bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effective techniques for classifying ADHD based on artificial intelligence
Authors: salah eman , Shokair Mona , Shalaby Wafaa 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) has become widespread globally and is found in everyone's home, as it appears from birth, especially if it was premature. The people who suffer most from all its consequences are the parents. It is a widespread psychiatric disorder with persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsive behavior among children. The dangerous factor is that these children are often involved in learning difficulties that tend to frustrate them as they reach adulthood [1]. This paper uses an effective method to identify ADHD at an early age using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data. The proposed method by which the disease is detected automatically will be presented. Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are used to extract the features of the images, thus reaching an optimal solution to identify this disorder. Our model includes a set of layers, specifically 23 layers. Besides, for each dataset, the performance of the proposed scheme will be studied for different optimization algorithms, micro-batch size values, and learning rates. In the experimental results, a comparison of the adaptive moment (ADAM), stochastic gradient ratios with momentum (SGDM), and principal squared property (RMS prop) optimizers will be performed for the fMRI datasets. By using these optimization techniques to adapt the ADHD case classification system, it will be concluded that the accuracy of RMS prop gives high accuracy than ADAM and SGDM. Moreover, the proposed method achieves an accuracy of 97.78% compared with the Reset method of 95.65% and the Google -Net method of 92.22%.
Spectral coherence of soil thermal conditions and a stochastic inverse solution for thermal conductivity in the shallow vadose zone of Quaternary gravel formation
Authors: Shih David Ching-Fang 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Due to the heterogeneity in the unsaturated or vadose zone, it is challenging to represent the analytical mechanism and actual in-situ water content in the soil layer. However, in the shallow layers, thermal conditions quickly change with surface temperature evolution. It expects that the water content can, more or less, be affected by the in situ heat mechanism. This research, therefore, suggests a novel design to theoretically discover the thermal conditions, such as soil temperature, soil temperature gradient, and heat flux in the shallow Quaternary gravel layer at various depths using spectral analysis of temporal observations. In addition, this research proposes a stochastic inverse solution of thermal conductivity using spectral estimation of soil heat flux and temperature gradient. It suggests that the most apparent periodic fluctuations of the thermal condition are in the diurnal process for 24 hours. The soil temperature gradient and heat flux at 10, 30, 60, and 120 cm depths can catch soil temperature and air temperature changes to some degree in the frequency domain. The thermal conductivity ranges from about 5.44 to 0.41 W/(m°C) for the soil depths from 10 to 120 cm using the spectral inversed solution. Thus, using spectral analysis, assessing the soil layer's thermal conductivity and other thermal conditions becomes feasible and achievable.
Cancer Incidence in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, 2020
Authors: Badar Farhana , Sohaib Mohammad , Mahmood Shahid , Chughtai Omar Rasheed , Sultan Faisal , Yusuf Muhammed Aasim 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Background: To present the population-based cancer statistics for Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan, an incidence study was conducted at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center (SKMCH&RC) in Lahore, Pakistan, in 2023.
Methods: Records from various centers on new cancers diagnosed in residents of KP between January and December 2020 were gathered. Both the active and passive methods of data collection were applied, and the information was saved in a central repository at SKMCH&RC. The incidence rates were computed by age group and sex and presented per 100,000 population.
Results: Among children (0-14 years), the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was 4.0 in girls and 6.1 in boys, and hematologic malignancies were more prevalent; in adolescents (15-19 years), the ASIR was 7.7 in females and 9.4 in males, and bone tumors, hematologic malignancies, and neurological cancers were prominent; in adult females (>/= 20 years), the ASIR was 84.9, and cancers of the breast, digestive system, and reproductive organs were predominant; and in adult males, the ASIR was 73.0, and cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, lip/oral cavity/pharynx, and prostate were common.
Conclusions: It is crucial to investigate the etiology of these diseases at the community level because dietary elements, infectious diseases, and tobacco use all appear to be significant contributors. Prospective studies could play a key role in highlighting the factors linked to these diseases. Therefore, cancer registration must continue in conjunction with the exploration of risk factors.
Counterfactual coercion: Could harsher sanctions against Russia have prevented the worst?
Authors: Niemeier Thies , Schneider Gerald 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Recent studies show that properly designed economic sanctions can force the target to refrain from violating international norms. However, policy-makers are not enabled to integrate this finding in their ex ante assessments whether more intensive coercive measures could prevent military coups, human rights violations, or a war of aggression such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine. In this article, we address this shortcoming of the conflict forecasting literature and introduce counterfactual predictions to answer the what if-question of whether adequate sanctions by the European Union and the United States could have provoked targets to abandon severe norms violations. To this end, a training data set for the period from 1989 to 2008 is used to predict the incidence, intensity, and success of sanctions from 2009 to 2015. Our policy counterfactuals for key sanction cases demonstrate that stricter EU coercion against Russia after the annexation of Crimea could have triggered policy concessions from the regime of President Putin.
French Influence in the Bay of Kotor at the End of the 18th and the First Years of The 19th Century: The Activities of Mirislav Zanović
Authors: Kocić Marija 
Published: April 2023

The paper discusses the activities of Mirislav Zanović, the leader of the pro-French political faction in the Bay of Kotor at the end of the 18th and the first years of the 19th century. This research indicates that the first reliable data on his pro-French orientation date back to the end of 1793. At that time, the general providor of Dalmatia, Alvize Marin, was warned about individuals in Boka, who were suspected of feeling sympathy towards the Revolution and its ideas. In October 1795, Mirislav tried to launch a rebellion, motivated by the ideas of brotherhood and freedom. This revolt was aimed at liberating certain areas on the border from Ottoman servitude. It was quelled, while Mirislav was kept in prison for some time, in Venice. He was released after the French conquered the city and sent to Budva to propagate the ideas of the Revolution and work to win over the local population.
The paper also discusses its position during the first Austrian (1797–1805), Russian (1806–1807) and French (1807–1813) rule in Boka. Although the Austrian authorities harbored suspicion of Mirislav, he managed to survive thanks to the influence of his father, Count Antun Zanović, who was appointed manager of Budva. Mirislav found himself in the most difficult position during the Russian rule, when he spent some time in prison. He reached the peak of his rise in the political life of Boka during the French rule, when he was appointed to certain administrative positions in Budva. After France lost all illusions about the possibility of the survival of its government in Boka, Mirislav, thanks to good relations with Bishop Petar I Petrović-Njegoš, changed sides in 1813, denying any support to France. In the years that followed, Mirislav was relegated to the background. He spent a short time in prison in Dubrovnik, after which he was released, but was placed under surveillance by the Austrian authorities for the rest of his life.
COVID-19 Vaccine Refusal in Serbia as an Example of Social Solipsism
Authors: Žikić Bojan 
Published: April 2023

The number of citizens in Serbia vaccinated against COVID-19 was among the highest in Europe in early 2021. It started to stagnate as it approached 50% total population coverage, while the number of cases started to rise. The paper presents the cultural thought that leads people to decline COVID-19 vaccination, and aims to show that such cultural thought can be described as social solipsism. This means that illusions about reality are used as a cognitive reference point for organizing the world around us.
It has been noted that there is no uniform category of opponents of the fight against the pandemic. There are those who, in their negative attitude to everything that is being undertaken to curb the pandemic, are led by the idea that the illness does not exist; then there are those who are opposed to vaccination in general, but also those who oppose only COVID-19 vaccination; in addition, there are those who prioritize their own principles based on legal, moral or religious norms over vaccination, interpreting those norms in this way, and those who believe that their lifestyle and state of health protect them from illness, and that this, rather than vaccination, should be the guideline for the fight against the pandemic; then there are those who are doubtful about everything they read and hear in the media about COVID-19, as well as those who are unable to provide a more specific explanation about the reasons for refusing to be vaccinated, and those who have lost all trust in politicians, i.e. in the way that our society has been organized under the influence of state and social actors; then, there are those whose trust in the medical profession has declined.
Finally, there is a distinct subgroup of respondents, namely those who are able to put together a small pseudotheoretical system which links the pandemic as a global fact with events which may or may not be connected with it in the local, Serbian sociocultural context, in a manner which they perceive as being causal. What characterizes the cultural thought that leads them to refuse vaccination is distrust of the dominant social discourses, primarily political and scientific and, above all, medical discourses, and they consequently ignore the objective facts these discourses are based on. Such cultural thought can be termed postlogical because it ignores those social discourses – primarily scientific ones – which talk about the objective state of factual reality; instead, it draws on arguments that are not characteristic of causal, factographically informed thought, influencing public opinion by appealing to convictions and feelings rather than facts.
Corona in the Schoolyard: Children's Game Corona as a Form of Folklore Communication
Authors: Trubarac Matić Đorđina , Krel Aleksandar 
Published: April 2023

The children's game Corona appeared spontaneously at the beginning of 2020 within a small folklore community of lower grade pupils at the “St. Sava” Elementary School in the Belgrade’s municipality of Vračar. Sudden changes in the daily routines of the community members created a need for controlled articulation of accumulated tension generated during the COVID-19 pandemic.
As a sociocultural construct the chasing game of Corona underwent various modifications during the two academic years covered by our research (2020 and 2021), due to the changes that took place in the micro and macro sociocultural environment. Generally, the chasing games are common to children and they have an important developmental function, since they encourage the improvement of adaptive abilities and the agility in successful locomotor responses to stimuli from the external environment. Although the semiotic code of this type of games is based on the hunter ‒ prey relation, the game Corona belongs to a specific subtype of chasing games that is related to the idea of progressive spread of infectious disease, just as the traditional game of šugice/šuge (Serbian for Tag; literally, ’scabies’). The examples of this type of games have been observed in various parts of the world, where they refer to various infectious diseases: the plague, Spanish fever, leprosy, polio. All these games have their roots in the traumatic collective experiences of dealing with epidemics. The basic semiotic code (hunter‒prey relation) has undergone a secondary semiotization in this type of games, shifting to the binary opposition sick: healthy. However, they both stem from the same binary oppositions such as life: death; human : demonic; we: others. As the children's game Corona entails communication based on a set of symbolic actions, it operates as a "capacitor" of cultural and semiotic memory. It brings contents from deeper diachronic layers, actualizing cultural experience accumulated in the recent and distant past.
From Ethnic Determinism to Epistemic Optimism: A Critical History of the Recent Past of Serbian Archaeology
Authors: Milosavljević Monika 
Published: April 2023

Although the history of Serbian archaeology has recently been a vivid field of study from various standpoints, the focus of this research has mainly been upon the early phases of the discipline, while the last thirty years have rarely been discussed. Additionally, the more extreme abuses of archaeological practice for political purposes, although minority positions, but still evident in the recent past, are mainly avoided. Therefore, this paper presents a critical discursive analysis of the recent history of Serbian archaeology in the context of the wars and crises of the 1990s and the post-conflict circumstances. The issue is raised of the transition achieved by Serbian archaeology from the dominance of ethnic determinism, apparent in the majority of archaeological interpretations, to the state of epistemic optimism, as a possible characterisation of the current state.
The idea of “the Serbian gromile”, penned by Đorđe Janković, is taken as the case study, focusing on the explanatory mechanisms supporting it. The emergence of this idea is contextualized in the situation of social crisis, war, and trauma, and interpreted on the other hand as a continuation of the tradition of the Slavic archaeology, adhering in Yugoslavia to the culture-historical approach. The interpretation of “the Serbian gromile” offered here is thus specific in arguing that it is not an exception, but the tip of an iceberg – a part of the general tendency of Serbian archaeology in the traditional key.
The analysis has revealed that the explanatory mechanism, serving as a scaffold to the interpretation offered by Janković in his search for the early Medieval “Serbian gromile”, was in fact the abuse of interdisciplinarity. Namely, the relationships with ethnology and physical anthropology were problematic in Serbian archaeology under the culture-historical framework, since they were not theoretically explicated and therefore prone to political appropriation. The dark shadow of interdisciplinary unity can only be avoided through the explication of approaches of individual fields of research and their integration, from the research design to the final interpretation. In its new iteration, incorporating social anthropology and bioarchaeology, interdisciplinarity in Serbian archaeology fostered new perspectives in the spirit of epistemic optimism.
Return of Labour Migrants to Serbia: Realistic Expectations or Wishful Thinking?
Authors: Antonijević Dragana , Rašić Miloš 
Published: April 2023

Serbia has traditionally been a country with a high emigration rate. Numerous administrative obstacles and slow economic reforms have discouraged migrants from returning and making business investments. Over the last few years there has been a noticeable effort to provide concrete assistance, introduce benefits and reliefs and stimulate return migrations, particularly of entrepreneurs and highly educated persons, by means of different strategies, legal acts, and the establishment of government agencies and non-governmental organizations.
Our decade-long research on migrations has primarily focused on the so-called Gastarbeiter, as well as their descendants. We have conducted research on migrants from North-eastern Serbia, which is one of the biggest emigration zones in the country, and field research was also conducted in Vienna, the city with the most numerous Serbian diaspora in Europe, a specific population which, due to the geographic proximity between Serbia and Austria, often engages in cross-border movement and is transnationally active. As regards the studied population, return migrations to Serbia and economic investment in the country’s development are unlikely and certainly insufficient. In this paper, we will look at the classification of returnees as at their motives for a possible return, but also at the numerous reasons for staying in the host country.
The Serbian and Yugoslav Reception of Werner Sombart (1895-2022)
Authors: Antolović Mihael T. , Ćurčić Petar S. 
Published: April 2023

Following the publication of voluminous works such as Socialism and the Social Movement, German Economic Life in the 19th Century and Modern Capitalism, Werner Sombart (1863-1941) became one of the most prominent, most widely read and most translated European intellectuals of the first half of the 20th century. Sombart became very popular not only in Germany but also in other countries in Europe and beyond (particularly in Italy and Japan). As Reiner Grundmann and Nico Stehr have observed, the period after Sombart’s death in 1941 was marked by great changes in European and global sociological and economic thought. Consequently, Sombart was gradually marginalized and removed from the ranks of mainstream authors. Although he was held in high regard by, among others, Fernand Braudel and Joseph Schumpeter, Sombart’s work was neglected due to the paradigm changes in economics and sociology, with priority given to authors who based their research on traditions opposed to German historicism and Marxism.
The history of this author’s reception among the Serbian and Yugoslav public is characterized by disontinuity and, compared to Max Weber and Karl Marx, insufficient comprehensiveness in its approach. It can be argued that the Serbian academic community has followed the trends in European scholarship from the late 19th century to the present day. In all analyses to date, Werner Sombart’s extensive oeuvre has been reduced to certain aspects (capitalism, social pluralism, a critique of his conceptions).
Werner Sombart had a significant presence up until 1941. Even in these circumstances Serbian scholars, unlike Croatian ones, devoted more attention to ideas about the twilight and crisis of capitalism, the relationship between the state and the economy, the role of luxury and spending by the rich in the genesis of modern economic life. During communism Sombart’s work was completely marginalized due to ideological factors, a change of paradigm and a negative perception of his role in Germany’s political life. Also, Serbian sociology and social sciences more generally followed the trend of according great recognition to Max Weber, which, until the collapse of communism, had been limited, but following the breakup of Yugoslavia and the beginning of transition, increasingly overt and widespread, replacing the absolute dominance of the Marxist paradigm.
And while Sombart has been completely neglected by the Croatian public, in Serbia there has been a revival of interest thanks to the recent translations of the study Luxury and Capitalism (2011) and the wartime pamphlet Traders and Heroes (2018). New research has drawn attention not only to the geopolitical aspects of Sombart’s thought, but also to his wartime engagement and the genesis of his ideas, which can be situated within the traditions of reactionary modernism.
The World Upside Down: The Pandemic Redefines Globalization
Authors: El Guindi Fadwa 
Published: April 2023

This article describes the natural phenomenon of the virus labelled COVID-19 and how its spread shook up the social, cultural and business world of humans. In my analysis, I first describe the devastating effect of the sudden onslaught on human lives and the global market, after it became classified by the WHO-UN as a pandemic, and conclude with identifying some patterns commonly overlooked in existing discussions but which embody some lessons learned. Far from a romanticized view of nature, this global crisis shows how nature can become ugly and even win in a battle with humans, yet simultaneously shows how the cognitive capacity unique to humans can counter the innate transmissibility of nature by an innate flexibility of culture. An unintended consequence of the pandemic is an increased attention to science. This article attempts to shed light on what science is and is not, particularly as relevant to the pandemic. In lieu of vague, abstract notions such as human security, global governance, multilateralism and so on, this analysis approaches the pandemic as a concrete phenomenon penetrating human lives which has led to a re-aligning of parameters in a way that redefines globalization.
Modern view on the etiology and immunological aspects of pneumonia
Authors: Minakov A. A. , Vakhlevskii V. V. , Voloshin N. I. , Kharitonov M. A. , Salukhov V. V. , Tyrenko V. V. , Rudakov Yu. V. , Vakhlevskaya E. N. , Alekhina E. V. 
Published: April 2023

Pneumonia is the most common and deadly nosology among all respiratory diseases associated with microorganisms. Despite advances in antibacterial and antiviral therapy, mortality due to pneumonia is not decreasing. It should be noted that the problem of infectious pathology has always been discussed only in narrow circles of specialists, which led to its underestimation, including during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection. At present, scientific possibilities have not reached their perfection in the etiological diagnosis of pneumonia. Of no small concern is the lack of sections on immunology in the training program for general practitioners and pulmonologists and, as a result, the lack of knowledge by most medical specialists of the basics of the immune response in various infectious diseases, in particular, the differences in the immune response of a macroorganism in viral and bacterial infections, the stages of the immune response, differences between innate and adaptive immune responses, possibilities of immunocorrective therapy. Being followers of the scientific school of pulmonology of academician N.S. Molchanov, in this review, we evaluated the features of etiological factors and immune characteristics of the body on the course and out-comes of pneumonia, taking into account modern scientific knowledge. The current definition of pneumonia is formulated, the issues of the etiology of pneumonia from the perspective of the lung microbiome, the features of the immune response of the macroorganism in viral and bacterial pneumonia, the inconsistency of immune protection and the impact of comorbidity on this are covered in detail. Understanding the processes that lead to the disruption of the respiratory microbiome, the multiplication of pathobionts, the attachment of multiresistant microorganisms and the reactivity of the macroorganism will contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches in the treatment of pneumonia.