bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Complement Depletion on Neutrophil Migration in Acute Immunologic Arthritis
Authors: DeShazo Claude V. , McGrade Maureen T. , Henson Peter M. , Cochrane Charles G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of complement components upon the movement of neutrophils and development of immunologic injury was tested in immune complex injury of rabbit synovial tissue. Suspensions of purified neutrophils were infused in the joint space of rabbits depleted of neutrophils which were prepared for a reversed passive Arthus reaction in the synovial tissues. The neutrophils migrated through the tissues to the site of antigen-antibody-complement deposition in the walls of blood vessels. Injury followed the accumulation of neutrophils in the vessel walls and was assessed by leakage of radiolabeled proteins from the circulation into the joint space, deposition of carbon black from the circulation into the area of the injured vessel and diapedesis of red blood cells. Animals genetically deficient in C6 or depleted of C3 with cobra venom factor showed a retarded rate of neutrophil migration through the synovial tissues to the site of antigen-antibody complex. Injury was delayed and diminished in the rabbits deficient in complement. The results indicate the presence of complement dependent chemotaxis in vivo. They also demonstrate the reconstitution of immunologic injury in neutrophil depleted animals by the replacement of purified neutrophils.
Antibody Cytophilic for Lymphocytes
Authors: Modabber F. , Coons A. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of cell suspensions from spleen to bind antibody raised against β-galactosidase of Escherichia coli was tested in vitro. To exclude macrophage binding most macrophages were removed by their adherence property from the spleen cell suspensions, and the lymphocyte-rich fraction was used to test for cytophilic antibody. Hundreds of 0.2-µl droplets containing 30 to 40 cells were made in oil chambers; the number of such cells was chosen so that macrophages would be statistically excluded from one-third of the total drops. The antigen-binding activity of cells treated with antiserum in those droplets containing no macrophages was calculated, and lymphocytes from spleen were shown to bind cytophilic antibody.
In addition, thymocytes were also able to bind antibody and the binding as shown to be inhibited by exposing the cells to normal mouse serum. This indicated that the receptors for cytophilic binding on thymus cells could be preempted by molecules present in normal serum. These observations are consistent with the assumption that cytophilic antibody plays a role in lymphocyte-antigen interactions and may thereby influence the regulation of the immune response.
Dichotomy and Improved Specificity of Immunosuppressive Effect of Anti-Thymocyte Globulin
Authors: Judd K. P. , Bryant C. J. , Trentin J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Cytotoxicity of horse anti-mouse thymocyte globulin (HAMTG) against mouse thymus was completely removed by multiple absorptions with mouse thymus but not by absorptions with kidney or spleen. Cytotoxicity against spleen was completely removed by multiple absorption with spleen but not by absorption with kidney or thymus. Absorptions with thymus resulted in complete removal of immunosuppressive potency as judged by duration of survival of H-2 incompatible murine cardiac allografts, but absorptions with kidney or spleen did not significantly affect the capacity to prolong cardiac allograft survival. HAMTG treatment significantly reduced hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC), rosette-forming cells (RFC) and hemagglutinating antibody (HA) titers in mice immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Absorptions with either spleen or thymus, but not kidney, removed this immuno-suppressive activity against PFC, RFC and HA. These studies suggest that HAMTG, in addition to containing antibodies specific for thymus, also contains antibodies which are cross-reactive with spleen and kidney. The thymus specific antibodies are of major importance in determining the ability to promote cardiac allograft survival. Antibodies either specific for or cross-reactive between thymus and spleen are important for suppression of the spleen dependent PFC, RFC and HA response to SRBC. The fact that exhaustive absorption of HAMTG with spleen completely removed the ability to suppress PFC, RFC and HA without reducing the ability to suppress allograft rejection suggests that a different population of “T” cells is necessary for allograft rejection than for humoral antibody formation.
Antibody Response to Escherichia Coli Lipopolysaccharide and Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide by Congenitally Thymusless (Nude) Mice
Authors: Manning Judith K. , Reed Norman D. , Jutila John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The concept of thymus-dependency of immune responses arose from studies of neonatally thymectomized animals and thymectomized, irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted adult animals. In addition to an impaired cellular response, these animals exhibit a depressed humoral response to some antigens, such as sheep erythrocytes (SRBC), T-2 bacteriophage and certain serum proteins, but produce a normal humoral response to other antigens, such as ferritin, Salmonella flagellar antigen and MS-2 bacteriophage (1). These results have led to a classification of antigens as either thymus-dependent or thymus-independent.
There is some controversy as to whether the concept of a thymus-independent immune response which is based on the responses of thymectomized animals is valid. First, it is possible that the immune response to some antigens matures relatively early in ontogeny and appropriate thymus-derived antigen-reactive cells are seeded out from the thymus before its removal at birth.
The Role of Cyclic 3′,5′ Adenosine Monophosphate in the Specific Cytolytic Activity of Lymphocytes
Authors: Henney Christopher S. , Bourne Henry R. , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro destruction (51Cr release) of DBA/2 mastocytoma cells by lymphocytes from immune C57BL mice has been used as a system to study the relationship between lymphocyte cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and cytolytic activity. It was established that there is a direct correlation between increased intracellular levels of cAMP and the inhibition of cytolytic activity of a lymphocyte population.
Treatment of lymphocytes with adenyl cyclase stimulating agents (histamine, isoproterenol and prostaglandins E1 and E2) caused increases in cAMP levels and inhibited cytolytic activity. The time course of the increase in cAMP content following exposure to drug paralleled closely the time course of inhibition of cytolytic activity. The effect of isoproterenol on both cAMP content and cytolytic activity was short lived; the prostaglandins produced longer lasting effects on both systems.
Theophylline, which inhibits the enzymatic degradation of cAMP also inhibited cytolysis. This inhibitory effect was at least additive to that produced by isoproterenol.
The specificity of the relationship between intracellular cAMP levels and cytolytic activity was shown by the following observations. 1) Cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP inhibited lymphocyte activity. 5′-AMP at comparable concentrations did not. 2) The prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 both increased cyclic AMP content and consistantly inhibited lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis. Prostaglandin PGF 1α was inactive in both systems. 3) Propanolol, a β-adrenergic blocking agent, specifically prevented the effect of isoproterenol, a β-adrenergic agonist, on both cyclic AMP and cytolytic activity, but did not prevent the effect of the prostaglandins or histamine in either system.
These results suggest that cAMP occupies a central modulatory role in the expression of cytolytic activity by lymphocytes.
Regulation of Homocytotropic Antibody Formation in the Rat
Authors: Tada Tomio , Okumura Ko , Taniguchi Masaru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of neonatal high dose of and preimmunization with hapten or carrier determinants on the subsequent homocytotropic antibody (HTA) response to a hapten-carrier conjugate was examined in the rat. Animals given neonatal high dose of Ascaris suum extract (As) could not produce anti-hapten HTA following immunization with dinitrophenylated Ascaris extract (DNP-As) and Bordetella pertussis vaccine, while those treated with DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) produced high titers of HTA against DNP-As. Preimmunization of animals with As in complete Freund's adjuvant also caused inhibition of anti-hapten HTA response to DNP-As, while that with DNP-BSA had no influence. Passive transfer of thymocytes from donors preimmunized with As in complete Freund's adjuvant restored the ability of tolerant recipients to produce HTA against DNP-As. These results indicate that neonatal high dose of carrier molecules induced tolerance in carrier-specific “helper cells,” while the hyperimmunization with the carrier caused proliferation of “regulator cells,” both resulting in the inhibition of HTA formation against the hapten on the same carrier. It is also suggested that the regulator cells and helper cells having opposite effects may be identical.
Specific Heterologous Enhancement of Immune Responses
Authors: Rubin Arnold S. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A soluble factor which enhanced the plaque-forming antibody response against sheep erythrocytes was found in tissue culture fluid of spleen cell cultures from mice injected with tetanus toxoid 1 to 2 months earlier to which 1 ng of toxoid was added on the 2nd day of a 5-day period of incubation. Such enhancement was demonstrated in normal spleen cell suspensions to which sheep erythrocytes were added at the beginning, and the supernatant on day 2. In such cultures, enhancing factor was generated and appeared in the supernatant only after the addition of the specific antigen used for priming. Also, at certain concentrations, such supernatants produced inhibition of the response and hence contained a soluble inhibitory factor. The enhancing factor is both non-dialyzable and heat stable (56°C, 30 min).
Antigenic Specificity of Anti-Erythrocyte Autoantibody Responses by NZB Mice: Identification and Partial Characterization of Two Erythrocyte Surface Autoantigens
Authors: Linder Ewert , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two independent but coexistent spontaneous anti-erythrocyte autoantibody responses by NZB mice are described. The two specific murine erythrocyte surface antigens uniquely associated with these autoantibody responses, and thus referred to as autoantigens, are identified and partially characterized. Both appear to represent species-specific antigens and are not recognizably segregated on a genetic basis within six strains of mice. One response is directed against an exposed erythrocyte surface determinant herein referred to as the X antigen. This response may be of primary significance in the pathogenesis of the autoimmune hemolytic anemia of NZB mice. The second type of autoantibody response is directed to a site, unexposed on the normal murine erythrocyte surface but exposed by proteolysis with bromelin, and is referred to as the HB antigen. An alternative mechanism for HB antigen exposure and binding of anti-HB autoantibody appears to be mediated by in vivo erythrocyte surface modification, possibly secondary to the binding of anti-X autoantibody in vivo. Specific assays are described for each of these generically independent autoantibodies and erythrocyte surface antigens. The possible implication of these autoantigens in the immune complex disease of the NZB strain is also suggested.
The Purification and Immunochemical Characterization of a New Specific Antigen, Differentially Expressed on the Surface Membranes of Mouse Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Von Fellenberg Roland , Guggisberg Elisabeth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A lymphoid-cell specific surface membrane antigen of the mouse has been purified over 200-fold by differential solubilization, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The serologic activity corresponded to a fraction of 67,000 molecular weight. Two main protein bands could be detected in acrylamide gel electrophoresis together with a very faint third band. Double gel diffusion revealed a single strong band of precipitation, whereas no immunoprecipitation could be detected in conventional—or crossing-over immunoelectrophoresis. This discrepancy is discussed. The antigen was strongly expressed on cells having an organ distribution similar to bone marrow-derived cells and slightly expressed on a subpopulation of cells which was similarly abundant in all lymphoid organs tested. During ontogeny the antigen was strongly expressed on thymocytes with a transient maximum between days 4 and 8 after gestation.
The Biologic Significance of Fc Receptor on Mouse B-Lymphocytes
Authors: Paraskevas F. , Orr K. B. , Anderson E. D. , Lee S-T. , Israels L. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Evidence exists that antigen is trapped in lymphoid follicles complexed with antibody (1–6) and that antigen-antibody complexes (Ag-Ab) prepared in vitro localize in these same areas (7). The localization of the complexes depends on the presence of the Fc of the antibody since complexes of the antigen with Fab fragment do not localize in the follicles (8). These studies consider that the binding of Ag-Ab complexes and Fc fragment occurs by an Fc receptor present on reticular cells.
We have previously described the presence of a receptor for antibody Fc on the surface of mouse spleen lymphocytes (9–11). This receptor could bind isolated Fc fragments as well as the Fc of antibody in Ag-Ab complexes. The binding was independent of complement.
In the present communication we present some evidence for the possible biologic role of this receptor during the primary response and during the interaction of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (ALS) with lymphocytes both in vitro and in vivo.
In Vitro Morphine Binding by Sera from Morphine-Treated Rabbits
Authors: Ringle David A. , Herndon Betty L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Results of a number of studies on the development of tolerance to morphine suggest that at least some aspects of this tolerance are immunologic-like in character (for reviews see Friedler (1) and Cochin (2)). Evidence that the morphine configuration is immunogenic is provided by Ryan et al. (3) who recently reported the apparent presence of antibody against morphine in the sera of approximately 40% of heroin addicts studied. Preliminary findings from our laboratory, in studies reported here, have indicated that in the rabbit prolonged exposure to morphine is associated with an increase in serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine, both after withdrawal from morphine and after a brief re-exposure to morphine.
Two albino New Zealand female rabbits were given multiple doses of morphine sulfate or morphine hydrochloride (Merck, USP) administered subcutaneously in three courses of injections spaced 1 and 2 months apart.
Effect of Spleen Cells on Cytotoxicity by Immune Lymph Node Cells: Cell-Mediated Immune Suppression (? Enhancement) in Vitro
Authors: Klein William J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reactivity of spleen cells (SP) from C57BL mice immunized with BP8 ascites tumor was assessed in an in vitro assay system for cell-mediated immunity. In this system it has been shown previously that immune lymph node cells (ILNC) obtained 5 to 7 days after subcutaneous immunization are capable of killing the tumor cells. The activity of these ILNC could be blocked completely by microliter amounts of hyperimmune sera possessing enhancing activity in vivo.
Normal C47BL SP, normal C3H SP, SP from C3H mice bearing the ascites tumor, and SP from C57BL mice immunized with Freund's adjuvant were all incapable of killing the tumor cells in culture. SP obtained from C57BL mice 5 to 7 days post-immunization were inactive. Hypotonic treatment did not modify these results. Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LCT) was observed with SP obtained 9 days or longer after subcutaneous immunization. In contrast, more direct stimulation of the spleen with intravenous immunization produced evidence of immune reactivity in SP obtained 5 days after immunization. None of the various SP capable of LCT were able to effect 100% cytotoxicity of the tumor cells.
Most significantly, SP obtained 5 to 7 days after subcutaneous immunization were able to block completely the LCT of ILNC obtained from the same animals. These results suggest that a portion of the SP population is producing cells capable of LCT while another part of the population consists of cells which antagonize this effect. This antagonistic sub-population may act by interfering with ILNC-tumor cell contact or by elaborating substances which act on the ILNC. These substances could be “enhancing antibodies” or non-antibody molecules.
Regulation of Antibody Response in Vitro
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Kishimoto Tadamitsu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized by intraperitoneal injections of DNP-Ascaris antigen precipitated with aluminum hydroxide gel to form reaginic antibodies. Mesenteric lymph node cells from the primed rabbits were stimulated in vitro by incubating with homologous antigen for 24 hr and then cultured for 6 days in the absence of antigen. Measurements of IgG and reaginic antibodies in culture fluids showed that the lymph node cells from the rabbits which formed reaginic antibodies after primary immunization produced IgG antibodies. In vitro reaginic antibody formation was generally observed when donors of lymph node cells showed both primary and secondary reaginic antibody responses after the primary and booster injections. The titer of reaginic antibody in the culture fluid, as determined by the PCA reaction, did not correlate with the concentration of IgG antibodies in the fluid, or with the reaginic antibody titer of the serum of donors at the time of sacrifice. The molecular size of reaginic antibody in the culture fluids was intermediate between those of IgM and IgG antibodies. The skin-sensitizing activity of the antibody was completely lost by treatment with 0.01 M dithiothreitol followed by alkylation and slightly diminished after heating at 56°C for 2 hr. Such properties of the reaginic antibodies in the culture fluid were comparable to those of IgE antibodies in the serum.
It was found that a removal of most of the adherent cells in lymph node cell suspension before antigen stimulation in vitro did not have a significant effect on the formation of IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies in the culture. An addition of monospecific anti-IgG with antigen for in vitro stimulation suppressed in vitro IgG and IgM antibody formation but not the IgE antibody formation.
Determination of Relative Affinity and Heterogeneity of Mouse Anti-DNP Antibodies by a Plaque-Inhibition Technique
Authors: Miller Gary W. , Segre Diego 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A plaque-inhibition technique was used to study the response of mice to the dinitrophenyl (DNP) determinant at the cellular level. Sheep erythrocytes were sensitized for use in the plaque assay by exposing them to dinitrophenylated antisheep hemolysin of low hemolytic efficiency. DNP-lysine was added to the agar to inhibit specifically indirect plaques formed by mouse spleen cells producing anti-DNP antibodies. The average relative affinity of these antibodies was defined as the reciprocal of the molar concentration of DNP-lysine producing 50% plaque inhibition. The average relative affinity increased by a factor of 130 between 1 and 8 weeks after initial immunization. A highly significant correlation, apparently linear, was found between the average relative affinity and the average association constant of the serum antibody as measured by a modified Farr technique. The slopes of the plaque-inhibition curves in the vicinity of 50% plaque inhibition were assumed to be inversely proportional to the degree of heterogeneity of the antibodies with respect to affinity. There was a highly significant positive correlation between affinity and heterogeneity.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in the Mouse
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Okudaira Hirokazu 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
DBA/1 mice were immunized by an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 to 1.0 µg of ovalbumin precipitated with aluminum hydroxide gel and the antibody response was observed. Both reaginic and γ1 antibodies were detected in the serum 10 days after the immunization and the antibody formation persisted for more than 1 month. The animals showed a secondary reaginic antibody response upon booster injection. An intravenous injection of 80 µg N of mouse anti-ovalbumin IgG antibody into the immunized mice within 24 hr after primary immunization prevented both reaginic and γ1 antibody responses for a period of over 3 weeks, during which time passive antibody was detectable in the serum. Evidence was obtained that an essentially normal immune response followed after the passive antibody was catabolized. Both reaginic and γ1 antibodies were detected in the serum 40 days after immunization. An increased interval between immunization and passive antibody resulted in progressively decreasing efficiency of inhibition of the antibody response. Passive administration of IgG antibody did not terminate pre-existing reaginic antibody formation nor suppress secondary antibody response.
The Isolation and Some Physiochemical and Biologic Properties of the Type III Antigen of Group B Streptococci
Authors: Russell H. , Norcross N. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The type III antigen of Lancefield's group B streptococci is known to be responsible for the virulence of the organism. Some of the chemical, physical and immunologic properties of the antigen were studied. The antigen was extracted from the bacteria by hot HCl extractions. It was further purified by treatment with pepsin, trypsin, and by fractionation on a DEAE-cellulose, ion-exchange, chromatographic column.
The type III antigen was characterized by hydrolysis and chromatography, nitrogen, phosphorus, amino acid and carbohydrate content. It is a polysaccharide composed of 38.9% galactose, 22.8% glucosamine and 17.8% glucose. The latter sugars were present at a ratio of 2:1:1 µmols/mg, respectively. The antigen also contains 3.1% uronic acid, 0.8% muramic acid and less than 1% each of alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine. The antigen has a sedimentation coefficient of 1.67S and a m.w. of 15,561. The partial specific volume was 0.62 g/ml. Immunoelectrophoresis of the antigen resulted in migration toward the cathode. The cathodal migration explains the separation which was obtained on the DEAE-cellulose column.
Glucuronic acid appears to be one of the immunodominant components of the antigen. It offers 34% inhibition of the quantitative precipitin reaction between the type III antigen and type III antisera.
Presidential Address
Authors: Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Understanding the pathogenesis of immunologic disease, i.e., the way in which immunologic events cause injury and/or malfunction, demands several kinds of information. First, one must identify the particular antigen(s) which initiates and serves as the target of the pathogenic immune response. This is often a difficult task, since many of these antigens are substances normally present or at least commonly present in the absence of an immune response or disease. This fact suggests that transient events such as incidental infections or exposures to environmental agents may have an adjuvant effect which increases immunogenicity of potential antigens or in other ways terminates the tolerance barrier. Second, one must know a number of things about the host which are important in determining the self-infliction of immunologic injury. It appears that the magnitude and perhaps balance, i.e., cellular vs humoral aspects, of the immune response, are in part genetically predetermined and therefore may predispose to immunologic disease.