bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
35 Processing speed (PS) improvement in alcohol related brain damage (ARBD)
Authors: Leong KK , Paramlall M , Swanepoel H , Herrod J 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionARBD is characterised by cognitive impairment, a causative link to excessive alcohol ingestion and thiamine deficiency. It is complex; with deficits in anterograde memory, executive function, attention, PS, visuospatial skills and IQ and approximately 25% have ischaemic or traumatic head injury events.1Oslin’s Alcohol Dementia Criteria2recommends assessment after three months for evaluation of long standing cognitive deficits due to abstinence related improvement; not observed in patients with concomitant vascular lesions. Domains studied include verbal fluency (VF), memory, abstraction and perceptual motor skills. There are no treatment guidelines for ARBD cognitive deficits. Various cognitive domains showed some improvement with Donepezil, Rivastigmine and Memantine; but not in PS. Our patient, showed such an improvement with Memantine.Case summaryWe present a case of a 68-year-old man with a 30 year history of alcohol dependence of 9 units per day (substantially increased in the 7 years pre-admission), resulting in self-neglect, impulsivity, aggression, hallucinations, and chronic neuropsychiatric sequelae and cognitive impairments. He met the criteria for ARBD1with prolonged cognitive impairment, causative association with alcohol use requiring thiamine replacement3; CT abdomen showed hepatic atrophy and MRI head demonstrated moderate small vessel disease. Self-neglect, impulsivity, aggression, and hallucinations improved with three month’s alcohol abstinence, however, neuropsychiatric complications persisted. Ten months abstinence- self report mood disorder screening and typical dementia blood screen were unremarkable. A Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV UK) was performed and Memantine commenced (uptitrated to BNF maximum.)ResultsThe WAIS-IV 3 month follow up showed statistical improvement in Perceptual reasoning, PS and General Ability index.DiscussionPrevious ARBD studies indicate abstinence related improvements in delayed recall, VF and general intellectual functioning, but, not in memory and inhibition4. Memantine (non-competitive NMDA antagonist) is associated with improved VF, confrontational naming, word list memory, constructional praxis recall and trail making A; no studies have measured PS using specific neuropsychological tests. PS is associated with the superior longditudinal fasiculus and white matter tracts within parietal and temporal cortices and left middle frontal gyrus5. Functional neuroimaging has shown white matter loss in the prefrontal cortex, superior prefrontal association cortex, cerebellum, hypothalmus and corpus callosum6. Alcohol possibly upregulates NMDA receptors and glutamate excitotoxicity with impaired oligodendrocyte function and white matter lesions7. Memantine, possibly prevents glutamate toxicity and may improve oligodendrocyte function myelination restoration. Therefore, PS improvements may be related to lesion repair secondary to Memantine effect on Oligodendrocyte function.
37 The medicolegal challenges in neuropsychiatry: an evaluation of mental capacity and legal frameworks
Authors: Moonga Julie 
Published: December 2022

Assessments of mental capacity pose various legal challenging in neuropsychiatry. Currently, over two million individuals lack capacity to make decision for themselves in the UK. Those are vulnerable individuals, often subjected to deprivation of their liberty. The UN Declaration of Human Right (UNDHR) outlines the fundamental rights and freedom of all individuals. Furthermore, Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) prohibits arbitrary deprivation of liberty. The Mental Capacity Act (MCA) 2005, was introduced as a legal instrument for decision making on behalf of those lacking capacity. Subsequently, the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards (DoLS), amended the MCA 2007, to protect liberty vulnerable individuals following the ‘Bournewood’ judgement. However, reports indicate a higher number of people are detained in hospital under the Mental Health Act (MHA). The interface between the two legislations (MHA and MCA) often causes confusions in their applications and arrangements within clinical practice. Since its implementation into the MCA in 2009, DoLS received many criticisms for being too narrow-focused, nor fit- for-purpose, and raise human rights concerns. Recent proposal from the Law Commission led the UK government to approve the Liberty Safeguards Protection (LPS) framework to replace DoLS. However, it remains unclear whether the new framework would efficiently address the medicolegal issues. This systematic review provides an in-depth evaluation of mental capacity, decision-making and the challenges implicating the legal framework and safeguarding challenges and their complex interplay in neuropsychiatry.Objective/AimsTo evaluate the MCA legal frameworks, DoLS and the new LPS as safeguarding instruments.To assess their application and effectiveness in protecting individuals lacking capacity to make decision for themselves.To outline the complexity and medicolegal implications.MethodsThe PRISMA framework is used for this systematic review. This research presents an in-depth analysis of the necessary steps in the decision-making process and application of the MCA.ResultThe MCA provides empowering mechanisms for decision-making in the best interests of individuals lacking capacity. However, the safeguarding process remains problematic. Both DoLS and LPS offer principles with justifiable steps. The narrow focus of DoLS intensified criticisms for its incompatibility. LPS as a simpler and easier guidance is designed for a better fit into the empowering framework of the MCA. The best interests approach is valuable exercise for the decision-maker.ConclusionThe MCA is an important legal instrumental in neuropsychiatry. However, many challenges remain in the steps toward decision-making. Applications of legal frameworks are not necessarily always about the restriction of rights but rather a best interest’s mechanism to protect those lacking capacity to decide for themselves.
7 Dissociating dimensions of interoception in neuropsychiatry
Authors: Garfinkel Sarah 
Published: December 2022

Sarah Garfinkel is Professor at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London (UCL), where she leads the Clinical and Affective Neuroscience Group. She completed her PhD at the University of Sussex, a training fellowship in Psychiatry and Neuroscience at the University of Michigan and her first faculty position at the Brighton and Sussex Medical School. Her research focuses on brain-body interactions in different clinical conditions. In 2018, Sarah was named by the journal Nature as one of 11 ‘Rising Star’ researchers and in 2021 she was awarded the Mid-Career Prize in Cognitive Neuroscience by the British Association for Cognitive Neuroscience.AbstractCognitive and emotional processes are shaped by the dynamic integration of brain and body. A major channel of interoceptive information comes from the heart, where phasic signals are conveyed to the brain to indicate how fast and strong the heart is beating. This talk will detail how cardiac afferent signals can interact with neuronal mechanisms to alter emotion processing. This interoceptive channel is disrupted in distinct ways in neuropsychiatric conditions; specific interoceptive disturbances may contribute to our understanding of symptoms in these clinical conditions, including changes in emotion, dissociation and anxiety. The discrete cardiac effects on emotion and cognition have broad relevance for clinical neuroscience, with implications for peripheral treatment targets and behavioural interventions focused on the heart.
9 Psychopathology & the nature of the Self
Authors: Oyebode Femi 
Published: December 2022

Femi Oyebode graduated from University of Ibadan with distinction in Medicine in 1977 &amp trained as a psychiatrist in Newcastle-Upon-Tyne. He has been Consultant Psychiatrist in Birmingham since 1986 &amp retired in 2021. He has been Honorary Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Birmingham since 1999. He was Head of Department of Psychiatry from 2003–2009. He is Honorary Professor, Department of Anthropology & African Studies University of Birmingham. He is Associate Editor the British Journal of Psychiatry, & on the Editorial Boards of BJPsych Bulletin and BJPsych Advances. He was Chief Examiner of the Royal College of Psychiatrists from 2002 to 2005. He has been ASB Visiting Professor at University of Auckland, Raine Visiting Professor at University of Western Australia, & Visiting Professor University of Ibadan. His research interests include clinical psychopathology, delusional misidentification syndromes, medical humanities and medical ethics. He is author of Sims’ Symptoms in the Mind (4–6th editions), Psychopathology of Rare and Unusual Syndromes, Madness and the Theatre and edited Mindreadings: Literature and Psychiatry. He is also a poet and literary critic. His volumes of poetry include Naked to your softness & other dreams, Master of the Leopard Hunt and Adagio for Oblong Mirrors. He contributed critical essays to the Oxford Companion to 20th century Poetry and Oxford Companion to Modern Poetry. He received the Royal College of Psychiatrists’ Lifetime Achievement Award in 2016 and the highest award of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, the Honorary FRCPsych., in 2019.AbstractPsychopathology is the systematic study of abnormal psychological experience and includes the precise description, definition and categorisation of abnormal phenomena. In this lecture I will focus on the potential role of psychopathology as a means of revealing the underlying brain processes that make possible our experience of reality. I will examine phantom limb phenomenon, Charles Bonnet Syndrome, musical hallucinations and autoscopy to illustrate and develop my thesis. My ultimate aim is to demonstrate that the value of psychopathology is over and above the merely descriptive and that its value includes theorising about neural mechanisms.
Examining associations of e-cigarette flavour restrictions with e-cigarette use and success quitting smoking among US adults
Authors: Bold Krysten W , Krishnan-Sarin Suchitra , O'Malley Stephanie , Morean Meghan E 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionRestricting available e-cigarette flavours to only tobacco and menthol may reduce appeal among youth; it is unknown how flavour restrictions impact adults using e-cigarettes to quit smoking cigarettes.MethodsOnline US survey data were collected in summer 2021 from 857 adults who reported using e-cigarettes in a recent attempt to quit smoking. Survey items assessed e-cigarette flavours used during their quit attempt, whether e-cigarette flavour bans restricted access to flavours they like, and what impact the restrictions had on e-cigarette behaviour. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to examine the associations of flavour bans with success quitting smoking for 1 month or longer.Results30.2% (N=259) reported restricted access to e-cigarette flavours they like. During their quit attempt, 64.9% (N=168) used tobacco or menthol-flavoured e-cigarettes, and 90.7% (N=235) used another flavour that could be affected by restrictions, most commonly fruit, mint, and candy/dessert. Responses to flavour restrictions included switching devices to continue using preferred flavours (39.4%), using the same device only with available flavours (35.9%), buying preferred flavours elsewhere (eg, online) (19.3%), making flavours (3.5%) and ‘other’ (eg, no longer using e-cigarettes) (1.9%). The odds of quitting smoking for 1 month or longer were not significantly different between those experiencing flavour restrictions (vs not), preferring tobacco/menthol (vs restricted) flavour, or switching flavours in response to the bans (vs finding another way to obtain restricted flavours) (p>0.11).ConclusionExperiencing e-cigarette flavour restrictions was not associated with success quitting smoking among adults using e-cigarettes to try to quit.
Incidence and Outcomes of Advanced Heart Failure in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Egbe Alexander C. , Miranda William R. , Jain C. Charles , Bonnichsen Crystal R. , Anderson Jason H. , Dearani Joseph A. , Warnes Carole A. , Crestanello Juan , Connolly Heidi M. 
Published: December 2022

Background:
There are limited data about the stage D heart failure (advanced HF) in adults with congenital heart disease. Our study objectives were (1) to determine the incidence of new-onset advanced HF in patients and the relationship between advanced HF and all-cause mortality and (2) to determine the relationship between therapies for advanced HF and all-cause mortality.

Methods:
Retrospective cohort study of adults with congenital heart disease at Mayo Clinic (2003–2019). We defined advanced HF using the European Society of Cardiology diagnostic criteria for advanced HF. Therapies received by the patients with advanced HF were classified into 3 mutually exclusive groups (treatment pathways): (1) conventional cardiac intervention, (2) transplant listing, and (3) palliative care.

Results:
Of 5309 patients without advanced HF at baseline assessment, 432 (8%) developed advanced HF during follow-up (1.1%/y), and the incidence of advanced HF was higher in patients with severe or complex congenital heart disease. Onset of advanced HF was associated with 6-fold increase in the risk of mortality. Conventional cardiac intervention was associated with significantly higher risk of mortality as compared to transplant listing. The longer the interval from the initial onset of advanced HF to transplant evaluation, the lower the odds of being listed for transplant.

Conclusions:
Based on these data, we postulate that early identification of patients with advanced HF, and a timely referral for transplant evaluation (instead of conventional cardiac intervention) may offer the best chance of survival for these critically ill patients. Further studies are required to validate this postulation.
Transnational Engagement in Education by the Kenyan Diaspora in the United States
Authors: Mule Lucy , Ngundi James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Kenyan diaspora’s involvement in development has increasingly become an object of research and government policy. This paper explores the ways that members of the contemporary Kenyan diaspora in the United States participate in education-related activities ‘back home’, emphasising their motivation as well as barriers to and facilitators of their engagement. Findings from this mixed-method study of Kenyans living in the United States suggest that participants’ transnational activities related to education are diverse and directed towards individuals known to them and a wide range of institutions. Additionally, their engagement is mediated by personal circumstances, beliefs about the transformative power of education, and trust in existing structures. Furthermore, study participants are interested in increasing their level of educational engagement despite persistent institutional and structural barriers. The paper suggests measures that could enhance diaspora engagement in education in Kenya.
Role of Ocean Initialization in Skillful Prediction of Sahel Rainfall on the Decadal Time Scale
Authors: He Yujun , Wang Bin , Li Lijuan , Liu Juanjuan , Wang Yong , Li Feifei 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sahel summer rainfall has undergone persistent drought from the 1970s to 1980s, causing severe human life and economic losses. Many studies pointed out that the decadal variations of Sahel rainfall are mainly modulated by low-frequency sea surface temperature (SST) variations in different ocean basins. However, how this modulation contributes to the decadal prediction skill of Sahel rainfall remains unknown. This study provided an affirmative response using the decadal hindcasts initialized by a dimensional-reduced projection four-dimensional variational (DRP-4DVar) data assimilation method to incorporate only ocean analysis data into the gridpoint version 2 of the Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System Model (FGOALS-g2). The hindcasts reveal the benefits of the DRP-4DVar approach for improving the Sahel rainfall decadal prediction skill measured by the anomaly correlation coefficient (ACC), root-mean-square error, ACC difference, and mean square skill score. The decadal variations of SSTs in the Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific as well as correct representations of the associated Sahel rainfall–SST relationships are well predicted, thus leading to skillful predictions of Sahel rainfall. In particular, the initialization of SSTs in the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea plays a more important role in skillful Sahel rainfall predictions than in the other basins. The prediction skill of Sahel rainfall by the FGOALS-g2 prediction system is significantly higher than those by most phase 5 and 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5&6) prediction systems initialized only with ocean analysis data. This result is likely attributed to a more accurate relationship between Sahel rainfall and SST by the FGOALS-g2 prediction system than by the CMIP5&6 prediction systems.

Significance Statement
Previous studies have shown limited success in predicting Sahel rainfall. By using an advanced coupled data assimilation method constrained only by ocean observational data, we achieve a high decadal prediction skill for Sahel rainfall. The successful prediction is attributed to accurately predicted decadal variations of sea surface temperatures in the Atlantic, Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean, and Pacific as well as their relationships with Sahel rainfall. Our results can provide references for future decadal predictions of Sahel rainfall and motivate the need to evaluate the contributions of the initialization of the ocean versus the other climate components (e.g., atmosphere or land) to Sahel rainfall predictions.
Osteochondral Allografts for Large Oval Defects of the Medial Femoral Condyle: A Comparison of Single Lateral Versus Medial Femoral Condyle Oval Grafts Versus 2 Overlapping Circular Grafts
Authors: Mologne Timothy S. , Bugbee William D. , Kaushal Shankar , Locke Conor S. , Goulet Robert W. , Casden Michael , Grant John A. 
Published: December 2022

Background: Studies have demonstrated the acceptability of using a contralateral nonorthotopic lateral femoral condyle (LFC) graft for a circular medial femoral condyle (MFC) osteochondral defect up to 20 to 25 mm in diameter. Larger oblong defects can now be managed using either overlapping circle grafts or a single oblong-shaped osteochondral allograft (OCA). Purpose: To determine if an oblong contralateral nonorthotopic LFC OCA can attain an acceptable surface contour match compared with an oblong ipsilateral MFC OCA or an overlapping circle technique for large oblong defects of the MFC. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 120 fresh-frozen human femoral condyles were matched by tibial width into 30 groups of 4 condyles (1 recipient MFC, 3 donor condyles). The recipient MFC was initially imaged using nano–computed tomography (nano-CT). A 17 × 36–mm oblong defect was created in the recipient MFC. Overall, 3 donor groups were formed: MFC oblong, LFC nonorthotopic oblong, LFC or MFC overlapping circles. After each transplant, the recipient condyle underwent nano-CT and was digitally reconstructed, which was superimposed on the initial nano-CT scan of the native recipient condyle. Dragonfly 3D software was used to determine the root mean square (RMS) of both the surface height deviation and the circumferential step-off height deviation between the native and donor cartilage surfaces for each graft. Results: RMS surface height deviations were as follows: 0.59 mm for MFC oblong grafts, 0.58 mm for LFC oblong grafts, and 0.78 mm for overlapping circle grafts. The MFC and LFC oblong grafts had significantly less surface height deviation than the overlapping circle grafts ( P = .004 and P = .002, respectively). RMS step-off height deviations were as follows: 0.68 mm for MFC oblong grafts, 0.70 mm for LFC oblong grafts, and 0.85 mm for overlapping circle grafts. The MFC and LFC oblong grafts had significantly less step-off height deviation than the overlapping circle grafts ( P < .001 and P = .002, respectively). The majority of this difference was on the medial segment of the overlapping circle grafts. Conclusion: Oblong ipsilateral MFC OCAs and oblong contralateral nonorthotopic LFC OCAs produced a significantly better surface contour match to the native MFC than overlapping circle grafts for oblong defects 17 × 36 mm in size. Clinical Relevance: Size-matched contralateral nonorthotopic LFC grafts are acceptable for MFC defects, which may allow for a quicker match, earlier patient care, and less wastage of valuable donor tissue.
Impact of COVID-19 pandemic in the care of people living with HIV and cancer at an oncologic center in Mexico
Authors: Volkow Patricia , Lárraga-Mancilla Victor , Mendoza Maria Jose , Cornejo-Juárez Patricia , Islas-Muñoz Beda , Pérez-Jiménez Carolina , Alatorre-Fernández Pamela , Martin-Onraet Alexandra 
Published: December 2022

Background People living with HIV(PLWH) and cancer are among the most vulnerable patients and require constant access to medical services. We compared the characteristics of PLWH and cancer in Mexico, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods Patients admitted 1 year before (pre-pandemic) and 1 year after the start of the pandemic (pandemic) were included. Clinical characteristics, HIV-related variables, and 90-day mortality were compared. Data are described a proportions (N,%) and central tendency measures. A multiple regression model for variables associated with 90-day mortality was performed. Results Seventy-nine patients were seen in the pre-pandemic period; 92 during the pandemic. Main diagnoses were Kaposi Sarcoma and lymphoma. CD4+ cell count at diagnosis was lower during the pandemic: 81 cells/mm3 vs. 128 cells/mm3, p = .035. CD4+<100 cells/mm3 at first consultation increased from 41% to 58% during the pandemic ( p = .041). Only BMI <20 kg/m2 was associated to death (aOR 8.27, 95%CI 1.74-39.25) ( p = .008). The pandemic period was not associated with a higher 90-day mortality. Conclusions PLWH and cancer presented to care with advanced disease overall. This was more pronounced during the pandemic period. Mortality was associated with AIDS-related variables regardless of study period. This underscores the need for strategies to maintain in-person access to health-care services for PLWH.