bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seeking Justice and Purity
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The USSR’s brutal religious repression, followed by a marginal opening of associational space that allowed Islamist ideologies from the Middle East and South Asia to spread to the Uzbek republic, led to underground religious entrepreneurship. Mostly hujra students, these entrepreneurs created an Islamist opposition movement at the end of perestroika. Chapter 8 explores the content, trajectory, and limited success of Adolat and the Islamic Revival Party of Uzbekistan—organizations comprising the first wave of Uzbek Islamism. These groups’ young leaders—most notably Adolat’s Tohir Yo’ldosh—lacked deep sacred authority, although they did construct some Islamic authority through their association with the revivalist imam Shaykh Abduvali Qori. The Uzbek first wave also lacked networks beyond the Ferghana Valley. Adolat’s puritanism and antisystemic, albeit nonviolent, challenge to President Karimov alienated many and ended in the regime’s destruction of the movement. The chapter ends with a survey of Karimov’s anti-Islamic politics, which bred an emergent second Islamist wave, beginning in the mid- to late 1990s with the nonviolent pro-caliphate party, Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami.
Emergent Islamism in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 12 explores the shift in Kyrgyzstan from 2005 to 2020, as its political and religious environment gradually became more repressive. It examines the conditions fostering Islamist emergence, namely, targeted religious repression, especially of ethnic Uzbeks, together with the diffusion of Islamist ideologies by new religious entrepreneurs. It then explores two paths that followed: contention between the state and the ethnic Uzbek community, as several imams preached the virtues of a caliphate without founding a movement, and the growth of Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami. HTI, a transnational pro-caliphate party, had initially failed to gain adherents in Kyrgyzstan. By the mid- to late 2000s, however, HTI’s criticism of Kyrgyzstan’s corrupt “democracy” resonated with some. The chapter explores the strategies HTI used to mobilize support inside Kyrgyzstan: drawing on local imams’ sacred authority, using ethnic Uzbek networks, and adapting its ideas to Kyrgyzstani concerns about corruption, injustice, and oppression of Uzbeks.
Society and Islamist Ideas in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 argues that focus group discourse revealed greater politicization of Islam among ordinary Kyrgyzstanis during President Bakiyev’s rule than previously. Under Bakiyev, religious repression and injustice escalated and angered ordinary people, especially ethnic Uzbeks. Kyrgyzstani respondents also revealed the influence of Islamic missionaries, both foreign and local, who had introduced puritanical and political interpretations of Islam. Overall, focus group and interview discourse demonstrated that anger at religious repression and injustice coincided with finding some Islamist ideas attractive. Yet, in Kyrgyzstan, as elsewhere, not all Islamist ideologies and movements resonated; only a minority of respondents approved of an Islamic state or viewed a caliphate and Islamic courts as ideal. HTI had sympathy but minimal support. Most simply sought justice. Many Kyrgyzstanis favored a greater Islamic influence on politics, through de-secularization and creation of a more Muslim society and polity, but opposed radicalism and especially violence.
Roman Inequality
Authors: Cohen Edward E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis book explores how a small number of male and female slaves, and some free women, at Rome in the first and second centuries ce prospered in business amidst a population of generally impoverished free inhabitants and of impecunious enslaved residents. It focuses on two anomalies to which only minimal academic attention has been previously directed: (1) the paradox of a Roman economy dependent on enslaved entrepreneurs who operated, and sometimes achieved personal affluence, within a legal system that supposedly deprived unfree persons of all legal capacity and human rights; (2) the incongruity of the importance and accomplishments of Roman businesswomen, both free and slave, successfully functioning under legal rules that in many aspects discriminated against women, but in commercial matters were in principle gender-blind and in practice generated egalitarian juridical conditions that often trumped gender-discriminatory customs. Slaves’ acquisition of wealth was actually aided by a surprising preferential orientation of the legal system: Roman law—to modern Western eyes counterintuitively—privileged servile enterprise to the detriment of free enterprise. This volume also examines the casuistry through which Roman jurists created “legal fictions,” facilitating a commercial reality utterly incompatible with the fundamental precepts that legal experts (“jurisprudents”) continued explicitly to insist upon.
Servile Imperialism
Authors: Cohen Edward E. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractJust as the structure of private Roman life and law mandated the conduct of commerce through the master’s allocation of critical functions to his slaves and former slaves, and the exclusion of free persons from mercantile roles, considerations of reliance, loyalty, continuity, and control motivated the princeps to administer his imperium essentially through his slaves and former slaves. And just as within the private Roman household, where for slaves of economic talent and accomplishment (even after “manumission”) the boundary between freedom and slavery was often somewhat imperceptible, analogously for important imperial slaves, gaining “freedom” was an oxymoron. Imperial slaves of skill and accomplishment tended, as they progressed in their careers, to take on a formally “free” status as liberti—but in reality they remained members of Caesar’s family, still dependents of their master, evoking the same envy and fear from free persons that they often aroused when still formalistically enslaved. Yet, markedly successful slaves serving in the emperor’s administration did enjoy significant rewards while still enslaved; thereafter they often became markedly successful “freedmen.” Still, the phenomenon of Servile Imperialism should not be exaggerated, either in its scope or its longevity. Slaves’ ascendancy arose, and reached its acme, in the first century ce, and thereafter declined, although persons not born free continued to hold important administrative positions well into the third century.
Investment Crowdfunding
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Investment Crowdfunding presents a comprehensive guide to this exciting new online marketplace for entrepreneurial capital, authored by the leading global expert in the field, Professor of Law and Fulbright Scholar Andrew A. Schwartz. This timely book analyzes American law—in particular the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act and Regulation Crowdfunding—and compares it to the legal regimes in the United Kingdom, Canada, the European Union, Australia, and New Zealand. The book marries theory with on-the-ground research to give lawyers, students, scholars, and policymakers a one-stop shop for everything they need to know about investment crowdfunding, its regulation, and how to improve it. Its prescription is liberal in the classical sense: policymakers should mainly rely on private ordering and financial incentives to govern and police the market, and employ law and regulation to enhance the efficacy of private ordering.
Introduction
Authors: Schwartz Andrew A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the Jumpstart Our Business Startups (JOBS) Act of 2012, the United States amended the federal securities laws to authorize investment crowdfunding, an inclusive new way for entrepreneurs to get the capital they need to build and grow startup companies. Entrepreneurs now have the ability to solicit investments directly from the broad public—the “crowd”—simply by posting an idea to an investment crowdfunding website (known as a “platform”) and asking each person to pitch in a small amount. Investment crowdfunding is open to all entrepreneurs and investors (unlike traditional venture capital and angel investing, which is legally limited to wealthy, so-called “accredited” investors), and the idea has spread around the world over the past decade. This chapter introduces the subject and provides a road map for the remainder of the book.
National Party Organizations and Party Brands in American Politics
Authors: Heersink Boris 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
National Party Organizations and Party Brands in American Politics reassesses the role and influence of national party organizations in American politics. This book argues that the Democratic and Republican National Committees (DNC and RNC) have particular roles that previous scholarship has ignored: party leaders turn to the DNC and RNC after electoral defeats with the goal of using these institutions to reshape their party’s brand. Politicians believe such a brand—the basic understanding voters have of what a party stands for—helps mobilize voters and, because of this, care deeply about what kind of party image their national committees promote. Through qualitative case studies covering the history and development of the DNC and RNC between 1912 and 2016, this book shows that the committees have had major influence on when, and how, parties tried to adjust their positions on important issues such as civil rights, Prohibition, economic policies, and foreign affairs. In addition to the qualitative historical assessments, it also relies on new quantitative data measuring DNC and RNC activity across time on the basis of a content analysis of more than 40,000 New York Times articles covering both committees. These data help illustrate temporal changes in committee activity, often in response to the demands or lack of interest of American presidents serving as party leaders. National Party Organizations and Party Brands in American Politics showcases the importance of national party organizations in American political development throughout the 20th century and beyond.
The Biology and Ecology of Streams and Rivers
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A major textbook on running waters, promoting understanding of the nature of rivers as ecosystems, and detailing the biodiversity and natural history of their biota. The book takes a primarily biological approach to river ecology, dealing with scientific questions about rivers but referring throughout to possible applications and approaches to management. The notion of a habitat templet refers to the suite of environmental factors that face lotic organisms and the adaptations and traits that enable their survival in such challenging environments. How does the complex, patchy nature of whole-river networks impinge on the population dynamics of lotic organisms and the nature of communities? Species interactions and food web linkages determine the flow of energy and material through communities and lead on to the ecosystem processes of river metabolism (the balance of whole-river primary production and community respiration) and the ecology of nutrients. The book stresses river systems as ‘open’ ecosystems, exchanging energy and materials with the land and with downstream systems. How can rivers be a sustainable part of the natural capital on which we all depend? In a final chapter the book takes a forward-looking view of river ecology, which is progressively devoted to applied questions. The Biology and Ecology of Streams and Rivers seeks to provide knowledge and understanding necessary for their, and our, future. We need to appreciate ‘what rivers do for us’ and reverse the deterioration of running waters in an increasingly thirsty, hungry and changing world.
Rivers as ecological systems
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Streams and rivers as ecological systems are distinct from all others and have played a pivotal part in the development of human societies. They form a network of habitats connected by flow, coalescing into bigger rivers downstream. They are a dynamic part of the hydrological cycle, draining the landscapes with which they are closely linked and carrying precipitation and organic and inorganic materials downstream. They are architects of the landscape and are extremely ‘open’ systems. Running waters vary profoundly over a range of spatial and temporal scales and harbour a diversity of living things out of proportion to their relatively limited spatial extent. Most lotic species live on or in the stream bed, though some inhabit the water column. Many species occupy both aquatic and terrestrial habitats during their lives. River organisms are mostly (though not exclusively) small and short-lived and often have obvious adaptations to life in the flow.
The habitat templet
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The habitat templet consists of the physicochemical and biological features of rivers and streams that determine the conditions for life, selecting living things that can both colonise and thrive. Species of differing size and longevity may exploit lotic habitats in quite different ways, while key factors operate at different scales. We consider the geomorphology of rivers, their flow and the hydraulic forces that act on organisms and their habitat. The substratum varies in coarseness and composition, largely depending on flow and sediment transport. The chemistry of running waters is influenced strongly by the geology, soils and vegetation of the catchment and varies widely, from soft water of low ionic strength to mineral-rich systems. Water temperature and oxygen concentration are fundamental factors affecting individual organisms, their populations and distribution, and ecosystem processes. The habitat templet is progressively affected by human activities.
River biota
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The river biota ranges widely in size (over 16 orders of magnitude), though most of its constituents are small and inconspicuous. Their biodiversity is impressive relative to the surface area of the globe covered by running waters. Microorganisms are numerous and dominate ecosystem processes like decomposition. They consist of viruses, bacteria, Archaea, fungi and smaller algae. There are then larger algae, lower and vascular plants. These are joined by protozoans and small metazoans (multicellular animals). Larger invertebrates include flatworms, molluscs, crustaceans and leeches. The most abundant animals are often insects, some aquatic only as larvae, some as both larva and adult. Fish are the most conspicuous and diverse vertebrates. Amphibians are numerous but highly threatened. Many birds depend on freshwater habitats, about 70 species being running-water specialists. There are many semi-aquatic mammals, two orders of fully aquatic mammals (river dolphins, and dugongs and manatees), while many others depend directly on rivers.
Matching the habitat templet
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Some features of species are ‘adaptative’ in particular environments. Many have respiratory mechanisms enabling life where oxygen availability is low, while some lotic organisms resist drying. Adaptations to the flow (including body shape) or for filter-feeding are common. Appropriate behaviour is important, as is the life cycle. Feeding mode allows the allocation of animals to various ‘functional feeding groups’, though dietary generalism is widespread. The biological features of organisms have been called ‘species traits’ and may be advantageous in particular situations—these include body size and shape, longevity, mode of respiration and others. The occurrence of the different traits in an assemblage can then be assessed in different environments, to test theoretical expectations (e.g. whether traits conferring resistance to drought are prominent in systems prone to drying). Such expectations have been only partially met—possibly because different combinations of traits may be ‘alternatives’ enabling survival in any one environment.
Population ecology
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Population ecology concerns the distribution and abundance of single species. Distribution is evident at different spatial scales and is dynamic, patterns relating to environmental features (e.g. flow, substratum, water chemistry). These also affect numbers, although density-dependent regulation, and/or the patchy nature of the habitat, may also be important. Large-bodied species (the ‘megafauna’) are widely in decline. Density-dependent regulation occurs in some stream fish and benthic invertebrates, though disturbances by extremely high or low flows impose density-independent mortality. Organisms may survive disturbances in refugia of various kinds, however, so recovery can be rapid. Downstream drift of individuals in the flow is contentious in many species, though populations usually persist and are not permanently displaced downstream. The existence of local populations of the same species in different parts of the stream network may increase overall survival if they can be ‘rescued’ by dispersal among them—a key process in metapopulation ecology.
New horizons
Authors: Hildrew Alan , Giller Paul 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at developments in running-water ecology and management. A suspected biodiversity crisis in running waters is driven by pollution, flow modifications, overexploitation, climate change, invasive species and other factors. Large migratory fish and mammals (the ‘megafauna’) are particularly at risk. Invasions are exacerbated by world trade and the linking of separate river catchments via artificial waterways. Emerging contaminants include pharmaceuticals, plastics and numerous industrial chemicals. Biomonitoring is adopting new (molecular) methods of assessing biodiversity, and identifies individual stressors (beyond organic wastes) and multiple stressors. Quantifying the ‘ecosystem services’ from rivers provides a basis for their conservation. Services can be provided by organisms acting as ‘ecosystem engineers’ (e.g. beavers can be part of natural flood defences). Rivers feed back on the climate by producing the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane. Increasing water scarcity is the greatest threat to rivers. We briefly mention skills likely to be useful in the future.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Czech Constitution
Authors: Kosař David , Vyhnánek Ladislav 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Czechia is an outlier in Central Europe, as it has not witnessed significant democratic backsliding since the fall of communism. Still, it is a fragile democracy. This chapter examines why is it so by analysing the evolution of the Czech constitutionalism and putting it into broader social and political context. It thus explores not only historical pedigree of the 1993 Constitution, key constitutional principles (such as the democratic principle, the rule of law, human rights, and separation of powers) and institutions, but also the transformation of Czech constitutionalism, often resulting from personal politics, conventions, informal institutions, and constitutional narratives and sentiments. It shows how major political and societal conflicts have shaped the Czech constitutional system and the Czech constitutional identity. By doing so this chapter provides an informed view of how the Czech polycentric constitution actually works and what its main challenges are.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Polish Constitution
Authors: Szwast Michal , Szwed Marcin , Starski Paulina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter undertakes the challenging task of sketching key features of the ‘Gestalt’ of the Polish Constitution of 1997 in times in which the fundaments of Poland’s constitutional order have become severely contested. It sheds light on the origins of the Polish Constitution of 1997 considering different strands and stages of Poland’s constitutional development before addressing the rigidity and evolution of the Polish Constitution. Beyond that, it depicts major aspects of the dismantlement of the Polish constitutional order occurring since 2015—a disturbing caesura in Polish constitutionalism. The chapter then continues with elucidating some basic concepts of Polish constitutional law as established before the illiberal reconfiguration of the Polish state by the ‘United Right’ government and the simultaneous political capture and instrumentalization of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal thereby illustrating the axiology of the ‘real’ Polish Constitution of 1997: in that regard, it focuses on the supremacy of the Polish Constitution, the concepts of ‘sovereignty’, the ‘common good’ and the ‘nation’, the notion of the ‘democratic state ruled by law’, the constitutional protection of human rights, the separation of powers, the ‘form’ of the Polish state as envisaged by the 1997 Constitution and the concept of ‘constitutional identity’.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Spanish Constitution
Authors: Comella Victor Ferreres 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives an account of the basic principles and institutions of the Spanish constitutional order. It first describes the process of transition from Franco’s dictatorship to democracy culminating in the enactment of a new Constitution in 1978. It explains the bargaining process at the constitutional table and the foreign influences that helped shape the constitutional text. It then turns to the evolution of constitutional practices, driven by the interpretations of the Constitutional Court, and discusses the problems associated with the rigidity of the amendment procedures. The chapter next examines the basic principles of the Constitution, including the rule of law, fundamental rights, and democracy, and the structures of government. In particular, it discusses the interactions between parliament and the government and the role of the king, as well as the distribution of power between the centre and the regions. In this connection, the chapter focuses on the ways the constitutional system has tried to accommodate the political, cultural, and linguistic diversity of the country, and to respond to the Catalan secessionist movement that has emerged in recent years. The chapter ends with the issue whether there is a constitutional identity in the Spanish legal system that should be entrenched against other normative orders, such as that of the European Union.
The Evolution and Gestalt of the Swedish Constitution
Authors: Bull Thomas , Cameron Ian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the origins, evolution, and basic structures of the Swedish constitution. It examines inter alia how historical factors have influenced the present (1974) constitution, the basic features of the Swedish state, the role of the constitution in the Swedish legal order, and the constitutional identity of Sweden. Sweden belongs to the group of states practising political constitutionalism, and the constitution emphasizes parliamentary sovereignty. Government is collective, and administrative agencies operate with a high level of autonomy. The constitutional role of the courts was originally limited, however, this has increased as a result of societal developments and EU/ECHR membership.