bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital disruption: artificial intelligence and international trade policy
Authors: Jones Emily 
Published: February 2023

AbstractDigitalization of the global economy is occurring apace and has spurred a new wave of trade negotiations, as governments and technology firms vie to establish international rules and standards for the digital era. This article examines the ways that trade policy-makers are responding to artificial intelligence (AI), arguably the most disruptive of the new digital technologies. In a digitalized global economy, trade rules have implications for AI innovation, uptake, and governance, yet existing trade rules have significant shortcomings and need updating in order to assist with effective AI governance. Updating is happening but, so far, the changes focus on promoting AI and disproportionately reflect the interests of large technology firms, the major innovators and owners of AI. New digital trade rules include stringent intellectual property protections for source code and algorithms, and strong commitments to enable the free flow of data across borders. However, much less progress has been made in addressing cross-border risks and harms associated with AI, in areas such as competition policy; ethical, transparent, and accountable use of AI; personal data protection; and protections against the exploitative use of algorithms in consumer and labour markets.
Emotionally Coping with Terrorism
Authors: Banks Antoine J , Hicks Heather M , Merolla Jennifer L 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIndividuals often experience anger after exposure to news about a terrorist attack. Are the coping strategies available to them effective in reducing anger, and with what consequences for policy attitudes? We argue that because terrorism is a complex problem, people should feel better distancing themselves from the threat than engaging in confrontive strategies against it, and this should lead to less extreme attitudes. Across three experimental studies, we induced anger about terrorism and then randomly assigned participants to different opportunities to cope with their anger. The findings show that an emotion-focused coping strategy of distancing oneself from the threat is more effective at reducing anger than a problem-focused coping strategy involving support for confrontational strategies to address it. Furthermore, only distancing strategies reduced extreme stances on terrorism policy. These findings help us understand why some people may disengage from politics, even when angered by it.
Perioperative Outcomes of Open Anterior Vertebral Body Tethering and Instrumented Posterior Spinal Fusion for Skeletally Immature Patients With Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Siu Jeremy W. , Wu Hao-Hua , Saggi Satvir , Allahabadi Sachin , Katyal Toshali , Diab Mohammad 
Published: February 2023

Background:Correcting adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) without fusion can be achieved with anterior vertebral body tethering (AVBT). However, little is known about the perioperative outcomes, pain control, and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing AVBT compared with instrumented posterior spinal fusion (IPSF).Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, we compared pediatric patients with AIS who underwent either AVBT or IPSF. Inclusion criteria were based on the AVBT group, which included primary thoracic idiopathic scoliosis, Risser ≤1, curve magnitude 40 to 70 degrees, age 9 to 15, no prior spine surgery, index surgery between 2014 and 2019, and minimum 2-year follow-up. Patient demographics, perioperative metrics, pain visual analog scale scores, opiate morphine equivalent usage, cost data, and radiographic outcomes were compared.Results:We identified 23 patients who underwent AVBT and 24 matched patients in the IPSF group based on inclusion criteria. Patients undergoing AVBT and PSF were similar in age (12±1 y vs. 13±1 y,P=0.132) and average follow-up time (3.8±1.6 y vs. 3.3±1.4 y,P=0.210). There were 23 female patients (87%) in the AVBT group and 24 female (92%) patients in the IPSF group. Intraoperatively, estimated blood loss (498±290 vs. 120±47 mL,P<0.001) and procedure duration (419±95 vs. 331±83 min,P=0.001) was significantly greater in the IPSF group compared with AVBT. Length of stay was lower in the AVBT group compared with PSF (4±1 vs. 5±2 d,P=0.04). PSF patients had significantly greater total postoperative opiate morphine equivalent use compared with AVBT (2.2±1.9 vs. 5.6±3.4 mg/kg,P<0.001). Overall direct costs following PSF and AVBT were similar ($47,655+$12,028 vs. $50,891±$24,531,P=0.58). Preoperative radiographic parameters were similar between both the groups, with a major thoracic curve at 51±10 degrees for AVBT and 54±9 degrees for IPSF (P=0.214). At the most recent follow-up, IPSF patients had greater curve reduction to a mean major thoracic curve of 11±7 degrees (79%) compared with 19±10 degrees (63%) in AVBT patients (P=0.002). Nine patients (39%) required revision surgery following AVBT compared with 4 patients(17%) following IPSF (P=0.09).Conclusions:In a select cohort of patients, AVBT offers decreased surgical time, blood loss, length of stay, and postoperative opiate usage compared with IPSF. Although IPSF resulted in greater deformity correction at 2-year follow-up, the majority of patients who underwent AVBT had ≤35 major curves and avoided fusion. There is optimism for AVBT as a treatment option for select AIS patients, but long-term complications are still being understood, and the risk for revision surgeries remains high.Level of Evidence:Level III.
Associations between greenness and predicted COVID-19–like illness incidence in the United States and the United Kingdom
Authors: Chen Kelly , Klompmaker Jochem O. , Roscoe Charlotte J. , Nguyen Long H. , Drew David A. , James Peter , Laden Francine , Fecht Daniela , Wang Weiyi , Gulliver John , Wolf Jonathan , Steves Claire J. , Spector Tim D. , Chan Andy T. , Hart Jaime E. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Green spaces may be protective against COVID-19 incidence. They may provide outdoor, ventilated, settings for physical and social activities and therefore decrease transmission risk. We examined the association between neighborhood greenness and COVID-19–like illness incidence using individual-level data.

Methods:
The study population includes participants enrolled in the COVID Symptom Study smartphone application in the United Kingdom and the United States (March–November 2020). All participants were encouraged to report their current health condition and suspected risk factors for COVID-19. We used a validated symptom-based classifier that predicts COVID-19–like illness. We estimated the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), for each participant’s reported neighborhood of residence for each month, using images from Landsat 8 (30 m2). We used time-varying Cox proportional hazards models stratified by age, country, and calendar month at study entry and adjusted for the individual- and neighborhood-level risk factors.

Results:
We observed 143,340 cases of predicted COVID-19–like illness among 2,794,029 participants. Neighborhood NDVI was associated with a decreased risk of predicted COVID-19–like illness incidence in the fully adjusted model (hazard ratio = 0.965, 95% confidence interval = 0.960, 0.970, per 0.1 NDVI increase). Stratified analyses showed protective associations among U.K. participants but not among U.S. participants. Associations were slightly stronger for White individuals, for individuals living in rural neighborhoods, and for individuals living in high-income neighborhoods compared to individuals living in low-income neighborhoods.

Conclusions:
Higher levels of greenness may reduce the risk of predicted COVID-19–like illness incidence, but these associations were not observed in all populations.
Acute Fibrinous Anterior Uveitis in a Patient Treated With Topical Interferon-α2b for Ocular Surface Squamous Neoplasia With Uveitis Susceptibility
Authors: del-Piñal Miguel , Klein-Burgos Claudia , Martín-Ucero Ana M. , Larrañaga-Cores María , de la Hoz Adriana , López-Vázquez Ana , Fernández-Gutiérrez Eva 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
To report a case of fibrinous acute anterior uveitis associated with topical interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b) treatment for ocular surface squamous neoplasia in a patient with HLA-B27 uveitis predisposition.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
We present the case of a 57-year-old man who received topical IFN-α2b as adjuvant therapy for a previously surgically removed ocular surface squamous neoplasia with affected surgical margins. Two weeks after topical IFN-α2b initiation, the patient was diagnosed with fibrinous acute anterior uveitis. Complementary tests to rule out other causes of uveitis resulted to be negative, except for HLA-B27, which tested positive. Response to treatment with topical corticosteroids and cyclopentolate was favorable. As IFN-α2b is considered an immune enhancer and has been widely associated with autoimmune side effects, topical therapy with IFN-α2b was temporally ceased until intraocular inflammation resolved. Topical IFN-α2b was resumed, and during follow-up, no signs of uveitis were detected. The main hypothesis is that IFN-α2b acts as a trigger for intraocular inflammation in individuals with uveitis predisposition.

Conclusions:
Topical IFN-α2b could trigger intraocular inflammation in patients with uveitis susceptibility. It may be reasonable to use IFN-α2b cautiously in patients with a known history of uveitis or uveitis predisposition.
Candidates selection for oocyte donation in a public gamete bank—Predictive value of the anti-Müllerian hormone
Authors: Vale-Fernandes Emídio , Barreiro Márcia , Monteiro Mariana P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background:
Infertility treatments with oocyte donation are becoming frequent. Recruitment of oocyte donors is a demanding and costly process and therefore of crucial importance. The selection of the oocyte donors undergoes a rigorous evaluation process of the candidates with routine measurement of the anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels (ovarian reserve test). Our aim was to assess whether AMH levels could act as a good marker as tool to select the donor candidates and correlate them with the ovarian response to stimulation with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist protocol as well as to identify and validate the appropriate AMH level threshold by correlating it with the number of oocytes retrieved.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of the oocyte donors' clinical records was performed.

Results:
The mean age of the participants was 27 years. The ovarian reserve evaluation showed a mean AMH of 5.20 ng/mL. An average number of 16 oocytes was retrieved (12 mature oocytes MII). AMH levels showed a statistically significant positive correlation with the number of total oocytes retrieved. A threshold value of AMH = 3.2 ng/mL predictive of the retrieval <12 oocytes (areas under the curve, 0.7364; 95% confidence interval: 0.529–0.944) was identified by receiver operating characteristic curve. Using this cutoff, the normal response (12 oocytes) was predicted with a sensitivity of 77% and a specificity of 60%.

Conclusions:
The measurement of AMH may be a determining factor in the choice of the oocyte donor candidates to maximize the response to requests from beneficiaries who require donor oocytes to perform assisted reproductive technique cycles.
20 million pregnant women with group B streptococcus carriage: consequences, challenges, and opportunities for prevention
Authors: Paul Proma , Gonçalves Bronner P. , Le Doare Kirsty , Lawn Joy E. 
Published: February 2023

Purpose of review
Intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) is currently the only recommended preventive approach against clinical consequences of maternal Group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization. In this review, we discuss new findings of total perinatal GBS burden and relative effectiveness of differing targeting of IAP, notably microbiology-based and risk factor-based screening, including potential limitations. Finally, we provide updates on maternal GBS vaccines and their potential cost-effectiveness in disease reduction.

Recent findings
Updated estimates of the burden of GBS related to pregnancy outcomes show (1) early-onset GBS disease incidence and deaths are high in some low- and middle-income countries where IAP has not been implemented and (2) late-onset GBS disease, preterm birth, and stillbirth, which are not preventable by IAP, remain a public health problem in both high and low-middle income settings. Observational evidence indicates that microbiology-based screening may be more effective than risk factor-based screening, but even in high-income countries, compliance is imperfect. To address the need for alternative prevention strategies, several maternal vaccine candidates are in clinical development, and modelling suggests these could be cost-effective in most scenarios.

Summary
Recent progress in GBS vaccine research holds promise of reducing the large and preventable burden of mortality and disability caused by GBS disease, especially in higher-burden settings where clinical and laboratory services may be limited. Importantly vaccines also hold potential to prevent GBS stillbirths and GBS-associated preterm births.
Racial disparities in early adverse events and unplanned readmission after open fixation of fractures distal to the knee
Authors: Xu Amy L. , Raad Micheal , Shafiq Babar , Srikumaran Uma , Aiyer Amiethab A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Objectives:
To determine whether (1) early postoperative complications and (2) time to surgery for operative fixation of fractures distal to the knee differ for Black versus White patients and to assess whether disparities exist within fracture subtypes.

Design:
Retrospective database review.

Setting:
Hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database.

Patients/Participants:
Patients (18 years or older) undergoing open fixation of fractures distal to the knee between 2010 and 2019 (n = 9172 patients).

Intervention:
Open reduction and internal fixation of fractures distal to the knee.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Thirty-day postoperative complications and time to surgery by race, as compared by multivariable regression with nearest-neighbor propensity score matching.

Results:
Of the 9172 patients in our cohort, 1120 (12%) were Black. After matching, we identified 1120 White patients with equal propensity scores as our Black patients. Black patients had 1.5 times higher odds (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0–2.0) of experiencing any early adverse event when compared with matched White counterparts. Black patients also had 1.9 times higher odds (95% CI: 1.2–3.0) of requiring unplanned readmission within 30 days of operative fixation. There were no significant differences by race in time to surgery. Fracture subtype (tibia/fibula shaft, isolated malleolar, bi/trimalleolar, and pilon fractures) was not associated with postoperative complications or time to surgery in the multivariable analysis.

Conclusion:
Racial disparities in the early postoperative course after open fixation of fractures distal to the knee exist, with significantly higher rates of early adverse events and unplanned readmission persist for Black versus White patients after propensity matching.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic level III.
REBOA for the Treatment of Blast Polytrauma: Zone 3 Provides Cerebral Perfusion, Attenuates Organ Dysfunction and Reperfusion Coagulopathy Compared to Zone 1 in a Swine Model
Authors: Cralley Alexis L. , Moore Ernest E. , Sauaia Angela , Carani Pedro H. , Schaid Terry R. , DeBot Margot , Fragoso Miguel , Ghasabyan Arsen , Hansen Kirk , Cohen Mitchell J. , Silliman Christopher C. , Fox Charles J. 
Published: February 2023

BACKGROUND
Resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) is a lifesaving therapy for hemorrhagic shock following pelvic/lower extremity injuries in military settings. However, Zone 1 aortic occlusion (AO; above the celiac artery), while providing brain/cardiac perfusion, may induce/worsen visceral ischemia and organ dysfunction. In contrast, AO Zone 3 (below the renal arteries) provides abdominal perfusion potentially minimizing ischemia/reperfusion injury. We hypothesized that, compared with AO Zone 1, AO Zone 3 provides neuro/cardioprotection while minimizing visceral ischemia and reperfusion coagulopathy after severe traumatic hemorrhage due to pelvic/lower extremity injuries.

METHODS
Fifty-kilogram male Yorkshire swine underwent a blast polytrauma injury followed by a resuscitation protocol with randomization to no AO (No AO, n = 6) or AO with REBOA at Zone 1 (AO Zone 1; n = 6) or Zone 3 (AO Zone 3; n = 4). Vital signs and intracranial pressure (ICP) were monitored for 240 minutes. Citrate native and tissue plasminogen activator challenge thrombelastography, prothrombin time, creatinine, lipase, total bilirubin, troponin, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays protein levels were measured at set intervals.

RESULTS
Both AO groups had significant increases in mean arterial pressure during aortic occlusion. All three groups had significant increases in ICP, but final ICP in the No AO group (26 ± 5.8 mm Hg) was significantly elevated compared with AO Zone 1 (17 ± 5.2 mm Hg) and AO Zone 3 (16 ± 4.2 mm Hg) (p < 0.01). The final mean troponin in the No AO group (4.10 ± 5.67 ng/mL) was significantly higher than baseline (0.03 ± 0.02 ng/mL, p < 0.05), while the two AO groups had no significant changes (p > 0.05). AO Zone 1 was the only group associated with hyperfibrinolysis (p < 0.05) and significantly increased prothrombin time (p < 0.05). Only AO Zone 1 group had significantly higher markers of organ damage.

CONCLUSION
Compared with AO Zone 1, AO Zone 3 provided similar neuro/cardioprotection but with less organ dysfunction and coagulopathy. This study suggests that Zone 3 REBOA may be preferable over Zone 1 for treating military relevant blast polytrauma with minimal intra-abdominal and chest trauma, but further clinical investigation is warranted.
Aliidiomarina quisquiliarum sp. nov., isolated from landfill leachate
Authors: Zhang Xuan-qi , Xamxidin Maripat , Li Jing-hang , Zhang Xin-yin , Wang Tao , Chen Can , Wu Min , Ke Han 
Published: February 2023

Bacterial strain Y-6T, isolated from a landfill site in Yiwu, PR China, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomy approach. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile by means of a single polar flagellum and formed pale beige colonies. Strain Y-6T grew at 4–40 °C (optimal at 30–37 °C), pH 6.5–9.5 (optimal at pH 7.2–8.5) and in the presence of 0.5–10.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimal at 1.0–3.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain Y-6T was a member of the genus

Aliidiomarina

and closely related to

Aliidiomarina taiwanensis

MCCC 1A06493T with a 16S rRNA sequence similarity of 98.2 %. The major cellular fatty acids of the isolate were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1
ω9c and/or 10-methyl-C16 : 0). Q-8 was the predominant ubiquinone. The major polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, aminoglycophospholipid, aminophospholipid, phospholipid, three glycolipids and two unknown lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 46.6 mol%. The digital DNA–DNA hybridization value between Y-6T and A. taiwanensis MCCC 1A06493T was 18.3 %. Strain Y-6T had an average nucleotide identity value of 74.09 % with A. taiwanensis MCCC 1A06493T. Results from the polyphasic taxonomy study support the conclusion that strain Y-6T represents a novel

Aliidiomarina

species, for which the name Aliidiomarina quisquiliarum sp.nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y-6T (=MCCC 1K06228T=KCTC 82676T).
Corynebacterium megadyptis sp. nov. with two subspecies, Corynebacterium megadyptis subsp. megadyptis subsp. nov. and Corynebacterium megadyptis subsp. dunedinense subsp. nov. isolated from yellow-eyed penguins
Authors: Nouioui Imen , Saunderson Sarah C. , Midwinter Anne C. , Young Melanie J. , McInnes Kate M. , Watts Jim , Sangal Vartul 
Published: February 2023

Novel

Corynebacterium

strains, 3BT and 7BT, were isolated from the oral cavities of young chicks of yellow-eyed penguins (hoiho), Megadyptes antipodes. A polyphasic taxonomic characterization of these strains revealed chemotaxonomic, biochemical and morphological features that are consistent with those of the genus

Corynebacterium

. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between the strains and their closest phylogenetic neighbour,

Corynebacterium ciconiae

CCUG 47525T were 99.07 %, values that are in line with their phylogenomic positions within the evolutionary radiation of the genus

Corynebacterium

. Digital DNA–DNA hybridization values and average nucleotide identities between the genome sequences of the two strains and related

Corynebacterium

species were well below the defined threshold values (70 and 95–96 %, respectively) for prokaryotic species delineation. The genome size of these strains varied between 2.45–2.46 Mb with G+C content 62.7–62.9 mol%. Strains 3BT and 7BT were Gram-stain positive bacilli that were able to grow in presence of 0–10 % (w/v) NaCl and at temperature ranging between 20–37 °C. The major fatty acids (>15 %) were C16 : 0 and C18 : 1
ω9c, and the mycolic acid profile included 32–36 carbon atoms. We propose that these strains represent a novel species, Corynebacterium megadyptis sp. nov. with 3BT (=DSM 111184T=NZRM 4755T) as the type strain. Phylogenomically, strains 3BT and 7BT belong to two lineages with subtle differences in MALDI-TOF spectra, chemotaxonomic profiles and phenotypic properties. The fatty acid profile of strain 3BT contains C18 : 0 as a predominant type (>15 %), which is a minor component in strain 7BT. Strain 7BT can oxidize N-acetyl-d-glucosamine, l-serine, α-hydroxy-butyric acid, l-malic acid, l-glutamic acid, bromo-succinic acid and l-lactic acid, characteristics not observed in strain 3BT. Therefore, we propose that these strains represent two subspecies, namely Corynebacterium megadyptis subsp. megadyptis subsp. nov. (type strain, 3BT=DSM 111184T=NZRM 4755T) and Corynebacterium megadyptis subsp. dunedinense subsp. nov. (type strain, 7BT=DSM 111183T=NZRM 4756T).
Curing “GFP-itis” in Bacteria with Base Editors: Development of a Genome Editing Science Program Implemented with High School Biology Students
Authors: Vasquez Carlos A. , Evanoff Mallory , Ranzau Brodie L. , Gu Sifeng , Deters Emma , Komor Alexis C. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe flexibility and precision of CRISPR-Cas9 and related technologies have made these genome editing tools increasingly popular in agriculture, medicine, and basic science research over the past decade. Genome editing will continue to be relevant and utilized across diverse scientific fields in the future. Given this, students should be introduced to genome editing technologies and encouraged to consider their ethical implications early on in pre-college biology curricula. Furthermore, instruction on this topic presents an opportunity to create partnerships between researchers and educators at the K-12 levels that can strengthen student engagement in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). To this end, we present a three-day student-centered learning program to introduce high school students to genome editing technologies through a hands-on base editing experiment inE. coli, accompanied by a relevant background lecture and facilitated ethics discussion. This unique partnership aims to educate students and provides a framework for research institutions to implement genome editing outreach programs at local high schools.