bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The policy process: multiple stakeholders and multiple agendas
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Casswell Sally , Graham Kathryn , Huckle Taisia , Livingston Michael , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg , Sornpaisarn Bundit 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter uses a political economy framework to answer the following questions. Who are the major players in the alcohol policy area? How does each player contribute to the policymaking process? What is their individual and collective impact on public health? The major stakeholders involved in the formulation, implementation, and enforcement of alcohol policy include government legislative bodies, health professionals, non-governmental organizations, the scientific community, the mass media, and commercial interests linked to the alcoholic beverage industry. An appreciation of the various players in the alcohol policy arena can heighten our understanding of the following fundamental conclusion—alcohol policy is often the product of competing interests, values, and ideologies. This chapter shows how industry interests diverge considerably from those of public health professionals and non-governmental organizations, and that working in partnership with the alcohol industry is likely to lead to ineffective policy in terms of public health and welfare.
Conclusion
Authors: Gilbert Margaret 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This discussion addresses a number of topics relating to the author’s perspective on our life in groups and, in particular, our collective psychology as this is understood in everyday life. It first compares the author’s account of collective intentions with that of Michael Bratman from the point of view of “creature construction,” estimating that creatures endowed with collective intentions according to the author’s account would be more efficient in carrying out tasks requiring the contributions of two or more of them. Turning to collective emotions, it distinguishes collective emotions on the author’s account from otherconsequential emotion-related aspects of life in groups, including “feeling-rules”, which may be directed to both individuals and groups. It makes a related point about beliefs, alluding in particular to pluralistic ignorance, which related collective beliefs as those are understood by the author would be apt to explain. It goes on to spotlight the idea that conversation—a central component of life in groups—is a context for collective-belief formation, linking this point to classic positions in the philosophy of language of David Lewis and Robert Stalnaker. Next it turns to collective moral responsibility and responds to some critical comments on the author’s account of this. Finally, it briefly explores the relationship of joint commitment thinking to moral thinking, arguing in relation to some suggestions from Michael Tomasello that though joint commitment thinking may be an important prompt for moral thinking, it should be distinguished from it.
Citizen engagement
Authors: Boswell John 
Published: January 2023

AbstractChapter 7 examines the pursuit of authentic citizen engagement through a citizens’ assembly undertaken through the Kingston-upon-Thames council on the issue of air quality. Drawing on the unique opportunity afforded to me as a participant-observer at the event, I share the experience of an exciting but ultimately frustrating experiment in deliberative democracy. Nonetheless, I argue that the appeal to the ideal of engagement worked a kind of magic, helping actors inside and outside the council to push along progress on clean air action without becoming enmired in the inertia that can typify the multi-level and intersectoral politics of wicked problems. I find important affinities between these insights and the emergence of a ‘deliberative systems’ approach to understanding democratic innovations in participatory governance across normative theory, interpretive policy analysis and science and technology studies.
Effective and Legitimate Governance in Areas of Limited Statehood
Authors: Stollenwerk Eric 
Published: January 2023

AbstractHow can effective and legitimate governance be ensured where state institutions are weak? This is a key question for domestic and international politics. One answer to this question that has received considerable attention in political science, but also among development agencies and international organizations, is virtuous circles of governance. In such circles, effective and legitimate governance are believed to be mutually reinforcing. More effectiveness leads to more legitimacy, and more legitimacy to more effectiveness in governance. In many parts of the world, however, state institutions are weak and citizens perceive governance as ineffective and governance actors lack legitimacy. This places a large question mark behind the idea of virtuous circles of governance. This book asks: how likely are virtuous circles of governance to evolve in areas of limited statehood? The central claim of this book is that virtuous circles of governance are possible in areas of limited statehood, but more likely to evolve for external and non-state actors than for the state. The state is often part of the governance problem rather than the solution. Based on a new theoretical model for the interplay between effective and legitimate governance, the study provides in-depth empirical evidence, drawing on innovative qualitative and quantitative data. The cases of Sub-Saharan Africa, Nigeria, and Afghanistan underline the key argument by considering state, external, and non-state actors. The book offers conceptual innovations, new empirical evidence, and policy recommendations of how to ensure effective and legitimate governance in areas of limited statehood.
Conclusion: A Chance for Virtuous Circles of Governance
Authors: Stollenwerk Eric 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis concluding chapter summarizes the key findings of the book. The central claim of the study – that virtuous circles of governance are possible in areas of limited statehood, but are more likely to evolve for external and non-state actors than for the state – rethinks the interplay between effective and legitimate governance more generally. Taking this argument into account, the conclusion points out the broader consequences that this research has for several debates in the fields of international relations and comparative politics. Moreover, the conclusion turns to the policy implications that the findings have for political actors building their policies on the virtuous circle argument, such as the World Bank, the OECD, or NORAD. The book ends with ideas for future research dealing with questions of effective and legitimate governance in areas of limited statehood.
Fear without Cause and Rabies in Juan Manuel’sExemplo47
Authors: López González Luis F. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter sheds new light on Juan Manuel’s employment of humoral theory and melancholic discourses as means of enhancing the dramatic effect of his masterpiece Conde Lucanor. Until now, Juan Manuel scholars have interpreted the enigmatic behavior of the Moorish female character in exemplo 47 as religiously superstitious and incoherent. Chapter 4 challenges these interpretations, alleging that Juan Manuel was aware of the medical epistemology of rabies and Galenic theory of humors in general that categorized her symptoms under the wide umbrella of rabies and melancholia. Analyzing the mora’s fears through the lens of medical/philosophical theories of melancholy allows us to find a rational explanation for the character’s seemingly irrational behavior, as there is a clear continuity between her behavior and symptomatology and those of the rabid characters in King Alfonso’s Cantigas, a text that inspired Juan Manuel to write his own Libro de cantigas (now lost).
“Mano en Mexilla”: The Lovesick Poet inLibro de buen amor
Authors: López González Luis F. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter continues engaging with the phenomenon of lovesickness. This part, though, probes the medical discourses of amor hereos that arch over the entirety of Juan Ruiz’ masterpiece Libro de buen amor. Upon a closer look, it becomes evident that Juan Ruiz was steeped in the medical and philosophical traditions of lovesickness that dominated pan-European discourses during his time. It is less obvious, however, that the archpriest fashions his literary persona (and alter ego) as a lovelorn character whose predisposition for lovesickness stems from three main causes: his melancholic complexion, his planetary influence (he alleges he was born under the sign of Venus), and naturalism (he invokes Aristotle to claim that all men are inclined to follow their carnal appetites). Coupled with a comprehensive analysis of the medical discourses that show his clear understanding of lovesickness, this section studies the ways in which melancholia and lovesickness shape the behavior and subjectivity of Don Melón and Doña Endrina in the Ruizian poem.
Expectations of Accountability
Authors: Glasius Marlies 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Struggles over accountability have become central to contemporary politics. Not only states, but also institutions like universities, charities, churches, companies, and international organizations are now widely deemed to be subject to an ‘accountability paradigm’. The premise of this book is that with the proliferation of expectations of accountability, incentives for powerholders to find ways of sabotaging accountability have also proliferated. It attaches the adjective ‘authoritarian’ to such practices. It will show how, instead of focusing exclusively on authoritarian regimes, or on authoritarian personalities, political scientists can and should study (that is, define, operationalize, observe, classify, analyse) authoritarian practices. Authoritarian practices in a global age also go ‘beyond the state’ in the sense that they cross borders and that they are not carried out by government agents alone. In this book, we see government agents collaborating with each other as well as with international organization staff, religious leaders, criminal enterprises, or corporate entities.
Authoritarian Practices as Accountability Sabotage
Authors: Glasius Marlies 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces and elucidates a practice-oriented concept of authoritarianism. It opens with a brief history of authoritarianism as a political science concept, concluding that its evolution has culminated in an exclusively state-centred, negative, and election-focused usage that produces blind spots in empirical observation. Two conceptual moves are made to get to a redefinition. First, the chapter identifies authoritarian practices, rather than authoritarian systems, as the unit of analysis. Second, it introduces the concept of ‘accountability sabotage’. Authoritarian practices are then defined as ‘a pattern of actions, embedded in an organized context, sabotaging accountability to people over whom a configuration of actors exerts a degree of control, or their representatives, by disabling their voice and disabling their access to information’. Each element of this definition is clarified in turn. In the concluding section, a distinction is made between authoritarian practices—the main subject of this book—and illiberal practices.
Informal Multilateral Authoritarian Practices
Authors: Glasius Marlies 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines extraordinary rendition, involving many political actors across the globe but led by the CIA, as a case study of informal multilateral authoritarianism. It focuses on the silencing, secrecy, and disinformation surrounding rendition rather than on the treatment of those detained as such. The chapter starts with detailed accounts of two cases: so-called ‘high-value detainee’ Abu Zubaydah, who ended up in Guantanamo Bay, and the simpler case of Abu Omar, kidnapped in Italy and kept in detention in Egypt. It then zooms out to examine broader multilateral authoritarian practices relating to rendition both in so-called ‘high-value’ and ‘bilateral’ cases. The extraordinary rendition programme was a classic ‘covert op’. Its primary actors were always aware of how controversial it was and were devoted to its secrecy. Long after the existence of the programme as such was exposed, members of the CIA still went to tremendous lengths to keep the sites at which ‘high value detainees’ were held secret. More broadly, members of the US Administration maintained the consistent claim, against all the evidence, that ‘enhanced interrogation’, i.e. torture, saved lives.
Rainer Forst’s Justification Paradigm of Critical Theory
Authors: Ibsen Malte Frøslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 reconstructs Forst’s emerging justification paradigm and his account of the basic right to justification. Starting from this foundational moral right, Forst develops a critical theory of society conceived as multiple contexts of justice and relations of justification and noumenal power, which is developed from the beginning with a view to the global context of application. The chapter argues that the Kantian constructivism at the heart of Forst’s justification paradigm enables a critical theory of world society to escape the two dead-ends posed by Habermas’s and Honneth’s respective paradigms. Eschewing both the formality of Habermas’s proceduralism and the strictures of Honneth’s Hegelian method of normative reconstruction and critique, a Kantian-constructivist approach is able to embrace both a reconstructive approach to existing institutions of social freedom and an imaginative political construction of the transnational or even global institutions necessary for submitting global capitalism to democratic control and averting a planetary disaster.
The Impact of Public Opinion on Political Action
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe chapter shows that the reluctance of politicians to follow public opinion is a normative ideal rather than an empirical reality. Once politicians are asked about their daily work, it immediately becomes clear that their public opinion perceptions have a pervasive influence on their political undertakings. Perceptions matter. Foremost, (perceived) public opinion has a strong agenda-setting effect. Representatives choose to invest in initiatives where they have the public on their side and to abort or postpone initiatives for which there presumably is no support. They rarely deliberately cross their own electorate and when they do, preventive measures are put in place to avoid (electoral) harm. Politicians confirm that besides generating congruent policies, communication is one of the reasons why having accurate public opinion perceptions is so important. If they (exceptionally) decide to go against public opinion, they want to anticipate citizens’ reactions and to adapt their explanations accordingly.
Inaccuracy of Politicians’ Individual Public Opinion Perceptions and the Difference between Good and Bad Raters
Authors: Walgrave Stefaan , Soontjens Karolin , Sevenans Julie 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the inaccuracy of individual politicians. It demonstrates that the size of the error in politicians’ individual public opinion estimations is overall quite large. Politicians, although constantly preoccupied with public opinion, hardly do better at grasping public preferences than ordinary citizens (who were asked to perform the exact same estimation task). And, while certain politicians hold more accurate perceptions than others, it is not the case that more influential politicians have more accurate perceptions than their colleagues. Leading politicians are not more accurate than backbenchers, and the same applies to issue specialists, more senior politicians, and so on. Therefore, actual policies, probably mainly determined by these influential politicians, frequently draw on erroneous public opinion perceptions. Moreover, the chapter explains that understanding public opinion is not a matter of effort; those politicians who say they spend a lot of time mastering public opinion, are no better at it either.
Isotropic linear elasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the constitutive equation for a linear isotropic elastic material. The notion of a quadratic strain-energy function is used to derive the general form of the linear elastic stress-strain relation for fully anisotropic materials. The restriction of this relation for isotropic materials is then introduced in various forms, providing definitions for the common elastic constants—namely, shear modulus, bulk modulus, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio; the interrelations between these moduli are also discussed. Thermoelastic stress-strain relations are presented for the isotropic case. Tables of values of elastic moduli for common materials are also included. The linear isotropic stress-strain relations are then used in the equations of equilibrium to generate the Navier–Cauchy displacement equations of equilibrium. Common boundary conditions are described, and the boundary-value problem for isotropic linear elasticity is stated.
Stress concentration
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the concentration of stress around a circular hole in a large plate. The two canonical problems of far-field radial loading and far-field tension are considered in detail. For both cases, cylindrical coordinates are employed to develop the solutions. These two cases are illustrative of the general concept of stress concentration and stress concentration factor—a concept which is further discussed for an elliptical crack-like defect in a plate under far-field tension. The role of such stress concentration sites as places at which a crack can nucleate and cause fracture of the structure is emphasized.
Limits to elastic response
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents conditions for determining the limits to elastic behaviour for isotropic materials. Common limiting theories are discussed, including models for brittle tensile failure and ductile yield. Rankine’s failure criterion for brittle materials in tension is discussed. For ductile yield of polycrystalline metallic materials, the pressure-independent Mises and Tresca yield conditions are discussed, and for yield of granular materials the pressure-dependent Coulomb–Mohr and Drucker–Prager yield conditions are presented.
One-dimensional plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces plasticity in a one-dimensional setting. The phenomenology of the elastic-plastic response of isotropic polycrystalline materials in a tension test is discussed. The additive decomposition of the strain into an elastic part and a plastic part is introduced, along with the concept of an equivalent tensile plastic strain. The notion of a yield condition and a plastic flow rule, together with the concept of isotropic strain-hardening are discussed, and complete models for both rate-independent and rate-dependent elastoplasticity are formulated. In addition, basic numerical methods for evaluating both rate-independent and rate-dependent plasticity models are presented.
Three-dimensional rate-dependent plasticity
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the three-dimensional Mises–Hill-type theory of rate-dependent plasticity, also known as viscoplasticity. The decomposition of the strain tensor into elastic and viscoplastic parts is presented and a general flow-strength function—which can depend on the equivalent tensile plastic strain, the equivalent tensile plastic strain rate, and temperature—is discussed. A complete three-dimensional model of viscoplasticity is formulated using the assumption of co-directionality. Special attention is paid to the cases of power-law rate-sensitivity. A power-law rate-dependent model for modelling creep of metals at high homologous temperatures is also discussed.
Three-dimensional linear viscoelasticity under isothermal conditions
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents a three-dimensional constitutive equation for isotropic linear viscoelasticity under isothermal conditions in its stress-relaxation integral form. A stress-relaxation function in shear, Gr(t), is introduced, while the bulk response is characterized by a time-independent constant bulk modulus, K. A special Prony series form for Gr(t) based on the generalized Maxwell model is also discussed. The mixed displacement and traction boundary-value problem for isotropic linear viscoelasticity is also discussed. The correspondence principle for three-dimensional problems is also presented.
Continuous-fiber polymer-matrix composites
Authors: Anand Lallit , Kamrin Ken , Govindjee Sanjay 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the mechanics of the deformation and failure response of laminated continuous-fiber polymer-matrix composites. Starting from a discussion of the on-axis and off-axis anisotropic elastic response of a unidirectional lamina, the classical lamination theory for thin plates is discussed, and laminate constitutive equations for force and moment resultants are derived. The widely used special case of symmetric laminates for which the bending-stretching coupling vanishes is discussed, and several examples of symmetric laminates are given. The topic of failure of laminated composites is also discussed. First, the dominant micromechanical failure modes for a unidirectional composite are delineated, and then three widely used continuum-level criteria for failure of such composites are presented. Use of these continuum-level failure criteria for a unidirectional composite for the prediction of first-ply-failure of a multi-directional laminate is discussed.
Women, Fancy Fairs, and Social Reform
Authors: Thorne-Murphy Leslee 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
At the end of James Joyce’s “Araby,” the protagonist finds himself walking through a large charity bazaar, gazing into the just-darkened upper galleries, as the last of the stalls close around him. He has arrived too late to succeed in his quest of obtaining a memento for the girl he longs to please, and his sense of failure and disillusionment is palpable. One might assume that Joyce was taking a decidedly Modernist stance in utilizing a quintessentially Victorian bazaar as a setting for ironic reflection. Yet, Joyce was actually drawing upon an established cultural and literary trope. A close look at nineteenth-century bazaars demonstrates that these philanthropic marketplaces were defying expectations and inviting self-critique from their inception. Bazaars distilled the very essence of Victorian philanthropic moral earnestness while at the same time allegorizing the futile and alienating excesses of Victorian ethics and might. They were sites of strident advocacy and yet also of pointed critique. This book parses the culture and literature of the British charity bazaar, from its origins in the Georgian period, through the nineteenth century to the time of Joyce, exploring the complex and contradictory characteristics that made it a vital fundraising method, a means of explicit and defiant political engagement for women, and a literary device that reshapes our understanding of Victorian social reform fiction.