bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the Active Compounds in Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) by GC MS Technique Under the Effect of Foliar Nutrient with Nano Organic Fertilizer
Authors: Al-Kraiti Haider Ghatar Aswad , Al-Bahadly Hind Adnan H. , Hadi Zaidoun Saad Chiyad , Sachit Dhafer Kareem 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
With the aim of knowing the effect of foliar nutrient with Optimus Plus nano organic fertilizer and spraying date on growth and the type of medically active compounds in Hibiscus sabdariffa L. by detecting and diagnosing them by GC-MS technology and determining the appropriate concentration based on the type and number of compounds appearing in each treatment. The experiment was carried out according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), in the order of factorial experiments, and with three replicates. The experiment included two factors, the first included spraying three different concentrations of (Optimus Plus), which are (zero,1 and 3 ml L-1). The second factor included two spraying dates (spraying one month after cultivation and spraying three months after cultivation). The results showed that spraying the concentration (3 ml L-1) after three months of cultivation was significantly superior in all the studied traits. The results of the examination with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry device also showed the emergence of many effective compounds, as (17 chemical and medical compounds) were diagnosed in the treatment of nano organic fertilizer spray after three months of cultivation at a concentration of (3 ml. L-1).
Investigating Sowing Date and Foliar Application of Boron Effects on some Growth and Yield Parameters of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Sabry Nawfal A. , El-Fahdawi Waleed A. T. , Hamed Malath A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This field study was conducted at Almashtal area-Heet District-Anbar province during the summer season 0f 2017 in clay loam soil. The layout was a split-plot design with three replicates, the three sowing times (20 April, 20 June, 20 July) occupy experiment the main plots while the Boron concentration (0mg L-1, 100mg L-1, 200mg L-1) occupies the subplots. The field was fertilized with superphosphate fertilizer (P2O5 %46) at the ratio of 80 kg.ha-1 and potassium sulfate (K43%) at the rate of 80kg ha-1 before sowing process during soil preparation. Also, urea fertilizer (N46%) was added at a ratio of 80 kg.ha-1 with two doses the first one at planting and the second after 30 days. Results drawn from this experiment are summarized as follows: Plant height, the height of first capsule, Number of leaves per plant, Seeds yield, biological yield decreased with the delay of sowing time by giving 78.1, 22, 238.8, 242, 982kg ha-1 respectively. While the foliar application with boron led to an increase in seed yield and biological yield by giving 541, 2252 kg ha-1 respectively. Also, some characters values decreased with boron concentration such as first capsule height and number of leaves per plant by giving 29.6 cm, 334.8 leaves per plant inthe treatment of 200 mg L-1.
Stability Study of Cotton Genotypes Cultivated in Different Environments
Authors: Al-Obaidi Othman Nassif Jassim , Al-Jubouri Jassim Mohammed Aziz 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In order to evaluate a group of cotton genotypes in different environments and study their genetic stability, thirteen cotton genotypes were tested, namely (ST468 - BA440 - DP396 - FLASH - EDESSA - Lashta - Cipro - Buck Cot 189 - IK259 - W888 - Coker 310 - Montana CANDIA). It was planted in Haditha district - Barwana district, by designing the Completely Randomized Design, according to the split-plot system and with three replicates. It was planted in six environments represented by planting distances of 7 cm and 14 cm between plants and three crop succession systems (cultivation after wheat crop, cultivation after barley crop, cultivation after fallow land) according to the no-tillage system and in the late cultivation, The study included eight traits: the number of fruiting branches, the total number of boll per plant, the number of open boll per plant, the number of seeds per boll, the average weight of the boll, the percentage of Earliness yield, the percentage of dressing and the yield of seed cotton. The results are summarized as follows: The study of genetic stability showed that the two cultivars (CANDIA and DP396) were distinguished by being stable and suitable for all different agricultural environments for the trait of seed cotton yield, The cultivars (BA440, FLASH, EDESSA and W888) were characterized by being stable and suitable for all different agricultural environments and for the traits of the number of fruiting branches, the total number of bolls, the number of open bolls, the number of seeds in boll and the average weight of bolls. The cultivars (BA440, FLASH, Lachata, Coker 310, and CANDIA) were characterized by being stable and suitable for all different agricultural environments and for the traits of the early percentage and the percentage of dressing. While the cultivar (EDESSA) was Earliness in yield and genetically stable.
The Effect of Vitamin B9 and E on the Yield and Its Components of the Wheat Crop
Authors: Zeboon Najat Hussein , Baqir Hayder Abid Al-Razzaq 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
During the 2016–2017 and 2017–2018 winter semesters, researchers from the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences at the University of Baghdad conducted a field experiment at the university’s research station. This inquiry set out to examine how spraying wheat plants with vitamins B9 (Folic acid) and E (Tocopherol) affected certain yield characteristics (Al-Fourat variety). The studies were set up as three repetitions of a factorial experiment using a Randomized Full Block Design. Vitamin E was sprayed at 0, 1, and 2 ml.L-1, while vitamin B9 was sprayed at 0, 1, and 3 ml.L-1 (0, 250, and 500 mg. L-1). While the plants were in the tillering and early blooming stages, both elements were sprayed. Supplementing with 500 mg of vitamin B9 was more effective than lesser doses in every category (the spike length, the number of spikelets per spike, the number of grains per spike, the weight of 1000 grains, the grain yield, biological yield and harvest index). Everything else being equal, the 250 mg. L-1 concentration was best, with the highest average number of spikes found to be 419.06. and 419.65. m-2. There was an influence on growth characteristics from spraying vitamin E; a concentration of 2 ml.L-1 was superior to the others in all but one of the yield characteristics and its studied components. One thousand grains, however, had the greatest average concentration of 1 ml.L-1. The interaction between the components was shown to be significant for the majority of the aspects studied, and the optimal dosage was 500 mg of vitamin B9 and 1 ml of vitamin E. The highest grain yields (5.41 and 5.25 Mg. ha-1) were obtained with a dosage of vitamin E at the L-1 level.
Application of RAPD Parameters to Estimate the Genetic Dimension of Sunflower Genotypes
Authors: Kaht Ola Nayef , Al-Khafaji Hamzah Mohsin Kadhim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the Genetics Laboratory/Department of Biology/College of Education for Girls/University of Kufa in 2021. The aim of the experiment is to know the genetic changes between six strains of sunflower for the purpose of benefiting from them in the production of hybrids. The technique of random polymorphism of the DNA chain based on PCR technology and 5 primers were used in the study, as the UPGMA method was used to know genetic similarity and kinship between strains. As they were separated into two main groups, A, B and secondary and sub-secondary groups, and based on RAPD indicators and common traits, the variance ratio for the first component was 36.619% While the second component gave a genetic variance percentage of 29.379%, totaling 65.998%, the Euclidean distance reached the highest distance between strain C and F, which amounted to 0.158, and the lowest distance between strain A, B and strain D, G, which amounted to 0.021
Morphological and Molecular Diagnosis of Root-Knot Nematodes on Okra with Evaluation of the Efficacy of Olive, Sesame and Garlic Extract for Disease Control
Authors: Ismail Salih M. , Khairi Maher A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study aimed to isolate and diagnose root knot nematodes on the okra plant based on the phenotypic diagnosis according to the perineal pattern and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, and toevaluate the efficiency of olive stock, sesame, garlic extract, and the chemical pesticide Voual 24 SL in controlling the disease. The phenotypic diagnosis based on the perineal pattern showed that the diagnosed nematodes belong to Meliodogyen Incognita. The results of the Molecular diagnosis (PCR) were also confirmed by using the initiator Mel F/R to detect the S rDNA18 gene. The results of the partial diagnosis showed isolateion belonged to the nematode M. Incognita. A new Iraqi isolate was recorded in the global gene bank under number a (MW737418.1). The results of applying the following treatments Voual 24 SL, garlic extract, olive stock and sesame meal showed a reduction in complexity index and improvement in growth characteristics and plant yield. The Voual 24 SL pesticide and garlic extract treatment recorded a reduction in complexity index of 1.49, 1.83 and the highest plant height and plant yield recorded by the garlic extract treatment was 54.66 cm. The highest weight of wet roots was recorded in the treatment of sesame meal, which was 13.45 gm.
Morphology Root-Knot Nematode Meloidogyna incognita on Cucumber Plant in Southern Iraq
Authors: Abed Ali Zuhair , Fayyadh Mohammad Amer , Heydari Ramin 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Isolated root-knot nematodes. Meloidogyne sp from the roots of the cucumber plant from different regions of southern Iraq, and the morphological study showed the presence of type M. incognita. It showed the perineal pattern characterized by the presence of a squarish dorsal arch located at the dorsal apex of the perineal pattern, and jagged and jagged cuticle lines, in addition to the unclear lateral fields and the presence of wrinkles or breaks instead. The measurements of the second larvae phase showed that the average body length (L) was 444 μm, while the largest body length was 496 μm and the lowest body length was 386 μm, the average length of the spear was 11.8 μm, the largest length of the shaft was 12.5 μm and the minimum length was 11 μm. The average tail length was 61.9 μm, the largest tail length was 66 μm, and the minimum tail length was 60 μm. As for hyaline, the largest length was 13 μm and the lowest length was 11 μm.
Effect of Crude and Volatile Oil Extract of Casuarina cunninghamiana Leaves on Candida albicans
Authors: Almehanya Farqad Hayder 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This research involved extracting the crude and volatile oil from Casuarina cunninghamiana leaves, which are part of the Casuarinaceae family. It also involved doing a phytochemical screen to determine the yield of the crude and volatile oil extract., The antifungal effects of crude and volatile oil extract depended on concentration; for example, a methanol crude extract of leaves expressed its maximal inhibitory zone at 400 mg/ml, which was 20.12 mm, but at low concentrations of 100 mg/ml, it was 13.2 mm. While the inhibitory zone against C. albicans at a high concentration of ethanol crude extract of leaf reached a diameter of 1 9.12 mm. In contrast, the inhibition zone width against C. albicans in the high concentration of hexan volatile oil extract reached 22.15 mm despite the low concentration of reported 12.3 mm. The low concentration of 13.12 mm was however measured. In hexan volatile oil extract, C. albicans exhibited great activity. The width of the inhibitory zone, however, is against C. albicans obtained a diameter of 21.13 mm at a low concentration of 14.12 mm of ether volatile oil extract. The study’s objective is to determine the best extract (crude or volatile oil extract), as well as the best alcoholic extract (methanol, ethanol, ether, and hexan), and the best concentration of the study extracts.
Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Okra Plant and Evaluation of Its Efficiency Against Spiny Bollworm Erias insulana (Boisd)
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem , Mansor Mohammed Shaker , Atia Saleh Khalaf 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Twenty-eight endophytic bacteria were isolated from Okra plant grown in several regions in Salah El-Din-governorate fields including Balad, Ishaqi, Tikrit and Baiji. Bacterial cell treatment of isolate SB1 gave the highest rates of mortality on the third instar larvae of the spiny bollworm E. insulana reached to 66.66%, followed by isolate SB 3, which reached to 53.33%, while the isolates ST2, ST5, ST6, SB4, SJ2, SJ3, SJ5, SS2, SS3, as well as the control did not achieve any mortality rate. The results of the treatment of bacterial filtrates in the third instar larvae of the spiny bollworm showed the highest mortality rate was 93.33% by the isolate SB1, followed by 80.00% by the isolate SB3, while the filtrates of bacterial isolates SS5, SS1, SJ7, SJ3, SB5, ST4, and ST3 did not achieve any mortality rate. The results of the molecular diagnosis according to the nucleotide sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and the conformity with the strains recorded in the World Genetic Bank (NCBI) showed the highest bacterial isolates in killing the insect, which included the isolates SB1, SB3, SB6, SJ6, and ST7 return to the species Brevibacillus laterosporus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus thuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis and Lysinibacillus sphaericus and recorded in the World Genetic Bank under the accession numbers ON844995.1, ON844985.1, ON844996.1, ON844994.1. ON845438.1, respectively.
Bio-Mass Production of Spirulina Platensis and Its use in Inducing Hostility Resistance Against Potyvirus Potato virus y
Authors: Al-Dulami Ali Kadhem Eliwii , Al-Fahd maadh Abdul Wahab 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to produce Spirulina platensis as a local preparation for the first time in Iraq and to know its effect on the resistance of the potato virus y as well as the study of evaluating the efficiency of three types of algae (Spirulina platensis, Alga300, Alga600) and the application on three varieties of the potato crop in stimulating resistance to a rate of infection. It reached 14.45% compared to the positive control treatment, the infection rate was 29.36%, the infection rate was 80.73%. The percentage of love, which amounted to 184.0 g.
The Effect of Spirulina platensis and Atonik Growth Regulator in Inducing the Resistance of Several Varieties of Grape Bushes Against the Helicopter leaf virus Grapevine fanleaf virus
Authors: Al-Qaisi Zuhair Akreem Brisim , Al-Fahad Maadh Abdul Wahab 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to find out the effect of Spirulina platensis and growth regulator Atonik on the Grapevine fanleaf virus where it gave indicators of effect against the virus or induced the resistance of the plant against the virus. The treatment of the moss S. platensis + Atonik gave more efficiency in reducing the percentage and severity of the infection where it reached in the two qualities 48.88% and 51.55% respectively compared to the control treatment, which reached 100% in the rate of infection and in the severity of the infection 81.77%, The interference treatment between S. platensis + Atonik also gave the highest rate of peroxidase enzyme where the enzyme rate was 4.48 mg / protein compared to the proper comparison treatment in which the enzyme rate was 0.48 mg / protein, the treatment with S. platensis + Atonik moss in the characteristic of leaf area and chlorophyll scale gave the highest effect ratio (+) with 68.74 cm and 35.01 spad respectively
The Use of Alcoholic, Chloroform Extracts of Flowers and Leaves of Basilicum Ocimum Plant in the Control of the Southern Cowpea Beetle Callosobruchus maculatus
Authors: Rashid Youssef Dakhil , Dawood Hayder Hasan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe current investigation is an endivour to determine the efficacy of chloroform and alcoholic extracts of basil flowers and leaves in suppressing the southern cowpea beetle. The study demonstrated the influence of extract concentration, as the maximum average number of eggs deposited per female was 72,8 at a concentration of 0.25%. In terms of the extract type factor, alcoholic extract of basil leaves resulted in the greatest average egg production of 71,9 eggs per female. Due to the interaction, an alcoholic extract of basil leaves at a concentration of 0.25% resulted in the highest rate of egg production of 81.6 eggs per female and a chloroform extract of basil flowers at a dose of 1% resulted in the lowest rate of egg production of 28 eggs per female. The proportion of eggs that hatched from C. maculatus-treated adults varied on the extract’s kind and concentration. At a dosage of 0.25%, the greatest hatch rate of eggs was 77.6%. In terms of extract factor, alcoholic basil leaf extract resulted in the highest percentage of eggs hatching 71.5%, whereas chloroform basil flower extract resulted in the lowest percentage of eggs hatching 65.6%. The largest percentage of eggs that hatched as a result of the interaction was 81.6%, and it happened at a dose of 0.25% basil leaf alcoholic extract. The lowest percentage of eggs that hatched was 36.6% when an extract of chloroform from basil flowers was present at a concentration of 1%. The current study examined the impact of extract type and concentration on larval mortality from eggs of adults treated with C. maculatus, with 1% being the highest percentage. The extract type had the greatest percentage of larval death, with alcoholic basil leaf extract having 32.7% and chloroform basil leaf extract having 30.0%. The interaction caused the most larvae to die when the alcoholic extract of basil flowers was at 1% concentration and the fewest larvae to die when it was at 0.25% concentration.
Evaluating the Performance of Combined Equipment (RAU) and Field Tested
Authors: Al-Azzawi Ruaa A. R. , Zeinaldeen Laith A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
An experiment was carried out evaluate the performance of RAU combined equipment under three levels of practical speed, (V1) 4.06 km. h-1, (V2) 4.43 km. hr-1 and (V3) 5.76 km. hr-1, and three levels of depth with 10,20and 30 cm. It is denoted by D1, D2, D3 respectively. A split plot design was used within the RCBD design with three replications. The experiment results showed that the first practical speed 4.06 km.hr-1 achieved the lowest slippage percentage from 9.61%, lowest traction power 14.65hp, lowest soil penetration resistance to1.34 kg.cm-2, and the highest total operating costs (40803.4 ID.ha-1, while the third speed achieved the opposite results. The first treatment depth achieved the lowest results for slippage percentage 8.52%, traction power 15.34hp, soil penetration resistance 1.17 kg. cm-2, and total operating costs 37215.0ID. ha-1, while the third depth achieved the opposite results. Interaction between treatment depth and practical speed showed that the first treatment depth with the first practical speed has the lowest average of slippage percentage 7.63%, the lowest value of the traction power 13.77 hp, and the lowest average of soil resistance to penetration 1.03 kg.cm-2, while the first treatment depth and third practical speed has lowest average of the operating costs 34533.4 ID.ha-1.
An Economic Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Organization and Cultivation of the Wheat Crop in Iraq Using Logistic Regression
Authors: Ali Noor Amer , Al-Hiyali Ali Darub Kassar , Muhammed Muhammed Khalid 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The research aimed to analyze the factors affecting the organization and cultivation of the wheat crop in Iraq by using one of the appropriate econometric analysis methods for this type of research, which is the logistic regression, through which it is possible to know the results of the application of agricultural legislation and the variables affecting compliance with those legislation as well as knowing the role of agricultural legislation in supporting policy steps agriculture in Iraq. The results showed that among the model variables, there was a set of factors described as the most influential on the farmer’s decision to adhere to the government agricultural plan, including the variable delay in receiving marketing amounts and the variable providing loans, as well as the variable value of the returns achieved in the presence of government support in favour of adhering to the agricultural plan. As for the farmers’ decision to market their crops to the state, it was found that the most influential variables were the commitment to the agricultural plan, the state’s selling price variable, and the total area. The research concluded that paying attention to the aspect of financing and providing agricultural loans to farmers will lead to farmers getting rid of the financial restrictions imposed on them by the private sector, and thus increasing the likelihood of their commitment to implementing agricultural legislation. Also, the continued provision of government support, especially in the aspect of output, will lead to an improvement in the level of farm income for farmers, which makes them needless to search for other means to obtain income and thus comply with the government legislation drawn up. The research recommended the need to work on improving the reality of agricultural crop production by providing government support for the use of modern technologies to increase production rates per unit area and achieve greater returns for farmers. As well as the need for a strict supervisory body working to ensure that farmers do not violate the government legislation imposed in order to regulate production and develop the agricultural sector.
Evaluation of Substrates for Production and Quality Characteristics of Oyster Mushrooms Pleurotus spp. Under Conditions of the Infection with Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Hassan Abdullah Abdulkareem , Ibrahim Maha Talib 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the type of culture medium in the growth and production of the oyster mushroom Pleurotus spp. and the pathogenic fungi P. glabrum and T. longibrachiatum, the results showed that the medium of corn cob (CCA) - prepared in the laboratory - is one of the media that encourage the growth of pathogenic fungi and P. ostreatus, the diameter of both T. longibrachiatum and P. ostreatus colony reached 9 cm and reached 5.3 cm for P. glabrum and these diameters are the same as those recorded in the standard medium (MEA). The activity of laccase for oyster mushrooms P.ostreatus, P. pulmonarius and P. eryngii was significantly superior to 4.56, 4.02 and 3.7 unit/ml, respectively, compared to the lowest activity 0.89 and 1.32 units/ml which was recorded in pathogenic fungi P. glabrum and T. longibrachiatum, respectively. P. eryngii recorded the highest biological efficiency in the wheat straw inoculated with pathogen P. glabrum, reached to 64.67%, while the lowest biological efficiency was 5.56% of P. pulmonarius grown in corn cobs inoculated with the pathogen T. longibrachiatum. It is noted from the results that the highest infection percentages were 73.54, 74.34 and 75.78% in the corn cobs inoculated with the pathogen T. longibrachiatum, while the lowest infection was 17.37% in the rice husks inoculated with the P. glabrum. The results showed the superiority of the protein content in the fruit bodies of P. eryngii grown in the corn cobs inoculated with the pathogen P. glabrum which reached 30.27%, while the lowest protein content was recorded in the rice husks inoculated with T. longibrachiatum for all oyster mushrooms studied.