bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunologic Events during Listeria Monocytogenes Infection in Mice: Adjuvanticity and Immunogenicity of Macrophage-Bound Antigens
Authors: Lane Fredrick C. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There was a marked enhancement of the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin administered at the time of inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes. Such enhancement was best seen if the antigen was given close to the time of inoculation with Listeria monocytogenes. Such enhancement was best seen if the antigen was given close to the time of inoculation with the bacteria. Bacterial filtrates also produced an adjuvant effect.
Peritoneal exudate cells harvested a few days after Listeria infection contained large activated macrophages. Such macrophages had a greater uptake of 125I-labeled hemocyanin. Metabolic studies indicated that the percentage of hemocyanin retained on the membrane or released from macrophages was increased in activated cells. Hemocyanin bound to activated macrophages was slightly more immunogenic. Activated macrophages (without antigen) did not transfer adjuvant effects. We conclude that the adjuvant effect was not associated with the presence of activated macrophages.
Isolation and Characterization of the Glycopeptides from a Human Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Hurst Mary M. , Niedermeier William , Zikan Jiri , Bennett J. Claude 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Five glycopeptides, designated CHO1 through CHO5, have been isolated from the heavy chain of a Waldenström IgM. Their approximate location in the molecule, their amino acid sequence and carbohydrate composition have been determined.
Cleavage of the heavy chain with cyanogen bromide (CNBr) produced eight fragments, four of which were found to contain carbohydrate. CHO1 was found in CNBr-3, located toward the COOH-terminus of Fab (trypsin 60°). CHO2 was isolated from CNBr-4 located at the NH2-terminal end of Fc (trypsin 60°). CHO3 and CHO4 were found in CNBr-5 which is located in the Fc (trypsin 60°) portion of the molecule. CHO5 was isolated from CNBr-7 which is near the COOH-terminus of the heavy chain.
The carbohydrate composition of CHO1 was one fucose, three mannose, one galactose and two glucosamine residues. CHO2 consisted of one fucose, six to seven mannose, two galactose and three glucosamine residues. CHO3 contained two mannose, one galactose and two glucosamine residues. CHO4 and CHO5 were of simpler composition than the other three oligosaccharides, each containing three to four residues of mannose and one to two residues of glucosamine.
The Effect of in Vivo Irradiation on Macrophage Function
Authors: Schmidtke Jon R. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vivo irradiation (660 R) of donor mice before removal of their peritoneal macrophages caused activation of these cells as indicated by increases in lysosomal enzymes but did not significantly affect the manner in which these cells handled keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) in comparison to how macrophages from unirradiated donors handled KLH. The parameters measured included uptake, catabolism, retention and amount of membrane-bound KLH. In syngeneic recipients, however, the immunogenicity of equal amounts of KLH associated with activated macrophages from irradiated donors was significantly increased compared to that of KLH associated with macrophages from unirradiated donors. Also, addition of activated non-KLH-containing macrophages to the inoculum of normal KLH-containing macrophages increased the immune response. Infection of mice with lactic dehydrogenase virus also enhanced the immunogenicity of KLH associated with macrophages from these mice compared to control, uninfected mice.
Lymphocyte Surface Effects of Soluble Extracts of Streptococcal Membranes (TGCM)
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Bachvaroff R. , Markowitz A. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A water-soluble, dialyzable glycoprotein extract of group A type 12 nephritogenic streptococcal membranes, which has previously shown transplantation antigen-like activity in mice and induced nephritis in rhesus monkeys and in dogs, has the capacity to protect human lymphocytes from the cytotoxic effects of isospecific HL-A typing antisera. This effect is not a consequence of a serologic reaction between HL-A antibodies and streptococcal extract (TGCM). Rather, it is due to the firm binding of TGCM to the lymphocyte surface, in a manner which resists dissociation by vigorous repeated washings. The protective effects of TGCM against HL-A antisera appear thus far to be limited to lymphocytes, as TGCM failed to protect human fibroblasts obtained from donors of known HL-A genotypes from the cytotoxic effects of such antisera. Immunofluorescence studies indicate that TGCM binding sites occur in diffuse fashion on the lymphocyte surface. In addition, the results of absorption-inhibition tests utilizing lymphocytes from donors of known HL-A phenotypes, speciesspecific anti-human heteroantisera and isospecific HL-A antisera point to a close spatial relationship between HL-A, species-specific, and TGCM binding sites on the surface of the human lymphocyte.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Okudaira Hirokazu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
DBA/1 mice were immunized with various doses of dinitrophenyl-ovalbumin (DNP-OA) precipitated with aluminum hydroxide gel, and both the reaginic (IgE) and IgG antibody responses were observed. Mice immunized with a minimal dose of DNP-OA, i.e., 0.02 to 0.05 µg, showed a persistent formation of anti-DNP IgE antibody, while an increase of immunizing dose resulted in only a transitory response. Formation of anti-OA IgE antibodies was persistent when animals were immunized with 0.02 to 1 µg of DNP-OA. Anti-DNP IgG antibody appeared in the serum within 10 days after immunization and reached a maximum by 2 weeks, whereas the anti-OA antibody titer increased slowly. The concentration of anti-DNP IgG antibody was much higher than anti-OA antibody during the first 3 weeks. The results showed that an optimal dose of immunizing antigen for maximal response differed with the immunoglobulin class of antibodies and antigenic determinant, even though the determinants are present on the same antigen molecule.
Priming of mice with suboptimal doses, i.e., 0.02 µg to 0.05 µg, of OA for antibody formation 2 weeks before immunization with DNP-OA either enhanced or “accelerated” both IgE and IgG anti-hapten and anti-carrier antibody responses. The results indicated participation of carrier-specific helper cells in the formation of anti-hapten IgE antibody. When animals were primed with 1 to 10 µg of OA, which was sufficient for induction of both IgG and IgE antibody response, and then immunized with DNP-OA, formation of anti-hapten antibodies was suppressed. The immunization of the primed animals with the hapten-carrier conjugate resulted in secondary response of both IgE and IgG anti-carrier antibodies.
Production of Precipitating Primate Antibodies to Human Membrane Antigen(s) with HL-A Activity by Immunization with Soluble HL-A Antigens
Authors: Metzgar Richard S. , Miller June L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A monkey immunized with papain-solubilized HL-A antigens which had been purified on a Sephadex G-150 column produced antibodies which gave a preciptation reaction with the immunizing material as well as with certain other papain soluble spleen antigen preparations. The precipitating antibodies could not be removed by absorption with human serum but could be removed by absorption with peripheral blood leukocytes from all human donors tested. Purified suspensions of blood lymphocytes, lymph node cells or thymocytes were unable to absorb the precipitating antibody. Supernatants of saline suspensions of buffy coat leukocytes “released” antigen which precipitated with the monkey antiserum and gave reactions of identity by agar precipitation with the immunizing papain-solubilized antigen. Peripheral blood leukocytes from a patient with a leukemoid reaction containing 98% neutrophils were able to release precipitating antigen whereas purified blood and lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes were not. The papain-solubilized antigen preparations as well as the released antigen preparations contained specific HL-A alloantigenic activity as well as precipitating antigen. Precipitation of the papain soluble antigen preparations as well as released antigen by the monkey antiserum resulted in a loss of the HL-A activity from the supernatant which could be recovered in the immune precipitate. These findings suggest that the monkey precipitating antibodies may be reacting with the HL-A base molecule(s) since they do not appear to interfere or react with site(s) conferring HL-A alloantigenic specificity.
Immunologic Reactions Against Insulin
Authors: Patterson Roy , O'Rourke John , Roberts Mary , Suszko Irena 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies against insulin in three cases of insulin resistant diabetes mellitus were studied. These were IgG antibodies and their insulin-binding capacity was determined by a double antibody precipitation technique. These anti-insulin antibodies were associated in one case with lymphadenopathy, responsive to corticosteroids; anti-insulin activity was detected in an in vitro lymph node culture. In the other two cases, insulin antibodies were associated with an acute viral disease and intermittent insulin resistance of long duration. Although the insulin-binding activity as determined by the double antibody system was reproducible with individual serum samples, serum insulin-binding activity varied markedly on different days. This was presumptively because of variable degrees of free antibody associated with insulin administration; variable amounts of insulin-anti-insulin complexes were present in these sera. Cross-reactivities of insulins and certain insulin fragments from different species were compared by an inhibition technique and they demonstrated the importance of the secondary and tertiary structures in the antigenic determinants of insulin.
Immunologic Reactions Against Insulin
Authors: Patterson Roy , Mellies C. J. , Roberts Mary 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immediate or anaphylactic type hypersensitivity to insulin may be detected by in vitro analysis of IgE antibodies against insulin antigenic determinants. A solid phase immunoadsorbent prepared with polystyrene tubes and an IgE anti-IgE matrix provides the method of fixation of serum IgE against radiolabeled insulin. The degree of insulin binding by IgE correlates with the clinical allergic state and declines in parallel with the Prausnitz-Küstner titers of patient's sera. A more rapid decline in IgE-binding capacity of insulin occurred after therapeutic insulin desensitization or continuous insulin therapy. The occurrence of insulin allergy and immunologic insulin resistance in the same patients was associated with the presence of both IgE and IgG antibodies against insulin. The immunoadsorbent system for detection of IgE antibodies against insulin was used to evaluate cross-reactivity of heterologous insulins or insulin fragments with bovine insulin and is applicable to other IgE-mediated systems.
Deposition of Renal Tubular Epithelial Antigen Along the Glomerular Capillary Walls of Patients with Membranous Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Naruse T. , Kitamura K. , Miyakawa Y. , Shibata S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Membranous glomerulonephritis (Mb-GN)1 is a primary renal disease in which immunologically characteristic alteration of the glomerular capillary walls, namely the uniform granular deposition of γ- and β1c-globulins along the glomerular capillary walls, is found.
This characteristic immunopathologic finding also has been induced experimentally in animals by the injection of various heterologous antigens and, recently, by the injection of homologous renal tubular epithelial antigen (Tub-Ag) (1). The pathogenesis of these experimental glomerulonephrides, especially the participation of antigen-antibody complexes, has already been well clarified (2, 3).
In human Mb-GN, most investigators are inclined to accept the same immunologic mechanism for the development of the disease. But the antigens which compose the glomerular immune deposits in human idiopathic Mb-GN have not been identified. We have demonstrated with immunofluorescent technique the deposition of Tub-Ag along the glomerular capillary walls of three patients with Mb-GN.
Human Tub-Ag was prepared from autopsied kidneys by the method of Edgington, Glassock, and Dixon (1).
Fluorescent Antibodies to Influenza Virus in Various Immunoglobulin Fractions of Serum after Natural Infection or Vaccination
Authors: Brown Gordon C. , O'Leary Theresa P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sera from confirmed cases of influenza and from recipients of attenuated or killed influenza virus vaccines were tested for IgM, IgA, and IgG antibodies by the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol and by sucrose density gradient centrifugation proved that IgM antibodies, as well as IgA and IgG, were located exclusively in the 7S fraction of globulin.
The 7S IgM antibodies rose rapidly after onset of disease in all cases and persisted in decreasing titers for 3 months. The appearance of IgA antibodies was detected in 75% of the cases. These attained lower titers and were of shorter duration. IgG fluorescent antibody (FA) titers increased in all subjects and the levels observed were closely analogous to hemagglutination inhibition titers. The three classes of FA were proven to be independently located in their respective subunits of immunoglobulin and to be specific for either type A or B influenza virus.
IgM antibody increases were measurable in 52% of the vaccinees receiving attenuated viruses administered intranasally but only 12% responded with IgA antibodies. Both classes of antibody were of lower titer and shorter duration than were those after clinical disease. Their development, titer, and decline were independent of the presence or absence of IgG antibodies. In fact, many subjects had IgG antibodies at the time of vaccination.
IgM and IgA antibodies in low titers were detected in 57% of the post-inoculation specimens from persons receiving inactivated vaccine. All had responded with increased titers of antibody in the IgG fraction.
Finally, it was shown that it is possible to detect recent influenza infection or vaccination by the demonstration of IgM or IgA antibodies in serum.
Studies on the Control of Antibody Synthesis
Authors: Weksler Marc E. , Merritts L. Lynn , Werblin Theodore P. , Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single intravenous injection of antigen in adult rabbits was shown to depress specifically antibody synthesis upon subsequent immunization with antigen in complete Freund's adjuvant. The degree of tolerance was dependent upon the dose of antigen and the time interval between intravenous antigen and immunization with antigen in adjuvant. Tolerance could not be transferred passively to normal rabbits with serum from tolerant animals and could not be overcome by using a supraoptimal immunizing dose of antigen in Freund's adjuvant. Partial tolerance resulted in a moderate depression in the average affinity of the antibody synthesized.
Immunologic Aspects of Hepatitis-Associated Antigen and Antibody in Human Body Fluids
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Employing the techniques of immunoelectrophoresis and indirect immunofluorescence with smears of peripheral blood, we determined the presence of hepatitis-associated antigen (HAA) and anti-HAA antibody in concentrated specimens of serum, nasopharyngeal washings, urine, and fecal extracts from patients with icteric or asymptomatic HAA infection. Highest concentrations of HAA in the serum were demonstrable at the time of initial screening. HAA was detected in the nasopharyngeal washings and urine for a short period in a few subjects. All subjects manifested appreciable quantities of HAA in fecal extracts and the antigen persisted in the feces for as long as 4 months. Anti-HAA antibody response in the serum was characterized by infrequent appearance of small amounts of γG antibody 2 to 3 months after the initial detection of antigen in the serum. No antibody activity was detected after 7 months. The response in the nasopharynx and urine was characterized by transient appearance of small amounts of γA and infrequently of γG class of antibody. The response in the fecal extracts was characterized initially by frequent appearance of HAA-anti-HAA complexes. Subsequently, appreciable levels of free γA antibody to HAA were detected for as long as 8 months. It is suggested that HAA may replicate in various mucosal surfaces, and such a mechanism may explain the nonparenteral transmission of long incubation hepatitis.
Host Defenses During Primary Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Infection in Mice
Authors: Adler William H. , Rabinowitz Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Attenuated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus immunization produces an antigen-reactive cell population in mice which is capable of responding specifically to homologous viral antigen. This reaction is short lived, involves thymus-derived or dependent (T) lymphocytes and requires the presence of macrophages in the culture system. Antibody competitively blocks T cell recognition and transformation. Booster immunization with attenuated VEE virus 35 days after initial immunization restores lymphocyte reactivity to previous peak values but produces only a bone marrow-derived or dependent lymphocyte response. Passive transfer studies demonstrate that only antigen-reactive cells which are susceptible to being killed by antisera directed at the T lymphocyte are capable of conferring adoptive immunity in a normal recipient.
Antibody-Independent Activation of Human C1 after Interaction with Heart Subcellular Membranes
Authors: Pinckard R. Neal , Olson Merle S. , Kelley Robert E. , DeHeer David H. , Palmer John D. , O'Rourke Robert A. , Goldfein Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A 19S, complement-fixing, heat-labile factor reactive with human heart mitochondria and microsomes has been detected in all normal human serum. This serum factor reacted with autologous and homologous heart mitochondria but did not react with mitochondria derived from cardiac tissue from other species. Subsequent characterization has indicated that this heat-labile factor was the first component of human complement. The C1 reacted with the mitochondrial membrane, was activated, and resulted in an apparent antibody-independent activation of the complement system.
Suppression of the Antibody Response to SRBC with F(ab′)2 and IgG in Vitro
Authors: Wason William M. , Fitch Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The role of the Fc portion of the IgG molecule in antibody-mediated regulation of the immune response is controversial (16, 17). If the Fc portion of the antibody molecule is removed by enzymatic digestion, the F(ab′)2 portion is rapidly excreted by the kidneys and is lost from the circulation in intact animals (18). This rapid loss could possibly account for the reported difference in the efficiency of intact IgG and F(ab′)2 in suppressing the immune response in vivo (7, 17). A tissue culture system avoids the problem of variable excretion. The experiments reported here demonstrate a significant difference in the efficiency of intact IgG and F(ab′)2 (anti-SRBC) (a-SRBC) antibody in suppressing the immune response of cultured mouse spleen cells to SRBC in vitro, and suggest that the Fc portion plays an important role in antibody-mediated suppression of the immune response to SRBC.
β2-Microglobulin Production and Secretion by Lymphocytes in Culture
Authors: Poulik M. D. , Bloom A. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A β2-microglobulin with molecular weight of 12,600 daltons was initially isolated from the urine and serum of patients with renal tubular insufficiency (1). Smithies and Poulik (2) determined the partial amino acid sequence of this globulin and found that 24 of the first 46 amino acid residues were homologous with the amino acid sequence of parts of the heavy chain of the G-1 myeloma protein. This suggested that a structural relationship existed between the β2-microglobulin and the constant region of human IgG immunoglobulins. In spite of this structural relatedness, specific antisera against all known immunoglobulin chains (including secretory piece and J-chain) did not react with this protein. Subsequently, Peterson et al. (3) established the complete sequence of this protein and found that 28 amino acid residues of the β2-microglobulin were homologous with the CH3 domain of the myeloma protein. An homologous protein was also isolated recently from the dog (4), and its partial amino acid sequence was established and related to β2-microglobulin of human origin.
Lymphokine Toxicity for Yeast Cells
Authors: Pearsall Nancy N. , Sundsmo John S. , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Mouse lymphocytes, stimulated by phytohemagglutinin-P, produce a variety of substances known collectively as lymphokines. These substances are thought to be mediators of cellular immunity and delayed-type sensitivity. Lymphokine preparations also have antifungal activity against two species of yeasts tested, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans.
The Macrophage Receptor for IgG: Number and Affinity of Binding Sites
Authors: Arend William P. , Mannik Mart 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The number of receptor sites for IgG on rabbit alveolar macrophages was determined and the strength of interaction between monomeric IgG and the cell receptors was estimated. Heavily stimulated alveolar macrophages (obtained after multiple monthly intravenous injections of complete Freund's adjuvant) possessed 2.16 ± 0.34 × 106 receptor sites for IgG per cell. Minimally stimulated cells (obtained after a single injection of adjuvant) possessed 1.21 ± 0.23 × 106 receptor sites for IgG per cell. During stimulation of macrophages with adjuvant, the increase in number of IgG receptor sites was accompanied by an increased binding of soluble immune complexes. The average association constant between these receptors and rabbit IgG was 9.02 ± 2.58 × 105 L/M and 7.59 ± 1.83 × 105 L/M, for heavily and minimally stimulated cells, respectively. Within each group the degree of adherence of the soluble complexes to the cells was directly correlated with the affinity of the receptor sites, and not with their number. Treatment of cells with proteolytic enzymes led to an increased adherence of soluble complexes. This enhanced activity was due to an increase in the average association constant of the receptor sites for IgG on enzyme-treated cells obtained from male rabbits, although no change in the number of sites was observed. Similar enzyme treatment of cells obtained from female rabbits produced an increase in the number of receptor sites for IgG, although no increase in their average association constant occurred.
It is concluded that the relative adherence of soluble immune complexes to macrophages is influenced both by the number of receptor sites for IgG per cell, and by their average association constant.
Biosynthesis and Secretion of Antibody by Chicken Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Choi Yong Sung , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method to study biosynthesis and secretion of antibody by chicken lymphoid cells has been developed. Briefly, antibody was labeled with leucine-3H by incubating immunized chicken lymphoid cells in a short-term tissue culture, and was purified from other cellular proteins by specific immune adsorption to polymerized antigen. Biochemical structure of antibody molecules purified above was studied by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Using this method, we demonstrate that spleen cells of the chicken actively synthesize and secrete antibody which was characterized as being an immunoglobulin by serology and acrylamide gel analysis. However, immunoglobulin antibody is not detectable in bursa cells by this method regardless of the routes of bovine γ-globulin immunization.