplus, sufficient, and deficit. The results showed that Banten, West Java, and Central Java provinces were sufficient to feed adequacy, whereas East Java and Yogyakarta provinces were deficient. This study suggests each province should utilize alternative feed resources in addition to rice straws to ensuring a sufficient feed supply for a ruminant.
Cinnamon Java Roll Modification as Alternative Sweet Snack for Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Hangesti Emi Widyasari R. A. , Widodo Gatot , Devy  , Nurdialy Mela 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
One of the healthy lifestyles that continues to grow is consuming healthy food. The consumption of sweet bread in Indonesia continues to increase, and as a result, the cases of people with diabetes mellitus in Indonesia have also experienced a significant increase, for it is not recommended for people with diabetes mellitus to consume excessive amounts of sweet bread. A cinnamon roll is a dough roll sheet consisting of the cinnamon and sugar mixture (raisins or other sweet fruit ingredients) which are sprinkled on top of a thin layer of butter. Cinnamon Java Roll is a modified product of cinnamon roll with cinnamon and palm sugar with lower sugar content due to the ingredients in it, where there is a modification of the ingredients by adding palm sugar which has a lower glycemic index, and the addition of sliced dates as an additional sweetener and almond nuts for nutritional enrichment. One slice of bread contains 137 Cal of energy, 2.59 grams of protein, 4.93 grams of fat, and 22.36 grams of carbohydrates with a sugar content of 8.37 grams/serving (1 slice) and 75.34 grams/recipe (9 slices).
Scale-up of citric acid production by utilizing rice husk waste and purification using ion exchange chromatography
Authors: Siagian A A , Manurung A , Martgrita M M 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Citric acid is one of the essential organic acids in human life and rice husk has the potential to be used as a substrate because it contains about 28.6-43.3% cellulose, and its use, does not compete with human needs. This research aims to increase citric acid production by using rice husk as a substrate, with a working volume of 2000 mL. In this study, it produced citric acid using submerged fermentation and Aspergillus niger at 22.42% w/v rice husk conditions, 10% w/v sucrose, 3% v/v methanol, and 400 rpm agitation. The results showed that the citric acid pH value on day 18 of fermentation was 1.9, and the concentration of citric acid after purification was 162.667 g/L, while the concentration of citric acid before purification was 148.639 g/L. The specific growth rate of Aspergillus niger obtained was 0.0863 cells/day, and the rate of reducing sugar consumption was 0.1283 g/day. The yield of Aspergillus niger biomass produced is 1.1258 cells for each g of reducing sugar, and the yield of citric acid production is 16.8144 g for each g of cell and 18.9301 g for each g of reducing sugar.
Extraction of Bio-pigments from the Green Microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa Under Different Solvent Ratios
Authors: Farobie Obie , Anis Latifah Aisya , Nurcahyani Puji Rahmawati , Hartulistiyoso Edy , Rahman Delicia Yunita , Fatriasari Widya , Nafisyah Ayu Lana , Amrullah Apip , Aziz Muhammad 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, the use of microalgae biomass is evolving rapidly for their various applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. One of the essential compounds in microalgae that have good perspectives in the market is pigment since it can be used as a natural colorant in food or cosmetics. However, the extraction of bio-pigments from the green microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa under different solvent ratios is still rarely reported. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the bio-pigment potential from C. pyrenoidosa extracted under different ethanol ratios. The algae-to-ethanol ratios of 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10 were employed in this study. Overall, C. pyrenoidosa contains total chlorophyll content much higher than carotenoids due to the fact that C. pyrenoidosa is the autotrophic microorganism that performs photosynthesis. The total chlorophyll content decreased with an increase in ethanol ratio, i.e., 134.47, 133.74, and 129.46 μg/mL at the ratio of 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10, respectively. In contrast, the carotenoid content slightly increased with an increase in ethanol ratio, i.e., 86.64, 87.08, 88.45 μg/mL at the ratio of 1:5, 1:7.5, and 1:10, respectively. The main chlorophyll compounds in the ethanol extract with the algae-to-ethanol molar ratio of 1:5 were identified as chlorophyll c (47.09 μg/mL), followed by chlorophyll b (38.50 μg/mL), chlorophyll a (28.67 μg/mL), and chlorophyll d (20.23 μg/mL).
A Review on used cooking oil as a sustainable biodiesel feedstock in Indonesia
Authors: Febijanto Irhan , Ulfah Fathiah , Kusrestuwardhani  , Siswanto  , Yuwono Trihadi Sudarwaji Edi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Indonesia is the world’s largest producer and consumer of palm oil. Its residents are accustomed to frying food in its food culture, hence the massive generation of used cooking oil (UCO). However, UCO has not been optimally utilized. Most is dumped into the environment, causing uncontrolled environmental pollution. The utilization of UCO as biodiesel feedstock is one solution to overcome environmental pollution while increasing its economic value. This utilization contributes to the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) target while simultaneously providing an additional global supply of biodiesel feedstock. The amount of UCO for biodiesel raw materials is potential to be increased further. However, the UCO collection system is extremely dependent on the existing collection system, socio-cultural and education aspects of the local community, as well as support from the local government. In Indonesia, UCO collection remains limited in a local context and is carried out partially. This study reviews several previous studies related to the potential of UCO and the environmental impact of UCO use for biodiesel. The improvement of the UCO collection management system in alignment with local socio-cultural conditions is also proposed. This paper is expected to offer a useful reference for decision-makers in updating and implementing the UCO collection method for sustainable biodiesel feedstock.
Utilization of Indigofera Leaves as Natural Dyes for Silk Fabrics
Authors: Erdawati  , Lisdiana Hayyun , Saefurahman Ganjar 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Indigo is a natural blue dye produced from the leaves of the Indigofera plant, which is environmentally friendly and non-carcinogenic. This study aimed to determine the reduction potential value of molasses and brown sugar as reducing agents, to examine the effect of the hydrochloric acid concentrations and aeration time on the amount of indigo, and to test the fastness of rubbing against solar heat, dry, wet and acid on silk fabrics that were dyed by indigo with various fixators. To extract the indigo dye, the Indian glycosides contained in Indigofera leaves were hydrolyzed to indoxyl and glucose using hydrochloric acid. Indoxyl was then oxidized to indigo using molasses as a polysaccharide compound. The results showed that the concentration of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid produced the highest indigo content of 26.83 ppm, and the best aeration time was 4 hours to produce indigo with a concentration of 22.32 ppm. The effect of the fixator types produced different colors. The fixator of ferrous sulfate produced a dark blue-green color, limestone produced a light blue color, while alum produced a bright blue color. The fastness test showed the same result as the gray sale value of 4-5 meaning that there was a slight fading.
Thermogravimetric assessment for combustion characteristic of torrefied pellet biomass from agricultural solid waste
Authors: Iryani Dewi A , Rakaseri Isyaeboni , Azhar Azhar , Haryanto Agus , Hidayat Wahyu , Hasanudin Udin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This present paper is focused on the investigation of combustion characteristics of torrefied pellet biomass from agricultural waste. Four biomass pellet samples such as sugarcane bagasse, Napier grass, Palm Empty Fruit Bunches, and Cassava stem were torrefied in a designed cylinder tubular pyrolysis reactor. The reactor was set up under 30 min of residence time, and the temperature reaction was varied at 200, 250, and 300 °C in an inert atmosphere. The torrefied products were then characterized in terms of their psychochemical properties such as proximate, ultimate, calorific value, and combustion properties. The combustion properties of raw and torrefied biomass pellets during the combustion process were investigated by the thermogravimetric analyzer Exstar SII TG/DTA7300. The samples were heated at an ambient temperature up to 800 °C at a constant heating rate of airflow at 10 °C/min in airflow. The results showed that the moisture content and volatile matter of torrefied pellets decreased by 2 to 5% and 8 to 14%, subsequently. Otherwise, the fixed carbon content is up to three times higher than the raw material. The study conclusively that torrefaction can also able to enhance combustion performance in terms of ignition and burnout temperature, ignition and burnout index, and combustion rate. The results shows that, the ignition and burnout temperatures of torrefied pellets are higher than raw material. The ignition and combustion index of torrefied pellets are lower than raw material, and the torrefied pellets have a longer burning time and a higher combustion temperature.
Characterization of Gasoline, Ethanol, and Methanol Blends (GEM) With Calculation RON Target
Authors: Hanifuddin M. , Gibran Hario , Galvin Ronald , Muhammad Zaim Kamil , Anggarani Riesta , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo , Sugiarto Bambang 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Fossil fuels still dominate future energy needs, while oil production has shown a declining trend over the past ten years. One solution to this condition is using new and renewable energy sources. In the transportation sector, one of the most common environmental problems resulting from the combustion of fossil fuels in internal combustion engines is emission. Mixing gasoline with alcohol is based on this problem. This paper calculates the composition of gasoline-ethanol-methanol with target RON 92, 95, and 98 with RON-based 89. The composition of this blend is calculated with linear molar calculation. Blending ethanol and methanol in gasoline also influences their chemical and physical properties. The characteristics, i.e., research octane number (RON) and density of gasoline-ethanol-methanol fuel blends of RON target 92, 95, and 98, are presented. The results of this calculation will be compared with the experiment. RON is one of the critical characteristics of the internal combustion engine’s compression ratio and combustion quality. The obtained result revealed that the average difference from the calculation with the experiment on RON is 0.73, and the density is 0.36.
Digital monitoring system for anaerobic bioreactor conditions based on information on biogas volume, biogas pressure and methane gas content
Authors: Soehartanto Totok , Putu Eka Widya Pratama I , Tanaya Jamal Fikri , Sumirman Edy 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The operational conditions of the anaerobic bioreactor can be predicted using three parameters, such as biogas pressure, biogas mass flow rate, and methane gas content. This research will present a monitoring system for the operational conditions of an anaerobic bioreactor through the measurement of those operational parameters based on knowledge data. The knowledge-based monitoring system is equipped with an interface for connectivity with pressure sensor, mass flow rate and methane gas content sensor, so that it can monitor the condition of the bioreactor in real time. The implementation of bioreactor monitoring is applied at bioreactors in Pakal Benowo Forest, Surabaya. The trial test was carried out under three different conditions: In the morning (around 08.00 AM) indicated information on the methane gas content of 72.5% LEL, biogas pressure 7.3 kPa and mass flow rate biogas 0.3 liters per minute. The second one during the day (around 11.00 AM) indicates information on the methane gas content of 56.5% LEL, biogas pressure 1.1 kPa and biogas mass flow rate of 0.3 liters per minute. The last, in the afternoon (around 03.00 PM) indicates information on the methane gas content of 51.1% LEL, biogas pressure of 1.1 kPa and biogas mass flow rate of 0.3 liters per minute. From those results, our monitoring system is able to identify the operational conditions of the anaerobic bioreactor.
Determination of optimum technologies implementation scenarios toward net zero emissions in palm oil biodiesel production
Authors: Prasetya H , Apriyanto H , Agustina L 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Increasing bioenergy use is one of the strategies for achieving net zero emissions by 2060. Palm oil biodiesel is a type of bioenergy that has the potential to be applied to achieve this target. On the other side, there are several sources of emission along the palm oil biodiesel (POB) production chain. These potential emissions can be reduced by applying various technologies along the production chain. This study aims to develop a model for reducing emissions from palm oil biodiesel. The model developed was a combination of life cycle assessment and genetic algorithms. Two objectives are defined in this model, namely: maximizing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction through technology implementation and minimizing mitigation costs in its implementation. A combination of technology implementations was represented as chromosomes generated through crossover and mutation. By running more than 1000 iterations, a combination of optimal technology implementation can be obtained with the smallest emissions and minimal mitigation costs.