bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulins of the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Lakin James D. , Patterson Roy , Pruzansky Jacob J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rhesus monkey IgG and IgM preparations containing anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antibody were chromatographically separated from pooled hyperimmune serum, and IgM anti-BSA was separated from pooled sera drawn during the early primary response (IgM-p). Exposure of the antibody preparations to 0.1 M 2-mercaptoethanol did not markedly reduce the antibody activity in passive hemagglutination of the IgG or hyperimmune IgM (IgM-h) preparations. The hemagglutinating activity of IgM-p was completely destroyed. Alkylation of the reduced IgM-h molecules with iodoacetamide did not reduce the hemagglutinating activity of the mercaptoethanol-treated antibody. Analytical Sephadex chromatography and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation of reduced and alkylated IgM-h demonstrated that the 18 S macroglobulin had been degraded to subunits possessing antibody activity. These subunits were demonstrated to have a sedimentation coefficient of 8.0 S and a molecular weight of approximately 190,000. IgM-h anti-BSA stored at 4°C for 3 months was, in part, spontaneously reduced to 8.0 S subunits which retained antibody activity in passive hemagglutination. However, the total hemagglutinating activity of IgM-h significantly decreased during prolonged storage at 4°C.
Quantitative Precipitin Analysis of Influenza Virus Host Antigen and of Sulfated Mucopolysaccharides of Chicken Embryonic Allantoic Fluid
Authors: Lee Lucille T. , Howe Calderon , Meyer Karl , Choi Haing U. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The composition and immunologic reactions of sulfated mucopolysaccharide antigens from chicken chorioallantoic fluid were examined. Differences in NANA content between host antigen (HF) and saccharides from both vaccine supernatant fluid and from normal CA fluid were ascribed to the preparative methods used. Reduction of disulfide bonds altered the immunologic reactivity of HF without changing its qualitative analytical properties. The possible contributions of NANA, fucose and protein to the antigenic determinants of these macromolecules are considered.
Discrimination between Two Strains (Types) of Herpes Simplex Virus by Various Modifications of the Neutralization Test
Authors: Wheeler Clayton E. , Briggaman Robert A. , Henderson Richard R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Two strains (or types) of Herpesvirus hominis, HF and HPF, have been shown to be immunologically related but antigenically distinct by a number of modifications of the neutralization test.
Various types of neutralization tests distinguished between the two strains (or types) equally well under the conditions described. The tests differed, however, in ease of performance and capacity for comparative expression of results. The multiplicity neutralization test with 50% plaque reduction and pN value determinations was preferable in most instances.
Neutralization of artificial mixtures of the two types of herpesvirus by antiserum to one or the other type was useful in detecting antigenic differences and similarities. Each virus was neutralized in artificial mixtures as though the other was not present. This test merits further consideration in studying viral genetics and mechanisms of cross-neutralization as well as in differentiation of related viruses.
In the kinetic neutralization test, antiserum which was either too concentrated or too dilute failed to discriminate between HF and HPF, suggesting the possibility of an optimal serum concentration for most effective discrimination between viruses by an antiserum.
Antiserum titers were decreased in tests requiring dilution of virus-antiserum mixtures, a four- to eightfold reduction in titer resulting from dilution to 10-4. This effect was noted with both homologous virus-antiserum and heterologous virus-antiserum mixtures so that differentiation between the two strains or types could still be accomplished despite dilution. The change in titer upon dilution was thought to be related to the “dilution effect” described in the 1920's and 1930's in which infectious virus was released by dilution of virus-antiserum mixtures.
Local Plasmacytopoiesis in Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions
Authors: Flax M. H. , Elliott J. H. , Daly J. J. , Willms-Kretschmer K. , McCarthy J. S. , Leskowitz S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The cytologic features of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in the cornea revealed a vigorous plasmacytic response superimposed upon an initial “classic” delayed reaction. In hapten-specific delayed reactions (induced following systemic sensitization with azobenzenearsonate (ABA)-tyrosine conjugates by intracorneal injection of the hapten conjugated to a heterologous carrier protein), the plasmacytic response involved, in part, an accelerated primary reaction to the heterologous carrier. Local plasmacytopoiesis resulting from delayed reactions may be significant in the pathogenesis of cell-mediated allergic injury.
The Antibody Response of Guinea Pigs to Topical and Intramuscular Administration of Trachoma Antigens
Authors: Zakay-Rones Zichria , Levi Reuven , Maythar Bathia , Becker Yechiel 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Guinea pigs were immunized with homogenates of purified trachoma elementary bodies either topically or intramuscularly. Topical administration induced the appearance of 2-mercaptoethanol-resistant antibodies in the eyes of the immunized animals, whereas the antitrachoma antibodies in the serum were sensitive to the reagent. No antibodies were detected in the eyes after intramuscular immunization. The serum antibodies were resistant to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol.
Studies on the Relationship Between Structure of Human IgG and Anti-complementary Activity
Authors: Hirose S. , Tanimoto K. , Arata M. , Katsuta Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aggregated human IgG which was prepared by incubation in 6 M urea and dialysis against saline (U-IgG) had anti-complementary activity and was capable of increasing vascular permeability and of reacting with rheumatoid factor (RF). U-IgG also fixed to the skin of the guinea pig.
U-IgG was treated with 2-mercaptoethanol (ME) with or without alkylation by monoiodoacetamide (MIA). Treatment of U-IgG with ME and MIA diminished its anti-complementary activity and its ability to fix to the skin of guinea pigs; reactivity with RF was not destroyed by this treatment.
U-IgG was separated into polymer type (pU-IgG) and monomer type (mU-IgG) by Sephadex G-200 column chromatography. pU-IgG showed high anti-complementary activity, reactivity with RF and ability to increase vascular permeability. mU-IgG reacted weakly with RF, was not able to increase vascular permeability and had no anti-complementary activity. Both pU-IgG and mU-IgG fixed to the skin of the guinea pig.
The Effect of Sulfhydryl Blocking and Disulfide Cleaving Reagents on the Hemolytic Activity of C′2 and C′3 of Human Complement
Authors: Polley M. J. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The observation that treatment of C′2 with a critical concentration of iodine led to enhancement of the hemolytic activity of the component and to stabilization of the C′42 complex was previously postulated to be due to oxidation of one or more sulfhydryl groups within the C′2 molecule. Treatment of oxyC′2 with 10-3 M dithiothreitol fully reversed the iodine effect and subsequent treatment with iodine again caused enhancement of C′2 activity. These observations suggest the presence of two free sulfhydryl groups in the native C′2 molecule, which are situated in such a position as to be sterically capable of forming a disulfide bond subsequent to oxidation with iodine. Molecular weight determinations, utilizing s-rates obtained by sucrose density ultracentrifugation and diffusion coefficients, by Sephadex gel filtration, indicated that the molecular weight of the product of the reaction of C′1 esterase with C′2 (C′2i) possessed a molecular weight approximately 33,000 less than that of the native molecular (C′2 = 117,000; C′2i = 84,000).
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Lloyd Kenneth O. , Kabat Elvin A. , Beychok Sherman 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The majority of blood group substances from hog stomach linings and one of two blood group substances from human stomach linings were able to precipitate with the plant lectin, concanavalin A. However, none of the blood group preparations from human ovarian cyst fluids tested were precipitable. Concanavalin A precipitates with branched polysaccharides having terminal α-D-glucopyranosyl or α-D-mannopyranosyl residues and has a fairly wide specificity directed toward any terminal non-reducing sugar residues having the D-arabino configuration at C-3, C-4 and C-6 and an α-configuration at C-1. The isolation, by degradation of hog gastric mucin with NaOH-NaBH4, of an inhibitory disaccharide: 3 or 4-O-α-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-galactitol (α-D-GNAc-(1 → 3 or 4)-D-galactitol) indicates the basis for the reaction of concanavalin A with hog gastric blood group substances.
Two samples of hog gastric blood group substances were fractionated by concanavalin A on a preparative scale into two fractions: one had only blood group activity and was not precipitated by concanavalin A while the other fraction was precipitable by both anti-A and concanavalin A.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Hayden Alonza R. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Several conditions of storage of antisera to be used in quantitative determinations of antibody were investigated to determine their effect on the optical density measurements in gel precipitin techniques. Antisera fleshly stored at 4°C showed decreased O.D. after 3 days, Antisera stored at 25°C showed an initial decrease in O.D. followed by an increase which appeared maximal at 16 days, and, finally, a decrease in O.D. Antisera incubated at 56°C showed an initial decrease in O.D. followed by an increase in O.D. The initial decrease in O.D. following storage of antisera at 4°C or 25°C or heating of antisera at 56°C paralleled the loss of hemolytic complement activity of the antisera, the presence or absence of which was determined by complement fixation. The factor causing the initial O.D. decrease could be removed from the antisera by absorption with an immune precipitate. Also, preliminary experiments, not described here, show that the factor or factors responsible for the initial high O.D. found with fresh antisera could be removed by treating such antisera with either EDTA or zymosan. The increase in O.D. during storage at 25°C or incubation at 56°C appears to be due to denaturation or alteration of serum components in such a manner that they interact with the antigen antibody precipitation process to produce denser precipitates.
A statistical comparison of the results of analysis of nine antisera using both the classical precipitin technique and the agar gel precipitin techniques, by means of Student's t test, indicated no difference in the means at the 5% level, provided O.D. corrections of zero to 0.02 units were made in the gel precipitin measurements.
The agar gel precipitin technique offers considerable savings in both time and material, since an analysis can be obtained from O.D. measurements at a single concentration of antiserum after only 2 days of incubation at 25°C.
The data presented here indicate that for routine use of this technique, one should: a) inhibit the hemolytic complement of all antisera to obtain standard curves with zero intercepts, b) store such decomplemented antisera at subzero temperatures to prevent further changes which might influence O.D. values and c) keep the antiserum-agar mixture in the reaction bath at 56°C for the minimal time needed to charge triplicate reaction tubes to prevent abnormal O.D. increases, particularly those observable at higher antiserum concentrations.
Antigens of Normal and Atherosclerotic Intima
Authors: Intorp Hans W. , Milgrom Felix , Witebsky Ernest 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit antisera to normal and atherosclerotic intima of human aorta were used to compare the antigenic composition of these tissues. The antigen characteristic for normal tissue was a thermolabile component with fast electrophoretic mobility. This component was considerably reduced in amount in atherosclerotic plaques. Atherosclerotic lesions contained two “novel” antigens, virtually absent from normal intima. These antigens were identified as fibrinogen and C-reactive protein, respectively.
Immunochemical Studies on Cobrotoxin
Authors: Chang C. C. , Yang C. C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cobrotoxin, the crystalline toxic protein obtained from Formosan cobra venom, is immunochemically homogeneous and was proved to be the main toxic protein in the venom.
One hundred per cent precipitable antibody was isolated immunospecifically by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 after the antigen-antibody complexes had been dissociated with 0.53 M formic acid-0.15 M NaCl, pH 2.05. The specific neutralizing capacity of the purified antibody was 17.5 greater than that of the antisera.
The purified antibody was digested with papain and the univalent fragments formed soluble antigen-antibody complex with the homologous antigen. An estimate of the molecular weight of the soluble complex formed from cobrotoxin and Fragment I indicated that cobrotoxin consists of three antibody-combining sites/molecule.
Communications
Authors: Kubo Ralph T. , Benedict Albert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Enzymatic digestion of IgG immunoglobulins has been used extensively to study the relationship between function and structure of these proteins. Papain hydrolysis of rabbit IgG yields two kinds of fragments (1): Fab, which is composed of H- and L-chain determinants and is the structural site for antibody activity; and Fc, which contains only H-chain determinants and is crystallizable. The Fc fragment has been crystallized from rabbit IgG (1), human IgG (2), and guinea pig IgG (3). The conditions for formation of Fc crystals generally require dialysis against distilled water or low ionic strength buffers in the cold. Chicken IgG also is hydrolyzed by papain into Fab and Fc fragments (4–7), but crystalline like structures rarely have been seen in the Fc preparations. Evidence is given here that chicken Fc is easily crystallized under conditions quite unlike those used for the crystallization of Fc from mammalian IgG.
Genetic Factors in Leucocyte Responses to Endotoxin: Further Studies in Mice
Authors: Sultzer Barnet M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Comparative studies of the leucocyte responses of two strains of highly inbred mice, which radically differ in their susceptibility to the lethal effects of endotoxin, indicate that the proportion of neutrophils to mononuclear cells in the peritoneal cavity after the intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin appears to be a function of the relative toxicity of the endotoxin. Therefore, the extravascular accumulation of leucocytes and mononuclears at the site of endotoxin injection may be a function of mechanisms that are influenced by the susceptibility of the host to the toxic effects of endotoxins. The degree of susceptibility appears to be determined in great measure by the genetic constitution of the host.
A Simplified Procedure for the Preparation of Immunoglobulin-Class-Specific Antisera
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described for preparing immunoglobulin-class-specific antisera which requires neither the isolation of homogeneous immunoglobulin preparations for immunization, nor the subsequent absorption of antisera to remove cross-reacting antibody. The method is based on the principle that guinea pigs rendered tolerant to one immunoglobulin by i.v. injection of 5 mg protein, and simultaneously challenged with another in complete Freund's adjuvant, make antibody only to the class-specific determinants on the challenging antigen. Guinea pigs were given 5 mg of human γG i.v., and simultaneously challenged with mixtures of immunoglobulins included in complete Freund's adjuvant. Antisera specific for α, µ, δ and ε chains were thus produced.
Cross-Reactions among Group A Streptococci
Authors: Wiley Grove G. , Bruno Pauline N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C101/21 cocci, type 41, and strain G1, of uncertain type, shared a cross-protective relationship with each other and with C126/21 cocci, type 43. The relationship with type 43 was in one direction, i.e., type 41 antiserum was bactericidal for type 43 cocci but the reciprocal reaction was negative. Absorption experiments revealed bactericidal antigenic determinants shared with type 43 cocci in addition to others which were bactericidal for the homologous cocci only. The relationship of G1 cocci to type 43 was similar to that for type 41. In the reciprocal relationship between type 41 and G1 cocci absorption experiments demonstrated shared protective determinants plus others which were specific for the homologous cocci in each case. Agar gel tests with heterologously and reciprocally absorbed type 41 and G1 antisera showed lines of precipitate with each strain which corresponded to cross-protective and homologous bactericidal reactions. It is suggested that cross-protection among the types of group A streptococci appears to be common enough to play a part in streptococcal immunity if a corresponding protection occurs in vivo.
The Suppressive Effect of Rauscher Leukemia Virus on the Secondary Antibody Response of Spleen Cells Cultured in Cell-Impermeable Diffusion Chambers
Authors: Borella Luis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) on the immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were studied in BALB/c mice and in isogeneic spleen cells cultured in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated hosts. Primary antibody formation to SRBC was depressed in mice inoculated with RLV. Mice injected with SRBC from 0 to 48 hr after virus inoculation had normal 19 S and depressed 7 S antibody production. Both 7 S and 19 S antibodies were depressed when SRBC were inoculated 3 to 15 days after RLV infection. There was a positive correlation between erythroblastic reaction and immunosuppression in two strains of mice: BALB/c was sensitive and C57BL partially resistant to the erythroblastic and immunosuppressive effects of RLV. Antibody production was not impaired in mice inoculated with RLV mixed with anti-RLV mouse antisera providing evidence for the viral specificity of immunosuppression.
Antibody production and plasmacytosis were demonstrated in SRBC-primed spleen cells cultured with SRBC in cell-impermeable diffusion chambers implanted into irradiated isogeneic hosts. RLV inhibited the secondary antibody response to SRBC in intact mice and in spleen cells cultured in diffusion chambers. Increase in blast cells, reduction in plasma cells, and depression of antibody formation were found both in primed spleen cells infected with RLV prior to culture and in primed spleen cells simultaneously exposed to RLV and SRBC in diffusion chamber cultures. This system provides a quantitative approach to the study of mechanisms of oncogenic virus-induced immunosuppression at cellular and subcellular levels.
Specificity of the Immunosuppression Caused by Passive Administration of Antibody
Authors: Cerottini Jean-Charles , McConahey Patricia J. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody production against Fab and Fc determinants in rabbits immunized with varying doses of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) incorporated in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (ICFA) was determined using an antigen-binding capacity test. The kinetics of antibody formation and the amount of antibody produced against each group of determinants were usually comparable within the range of antigen doses used.
Intravenous administration of rabbit hyperimmune anti-Fab or/and anti-Fc antibodies 1 hr before and 7 days after injection of rabbits with IgG in ICFA specifically inhibited antibody production to the corresponding determinants without affecting the immune response to the unrelated determinants inasmuch as kinetics of antibody formation, serum antibody levels and relative avidity of antibodies were concerned. The results suggest that passive antibody may inhibit the antigenic stimulus at the level of antigenic determinants rather than at the level of the whole antigenic molecule.
Human Lymphocyte Membrane (HL-A) Alloantigens: Isolation, Purification and Properties
Authors: Mann Dean L. , Rogentine G. Nicholas , Fahey John L. , Nathenson Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human lymphocyte (HL-A) alloantigens have been isolated from human spleen and tissue culture cell sources. Solubilization was accomplished by digesting membrane extracts with papain. About 20% of all the alloantigens detected on the cell membrane were recovered in soluble form.
Purification of these materials was achieved by Sephadex chromatography and acrylamide gel electrophoresis. The final purified fraction contained similar levels of several alloantigen specificities. These materials lost alloantigenic activity at low pH, low NaCl concentration, and high temperatures.
Comparison of the amino acid composition of alloantigen preparations from two cell sources with different HL-A specificities revealed a general similarity in amino acid content. These proteins contained sialic acid and neutral sugars, but amino sugars were absent.
The analytic and quantitative findings indicate that the HL-A alloantigen-carrying molecules have a similar fundamental structure.
Interaction of Concanavalin A with Polysaccharides of Histoplasma Capsulatum
Authors: Markowitz Harold 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Methods have been described for the preparation of serologically active polysaccharides from various strains of H. capsulatum. These polysaccharides were different by chemical analysis, carbohydrate composition, and serologic test by a quantitative C′-fixation technique. Polysaccharides from H. capsulatum cannot be differentiated by use of Con A in the immunodiffusion test. Some differences between these polysaccharides can be shown by quantitative “precipitin” and hemagglutination-inhibition tests. Whether this is due to the relative insensitivity of the reaction with Con A or to only slight differences in configuration among the active sites of the polysaccharides is not presently known.