bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Embryo Weight and Seed Priming on Seedling Characteristics of Different Maize Cultvars
Authors: Dawood A. A , Jaddoa Khudhair A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
An laboratory experiment was carried out during the year 2020 at the Seed Technology Laboratory of the Crop Department - College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad in order to know the effect of seed priming and size of their embryos of different cultivars of maize on the seedling characteristics. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replicates. The first factor included three synthetic cultivars of maize (Al-Maha, Baghdad 3 and Al-Fajr) and Al-Nahrain hybrid. For the second factor, it included the priming of seeds with ASA, CK, GA3, KCL, H2O2, DW and DS, in addition to the dry seeds (without priming). The seeds were soaked with solutions of these substances for 24 hours and six characteristics related to the germination process were estimated, which were the weight of the seed after stimulation, the weight of the embryo, the time of germination, the length of the radicle and shoot, and its dry weight. The results showed that the seed priming with H2O2 was significantly superior, as it gave the highest average of seed weight, lowest average germination time, longest average radiclelength and highest seedling dry weight (0.336 g, 3.12 days, 15.08 cm and 0.215 g, respectively). The treatment of seeds with ascorbic was superior in giving the highest average weight of the embryo that reached 0.049 gm, the treatment of stimulating the seeds with gibberellin was superior in giving the highest mean of the coleoptile length of 10.79 cm. Al-Maha cultivar excelled in giving it the highest average seed weight, embryo weight, radiclelength and dry weight, as it reached 0.335 g, 0.050 g, 14.42 cm and 0.194 g, respectively. Whereas, the Fajr cultivar was significantly superior by giving the highest average coleoptile length of 9.37 cm. The interaction effect between the study factors was significant in most of the studied traits.
Studying the Effect of Hydrogel and its Relationship to some Vegetative Growth and Yield Characteristics of Bread Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Zangana Dlawar D. , Aljburi Jasim M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted in two separate experiments, the first under conditions of irrigation water shortage and the second when irrigation water was sufficient to evaluate and determine the effect of Hydrogel on fifteen different genotypes of bread wheat and to identify the most superior varieties in terms of vegetative growth and yield of this crop, The grains of the genotypes were planted at the Sayada site - Agricultural Research and Experiment Station of the College of Agriculture - University of Kirkuk (longitude 44.42 0 east and latitude 35.16 0 north). For the season (2021-2022) using a randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with a split plot system, the two experiments included three sectors, and each sector included two main plots with the addition of Hydrogel (A1) and without the addition of Hydrogel (A0), and each secondary plot contained (15) genotypes Different from soft bread wheat, the cultivars were planted in four lines with a length of (3) m, and the distance between one line and other was (0.25) m. The characteristics of the total number of tillers were studied. m−2, the height of the plant (cm), the area of the flag leaf (cm2), the number of days from sowing to 50% flowering (day), and the grain yield in a ton. and- The biological yield. A meta-analysis was carried out and the results were summarized by the superiority of irrigation water sufficiency over the lack of irrigation water, and all cultivars excelled when adding hydrogel over not adding hydrogel for all the studied characteristics. this explained that the effect of the hydrogel in storing and retaining water in a way that guarantees the actual need of the crop and achieves its sufficiency, as it was shown that the cultivar Bohuth 22 was superior in terms of the number of prunings tillers all cultivars, at a rate of (533.7 tiller. m−2), and the kalar 1 in the area of the flag leaf, at a rate of (70.8) cm2 and Aras cultivar recorded the lowest average number of days from sowing until 50% of flowering amounted to (145.8) days, and the Fayadh cultivar had the highest average plant height of (105.1) cm, and the Kalar 1 cultivar had the highest average grain yield of (3.86) tons. h−1. The cultivar Tammuz 2, had the highest biological yield of(14.26 tons. h−1).
Influence of Husking Machine Type, and its Clearance on the Factory Rice, Mashkhab (M-33) Cultivar
Authors: Ajmi Nafea M. , Kheiralipour Kamran , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Alaamer Shathar A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study aims to know the impact of the peeling machine type and the clearances on some qualitative characteristics of the Mashkhab (M-33) cultivar rice production. It was observed from this study that the S-KB40 peeling machine was significantly superior to the Y-ST50 peeling machine in all the studied characteristics, while it achieved the highest results with a clearance of 0.9cm, except for the husking efficiency that achieved the highest results with the clearance 0.5 cm. The experiments were conducted in a factorial experiment under CRD with three replications. For S-KB40 the MP, PR, HE, BR and CR were 1.747t.hr−1, 15.180Kw, 75.94 %,7.251% and 5.807% respectively. For 0.9cm clearance the MP, PR, HE, BR and CR, were 1.885 t.hr−1, 14.625 Kw, 74.03%,6.754 and 5.173% respectively.
Evaluation of the Performance of a Locally Manufactured Palm Service Platform
Authors: Ghali Aliwi Amir , Abdul-Munaim Ali Mazin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in one of the orchards of Al-Qassim district in Babel Governorate to find out the ability of a locally manufactured platform to serve palm trees by working in flat and uneven orchard land, palm tree heights of 4, 8, and 12 meters, and it performs pollination, pruning and harvesting services. The time of ascent and descent, the palm service, and the palm/hour productivity were measured. A randomized complete block design with three replications used a split split-plot arrangement. The nature of the land (flat or uneven) represented the main plots, the height of the palm trees (4, 8, 12) meters, the sub-plots, and the palm service operations (pollination, pruning, harvesting) of the sub-sub plots. The data were analyzed and compared according to the L.S.D test at the probability level of 0.05. The results indicated that there is a significant effect of the palm height factor and the type of service factor on the studied characteristics. The highest time for ascent and descent was 101.22 and 50.86 seconds, respectively, at the height of 12 meters, and the highest time for serving the palm tree was 95.40 seconds/palm for the pruning process, and the least productivity was 7.33 palm trees/hour for the pruning process. There was a significant interaction between the palm tree’s height and the land’s nature regarding productivity characteristics. There was a significant difference between the height of the palm tree and the type of service with both times of ascent, descent, and service of a palm tree. Based on the previous, it is possible to use the locally manufactured platform in palm groves to reduce the suffering of palm farmers from the difficulty of performing the necessary operations to serve palm trees, especially those of high altitudes.
Effect of Plant Metabolism and Fertilizer Type in the Production of Root Exudates Under the Influence of Root Mechanical Stress
Authors: Al-Deliamy Abdullah Oda Alwan , Ameer Maha Ali Abdul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The current study was carried out in order to know the effect of plant metabolism, fertilizer type and michanical stress (soil compaction) factors on the content of root exudates of mungbean plant Vigna radiate L. and maize plant Zea mays L. from primary and secondary metabolites. Root exudates were collected and their contents of metabolites such as total sugars, total proteins, total phenols, total flavonoids total terpenoids, Hormons (gibberellic, abscisic and jasmonic acid), and enzymes (ATPase, catalase and DNase) were estimated using spectrophotometric and HPLC technology, and the results showed the following: (1) Significant superiority in the content of root exudates of maize plants (C4) from all metabolites except for total sugars and gibberellin hormone where their concentration decreased significantly Compared to the root exudates of mungbean plants (C3). (2) Significant superiority in the content of root exudates of plants grown in compacted soils from all metabolites except for gibberellin hormone and DNase, where theirconcentration decreased significantly compared to noncompacted soils. (3) Significant decrease in the concentration of most of the Components of the root exudates of mungbean and maize plants affected by different types of studid fertilizers from metabolites compared to the root exudates of plants not affected by those fertilizers. The complete randomized block design (RCBD) was adopted with a factorial experiment with three factors, namely metabolism (C), fertilizer (F) and mechanical stress (S), and with three replications, and averages of the trasactions were compared using the least significant difference (RLSD) test at the probability level 0.05.
The Economic Return of the Application of the Technical Recommendations of the Integrated Date Palm Pest Management Program (Babylon Governorate as a Model)
Authors: Ali Mohammed J. , Kadhim Zuhal R. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The research aimed to identify the effectiveness of the integrated control system in resisting pests that affect palm trees from an economic perspective, by measuring the impact of its application on some economic variables represented in productivity per donum, total costs per donum, total revenue and net return per donum. The results showed the positive impact of the application of the integrated control program on Productivity, where the average productivity of the donum for the low application level was about 1548 kg/donum, while the average application level was about 2264.2 kg/donum, the high application was about 1710.8 kg/donum. For the total costs, it was found that the low application level was about 182957.3 dinars/donum, the average application level was about 127188 dinars/donum, and the high application was about 176440.7 dinars/donum and for the net donum return, it was found that the low application level was about 253580 dinars/donum. The average level of application amounted to about 354,570 dinars/donum, while the high application reached about 576,230 dinars/donum, and the study recommended the concerned authorities implement the integrated pest management program in the palm sector the need to increase material and guidance support for the program because of its positive impact on the economic and environmental aspect, coordination with the Directorate of Agriculture in Babylon Governorate, in which the program was implemented to work on follow-up in spreading technology and convincing farmers to adopt it through agricultural extension departments in This governorate and the need to find appropriate methods and mechanisms by the Ministry of Agriculture that encourage the private sector to provide supplies and alternatives to chemical pesticides to farmers instead of relying on the government sector.
Is it possible to 3D bioprint load-bearing bone implants? A critical review
Authors: Gupta Tanmay , Ghosh Subrata Bandhu , Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh Sanchita , Sain Mohini 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Rehabilitative capabilities of any tissue engineered scaffold rely primarily on the triad of (i) biomechanical properties such as mechanical properties and architecture, (ii) chemical behavior such as regulation of cytokine expression, and (iii) cellular response modulation (including their recruitment and differentiation). The closer the implant can mimic the native tissue, the better it can rehabilitate the damage therein. Among the available fabrication techniques, only 3D bioprinting (3DBP) can satisfactorily replicate the inherent heterogeneity of the host tissue. However, 3DBP scaffolds typically suffer from poor mechanical properties, thereby, driving the increased research interest in development of load-bearing 3DBP orthopedic scaffolds in recent years. Typically, these scaffolds involve multi-material 3D printing, comprising of at-least one bioink and a load-bearing ink; such that mechanical and biological requirements of the biomaterials are decoupled. Ensuring high cellular survivability and good mechanical properties are of key concerns in all these studies. 3DBP of such scaffolds is in early developmental stages, and research data from only a handful of preliminary animal studies are available, owing to limitations in print-capabilities and restrictive materials library. This article presents a topically focused review of the state-of-the-art, while highlighting aspects like available 3DBP techniques; biomaterials’ printability; mechanical and degradation behavior; and their overall bone-tissue rehabilitative efficacy. This collection amalgamates and critically analyses the research aimed at 3DBP of load-bearing scaffolds for fulfilling demands of personalized-medicine. We highlight the recent-advances in 3DBP techniques employing thermoplastics and phosphate-cements for load-bearing applications. Finally, we provide an outlook for possible future perspectives of 3DBP for load-bearing orthopedic applications. Overall, the article creates ample foundation for future research, as it gathers the latest and ongoing research that scientists could utilize.
Effect of lattice boundary on Anderson localization of nonclassical light in optical waveguide arrays
Authors: Majumder Shubradeep , Rai Amit , Vemuri Gautam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
We study the effect that the boundary of a one-dimensional lattice has on the Anderson localization of nonclassical light in a finite optical waveguide array in which neighboring waveguides are evanescently coupled and controlled disorder is introduced. By investigating the quantum properties of the output when nonclassical light is injected into the waveguide, we show enhancements of localization and quantum features due to the boundary.
Effect of varying molarity and curing conditions on the mechanical and microstructural characteristics of alkali activated GGBS binder
Authors: A Tamilarasan , OM Suganya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Geopolymer binder offers a more sustainable choice for producing concrete in comparison to traditional ordinary Portland cement (OPC). The substitution of geopolymer binder for construction practices can decrease carbon dioxide emissions by decreasing OPC usage and repurposing industrial waste materials like ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, red mud, silica fume. In order to assess the suitability of GGBS as a binding material, it is essential to conduct conventional tests like consistency, setting times, and compressive strength, which are widely employed in cement testing. This study produced alkali activated paste (AAP) from GGBS and an alkaline activator comprising sodium hydroxide at various molarities from 1 M to 8 M. This investigation focused on the compressive strength of alkali-activated GGBS-based AAP under varying alkali activation molarities and curing conditions, including ambient, hot air oven, and humidity chamber curing. Additionally, the end reaction products of AAP showing higher compressive strength were examined for scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The experimental outcomes indicated that GGBS reduced the final setting time of AAP while increasing its compressive strength. Additionally, increasing the quantity of NaOH in the AAP increased its compressive strength. Furthermore, the research findings indicated that the mechanical properties of the alkali-activated GGBS-based material were notably influenced by the chosen curing conditions. Specifically, ambient curing demonstrated superior compressive strength, measuring at 47.06 MPa after 28 days, surpassing the results obtained from hot air oven curing and humidity curing.
Mechanical properties of an improved grout for cementitious precast beam-column joints
Authors: Jiang Hao T , Zhang XR , Dong JN , Wei LU , Mei Jiangtao 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study proposed a new formulation for an improved grout with superior early strength and ultra-high cured strength; it was designed on the basis of the theory of closest packing. Orthogonal experiments were conducted to analyse the effects of four factors, silica powder content, water reducer content, steel fibre content, and water-cement ratio, on the flowability, compressive strength, and compactness of grout. The criteria for determining whether the grout met the requirements for Code included initial flowability greater than 300 mm, flowability more than 260 mm after 30 min, and compressive strength more than 60 MPa after 12 h of standard curing. The results showed that the performance of the grout satisfied specified requirements for Code with small internal voids and acceptable durability. After the ratio of raw materials was optimized, The grout sleeve test showed that the failure occurred in the steel bars outside the sleeve, and no grout pulling, slipping, splitting, or other behaviour occurred within the sleeve, which meant that the specimens met the design requirements. The development of this grout will greatly reduce construction time for Code and improve the quality of connections in prefabricated components. The results of this study will provide a reference for the design and development of new grouts in the future.
Improved passive optical network RoF system based vertical cavity-surface emitting laser (VCSEL) optical source external modulation
Authors: Jalal Sirwan Kareem , Al-Maqdici Raghad Zuhair Yousif 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Passive Optical Network (PON) is a promising 5 G optical fiber network technology, that can enhance reliability data rate, and bandwidth saving. This simulation-based study investigates the feasibility of implementing a vertical cavity-surface emitting laser (VCSEL) optical source along with wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) for designing a PON radio over fiber (RoF) system that can authorize multi-subscribers, users, to simultaneously use the same optical fiber for Front long-haul data transmission. Three scenarios are proposed: First, a VCSEL, and a Mach–Zehnder Modulator with a distinctive frequency are made accessible to every user in the PON system. Whereas, in the second scenario, a continuous wave (CW) laser is used to replace the VCSEL in the same PON. 16 users are multiplexed by a WDM and transmitted over a link length of 200 km. The system performance is, thus measured in terms of Q-factor, and it is revealed that the VCSEL-based system outperforms the system utilized CW laser to a distance of 150 km, with a maximum gain in the Q-factor of about 4.5. Both postulated systems are able to achieve a maximum transmission distance of 180 km with a minimum Q-factor of 6. Moreover, to minimize, the input current of around 1 mA and the system complexity, a third scenario is presented in which one VCSEL with 193.1 THz is shared among multiple users. The Q-factor performance is then simulated for up to 72 users, revealing that the minimum level of acceptable Q-factor has been maintained up to a link length of 180 km.
Distribution of bacterial community structures on human scalp hair shaft in relation to scalp sites
Authors: Watanabe Kota , Yamada Azusa , Nakayama Shunichi , Kadokura Toshimori , Sakai Kenji , Tashiro Yukihiro 
Published: September 2023

ABSTRACT
Bacterial community structure on the human skin is specific to each individual and varies among different body sites. In this study, we investigated differences in bacterial community structure among 5 hair sampling sites and among 12 individuals. Significant differences were found between individuals in terms of alpha diversity and relative abundance of major bacterial phyla and genera, whereas no differences were found between hair sampling sites. The principal coordinate analysis plots of within-individual group tended to converge individually, whereas those of within-hair sampling site group did not cluster. In addition, weighted UniFrac analysis showed that the individual-based category was a statistically significant category but not the scalp hair sampling site-based category. These results suggest that the distribution of bacterial community structures on scalp hair shafts within individuals was relatively steady, even when the scalp hair sampling site was different.
Sequence Alignment/Map format: a comprehensive review of approaches and applications
Authors: Liu Yuansheng , Shen Xiangzhen , Gong Yongshun , Liu Yiping , Song Bosheng , Zeng Xiangxiang 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The Sequence Alignment/Map (SAM) format file is the text file used to record alignment information. Alignment is the core of sequencing analysis, and downstream tasks accept mapping results for further processing. Given the rapid development of the sequencing industry today, a comprehensive understanding of the SAM format and related tools is necessary to meet the challenges of data processing and analysis. This paper is devoted to retrieving knowledge in the broad field of SAM. First, the format of SAM is introduced to understand the overall process of the sequencing analysis. Then, existing work is systematically classified in accordance with generation, compression and application, and the involved SAM tools are specifically mined. Lastly, a summary and some thoughts on future directions are provided.
Relationship of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) transcriptome identifies mouse preimplantation embryo reference genes
Authors: Tscherner Allison K , McClatchie Taylor , Macaulay Angus D , Baltz Jay M 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNumerous reference genes for use with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) have been used for oocytes, eggs, and preimplantation embryos. However, none are actually suitable because of their large variations in expression between developmental stages. To address this, we produced a standardized and merged RNA sequencing (RNAseq) data set by combining multiple publicly available RNAseq data sets that spanned mouse GV oocytes, MII eggs, and 1-cell, 2-cell, 4-cell, 8-cell, morula, and blastocyst stage embryos to identify transcripts with essentially constant expression across all stages. Their expression was then measured using RT-qPCR, with which they did not exhibit constant expression but instead revealed a fixed quantitative relationship between measurements by the two techniques. From this, the relative amounts of total messenger RNA at each stage from the GV oocyte through blastocyst stages were calculated. The quantitative relationship between measurements by RNAseq and RT-qPCR was then used to find genes predicted to have constant expression across stages in RT-qPCR. Candidates were assessed by RT-qPCR to confirm constant expression, identifying Hmgb3 and Rb1cc1 or the geometric mean of those plus either Taf1d or Cd320 as suitable reference genes. This work not only identified transcripts with constant expression from mouse GV oocytes to blastocysts, but also determined a general quantitative relationship between expression measured by RNAseq and RT-qPCR across stages that revealed the relative levels of total mRNA at each stage. The standardized and merged RNA data set should also prove useful in determining transcript expression in mouse oocytes, eggs, and embryos.