bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired Immunity in Rabbits to Infection with Group A Type 30 Hemolytic Streptococcus: Its Relation to Antibodies to the M Protein
Authors: Bailly Margaret D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
One one-thousandth of a milliliter of a blood broth culture of hemolytic streptococcus Type 30, Gay strain, when injected intrapleurally in rabbits is uniformly fatal to normal animals (18/18). This same strain of streptococcus injected subcutaneously at the angle of the jaw produces a severe local infection, but the majority of animals survive and develop antibodies to one or more of the antigens of this strain. When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity develop, animals are usually protected against subsequent intrapleural infection with the same organism (11/14). When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity do not develop, animals die of subsequent intrapleural infection (7/7). When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity are partially neutralized by previous intravenous injection of M antigen, animals usually survive reinfection (3/5). When anti M precipitins and skin sensitivity are completely neutralized by previous intravenous injection of M antigen, animals usually die following subsequent infection (10/11). On the other hand, when anti C precipitins and skin sensitivity are neutralized by intravenous injection of Group A “C” antigen, previous to challenge, the immunity of the animals is usually unaffected and they resist intrapleural infection with the streptococcus (7/8). In all eight of these animals M antibodies still remained. Antibodies and skin sensitivity to the nucleoprotein Cl8K appear irregularly and without relation to immunity.
The Effect of Certain Chemicals on Rickettsia Typhi Infections in Chick Embryos
Authors: Robbins Mary Louise , Bourke Anne R. , Smith Paul K. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three hundred fifteen compounds were tested for rickettsiostatic activity against endemic typhus infections of chick embryos. Twenty-five of these substances significantly delayed death of the embryos. Several compounds related to para-aminobenzoic acid were effective; otherwise there was little correlation between rickettsiostasis and chemical structure. Penicillin fractions showed activity decreasing in the following order: penicillin X &gt; dihydro-F &gt; K &gt; G. Cysteine inhibited the rickettsiostatic activity of penicillin G.
A Physiological Study of Virus Parasitism
Authors: McLimans Wm. F. , Siem R. A. , Scholljegerdes V. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A manometric technique for determining the rates of oxygen consumption of individual embryonated eggs has been discussed. The described procedure gave reproducible results which compared favorably with the data obtained by other investigators who used the group technique. Although the method is time consuming, this is considered a minor disadvantage because of the elimination of inherent errors encountered in studies performed on groups or pools of infected eggs, i.e., failure to obtain exactly uniform infections or to prevent traumatic deaths a few hours following inoculation. The method permits one to follow the rates of oxygen utilization of individual eggs and thus to study the effect of various agents on the metabolizing host system.
Amino Acids Present in Allantoic Fluid Proteins from Chick Embryos Infected with Influenza Virus
Authors: Kalter Seymour S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following infection of the developing chick embryo, differences in amino acid concentrations were found between normal allantoic fluids and allantoic fluids obtained from eggs infected with influenza virus. Differences in allantoic fluid amino acid concentrations between PR 8- and Lee-infected eggs were also found.
A Quantitative Complement Fixation Test: Titration of Luetic Sera by the Unit of 50 Per Cent Hemolysis
Authors: Stein George J. , Van Ngu Dang 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A quantitative complement fixation test employing the unit of 50 per cent hemolysis has been described in detail.
In practice the test proved highly sensitive, specific and relatively simple to carry out.
Only two 50 per cent hemolytic units were used. This contrasts with the multiple 50 per cent units recommended by other investigators.
The underlying advantages and possible applications of the test have been discussed.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions in Agar
Authors: Munoz J. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum-agar technic of Oudin was compared with the commonly used method of supernatant analysis for the determination of the homogeneity of serological systems. There was a complete correspondence between the results obtained by the two methods under the experimental conditions used. The conclusion of Oudin that the number of bands of precipitate formed indicate the least number of antigen-antibody systems that could possibly be present was substantiated by using mixtures of antigens and antisera of known immunological composition. The findings presented confirm previous observations that the movement of the bands is proportional to the square root of the time. Some limitations of the serum-agar technic and its possible applications were pointed out. A technic is described to correlate a given band of precipitate to a given antigen.
Cellular Changes in Rabbits During Antibody Formation
Authors: McNeil Crichton 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Nonspecific inflammation induced by turpentine does not result in a cellular pattern in lymph nodes similar to that produced by the single injection of certain protein antigens. The cellular response that follows a single injection of bovine albumin consists of a definite procession of cellular hyperplasia in lymph nodes as follows: neutrophil, lymphoblast, plasma cell, and large lymphocyte. Antibodies appear in the blood serum immediately after the appearance of hyperplasia of lymphoblasts and coincidental with the peak of plasma cell hyperplasia. Upon continued antigen stimulation, reticulum cell hyperplasia occurs, going on to giant cell reaction. A concomitant decrease in lymphoid cells is observed. Withdrawal of antigen allows a return to normal histological structure in the lymph nodes. A sensitive morphologic technic for the recognition of antibody formation in lymph nodes of rabbits is available.
Neutralization and Hemagglutination Inhibition of Swine Influenza Virus by Serum from Suckling Swine and by Milk from Their Dams
Authors: Young George A. , Underdahl Norman R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was made on milk from three dams and serum from their 28 pigs for the relationship of antibodies capable of neutralizing or causing hemagglutination inhibition of swine influenza virus. Both neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies were present in the colostrum of the dam in high titer, but the titers dropped considerably during the first four weeks. Thereafter the rate of loss was less rapid. Neither antibody was found in the serum of the newborn pig prior to nursing, but both-were present in the serum in high titer within 30 hours. The loss of titer in the serum after 30 hours was gradual over an 8-week period.
The Group Phase of Shigella Paradysenteriae Type W: Its Isolation from Man
Authors: Elrod R. P. , Okabe K. , Sanders A. C. , Hullinghorst R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Phase variation within the types of Shigella paradysenteriae3 probably has been described best by Boyd (1) as a loss-variation. It was he who pointed out that the loss of the specific type factor of serotype 103 resulted in a variant which had a broad group antigenic mosaic. It was his feeling that the loss of the specific factor allowed the agglutinating potentiality of the group fractions to make themselves manifest. Boyd further showed that in reality the group factors were present in the A (specific) phase and could be demonstrated by preparing an immune serum against the B phase. When this was done antibodies reacting against many group components, not previously detected or which reacted weakly, were shown. The 103 A phase threw off group variants; the B phase bred true, yielding only group phase organisms.
Weil, Farsetta and Knaub (2), were able to confirm Boyd's work with his type 103.
The Occurrence of Salmonella Factor I in Different Types of Bacteria As Shown by a Serologically Cosmopolitan Paracolon Bacterium
Authors: Saxholm Rolf 
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary
A study has been made of a paracolon bacterium, E 72/48, which presented serologic relationships, in some instances very marked, to various Salmonellae, and to members of the Shigella Flexner group. Absorption tests showed that this organism contains antigens related to or identical with factor I of the Salmonellae. This antigen of E 72/48 appears to be related to the one which is responsible for the serologic relationship between certain Salmonella strains and the Shigella Flexner group. It would also seem probable from these investigations that S. thompson, S. newport and probably S. hirschfeldi, which have no factor I recorded in their antigen formula, may be in possession of some antigen related to factor I.
Studies on Commercial Typhus Vaccines
Authors: Cohen Seymour S. , Chambers Leslie A. , Clawson Jean R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The soluble antigen (S) of the commercial typhus vaccine has been concentrated by a variety of methods. Sedimentation in an ultracentrifuge at 90,000 G for 40 minutes has resulted in the isolation of a considerably purified S in good yield, possessing both the epidemic and murine complement-fixing activities of the original vaccine. Alcohol and salt precipitation were not successful in effecting a purification of S or in preserving the solubility of this material. Two isolation methods, based on a prior knowledge of the chemically reactive carbonyl groups of S, were successful in the concentration and purification of S in an active antigenic state, although the power to fix murine antibody in the complement-fixing reaction was frequently lost. The product obtained as a result of treatment with phenylhydrazine-p-sulfonic acid, although still impure, was soluble after lyophilization. This material, as well as the far purer material precipitated with Na2SO3, represents a concentrated antigen solution potentially adaptable for numerous practical ends.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies IX.
Authors: Eisen Herman N. , Sherman Beila , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rats injected with the radioiodinated globulin fraction of anti-lung serum exhibited specific localization of radioactivity in their lungs, and also in their kidneys. Although the localization in kidney of anti-lung serum was quite similar in extent to the localization of anti-kidney serum, the localization in lung was quite different for the two antisera. Absorption by acetone extracted kidney sediment removed more kidney-localizing than lung-localizing activity, suggesting that there are substances in lung which are different serologically from any components in kidney. The kidney-localizing component of anti-lung serum was found to be similar to that of anti-kidney serum: both localized clearly in glomeruli (radioautography), decayed in kidney tissue with a “half-life” of about 25 days, and were absorbed in vitro by a fraction of kidney homogenate which was insoluble in saline, alcohol, acetone and ether. It is concluded that there are substances in lung and kidney which are similar, or perhaps identical, and which are the antigens responsible for the development of kidney-localizing antibody. The findings are discussed in relation to glomerulonephritis.
The Sedimentable Components of Influenza Virus Propagated in Deembryonated Eggs
Authors: Hanig Martin , Bernkopf Hans 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The PR8 strain of type A influenza virus diluted to 10−1 or 10−5 with Tyrode's solution was propagated in deembryonated eggs. The preparations obtained in this manner were concentrated by ultracentrifugation, examined in the analytical ultracentrifuge and tested for hemagglutinating and infectious capacities.
It was found that preparations obtained when the inocula were diluted 10 times were of low infectivity, moderately high hemagglutinating capacity and contained one major component sedimenting at approximately 480 S. Preparations obtained when the inocula were diluted to 10−5 also contained only one major component, but this exhibited a sedimentation constant of approximately 630 S, a high infectivity, and the hemagglutinating capacity was comparable to that of the 480 S preparations.
It has been concluded from these and from other data that the infectious principle of the PR8 strain of Type A influenza virus resides primarily in the heavy component, while the hemagglutinative capacity is distributed between heavy and light components.
Quantitative Studies on the Serologic Relationships of Fungi
Authors: Salvin S. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method was described for obtaining antisera against the following fungi: Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces dermatitidis, six species of Candida, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Histoplasma capsulatum.
When six isolates of C. neoformans were compared as to their immunogenicity and their serological activity, the differences were quantitative, not qualitative, as indicated by complement-fixation and agglutination tests, and by quantitative antibody-nitrogen determinations.
As determined by complement-fixation studies, a strain of C. stellatoidea was found to cross-react more within the genus than any of the five other species studied, namely, C. albicans, C. pseudotropicalis, C. Guilliermondii, C. parapsilosis, and C. Krusei.
The relationships of six species of fungi, namely, A. fumigatus, B. dermatitidis, C. albicans, Candida stellatoidea, C. neoformans, and H. capsulatum, were investigated by quantitative agglutinin-absorption studies.
The Failure of Hyaluronidase to Influence Growth of PR8 Virus in Chick Embryos
Authors: Fastier Lyle B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of the effect of two partially purified bacterial hyaluronidases (streptococcal and pneumococcal) and one commercial product of testicular origin (‘Alidase’) on growth of PR8 virus in the chick embryo. Evidence has been presented to show that these enzyme preparations failed to increase either the infectivity or the yield of this virus when inoculated within the allantoic cavity.
Mixed Infection with Bacterial Virus T5 and its Heat Stable Mutant
Authors: Adams Mark H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been demonstrated that a majority of bacteria which have adsorbed at least one T5st+ particle and one T5st particle liberate both kinds on lysis. This finding provides independent evidence that more than one particle of T5 phage can take part in the infectious process in a single bacterium and is in agreement with Luria's conclusion that “multiplicity reactivation” of ultraviolet-inactivated T5 phage indicates that more than one phage particle can take part in the infectious process.
The average burst size of the mixedly infected bacteria is the same as that of bacteria infected with either phage type alone indicating that there is no depressor effect with this pair of viruses.
The Egg-White Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lanni Frank , Lanni Yvonne Théry , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The progressive reduction in slope of the inhibition curve which occurs when EW inhibitor is treated with certain influenza viruses has been explained on the hypothesis that individual molecules of inhibitor undergo a progressive loss of affinity for virus. Evidence is presented that the modified (weak) inhibitor is a product of the enzymatic action of virus, with the significance of an intermediate in the conversion of fully active to fully inactive inhibitor. Possible alternative hypotheses are discussed.
The Egg-White Inhibitor of Influenza Virus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lanni Yvonne Théry , Lanni Frank , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Semipurified egg-white inhibitor was treated for various periods with influenza virus A (PR8 strain), B (Lee strain), or the swine influenza virus and the effects were tested with heated derivatives of each of the 3 viruses. The existence of an inhibitor gradient, written PR8, Lee, Swine, was established, such that each virus was capable of destroying completely the inhibitor for itself as well as for the preceding virus or viruses, but only partially the inhibitor for the virus or viruses which follow it in the gradient. The same gradient appeared to describe the order of increasing inhibition titers of untreated inhibitor against the corresponding heated viruses, as well as the order of increasing apparent complexity of the changes induced by active virus in the character of the inhibition curve. The results have been interpreted in terms of the structure of the inhibitor and the mechanism of destruction of the inhibitor by virus.
Mazzini Cardiolipin Microflocculation Test for Syphilis
Authors: Mazzini L. Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The adaptation of cardiolipin antigen to the Mazzini technic has been described. Only minor changes have been found necessary, the technic otherwise remaining essentially the same. The availability of the emulsion immediately after preparation renders possible its use in emergencies and in adapting the test to a particular serological routine. Despite the fact that well-known technics use cardiolipin-lecithin antigen, the results may not be uniform in either sensitivity or specificity; the technic of preparing the emulsion and performing the test exerts great influence on the type of results obtained. The susceptibility of cardiolipin antigen to produce zonal reactions with strongly positive sera is its most serious limitation. This limitation has been overcome by decreasing the quantity of serum, by the addition of saline solution after the primary rotation and by the rerotation of the test at a slower speed for an additional 4 minutes. The test requires a very small amount (0.03 ml) of serum for its performance; a desirable feature in those cases when blood is obtainable in small quantity only, and when multiple tests constitute the serological routine. The increase in sensitivity of the cardiolipin technic has been accomplished with no loss of specificity. In fact, the specificity is also increased. Although the specificity has been found superior to that of the lipoidal antigen, false-positive reactions still will be obtained with sera from individuals with a variety of diseases other than syphilis. Further studies on the preparation of consistently satisfactory lots of lecithin are indicated. Further investigations to determine the nature of the impurities in, or oxidation or hydrolysis of, lecithin solutions and their role in causing nonstable emulsions are also of vital importance. The application of the test to spinal fluid has been accomplished without altering either the stability of the antigen emulsion or the spinal fluid. The results obtained seem to indicate that the test is of real value in the diagnosis and treatment of neurosyphilis either as an adjunct to the complement-fixation test or independently.
Immunologic Comparison of Different Laboratory Lines of the Lansing Strain of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Bennett Byron L. , Salk Jonas E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An immunologic comparison was made of three different laboratory lines of the Lansing strain of poliomyelitis virus. The three preparations studied had been from the 83rd, 206th and 393rd mouse passages respectively. By the methods employed the three were indistinguishable. A fourth preparation that had been adapted recently to monkeys could not be studied in mice because of the low infectious titer of the virus pool. It was studied, nevertheless, and the findings (10) are that it too is indistinguishable antigenically from the other three.
Experimental Hypersensitivity in the Rabbit
Authors: Gitlin David , Latta Harrison , Batchelor William H. , Janeway Charles A. , Cushman Margaret , Marx Katherine 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The half-lives of human and bovine serum albumins in the rabbit after intravenous injections are each approximately 5 days. Bovine serum γ-globulin has a half-life of approximately 2 days. Preparations of radio-iodinated bovine serum albumin and serum γ-globulin were shown to have half-lives similar to the native proteins from which they were derived, whether measured by an immunochemical method or by radioactivity. However, the half-lives of several azoproteins, derivatives of human serum albumin, were found to be between 1.5 and 2 days, whether measured by an immunochemical method or by the intensity of color imparted to the serum. The difficulties inherent in the use of labelled protein preparations for studying the behavior of antigens in vivo are demonstrated by our results and their implications are discussed. These difficulties seem to relate to the heterogeneity of most labelled antigen preparations.
The Tuberculin Reaction in Relation to the Local Reaction to Bcg Vaccine in Initially Vaccinated and in Previously Vaccinated Persons
Authors: Aronson Joseph D. , McGettigan Marie 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The local reaction to the simultaneous but separate intracutaneous injection of 0.1 mg old tuberculin and 0.1 mg BCG vaccine was studied 48 hours after injection in a total of 3,510 unvaccinated persons, and in 99 persons previously vaccinated with BCG vaccine. Among those not previously vaccinated who failed to react to 0.1 mg old tuberculin only a small per cent showed an exaggerated local inflammatory reaction to BCG vaccine (Koch phenomenon). A high per cent of those previously vaccinated who gave a doubtful or positive reaction to 0.1 mg old tuberculin showed an exaggerated local inflammatory reaction. Of the 99 persons vaccinated one year previously, who gave a slightly positive, doubtful, or negative reaction to 0.1 mg old tuberculin, a higher per cent showed an exaggerated or accelerated reaction to the BCG vaccine after revaccination than was noted among those not previously vaccinated. A higher per cent of previously vaccinated persons reacted to reinoculation of BCG vaccine than to 1.0 mg old tuberculin. The intracutaneous injection of BCG vaccine is suggested as a test in apparent instances of anergy in suspected tuberculous infection. Such a test could be used to determine the occurrence of hypersensitivity to the bacillary bodies in the absence of appreciable tuberculin hypersensitivity. We have not observed any untoward reactions using this procedure.
The Zone of Localization of Antibodies
Authors: Pressman David , Sherman Beila 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purification, in vivo, of the kidney-localizing antibody from radioiodinated anti-mouse-kidney serum has been accomplished by injecting the antiserum into mice, eluting the localized radioantibody from the perfused kidneys of these animals with alkali, and injecting the solution of recovered radioantibody into recipient animals. About 8 per cent of the radioactivity thus injected localized in the kidneys, whereas only ½ to 1% localizes from radioantiserum not specifically purified. Localization was rapid; and the ratio of radioactivity in tissue to that in blood was about 4 within three hours.
The possible application of this procedure to the investigation of active glomerulonephritis is discussed.
Purification and Concentration of Mouse Encephalomyelitis Virus by Hemagglutination
Authors: Lahelle O. , Ward Thomas G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutination of human red blood cells by GDVII mouse encephalomyelitis virus may be used as a method for affecting partial purification and concentration of the virus.
The hemagglutinin titer of the virus is a rough index of its ability to infect and kill inoculated mice. Further, this titer is markedly affected by the electrolyte concentration in the in vitro system.