bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BCG-Induced Murine Effector Cells
Authors: Tracey Daniel E. , Wolfe Seth A. , Durdik Jeannine M. , Henney Christopher S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal exudate cells harvested from mice after i.p. inoculation of 108 viable Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) organisms demonstrate vigorous lytic activity in vitro toward a large variety of target cells. Lytic activity was demonstrable within hours of BCG administration, was maximal after 4 to 5 days, and fell rapidly thereafter. Cell lysis observed in a 51Cr-release assay resulted from single events of collision with effector cells and was virtually complete within 4 hr. Effector cells were not found in the thymus or bone marrow, and the lytic activity of spleen and peripheral lymph nodes was only minimal. The effector cells were not induced by i.p. injection of thioglycollate medium or proteose peptone broth. Heat-killed BCG induced less activity than did viable BCG organisms.
The induction of lytic activity appeared to be under genetic control and to represent an amplification of a cell population present in the unstimulated animal. Some strains (CBA, B6C3F1) gave consistently high levels of of reactivity after BCG administration; others (A/J) showed much lower reactivity. Normal cells did not serve as targets for the BCG-induced effector cells, whereas tumor cells and long-term tissue culture cell lines were lysed. Susceptible targets included cells syngeneic, allogeneic, and xenogeneic to the effector cell source.
The rapid, vigorous lysis elicited by 4-day BCG-induced peritoneal exudates against a broad range of target cells indicates that the significance of this new cytotoxic phenomenon may be significant with respect to BCG immunotherapy.
Sensitivity of Amplifier T Cells Involved in the Antibody Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide to Anti-Lymphocyte Serum
Authors: Markham Richard B. , Stashak Philip W. , Prescott Benjamin , Amsbaugh Diana F. , Baker Phillip J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Amplifier T cells responsible for enhancement of the antibody response to type III pneumococcal polysaccharide have been shown to be resistant to the effects of antilymphocyte serum (ALS) given at the time of immunization, a treatment that eliminates suppressor T cell activity. The resistance of amplifier T cells to ALS can be attributed to the fact that their activity develops after that of suppressor T cells. ALS given 1 or 2 days after immunization does abrogate amplifier T cell activity, independent of the mode by which that activity is elicited. The data emphasize the importance of kinetic considerations in understanding the effects produced by immunologically active agents such as ALS.
Metabolic Requirements for Hormone-Induced Resistance to Antibody-Complement Mediated Killing of Tumor Cells
Authors: Schlager Seymour I. , Ohanian Sarkis H. , Borsos Tibor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Line-1 guinea pig hepatoma cells are susceptible to killing by anti-Forssman IgM antibody plus guinea pig complement (GPC). When these tumor cells are incubated with insulin, epinephrine, hydrocortisone, or prednisolone, the cells show a marked reduction in their susceptibility to antibody-C-mediated killing. If the ability of the cells to synthesize DNA, RNA, and protein is impaired by pretreatment with metabolic inhibitors, x-irradiation, or culture in nutrient-deficient media, the hormones are no longer effective in rendering the cells resistant to killing. If only DNA synthesis is impaired, but not RNA and protein synthesis, the hormones are effective. The inability of cells inhibited in their macromolecular synthesis to be rendered resistant to killing after hormone treatment is not due to an inability of the cells to bind hormone.
Immunocycte Stimulation in Vitro by Nontoxic Bacterial Lipopolysaccharide Derivatives
Authors: Frank Steven , Specter Steven , Nowotny Alois , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intact lipopolysaccharides (LPS), considered nonspecific enhancers of B cell responses, as well as nontoxic derivatives from Serratia marcescens LPS, were studied with regard to their ability to stimulate in vitro immune responses to a T-dependent antigen, sheep erythrocytes. Intact LPS, at a dose of 10 to 50 µg, consistently enhanced the in vitro anti-SRBC immune response by normal splenocytes. The LPS also increased the background PFC response to SRBC in nonimmunized cultures. A chemically detoxified preparation derived from LPS (Mex B) had no stimulatory activity in vitro. A completely nontoxic, relatively small m.w., polysaccharide-rich preparation (PS), free of detectable lipid and protein, was stimulatory in vitro and at a dose of 10 µg resulted in a 40 to 70% enhancement of the anti-SRBC response. The PS also stimulated an enhanced background response to SRBC as well as several other RBC species in nonimmunized cultures. PS had no mitogenic effect in vitro since addition of this bacterial derivative failed to stimulate thymidine incorporation into mouse splenocytes, as occurred with the intact LPS. The use of nontoxic preparations from gram-negative bacterial LPS for dissecting the stimulatory vs antigenic properties of bacterial products provides a model system for determining the role of a mitogenic stimulus in B cell activation.
Macrophage Activation for Tumor Cytotoxicity: Induction of Tumoricidal Macrophages by Supernatants of PPD-Stimulated Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-Immune Spleen Cell Cultures
Authors: Ruco Luigi P. , Meltzer Monte S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Resident peritoneal macrophages from normal mice were activated for tumor cytotoxicity in vitro by co-cultivation with BCG1-immune spleen cells and PPD and by incubation with supernatants of PPD-stimulated BCG-immune spleen cell cultures (lymphokine supernatants). Lymphokine activation of macrophages occurred in unfractionated PC suspensions as well as in macrophage monolayers depleted of nonadherent PC. Tumor cytotoxicity by lymphokine-activated macrophages was evident by 3 to 4 hr of culture in active supernatants, reached maximal levels by 8 to 12 hr, and was absent by 20 hr. Continued incubation in lymphokines or even re-exposure after washing did not maintain macrophage cytotoxicity. The capacity of normal resident macrophages to be activated by lymphokines in vitro progressively decreased and was absent by 20 hr in culture. This decrease did not necessarily reflect cell death; macrophage viability as estimated by exclusion of trypan blue or by phagocytic responses did not change over the 20-hr culture period. The short lived nature of both macrophage tumoricidal capacity and capacity of precursor cells to be activated by lymphokines may function as negative feedback mechanisms in immune reactions.
Immune Responses of Outbred Guinea Pigs to the Sequential Polymer Poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly): Association of Response to Strain 13 Histocompatibility Locus
Authors: Lai Chang-Hai , Maurer Paul H. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Outbred Hartley guinea pigs were immunized with the sequential polymer poly(L-Tyr-L-Glu-L-Ala-Gly) (T-G-A-Gly)n, the random copolymer poly(Glu50, Tyr50) (GT), and a low dose of dinitrophenylated guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA). Only the guinea pigs that carry strain 13 histocompatibility antigen responded to these three antigens as measured by the antigen-binding assay and delayed skin reaction. The immune response (Ir) genes controlling responses to (T-G-A-Gly)n, GT, or DNP-GPA, were found to be distinctive genes.
Nonresponder inbred strain 2 guinea pigs were able to produce anti(T-G-A-Gly)n antibodies when immunized with (T-G-A-Gly)n and methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA) complex, although there was no delayed skin reaction and in vitro cultured lymphocytes did not respond.
The in vitro response to (T-G-A-Gly)n of cultured lymphocytes from responder animals was inhibited by strain 2 anti-strain 13 alloantisera but not the strain 13 anti-strain 2 alloantisera.
Structural Studies on Induced Antibodies with Defined Idiotypic Specificities
Authors: Capra J. Donald , Tung Amar S. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of the variable regions of light chains derived from anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies from A/J mice bearing a cross-reactive idiotype is reported. At least two and probably more than three distinct light chains are associated with this idiotypically characterized antibody. The antibodies have several differences in their “framework” structures but evidence is presented indicating that all three light chain hypervariable regions have a homogeneous sequence. The data are discussed in relation to the various theories of antibody diversity. In addition, the findings support the view that hypervariable regions, idiotypic determinants, and the antibody-combining site involve, to a large extent, the same molecular structures.
In Vitro Immune Response of Human Peripheral Lymphocytes
Authors: Hirano Toshio , Kuritani Taro , Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral lymphocytes (PBL) upon stimulation with PWM proliferate and differentiate to IgM- and IgG-producing cells. The PWM-induced Ig production in B cells was dependent on T cells, and cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from PWM-stimulated PBL or T cell-rich fraction replaced T cell helper functions. The active substance(s) in CFS were most likely derived from T cells. The kinetic studies showed that the proliferation of B cells took place in advance of the final differentiation to Ig-producing cells and that T cells or T cell product(s) had to exist at the initiation of cultures in order to give the maximum helper effect. However, the final differentiation of B cells to Ig-producing cells was not dependent on T cells. The helper effect of T cells or T cell product(s) on PWM-induced proliferation and differentiation of B cells was exerted across the MHC barrier. This may make it possible to apply this experimental system to the assessment of quantitative and/or qualitative changes in human helper T cells in several immunologic diseases.
Partial Purification of Antigens from Eggs of Schistosoma Mansoni That Elicit Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Brown Alan P. , Remold Heinz G. , Warren Kenneth S. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Schistosoma mansoni egg antigens that elicit delayed hypersensitivity in appropriately sensitized guinea pigs were partially characterized by using ion exchange chromatography and preparative electrophoresis. At least three skin-reactive antigens were found, one of which was purified to homogeneity, as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). This antigen was not adsorbed to CM cellulose, migrated cathodal to guinea pig albumin on electro phoresis, and was adsorbed to DEAE cellulose. A second pool of antigenic activity was obtained by adsorption to CM cellulose and subsequent elution. DEAE cellulose chromatography and preparative electrophoresis of this pool indicated the presence of more than one antigen.
The Rate of Membrane Turnover by the Hairy Cells of Leukemic Reticuloendotheliosis: A Kinetic Study of a Receptor for IgM
Authors: Burns Gordon F. , Baker Christopher R. , Cawley John C. , Hayhoe Frank G. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The kinetics of turnover of a surface receptor for IgM were studied in six cases of hairy cell leukemia and four cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and the results were used as an indicator of membrane turnover in the pathologic cells of these two chronic leukemias. Rosette formation, shedding, and reexpression with EA (IgM) by hairy cells, a process which was shown to require protein synthesis, followed a cyclical pattern with a modal peak-to-peak reexpression time of 6 hr. Membrane turnover time in the cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia was 12 hr or more. This work indicates that a reduced membrane turnover rate is not an essential feature of chronic leukemias.
The more general application of this type of approach to the study of membrane turnover in normal cells and their pathologic counterparts are discussed.
The Role of Antigen-Antibody Complexes in Mediating Immunologic Unresponsiveness in the Chicken
Authors: Morgan Edward L. , Tempelis Constantine H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A significant suppression of an adoptive secondary response to either BSA or sheep red blood cells (SRBC) resulted when chicken spleen cells were incubated with BSA-antibody (Ab) complexes formed in antigen excess (molar ratio Ag1Ab1.1). Serum from 14-day old birds rendered unresponsive at hatching with large doses of BSA also produced suppression. In addition the in vitro response to SRBC was suppressed by the above treatment. Complexes formed at equivalence either had no effect on the subsequent responses of primed cells or produced an enhancement. The fact that both the homologous and heterologous responses were inhibited could indicate that both were suppressed via a common pathway.
On the Mechanism of Memberane Damage by C: Exposure of Hydrophobic Sites on Activated C Proteins
Authors: Shin Moon L. , Paznekas William A. , Abramovitz Aaron S. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous papers we have presented evidence that peptides from C proteins C5b, C7, C8, and C9 become inserted in the lipid bilayer memberanes and form a transmembrane channel. Presumably, this insertion follows exposure of hydrophobic domains by C activation. In the present experiments liposomes were made with 14C-phosphatidyl choline (PC) and Forssman antigen in the bilayer, and with 86Rb+ in the aqueous compartments. When such liposomes were incubated with anti-Forssman antibody (A) and guinea pig serum (GPS) as a source of C, substantially more 14C-PC and 86Rb+ were released than from liposomes treated with A and C4-deficient GPS, or with A and heated C, or with C alone, or with A alone. The specific release of PC was dependent on the dose of C. Prior treatment of GPS with cobra venom factor abolished its capacity to release PC. The release of PC by A and C7-deficient human serum (C7D-HS) was the same as that of GPS alone, i.e., there was no specific release. A and C8D-HS produced much less specific release than A and GPS; addition of purified guinea pig C7 or C8 to C7D-HS or C8D-HS, respectively, restored the PC release to its full extent. Hence, part of the PC removal is mediated by C5b,6,7; the remainder is attributable to C8 and/or C9.
Induction of I Region-Restricted Hapten-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
Authors: Wagner Hermann , Starzinski-Powitz Anna , Jung Hartmut , Röllinghoff Martin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) reactive to TNP-conjugated syngeneic target cells do lyse to a moderate but significant extent TNP-conjugated, I region compatible but H-2K or H-2D region incompatible target cells. Antibody inhibition experiments and “cold inhibition” experiments indicate that some CTL clones recognize TNP-conjugated targets in association with syngeneic I region determinants independently of H-2K or H-2D gene products. The data suggest that besides TNP-conjugated H-2K or H-2D gene products, in principle, also TNP-conjugated I region determinants do stimulate TNP-specific CTL precursor cells and act as target antigens of TNP-specific CTL.
Immune Responses during Measles Infection in Immunosuppressed Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hicks John T. , Sullivan John L. , Albrecht Paul 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rhesus monkeys immunosuppressed with horse anti-human thymocyte γ-globulin (ATG) were infected with measles and simultaneously inoculated with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), a thymus-dependent antigen, and with pneumococcal polysaccaride type III (SSS-III), a thymus-independent antigen. ATG treatment alone suppressed SRBC antibody production, had no effect on SSS-III antibody production, and effectively eliminated circulating T cells compared to nonsuppressed monkeys. ATG treatment of measles-infected monkeys resulted in delayed virus clearance and delayed antibody production compared to nonsuppressed infected monkeys. After cessation of ATG treatment, measles antibodies and T cells reached normal levels, and measles virus was eliminated. Thus, immune clearance of measles virus is T cell-dependent, but the relative roles of cellular- and humoral-mediated immunity in vivo could not be clearly separated. Also, measles infection was associated with a decreased T cell mitogen responsiveness of circulating lymphocytes but not of lymph node lymphocytes, suggesting an altered circulating pattern of the cells responsible for delayed hypersensitivity. Also, measles infection had no effect on T-dependent antibody production to SRBC.
Activation of T and B Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Armerding Dieter , Eshhar Zelig , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Biochemical and physicochemical analyses were made of allogeneic effect factor (AEF) prepared in either serum-containing or serum-free mixed lymphocyte cultures of alloantigen-activated T cells and the appropriate target cell population. Ion-exchange chromatography of Sephadex G-100 prepurified AEF on DEAE-cellulose indicated that the active molecules in AEF are relatively homogeneous and slightly negative in charge. Affinity chromatography of AEF on concanavalin A-Sepharose demonstrated that AEF contains glycoprotein, since the bulk of AEF activity was retained on such columns and could be recovered by elution with methyl-α-d-glucopyranoside. Analysis of AEF by dissociative chromatography in 6 M guanidinium-HCl demonstrated a subunit composition consisting of one heavy component of approximately 40,000 daltons and one light component of approximately 10,000 to 12,000 daltons associated noncovalently. Neither of these subunits, derived from dissociative chromatography of serum-containing AEF, alone was capable of reconstituting responses to sheep erythrocytes of T cell-depleted spleen cell cultures; however, addition of the two components simultaneously to such cultures resulted in recovery of full AEF activity. Dissociative chormatography of serum-free AEF yielded similar fractions, although the light component alone in such preparations exerted substantial AEF-like activity. Nevertheless, synergistic effects in terms of reconstituting activity were clearly observed when appropriate concentrations of heavy and light subunits from serum-free AEF were recombined in the same cultures.
Immunoregulation of Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis: Conditions for Induction of Suppressor Cells and Analysis of Mechanism
Authors: Swierkosz James E. , Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We determined requirements for the induction of immunoregulatory suppressor cells in experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats. Pretreatment of rats with myelin basic protein (BP) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) stimulates the proliferation of suppressor cells that localize in lymph nodes and spleen (but not thymus) and exert control over the development of clinical EAE. Dosage studies revealed that 3 × 107 suppressor cells can adoptively transfer suppression to syngeneic recipients. Transferred unresponsiveness wanes within 3 weeks, indicating that the suppressor cells are short-lived lymphocytes, although actively induced unresponsiveness persists for at least 8 weeks, probably as a result of continual proliferation under the influence of antigen. No evidence was obtained to suggest that antigen carry-over or blocking antibody production accounts for adoptive transfer of unresponsiveness. Suppressor cells apparently act at the inductive phase of the immune response since they had no inhibitory effect on adoptive transfer of disease by effector lymph node cells.
Other mechanisms also may play a role in unresponsiveness to EAE, since rats pretreated i.v. with high dosages of soluble BP were temporarily rendered unresponsive, although suppressor cells could not be detected in these animals.
Opinions
Authors: Schreiner George F. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Consideration of membrane receptors and their modulation has assumed an increasing importance in our current understanding of the immune system. Basic cell mechanisms for establishing or altering membrane organization have a particular relevance for immunobiology with respect to the membrane-dependent interactions between cells or between a cell and soluble ligands. While our understanding of the organization of the cell membrane has come about from analysis of many cells, but most notably the red cell, our knowledge of the re-organization of the membrane upon interaction of a surface protein with ligands has derived to a great extent from the studies made on lymphocytes. One of the most fascinating and interesting of membrane reorganization phenomena concerns the sequence of membrane and cytoplasmic changes that ensue when B lymphocytes are exposed to antibodies to surface Immunoglobulin (Ig). As first observed by Taylor et al. (1), the lymphocyte rapidly and selectively redistributes its ligand-complexed antigen receptors to one pole of the cell, forming a cap.
Determination of e Antigen and Antibody to e by Means of Passive Hemagglutination Method
Authors: Takahashi Kazuaki , Fukuda Masako , Baba Kiyoshi , Imai Mitsunobu , Miyakawa Yuzo , Mayumi Makoto 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A simple and sensitive method was developed for the detection of e antigen and antibody to e (anti-e) by means of the passive hemagglutination (PHA) method. Sheep erythrocytes were fixed by glutaraldehyde and coated with either e antigen or anti-e which had been specifically purified from plasma of asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B antigen by affinity column chromatography, and then by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. A gain in specific activity of more than 2000-fold for e antigen and 100-fold for anti-e was achieved as compared with the original plasma pool which was used as the source for purification. The PHA method was at least 300 times more sensitive than the conventional immunodiffusion method both for e antigen and anti-e assays. When the PHA method was applied for neat serum samples of 80 asymptomatic carriers, e antigen was found in 21.3% and anti-e in 62.5%, at rates much higher than those determined by immunodiffusion for the identical serum samples at 3-fold concentration (16.3 and 30.0%, respectively).
Mediation of CRP-Dependent Phagocytosis through Mouse Macrophage Fc-Receptors
Authors: Mortensen Richard F. , Duszkiewicz Jo Ann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The purified acute phase serum constituent, C-reactive protein (CRP), was examined for its ability to interact with mouse macrophage Fc-receptors when serving as an opsonin for C-polysaccharide (CPS)-coated erythrocytes (E.CPS). The ingestion of E.CPS-CRP by macrophage monolayers was dependent on the presence of CRP on the erythrocyte surface and on the treatment of the CRP-sensitized cells with human complement (C). The ingestion of E.CPS-CRP-C was inhibited by exposing the macrophages to either 2-deoxyglucose, a selective inhibitor of Fc-receptor activity, or to aggregated γ-globulin. Inhibition was also brought about by plating macrophages on glass-bound immune complexes of BSA/anti-BSA (IgG) but not on complexes formed with the F(ab′)2 fragment of the anti-BSA. Substrate-bound complexes of CPS-CRP selectively inhibited the uptake of IgG-coated E, EA(IgG); the inhibition was proportional to the concentration of CRP used to form the complex. The opsonin-independent ingestion of latex particles was not altered by these Fc-receptor blocking procedures. These findings coupled with the recent demonstration of a sequence homology between CRP and the CH3 domain of human IgG lead us to propose shared opsonic functions for antibody and CRP.