bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grounding and Reduction
Authors: deRosset Louis 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOne kind of fact reduces to another just in case the members of the first kind are “nothing over and above,” “nothing but,” or “nothing over and against” the second kind. This chapter explores the links between grounding and this more traditional and widely discussed notion. In particular, it engages the question of whether we need the notion of grounding in addition to the notion of reduction to understand the idea that some facts are more fundamental than others. A specific kind of reduction, identity reduction, is described. It is shown that this kind of reduction cannot, on its own, do justice to the idea that nature is structured into layers, and that something like grounding is needed in addition. Finally, it is argued that other notions prominently used in the literature to characterize the idea of layered structure, including other kinds of reduction, also require something like grounding.
‘Angels of the House’ or ‘Angel-Makers’?
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The murder of children, and infanticide more specifically, have been especially common areas of female criminality and equally difficult for the authorities to control. Until the late nineteenth century and the advent of the insanity plea which offered the authorities a way to explain female maternal violence as a temporary behavioural aberration, the courts struggled to deal with murderous mothers. The judicial system found it hard to explain such behaviour within the confines of prevailing gender norms, especially when the motive for the offence was unclear or uncertain. This chapter examines two such perplexing cases that confronted the Scottish judiciary, those of Barbara Malcolm in 1808 and Catherine Anderson of 1883. These cases, and their lack of certainty of motive, give us valuable evidence of discussions around contemporary perceptions of maternity and femininity at the start of the nineteenth century. Such concepts emerge as often transient. Although the latter part of the century became dominated by an obsession with maternity, this was not translated into a campaign against murderous and bad mothers. Instead it became a crusade to ease the burden of motherhood, thereby side-lining the gendered construction of the ‘bad mother’.
‘The Life and Loves of a She Devil’
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter challenges the idea that murderous acts by women can be viewed solely through the prism of gender by historians, who too often turn them into acts of impulsiveness. This has hitherto suggested a rather polarized view of women’s individual agency and autonomy. By implication this argues that women have a homogeneous reliance upon instinctiveness, something that is the antithesis of contemplation and reason. Reason, however, is further subverted in this equation by suggestions that women have regularly favoured poisoning as a method for committing murder. In this it is seen as foregrounding a display of deviousness rather than aggression, fatally undermining the roles associated with the domestic sphere. This view is challenged by examination of the case against Sarah Dazley from Bedfordshire who killed her husband by poison in 1843 and, as a result, became known as the Potton Poisoner. Dazley does not fit the so often paraded pattern of the sensationalized Victorian female poisoner. Although Dazley, like her criminal counterparts, did kill to be with her lover, she also killed another former husband and her son via poisoning too. This episode indicates that her later killing was premeditated, as she had benefited from the previous success of her murderous escapades. As such it opens out for discussion the idea of women’s potential for premeditation not just in the commission of crime itself but in the serial commission of the same serious crime.
Epilogue
Authors: Kilday Anne-Marie , Nash David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This sums up the findings of the book. It reinforces that women and their criminality in the nineteenth century was marginalized by that society. An important consequence of this is that it has been difficult to uncover and analyse in detail. Instead too many historians have worked too often with stereotypes and received perceptions of how most women behaved. From this less than ideal situation this book has showcased places where women’s criminality and their behaviour breaks with convention and suggests there is probably more evidence that would further challenge stereotypes. Beyond such conclusions this epilogue suggests new areas of ongoing and further explanation. In particular it advances the idea that the study of criminal history may be unduly influenced by the urge to homogenize and produce stereotypes of criminals and the perpetration of crime. As such it suggests that greater consideration should be given to the heterogeneity of individual crimes and criminals. This will assist in foregrounding issues around criminal motivation and individual experiences of being law-abiding and of being criminal.
The Right to Exclude
Authors: Desautels-Stein Justin 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In a world where racism runs riot, what is the role of international law? Human rights instruments like the United Nations’ International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination are paradigmatic of the conventional response, directing states to avoid racially discriminatory behavior and promote policies in keeping with colorblind diversity. Is it possible, however, that in its reproduction of the twentieth century’s fight for civil rights and cultural pluralism, the contemporary understanding of global racism has become outdated? As counterintuitive as it might seem, might international law be a part of the problem? In The Right to Exclude: A Critical Race Approach to Sovereignty, Borders, and International Law, Justin Desautels-Stein offers a historical account of how certain rules of international law produce structures of racial hierarchy, rather than simply limit them. The intellectual fulcrum for this production, Desautels-Stein argues, is not the proverbial villain hiding behind the curtain. It lies instead in the ideological structures of sovereignty and property, and more specifically, in the right to exclude that is shared in those twinned precincts, and the border regimes that result. Applying critical race theory to contemporary problems of migration, nationalism, multiculturalism, decolonization, and self-determination, Desautels-Stein expounds a theory of “postracial xenophobia,” a structure of racial ideology that justifies and legitimates a pragmatic account of racialized foreignness, a racial xenos.
Introduction
Authors: Hörnle Tatjana 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The introductory chapter sketches political and legal developments that make it worthwhile to compare and assess recent changes to sexual assault laws in different countries: the move from traditional notions of sexual assault and rape, which focused on force and other coercive acts, to a consent-based approach. The result is a variety of experiences and conceptual approaches in substantive criminal laws. The aims of the volume are to explore the complexities of consent and the differences in offence descriptions and definitions in criminal laws, and to draw conclusions for future law reforms in countries that still rely on the traditional picture of sexual assault.
The Normative Force of Consent in Moral, Political, and Legal Perspective
Authors: Dempsey Michelle Madden 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The first chapter in Part 1 analyses the different normative contexts of debates about sexual content. Michelle Madden Dempsey describes her aim as ‘mapping the normative landscape’, and she demonstrates that it is important to distinguish carefully between moral, political, and legal debates. She argues that the moral perspective does not ask what to do about behaviour but aims at clarifying its moral quality. In contrast, the political perspective evaluates what responses might be justified, and the legal perspective asks if an act is an offence in positive criminal law or if this kind of act should be criminalized. Starting with this general outline, Dempsey shows that these distinctions are necessary to improve the understanding of discussions about rape, both from a descriptive perspective, which asks what rape is, and a prescriptive perspective, which demands certain responses.
Sexual Assaults under Spanish Law
Authors: Meliá Manuel Cancio 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Manuel Cancio Melía introduces both the most recent proposal to change the Spanish Criminal Code and prior law reforms, which have already moved Spanish law on sexual assault and rape some steps away from the former, very traditional notions. He explains the law in force until October 2022, which contained an offence description that focused on lack of consent, but under the controversial heading ‘sexual abuse’. He then describes the Manada (wolfpack) case, which had created a heated public debate in Spain after the trial court sentenced the defendants to long prison sentences but only for sexual abuse and not for rape. The most interesting and controversial features of the new law in force since October 2022 are that it has introduced the ‘only yes is yes’ concept in its pure form into Spanish law and abolished separate offence descriptions for violent sexual assault.
Modern American Architecture
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 provides an overview of the history, or more properly historiography, of modern architecture in the United States from the late 1900s through to the closing decades of the century, with particular reference to key figures and to the technologies, debates, and practices that most engaged the poets of the period. In so doing, this chapter draws attention to the innovations and discourses that simultaneously shaped modern architecture and modern poetry (assessing, for example, the effects of new developments in steel construction on architectural and poetic concepts of space). It further considers the relationship between architecture, poetry, and contemporary cultural and social change.
Elizabeth Bishop
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 considers the work of Elizabeth Bishop and assesses the significance of architectural scale, proportion, and perspective in a number of poems from her early experiences in New York, Paris, and Florida through her time in Brazil in the modern house built by her partner Lota Macedo Soares, to her final years in Boston. Modern architecture’s practices and vocabulary provided Bishop with an exciting new way of thinking about strangeness, and of calibrating the relationship between person and—often unfamiliar—place; self and other; presence and absence. An assessment of Bishop and architecture enhances our perception of the visual and topographic dimensions of her work. In closing, the chapter suggests that an architectural lens also opens new ways of understanding Robert Lowell’s poetic dialogue with Bishop.
Frank O’Hara
Authors: Gill Jo 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
With reference both to Frank O’Hara’s early Ann Arbor poems and his later New York writings (in particular, poems about Mies van der Rohe’s Seagram Building or Le Corbusier’s contribution to the design of the United Nations complex), this chapter addresses the architecture of public and civic space, and the relationship between transparency and opacity in his work—a tension which is germane to contemporary architecture, painting, and poetry alike. Writing in the post-World War II period, when some of the initial excitement of modern architecture may have receded, O’Hara recaptures the thrill of architectural (and poetic) innovation and thereby anticipates some of the radical new thinking, in both fields, that was to emerge in the later, postmodern, period.
CARBON DIOXIDE, FROM AWILD SPIRIT TO CLIMATE CULPRIT
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractHere, we outline the story of this book that traces the history of carbon dioxide through the ages. Carbon dioxide made a renewed star appearance on the world’s stage in 2015 when the governments of the world agreed in Paris to limit global warming to a maximum of 2°C—but preferably 1.5°C compared to pre-industrial time (around 1850). This difference might seem small, but the higher the temperature, the more the planet will suffer from extreme events: droughts, extreme flooding, rise in sea level, heatwaves, and loss of biodiversity. So, something needs to be done, we need to reduce our emissions of carbon dioxide fast, incredibly fast. The book traces the development of the perception of CO2 through the ages. We discuss its role in climate through the absorption of infrared radiation. It deals with its discovery by the Flemish doctor van Helmont, to its final chemical understanding, its role in photosynthesis and respiration, the variability through geological time, and closer in time to us, variability during the ice ages. We then enter the period when carbon dioxide becomes a human phenomenon though fossil fuel burning and deforestation. It describes the world’s efforts to control the rise in CO2 through the now more than 60 years since it became obvious that humans were changing the composition of the atmosphere and climate. We then discuss what needs to be done to stop climate from warming beyond the limits set in the Paris Agreement. It can be done, but it is tough…
CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE VEGETATION OF THE EARTH
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe trace the discovery of photosynthesis, the process in plants that uses carbon dioxide and water to produce sugars and oxygen. The Dutchman Jan van Ingen-Housz discovered that light, next to water, was an essential component. Jean Senebier realized that leaves were in fact small laboratories where Joseph Black’s ‘fixed air’ (carbon dioxide) was transformed into pure air. He was one of the first to realize that also a fast carbon cycle existed, where biomass is produced that is ultimately respired to produce water and CO2. Somehow however, it still appeared that water, CO2, and light miraculously produced oxygen and carbohydrates (sugars). It took a while to discover what exactly happened. The first answer came from the photosynthesizing microbes of Van Niel who discovered how oxygen was produced from water. Robin Hill isolated the main parts of the cell that played the key role in photosynthesis, the chloroplasts. These small organelles contain chlorophyll, the absorbing green pigment in plant cells. Hill also established that in the dark, photosynthesis stopped. It was up to Calvin and his co-worker Benson to cleverly use isotopes to determine how CO2 was incorporated into sugars. This is known as the Calvin-Benson cycle. The enzyme that plays a critical role is Rubisco, the most important enzyme on the planet. Evidence for its effectiveness lies in the fact that the Rubisco-based system has changed very little from the first time it appeared on the planet, some 3 billion years ago.
CARBON DIOXIDE IN THE GEOLOGICAL PAST
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe trace CO2 concentrations through geological time. After the core and the crust were formed, 4.5 billion years ago (Gyr), Earth started to develop an atmosphere. An atmosphere that consisted of the exhaust gases from the interior: water vapour, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. It was not a pleasant place, hot and continuously bombarded by meteorites. It is called the Hadean, after the Greek god of death, Hades. The initial pressure of CO2 may have been 10–100 times the current atmospheric pressure, with CO2 probably making up 70% of the atmosphere. During the next period, the Archean, covering 1.3 billion years, life started to appear. The atmospheric CO2 concentration dropped to values around 10–20 times the current one. Life developed, first as ancestors of Bacteria and Archea that produced biomass without fully using photosynthesis. The ability of cyanobacteria to photosynthesize and produce oxygen slowly changed the atmospheric composition. This period is called the Proterozoic and lasts from 2.5 Gyr until 541 million years ago (Myr). The atmospheric concentration of CO2 had gone down to 3–5 times our current levels. From this Hothouse Earth in the Eocene to about 2.5 Myr when the Pleistocene started, the CO2 concentration would continue to further decline, with occasional large spikes, likely due to periods of increased volcanic eruptions. Around 34 Myr, at the Eocene–Oligocene transition, the atmospheric concentration was down to around 400–900 ppm. Earth was moving from a hothouse into an icehouse. Ice sheets had started to appear.
CARBON DIOXIDE AND THE WAXING AND WANING OF ICE SHEETS
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe explore the fantastic but elusive rhythm of the ice ages, their temperature and their CO2 concentration during the last million years. James Hutton first established the connection between gigantic boulders found at some places near the Alps and their possible transport by glaciers. Louis Agassiz postulated at a meeting in Switzerland in 1837 that large parts of the Northern Hemisphere could have been completely covered by ice sheets Steady accumulation of material from above in the ocean produces a rather precise historical archive of events. Analyses based on species composition and isotopes found a regular change between glacial and interglacial periods. Nick Shackleton and Neil Opdyke then identified 11 glacial cycles, each with a glacial and interglacial. But what causes this rhythmic behaviour? Around 1920, the Serb Milutin Milankovitch calculated how small changes in the path of the Earth around the Sun could have produced variations in radiation. He found that low radiation, cold periods corresponded exactly to those of ice ages. Drilling into the ice of the ice sheets shows the variation of CO2 because the atmosphere gets locked into to the ice and provides a near continuous record of past changes. The Danish scientist Willie Dansgaard and the Swiss Hans Oeschger analysed the composition of these bubbles and discovered changes in temperature and CO2 that matched the geological periods of glacial and interglacials. Later analysis showed that warm interglacials had CO2 concentrations of around 280 ppm and cold glacial periods of 180 ppm.
THE BUMPY ROAD TO THE FUTURE…
Authors: Dolman Han 
Published: March 2023

AbstractAt the end of 2021 and the beginning of 2022, the IPCC released its three reports on the state of the climate, the impacts and mitigation. After thirty years the message could not be clearer. The world was warming more than 1.1°C, and the world would likely miss its 1.5°C target if it did not drastically reduce its emissions. Massive changes in the way we use and produce energy are required to achieve the temperature target. We have to stop dependence on coal almost immediately and very quickly reduce our dependence on oil and gas. This requires the developed countries to immediately change their technologies and practices, while the less developed nations should not embark on high-emission technologies while building new wealth and enhancing wellbeing. That transition is still possible through the increased use of renewables: wind and solar energy. Reliance on yet unproven technologies such as Carbon Dioxide Removal to release the burden on immediate reductions puts the burden on future generations. 370 years after the discovery of carbon dioxide as a wild spirit we are hitting 420 ppm (summer 2022), way above the normal range for the Pleistocene, and 50% more than the preindustrial level. With every tenth of a degree further warming the impacts will be more severely felt. We need everyone and every tool to help us in reducing emissions before carbon dioxide becomes truly van Helmont’s wild spirit and puts our environment on a direct path to catastrophe. It can be done…
A Singular Vision
Authors: Parsell Diana P. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Eliza Scidmore’s return to America in the late 1880s begins a new phase of her journalism career as a magazine writer and marks the start of her attempts to bring Japanese cherry trees to Washington. After a decade of newspaper work, she starts writing for notable nineteenth-century magazines such as Harper’s Bazaar, The Cosmopolitan, Frank Leslie’s Popular Monthly, and St. Nicholas. Harper and Brothers commissions Jinrikisha Days in Japan (1891), which will become her best-known book. Reporting on First Lady Caroline Harrison at the White House opens avenues to Army Corps of Engineers officials in charge of the city’s park development. Scidmore approaches them to encourage the planting of Japanese cherry trees in Potomac Park, an idea inspired by popular cherry blossom sites in Japan such as Mukojima and Uyeno Park. More than twenty years will pass before Scidmore succeeds in making her vision a reality.
Crowdsourcing to Tackle Online Child Sexual Exploitation: Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ Platform
Authors: Ilbiz Ethem , Kaunert Christian 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article examines how Europol’s ‘Stop Child Abuse—Trace an Object’ (SCATO) platform uses crowdsourcing to collect tips from the public in order to tackle online child sexual exploitation. The article evaluates the platform's effectiveness based on three key factors: how easy it is for the public to access the platform, the transaction costs involved in gathering information from the public, and how trust is established between the public and law enforcement agencies. By analyzing Europol documents and conducting interviews with law enforcement officers and non-governmental organizations, the article argues that the SCATO platform is user-friendly and accessible to the public. However, in order to reduce the searching cost of intelligence gathering, the images shared on the platform should encourage high-value reporting without compromising victim anonymity. Additionally, the platform should also benefit from clear guidelines and feedback mechanisms to encourage more public participation.
Towards a characterization of Sidorenko systems
Authors: KamČev Nina , Liebenau Anita , Morrison  Natasha 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
A system of linear forms $L=\{L_1,\ldots,L_m\}$ over $\mathbb{F}_q$ is said to be Sidorenko if the number of solutions to L = 0 in any $A \subseteq \mathbb{F}_{q}^n$ is asymptotically as $n\to\infty$ at least the expected number of solutions in a random set of the same density. Work of Saad and Wolf [19] and of Fox, Pham and Zhao [8] fully characterizes single equations with this property and both sets of authors ask about a characterization of Sidorenko systems of equations. In this paper, we make progress towards this goal. First, we find a simple necessary condition for a system to be Sidorenko, thus providing a rich family of non-Sidorenko systems. In the opposite direction, we find a large family of structured Sidorenko systems, by utilizing the entropy method. We also make significant progress towards a full classification of systems of two equations.
Bayesian inversion and the Tomita–Takesaki modular group
Authors: Giorgetti Luca , Parzygnat Arthur J , Ranallo Alessio , Russo  Benjamin P 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We show that conditional expectations, optimal hypotheses, disintegrations and adjoints of unital completely positive maps are all instances of Bayesian inverses. We study the existence of the latter by means of the Tomita–Takesaki modular group and we provide extensions of a theorem of Takesaki as well as a theorem of Accardi and Cecchini to the setting of not necessarily faithful states on finite-dimensional $C^{\ast}$-algebras.