bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Clearance, Tissue Distribution, and Cellular Localization of Intravenously Injected Lipopolysaccharide in Rabbits
Authors: Mathison John C. , Ulevitch Richard J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The initial interaction of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with the blood and tissues of rabbits was studied by using radioiodinated LPS purified from Escherichia coli O111:B4 and Salmonella minnesota R595. After i.v. injection of 250 µg of 125I-LPS, a rapid clearance phase (t1/2 &lt; 30 min) was observed with substantial uptake of LPS by liver, spleen, and lung during this initial period. With autoradiography, LPS was found to be concentrated in phagocytic vacuoles of hepatic Kupffer cells, splenic macrophages, and leukocytes. LPS remaining in plasma beyond 30 min was converted to a form with a density of less than 1.2 g/cm3, which disappeared from the blood with a half-life of 12 hr. Except for a marked increase in the concentration of O111:B4 LPS in the adrenal glands, tissue-bound LPS concentrations did not change appreciably between 5 and 180 min. When the low density form (ρ &lt; 1.2 g/cm3) of either LPS was injected i.v., the initial rapid clearance phase was absent and approximately one-half of the LPS was cleared from blood during the next 4 hr followed by a slower clearance rate (t1/2 = 15 hr). In contrast to findings with the parent LPS, LPS concentrations in the adrenals at 180 min were 3- to 4-fold increased over those in other tissues. Results from SDS-PAGE of LPS recovered from plasma and liver homogenates indicated that no major cleavage of the glycolipid structure of LPS occurred within 180 min. Thus, i.v. injected LPS is rapidly partitioned into tissuebound LPS and that remaining in plasma, neither of which shows evidence of major degradative change within 180 min. Accumulation of low density LPS in the adrenal may compromise the ability of the host to survive in LPS-induced shock.
Effect of Cyclophosphamide on Suppressor Cell Activity in Mice Unresponsive to EAE
Authors: Lando Zeev , Teitelbaum Dvora , Arnon Ruth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protection against experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in susceptible mice of (SJL/J × BALB/c)F1 hybrid, by injection of either mouse spinal cord homogenate, the small mouse basic protein, or Cop 1 in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, before EAE induction. It was demonstrated that the unresponsiveness induced by the three antigens is mediated by suppressor T cells residing in the spleen cell population and can be adoptively transferred to normal syngeneic recipients. Low dose of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg) administered 2 days before the encephalitogenic challenge abrogated the unresponsiveness to EAE and reverted the protected mice sensitive to disease induction. Cyclophosphamide was also active on adoptively transferred unresponsiveness, thus donors that had been treated with cyclophosphamide were unable to further transfer unresponsiveness to EAE. These results indicate the elimination by cyclophosphamide of suppressor cells that interfere with the effector mechanisms leading to EAE.
B Lymphocyte Determinants in Immunoglobulin a Nephropathy
Authors: Friend Peter S. , Yunis Edmond J. , Noreen Harriet J. , Reinsmoen Nancy , Dubey Devendra , Michael Alfred F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of our prior demonstration of a strong association between a specific B lymphocyte determinant and the occurrence of chronic membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and the demonstration by others of the frequent concurrence of an IgA deposit disease, anaphylactoid purpura nephritis, with HLA-BW35, we conducted an investigation of the association among Minnesota Caucasians of the HLA markers BW35, DW1 and B lymphocyte determinants identified by three alloantisera with IgA nephropathy and the syndrome of recurrent macroscopic hematuria. The highly significant association between HLA-BW35, DW1, and B cell antigens identified by alloantisera L, B, and F, present in 50 normal Minnesota Caucasians, was not observed in 18 Minnesota patients with IgA nephropathy. The frequency of HLA-DW1 was the same among controls and patients, whereas the relative risk of developing IgA nephropathy was demonstrated to be increased 4- to 5- fold in the presence of the B cell antigens identified by alloantisera L and B. These sera appear to identify determinants on B lymphocytes associated with the disease state and possibly not intimately related to the HLA-D region. These findings emphasize the possible informativeness of defining B cell alloantisera on disease panels.
Production of Chemotactic Activity in Mixed Leukocyte Cultures: Maximum Effect Caused by H-2I Region Disparity
Authors: Cheung Hou Tak , Sundharadas G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Primary mixed mouse leukocyte culture supernatants contain an activity chemotactic for mouse peritoneal exudate cells and it can be detected within 72 h after initiation of the culture. Disparity for H-2I region leads to maximum production of chemotactic activity whereas H-2K or H-2D region differences result in the production of significantly less activity. The rate of production of chemotactic activity follows closely the rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine, and both attain the peak on day 4 after initiation of the culture. But whereas proliferation is sensitive to gamma-irradiation, chemotactic activity production is not. It is our hypothesis that proliferating cells are primarily responsible for the production of chemotactic activity. The possible relevance of chemotactic activity production to graft rejection is discussed.
In Vitro Killing of S. Mansoni Schistosomula by Eosinophils from Infected Rats: Role of Cytophilic Antibodies
Authors: Capron Monique , Torpier Gérard , Capron André 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxic effect of peritoneal cells from Schistosoma mansoni-infected rats against antibody-opsonized or nonopsonized schistosomula in vitro has been studied during the course of infection. Eosinophil-enriched cell preparations were shown to have a high cytotoxic effect on schistosomula in the absence of antibody. The killer cells were identified as eosinophils. As in the ADCC mechanism previously described, mast cell-eosinophil interaction was required for eosinophil cytotoxicity.
Rosette formation using S. mansoni antigen-coated erythrocytes was used to demonstrate the presence of anti-S. mansoni IgG2a antibody at the surface of infected eosinophils. Passive sensitization of normal eosinophils with ultracentrifugation pellets of immune rat serum resulted in a significant cytotoxicity of sensitized eosinophils. A close relationship was found between the cytotoxic activity of infected cells and the ability of the corresponding infected serum to arm normal eosinophils.
At certain periods after infection, eosinophils from infected rats were less effective than normal eosinophils on antibody-coated schistosomula. EA- (rat) rosetting assay and blockade experiments with homologous immune complexes have revealed in a kinetic study that the blocking of cytotoxic activity of infected eosinophils was related to heat-stable circulating immune complexes.
The possible role of immune complexes either in arming or inhibiting effector cells is suggested.
In Vitro Primary Immunization of Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes to KLH: Evidence for HLA-D Region Restriction
Authors: Rodey Glenn E. , Luehrman Lisa K. , Thomas David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human T cells were primed in vitro by culture for 12 days with autologous adherent monocytes and KLH. KLH-primed cells recovered from primary cultures were restimulated in a second culture containing autologous or allogeneic monocytes in the presence or absence of KLH, and proliferation was determined by incorporation of tritiated methyl-thymidine. Secondary proliferation of primed T cells requires both autologous adherent cells and KLH in the cultures. Allogeneic adherent cells work as effectively as autologous adherent cells in supporting proliferation only if the allogeneic cell shares an HLA-D region determinant in common with the autologous adherent cells used during the priming culture. Proliferative responses in cultures containing allogeneic adherent cells with no shared D-region specificities were markedly diminished or absent. This D region restriction was further confirmed by demonstrating that the addition to the secondary cultures of an anti-DR antiserum directed against the shared DR determinant abrogates proliferation whereas anti-DR antisera against the nonshared DR determinants on either primed T cell or allogeneic adherent cell do not.
In conclusion, this study provides additional evidence that the genetic restrictions governing human cell-interactions of in vitro immune responsiveness are analogous to those observed in other animal models. By extension, it is likely that these in vitro techniques can also be utilized to define Ir genes, which control immune responsiveness in humans; and ultimately, to characterize better the H-linked genetic factors that contribute to the susceptibility to certain disease states that are associated with HLA-D region gene products.
Selective Effects of Anti-la Serum and Complement Treatment upon Polyclonal B Lymphocyte Responses to Dextran Sulfate and Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Bick Peter H. , Shreffler Donald C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subpopulations of B lymphocytes have been shown to vary in their expression of Ia alloantigens and polyclonal responsiveness to thymic independent antigens. We have demonstrated that the polyclonal B cell antibody response to dextran sulfate is less sensitive to removal of Ia-positive cells than is the response to LPS. This is a consistent finding whether alloantibody and complement (C) pretreatment is directed toward cells bearing Ia antigens coded for by the entire I region or by the I-A or I-E subregions.
Heterogeneity appears to exist within the dextran sulfate-sensitive population in that using high antibody:cell ratios during antibody and C-mediated cell selection results in an inhibition of the proliferative but not the antibody response. This result may indicate a differential expression of Ia antigens on dextran sulfate-sensitive B cells that respond by proliferation versus those cells that produce antibody. Alternatively, proliferative responses to dextran sulfate may be more dependent upon Ia-positive accessory cells than is the polyclonal antibody response.
Postnatal Development of T Cells
Authors: Papiernik Martine , Bach Jean-François 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have explored the thymus dependency of T cell precursors in mouse neonatal spleen. Neonatal spleen was grafted under the kidney capsule of adult syngeneic recipients [normal, adult thymectomized (ATx) or thymectomized, irradiated, and bone marrow reconstituted]. Grafts were tested for the presence of Ig+ and Thy 1+ cells and the response to phytomitogens and allogeneic cells. In normal and ATx recipients the grafts were partly populated with Thy 1+ cells of graft origin, which developed in situ from T cell precursors having migrated to the spleen before birth. The absence of the thymus (ATx recipients) did not prevent the appearance of Thy 1+ cells but impaired their functional maturation as assessed by Con A responses and mixed lymphocyte reaction. Such functions appeared to be sensitive to the humoral function of the thymus since they reappeared after grafting of a thymus gland in a cell-impermeable Millipore chamber. No T cell development was observed when neonatal spleens were grafted into T cell-deprived mice, suggesting that T cell precursors that preexisted in the spleen before grafting disappear in T cell-deprived mice whereas they persist in normal or ATx mice. One may thus hypothesize that the persistence and/or proliferation of T cell precursors in the neonatal spleen require the presence of a T cell environment, whereas its functional maturation is under the control of the humoral function of the thymus.
Postnatal Development of T Cells
Authors: Pyke K. W. , Papiernik M. , Bach J.-F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro migration pattern of neonatal spleen cells was studied in a system of grafts: the newborn spleen was grafted under the renal capsule of adult mice, either normal, thymectomized as adults, or T-deprived animals. The influence of thymic humoral factors on these cells was studied by grafting some of the hosts with thymic tissue in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers. The results showed that the cells of the neonatal spleen contain subpopulations that migrate specifically to either the thymus, the spleen, or the lymph nodes and that these migration patterns are not influenced by thymic humoral function. In T-deprived animals; however, in the absence of any thymic influences, cells that migrated to the thymus, only, were present. Under the influence of thymic humoral factors, this thymus-seeking population became minimal while a new population of spleen- and nodeseeking cells was detectable. The results provide evidence to suggest that there is a sequence of maturation in terms of lymphoid organ homing of precursor cells and that one population may generate the succeeding populations. There is also evidence to suggest that a thymic humoral factor may play a role in these changes in migration patterns without necessarily direct correlation with changes in classic criteria of T cell maturation.
In Vitro Adherence of Lymphocytes to Unfixed and Fixed High Endothelial Cells of Lymph Nodes
Authors: Woodruff Judith J. , Rasmussen Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rat thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) bind selectively to venules lined by high endothelial cells (HEV) when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed frozen sections of lymph nodes. This report describes the characteristics of TDL binding to HEV in unfixed frozen sections and compares this reactivity with that observed after fixing sections with different reagents. We found that TDL bound to unfixed HEV and that the pattern of adherence to such sections was identical to that observed when using glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue. Fixation of the sections with glutaraldehyde, however, enhanced the binding reaction. This effect was also observed when sections were treated with the diimidoester, dimethylsuberimidate (DMS) but not when methanol or formaldehyde was used. Since glutaraldehyde and DMS are each bifunctional cross-linking reagents, the results suggest that in vitro HEV adherence was facilitated under conditions in which the endothelial binding sites were present in an aggregated form.
Role of Self Carriers in the Immune Response and Tolerance
Authors: Jandinski John J. , Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies indicated that T cells are required for tolerance induction by hapten-modified syngeneic spleen cells (TNP-SC) in vivo. The role of T cells in the maintenance of this unresponsive state has been examined herein. By three criteria—limiting dilution precursor analysis, removal of T cells by anti-Thy-1 + C, and direct mixing experiments—we show that T cells are required for the continued suppression of the B cell response to the T-independent antigen, TNP-POL. Suppressor cells can also be induced by TNP-teratoma cells, which lack detectable H-2 antigens. Both anti-Ly-1 + C and anti-Ly-2 + C treatment reversed suppression induced by TNP-SC. These results demonstrate that normal B cell reactivity is present in the spleens of mice rendered tolerant by haptenated self, but that Ly-1,2,3 or Ly-1 + Ly-2,3 suppressor T cells prevent their responsiveness.
Antibody-Independent Neutralization of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus by Human Complement
Authors: Mills Bonnie J. , Beebe Deborah P. , Cooper Neil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is efficiently neutralized by normal, nonimmune human serum without the participation of antibody. Neutralization is complement-(C) dependent and requires the early-acting components of the classical pathway, C1, C4, C2, and C3, but not later-acting C components. In further studies, normal human serum was found to markedly increase the density of a variable but significant proportion of virus-associated RNA and to markedly decrease the density of the remainder of virus-associated RNA. The RNA of increased density was found to be dense ribonucleocapsid cores released from VSV by C-dependent viral lysis mediated through the classical pathway. The released ribonucleocapsid cores found at the bottom of sucrose density gradients after incubation of VSV with human serum were resistant to degradation by proteolytic enzymes.
The VSV-derived RNA found floating on the tops of sucrose density gradients performed on serum-treated VSV was infectious virus. The decreased density was due to binding of VSV to human serum lipoproteins (LP), primarily very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). Binding of VLDL to VSV required the presence of the viral envelope and the external glycoprotein, G. Despite the binding of LP to VSV, LP did not neutralize VSV, and LP-depleted sera were fully active in neutralizing VSV. Thus, LP do not represent an accessory factor for the C-dependent neutralization of VSV.
Genetic Control of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis in Mice
Authors: Christadoss Premkumar , Lennon Vanda A. , David Chella 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As a first step in determining the genetic control of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in mice, we tested the proliferative responses of lymph node cells to torpedo acetylcholine receptors (TAR). Studies with congenic and recombinant inbred strains of mice revealed that T-cell responses to TAR are controlled by an H-2-linked Ir gene, mapping in the I-A subregion of mouse major histocompatibility complex.
Cell-Mediated Cytotoxic Responses of Spleen Cells from Mice Bearing Primary, Chemically Induced Tumors
Authors: Civin Curt I. , Dorfman Nikolay , Eggers Arnold , Fink Kenneth , Penvose Douglas , Hsu C. K. , Wunderlich John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sarcomas were induced in C57BL/6 mice by using 3-methylcholanthrene. Spleen cells taken from these mice bearing primary, chemically induced tumors and from matched control mice were assessed for the capacity to generate cell-mediated cytotoxic cell activity after in vitro sensitization. Spleen cells from tumor-bearing mice generated strong cell-mediated cytotoxic responses against alloantigens and antigens on syngeneic cells.
Lipid A from Endotoxin: Antigenic Activities of Purified Fractions in Liposomes
Authors: Banerji Benoy , Alving Carl R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Isolation of lipid A by acid hydrolysis of Shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide resulted in a product that consisted of a heterogeneous mixture of bands when visualized by thin layer chromatography. Differential extraction with ethyl acetate and chloroform, or extraction with EDTA, followed by chloroform-methanol-water (Bligh-Dyer extraction), or a combination of both extraction schemes, resulted in partial purification of immunologically active lipid A. Eight fractions were purified further by preparative thin layer chromatography, and each of the fractions had phosphate, carbohydrate, and esterified fatty acids. Upon incorporation into liposomes, five of the eight purified fractions reacted with anti-lipid A serum, but the three fractions with the most number of esterified fatty acids failed to react with anti-lipid A serum. At least one fraction that originally was unreactive with anti-lipid A serum became reactive as a hapten inhibitor upon removal of esterified fatty acids by alkaline hydrolysis. Alkali-treated fractions from “unreactive” and “reactive” lipid A had similar activities as hapten inhibitors. Our data suggest that lipid A can exist in multiple forms that differ by the number and placement, and possibly by the type, of fatty acids linked to the carbohydrate of lipid A. Highly acylated forms of lipid A do not react with antiserum against the unpurified lipid A mixture, but removal of fatty acids does expose immunoreactive groups.
Lyt Phenotypes of Responding Cells in Secondary Alloantigen Responses
Authors: Alter Barbara J. , Bach Fritz H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes responding in a “secondary” MLC-CML system, after in vitro sensitization, apparently fall into two classes with regard to their Lyt phenotype. First, are the cells that form the majority of the proliferating cells after restimulation with either I or K + I differences, which are Lyt 1-2-, and second, are Tc that are Lyt 1-2+. The Lyt 1-2- proliferating cells are not cytotoxic and are lysed by treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 serum in the presence of C.
The Murine Kupffer Cell
Authors: Richman Lee K. , Klingenstein R. James , Richman Jill A. , Strober Warren , Berzofsky Jay A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine Kupffer cells, the tissue macrohages of the liver, were isolated by collagenase digestion, differential sedimentation over Metrizamide, and glass adherence. The resultant cell population was more than 86% phagocytic, and 95% of cell stained positively for α-naphtyl butyratc esterase activity. The cells also had cell surface receptors for complement (C) and the Fc portion of IgG. In additon, a large proportion of Kupffer cells was shown to bear Ia antigens: about half of the cells bore I-A subregion-encoded antigens. Kupffer cell populations were capable of reconstituting antigen-stumulated proliferative responses of antigen-primed, macrophage-depleted, lymph node T cells. The ability to reconstitute proliferation was enriched in the adheren population and was resistant to radiation and treatment with an anti-Thy antiserum and C.
We conclude that isolated murine Kupffer cells bear the Ia phenotype of accessory cells that function in antigen presentation and that Kupffer cells can paricipate in the induction of antigen-specific immune responses. These data suggest that Kupffer cells may play a role in modulating responses to enterically derived antigens.
Relationship Between Fc (IgG) Receptors and Alloantigens on the Surface of BALB/c B Cell Lymphoma Lines
Authors: Kanellopoulos-Langevin Colette , Jin Kim K. , Sachs David H. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
From a panel of spontaneous BALB/c lymphoma lines with B cell characteristics, including Ia antigens and receptors for the Fc portion of IgG (Fc(IgG)), three cell lines were selected for further study of the possible relationships between Fc (IgG) receptors, H-2D, Ia, and Mls-associated LyM antigens on their surface. We have found that Fc (IgG) binding, assayed by sheep or ox erythrocyte-antibody (EA) rosetting, could be inhibited by polyvalent anti-Ia sera on Ia positive (Ia+) cell lines (A20, K46). Antisera directed against antigens coded by individual I-subregions also inhibited EA rosettes. No comparable inhibition of Fc receptors was observed on a cell line (M12) that had no detectable Ia antigens on the cell surface. LyM antigens were detected on all cell lines, and all lines (Ia+ or Ia-) could be inhibited with antisera directed against LyM antigens. From the results obtained with the M12 cell line, we can conclude that Ia antigens are not mandatory on the cell surface for Fc (IgG) receptors to be functional or to be blocked. Anti-H-2D sera were also inhibitory in all cases although on two cell lines (A20, M12) the pattern of inhibition was clearly different from that produced by anti-Ia or anti-LyM sera. The differences we have observed in B cell marker interactions among these cell lines may reflect their origin from different distinct B cell subpopulations.