bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution and trajectory of vital signs from high-frequency continuous monitoring during pediatric critical care transport
Authors: Huo Zhiqiang , Booth John , Monks Thomas , Knight Philip , Watson Liam , Peters Mark , Pagel Christina , Ramnarayan Padmanabhan , Li Kezhi 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Objective
To describe comprehensively the distribution and progression of high-frequency continuous vital signs monitoring data for children during critical care transport and explore associations with patient age, diagnosis, and severity of illness.

Design
Retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected vital signs monitoring data linked to patient demographic and transport data.

Setting
A regional pediatric critical care transport team based in London, England.

Patients
Critically ill children (age ≤ 18 years) transported by the Children’s Acute Transport Service (CATS) at Great Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) between January 2016 and May 2021 with available high-frequency vital signs monitoring data.

Interventions
None.

Main results
Numeric values of heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturations (SpO2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide in ventilated children (etCO2) were extracted at a frequency of one value per second totalling over 40 million data points. Age-varying vital signs (HR, BP, and RR) were standardized using Z scores. The distribution of vital signs measured in the first 10 min of monitoring during transport, and their progression through the transport, were analyzed by age group, diagnosis group and severity of illness group. A complete dataset comprising linked vital signs, patient and transport data was extracted from 1711 patients (27.7% of all transported patients). The study cohort consisted predominantly of infants (median age of 6 months, IQR 0–51), and respiratory illness (36.0%) was the most frequent diagnosis group. Most patients were invasively ventilated (70.7%). The Infection group had the highest average (+ 2.5) and range (− 5 to + 9) of HR Z scores, particularly in septic children. Infants and pre-school children demonstrated a greater reduction in the HR Z score from the beginning to the end of transport compared to older children.

Conclusions
Marked differences in the distribution and progression of vital signs between age groups, diagnosis groups, and severity of illness groups were observed by analyzing the high-frequency data collected during paediatric critical care transport.
Panaetius, Scipio Aemilianus, and the Man of Great Soul
Authors: Barlow Jonathan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the second half of the second century BC, a single personality became ascendant in the Roman Republic. Scipio Aemilianus assumed the mantle of the first man in Rome from 146 BC until his death in 129 BC. Modern biographers of this leading statesman have drawn different conclusions about the influence of Greek ethics on the life of Scipio, either that he possessed a Hellenistic way of thinking or that he was a traditional Roman aristocrat. Much debate turns on historiography and the question of the usability of sources like Cicero for the history of the second century BC. This article focusses onde OfficiisBooks 1–2 and the issue of Cicero's debt to the writing of the Stoic philosopher Panaetius of Rhodes, Scipio's friend and tutor. I argue that sufficient evidence exists in the references to Scipio inOff.1–2 to demonstrate that Panaetius had characterised Scipio as influenced by the Stoic way of living and explicitly as a Roman example of the virtue of greatness of soul. This argument is supported by corroborating evidence from Polybius, Scipio's friend and confidant, who also wrote about him in hisHistories.
How COVID-19 is reshaping U.S. national security policy
Authors: Kosal Margaret 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States is actively reshaping parts of its national security enterprise. This article explores the underlying politics, with a specific interest in the context of biosecurity, biodefense, and bioterrorism strategy, programs, and response, as the United States responds to the most significant outbreak of an emerging infectious disease in over a century. How the implicit or tacit failure to recognize the political will and political decision-making connected to warfare and conflict for biological weapons programs in these trends is explored. Securitization of public health has been a focus of the literature over the past half century. This recent trend may represent something of an inverse: an attempt to treat national security interests as public health problems. A hypothesis is that the most significant underrecognized problem associated with COVID-19 is disinformation and the weakening of confidence in institutions, including governments, and how adversaries may exploit that blind spot.
Antipsychotics and the risk of diabetes and death among adults with serious mental illnesses
Authors: Poulos Jason , Normand Sharon-Lise T. , Zelevinsky Katya , Newcomer John W. , Agniel Denis , Abing Haley K. , Horvitz-Lennon Marcela 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with schizophrenia exposed to second-generation antipsychotics (SGA) have an increased risk for diabetes, with aripiprazole purportedly a safer drug. Less is known about the drugs' mortality risk or whether serious mental illness (SMI) diagnosis or race/ethnicity modify these effects.MethodsAuthors created a retrospective cohort of non-elderly adults with SMI initiating monotherapy with an SGA (olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone, aripiprazole) or haloperidol during 2008–2013. Three-year diabetes incidence or all-cause death risk differences were estimated between each drug and aripiprazole, the comparator, as well as effects within SMI diagnosis and race/ethnicity. Sensitivity analyses evaluated potential confounding by indication.Results38 762 adults, 65% White and 55% with schizophrenia, initiated monotherapy, with haloperidol least (6%) and quetiapine most (26·5%) frequent. Three-year mortality was 5% and diabetes incidence 9.3%. Compared with aripiprazole, haloperidol and olanzapine reduced diabetes risk by 1.9 (95% CI 1.2–2.6) percentage points, or a 18.6 percentage point reduction relative to aripiprazole users' unadjusted risk (10.2%), with risperidone having a smaller advantage. Relative to aripiprazole users' unadjusted risk (3.4%), all antipsychotics increased mortality risk by 1.1–2.2 percentage points, representing 32.4–64.7 percentage point increases. Findings within diagnosis and race/ethnicity were generally consistent with overall findings. Only quetiapine's higher mortality risk held in sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsHaloperidol's, olanzapine's, and risperidone's lower diabetes risks relative to aripiprazole were not robust in sensitivity analyses but quetiapine's higher mortality risk proved robust. Findings expand the evidence on antipsychotics' risks, suggesting a need for caution in the use of quetiapine among individuals with SMI.
Pattern synthesis of distorted phased array antenna with unsteady surface deformation considering dynamic range ratio
Authors: Wang Qi , Yu Yuanxin , Pan Yuning , Gao Renjing , Liu Shutian 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents an optimization method for pattern synthesis of distorted phased array antenna with unsteady surface deformation considering the dynamic range ratio (DRR). In the synthesis approach, different array deformations under unsteady mechanical loads are considered, and the distorted distribution of array elements is calculated after solving the mechanical deformation model. Then, optimize the excitation coefficients of each array element including amplitude and phase with DRR control so as to recover a high-quality pattern from a deteriorated pattern caused by the unsteady deformations. The optimization objective is to minimize the peak sidelobe level, which is synthesized by using a gradient-based algorithm. The optimized excitations can be used as the initial excitation, and the corresponding phase excitations can be derived according to the different deformations.
War in cities: Why the protection of the natural environment matters even when fighting in urban areas, and what can be done to ensure protection
Authors: Massingham Eve , Almila Elina , Piret Mathilde 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAround 50 million people across the world are affected by urban warfare. When conflict occurs in cities, the natural environment has historically been relegated to an afterthought, but both the immediate and long-term environmental consequences of urban warfare are serious. This article looks at actions that can be taken to protect the natural environment – and through this, the population – against the effects of urban warfare when fighting in urban areas. It is intended to be a part of the conversation about what parties to armed conflict can and should do to give effect to their legal obligations under international humanitarian law and international law more broadly, with a specific focus on the natural environment when fighting in urban areas.
Characterization of MCPA resistance in Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)
Authors: Singh Rishabh , Tardif François J. , Jugulam Mithila 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPhenoxy herbicides (2,4-D and MCPA) are widely used to manage broadleaf weeds including Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson), one of the most troublesome weeds in U.S. cropping systems. Previously, we documented resistance to 2,4-D and MCPA in an A. palmeri population (KCTR) from Kansas. Our recent research suggested rapid metabolism of 2,4-D bestows resistance in KCTR A. palmeri; nonetheless, the mechanism of MCPA resistance in this population is still unknown. The objectives of this research were to (1) evaluate the level of resistance to MCPA in KCTR compared with two known susceptible populations of A. palmeri, MSS and KSS; (2) study the absorption and translocation of [14C]MCPA in KCTR and MSS plants: (3) investigate the metabolic profile of [14C]MCPA in KCTR and MSS and compare those with MCPA-tolerant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants; and (4) assess the possible role of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) in MCPA metabolism. Experiments were conducted to assess the level of resistance in KCTR. Using [14C]MCPA, the absorption, translocation, and metabolic profiles were assessed in A. palmeri. Involvement of P450s was confirmed using malathion, a known P450 inhibitor. Regression analyses indicate that KCTR population exhibits an
$\sim $
3-fold resistance to MCPA. No difference in absorption of [14C]MCPA was found between MSS and KCTR. However, the KCTR plants translocated less [14C]MCPA at 48 h after treatment (HAT) and metabolized MCPA more rapidly than MSS plants at 12 and 24 HAT. MCPA resistance in KCTR was reversed upon treatment with malathion, indicating the involvement of P450s in metabolism of this herbicide. This is the first report of characterization of MCPA resistance in A. palmeri.
Capturing Equatorial Pacific Variability With Multivariate Sr‐U Coral Thermometry
Authors: Mollica N. R. , Cohen A. L. , Horton F. , Oppo D. W. , Solow A. S. , McGee D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSr‐U, a coral‐based paleothermometer, corrects for the effects of Rayleigh Fractionation on Sr/Ca by regressing multiple, paired U/Ca and Sr/Ca values. Prior applications of Sr‐U captured mean annual sea surface temperatures (SSTs), inter‐annual variability, and long‐term trends. However, because many Sr/Ca‐U/Ca pairs are needed for a single Sr‐U value as originally formulated, the temporal resolution of the proxy is typically limited to 1 year. Here, we address this limitation by applying laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICPMS) to three Porites colonies from Jarvis and Nikumaroro Islands in the central equatorial Pacific (CEP), generating ∼25 Sr/Ca‐U/Ca pairs per month of skeletal growth. Both Sr/Ca and U/Ca vary significantly over small (sub‐mm) length scales and support the calculation of Sr‐U values using the original regression method. Over the represented temperature range of 24–31°C, the Sr/Ca‐U/Ca‐SST relationships are nonlinear, a finding consistent with predictions of the Rayleigh model. To reflect this non‐linearity, we developed a calibration using multivariate nonlinear regression. The multivariate, three‐coral calibration was applied to 20 years of monthly resolved Sr/Ca and U/Ca of a coral interval not included in the calibration, yielding RMSE = 0.73°C and r2 = 0.85 (p < 0.05; df = 256). The multivariate calibration performed significantly better than Sr/Ca alone (r2 = 0.28). Applying the new calibration to a subfossil Porites from Kiritimati Atoll, CEP (2200 Before Present) yields equivalent phase and amplitude of interannual variability, but water temperatures ∼1.6°C cooler than they are in this region today.
A Plant Species Dependent Wildfire Black Carbon Emission Inventory in Northern Eurasia
Authors: Huang Ruqi , Dong Xinyi , Cheng Manqiu , Li Xiao , Liu Yaman , Wu Xuexu , Liang Yuan , Wang Minghuai , Fu Joshua S. , Tipton Matthew 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWildfire emission inventories are usually applied with biome‐scale emission factors for atmospheric modeling. However, emission factors measured for different plant species vary substantially within the same biome. We apply the species‐specific emission factors and refine the Fire Emission Inventory‐northern Eurasia (FEI‐NE), and derive the wildfire black carbon emission inventory in northern Eurasia from 2002 to 2015. Our new inventory produces 61% more black carbon emissions than current estimates based on Global Fire Emission Database (GFED) and 33% less than FEI‐NE. Model simulations with different inventories are compared with ground‐based and satellite retrievals of aerosol absorption optical depth (AAOD). Compared with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument, the normalized root mean square deviation of AAOD over northern Eurasia is reduced from 1.0 under FEI‐NE to 0.95 through application of the new inventory. This study reveals the importance of applying sub‐biome‐scale emission factors for wildfire inventories development and revisiting emissions uncertainty in atmospheric modeling.
Extreme Altitudes of Stratospheric Hydration by Midlatitude Convection Observed During the DCOTSS Field Campaign
Authors: Homeyer Cameron R. , Smith Jessica B. , Bedka Kristopher M. , Bowman Kenneth P. , Wilmouth David M. , Ueyama Rei , Dean‐Day Jonathan M. , St. Clair Jason M. , Hannun Reem , Hare Jennifer , Pandey Apoorva , Sayres David S. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Gordon Andrea E. , Tinney Emily N. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWater vapor's contribution to Earth's radiative forcing is most sensitive to changes in its lower stratosphere concentration. One recognized pathway for rapid increases in stratospheric water vapor is tropopause‐overshooting convection. Since this pathway has been rarely sampled, the NASA Dynamics and Chemistry of the Summer Stratosphere (DCOTSS) field project focused on obtaining in situ observations of stratospheric air recently affected by convection over the United States. This study reports on the extreme altitudes to which convective hydration was observed. The data show that the overworld stratosphere is routinely hydrated by convection and that past documented records of stratospheric heights of convective hydration were exceeded during several DCOTSS flights. The most extreme event sampled is highlighted, for which stratospheric water vapor was increased by up to 26% at an altitude of 19.25 km, a potential temperature of 463 K, and an ozone mixing ratio >1500 ppbv.
Advancing Our Understanding of Martian Proton Aurora Through a Coordinated Multi‐Model Comparison Campaign
Authors: Hughes Andréa C. G. , Chaffin Michael , Mierkiewicz Edwin , Deighan Justin , Jolitz Rebecca D. , Kallio Esa , Gronoff Guillaume , Shematovich Valery , Bisikalo Dmitry , Halekas Jasper , Simon Wedlund Cyril , Schneider Nicholas , Ritter Birgit , Girazian Zachary , Jain Sonal , Gérard Jean‐Claude , Hegyi Bradley 
Published: September 2023

AbstractProton aurora are the most commonly observed yet least studied type of aurora at Mars. In order to better understand the physics and driving processes of Martian proton aurora, we undertake a multi‐model comparison campaign. We compare results from four different proton/hydrogen precipitation models with unique abilities to represent Martian proton aurora: Jolitz model (3‐D Monte Carlo), Kallio model (3‐D Monte Carlo), Bisikalo/Shematovich et al. model (1‐D kinetic Monte Carlo), and Gronoff et al. model (1‐D kinetic). This campaign is divided into two steps: an inter‐model comparison and a data‐model comparison. The inter‐model comparison entails modeling five different representative cases using similar constraints in order to better understand the capabilities and limitations of each of the models. Through this step we find that the two primary variables affecting proton aurora are the incident solar wind particle flux and velocity. In the data‐model comparison, we assess the robustness of each model based on its ability to reproduce a proton aurora observation. All models are able to effectively simulate the general shape of the data. Variations in modeled intensity and peak altitude can be attributed to differences in model capabilities/solving techniques and input assumptions (e.g., cross sections, 3‐D vs. 1‐D solvers, and implementation of the relevant physics and processes). The good match between the observations and multiple models gives a measure of confidence that the appropriate physical processes and their associated parameters have been correctly identified and provides insight into the key physics that should be incorporated in future models.
Influence of Wildfire on Downstream Transport of Dissolved Carbon, Nutrients, and Mercury in the Permafrost Zone of Boreal Western Canada
Authors: Hutchins Ryan H. S. , Tank Suzanne E. , Olefeldt David , Quinton William L. , Spence Christopher , Dion Nicole , Mengistu Samson G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNorthern regions are undergoing rapid change with wildfires increasing in frequency and severity alongside thawing permafrost and altered water balance. These disturbances could cause significant change in the export of carbon, nutrients, and metals to aquatic systems, with implications for food webs and ecosystem processes. Here, we examine chemical data from a series of 52 streams and rivers that were sampled across a 250,000 km2 expanse of the Taiga Plains and Taiga Shield ecozones of the Northwest Territories, Canada. Samples were collected immediately after and for 3 years following a “megafire” that occurred in this region in 2014, and included wildfire‐affected and non‐affected catchments. While wildfire has been observed to cause significant impacts on water quality in other regions, we here report weak relationships with percent watershed burn with minor to moderate effect sizes, the greatest being a reduction in dissolved organic carbon (−32% concentration). Watershed‐specific properties were a strong driver of large spatial variability in stream water chemistry, which may overwhelm or obscure lesser wildfire effects. The watershed chemical yield‐specific response to wildfire was weaker than the response for concentrations, due to substantial variation and uncertainty in runoff among sites and years. This suggests that watershed chemical yields in this region are more sensitive to changes in water balance due to climate than to altered wildfire regimes.
Neuroimaging in psychedelic drug development: past, present, and future
Authors: Wall Matthew B. , Harding Rebecca , Zafar Rayyan , Rabiner Eugenii A. , Nutt David J. , Erritzoe David 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPsychedelic therapy (PT) is an emerging paradigm with great transdiagnostic potential for treating psychiatric disorders, including depression, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder, and potentially others. ‘Classic’ serotonergic psychedelics, such as psilocybin and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which have a key locus of action at the 5-HT2A receptor, form the main focus of this movement, but substances including ketamine, 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and ibogaine also hold promise. The modern phase of development of these treatment modalities in the early 21st century has occurred concurrently with the wider use of advanced human neuroscientific research methods; principally neuroimaging. This can potentially enable assessment of drug and therapy brain effects with greater precision and quantification than any previous novel development in psychiatric pharmacology. We outline the major trends in existing data and suggest the modern development of PT has benefitted greatly from the use of neuroimaging. Important gaps in existing knowledge are identified, namely: the relationship between acute drug effects and longer-term (clinically-relevant) effects, the precise characterisation of effects at the 5-HT2A receptor and relationships with functional/clinical effects, and the possible impact of these compounds on neuroplasticity. A road-map for future research is laid out, outlining clinical studies which will directly address these three questions, principally using combined Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) methods, plus other adjunct techniques. Multimodal (PET/MRI) studies using modern PET techniques such as the 5-HT2A-selective ligand [11 C]Cimbi-36 (and other ligands sensitive to neuroplasticity changes) alongside MRI measures of brain function would provide a ‘molecular-functional-clinical bridge’ in understanding. Such results would help to resolve some of these questions and provide a firmer foundation for the ongoing development of PT.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes in risk-stratified patients with smoldering multiple myeloma: data from the Czech Republic Registry of Monoclonal Gammopathies
Authors: Sandecka Viera , Popkova Tereza , Stork Martin , Maisnar Vladimir , Minarik Jiri , Jungova Alexandra , Pavlicek Petr , Stejskal Lukas , Pospisilova Lenka , Heindorfer Adriana , Obernauerova Jarmila , Gregora Evzen , Sykora Michal , Ullrychova Jana , Wrobel Marek , Kessler Petr , Jelinek Tomas , Kunovszki Peter , Bathija Sacheeta , Gros Blanca , Wilbertz Sabine , Cai Qian , Lam Annette , Spicka Ivan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSmoldering multiple myeloma (SMM) is an asymptomatic precursor to active multiple myeloma (MM). The aim of this study was to report clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with SMM stratified based on their risk of progression to MM using the Mayo 20/2/20 criteria. Data were leveraged from the Czech Myeloma Group Registry of Monoclonal Gammopathies (RMG). Key outcomes included progression-free survival from SMM diagnosis to active MM diagnosis or death (PFS), progression-free survival from SMM diagnosis to progression on first line (1 L) MM treatment or death (PFS2), and overall survival (OS). Of 498 patients, 174 (34.9%) were classified as high risk and 324 (65.1%) as non–high risk. Median follow-up was approximately 65 months. During follow-up, more patients in the high-risk vs non–high-risk group received 1 L MM treatment (76.4% vs 46.6%, p < 0.001). PFS, PFS2, and OS were significantly shorter in high-risk vs non–high-risk patients (13.2 vs 56.6 months, p < 0.001; 49.9 vs 84.9 months, p < 0.001; 93.2 vs 131.1 months, p = 0.012, respectively). The results of this study add to the growing body of evidence that patients with high-risk vs non–high-risk SMM have significantly worse outcomes, including OS.