bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test–retest reliability of human threat conditioning and generalization across a 1‐to‐2‐week interval
Authors: Cooper Samuel E. , Dunsmoor Joseph E. , Koval Kathleen A. , Pino Emma R. , Steinman Shari A. 
Published: December 2022

AbstractGiven the increasing use of threat conditioning and generalization for clinical‐translational research efforts, establishing test–retest reliability of these paradigms is necessary. Specifically, it is an empirical question whether the same participant evinces a similar generalization gradient of conditioned responses across two sessions with the identical contingencies and stimuli. Here, 46 human volunteers participated in an identical auditory threat acquisition and generalization protocol at two sessions separated by 1‐to‐2 weeks. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and trial‐by‐trial shock risk ratings served as primary measures. We used linear mixed effects modeling to test differential threat responses and generalization gradients, and Generalizability (G) theory coefficients as our primary formal assessment of test–retest reliability of intraindividual stability and change across time. Results showed largely invariant differential conditioning and generalization gradients across time. G coefficients indicated fair reliability for acquisition and generalization SCR. In contrast, risk rating reliabilities were mixed, and reliability was particularly low for acquisition risk ratings. Our findings generally support reliability of the threat conditioning and generalization paradigm for shorter test–retest intervals and highlight their utility for assessments of behavioral interventions in mental health research, but challenges remain and further work is needed. Threat conditioning and generalization tasks are increasingly used for translational efforts to improve behavioral interventions, and thus test–retest reliability for these tasks needs to be established. Our results support the test–retest reliability of threat conditioning and generalization over a relatively short (1‐to‐2 week) interval, but this depends on the measure used (physiological vs. self‐report). Overall, these tasks could be appropriate for repeated testing over the course of a short‐duration intervention study, but more research is needed, particularly in regard to longer‐duration studies.
The hero fallacy paradox: Cognitive dissonance and the rationalization of political violence
Authors: Pope Paul James 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThis research explores the theoretical underpinnings of the expressed hero narrative utilized by groups and individuals to justify their opposition and use of violence against their own government and citizens. By using narrative analysis, this research deconstructs the language used by the groups and individuals involved in the 6 January 2021, attack on the United States Capitol. What emerges is a theory of self‐radicalization and rationalization where one believes their actions are justified because they perceive themselves to be the hero. Their belief and ideology are built on a foundation of cognitive dissonance, in which they construct a paradoxical hero identity, all while engaged in destructive political violence.
Progress in Design and Performance of Modern Large Steam Turbines for Generator Drive
Authors: Warren G. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The first portion of this paper reviews briefly the progress of turbine and power-plant design over the last 20 years.
The second portion illustrates with numerous assembly drawings the progress of recent turbine design and shows both the standard and the special types of turbines being built to meet present requirements. In addition, it sets forth the general principles governing turbine construction and illustrates some of the new turbine constructions designed to withstand extremely high pressures and temperatures. The trend of turbine reliability and turbine economy is shown, and a number of test results of large modern turbines are made available.
The third section discusses detailed considerations of turbine design, and illustrates numerous turbine parts designed for the utilization of high pressures and high temperatures, but which may be of interest for other fields of application.
The Significance of Diesel-Exhaust-Gas Analysis
Authors: Holtz John C. , Elliott M. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data on exhaust-gas composition, obtained in a study of the hazards that might attend the use of Diesel engines underground, are discussed in relation to combustion in the Diesel engine. Two engines were tested throughout a wide range of fuel-air ratios, and the results indicated that combustion was essentially complete in the normal operating range although even under these conditions low but significant concentrations of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, and free carbon were present in the exhaust gases. The concentration of carbon monoxide, determined by precise analytical methods, was a minimum at a fuel-air ratio of approximately 0.03 lb per lb and was affected by engine design and to a slight extent by factors that varied with speed. The coexistence of aldehydes and free carbon indicated that direct oxidation and destructive combustion of the fuel were occurring simultaneously. The calculation of combustion efficiency from data on the products of incomplete combustion is illustrated.
Recent Developments in Burning Midwestern Coals on Water-Cooled Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Carroll H. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author points out that there is an increasing trend toward one-boiler-unit operation in a single plant. This is due to a better understanding of boiler and furnace design, feedwater treatment, heat-recovery devices, and fuel-burning equipment, all tending to promote increased efficiency, greater ease of operation, and greater reliability. The application of water-cooling to underfeed stokers can properly be compared to the application of water-cooling to refractory furnace walls; and it is the author’s belief that it will prove fully as beneficial in protecting the grate structure of the stoker as has water-cooling proved its value in the protection of refractory furnace walls. The complications involved in applying water-cooling to underfeed stokers are outlined in the paper and numerous successful installations using Midwestern coals are described.
Development of a Major Principle in Pulverized-Coal Firing
Authors: Dornbrook Fred L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Positive avoidance of the plastic-ash phase at all surfaces bounding the furnace has required emphasis upon heat-absorption performance of furnace surfaces. Evolution of the present-day furnace, which is practically self-cleaning, reliable, of high efficiency, and can operate continuously month after month under variable conditions of coal, load, and attendance, is treated in the paper from its inception in Milwaukee during 1918 to the present new installations of the author’s company.
Steam Locomotives—Notes on Ages and Proportions, With Suggestions for Improvements
Authors: Ryan J. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Locomotives are often built and maintained in kind for their service life, renewal parts being made according to their original design, whereas at but little if any additional cost, they might be renewed to modern design and proportions. In this paper the author discusses the high percentage of the total number of steam locomotives having road assignment which do not have modern proportions and which will be continued in service for many years. This situation leads to the suggestion that increased capacity and economy may be built into them at slight additional expense by following the practice of making required maintenance renewals according to modern proportions, with particular emphasis on adequate steam space, increased gas area through the boiler, a high degree of superheat, and valve events for speed and capacity.
Coal Resources of Washington
Authors: Daniels Joseph 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Coal is the principal mineral fuel resource of Washington, overshadowed at the present time by the water-power developments at Bonneville and Grand Coulee. No petroleum is produced commercially, but there is a small production of natural gas. Wood, forest and mill, obtained largely as waste products of the lumber industry, is used extensively for heat, power, and industrial purposes. This paper discusses the location of coal regions, the characteristics of Washington coals, mining operations, transportation, cost of coal, and other factors, giving a comprehensive idea of the production and use of this fuel in the Pacific Northwest.
Burning Characteristics of Washington Coals on Domestic Overfeed and Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Yancey H. F. , Johnson K. A. , Cordiner J. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the last 30 years, rapid advances have been made in the efficiency of fuel utilization in industry, but only during the last 10 years has comparable progress been realized in domestic heating. The most important advance in this field has been the development and wide application of the domestic coal stoker. The use of stokers for domestic heating originated in the Pacific Northwest, where two types, the underfeed and overfeed stokers are common. Elsewhere in the United States, the underfeed type predominates for domestic use. Studies were made and reported upon in 1938 by the U. S. Bureau of Mines in cooperation with the College of Mines of the University of Washington on the subject of burning Washington coals on overfeed domestic stokers. Results were given of 25 combustion trials. Since then, the authors have conducted additional tests to include Washington and Oregon coals using both overfeed and underfeed stokers. This paper describes the burning characteristics of caking and noncaking coals when fired on domestic stokers of both types installed successively in the same hot-water boiler. The results of burning trials with five coals selected from available data show the influence of variations in caking properties and ash-softening temperatures when used on both types of stokers.
The Radiation of Furnace Gases
Authors: Hottel H. C. , Egbert R. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data of various investigators on the emission and absorption of radiation by carbon dioxide and water vapor are reviewed critically. Recommendations of procedure in calculation of heat transmission by gas radiation are given, Fig. 3, with Equation [7] or [8] for carbon dioxide and Fig. 10 with Equation [17] for water vapor. Partial pressure Pw of water vapor, at a constant value of PwL, affects gas radiation, but probably to a much smaller extent than has been reported in previous literature. A simplified procedure is presented to allow for the effect of the gas shape on radiant heat interchange.
Development of the Automatic Adjustable-Blade-Type Propeller Turbine
Authors: Terry R. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper the design and testing of automatic adjustable-blade-type propeller turbine models are treated, followed by an analysis and discussion of the model-test results. Four installations are described, aggregating a rated output of about 44,000 hp in five units. Operating experience and results with field units are considered. Mention is also made of further development work now in progress. In conclusion a summary is given of the principal features of this new type hydraulic turbine.
Discharge Coefficients of Long-Radius Flow Nozzles When Used With Pipe-Wall Pressure Taps
Authors: Bean H. S. , Beitler S. R. , Sprenkle R. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
For the last six years, the Special Research Committee on Fluid Meters has been conducting a research on flow nozzles. In previous papers relating to the program, the Committee’s plans for carrying out the research were outlined (1), and some of the results obtained have been presented (2, 3, 4). In the present paper, the results of determinations of coefficients of long-radius nozzles when used with pipe-wall taps are given, as based on a combination of separate analyses by the three authors. Later papers will extend the results to other conditions than those considered in this paper.
Flow Processes in Underfeed Stokers
Authors: Mayers Martin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper is devoted to a consideration of the types of flow of materials in underfeed multiple-retort stokers. Such flow studies include solids such as the fuel and ashy refuse; gases, such as air and the products of combustion; and heat, especially that portion which recirculates within the bed and leads to preparation and ignition of the fuel. The types of flow have a definite bearing on the maintenance of the fixed pattern in the fuel bed which has been observed at each tuyère stack and the adjacent retort. From the data compiled, the author develops the features which would be possessed by a stoker designed for much higher duty than any now in existence, and analyzes the possible results to be attained.
Lubrication of General Electric Steam Turbines
Authors: Dantsizen C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper constitutes a discussion of the viscosity index, organic acids, and oxidation as related to oils used in lubricating steam turbines manufactured by the author’s company. Advisedly, responsibility for the quality of a turbine oil is placed as it should be upon the supplier of the oil. Nothing in this paper should be construed as affecting that responsibility. The lubricating-oil experience of turbines operated at the Schenectady Works powerhouse is cited.
Stress and Deflection in Reciprocating Parts of Internal-Combustion Engines
Authors: Boyer R. L. , Kuivinen T. O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A consideration of stresses and deflections in reciprocating parts of internal-combustion engines is presented in this paper, from the viewpoint of the heavy-duty-engine builder. The authors give suggested rules for design of pistons, piston pins, connecting rods and piston rods, bolts and connecting-rod caps. All recommendations given are based on what has proved to be successful practice in this classification of machinery.
Condenser Tubes and Their Corrosion
Authors: Clarke Charles W. E. , White A. E. , Upthegrove C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The authors present a brief review of the development of condensers for steam prime movers, a discussion of some of the problems in connection with them that have been met and overcome, and a tabulation of returns from a questionnaire. They then describe and report a series of tests with a miniature condenser with tubes made of admiralty metal, aluminum brass, and cupronickel. Conditions were as closely as possible a duplication of those existing in a working condenser. In addition to corrosion tests, impingement tests were made. The authors present and discuss the results of these tests and grade the tubes tested in order of resistance to corrosion. Full information on the tubes tested is presented, with the results of metallographic examination of the materials of which the tubes were made. The conclusions arrived at as a result of a study of the tests are summarized at the end of the paper.
Heat Transfer to Hydrogen-Nitrogen Mixtures Inside Tubes
Authors: Colburn A. P. , Coghlan C. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This paper gives results of experiments in which data were determined on heat transfer to air, to nitrogen, and to eight mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen, ranging from 8.85 to 98 per cent hydrogen, flowing inside a steam-jacketed tube, 0.5 in. inside diam and 48.75 in. long. The data were well correlated when plotted as hCpG(Cpμk)2/3 versus DGμ with the value of Cpμk ranging from 0.45 to 0.73. The data checked heat-transfer data of Nusselt and showed deviation from friction analogies.
Combustion Explosions in Pressure Vessels Protected With Rupture Disks
Authors: Creech Merl D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
All too frequently combustion explosions occur in industrial pressure vessels, particularly compressed-air receivers, resulting in loss of life and property damage. The research described in this paper is the first step in determining means to prevent this loss of life and property damage when combustion explosions do occur in pressure vessels by protecting the vessels from excessive overpressure with suitable frangible rupture disks.
Mathematics of Surge Vessels and Automatic Averaging Control
Authors: Mason C. E. , Philbrick G. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper the authors report on a practical application of the quantitative methods which they have described previously (2, 6) in connection with process and control analysis. First, the properties of surge vessels are considered from a functional point of view. The influence on these properties of externally applied controls is next discussed. Proceeding from the simpler to the more involved, control systems of various types are introduced and applied to a vessel. The performance of each of these applied systems is separately examined and illustrated under significant assumed conditions. Considerable attention is given to a definite method of control which involves, as the master instrument, one having a proportional-plus-floating characteristic, and which, it is felt, may justifiably be referred to as “automatic averaging control.”
Flow Properties of Lubricants Under High Pressure
Authors: Norton A. E. , Knott M. J. , Muenger J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this paper, results are given of a preliminary study of the rate-of-shear versus shear-stress relationship for several oils known to undergo apparent solidification when subjected to high pressure. Lard, rapeseed, sperm, and one mineral oil were tested under a temperature range of −5 C to 20 C while subjected to pressures up to 50,000 psi. Experimental curves of flow versus pressure difference were obtained for capillary flow, and these curves were transformed mathematically to the desired curves of rate of shear versus shear stress. A brief discussion of some of the problems inherent in capillary testing of plastic materials is included in this report.
A High-Temperature Bolting Material
Authors: Wheeler A. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the process of providing new materials or old with improved heat-treatments to withstand the increasing temperatures employed in present-day steam turbines, many studies are being made on alloy steels and their heat-treatment which are most suitable for use as bolting material. This paper reviews a series of tests on heat-treatment, creep, rupture, and hardness, together with the application of the results to bolting-material practice.
Continuous Heat-Balance Control of Boiler-Room Operation
Authors: Murphy Benjamin S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The author has attempted to bring out the different factors entering into boiler-room-operation control and to show that all of these factors must be synchronized before any comprehensive plan may be formulated. These factors include such apparently unrelated items as scheduling boilers for cleaning, turbine outages, and personnel, as well as incremental boiler loading and automatic control. The methods used at the Hudson Avenue Station of the Brooklyn Edison Company, Inc., constitute the basis for the presentation.
A scalable solution for running ensemble simulations for photovoltaic energy
Authors: Hu Weiming , Cervone Guido , Turilli Matteo , Merzky Andre , Jha Shantenu 
Published: December 2022

ABSTRACT
This chapter provides an in-depth discussion of a scalable solution for running solar energy production ensemble simulations. Generating a forecast ensemble is computationally expensive. But with the help of Analog Ensemble, forecast ensembles can be generated with a single deterministic run of a weather forecast model. Weather ensembles are then used to simulate 11 10 KW photovoltaic solar power systems to study the simulation uncertainty under a wide range of panel configurations and weather conditions. This workflow has been developed and tested at scale on the National Center for Atmospheric Research supercomputer, Cheyenne, with more than 7000 concurrent cores.
Results show that spring and summer are typically associated with greater simulation uncertainty. Optimizing the panel configuration based on the individual performance of simulations under changing weather conditions can improve the accuracy of simulations by more than 12%. This work also shows how panel configuration can be optimized based on geographic locations.
The Temperature Dependences of Mechanical Properties, Deformation Hardening, and Fracture of FeMnNiCoCr Heterophase Alloy
Authors: Astafurova E. G. , Reunova K. A. , Panchenko M. Yu. , Mel’nikov E. V. , Tumbusova I. A. , Zagibalova E. A. , Astafurov S. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It is established that the temperature dependence of the mechanical properties and deformation behavior of a heterophase multicomponent Cantor alloy (FeMnNiCoCr) and the mechanisms of its fracture under uniaxial static tension in the temperature range 77–300 K are determined by the mechanism of formation and distribution of dispersed phases in it. The heterogeneous formation of chromium-enriched σ‑phases and phases with an fcc crystal lattice,mainly at grain boundaries in the course of annealing of homogenized samples (when particles are inhomogeneously distributed over the structure) and at deformation defects in the course of annealing of preliminarily strained samples (when particles are distributed uniformly over the structure), takes place in the Cantor alloy as a result of annealing. It is found that the grain-boundary phases slightly affect the temperature dependence of yield stress σ0.2, the deformation behavior of the heterophase alloy and its mechanism, but contribute to a decrease in the plasticity and to the formation of brittle secondary cracks on fracture surfaces under low-temperature deformation. The complex effect of the dispersion and the grain boundary hardenings in samples with a uniform distribution of particles that are formed in the course of aging of pre-strained samples leads to a substantial increase in the strength properties of the Cantor alloy in the entire temperature range while maintaining high plasticity and a strong temperature dependence of σ0.2.
Prediction of the Destruction of Materials with Inhomogeneous Structures
Authors: Kudrya A. V. , Sokolovskaya E. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Structural and metallurgical factors that cause the differences in the fracture resistance of steels and alloys are studied, which is necessary for predicting the destruction of media with an inhomogeneous structure. The prospects for digitalization of measuring the parameters of the structure and fracture surfaces using Big Data algorithms are considered.