bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Endotoxin from Aspergillus Fumigatus
Authors: Henrici Arthur T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From the finely minced mycelium of a pathogenic mold, Aspergillus fumigatus, there may be obtained an endotoxin. It produces on subcutaneous inoculation a massive gelatinous edema followed by necrosis and ulceration; while hemorrhages, fatty change of the liver, and necrosis of renal tubules occur when it is given intravenously or intraäbdominally. It is not toxic by mouth. It is hemolytic. In guinea pigs it causes paralysis and other nervous symptoms.
The endotoxin is thermolabile, being destroyed in 15 minutes at about 60°C. It is not precipitated by trichloracetic acid or by alcohol. It is not detoxified, but is rather intensified in toxicity by castor-oil soap.
The symptoms and lesions produced, and the chemical properties of the toxin are very similar to those of the toxin of the poisonous mushroom, Amanita phalloides. The Aspergillus toxin differs in being thermolabile.
The Aspergillus toxin is antigenic. Rabbits have been actively immunized, and this immunity has been passively transferred to guinea pigs and mice. The immune serum neutralized the hemolytic action of the toxin in vitro.
It has not been possible to develop a true anaphylaxis against the cell sap of Aspergillus fumigatus, but apparently both rabbits and guinea pigs may be made supersensitive to the toxin. The cell sap does not give rise to a Shwartzman reaction.
The Acquisition of Heterophile Antigen From the Guinea Pig by Eberthella Typhosa and Salmonella Paratyphi
Authors: Holtman D. Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An experiment was devised to investigate Buchbinder's hypothesis that the antigenic properties of bacteria might be altered by their particular animal hosts. It was found that living bacteria free of heterophile antigen, when placed in collodion sacs and incubated in the peritoneal cavities of guinea pigs for 21 days, acquired the property of engendering anti-sheep hemolysin in rabbits. Killed cultures placed under identical conditions failed to exhibit heterophile phenomena.
The heterospecific rabbit antisera induced upon injection of the living bacterial cells not only caused hemolysis of sheep erythrocytes, but also agglutinated heterologous bacteria grown on horse serum agar, and a bacterium of known heterophile antigenicity. The heterophile antibodies were absorbed from the sera by guinea pig kidney tissue, but not by beef kidney tissue.
Cultures acquiring heterophile antigen from the guinea pig retained the component during 50 daily transfers on a synthetic agar medium, and had lost it after 77 transfers.
The Production in Experimental Animals of Antibodies to Short-Ragweed Pollen (Precipitation, Complement-Fixation, and Anaphylaxis)
Authors: Eagle Harry , Arbesman Carl E. , Winkenwerder Walter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits injected subcutaneously, intraäbdominally, intracutaneously, or intravenously with a suspension of ground short-ragweed pollen, with saline extracts of ground pollen, or with buffered extracts of defatted whole pollen, regularly developed precipitins and complement-fixing antibodies in high titer. One–eighth to one–third gram of extracted pollen-derivative containing approximately 30 mgm. of nitrogen, injected in gradually increasing doses over a four-week period, was found to suffice.
Guinea pigs could be passively sensitized by the intraäbdominal injection of 1 to 4 cc. of these antisera. Forty-seven of 79 pigs died in characteristic anaphylactic shock on the injection of ragweed-extracts 24 to 48 hours after the injection of serum, and 18 of the remaining 32 developed definite although not fatal anaphylaxis. Similarly, 43 of 48 guinea pigs were actively sensitized within four weeks by a single intraäbdominal injection of 0.25 to 4.0 mgm. of pollen-extractive. Twenty-four of these died in acute characteristic anaphylaxis within five minutes after the intracardiac injection of ragweed-extract.
Only a slight degree of cross-reaction was observed between ragweed antisera and either timothy- or plantain-extract.
On the Presence in Rabbit Antisera vs. Ragweed Pollen of Skin-Sensitizing Antibodies Passively Transferable to Man
Authors: Winkenwerder Walter L. , Eagle Harry , Arbesman Carl E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sixteen of 29 antisera produced in rabbits by the injection of various extracts of short ragweed pollen contained ragweed-specific skin sensitizing antibodies passively transferable to man. There was no regular correlation between the precipitincontent of the serum and its ability to sensitize the human skin. Defatting the pollen, or grinding it in a ball-mill had no apparent effect on its ability to excite the production of skin-sensitizing antibody. Although there was some indication that antisera of animals injected intravenously may contain less of this antibody than those injected subcutaneously or intraäbdominally, further work will be necessary to establish this point.
Investigations on the Pathogenesis of Tetanus
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Zuger Bernard , Hollander Alvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From 5 to 80 times more circulating antitoxin is required to protect guinea pigs from death after the intracutaneous and intramuscular than after the intravenous injection of tetanal toxin. The intramuscularly injected guinea pigs may die despite the presence of free antitoxin in the blood. The significance of these results for the question of the permeability of the C-N-S barrier to tetanal toxin and to toxins in general is discussed.
Studies on the Hemolytic Streptococcus
Authors: Stock Aaron H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is given for the preparation of a diffusate medium which supports the growth of 70 mgm. of hemolytic streptococci per liter. Each milliliter of filtrate from cultures of hemolytic streptococci of scarlatinal origin contained 10,000 skin test doses of erythrogenic toxin. The total erythrogenic toxic fraction was isolated and concentrated by adsorption on aluminum silicate (Lloyd's reagent) at pH 4.0, elution, ammonium sulphate precipitation, and dialysis. One milligram of substance was obtained per liter of filtrate. One skin test dose was equal to 0.0001 micrograms of substance which contained 10 per cent nitrogen and gave a positive test for carbohydrate. The purified toxin was less stable than the raw toxin of filtrate.
Fractions which gave similar chemical tests, but which contained no erythrogenic toxin, were obtained by the same procedures from culture filtrates of two non-scarlatinal, non-erythrogenic strains of hemolytic streptococci.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Zittle Charles A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Type-specific M substance has been extracted from undried, whole streptococci at 37°, 56° and 100°C. The M substance has also been extracted from the residues remaining after sonic disintegration of the organisms and extraction with saline. M is a nucleoprotein which gives color tests for ribose but not for desoxyribose nucleic acid. Millon and Hopkins-Cole reactions are negative or very weakly positive. Ribonuclease produces detectable chemical, but not serological, alteration in preparations of M. A nucleic acid obtained from M was acted on by ribonuclease. The inactivation of the type-specific precipitin reaction of M by trypsin has been confirmed and shown to take place within an unusually short time; simultaneously loss of precipitability with acid has been found to occur. From tryptic digests of M a substance high in phosphorus, not a protein, can be precipitated with alcohol; from the alcoholic solution a biuret-positive, low-phosphorus, non-diffusible component is obtained. The action of chlorine-water on M produces an acid-insoluble substance which is no longer reactive in the precipitin test. The presence of histidine and absence of tyrosine in M suggests that histidine is the site of this reaction. The action of ribonuclease and color tests indicate that the nucleoprotein agglutinogen (NPA) contains both ribose and desoxyribose nucleic acids. The action of trypsin on NPA was found to be accompanied by a loss of precipitability with acid at its flocculation point. A difference was found in the action of crystalline and commercial trypsin. NPA has been shown to be more complex than M since it contains both ribose and desoxyribose nucleic acids and gives positive Millon and Hopkins-Cole reactions.
The Polyvalency of Crotalidic Antivenins
Authors: Githens Thomas S. , Wolff Nigel O'C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An immunizing mixture comprising a small number of rattlesnake venoms produces an antivenin with neutralizing power extending rather widely to venoms of other species of pit viper. Venoms of North American pit vipers form three antigenic groups, as follows: (a) most of the rattlesnake venoms; (b) venoms capable of causing late paralytic symptoms; (c) moccasin venoms. To yield a satisfactory polyvalent antivenin at least one venom from each of these groups must be included in the mixture used for injection of the antivenin-producing animal.
Production and Preservation of Specific Anti-Sera for Blood-Group Factors A, B, M, and N
Authors: Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are given for the preparation of group-specific immune sera for blood-group factors A, B, M, and N. For A, and B, methods not requiring human blood are discussed. Methods of preservation are described which have made it possible to keep absorbed group-specific sera in usable condition for more than 5 years.
The Disintegration of Bacteria by Mechanical Means, I, II
Authors: Langner Paul H. , Forrester James S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A ball mill2 of novel design and operation for the purpose of disintegrating bacteria is described. This mill will effectively disintegrate, at minus 50°C. or at room temperature, bacteria dried from the frozen state and will disintegrate a wet bacterial mass at room temperature. In comparative studies, the mill was found to be somewhat less effective than the sonic oscillator, using percentage yield of total bacterial nitrogen as the standard for comparison. This superior technical value of the sonic oscillator is offset by its much greater original and repair cost. The ball mill described appears to have advantages over other types of ball mills in that it is easy and inexpensive to operate, low in cost, and obtains from small amounts of starting material better yields of soluble nitrogen with a shorter grinding period.
On Serological Differences of the Group-Character A in Different Parts of the Human Organism
Authors: Friedenreich V. , Thyssen G. , Hartmann G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
On examination of the agglutinin-fixing property of human A blood corpuscles and of human A saliva it is found that the A antigens of these two sources are not identical; the A of saliva hardly reacts with immune-anti-A, whereas both sorts of A react with isoagglutinin anti-A. Aqueous extracts of submaxillary glands of group A react like a saliva. Extracts of some other glands as well as gastric juice and semen react like the A of blood corpuscles. The A of ox-saliva reacts like the A of human corpuscles. The results are discussed in connection with the problem of the origin of the group-antigens in the secretions.
Studies on Meningococcal Infection
Authors: Scherp Henry W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunological properties of a polysaccharide prepared from type I meningococci and of antimeningococcal horse sera were studied by means of a quantitative analysis of the precipitative reaction. The results showed that the polysaccharide was a mixture of precipitinogens, and was therefore not immunologically pure, as was previously thought. The data indicated that the polysaccharide contained not only a type-specific component but also a considerable proportion of a group-specific one; that the monovalent type I serum which was studied contained only type-specific antibody; and that the polyvalent sera which were studied contained more group- than type I-specific antibody.
The Nature and Significance of Pseudo-Dick Reactions
Authors: Huntington Robert W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Filtrates of cultures of hemolytic streptococcus contain very little streptococcal protein, and the hypothesis, which considers such protein a frequent source of pseudo-Dick reactions, appears untenable. The activity of filtrate of a non-scarlatinal streptococcus in the skin did not appear to depend on cellular disintegration, and differed in its great heat-stability and in other respects from that of preparations of streptococcal protein. No agent could be found, other than scarlatinal toxin, which had the potency necessary to induce reactions to 1 or 2 STD of the scarlatinal filtrates used. On the whole, these results tend to suggest that, at least in the age-group studied, pseudo-Dick reactions to serum-free filtrate are unusual, and controls heated for two hours at 100° should be of value in detecting them when they occur.
The Synergistic Effect of Paraffin-Oil Combined with Heat-Killed Tubercle-Bacilli
Authors: Freund Jules , Casals-Ariet J. , Genghof Dorothy Schaefer 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We have referred in a previous paper to the earlier literature on the synergistic effect of various antigenic and non-antigenic substances on immunization (1). Ramon, Lemetayer and Richou (2) had shown that lanolin and other substances added to diphtheric toxin promote the formation of antitoxin in the guinea-pig and rabbit. Coulaud (3) succeeded in producing intense and persistent sensitization of rabbits with heat-killed tubercle-bacilli incorporated in paraffin. Saenz (4) found that paraffin oil could be substituted for solid paraffin. Freund, Casals and Hosmer (1) observed that repeated injections of small numbers of killed tubercle-bacilli suspended in small amounts of paraffin-oil are followed not only by enhanced sensitization but also by heightened and persistent antibody-formation. The synergistic effect of paraffin-oil became evident strikingly when it was employed in Macacus rhesus monkeys. Burnet (5) and Fox (6) reported that the skin of this species of animal does not develop sensitivity to ordinary amounts of tuberculin even in the presence of extensive tuberculosis.
The Antigenic Property of Insulin
Authors: Wasserman P. , Broh-Kahn R. H. , Mirsky I. Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented that insulin is antigenic, as shown by the fact that sera from sensitized rabbits may give positive complement-fixation. Sufficient foreign protein is present in commercially prepared insulin to allow sensitization of a rabbit to that protein by repeated injections of the insulin. Antibodies produced against insulin do not act as anti-hormones.
Immunological Cross-Reactions of Type B Friedländer Bacillus in Type 2 Antipneumococcal Horse and Rabbit Serum
Authors: Beeson Paul B. , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunological cross-reactions of type B Friedländer bacillus in type 2 antipneumococcal horse serum are not demonstrable in type 2 antipneumococcal rabbit serum.
Blood Groups and MN-Types of Eskimos. II (District of Julianehaab, West Greenland)
Authors: Fabricius-Hansen Vibeke 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A report is given of the blood-grouping of 1063 persons in the southern district of Julianehaab, West Greenland. The distribution of the blood-types of pure Eskimos is different from that of the more mixed Greenlanders. The percentile distribution found for the former was: O, 36.33; A, 54.64; B, 5.30; AB, 3.71; and for the latter: O, 55.05; A, 36.70; B, 5.26; AB, 2.99. The frequency of types M, MN, and N in nearly pure Eskimos was: M: 66.16, MN: 30.97, N: 2.86.
This confirms the author's previous observation that a low N-value is a characteristic anthropological feature of the Greenland Eskimos.
A Study of Immunity in Rabbits from Two to Three Years After Infection with Vaccine Virus with Attempts to Recover Active Virus
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Of 4 rabbits tested for active immunity nearly 3 years after vaccinal infection, 1 was not immune, 1 showed a slight, and 2 a moderate degree of resistance to cutaneous reinfection. No active virus was recovered from 2 to 3 years after vaccinal infection from selected tissues of the 7 rabbits studied. From the testes of 1 of these animals and the spleen of 2 others, no virus had been detected after 1 year. However, from a skin scar but not from the spleen of 1 rabbit, vaccine virus had been recovered 3 months after infection. Sera from the 7 rabbits, about 2½ years after the last vaccinal infection, neutralized from 10 to 10,000 minimal skin doses of vaccine virus. Sera from 2 of the 7 rabbits, more than 2½ years after last infection, showed agglutinins to vaccinal elementary bodies to a titer of 1:16; the other 5 sera showed none. No precipitins to dermal filtrate were found in any of the sera. The results are discussed with reference to the problem of persistence of virus and duration of immunity.
A Filtrable Toxic Substance in Brothcultures of B. Pertussis
Authors: Wood Mary Lee 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A bacteria-free filtrate of B. pertussis broth cultures is found to contain a toxic substance which kills mice when injected intraäbdominally or intravenously in small amounts, and produces a necrotic skin-lesion in rabbits when injected endermally. The toxic filtrate is apparently free of bacterial antigen, is thermolabile, and is inactivated by formalin. The toxin is produced only by smooth strains of B. pertussis and appears in broth cultures during the active stages of bacterial growth. It is not neutralized by anti-bacterial immune serum. Although possessing no demonstrable antigenic properties, the toxin injected intraäbdominally in sublethal doses protects mice against death from subsequent intraäbdominal injections of whole organisms. It is suggested that the protective action is due to chronic inflammatory lesions caused by the injection of the toxin, involving the peritoneum and particularly the spleen. The gross and microscopical pathology of these lesions is described, and the possible relation of the toxin to the lesions observed in experimental pertussal infections is discussed.
Studies with Clostridium Chauvoei (Blackleg) Aggressin
Authors: Live Israel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Natural aggressin, culture filtrate and sonic extract of Cl. chauvoei reduced phagocytosis in vitro when present in the phagocytic mixtures. By allowing the aggressin to act upon serum and upon leucocytes it was shown that the inhibition of phagocytosis was due to fixation of opsonins and not to a direct action upon the leucocytes. The agglutinative titers of two antisera were diminished when the different dilutions of the sera were mixed with equal quantities of aggressin, filtrate or extract and incubated for one hour prior to setting up the test. Three pairs of rabbits were immunized by intravenous injection of washed suspensions of live organisms, formalin-killed organisms and culture filtrate, respectively. The antisera thus produced were used in complement-fixation and precipitative tests, and they all gave positive reactions with culture filtrates, natural aggressin and extracts of Cl. chauvoei. The fact that suspensions of washed organisms free of by-products of growth, and particularly suspensions of washed formalin-killed organisms, stimulated the production of antibodies which reacted with antigen in aggressin and filtrate, proves that the latter contain soluble material derived from disintegration of the bacterial cells.
In Vitro Anaphylaxis in the Surviving Intestine
Authors: Nicoll Paul A. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The response of surviving smooth muscle from a sensitized animal on treatment with the antigen used for sensitization may be termed in vitro anaphylaxis. This was first demonstrated in 1910 by Schultz (1) on isolated segments of guinea pig intestine. Unfortunately his experimental methods for demonstration of the phenomenon were not well suited for isolated intestinal segments. The horse serum used as antigen produced contractions in both normal and desensitized tissue as well as in the sensitized segments. Therefore the interpretation of a specific response to the antigen had to be made from a quantitative difference in the degree of contraction rather than on a qualitative basis.
In 1913 Dale (2) criticized Schultz's methods for showing in vitro anaphylaxis, especially the use of surviving intestinal segments as the test tissue. He introduced as an alternative tissue the virgin guinea pig uterus that had proved so successful in his studies on standardization of pituitary extracts.
Determination of the Optimal Ratio of Cholesterol to Tissue-Extract Antigen in the Complement-Fixation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Kent John F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
There is an optimal ratio cholesterol:tissue-extract that exhibits maximal antigenic activity in the complement-fixation test for syphilis. With the antigens studied, increase in the ratio, cholesterol:extract, did not result in anticomplementary properties.
To determine the optimal ratio, extract must be tested in such concentrations that the optimal amount of cholesterol will fall within the range of quantities soluble in alcoholic tissue-extract.
Varying the concentration of alcoholic extract in alcohol does not alter the optimal ratio. Different concentrations of extract require proportionately different quantities of cholesterol for their maximal sensitization.
Varying concentrations of the alcoholic extract in alcohol exhibit the same antigenic activity, provided the optimal quantities of cholesterol are added. Differences in concentration are compensated for in tests by changes in the saline dilutions yielding maximal reactions of given quantities of serum. As a result of these findings, the adjustment of cholesterol and tissue-extract for use as antigen in the complement-fixation test for syphilis may be based upon that optimal ratio of the two which exhibits maximal antigenic activity. The experimental procedures given offer a practical method for determining this ratio.
Hemolytic Effect of Typhoid Cultures in Combination with Pure Lines of Bacteriophage
Authors: Schiff F. , Bornstein S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the presence of a specific bacteriophage, typhoid bacilli grow hemolytically on sheep blood plates. This phenomenon was analyzed by means of pure line bacteriophages with specific affinities. Pure line phages specific for the O, R, Vi and H-antigens, respectively, cause hemolysis when combined with homologous typhoid cultures. Salmonella strains carrying the corresponding antigens react in the same way as typhoid cultures as far as phage bacteriolysis is concerned. They differ, however, as to hemolysis. In most of them, phage lysis is not accompanied by hemolysis. The hemolytic effect, therefore, depends: (a) Upon an inherent quality of the culture. (b) Upon a bacteriolytic phage effect of sufficient strength.
In presence of the Vi-antigen the hemolytic effect of the O-phage is suppressed.