bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of immune lysis. II. CTL-induced nuclear disintegration of the target begins within minutes of cell contact.
Authors: Russell J H , Dobos C B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Within minutes of CTL-target interaction, the intracellular disintegration of the target cell nucleus begins. This nuclear event satisfies the ionic and temperature requirements that have been described by others as important in CTL-mediated lysis. Such nuclear disintegration does not occur in Ab+C-lysed targets. Thus the target cell nucleus appears to signal a primary event in CTL-mediated lysis that distinguishes the CTL lytic mechanism from that of Ab+C.
The role of immunoglobulin receptors and T cell mediators in B lymphocyte activation. I. B cell activation by anti-immunoglobulin and anti-idiotype reagents.
Authors: Primi D , Lewis G K , Goodman J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The possibility that the failure of anti-mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody to induce antibody synthesis by B cells might be due to reversible receptor blockade was investigated. Murine spleen cells were cultured for 3 days in the presence of minute quantities of intact of (Fab') fragments of rabbit anti-mouse Ig antibody. Thereafter, the cells were washed and either trypsin treated or not before reculturing for 18 hr. Only cells that had been trypsinized after culturing with either intact or fragments of anti-Ig gave a vigorous polyclonal antibody response. This response was extremely T dependent, since T cells or culture supernatants from Con A-activated T cells were required for the B cell response. Moreover, anti-delta was much more effective than anti-mu in inducing antibody synthesis. Finally, the use of three different anti-idiotypic antisera rather than anti-Ig reagents selectively activated the specific idiotype in each instance. The findings demonstrate that anti-Ig reagents can potentiate the response of B cells to signals delivered by T cells.
Isolation of biosynthetically-labeled Fc-binding proteins from detergent lysates and spent culture fluid of a macrophage-like cell line (P388D1).
Authors: Loube S R , Dorrington K J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed surface iodination of P388D1 mouse macrophage cells has led to the identification of a 57,000 m.w. protein as a candidate for the cell's receptor for the Fc region of IgG. THe present work extends these studies and shows, by biosynthetic incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids and sugars, that the protein in question is a glycoprotein, which appears to be shed or released from the cells in a slightly altered form during the labeling period. Use of labeled amino acids as probes permitted the detection of a large number of contaminating proteins in these preparations; some of these may represent degradation products of the putative FcR. One of the contaminants was identified as actin; the binding of the putative receptor to IgG appeared to be quite independent of any actin-IgG interactions.
Phagocytosis of immune complexes mediated by IgM and C3 receptors by macrophages from mice treated with glycogen.
Authors: Mantovani B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Phagocytosis mediated by IgM and C3 receptors was studied by in vitro experiments with peritoneal macrophages from mice treated with repeated i.p. injections of glycogen. The immune complexes were sheep red cells sensitized with mouse IgM antibody or antibody and complement. Macrophages from the inflammatory exudate induced by glycogen were able to phagocytize immune complexes of red cells and IgM antibodies in contrast to normal macrophages, which can only bind to these complexes. Evidence was also found for phagocytosis mediated by interaction with C3 receptors in the macrophages from the glycogen-treated animals. The implications of these findings in the mechanism of phagocytosis and the possible relevance of the observed changes in the function of macrophage receptors for the afferent and efferent branches of immune response are discussed.
Negatively selected H-2bml and H-2b cells stimulated with vaccinia virus completely discriminate between mutant and wild-type H-2K alleles.
Authors: Doherty P C , Bennink J R , Wettstein P J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte populations from B6, C-H-2bml (KbmlDb) mutant mice cannot, after both in vivo and in vitro negative selection for alloreactivity, be induced to recognize vaccinia virus presented in the context of H-2Kb. This finding may mean that the T cell receptor(s) expresses a component that is very specific for a particular "active site" on the self-H-2 molecule. Alternatively, (if recognition is directed at a virus-H-2 complex) the more similar 2 H-2 molecules are, the more likely it may be that precursor thymocytes in the mutant with the capacity to bind H-2Kb + vaccinia virus may be deleted during ontogeny as a result of cross-reaction with H-2Kbml + endogenous antigen.
Fc (IgG) receptors on rat basophilic leukemia cells.
Authors: Segal D M , Sharrow S O , Jones J F , Siraganian R P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Receptors for IgG and IgE on rat basophilic leukemia cells (the 2H3 subline of RBL-IV) were detected by their ability bind IgE and IgG in fluorescence or radioactive assays. The 2H3 cells have approximately two-thirds as many receptors for IgG as for IgE. The IgE receptors bind monomeric IgE with high affinity and IgE binding is uninhibited by high concentrations of monomeric or oligomeric IgG. In contrast, the IgG receptors bind both (rabbit and rat) IgG and (rat) IgE. The affinity of IgG receptors for monomeric IgG and IgE is much lower than that of the IgE receptor for its ligand; binding of radiolabeled IgG or IgE to IgG receptors can be detected only with cross-linked oligomers. Although both receptors are sensitive to tryptic digestion than IgE receptors. Dual laser flow microfluorometric studies revealed that the numbers of IgG and IgE receptors per cell varied considerably among 2H3 cells and that the distributions of the 2 types of receptors were independent of each other. 2H3 cells released histamine through an IgE-mediated system, but cross-linked IgG, even in saturating amounts, did not elicit histamine release, nor have any effect upon IgE-induced release. Moreover, 2H3 cells would not mediate ADCC of IgG-coated chicken red blood cells.
T lymphocyte tolerance and early appearance of virus-induced cell surface antigens in Moloney-murine leukemia virus neonatally injected mice.
Authors: Collavo D , Zanovello P , Biasi G , Chieco-Bianchi L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Regression of Moloney-murine sarcoma virus- (M-MSV) induced sarcomas in normal adult mice is accompanied by generation of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). However, when neonatal mice that were injected with Moloney-murine leukemia virus (M-MuLV carrier) were subsequently challenged as adults with M-MSV, the sarcomas did not regress nor did they generate CTL. This failure to produce CTL cannot be ascribed to nonspecific immunodepressive effects or to suppressor cell generation since M-MuLV carrier mice exhibit normal reactivity after allogeneic cell stimulation. Moreover, addition of M-MuLV-infected cells as the third party to cultures does not reduce activity of CTL from M-MSV immune mice. Since M-MSV and M-MuLV possess common antigens, the observed unresponsiveness was considered in relationship to induction of a T lymphocyte tolerance, which may follow introduction of foreign antigens at an early stage of development. In fact, it was observed that as early as 10 days after injection, thymus, lymph node, and spleen from M-MuLV carrier mice express virus-induced cell-surface antigens that not only are targets for M-MSV-immune CTL, but also induce in vitro a strong specific cytotoxic response. In addition, a cold target inhibition assay disclosed that the same antigens are shared by both M-MuLV infected and leukemia cells, even though they are less expressed on the surface of the former. The finding that the cytotoxicity of alloreactive lymphocytes from M-MuLV carrier mice is reduced after preincubation with M-MSV immune CTL confirms that virus infection does not bring about functional inactivation of lymphocytes. Finally, it was observed that virus antigen presence on lymphocytes from M-MuLV neonatally injected mice is closely related to subsequent leukemia development.
The effects of electrophoretically "slow" and "fast" alpha-2 macroglobulin on mixed lymphocyte cultures.
Authors: Hubbard W J , Hess A D , Hsia S , Amos D B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been determined that alpha-2 macroglobulin (alpha 2M) is more suppressive of a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) when complexed with proteinase than in its "native" state. Other alpha 2M preparations showed a moderate level of MLR suppression, but it is unlikely that this is a result of interaction with cellular proteinases. A panel of other proteinase inhibitors (alpha 1 PI, SBTI, BPTI, TLCK) did not suppress the MLR to the same extent as alpha 2M either when bound with or free from trypsin. A dose-responsive pattern of MLR suppression similar to that observed with purified proteinase-complexed alpha 2M was seen with serum containing proteinase-complexed alpha 2M. The population of cells that apparently conveys the suppressive property is the adherent cells (putative monocytes), which can reduce the MLR almost as well as unfractionated cells when exposed to alpha 2M. Most of these properties of alpha 2M were demonstrable in "serumless" medium with qualitative similarity to the MLR obtained in cultures performed with conventional serum supplemented medium. It was found that alpha 2M-trypsin complexes must be presented at or near culture initiation and remain in contact with the cells for a minimum of approximately 4 hr to have its optimum effect.
Monoclonal antibodies to guinea pig Ia antigens. I. Production, serologic, and immunochemical characterization.
Authors: Burger R , Clement L , Schroer J , Chiba J , Shevach E M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Xenogeneic antibodies to guinea pig Ia antigens were produced by application of the hybridoma technique. BALB/c mice were immunized with the Ia-positive B cell leukemia line EN-L2C of strain 2 guinea pigs, and the spleen cells were fused to the mouse myeloma line NS-1. Culture supernatants of hybrids growing in the selective HAT medium were screened in a binding assay, and hybrids selectively reactive with EN-L2C but not with its Ia-negative variant BZ-L2C were cloned. Ascitic fluid was produced and used as a source of antibody. Four independently derived antibodies proved to be specific for Ia antigens. Two of the antibodies (25E3 and 25E11) seemed to recognize alloantigenic determinants on strain 2 Ia antigens in that they bound only to the cells of strain 2 but not to the cells of strain 13 animals. Two other antibodies (22C4 and 27E7) were found to react with both strain 2 and strain 13 cells, and immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that these antibodies were directed to common determinants shared between certain strain 2 and strain 13 Ia antigens. All antibodies were cytotoxic in the presence of complement for EN-L2C (but not for BZ-L2C) leukemia cells and for lymph node, spleen, peritoneal exudate cells, thymocytes, and purified T cells of strain 2 guinea pigs. In addition, 22C4 was cytolytic for cells of both strains. These results indicate that antibodies can be obtained through the hybridoma technique that are able to distinguish different determinants on Ia antigen molecules of te guinea pig. These antibodies should provide a useful tool for further study of the role of Ia antigens in cellular interaction and Ia-Ir gene function.
The potential importance of soluble deoxynucleotidase activity in mediating deoxyadenosine toxicity in human lymphoblasts.
Authors: Carson D A , Kaye J , Wasson D B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Deoxyadenosine and its nucleotides have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the immune dysfunction associated with a genetic deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA). We have previously shown that when ADA is blocked with a synthetic inhibitor, human T lymphoblastoid cell lines are more sensitive to deoxyadenosine toxicity, dephosphorylate deoxyadenosine nucleotides at a slower rate, and have much lower levels of ecto-5'-nucleotidase than most B cell lines. It seemed unlikely, however, that an enzyme on the outer surface of the lymphocyte plasma membrane could regulate intracellular deoxynucleotide catabolism. We now report that human lymphoblasts also contain a soluble deoxynucleotidase activity that is distinguishable from the plasma membrane enzyme by several criteria. In multiple human lymphoblastoid cell lines of varying origin and phenotype. soluble deoxynucleotidase correlated significantly (rs = 0.80, p &lt; 0.001) with sensitivity to deoxyadenosine toxicity.
Functional properties of lymphocyte subpopulations in hepatitis B virus infection. I. Suppressor cell control of T lymphocyte responsiveness.
Authors: Chisari F V , Castle K L , Xavier C , Anderson D S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hepatocellular injury in hepatitis B virus infection may be produced by an autoaggressive hepatocytotoxic immune response. To test the hypothesis that acquired suppressor cell defects may participate in such a response, we assessed the functional integrity of 2 suppressor cell populations in patients with type B viral hepatitis. Spontaneous suppression of the 1-way mixed lymphocyte response by radiation-resistant, adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells decreases during the acute phase of disease, returns towards normal with clinical recovery, but remains depressed in patients with chronic hepatitis. The degree of spontaneous suppressor cell dysfunction correlates inversely with at least 1 biochemical parameter of hepatocellular injury (SGPT). The functional integrity of this suppressor cell fluctuates during chronic hepatitis and may reflect currently undefined biologic variables in this disease. Mitogen-induced suppression on lymphocyte activation by radiation resistant, nonadherent suppressor cells is also depressed in acute and chronic hepatitis, but it does not correlate with biochemical evidence of hepatocellular injury on an individual-patient basis. Documentation of these generalized defects of nonspecific suppressor cell function establishes a basis for the possible existence of specific anomalies of immuno-regulation that may permit the expression of normally suppressed auoaggressive hepatocytotoxic immune mechanisms in viral hepatitis.
A monoclonal antibody (BA-1) reactive with cells of human B lymphocyte lineage.
Authors: Abramson C S , Kersey J H , LeBien T W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NALM-6-M1 is an acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line previously shown in our laboratory to express the pre-B lymphocyte phenotype, i.e., cytoplasmic IgM+, surface immunoglobulin-. Hybridomas were produced against this cell line by fusing spleen cells from hyperimmunized mice with NS-1 mouse myeloma cells. One monoclonal antibody derived from this fusion, designated BA-1, reacted with peripheral blood B lymphocytes, chronic lymphocytic leukemias, pre-B-ALL, most non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, and most non-T, non-B-ALL. BA-1 showed weak reactivity with B lymphoblastoid cell lines and failed to react with multiple myeloma and pokeweed mitogen-induced plasma cells. BA-1 also reacted with peripheral blood granulocytes and the erythroleukemia cell line K-562. No reactivity was seen with cells of T lymphocyte origin, platelets, red cells, monocytes, or acute myelocytic leukemias. Evidence is presented indicating that the determinant recognized by BA-1 is not surface immunoglobulin, HLA-DR, or receptors for C3 or Fc. We conclude that monoclonal antibody BA-1 may be useful in the study of early stages of human B lymphocyte development.
An immunomorphologic study of adenosine deaminase distribution in human thymus tissue, normal lymphocytes, and hematopoietic cell lines.
Authors: Chechik B E , Schrader W P , Minowada J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) has been detected immunohistochemically in human thymus. The enzyme was localized predominantly in cortical thymocytes. Occasional lymphocytes in the medulla were also positive for ADA. Blood vessels, connective tissue, and Hassall's corpuscles were not stained for the enzyme. Using single-cell immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase assays, we found that thymocytes and lymphoid cells of peripheral blood (PBL) and tonsils were heterogeneous with respect to ADA expression. About 70% of thymocytes were strongly stained for the enzyme whereas weak staining was seen in 20% of cells. About 10% of thymocytes were ADA negative. Twenty percent of PBL and tonsil cells were strongly positive for ADA, 10% of cells were negative for the enzyme, and weak staining was seen in the remainder. Bone marrow mononuclear cells were not stained for ADA. One hundred percent of lymphoblasts of 3 T cells leukemia lines were strongly stained for the enzyme whereas weak staining was seen in a pre-B cell leukemia line, 4 B cell lymphoma/normal lines, 2 non-T, non-B cell leukemia lines and 2 myeloid cell leukemia lines. There was a good correlation between intensity of cellular staining and quantity and activity of ADA detected in cell extracts by radioimmunoassay and enzymatically. The development of immunomorphologic methods for the detection of ADA provides a tool to study the role of the enzyme in function(s) and differentiation of normal and leukemic cells.
The ADCC capacity of macrophages from C3H/HeJ and A/J mice can be augmented by BCG.
Authors: Koren H S , Meltzer M S , Adams D O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages elicited from the peritoneal cavity of C3H/HejJ and A/J mice by bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), although ineffective in mediating tumor cytotoxicity, had augmented capacity to mediate antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against both erythroid and neoplastic target cells. The level of augmented ADCC was comparable to that expressed by BCG-activated macrophages from control C3H/HeN mice. The data suggest that the defective potential for cytolytic activation in 2 genetically deficient strains of inbred mice does not extend to augmentation of capacity for mediating ADCC and that full expression of cytolytic activation is not necessary for expression of augmented cytolysis of antibody-coated targets.
Recovery from a viral respiratory infection. I. Influenza pneumonia in normal and T-deficient mice.
Authors: Wells M A , Albrecht P , Ennis F A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were performed to serve as a basis for analyzing the immune responses of the host to a viral respiratory tract infection. In a comparative study, inbred BALB/c and nude (athymic mice bred on a BALB/c background) mice were infected intranasally with mouse adapted A/Port Chalmers/1/73 influenza virus. Survival was prolonged in the nude mice (16 days vs 10 days for BALB/c mice, t = 3.5, p less than 0.01), but significantly fewer of the nude mice survived 21 days (16% vs 42% of BALB/c mice). In addition, virus persisted longer in the lungs of nude mice (5.8 log10 of infectious virus on day 21 vs no detectable virus in BALB/c mice) and lung pathology progressed more slowly but lasted longer in nude mice, as measured by immunofluorescent and histologic examination of pulmonary tissue. Antibody production was significantly lower and there was no cytotoxic T cell response detected in lymphoid cells prepared from the spleens, peripheral blood, or the lung after the infection of nude mice. A significant increase in the number of lymphocytes isolated from the lung was observed by day 7 (t = 5.8, p less than 0.001) in the BALB/c mice but not until day 14 (t = 4.9, p less than 0.001) in the nude mice. Lymphocytes from nude mice did not respond to influenza virus antigens or Concanavalin A (Con A) but did respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas lymphocytes from BALB/c mice responded to all 3 preparations.
An adherent, radiosensitive accessory cell necessary for mouse cytolytic T lymphocyte response to viral antigen.
Authors: Fast L D , Fan D P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cell type in addition to T lymphocytes and macrophages was found to be necessary for the in vitro stimulation of mouse anti-Sendai viral T lymphocytes in response to subviral antigens. This cell type was found to be glass and nylon wool adherent, to bear no surface immunoglobulin or Thy 1.2 antigen, and to be radiosensitive. This type of cell was not needed when the stimulatory antigen was virus-infected cells.
Pyridine nucleotide-dependent generation of hydrogen peroxide by a particulate fraction from human neutrophils.
Authors: DeChatelet L R , Shirley P S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The catalytic oxidation of [14C]-formate to 14CO2 was adapted to measure H2O2 formation in cellfree system. Standard curves employing glucose-glucose oxidase and xanthine-xanthine oxidase demonstrated linearity between 14CO2 evolution and enzyme concentration. A particulate fraction from human neutrophils was capable of oxidizing [14C]-formate; this reaction was dependent upon the presence of catalase, reduced pyridine nucleotide, and cellular material. Reaction increased with time of incubation and protein concentration, although not in a strictly linear fashion. The pH optimum was approximately 5.5 NADPH was a significantly better substrate than NADH, although both were capable of generating H2O2. The particulate fraction derived from phagocytizing cells was more active than a corresponding fraction from resting cells with either substrate. H2O2 production was abnormal in particulate fractions derived from 2 patients with chronic granulomatous disease. H2O2 production was markedly inhibited by superoxide dismutase or cytochrome c (scavengers of superoxide anion) but not by scavengers of singlet oxygen or hydroxyl radical. Reaction was greatly stimulated by the addition of manganous ion. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the respiratory burst in human neutrophils is initiated by an oxidase that can utilize either NADPH or NADH but exhibits a marked preference for the former. Further, the inhibitor studies strongly support a mechanism involving an initial enzymatic reaction followed by a self-sustaining free radical reaction involving superoxide anion.
Regulatory role of IgE-binding factors from rat T lymphocytes. V. formation of IgE-potentiating factor by T lymphocytes from rats treated with Bordetella pertussis vaccine.
Authors: Hirashima M , Yodoi J , Ishizaka K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An i.p. injection of Bordetella pertussis vaccine (BP) into rats induced the formation of soluble factors that had affinity for IgE (IgE-binding factors). The factor was detected in the serum of BP-treated animals 5 to 7 days after the treatment. Their circulating lymphocytes as well as spleen cells spontaneously released IgE-binding factors in the serum of BP-treated rats and those released from their circulating lymphocytes had affinity for lentil lectin, and the ability to selectively potentiate an in vitro IgE response of DNP-OA primed cells to homologous antigen. The molecular size of IgE-potentiating factor was between 10,000 and 20,000, and was comparable to that formed by lymphocytes of rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Evidence was obtained that IgE-potentiating factor was derived from Fc epsilon R(+) T cells, with a T cell marker identified by monoclonal antibody W 3/25. Their production of IgE-potentiating factor may be the basis of the adjuvant effect of BP on the IgE response.