bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence rate of animal bites in southern Iran during 2015-2019 using Cochrane-Armitage trend test
Authors: Delam Hamed , Eidi Ahmadreza , Keshtkaran Zahra , Soufı Omid , Rezaei Behzad , Bazrafshan Mohammad-Rafi 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
To investigate the trend of animal bites in southern Iran from 2015 to 2019.

Methods:
This is a cross-sectional study of patients with animal bites who were referred to the Center for Disease Control in the three cities of Larestan, Evaz, and Khonj in Fars province, southern Iran from 2015 to 2019. The trend of animal bites incidence was analyzed using the Cochran-Armitage trend test.

Results:
In total, from 2015 to 2019, 1 944 cases of animal bites were reported. A total of 79.8% of the cases were men. The overall average incidence of animal bites was 142.93 per 100 000 people. The incidence of animal bites was significantly increased (P
trend<0.001). The highest incidence was in November (79.04 per 100 000 people) followed by January (76.1 per 100 000 people) and February (69.48 per 100 000 people); also, the lowest incidence was in August (47.42 per 100 000 people) and July (50.0 per 100 000 people).

Conclusions:
The incidence of animal bites has significantly increased. Given the importance of rabies, control and management of animal bites should be emphasized and considered.
Continuum Diabetes Care among Tuberculosis Patients in a Rural Block of Eastern Odisha
Authors: Behera Binod K. , Patro Binod K. , Padhi Biswanath 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Interaction between TB and DM shows that 10% of the TB cases globally are linked to DM. The weaker immunity of patients with chronic diseases like DM is at higher risk of progressing from latent to active TB. A large portion of DM and TB patients remain undiagnosed or get diagnosed later. TB-DM comorbidity complication appears and leads to high treatment costs and out-of-pocket expenditure. Glycemic control in TB patients can improve treatment outcomes. All TB patients diagnosed and registered under RNTCP will be referred for screening for diabetes. The present study was conducted to describe the continuum of TB-DM care among TB patients.

Material and Methods:
Retrospective record reviews in three randomly selected TU, which included all the patients registered during October 2017–March 2018.

Results:
A total of 145 patients’ treatment cards were available for review and analysis. More than half, i.e., 52%, were in the 14–44 age-group. During the anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT), 46.2% were unemployed. 15.9% of patients were not screened for DM, ten patients were known cases of DM, 11 TB patients were found to be newly diagnosed as having DM, and out of them, only two patients could be initiated with DM treatment. So, in the present study, 21 out of 145 TB patients, 14.5% had DM.

Conclusions:
It is evident from this study that TB patients with DM, either known case or newly diagnosed, are not receiving the proper DM care that they should receive as per the program provision.
Traditional Newborn Care Practices in a Tribal Community of Tamilnadu, South India: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Arumugam Latha , Kamala S , Ganapathy Kalaiselvan , Srinivasan Srikanth 
Published: February 2023

Background and Objectives:
Traditional newborn rearing practices play a vital role in neonatal morbidity and mortality. In this context, a concurrent mixed method study was conducted to identify the traditional practices in newborn care in tribal villages of Sittilingi Panchayat of Tamil Nadu, South India.

Methods:
The quantitative data were collected by a community-based cross-sectional study among 59 mothers of infants. Qualitative component included two focus group discussions (FGD) each with seven mothers and one traditional dai.

Results:
About 38.9% of newborns received colostrum, and 61.1% had prelacteal feeds. Majority (84.7%) of newborns had received appropriate thermal care. More than two-thirds (71.2%) of newborns were given bath before umbilical cord dropped off. During bathing, 83.1% were massaged and 67.8% had their vernix removed. Practice of blowing into nostrils (45.7%), substance application on the cord (94.9%), tepid sponging during fever (28.8%), sweet flag application over umbilicus for colic (8.5%), herbal medications during diarrhea (40.6%) and cold (25.4%), exposure to sunlight (67.8%) during jaundice, oil instillation in nostrils (76.3%), and ears (32.2%) to protect against infection were reported. Majority reported approaching traditional health practitioners during illness. Similar practices were reported in the FGDs. The beliefs related to these practices were explored.

Conclusion:
Both beneficial and harmful practices in newborn care were identified. Primary health care workers like ASHAs could be trained to recognize traditional newborn practices in their field areas to deliver appropriate behavior change communication to preserve safe practices and avoid harmful practices to improve newborn health.
A Smartphone-Based Assessment of Hearing Impairment among Students of a Medical College, Delhi, India- A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mogan KA , Tiwari Poornima , Joseph Blessy , Katia Aabhas , Kumar Ayush , Chugh Ankush 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
The burden of hearing impairment in India is substantially high, largely preventable, and avoidable. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of hearing impairment using a smartphone-based tool among medical students and to study the factors associated, including personal audio device usage in a medical college hospital in Delhi, India.

Material and Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study among undergraduate medical students. The study participants were enrolled via. Stratified random sampling. We assessed hearing impairment via—HearWHO application with scores ranging from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 100 with categorization into i) above 75 ii) 50-75 iii) below 50. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 96 study participants were included, with the mean age of study participants as 20.3±1.4 years. On assessment with HearWHO, 36 (37.5%) were in the category of score above 75, 51 (53.1%) in score category 50-75, and 9 (9.4%) in score below 50. The overall mean score of the hearing assessment was 68.9±13.4 (Range: 12 to 94). Among the earphone device users, 27.1% do not comply with volume alerts on user devices.

Conclusion:
Among the study population, 9.4% of the study participants were likely to be having hearing loss and 53.1% should be screened regularly for hearing impairment. Addressing hearing loss remains crucial among the young population, especially the medical professionals, which is feasible and imperative in the current scenario.
Family Adoption Programme for Medical Undergraduates in India – The Way Ahead: A Qualitative Exploration of Stakeholders’ Perceptions
Authors: Yalamanchili Vijay K. , Uthakalla Vijaya K. , Naidana Sarathy P. , Kalapala Abhilash , Venkata Prasanna K. , Yendapu Rajasekhar 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
Community engagement in medical education gives the students an insight into the living conditions of the public and how they influence their health. Community Medicine departments accomplish this through field practice and family health studies. The Family Adoption Programme, newly mandated for all medical undergraduate students, brings its own set of challenges and opportunities. The study aims to understand the perceptions of various stakeholders regarding this program.

Material and Methods:
A qualitative exploratory study was conducted. The faculty, undergraduate and postgraduate students, and field workers were purposively invited to participate. Thematic analysis was done on qualitative inputs obtained by Key Informant Interviews and Focussed Group Discussions.

Results:
The participants felt that FAP will provide a good insight into the patient’s living conditions and also motivate the students for the kind of career they have to prepare for. The major challenges were the lack of transport and logistics in government colleges and the faculty shortage in private colleges. There was a difference of opinion regarding the right time to initiate the student into FAP. Gaining the trust and cooperation of the family and reducing the expectations were also felt important. While more field involvement by faculty was advocated, increased workload and reduced faculty requirement specifications were a matter of concern.

Conclusion:
While there was mixed response regarding the utility and long-term sustainability of FAP, it was hoped that with proper motivation and supervision, this program can create a significant difference in medical education and also the lives of adopted families.
Bacteriological Profile and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Gram-negative Bacilli Isolated from Lower Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Atray Divya , Sheethal S. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are one of the most frequent infections seen in humans. Bacterial etiology of these infections is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. The emergence of drug resistance among bacteria is increasing throughout the world causing more severe infections because of their continuous mutation and multidrug resistance nature.

Objectives:
This study was focused on obtaining a comprehensive insight into the Gram-negative bacillary profile of LRTIs, their prevalence, and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.

Materials and Methods:
The study was conducted for a duration of 6 months. Samples were obtained from patients of all ages and both sexes presenting with symptomatology suggestive of LRTIs. Following conventional culture, the isolated organisms were identified by various preliminary identification methods and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing of Gram-negative isolates was performed by standard methods as recommended by CLSI 2019.

Results:
Out of the 1724 LRT specimens evaluated, 307 (17.80%) were culture positive. Our study showed that Gram-negative bacilli are the predominant cause (97.70%) of LRTIs with Klebsiella pneumoniae (42%) as the major pathogen followed by Escherichia coli (31.66%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.33%), and Acinetobacter baumannii (1%). Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production was detected in 3.33% and metallo-beta-lactamase in 2% of the total GNB pathogens.

Conclusion:
For effective management of LRTIs, an ultimate and detailed bacteriological diagnosis along with antimicrobial susceptibility testing is required to overcome the global problem of antibiotic resistance.
Assessment of Anxiety Associated with the Dental Treatments on the Quality of Life
Authors: Thakur Sneha , Kadam Harshawardhan , Jha Soumya , Lall Anooja , Kondreddy Kameswari , Singh Arundhati 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Patients around the world when attending the dental clinic are prone to undergo the feelings of fear and anxiety. This may impact the dental follow-up and prognosis.

Aim:
The aim of the study is to evaluate the dental anxiety in the patients attending for the dental treatment in a college, in India.

Materials and Methods:
A sample of 500 adults with ages 15–60 years was considered for the study. Modified dental anxiety questionnaire was used in the present study to assess the anxiety faced by the patients attending for the dental treatment. ANOVA and Chi-square test were used to test for the significance between the variables, and the correlation between these variables was assessed using the Spearman's correlation. Likert scale was used to know the cutoff for the severity of the dental anxiety.

Results:
Only in the 4% of the participants in the present study had dental anxiety. Gender, age, financial status, education impacted the dental anxiety and the regularity toward the appointments.

Conclusion:
It can be concluded from our study that there was a low anxiety in the dental patients toward the dental treatment and also anxiety decreased with the age. However, regular dental visits are advised to prevent the overall impact of the oral health on the general health.
Cardiovascular Complications and its Impact on outcomes in COVID-19
Authors: Kumar Prashant , Tiwari Kaousthubh , Pendyala Siva Kumar , Jaiswal Ratnesh Kumar , Chacko Neelathil Lisa , Srivastava Ekta , Tiwari Rahul V. C. 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
The viral infection COVID-19 is highly infectious and has claimed many lives till date and is still continuing to consume lives. In the COVID-19, along with pulmonary symptoms, cardiovascular (CV) events were also recorded that have known to significantly contribute to the mortality. In our study, we designed and validated a new risk score that can predict CV events, and also evaluated the effect of these complications on the prognosis in COVID-19 patients.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective, multicenter, observational study was done among 1000 laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 patients between June 2020 and December 2020. All the data of the clinical and laboratory parameters were collected. Patients were randomly divided into two groups for testing and validating the hypothesis. The identification of the independent risk factors was done by the logistic regression analysis method.

Results:
Of all the types of the clinical and laboratory parameters, ten “independent risk factors” were identified associated with CV events in Group A: male gender, older age, chronic heart disease, cough, lymphocyte count <1.1 × 109/L at admission, blood urea nitrogen >7 mmol/L at admission, estimated glomerular filtration rate <90 ml/min/1.73 m2 at admission, activated partial thromboplastin time >37 S, D-dimer, and procalcitonin >0.5 mg/L. In our study, we found that CV events were significantly related with inferior prognosis (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
A new risk scoring system was designed in our study, which may be used as a predictive tool for CV complications among the patients with COVID-19 infection.
Assessment of Anatomical Variations of Mandibular Canal Depicted in Panoramic Radiography
Authors: Thakur Nidhi , Kumar Amish , Singh Pinky , Gopalakrishnan Dipti , Mishra Bibhu Prasad , Jha Mrigank Shekhar 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Anatomical variations of the mandibular canal play a vital role while performing surgical procedures affecting an area with mandibular canal course in the mandible. The neurovascular bundle may be severed during surgical procedures carried out mandible.

Aims and Objectives:
The present retrospective study was aimed to assess and evaluate the mandibular canal and its variations on the panoramic radiography.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 88 randomly selected panoramic radiographs with complete mandible and associated bone. On a panoramic radiograph, the following parameters were assessed including bifid mandibular canal and location of bifurcation, the diameter of the mandibular canal as recorded in the first molar region, trabeculation in submandibular gland fossa, anterior loop measurement, direction and diameter of the bifid mandibular canal were all evaluated. Statistical analysis was done.

Results:
In 51 hemimandibles, the mandibular canal was found to be corticalized, whereas in 21.59% (n = 19), the mandibular canal was visible. In the remaining 20.45% (n = 18) of the study participants, the mandibular canal was not visualized. In the submandibular gland fossa region, diminished trabeculation was seen in 55.68% of the evaluated radiographs, whereas trabeculation was not seen at all in the remaining 23.86% of the subjects. A significant correlation was seen in decreased trabeculation of submandibular gland fossa and absence of the mandibular canal (P value < 0.001). The bifid mandibular canal was seen in 19.31% of the study participants (n = 17) with a mean width of 3.12 ± 1.1 mm. Extension of the anterior loop of the mental nerve was seen as up to 2 mm in majority participants in 67.04% individuals (n = 59).

Conclusion:
The present study suggests that panoramic radiographs are a reliable tool for assessment of the mandibular canal and associated anatomical variations associated with it.
Evaluation of the Orofacial Features in the Victims of Abuse and Neglect of 5–16-Year-old Age Children
Authors: Barbi Wagisha , Sonawane Ravindra S. , Singh Pinky , Kumar Saurav , Kumar Boddupally Ravi , Arora Aafreen 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Oral cavity may be considered a pivotal focal point in physical assault or abuse because of its implication in communication and nutrition. Dentists trained in a child abuse curriculum can provide valuable information and assistance to physicians about oral and dental aspects of child abuse and neglect. The present study was conducted to evaluate the orofacial features of children between the age group of 5–16 years suspected to be victims of child abuse/neglect.

Materials and Methods:
This study was conducted on 250 children ranging between 5 and 16 years were enrolled in the study. All the participants were suspected to be victims of child abuse/neglect. The orofacial features were carefully examined by a well-trained dentist.

Results:
Two hundred and fifty children were enrolled in the study. Seventy-two children (30%) presented with laceration of various sites including lip (n = 13), frenum (n = 8), buccal mucosa (n = 26), palate (n = 16), and floor of the mouth (n = 9). Twenty-nine participants exhibited the features of avulsion (11.6%). Eighteen children revealed dento-alveolar fractures, 104 presented with dental caries (41.6%), 19 presented with missing teeth (7.6%), all the candidates presented with deposits (100%).

Conclusion:
Careful intraoral and perioral examination of the participants victimized to abuse and/neglect is necessary as the oral cavity is a central focus for physical abuse, which may be allied to its importance in communication and nutrition. Physicians and dentists should work together to increase the prevention, detection, and treatment of these conditions.
Dental Diseases and Factors Defining Utilization of Dental Care Services among Rural Children Aged 12 Years in Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Vuyyuru Chandrasekhara Reddy , Rangari Rajeshree Narayan , Singaraju Gowri Sankar , Pottem Nagarjuna 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Rural children are predisposed to variety of dental problems, which may influence their overall health and well-being. Despite relentless efforts and achievements in oral health promotion by authorities, its impact seems limited in rural areas of developing countries.

Aim:
To generate data on the prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis, among 12-year-old rural children of Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh and factors facilitating or impeding uptake of dental care services.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, house-to-house survey was conducted in Kavali revenue division of Nellore district by random selection. A cluster sampling methodology was followed, and a total of 169 adolescents were involved in the study. Dental caries detection was performed according to the World Health Organization dentition status criteria and gingivitis according to modified Community Periodontal Index as gingivitis present or absent. Descriptive statistics were calculated.

Results:
Overall prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis was 39% and 35%, respectively, with <15% utilization of oral health care services. The main hurdle for this notably low utilization of oral health care services was that dental issues were not fatal or life-threatening.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of dental caries and gingivitis was high and poor utilization of oral health services was an importunate finding in this study. Understanding the trends of common oral diseases and hurdles in uptake of oral health care services could provide a basis for further research and improvement in accessibility to oral health care services in rural areas of developing nations.
Evaluation of Frictional Forces Generated between Three Different Ligation Methods with Four Different Sizes of Orthodontic Archwires
Authors: Rathinasamy Ranganathan , Vannala Venkataramana , Mahabob Nazargi , Bhuvaneshwari S , Sam George , Ganapathy Aarthi 
Published: February 2023

Aim:
This in vitro study was done to evaluate and compare the frictional forces produced by a passive self-ligating bracket (SLB) and two types of elastomeric ligatures (unconventional elastomeric ligatures [UELs] and conventional elastomeric ligatures [CELs]) on a conventional bracket used with four types of wires.

Materials:
In this in vitro study, 8 numbers of conventional preadjusted edgewise appliance stainless steel brackets and 4 numbers of passive SLBs were tested. Four types of archwires and two types of ligatures were tested. Brackets were divided into three groups – Group I, Group II, and Group III. All the three groups were further divided into four subgroups based on different archwires.

Methods:
Custom-made mounting jig was specially constructed for this study – upper member and lower member. After the samples were mounted, traction test was conducted using universal testing machine and readings were tabulated for all specimens. The variables in each group were subjected to one-way analysis of variance.

Results:
All the three groups were tested for its total friction, static friction, and kinetic friction. SLBs showed a static mean little lower and had kinetic mean little greater than conventional bracket with unconventional module.

Conclusion:
UELs on conventional brackets and SLBs are able to produce lower frictional force when compared with CELs on conventional brackets.
Assessment of Oral Health and Prevalence of oral Conditions in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Subjects Visiting Antiretroviral Therapy Centers
Authors: Barbi Wagisha , Shalini Kumari , Kumari Anjali , Raaj Vaibhava , Gupta Hitesh , Gauniyal Preeti , Rangari Priyadarshini 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Weakened immune system from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) makes the individual prone to various opportunistic infections which are life-threatening including various carcinomas and disorders affecting the neurological system.

Aims:
The present trial was done to assess the prevalence of oral presentations and treatment needs in AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects visiting antiretroviral therapy centers.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 126 subjects. Oral cavity was assessed and dentition, periodontal condition, and lesions and conditions affecting the oral mucosa were identified along with their treatment needs. The collected data were subjected to statistical evaluation and the results were formulated.

Results:
Candidiasis was seen in 25.39% (n = 32) of total subjects. Concerning the periodontal status of HIV-infected study population, it was seen that maximum attachment loss both in males and females was within the range of 0–3 mm. Regarding decayed, missing, and filled teeth scores, these were statistically significantly higher in males (P = 0.001).

Conclusion:
The present study concluded that the majority of subjects infected with HIV present one or more oral presentation and lesion, with candidiasis being the most common condition.