bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEC-205+ DCs within the CNS critically modulate CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity against WNV encephalitis
Authors: Khatri Hemisha R , Santana Anthony , Durrant Douglas M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
West Nile Virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne neuroinvasive disease in the United States. Upon entry into the central nervous system (CNS, WNV infects neurons causing neuronal injury and inflammation potentially resulting in long-term sequelae and death. In order to restrict viral replication and pathogenesis within the CNS, infiltrating virus-specific CD8+ T cells are dependent on dendritic cell (DC) mediated reactivation. While previous reports have shown that DCs rapidly accumulate within the CNS during infection, the subset necessary to induce T-cell mediated protection against WNV has not been clarified. Previously, DEC-205+ DCs were detected within the CNS during WNV infection. DEC-205, an endocytic receptor expressed on a subset of DCs, promotes cross-presentation and induction of anti-viral immunity. However, the specific role of DEC-205+ DCs in establishing immunity against WNV encephalitis is not known. We hypothesize that DEC-205+ DCs restrict WNV pathogenesis by activating anti-viral T cell immunity in the CNS. We show that DEC-205−/− mice have increased clinical disease and mortality compared to wild-type (WT) controls. The enhanced susceptibility of the DEC-205−/− mice arose from increased viral burden, however, this was associated with increased neuronal chemokine expression and numbers of infiltrating T cells and inflammatory myeloid cells. These results suggest that DEC-205+ DCs promote protective immune responses to CNS viral infection that limits immunopathology. These findings will uncover the mechanism by which DEC-205+ DCs modulate protective immune responses within the CNS in order to restrict a neurotropic viral infection.
Investigating pathogen-driven evolution of the human Natural Killer (NK) receptor, NKR-P1A/CD161
Authors: Aguilar Oscar A , Tabata Takako , Chen Peter , Pereira Lenore , Carlyle James R , Lanier Lewis L 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in innate immunity by detecting alterations in self and non-self ligands via NK cell receptors (NKRs). They serve an important role in controlling viruses and have been described as being particularly important in managing herpesvirus infections. Among the various NKRs, inhibitory NKR-P1 receptors have recently being shown to be targeted by virally-encoded proteins of cytomegalovirus (CMV), a member of the beta-herpesvirus family. In rodents, the NKR-P1B receptor interacts with Clec2d/Clr-b, an inhibitory ligand abundantly expressed on healthy cells. Clr-b is downregulated during stress and serves to alert NK cells of pathogenesis. Interestingly, both rat and mouse CMVs encode viral ligands (RCTL and m12 respectively) that directly engage the NKR-P1B receptor and serve as decoys to subvert NK recognition. In humans, the homologous receptor is NKR-P1A/CD161 and binds CLEC2D/LLT-1. Given the findings in rodents, we are investigating if human CMV (HCMV) similarly employs a mechanism to escape NK detection through NKR-P1A/CD161. Using cell reporters capable of detecting receptor-ligand interactions and various HCMV strains, we are undergoing a systematic approach address this hypothesis.
A Quantitative Aspect of the Hypothetical Incorporation of Injected Antigen in Resulting Antibody
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From quantitative data relative to the weight of injected antigen and to the potency of resulting antibody it is conservatively estimated that one molecule of active antigenic substance gives rise to an amount of agglutinin capable of flocking 600 bacteria. This result is difficult to reconcile with the hypothesis that antibody is a conjugate of antigen and body globulin. The surface relationship (implicated in the mechanics of agglutination) between one globulin molecule and 600 bacteria is 1:25,000,000. Even with the assumption of multiple monospecific determinants in a single molecule of antigen the above discrepancy is extreme. A theory of antibody formation involving catalysis would seem more promising.
Heredity of the Agglutinogens M and N of Landsteiner and Levine
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The theory that the inheritance of the agglutinogens M and N of Landsteiner and Levine depends upon a single pair of allelomorphic genes may be tested by determining the frequencies of the three types in various populations. The frequencies of the genes is determined by the formulae: and where m and n are the frequencies of the genes M and N respectively, and it is then determined how closely the relation m + n = 1 holds. The size of the deviation, D = 1 — + depends upon (1) size of the sample examined, (2) whether or not the population is a homogeneous one, (3) whether or not the sample is a random one and (4) whether or not there are errors in technique. The probable error of D is equal to , where N equals the number of individuals in the sample examined.
It would be desirable to determine the distribution of the agglutinogens M and N in as many homogeneous populations as possible (just as was done for the Landsteiner blood groups), and determine the size of D and compare it with its probable error for each case. When a sufficient number of populations have been studied in this manner, we shall really be able to determine whether or not statistical data favor the theory of a single pair of allelomorphic genes.
Chemical and Immunological Studies of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Brown Rachel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Until the ether-soluble material in the pneumococcus cell can be obtained in quantities sufficient for complete chemical and immunological analyses, it is difficult to determine the significance of its various antigenic activities or its relationship to other substances concerned in the immune reaction. Since these ether extracts appeared to be free from protein, glycerol, sterol, and carbohydrate, it is important to note the fixation of complement in the presence of antipneumococcus sera of all types and the lack of definite specificity in this activity. In vivo no immunity was demonstrated against pneumococcus infection in mice inoculated with the ether extractive, and suspensions of dried pneumococci extracted with ether immunized mice to the same extent as suspensions of unextracted cells. It was not possible to demonstrate agglutinative, precipitative, or complement-fixing activities in the sera of inoculated rabbits, although mice were protected against pneumococcus infection by such sera.
Complement Binding Properties of Brucella Abortus of Bovine and Porcine Origin
Authors: Walton S. T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
As is shown in figure 7 the greatest variation in the complementbinding ability of anti-porcine and anti-bovine sera as measured by a number of porcine and bovine antigens was 0.002 cc. This difference occurred after the antibody content of the blood had declined considerably. At the peak of antibody production, and for a period of about twelve days before and a like period after the zenith was reached, there was a difference of only 0.0005 to 0.0008 cc.
There was a difference in the rate of production of anti-bacterial antibodies, and also a difference in the height of production as induced by the different strains of organisms, but in each case both the rate and height of production of antibodies in a given animal for both types of antigen was practically the same.
The amount of agglutinating antibodies present in a given sample of antiserum, whether it was anti-porcine or anti-bovine, was apparently as great for one type of antigen as for the other. When there was a variation of antibody content in a sample it was not constant for either type of antigen, but showed a difference for different strains of both types. In the absorption of agglutinins no antigen took appreciably more antibodies out of a serum for itself than it did for the other antigens, and the small variation in the absorbing power was not constant for either type of antigen.
It appears from this investigation that complement fixation as a means of detecting B. abortus antibody is on a par with the more widely used method of agglutination. No particular advantage can be claimed for it over agglutination, but, as is the case with any serologic test when the laboratory report conflicts with the clinical evidence, or when clinical signs are wanting as is often the case in dealing with these organisms, an additional test, detecting a different type of antibody, might often be advisable as a confirmatory measure.
Serum Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Hagebusch O. E. , Robben F. J. , Fleisher Moyer S. , Jones Lloyd 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous paper there have been described the manifestations of serum sickness in rabbits (1) which occur subsequent to a first and single injection of a large amount of horse serum. The reaction is characterized by the presence of a more or less confluent erythema which may be morbilliform or scarlatinal involving especially the lower third of the ears but often extending over the lower three-quarters of the ears. Frequently there is associated with this a more or less marked edema again especially evident in the lower third of the ears. Such reactions were noted in 69 per cent of 103 animals. The reactions of serum sickness as seen on the ears in rabbits differ distinctly from reactions noted in normal animals both as to character and location. It appears that these manifestations can be considered as essentially analogous to the phenomenon of serum sickness in man.
Immunization of Chimpanzees with Human Blood
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
With the aim to produce antibodies which possibly would differentiate red cells of various human individuals, chimpanzees were injected with human blood. Whereas in this respect the results were not striking enough to warrant a detailed investigation, it may be worth while to put on record observations which have been made in the course of these experiments.
Three chimpanzees, belonging to blood group A, were injected intramuscularly with washed human blood at intervals of seven to nine days, the animals receiving the following amounts in terms of whole blood: Chimpanzee 1 : 5, 5, 25, 25, 25 cc.; chimpanzee 2 : 10, 20, 15 cc.; chimpanzee 3: 10 cc. Titration of the sera are given in table 1.
Tested in suitable dilutions, the chimpanzee immune sera differentiated sharply human and chimpanzee blood (table 2) with the exception of a particular sample to be mentioned (serum of chimpanzee 2).
The Purification and Concentration of Diphtheria Toxoid by Means of Electrodialysis
Authors: Reiner L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been pointed out by Wm. H. Park (1) that the active immunization of humans with diphtheria toxoid has many advantages above the immunization with toxin-antitoxin mixture. Its only disadvantage is that it produces more or less severe local reactions in adults or older children. It was of interest to find out whether or not these reactions could be diminished by purification of the toxoid.
Glenny and Walpole (2) were the first to show that after it had been dialyzed diphtheria toxin was precipitated at pH 4 while most of the nitrogen containing substance of the crude toxin was dialyzed out or remained in solution. These results have been confirmed, among others by Watson and Wallace (3), Watson and Langstaff (4), Sédaillan and Gaumont (5), Sédaillan, Leulier and Clavel (6), Kulikoff and Smirnoff (7), and Schmidt and Kjaer (8). Furthermore, it has been stated that similar results could be obtained by simply acidifying the crude toxin and that toxoid behaved in this respect like the toxin.
Agglutination Reactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Dawson Martin H. , Olmstead Miriam , Boots Ralph H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The studies presented in the foregoing paper are reviewed at this time as matters of observation only. A discussion of the interpretation and possible significance of the results will be found in the following communication.
It has been shown that, in the majority of cases, the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis possess the property of agglutinating strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus (at 55°C.) to an extraordinarily high titer. No correlation was observed between the source of the strains and their agglutinability in the sera examined. Strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus obtained from cases of scarlet fever, erysipelas and rheumatic fever were agglutinated to as high a titer as were the “typical strains” of Cecil, Nicholls and Stainsby. Agglutination tests with a wide variety of other Gram-positive cocci revealed that these organisms were either not agglutinated at all or were agglutinated to a very low titer. An exception to this generalization is made in the case of R pneumococci which were agglutinated to almost as high a titer as were strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus. With the exception of certain instances, which are referred to in some detail, control sera did not agglutinate strains of Streptococcus hemolyticus in a titer which was comparable with that observed in rheumatoid arthritis.
A Comparison of the Toxicity of Various Meningococcus Preparations
Authors: Riley C. V. , Wilson M. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Various preparations of meningococci were tested by the Shwartzman method. Those containing the products of cell disintegration were found to be much more toxic than the simple filtrate of culture washings, the most toxic of all being a defatted coccus antigen made by extracting the cells with alcohol and ether, and grinding them in a mortar. The reactions obtained with this toxic defatted coccus could be neutralized with homologous immune rabbit serum, but only consistently when the serum was used undiluted and inoculated intravenously in equal volume with the diluted suspension.
The antimeningococcus therapeutic horse serum in 1:10 dilution neutralized the toxic effects of all four of the preparations in Shwartzman's skin sensitivity tests.
In the mouse protection tests Murray's endotoxin, unfiltered, was more toxic than the other preparations.
High dilutions of the antimeningococcus horse serum protected mice against Shwartzman's toxin filtrate, Murray's endotoxin filtrate and the cellular suspension. High dilutions of the serum did not protect against Murray's endotoxin, unfiltered, nor against the defatted coccus.
No conclusions have been drawn from these experiments, but the tests indicate that the same toxic substance is present in all of the preparations. The nature of the toxic substance has not been demonstrated by our tests.
Meningococcus Antitoxin
Authors: Ferry Newell S. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The preparation of bouillon filtrates of the meningococcus exhibiting properties characteristic of a soluble toxin and the employment of these filtrates for the production of an antitoxin was recently described by Ferry, Norton and Steele (1). It was found that filtrates from young cultures of the four recognized Gordon types of the meningococcus contain extracellular toxins specific to the four types, as well as a toxin common to all types, that individual animals injected with the toxins of the four types develop, respectively, antitoxins specific to the homologous toxins as well as antitoxins which will neutralize the heterologous toxins, and that an animal injected with toxins of all four types develops a polyvalent antitoxin containing immune bodies specific to the four individual toxins.
The present experiments were carried out to further test the protective properties of this experimental antitoxin by using it prophylactically and therapeutically in guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with fatal doses of the meningococcus.
Active Immunization of White Mice by a Non-Polysaccharide and Probably Non-Protein Derivative of the Pneumococcus
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The inferences which may be drawn from this study are: White mice may be immunized with a fraction of pneumococcus which is soluble in copper acetate in the presence of saturated sodium chloride and may be extracted with alcohol from the dried copper-free filtrate. This antigen gives a negative Molisch reaction and is probably free from protein. Also no precipitation occurs with antipneumococcus horse serum.The soluble carbohydrate of Avery and Heidelberger in proper dosage prevents the immunizing effect of this antigen.The immunizing antigen has been extracted by the copper method from samples of both type I and type II polysaccharide.Demonstrable immunity is developed in seventy-two hours after intraperitoneal injection, and in a shorter time following intravenous injection.Immunity after a single injection of antigen remains maximum for at least three weeks.The immunity conferred on white mice from a single injection is type specific.
Phenomenon of Local Skin Reactivity to Pneumococcus
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In this paper there is described the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to pneumococcus. The phenomenon is elicited by skin preparation with B. typhosus “agar washings” filtrate and intravenous injection either of active pneumococcus filtrate, or a mixture of inactive pneumococcus filtrate with antipneumococcus immune serum.
The methods for preparation of pneumococcus reacting factors are described in the text.
The observations reported suggest new considerations in immunopathology and therapy of pneumococcus infections.
A Specific Reaction of Convalescent Serum on the Streptococcus Isolated in Studies of Poliomyelitis
Authors: Rosenow Edward C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A specific reaction of convalescent poliomyelitis serum on the streptococcus isolated in studies of poliomyelitis is reported.
By studying the effect of convalescent serum on the streptococcus having characteristic cataphoretic velocity as isolated in cases of poliomyelitis, a marked and specific slowing or chargereducing effect has been discovered. This action of the serum increases during recovery from poliomyelitis, and is at its maximum during the fourth week after onset of the acute attack, after which there is gradual diminution, but it remains readily demonstrable even twenty years after recovery. The reaction is specific in that the serum of persons and monkeys who have recovered from typical attacks, affects both the strains from cases in human beings and in monkeys in that streptococci and other bacteria from sources other than poliomyelitis are not affected, and in that the reacting antibodies can be removed by absorption only with the streptococcus from poliomyelitis. The results indicate that the streptococcus isolated by us so consistently in poliomyelitis is not a contamination or an agonal or post-mortem invader.
Studies of Scarlet Fever
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
We have reported briefly (27) that some strains of scarlatinal streptococci produce qualitatively different and specifically neutralizable erythrogenic active substances which we regard as toxins. Before describing their properties, frequency of occurrence, and relation to scarlet fever it is deemed desirable to consider some of the theoretical obstacles that have been interposed in the way of accepting these substances as “true” toxins. Such is the purpose of this paper.
Some students (5, 8, 12, 23, 25, 31, 38, 43) of scarlet fever interpret its mechanism in terms of allergic rather than toxin-antitoxin reactions. They look upon the active substance in scarlatinal streptococcus filtrates as a new type of pathogenic agent—an “allergin” or “toxallergin”—and seem persuaded that the allergic hypothesis more plausibly explains the many puzzling observations that have been recorded during the recent productive years of study of this disease.
Our ability to control a disease improves pari passu with our understanding of its mechanism.
The Antigenic Property of Gelatin-Diazo-Arsanilic Acid
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Boyd William C. , Alley Otis E. , Derow Matthew A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A serum obtained after injections of gelatin-diazo-arsanilic acid precipitated and fixed alexin in the presence of other proteins coupled with arsanilic acid, and its reactivity was specifically inhibited by phenol-diazo-arsanilic acid and by the gelatin compound itself. The latter did not react visibly with the antiserum.
The results indicate that antigenicity may be conferred upon gelatin by coupling it with an unsaturated cyclic compound; they do not show that the non-antigenicity of gelatin is due solely to its deficiency in aromatic amino-acids; the possibility that other prosthetic groups may be similarly effective has not been excluded.
On the basis of certain quantitative relationships observed, the suggestion is offered that some diazo-proteins may produce two or more specifically different anti-haptens.
Adsorption of Diphtheria Toxoid by Cellulose Derivatives and Iron Hydroxide Gel
Authors: Reiner L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adsorption of diphtheria toxoid by cellulose derivatives (cellulose nitrate, cellulose acetate, and iron hydroxide gel) was studied quantitatively. Cellulose nitrate adsorbs the toxoid far better than cellulose acetate. Slightly acid reaction and low temperature were found favorable for the adsorption. Toxoid can be obtained in a purified form by elution of the adsorbate from cellulose nitrate or iron hydroxide gel at slightly alkaline pH (7.6 to 7.8). The substance, associated with diphtheria toxoid, which causes non-specific reactions in adults and older children, behaved in respect to its adsorbability similarly to the toxoid. It was not adsorbed at slightly alkaline reactions and was partially adsorbed at pH about 5. This indicates that these substances are closely associated or are similar in their physical properties.
Serum Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Jones Lloyd 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous article (1) we have stated that in animals which received into the subscapular tissue a second injection of a large amount of serum, there occurred on the ears, either or both erythema or edema which in relation to the time of the second injection could be compared with immediate and accelerated serum sickness in man. We wish to report here in greater detail regarding these reactions.
It may be well to recall as a basis for comparison that the reactions which we speak of as serum sickness in rabbits are manifested on the ears. The rather generalized distribution of the erythema involving most markedly the basal half or two-thirds and leaving unaffected a more or less triangular area at the tip is quite distinctive; the erythema may be morbilliform or scarlatinal in part or in whole. The edema, usually basal, may be more or less marked or more or less extensive.
Studies in Tobacco Hypersensitivity
Authors: Sulzberger Marion B. , Feit Emanuel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous publications (1, 2 and 5), attention has been called to the fact that patients suffering from thromboangiitis obliterans have a skin hypersensitiveness to tobacco and, in some cases, to other allergens (frequently inhalants (1, 5). This is demonstrable by the fact that these patients react with immediate wheal reactions to the intradermal injection of the allergens in question.2
In the following, we report the results of passive transference experiments with the sera of 22 unselected consecutive cases of thromboangiitis obliterans; as well as with the sera of 3 patients suffering from other conditions, who also had a marked immediate wheal reaction to intradermal skin tests with tobacco.
The technic which we have employed in our passive transference experiments is one which has been used by one of us (S.) in many hundreds of experiments, during the last eight years.