bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Youthsites
Authors: Fitzsimmons Frey Heather , Sefton-Green Julian , Poyntz Stuart R. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book is an original study of youth organizations in London, Toronto, and Vancouver that represent a burgeoning global sector of creative and cultural learning for socially marginalized young people. The book is also about a sector that is not recognized as such—organizations that do not like being institutionalized, forms of education that exist outside the mainstream, types of aesthetic expression that often go unrecognized, and opportunities for socially marginalized young people who are frequently denied them. Rooted in the history of community arts movements from the 1970s, YouthSites or the non-formal youth arts learning sector is now part of cities throughout the world. Technological change, shifts in educational discourses, changes in policy rhetorics, including a turn away from traditional public institutions, and a corresponding decline in confidence and funding of formal public schooling have all impacted the growth of youth arts organizations. Yet, there are currently no systematic studies of the history, structure, and development of this sector. This book fills this gap and is the first book to develop an internationally comparative, evidence-based, structural analysis of the development of the youth arts sector. Based on an original 4-year study examining the history, priorities, and tensions within this sector between 1995 and 2015, this book explores the new creative transition routes, organizations, and people who help young people become creators, citizens, or just themselves at a time when support for young people seems to be perilously fragile or at risk.
Young People’s Experiences of YouthSites
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
YouthSites do not exist because of government mandates, laws about education, or because of city-sponsored anticrime or health and wellness initiatives, although those may certainly influence organizations. YouthSites exist because of the young people who participate in them, and so this chapter turns a spotlight on them. The chapter explores what matters to YouthSites participants. Why do thousands of young people voluntarily spend their time at YouthSites, choosing to explore creative energy, hone skills, and develop relationships there and not somewhere else? This chapter discusses the affective experiences and reflective responses that speak to why youth arts organizations have become an essential aspect of urban infrastructures for youth and why so many young people value their experiences at YouthSites.
Making a Claim for Authentic Learning amid Changing Education Ecosystems
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. , Sefton-Green Julian , Frey Heather Fitzsimmons 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This section introduction discusses the key aims of the chapters in this section and locates this work in relation to histories of community arts from the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, as well as key research about youth arts organizations in the United States. The chapters in this section draw in more detail on some of the theory and scholarship investigating the arts, education, youth participation, leadership, and governance. In this section, the case is made that constructing YouthSites as a field is still an ongoing project, so it is perhaps not surprising that earlier traditions of scholarship have tended to focus on domains more as they relate to mainstream fields, institutions, and sectors.
Fractal Patterns Out of Chaos in Ridley Scott’s Alien, Prometheus, and Covenant
Authors: Evans Carrie Lynn 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Ridley Scott, director of Alien (1979), returned to the franchise thirty years later with the prequels Prometheus (2012) and Alien: Covenant (2017), which further examine the origin and evolution of the lethal xenomorph. This chapter reads the trilogy through the lens of chaos theory as applied metaphorically to literature. The fractal pattern of themes that emerges from this approach allows a better apprehension of their multi-layered and refractional interconnections, culminating in the character arc of the genocidal android David. Connecting David’s development to this pattern is important as it provides the fuller context within which his character should be interpreted. The pattern here is that each film sets up and problematizes a familiar binary related to creation, then establishes a pattern of iteration with increasing complication, such that the thematic structure constitutes a metaphor of fractal geometry. Alien deals with the simplest binary, between male and female, subverting their typical presentations and roles. Prometheus interrogates the ideologies of religion-science and nature-technology as binary pairs, suggesting that their competing approaches to creation and knowledge suffer from over-simplified dichotomous thinking. Alien: Covenant builds on these themes and develops the fractal pattern of the xenomorph’s evolution; David’s character arc highlights the moral relativism inherent in creation. The horror of Scott’s Alien trilogy arises from the notion that the universe outside the relatively safe confines of human order is chaotic, violent, and terrifying; yet, despite Scott’s dark and utilitarian view of the universe, order persists, including humanity’s tenacious pursuit of moral ideals.
Hissing in the Air Vents
Authors: Martens Reuben 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the 2014 survival horror game Alien: Isolation as a node of transmedial relationships within the larger narrative universe of the Alien franchise. It argues that Alien: Isolation forms its own transmedial “narrative-verse” within the larger franchise, which can expand as well as renew one’s existing knowledge and understanding of the franchise itself and consequently offer a more pleasurable experience of the related transmedial narratives. This also complicates conventional notions of adaptation and remake within the context of transmedial franchises. In a second, related, move, this chapter questions whether players who have never interacted with the Alien franchise would be able to achieve a successful horror gaming experience, arguing for the importance and recognition of transmedia storytelling as a key factor for making such success.
Astronomers
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Astronomy was the earliest science in which women’s participation has been recorded. Enheduanna, the Mesopotamian priestess, monitored the stars around 2350 bce, and Hypathia in the fourth century is especially famous. Women astronomers—such as Sophia Brahe, Maria Cunitz, Elisabetha Hevelius, Maria Margaretha Kirch, and Caroline Herschel—often worked alongside husbands or brothers. Succeeding generations were more independent; of them, Mary Somerville, Maria Mitchell, Williamina Fleming, and Nancy Grace Roman are mentioned. Vera C. Rubin had revolutionary ideas about the black holes whose real significance is recognized today. Jocelyn Bell Burnell helped in the discovery of pulsars, for which her professor received the Nobel Prize. France A. Cordova was elevated to various top administrative positions. The astronomer Andrea M. Ghez received a share of the physics Nobel Prize for her work on black holes.
Crystallographers
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
X-ray crystallography, with relatively quick experiments, voluminous calculations, and a friendly atmosphere, has been a popular field for women scientists. They have made seminal discoveries. Kathleen Lonsdale was a pioneer in studying fundamental molecules. Dorothy Hodgkin, mother of four, won the Nobel Prize for determining the structure of complex biological systems. Rosalind Franklin suffered from disadvantageous treatment of female scientists but made decisive contributions toward uncovering the double helix of DNA. The work of Isabella Karle was at the Nobel Prize level and provides another example of having children and being at the top of science. Ada Yonath worked her way through unfriendly circumstances, and her perseverance earned her a Nobel Prize. Two unusual achievements signified the creation of data banks, another led to the most beautiful photographs of quasicrystals, and yet another to the utilization of M. C. Escher’s unusual art for crystallography education.
Chemists and Biochemists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Five of the 15 scientists introduced in this chapter received the Nobel Prize, two of them sharing with their husbands. Ida Noddack’s career was controversial for favors she received from the Nazi regime; she may have co-discovered a new element and anticipated nuclear fission. Gertrude Elion helped in the discovery of new drugs, relying on new principles of drug discovery. Elena Galpern’s computations anticipated the beautiful new molecule buckminsterfullerene, C60, whose actual discovery later brought Nobel recognition to others. Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier received the Nobel Prize for developing a method of great utility for genome editing. Katalin Karikó is another example of perseverance; following many frustrating years of failure and lacking proper support, she became a pioneer of the COVID-19 vaccine, saving many millions of lives. Carolyn R. Bertozzi is the latest Nobel laureate whose innovation has made possible to produce new substances inside of the living system.
Biologists and Biomedical Scientists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Biology and biomedical research have traditionally been welcoming areas for female scientists, yet perseverance was often a prerequisite of success in addition to talent and hard work. Of the 13 scientists mentioned here, 8 became Nobel laureates. Barbara McClintock earned the Nobel Prize for discoveries in genetics that for many years had been ignored. Rita Levi-Montalcini’s Nobel Prize was for the discovery of a growth factor, Christiane Nusslein-Volhard’s for her work in developmental biology, Linda Buck’s for olfactory receptors, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi’s for co-discovering HIV, Elizabeth Blackburn and Carol Greider’s for discoveries from their telomere and telomerase experiments, and May-Britt Moser’s for her work to understand the “GPS” of the human brain. Despite the tragic fate of her two scientist husbands persecuted by the inhuman Soviet regime, Zinaida Ermoleva became the decisive force in producing penicillin in the Soviet Union. Frances Kelsey saved the health of many newborn babies by meticulously and bravely examining the effects of thalidomide. Anne McLaren was a pioneer of human in vitro fertilization and excelled also in discussing its ethical and political aspects.
Ecologists
Authors: Hargittai Magdolna 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Ecology is about the study, protection, and preservation of our environment. Female scholars and thinkers, as well as activists, have been at the forefront of ecology for decades. Most of the related activities have a close relationship with one or more of the science branches discussed in previous chapters, often with chemistry. Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring was very influential in shaping the modern environmental movement. Miriam Rothschild was arguably the most famous entomologist. Natural products chemistry has offered great possibilities for curing diseases, as shown by the achievements of the Nobel laureate Youyou Tu and others. Jane Goodall has been not only a great primatologist and anthropologist but also a great role model for many in valuing and working for nature.
Reflections
Authors: Zeitoun Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book calls for us to develop an informed ethos of respect for water, and for ourselves. It counts on readers to reflect on the intimate relationship we have developed with water, because the stakes are high. Water has qualities which make it nourishing, cleansing, and unifying. But we pump aquifers dry, contaminate lakes, and fight over rivers, and far too often in far too many places use and abuse water at will. Cases from all over the world and especially from western Asia detail how the lure of profit defeats scientific counsel to use water sustainably, how chauvinist ideologies lead (with monotonous predictability) to inequality, and how the violent logic of war both victimises and weaponises water. What we do with water whilst it is in our hands mirrors our behaviour to each other, the book argues, and that reversing the desecration begins with understanding water in a new way.
Beneath the Surface
Authors: Zeitoun Mark 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Introduction lays out the reasons why reflecting on water is crucial for society to progress. It examines how water can nourish, cleanse, or unify, and juxtaposes these essential qualities with much more material ones. It makes the case that the way we pollute water or use it to deprive or divide others reflects forces within us that otherwise lay unquestioned. The dissonance is presented as a paradox whose explanations frame the rest of the book: our understanding of water is constricted by narrow utilitarian thinking. We mythologise water as we ignore the political and economic forces which drive decisions over water use. Water gets treated like a commodity, a means towards profit, an item of national and international political agendas and of war.
Competing for Local Authority
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Three groups most want to influence community culture and events in El Salvador’s lower-class neighborhoods: evangelicals, gangs, and the police. Evangelicals and gangs are community “insiders” and use grassroots approaches to social organization (patrimonies) to establish authority. Police are community “outsiders” and draw authority from the state. In the gang/evangelical relationship, gangs threaten and use violence against pastors and other evangelicals to increase their territorial control. Pastors use their moral authority to reduce the likelihood of violence against themselves and other evangelicals, and to draw youths away from gang influence. Evangelical/police relations are characterized by low levels of direct interaction, evangelicals’ general sense of submission to the police, and high levels of evangelical distrust for the police. Gang/police relations are especially violent, as their objectives and strategies are most similar. Especially for evangelicals and gangs, such competition is one dimension of a broader set of complicated relational dynamics.
Unusual Alliances in Community Governance
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Evangelicals and gangs sometimes collaborate to provide a (distorted and ad hoc) form of community governance in lower-class Salvadoran communities. Collaboration occurs across several areas of governance. Both groups provide protection for community members and establish and enforce community rules. Evangelicals and gangs sometimes interface to provide judicial services, including resolving community disputes and determining appropriate punishment for those who violate gang rules. Evangelicals more exclusively produce and distribute public goods, especially in education and health care, that fill gaps left by failing state institutions. How can evangelicals co-govern with gangs, whom they believe are perpetrators of evil? Evangelicals and gangs both introduce moral logics, or assertions of how things ought to be, into community discourse. These logics often do not match behavior, but they nonetheless allow values to be shared and mutually understood. Moral logics resonate across groups in part because the groups share a religious cosmology.
Economic Engagements
Authors: Offutt Stephen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Economic exchanges occur between evangelicals and gang members in local economies. These include impersonal transactions, gang exploitation of evangelicals, “win-win” arrangements between evangelicals and gangs, and economic initiatives by both groups that are intended to empower, or at least to avoid harming, the other party. These types of economic exchanges vary in the way they impact the daily lives, meaning systems, and well-being of evangelicals. Congregations facing a gang’s extortion demand, for example, must carefully consider the moral and practical consequences of their response. An evangelical selling a popsicle to a fourteen-year-old gang member navigates less weighty issues. The popsicle sale nonetheless matters: such routine interactions help to normalize relationships between evangelicals and gangs. Indeed, because the four different types of economic exchanges contrast sharply, they must all be taken into account to gain a fuller picture of economic relations between evangelicals and gang members.
Just Policing
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Diverse and dynamic societies face a problem of social control. Institutions of social control, of which the police are a part, are a necessary part of just and legitimate governance. But in our non-ideal world they are also responsible for injustices of their own. This project raises questions of political philosophy as they apply to the professional police agency. It begins by constructing an inchoate, but mainstream view about just policing, legalism, according to which police power is justified by the criminal code, and just policing is just the faithful enforcement of law. This view is undermined by the practical realities of policing, which involves widespread and unavoidable police discretion. It then develops an account of just and legitimate police discretion, including principles of proportionality, liberal neutrality, and democratic responsiveness. This sheds lights on controversial police tactics, order maintenance initiatives, and community policing strategies. This account also informs the just institutional arrangement of police powers, informing ongoing debates about police reform and abolition.
Legitimacy Risks and the Separation of Police Powers
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that police must exercise their discretion to avoid high legitimacy-risk policing. Police discretion is unavoidable, so a theory of just policing requires involves an account of just police discretion. But in practice, people tend to meet the expectations of their role. Part of what makes policing a moral morass is the lack of clarity over the policing role. The questions unanswered by the criminal code also leave the police role underspecified. This chapter argues for the importance of using rules and defined roles to organize our social lives. Then it makes the case for a separation of executive, police powers. This is in service of developing a framework for understanding the risks to just and legitimate policing. Understanding the various risks and how they interact motivates conceptual and institutional boundaries for police power.
The Form of Police Agencies
Authors: Monaghan Jake 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The way police exercise their power depends in part on their incentives and agency structure. This chapter argues that the form of police agencies is essential for just and legitimate policing, and for guiding officers to minimize legitimacy risks. The argument begins with a diagnosis of the injustices of criminal patrol: the structure of police agencies contributed to the blending of high-legitimacy-risk police goals and tactics. The multifunctional, generalist nature of the police agency and the patrol officer enabled a plurality of officers to take up an unjust operational style. Not only are preventive patrol and criminal investigation distinct political powers, we also have reason to make finer distinctions according to legitimacy-risk profiles. The rise of criminal patrol motivates institutional boundaries to prevent the exercise of criminal patrol powers. The chapter concludes with a discussion of agency reform informed by the author’s account of just policing.
The Two Faces of Democracy
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The democratic imagination is facing significant challenges. These challenges involve not only deep philosophical questions about the core values of democracy but also pressing practical issues related to how we should understand and confront the rise of right-wing authoritarian populism. What should our stance be as defenders of democratic life? The two most prominent efforts to orient us here are the deliberative and agonistic models of democracy. The former emphasizes reasoned discussion, but some worry that this exclusive focus overlooks structures of injustice that distort civil deliberation. The latter prioritizes contestation and conflict, but its proponents struggle to explain why this prime orientation to defeating political opponents will not also corrode our commitment to normative democratic restraints, like fairness. This book develops an understanding of the moral core of democracy. In doing so, it illuminates how these two faces of democratic life, the deliberative and agonistic, each has a significant, but constrained, role to play in a more capacious comprehension of what our democratic commitments require of us. The “communicative model” of democracy proposed here provides better grounds for facing the challenges of contemporary antidemocratic movements than either the deliberative or agonistic models alone.
The Agonistic Face
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Agonism, the view that politics is essentially about conflict, has become quite prominent in scholarly discussions and in real-world politics. Carl Schmitt, the German legal theorist who popularized this idea in the 1920s, presented a picture of unrelenting struggle of “friends” and “enemies.” But his followers today are surprisingly unclear about how one prevents such an ontological-existential starting point from persistently trumping basic democratic norms. The former threatens to continually imperialize the latter. The chapter criticizes such “imperial agonism” and considers a more promising variant called “tempered agonism.” But even here, problems remain regarding how well its affirmation of agonism aligns with core values of democracy. This discussion helps show the need for a better way of understanding the crucial, but limited, place of agonism within democratic life.
Re-envisioning the Core of Democracy
Authors: Scudder Mary F. , White Stephen K. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 introduces the book’s conception of the moral core of democracy, wherein both faces of democracy, the agonistic and deliberative, are accorded a crucial, but limited role. Here, we explain the status and validity of such a core and the value of appealing to it in our “post-foundational” world. Explicating democracy’s moral core as an “originary exemplary scene,” we capture our sense of democracy both conceptually and affectively. The turn to scenes, images, and affects, however, may worry some that we are entering the domain of myth in politics. That is alarming to many, given how, in the 20th century, fascism exploited such non-rational appeals. Against that worry, we argue that democracy cannot isolate itself entirely from the domain of myth, and we begin to articulate the idea of a “democratic mythic.”