bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling grain structure in metallic additive manufacturing using a simple, inexpensive process control system
Authors: Chechik Lova , Goodall Alexander , Christofidou Katerina , Todd Iain 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), commonly termed 3D printing, is a revolutionary manufacturing technology with great industrial relevance in the aerospace, medical and automotive sectors. Metallic AM allows creation of complex intricate parts and repair of large components; however, certification is currently a concern due to lack of process consistency. A simple, inexpensive process control system was developed and integrated, reducing variability in melt pool fluctuation and improving microstructural homogeneity of components. Remnant microstructural variation can be explained by the change in heat flow mechanism with geometry. The grain area variability was reduced by up to 94% at a fraction of the cost of a typical thermal camera, with control software written in-house and made publically available. This decreases the barrier to implementation for process feedback control, which can be implemented in many manufacturing processes, from polymer AM to injection moulding to inert-gas heat treatment.
Nitrofurantoin for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in female patients: the impact of dosing regimen, age and renal function on drug exposure
Authors: Driel A. A. van , Muller A. E. , Wijma R. A. , Stobberingh E. E. , Verbon A. , Koch B. C.P. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Purpose
The aim of this study is to determine nitrofurantoin exposure in patients with different age and renal function with complaints of an uncomplicated UTI. Also the nitrofurantoin exposure in relation to the dosage regimen will be studied.
Methods
Eight general practitioners (GP) participated in the study and included 38 patients with symptoms of an uncomplicated UTI, treated either with a dose of 50 mg q6h or 100 mg q12h, upon the discretion of the GP. Nitrofurantoin exposure was quantified in the patient’s 24 hours urine samples by UHPLC-UV and the area under the curve was calculated.
Results
The 38 patients provided a range of 2-17 urine samples. The urine nitrofurantoin exposure was 1028 mg.h/L for the patients receiving 50 mg q6h and 1036 mg.h/L for those treated with 100 mg q12h (p=0.97) and was not affected by age and eGFR (p= 0.64 and p=0.34, respectively). The clinical cure rate of 87% was independent of the dose regimens and the nitrofurantoin exposure.
Conclusion
The data obtained do not support the discouragement of nitrofurantoin use in the elderly and in patients with impaired renal function. Since only a small number of patients were included, a larger study with more patients is warranted to evaluate nitrofurantoin exposure and adverse effects.
Role of temperature effect on the strength deterioration of wet shotcrete in cold area construction
Authors: ZHANG Ming-tian , Qiang YUAN , Jie CHEN , FAN Jin-yang , De-yi JIANG , Dan LU 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The safety of geotechnical engineering in cold region depends on the stability of supporting structure. Wet shotcrete technology (WST) has the advantages of less dust on the working surface, low rebound and high strength of shotcrete layer, so it has been gradually applied in roadway support of broken surrounding rock. In the cold environment, the decrease of the curing temperature of WST will have an impact on the development of shotcrete strength, but the influence of this temperature difference has not been fully considered in the current engineering practice. Aiming at the phenomenon of small thickness, low strength, and easy cracking of shotcrete in the application of WST in a mine in alpine environment, the temperature effect study on the strength evolution of WST was carried out. The research puts forward the optimization measures for WST support in the alpine environment, which effectively improves the structural strength of the shotcrete, the support repair rate is greatly reduced, and the support efficiency is significantly improved, it also provides reference for WST construction under similar engineering conditions.
Investigating Levels of Remote Operation in High-Level On-Road Autonomous Vehicles using Operator Sequence Diagrams
Authors: Parr Hannah , Harvey Catherine , Burnett Gary 
Published: January 2023

Abstract

The continuing development of autonomous vehicle technology is making the presence of fully autonomous vehicles (SAE Level 5 of Driving Automation) on the road an ever more likely possibility. Similarly, regulation changes show countries are preparing for autonomous vehicles to increase their presence on public roads for both testing and use after sale. With this in mind, solutions to the problem of disengagement from the autonomous driving system by Level 5 vehicles, due to damage, operation outside of expected parameters or software failure among other reasons are being investigated including remote operation. This research aims to give evidence for the inclusion of remote operation into the autonomous driving and define the types of remote operation that may occur from existing literature. The four types of remote operation are Remote Monitoring, Remote Assistance, Remote Management and Remote Driving. Operator sequence diagrams are used to evaluate these types of remote operation in likely scenarios they may occur and draw conclusions about the role and the tasks the operator will be required to complete.
Vacuum Expansion and Collapse Inside an Infinite Shell
Authors: Laforet Christopher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The FRW model of cosmology assumes a Universe with uniform pressure and density everywhere in space at a given time. But at the largest scales, the Universe has a web-like structure surrounding large voids, violating these assumptions. Furthermore, a given region of spacetime is describable only by a single metric and therefore it cannot be that the Universe is modelled as an FRW perfect fluid since this would be the incorrect description of both the web and the voids. The cosmic web must be described by metrics with non-zero energy-momentum tensors with non-uniform pressure and density describing the matter within it. Therefore, the model of cosmology describing the expansion of the Universe must be a vacuum solution describing the empty spaces in the Universe surrounded by an infinite, massive shell (the surrounding Universe). Taking the expanding balloon analogy of the expansion of the Universe, the matter-dense portions of the Universe would be like knots in the balloon which stay knotted while the vacuum between them expands. The internal Schwarzschild metric is that model. The source of the Schwarzschild metric is shown to be at the event horizon, a location/time of infinite density, not at the singularity, as it is currently assumed. The spatial homogeneity of the metric is demonstrated by visualizing the geometry in the extrinsic "Kruskal-Szekeres" coordinates (visualized in 1+2 dimensions). Using the coordinate age of the Universe and transition redshift, this predicts the accelerated expansion, the Hubble diagram fits currently available cosmological data, and it gives a Hubble constant H0 of 71.6km/s/Mpc. The angular term of the metric describes the relativistic kinematic precession effect known as Thomas Precession which can be interpreted as spin about the time dimension.
Estimating prevalence and modelling correlates of HIV test positivity among Female Sex Workers, Men who have Sex with Men, People who Inject Drugs, Transgender People and Prison Inmates in Sierra Leone, 2021
Authors: Dwomoh Duah , Wurie Issata , Harding Yvonne , Sedzro Kojo Mensah , Kandeh Joseph , Tagoe Henry , Addo Christabel , Arhinful Daniel Kojo , Sessay Abdul Rahman Cherinoh , Kamara James Lahai , Mansaray Kemoh , Ampofo William Kwabena 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Key populations (KPs) are particularly vulnerable to HIV infection and efforts to prevent HIV infections among KPs have been less successful, largely due to existing laws and legislation that classify the groups as illegal. Understanding the HIV infection pathway and the burden of HIV infection among Female Sex Workers (FSWs), Transgender people (TG), Men who have sex with Men (MSM), People who Inject Drugs (PWID), and Prison Inmates (PIs) is critical to combatting the HIV epidemic globally. This study aims to estimate HIV prevalence and model the risk factors of HIV positivity rate among the aforementioned KPs in Sierra Leone. This study used Time Location Sampling, Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS), and Conventional cluster Sampling designs to generate a representative sample of FSWs, MSM, TG, PI, and PWID. HIV prevalence and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals among each KP were estimated by adjusting for sampling weight using the logit-transformed confidence intervals. To determine correlates of HIV test positivity among KPs, a multivariable modified Poisson regression model that adjusts for RDS survey weights was used and sensitivity analysis was conducted using a multivariable logistic regression model with cluster robust standard errors. The prevalence of HIV among FSWs in the six regional headquarter towns was estimated to be 11.8% (95% CI: 7.9–17.1); MSM was 3.4% [95% CI: 1.9–5.8]; TGs was 4.2% (95% CI: 2.9–6.1); PWIDs was 4.2% (95% CI: 2.7–6.4) and PI was 3.7% (95% CI: 1.4–9.6). The correlates of HIV test positivity among KPs and PIs include HIV-related knowledge, marital status, district, income, age and sex of KP, level of education, alcohol intake, injecting drugs, and use of lubricants. HIV prevalence is relatively high among FSWs, MSMs, PWID, and TGs as compared to the previous estimate of the general population. There is a need to scale up and strengthen evidence-based HIV prevention interventions such Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis and needle and syringe exchange programmes targeting KPs, including prison inmates. Government must scale up both non-clinical and clinical routine HIV and STI testing and counseling services at the correctional center and drop-in centers for KPs screening/testing, and ensure that services are responsive to the needs of KP.
Belediyelerde Güçlü Bir İnsan Kaynağı Yaratmak Bağlamında Hizmet İçi Eğitim
Authors: ARSLAN Meryem 
Published: January 2023

1980’lerden sonra yaygınlaşan yeni kamu yönetimi yaklaşımı yönetişim, katılım, esnek kurumsal yapı, toplam kalite, stratejik yönetim ve insan kaynaklarında yeni yönetim teknikleri gibi uygulamaların kamu sektöründe yer almasını sağlamıştır. Yerel yönetimlerde etkinlik, verimlilik, katılımcılık, esneklik, hesap verebilirlik gibi ilkelerin yer aldığı yeni yaklaşım personel yerine insan kaynakları kavramını önemsemiştir. Son dönemlerde bilim ve teknoloji alanında yaşanan gelişmeler doğrultusunda da hem vatandaşların beklentilerinde değişim gözlenmekte hem de vatandaşa en yakın hizmet birimleri olan belediyeler değişime zorlanmaktadır. Bu noktada belediyeler insan kaynağını bir değer olarak görmekte, eğitmekte, kararlara katılımlarını sağlamakta ve insan kaynağını güçlendirmek için stratejiler uygulamaktadır.
Bu makalede belediyelerde insan kaynağını güçlendirmenin önemine vurgu yapılmış, bu amaç doğrultusunda stratejik insan kaynakları yönetimi, personel güçlendirme ve hizmet içi eğitim konularına değinilmiş bugüne kadar ne tür faaliyetler yapıldığı, hizmet içi eğitimin faydaları, karşılaşılan sorunlar, bu alanda nasıl bir yöntem izlenmesi gerektiği ortaya konulmuştur. Çalışmada öncelikli olarak literatür taraması yapılmış, yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılarak Türkiye’deki tüm belediyelerde ilgili birimlere yöneltilen araştırma sorusuna cevap aranmıştır. Bu doğrultuda insan kaynaklarını güçlendirmek, hizmet içi eğitimin sürdürülebilir olmasını sağlamak için farklı ölçeklerde 80 belediyenin (10 büyükşehir belediyesi, 61 büyükşehir ilçe belediyesi ve 9 il belediyesi) verileri toplanarak analiz edilmiş, hizmet içi eğitim sürecinin yetersiz olduğu, planlama yapılırken personel katılımın dikkate alınması gerektiği ve hizmet içi eğitimlerin sürekli olması gerektiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
The impact of COVID-19 and natural disasters on water consumption across sectors: case studies of Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Roopnarine Ronald , Cashman Adrian , Eudoxie Gaius , Govia Sara-Jade , Davis-Rostant Crisanne , Jackson Renee , Crichlow Akil 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Small Island Developing States of the Caribbean (SIDS) are among the most vulnerable to natural hazards, particularly hydroclimatic and, in some cases, geological. In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic added another layer of complexity to the already disruptive risk profiles of these countries. Understanding how these hazards, both individually and cumulatively, impact sectors, particularly essential sectors such as the water sector, is crucial. This paper examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on water consumption along with concurrent natural hazards in two Caribbean countries: Barbados, and Trinidad and Tobago. The assessment indicated a marked influence on consumption levels in various sectors consistent with imposed public health restrictions. In the case of Barbados, monthly consumption decreased during the pandemic across all categories when compared to the pre-Covid period, except for residential consumption, which increased by approximately 9%. For Trinidad and Tobago, a decrease in average monthly water consumption across all categories, ranging from 3% to 13% was noted. Although available data did not permit conclusive analysis, we have discerned some general trends, identified gaps, and provided recommendations. Our findings can provide useful guidance for water utilities in the region to better understand consumer behaviour and address demand and supply issues.
Molecular Targets for Chalcones in Antileishmanial Drug Discovery
Authors: de Santiago-Silva Kaio Maciel , da Silva Gomes Gabriel Felix , Perez Carla Cristina , da Silva Lima Camilo Henrique , de Lima Ferreira Bispo Marcelle 
Published: January 2023

Abstract:
Leishmaniases are infectious diseases caused by flagellated protozoan parasites belonging
to the genus Leishmania that infect cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. These parasites are
transmitted to humans by biting an infected female sandfly belonging to the genera Phlebotomus in
the Old World and Lutzomyia in the New World. Despite representing a major public health problem,
the therapeutic options are old and have several disadvantages. Given this scenario, developing vaccines
or drugs for oral administration is necessary. Therefore, integrating computational and experimental
strategies into the studies on molecular targets essential for the survival and virulence of the
parasite is fundamental in researching and developing new treatments for leishmaniasis. In the effort
to develop new vaccines and drugs, molecular docking methods are widely used as they explore the
adopted conformations of small molecules within the binding sites of macromolecular targets and estimate
the free energy of target-ligand binding. Privileged structures have been widely used as an effective
model in medicinal chemistry for drug discovery. Chalcones are a common simple scaffold
found in many compounds of natural and synthetic origin, where studies demonstrate the great pharmacological
potential in treating leishmaniasis. This review is based on scientific articles published in
the last ten years on molecular docking of chalcone derivatives for essential molecular targets of
Leishmania. Thus, this review emphasizes how versatile chalcone derivatives can be used in developing
new inhibitors of important molecular targets involved in the survival, growth, cell differentiation,
and infectivity of the parasites that cause leishmaniasis.
Steroid and Triterpenoid Compounds with Antiparasitic Properties
Authors: Ajduković Jovana. J. , Kuzminac Ivana Z. , Savić Marina P. , Nikolić Andrea R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract:
Parasitic diseases affect millions of people and animals, predominantly in the tropics, in-cluding visitors to tropical countries and other areas. Efficient and low-cost treatments for infections caused by various parasites are not yet available. Antiparasitic drugs have some drawbacks, such as toxicity and the development of resistance by parasites. This has motivated many researchers to fo-cus on the discovery of safe, effective and affordable antiparasitic drugs, both among drugs already available for other diseases and new compounds synthesized or isolated from natural sources. Fur-thermore, steroid and triterpenoid compounds attract the attention of pharmacologists, chemists and biochemists owing to their broad application in the treatment of various diseases. Isolation of ster-oid and triterpenoid compounds from natural sources with antiparasitic efficacy is an attractive choice for scientists. On the other hand, these compounds can be transformed into more potent forms by modifying the basic skeleton. This review presents a collection of isolated and synthesized steroid and triterpenoid compounds from 2018 to 2021 that have been reported to be effective against certain parasitic protozoa and helminths. A total of 258 compounds have been identified with antimalarial, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial, anti-Toxoplasma, and/or anthelmintic activity. The described investigations of antiparasitic compounds may be helpful for further drug develop-ment.
A Systematic Review on Traumatic Brain Injury Pathophysiology and
Role of Herbal Medicines in its Management
Authors: Arora Kaushal , Vats Vishal , Kaushik Nalin , Sindhawani Deepanshu , Saini Vaishali , Arora Divy Mohan , Kumar Yogesh , Vashisht Etash , Singh Govind , Verma Prabhakar Kumar 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide problem. Almost about sixtynine
million people sustain TBI each year all over the world. Repetitive TBI linked with increased risk
of neurodegenerative disorder such as Parkinson, Alzheimer, traumatic encephalopathy. TBI is characterized
by primary and secondary injury and exerts a severe impact on cognitive, behavioral, psychological
and other health problem. There were various proposed mechanism to understand complex
pathophysiology of TBI but still there is a need to explore more about TBI pathophysiology. There are
drugs present for the treatment of TBI in the market but there is still need of more drugs to develop for
better and effective treatment of TBI, because no single drug is available which reduces the further
progression of this injury.

Objective:
The main aim and objective of structuring this manuscript is to design, develop and gather
detailed data regarding about the pathophysiology of TBI and role of medicinal plants in its treatment.

Method:
This study is a systematic review conducted between January 1995 to June 2021 in which a
consultation of scientific articles from indexed periodicals was carried out in Science Direct, United
States National Library of Medicine (Pubmed), Google Scholar, Elsvier, Springer and Bentham.

Results:
A total of 54 studies were analyzed, on the basis of literature survey in the research area of TBI.

Conclusion:
Recent studies have shown the potential of medicinal plants and their chemical constituents
against TBI therefore, this review targets the detailed information about the pathophysiology of
TBI and role of medicinal plants in its treatment.
The Most Accurate Way of Predicting Birth Weight in China: Zhuo’s
Formula
Authors: Zhang Wei , Yang Hong , Guo Xiaoyi , Ding Yijie , Qiu Jingbo , Wang Xiaohua 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Pregnancy body mass index (BMI) influences fetal weight, yet no studies focused
on the comparison of formulas’ predictive accuracy after considering it.

Objective:
This study aimed to find out the most accurate formula for predicting birth weight, especially
in different BMI pregnant women.

Methods:
It is a prospective observational study. Using a convenient sampling, the participants who met
the criteria for inclusion were recruited in a tertiary hospital from January to March 2019. BMI was calculated
according to the pregnant woman’s weight and height at the first obstetric visit. The estimated
birth weights were predicted by five formulas based on participants’ uterine height and abdominal circumference
of the last obstetric examination. The actual birth weight was scaled in the delivery room.
The root mean square error (RMSE), empirical cumulative distribution map (ECDP) and Bland–Altman
plot were used to determine the accuracy of the formulas in predicting birth weight.

Results:
A total of 1197 pregnant women were recruited. The RMSE, median value and difference of
Zhuo’s formula in predicting the actual birth weight were the smallest (348.7), the closest to 0 (20.0) g,
and the smallest (-0.141 ± 11.511) g, respectively. In subgroup analysis, the RMSE of Zhuo’s formula
was the smallest in the low and normal BMI groups, and the difference of Zhuo’s formula by Bland-
Altman plot was the smallest (only 0.729±10.440) g in the overweight and obese group.

Conclusion:
Zhuo’s formula for predicting birth weight has the highest accuracy in different BMI
groups. Thus, it is worth recommending for clinical use.
Effect of Calcitriol Treated Mesenchymal Stem Cells as an Immunomodulation
Micro-environment on Allergic Asthma in a Mouse Model
Authors: Ghalavand Majdedin , Gouvarchin Ghaleh Hadi Esmaeili , Khafaei Mostafa , Paryan Mahdi , Kondori Bahman Jalali , Nodoushan Majid Mirzaei , Vazifedust Soheil , Mohammadi-Yeganeh Samira 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Allergic asthma is a chronic inflammatory illness of the respiratory system
characterized by an increase in the number of inflammatory cells in the airways and trouble breathing.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential to be used in inflammatory diseases as a
cellular immunosuppressive treatment. They express calcitriol receptors and communicate with other
immunocytes, which increases their anti-inflammatory activity. This study aimed to determine the
effects of calcitriol-treated MSC treatment on allergic asthma pathways in a mouse model.

Methods:
To generate a mouse model of asthma, the mice were sensitized intraperitoneally with
ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide emulsion and then challenged intra-nasally with OVA.
On day 14, experimental mice received tail vein injections of calcitriol-treated MSCs in PBS prior
to allergen exposure. The cytokines assays including IL-4, 10, 12, 17, TGF-β and IFN-γ, splenocytes
proliferation, and histological examination of lungs samples were performed. The mice were sensitized
with OVA and the response to dexamethasone treatment was compared.

Results:
Calcitriol-treated MSCs significantly increased the levels of IL-12, TGF-β, and IFN-γ compared
to non-treated MSCs groups. Moreover, calcitriol-treated and non-treated MSCs significantly
decreased IL-4 and IL-17 compared to asthmatic groups. The results of the histopathological examination
showed that calcitriol-treated MSCs reduced the accumulation of inflammatory cells and
bronchial wall thickening in comparison with the asthma group.

Conclusion:
Using the allergic asthma model, we were able to show that calcitriol-treated MSCs
had an inhibitory impact on airway inflammation. Our findings suggest that the injection of calcitrioltreated
MSCs may be a viable treatment option for allergic asthma.