bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical processes and environmental factors as determinants of inter‐island differences in endemic faunas: the case of the Balearic Islands
Authors: Palmer M. , Pons G. X. , Cambefort I. , Alcover J. A. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aim We describe current interisland similarities of endemic faunas, and elucidate the significance of historical factors and environmental ones in determining the pattern found. Location The six major islands of the Balearics (Western Mediterranean). Method An extensive review of all the endemic fauna ranging from platyhelminthes to mammals is made. From 568 presumed endemic species and subspecies, 230 full species with neither taxonomic nor distributional uncertainty are chosen. Inter‐island similarities are determined using such a presence‐absence matrix. Finally, relationships between the matrix of faunistic similarity and a number of matrices measuring environmental and historical factors are elucidated. Results Endemic fauna similarities depend clearly on historical factors. Dependence on environmental factors is unclear. Moreover, endemic fauna reveals two clear‐cut clusters of islands within the Balearics: the Gymnesic Islands, in the NE, and the Pityusic Islands in the SW. Historical factors cluster the Balearic Islands in the same way. Contrasting, environmental variables show smoothed, no significant differences among the Gymnesics and the Pityusics. Main conclusions Pre‐human flora (palynology) and fauna (bird and mammal fossil record) suggest that environmental differences among the Gymnesics and the Pityusics have now been reduced in comparison to the environmental differences at the Pleistocene and Holocene boundary. This environmental homogenization is likely related with human invasion. Historical effects of prehuman differences between Gymnesic and Pityusic Islands are still recognizable on endemic fauna. In contrast, there is no historical effects on interisland similarities using currently breeding birds (as an example of organisms well‐dispersed and related to vegetation type). We explain the pattern of interisland similarities of endemic fauna as the result of the independent histories among the two islands groups. Contrasting, successive colonizations and extinctions would determine interisland similarities of breeding birds.
Cystic renal cell carcinoma: pathological features, survival and implications for treatment
Authors: Bielsa  , Lloreta  , Gelabert‐Mas  
Published: July 2002

Objectives To assess the incidence, clinicopathological features, prognosis and therapeutic options of cystic renal cell carcinoma (CRCC).Patients and methods The clinical records and nephrectomy specimens from 206 patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) were reviewed after a minimum follow‐up of 5 years. The mode of presentation, tumour size, growth pattern, nuclear grade, cytoplasmic appearance and pathological stage at presentation were compared with the outcome, as measured by disease‐free and overall survival of the patients.Results From the 206 patients with RCC, 25 (12%) were classified as having CRCC; most of these cases (96%) occurred in male patients, as opposed to 64% in the remaining patients RCC (P=0.0029). The clinical features at diagnosis were similar in both groups, although asthenia, anorexia and weight loss were uncommon in patients with CRCC (P=0.045). Nuclear grade and pathological stage were usually lower in those with CRCC than in those with RCC (P=0.0071 and P=0.0033, respectively). Survival was significantly longer in patients with CRCC (P=0.0342).Conclusions CRCC is a type of RCC that is usually identified at earlier stages, has a slower growth rate, and is therefore associated with a better prognosis and longer survival than conventional RCC. The differential diagnosis between CRCC, cystic multilocular nephroma and cysts with a superimposed infectious or haemorrhagic process can be extremely difficult in imaging studies, and even in intra‐operative frozen‐section analysis. Because of this, and with the better prognosis of CRCC, a conservative surgical approach would be the treatment of choice whenever technically feasible.
Non‐dipping circadian blood pressure and renal impairment are associated with increased mortality in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Sturrock N. D. C. , George E. , Pound N. , Stevenson J. , Peck G. M. , Sowter H. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims To assess the relevance of circadian blood pressure variation to future morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods A retrospective descriptive 4 year follow‐up study of data collected after ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in a clinic setting. Results Seventy‐five patients (46 male; 29 female) of whom 41% had Type 1 diabetes and 59% Type 2 were followed up for a median of 42 months (11–56). The median creatinine for the whole group at baseline was 101 (56–501) μmol/l. The median circadian blood pressures for the total study population were 147 (110–194)/87 (66–109) mmHg during daytime and 132 (86–190)/77 (50–122) mmHg during night‐time. Half of the patients exhibited a fall in night‐time pressures to 10% lower than daytime pressures (dippers). Dippers were younger, 47 (32–75) years, than non‐dippers, 57 (35–79) years, P = 0.03. Over time, dippers had a lower mortality than non‐dippers, with 8% deaths in the cohort of dippers, 26% deaths in the cohort of non‐dippers, P = 0.04. Cox regression analysis revealed significant contributions from age, duration of diabetes and baseline renal function to subsequent mortality in non‐dippers. Analysing current degree of renal impairment and original dipper status together revealed that, of those patients whose creatinine remained normal, 7% of patients whose blood pressure dipped had subsequently died and 10% of non‐dipping patients had died; of those patients whose creatinine unequivocally rose, 10% of dipping patients had died and 42% of non‐dipping patients had died, P = 0.03 Conclusions Loss of circadian variation in blood pressure is associated with an increased mortality rate, regardless of diabetes type. The combination of non‐dipping and subsequent renal impairment leads to the highest mortality rate. The study suggests a role for ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in day‐to‐day clinical practice to select patients with nephropathy who are at greatest risk, in an effort to alter outcome.
First laboratory observation of niobium monosulphide in the gas phase
Authors: Simard B. , Masoni C. , Hackett P. A. 
Published: July 2002

The diatomic molecule NbS has been observed for the first time by laser-induced fluorescence at low resolution in a supersonic molecular beam following expansion of a CS2/He (1:100) mixture through a laser-produced plasma of niobium atoms. Two band systems have been observed in the visible (400–700 nm); a strong one and a weaker one. The strong one has its origin near 15 670 cm−1 and is shown to belong to the C 4Σ−–X 4Σ− system. The weaker one has its origin likely at 15 215 cm−1 and is attributed to the 2Σ+–X 4Σ−1/2 system. The latter system is observed owing to the 2Σ+(σ1δ2)∼C4Σ−1/2 (δ2σ*1) perturbation induced by the spin–orbit operators. This perturbation has been characterized through vibrational energy shifts, vibronic lifetimes, and analysis of the perturbation matrix elements. This enables direct determination of the large second-order spin–orbit splittings in the C 4Σ− and X 4Σ− states.
In the ground state, the splitting which is due to the isoconfigurational 〈2Σ+‖Hso‖X 4Σ−〉 interaction element has been established to be 63 cm−1 and is independent of the vibrational energy content. In the C state, the spin–orbit splitting arises from two interactions; one due to the isoconfigurational 〈2Σ+‖Hso‖C 4Σ−〉 interaction and the other to the 〈2Σ−(σ1δ2), (v+1)‖Hso‖C 4Σ−(δ2σ*1),v〉 interaction. The former interaction splits the C 4Σ−3/2 and C 4Σ−1/2 components by about 63 cm−1, as in the ground X 4Σ− state again independent of the vibrational energy content. The second interaction which becomes negligible at v(C 4Σ−)≥4 shifts the C 4Σ− (v=0,1,2,3) levels to lower wave numbers by 18, 15, 11, and 5 cm−1, respectively. From a Franck–Condon analysis, the electronic part of the molecular matrix elements 〈2Σ+(σ1δ2), v′‖Hso‖C 4Σ−(δ2σ1*),v″〉 is estimated to be 57 cm−1. Other molecular parameters such as vibrational frequencies and anharmonicities, radiative lifetimes, Franck–Condon factors, mixing coefficients, and approximate bond lengths are reported and discussed.
Carbon monoxide adlayer structures on platinum (111) electrodes: A synergy between in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy and infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Villegas Ignacio , Weaver Michael J. 
Published: July 2002

The spatial structure of compressed carbon monoxide adlayers on Pt(111) in aqueous acidic solution has been explored by means of in-situ scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) along with infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Besides offering a detailed structural picture of this electrochemical interface in comparison with the well-studied Pt(111)/CO system in ultrahigh vacuum (uhv) environments, the real-space structural information provided by STM allows an assessment of the obfuscating influence of dynamic dipole coupling upon IRAS binding-site assignments. In turn, the latter data provide an important crosscheck on the validity of binding-site assignments deduced from the STM images. Emphasis is placed on the structures formed from near-saturated CO solutions, encouraged by the electrode potential-induced adlayer phase transition at ca. 0 V vs SCE observed previously under these conditions by IRAS. At potentials below 0 V, a hexagonal close-packed (2×2)–3CO adlayer is observed, with a CO coverage, θCO, of 0.75.
The z-corrugation pattern evident in the STM images indicates the presence of two threefold hollow and one atop CO per unit cell. This binding-site assignment is supported by the corresponding IRAS data which yield C–O vibrational bands at ca. 2065 and 1775 cm−1. The relative intensities of these two νCO bands, ca. 2:1, differs markedly from the 1:2 binding site occupancy deduced from STM. This apparent disparity, however, can be accounted for by dynamic dipole coupling effects between the atop and multifold CO oscillators. At potentials above 0 V (up to the onset of CO electrooxidation at ca. 0.25 V), a markedly different adlayer arrangement is formed, having a (√19×√19)R23.4°–13CO unit cell, with θCO=13/19. This hexagonal structure features CO binding in predominantly asymmetric sites inbetween atop and bridging geometries. A distinction between several alternate adlayer arrangements sharing (√19×√19) symmetry was achieved on the basis of the z-corrugation pattern along with the corresponding IRAS data upon consideration of dipole-coupling effects. Another CO adlayer structure, having a (√7×√7)R19.1°-4CO unit cell (θCO=4/7), was commonly observed at potentials below 0.2 V after the removal of solution-phase CO. These adlayer arrangements are distinctly different to the compressed Pt(111)/CO structures found in uhv. The increased accommodation of CO in multifold sites observed for the former can be understood chiefly from the markedly (ca. 1 V) lower surface potentials (and excess electronic surface charges) characterizing the electrochemical interface.
Acid House and Thatcherism: noise, the mob, and the English countryside
Authors: Hill Andrew 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper examines why the late 1980s youth subculture Acid House provoked a moral panic of the scale and intensity that it did. The subculture is conceived as presenting a disruptive presence to Thatcherism as an hegemonic project. The terms under which this occurred are examined through the themes of noise, the mob, and the disruption of bureaucratic authority. The presence of Acid House within the English countryside, and in particular the Home Counties, is situated as enhancing the problematic status of the subculture. The scale of measures taken against Acid House is related to Thatcherism's ‘authoritarian populism’. Acid House is located in terms of a history of similar forms of popular cultural activity. The coverage of Acid House in The Sun and The Daily Mail, and the parliamentary debate around the second reading of the Entertainments (Increased Penalties) Act, are drawn upon throughout.
Non‐prescription drug use by gay men in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane
Authors: KNOX STEPHANIE , KIPPAX SUSAN , CRAWFORD JUNE , PRESTAGE GARRETT , VAN DE VEN PAUL 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the prevalence of non‐prescription and injecting drug use among a nonclinical sample of gay and homosexually active men and examined what distinguished men who had recently injected drugs from other gay men. Gay and homosexually active men from three cohort studies in Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney, Australia (N = 1438) were interviewed between June 1995 and July 1996. Three‐quarters of the men reported using drugs in the 6 months prior to interview and 10% had injected drugs in this period. It was concluded that drug use is normative among gay men in Australian cities. Recent drug use without injecting was associated with high socio‐economic status and gay community attachment. Men who had recently injected drugs were as attached to gay community as men who had used without injecting. Multivariate analysis found that injecting drugs was more common among younger men and men who were HIV positive. Socio‐economic differences between the men who had injected recently and other men were possibly related to the higher rates of HIV infection among the men who injected and injecting drugs may be part of an HIV positive subculture. Men who injected drugs were more likely to have received money for sex and there was a significant minority of injectors who did not identify as gay, suggesting that there is a small subgroup of men who are likely to be injecting in contexts outside gay community. [Knox S, Kippax S, Crawford J, Prestage G, Van de Ven P. Non‐prescription drug use by gay men in Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Drug Alcohol Rev 1999:18;425–433]
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: July 2002

Books Reviewed in this Article: Clinical Guide to Alcohol Treatment. The Community Reinforcement Approach ROBERT J. MEYERS & JANE ELLEN SMITH Tobacco and Health KAREN SLAMA (Ed.) The Cigarette Papers STANTON A. GLANZ, JOHN SLADE, LISA A. BERO, PETER HANAUER & DEBORAH E. BARNES Snow Job? The War against International Cocaine Trafficking KEVIN JACK RILEY Substance and Shadow: Women and Addiction in the United States STEPHEN R. KANDALL
Amplification and Over‐Expression of the MDM2 Gene in Human Soft Tissue Tumours
Authors: Patterson Helen , Barnes Diana , Gill Sandra , Spicer James , Fisher Cyril , Thomas Merion , Grimer Robert , Fletcher Chris , Gusterson Barry , Cooper Colin 
Published: July 2002

Purpose. Amplification of genetic sequences on chromosome 12q13 is frequently found in soft tissue tumours. However,
for the MDM2 gene, over‐expression of the MDM2 protein has not always been shown to accompany gene amplification,
raising the possibility that amplification of genetic sequences targets alternative genes on chromosome 12q13 for
over‐expression. To investigate this discrepancy, we have examined 129 soft tissue tumours for amplification of the MDM2
gene using Southern analysis, and 39 of these tumours were also examined by immunohistochemical staining for MDM2
over‐expression.Results. Gene amplification was identified in 14/114 (12.3%) of the malignant tumours, but was not identified in any of
the benign tumours; 21/39 (54%) of the malignant tumours also demonstrated MDM2 over‐expression. Within this group
the MDM2 gene was over‐expressed in every tumour in which the gene amplification was found, and over‐expression in
the absence of gene amplification was also found in an additional 10 tumours.Discussion. These data demonstrate a clear correlation between the presence of MDM2 amplification and MDM2
over‐expression, and provide persuasive evidence therefore that the amplification of genetic sequences on chromosome
12q13 in soft tissue sarcomas targets the MDM2 gene for over‐expression. These data also indicate that alternative
mechanisms may contribute to MDM2 over‐expression within some tumours.
An Endothelial Storage Granule for Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Emeis J.J. , Eijnden-Schrauwen Y. van den , Hoogen C.M. van den , Priester W. de , Westmuckett A. , Lupu F. 
Published: July 2002

In previous studies we have shown that, after stimulation by a receptor ligand such as thrombin, tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) and von Willebrand factor (vWf) will be acutely released from human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). However, the mechanisms involved in the secretion of these two proteins differ in some respects, suggesting that the two proteins may be stored in different secretory granules.
By density gradient centrifugation of rat lung homogenates, a particle was identified that contained nearly all tPA activity and antigen. This particle had an average density of 1.11–1.12 g/ml, both in Nycodenz density gradients and in sucrose density gradients. A similar density distribution of tPA was found for a rat endothelial cell line and for HUVEC. After thrombin stimulation of HUVEC to induce tPA secretion, the amount of tPA present in high-density fractions decreased, concomitant with the release of tPA into the culture medium and a shift in the density distribution of P-selectin.
vWf, known to be stored in Weibel-Palade bodies, showed an identical distribution to tPA in Nycodenz gradients. In contrast, the distribution in sucrose gradients of vWf from both rat and human lung was very different from that of tPA, suggesting that tPA and vWf were not present in the same particle.
Using double-immunofluorescence staining of HUVEC, tPA- and vWf-containing particles showed a different distribution by confocal microscopy. The distribution of tPA also differed from the distribution of tissue factor pathway inhibitor, endothelin-1, and caveolin. By immunoelectronmicroscopy, immunoreactive tPA could be demonstrated in small vesicles morphologically different from the larger Weibel-Palade bodies. It is concluded that tPA in endothelial cells is stored in a not-previously-described, small and dense (d = 1.11– 1.12 g/ml) vesicle, which is different from a Weibel-Palade body.
On the period variation of the Delta Scurti star VZ CANCRI
Authors: Arellano Ferro A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
New photometric photometry and new times of maximum light are reported for the delta Scuti-type star VZ Cancri. Times of maximum light available for the last five decades have been studied. The times of maximum from the last decade, however, indicate that the period has not been steadily increasing as believed until now. To allow for this discrepancy several interpretations of the O-C diagram are discussed. However, the scatter in the (O-C) residuals is large and it is difficult to favor a case between a sloping linear fit and a sinusoidal fit. The former indicates that the main period needs to be revised and a predicted value of 0.17836365 days is obtained. The later suggests the presence of an unseen companion whose nature and implications are briefly discussed. In either case it can be concluded that VZ Cancri is not undergoing any secular period variation. Other possibilities like abrupt period changes and long-term effects of nonlinear combinations of short frequencies are discussed but found unrealistic.
Partitions with parts in a finite set
Authors: Nathanson Melvyn 
Published: July 2002

LetAAbe a nonempty finite set of relatively prime positive integers, and letpA(n)p_A(n)denote the number of partitions ofnnwith parts inAA. An elementary arithmetic argument is used to prove the asymptotic formula\[pA(n)=(1∏a∈Aa)nk−1(k−1)!+O(nk−2).p_A(n) = \left (\frac {1}{\prod _{a\in A}a}\right ) \frac {n^{k-1}}{(k-1)!} + O\left ( n^{k-2}\right ).\]
Cylindric Partitions
Authors: Gessel Ira , Krattenthaler C. 
Published: July 2002

A new object is introduced into the theory of partitions that generalizes plane partitions: cylindric partitions. We obtain the generating function for cylindric partitions of a given shape that satisfy certain row bounds as a sum of determinants of

q
q

-binomial coefficients. In some special cases these determinants can be evaluated. Extending an idea of Burge (J. Combin. Theory Ser. A 63 (1993), 210–222), we count cylindric partitions in two different ways to obtain several known and new summation and transformation formulas for basic hypergeometric series for the affine root system

A
~

r

\widetilde A_{r}

. In particular, we provide new and elementary proofs for two

A
~

r

\widetilde A_{r}

basic hypergeometric summation formulas of Milne (Discrete Math. 99 (1992), 199–246).
A RAPID algorithm for sequence database comparisons: application to the identification of vector contamination in the EMBL databases.
Authors: Miller C , Gurd J , Brass A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
MOTIVATION: Word-matching algorithms such as BLAST are routinely used for sequence comparison. These algorithms typically use areas of matching words to seed alignments which are then used to assess the degree of sequence similarity. In this paper, we show that by formally separating the word-matching and sequence-alignment process, and using information about word frequencies to generate alignments and similarity scores, we can create a new sequence-comparison algorithm which is both fast and sensitive. The formal split between word searching and alignment allows users to select an appropriate alignment method without affecting the underlying similarity search. The algorithm has been used to develop software for identifying entries in DNA sequence databases which are contaminated with vector sequence. RESULTS: We present three algorithms, RAPID, PHAT and SPLAT, which together allow vector contaminations to be found and assessed extremely rapidly. RAPID is a word search algorithm which uses probabilities to modify the significance attached to different words; PHAT and SPLAT are alignment algorithms. An initial implementation has been shown to be approximately an order of magnitude faster than BLAST. The formal split between word searching and alignment not only offers considerable gains in performance, but also allows alignment generation to be viewed as a user interface problem, allowing the most useful output method to be selected without affecting the underlying similarity search. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis of an artificial test set allows the optimal score threshold for identifying vector contamination to be determined. ROC curves were also used to determine the optimum word size (nine) for finding vector contamination. An analysis of the entire expressed sequence tag (EST) subset of EMBL found a contamination rate of 0.27%. A more detailed analysis of the 50 000 ESTs in est10.dat (an EST subset of EMBL) finds an error rate of 0.86%, principally due to two large-scale projects. AVAILABILITY: A Web page for the software exists at http://bioinf.man.ac.uk/rapid, or it can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.bioinf.man.ac.uk/RAPID CONTACT: crispin@cs.man.ac.uk