bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nrf2 activator dimethyl fumarate inhibits acute graft-versus-host disease with retention of graft-versus-tumor effects
Authors: Ma Shoubao , Gong Huanle , Han Jingjing , Liu Shuangzhu , Liu Haiyan , Wu Depei 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an activator of Nrf2, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties without significant immunosuppression. we therefore hypothesized that DMF could be a new candidate drug for the treatment of aGVHD with retention of GVT effect. Lethally irradiated BALB/c mice transplanted with B6 bone marrow plus splenocytes were administered DMF or vehicle solution by gavage daily from day -3 to day 3. DMF treatment inhibited aGVHD, accompanied by less weight loss and lower clinical score. DMF is capable of significantly inhibiting proliferation of alloreactive T cells in a dose-dependent manner in mixed lymphocyte reaction assay. Furthermore, the percentages of CD69+T cells and IFN-γ expressing T cells, were significantly increased in aGVHD target organs from DMF recipients. In addition, DMF treatment markedly increased the frequencies of Treg cells in target organs. Depletion of CD25+ cells in DMF recipients aggravated aGVHD mortality compared with IgG control recipients. Moreover, Treg polarizing assay suggested that DMF could promote Treg cell differentiation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, No protective effects of DMF were observed in mice transplanted with BM and challenged with leukemia cells. However, DMF treatment significantly prolonged the survival in tumor-bearing mice that received an allogeneic BMT with donor splenocytes. we also observed that donor T cells recovered from DMF-treated recipients and controls showed comparable cytolytic activity against leukemia cells. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that activation of Nrf2 with DMF may be of significant use in preventing aGVHD and preserving GVT responses.
Immunoregulatory function of kidney CD4−CD8− double negative (DN) αβ T cells is MHC dependent
Authors: Sadasivam Mohanraj , Noel Sanjeev , Lee Sul A , Rabb Hamid , Hamad Abdel Rahim A 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Despite strong evidence for the role of immune cells in ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) in transplant and native kidney, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Furthermore, there is little data regarding unconventional T cells, usually present in small numbers in the kidney. We have recently shown that a subset of alpha/beta T cells that is double negative (DN) for both CD4 and CD8 coreceptors are present in significant numbers in normal kidney of mice and also present in human kidney biopsies. Unlike conventional CD4 and CD8 T cells, DN T cells are highly dividing in the steady and rapidly increases following IRI. In addition, kidney DN T cells secrete IL-10 and IL-27, possess an in vitro regulatory function and ameliorate AKI in mice. Unknown aspects of DN T cells included identification their MHC restriction elements and roles of various types of MHC haplotype in their homeostasis. Our most recent results show that DN T cells are heterogeneous as indicated by the partial effect of lack of β2m and MHC class II on their homeostasis. In addition, lack of β2m significantly reduce activated phenotype that is seen in kidney DN T cells. Conversely, reconstitution of β2m-deficient mice leads to activation and expansion of endogenous DN T cells, suggesting interactions between DN and CD8 T cells. Further dissection of kidney DN T cell biology will help us understand the pathogenesis of IRI and other immune mediated kidney diseases.
Studies on Antibodies. I
Authors: Banzhaf Edwin J. , Sugiura K. , Falk K. George 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The antisera analyzed were the following:
Antidiphtheria globulin, 2900 units per cubic centimeter. Designated A in the tables.
Antidiphtheria globulin, 975 units per cubic centimeter. Designated H.
Antitetanus globulin, 1900 units per cubic centimeter. Designated B.
Antitetanus serum, 500 units per cubic centimeter. Designated F.
Antitetanus serum, 60 units per cubic centimeter. Designated G.
Antistreptococcus serum. Designated C.
Antigonoccocus serum. Designated I.
Antimeningococcus serum. Designated E.
Normal serum. Designated D.
The method of separating and concentrating the diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin together with the pseudoglobulin with which they are associated was carried out as follows:
The plasma from the immunized horse was diluted with an equal volume of water and heated to 61°C. An equal volume of saturated solution of ammonium sulphate was then added. The resulting precipitate contained the fibrinogen, euglobulin, pseudoglobulin and antitoxin. This precipitate was taken up with water and reprecipitated with an equal volume of saturated solution of ammonium sulphate to free it from traces of albumin.
Immunochemical Studies of the Proteins of Cat Hair
Authors: Wodehouse R. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Besides “keratin,” which makes up the greater part of the hair of most animals, there can be obtained from cat hair other proteins and these differ both in chemical characteristics and anaphylactogenic behavior from pure keratin and from a peptone which was produced by acid hydrolysis from pure keratin and which is called in these experiments “keratin peptone.”
Other proteins obtained from cat hair were as follows:
“Alkali metaprotein,” the protein dissolved from hair by weak alkali which is precipitated by neutralizing and faintly acidulating.
“Acid metaprotein,” the protein that is dissolved from hair by weak alkali and remains in solution after neutralizing and slightly acidulating but is precipitated by again making alkaline.
“Cat hair peptone,” the protein dissolved from the hair by weak alkali that remains in solution after the other two are precipitated as indicated above. It is obtained by evaporating the solution to dryness after removing the mineral salts by dialysis.
If these proteins dissolved from the hair by weak alkali are precipitated by other means their anaphylactogenic properties may be altered. For example:
“Protein preparation No. 2,” prepared by saturating the alkaline extract with ammonium sulphate; and
“Protein preparation No. 3,” precipitated from an alkaline extract (from which no protein could be obtained by neutralization or acidulation) by the addition of a small amount of MgCl2 were comparatively inactive.
Complement Fixation in Tuberculosis with the “Partial Antigens” of Deyke and Much
Authors: Woods Alan C. , Bushnell George E. , Maddux Cabell 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Partial antigens have been prepared from the tubercle bacillus, by disintegrating the bacilli in 1 per cent lactic acid, filtering, and extracting with alcohol, at varying temperatures, and with ether. The resulting antigens appear to be composed chiefly of the various fatty acids, and neutral fat of the tubercle bacillus together with traces of protein.
One hundred and seventy-six normal and tuberculous sera were titrated against these partial antigens, and against whole bacillus emulsion antigen. Seventy-two of the sera obtained from clinically normal cases, and 91 per cent of the sera from cases classed clinically as inactive tuberculosis reacted negatively to these antigens. Ninety per cent of the sera from cases classed clinically as incipient tuberculosis, 87 per cent of the sera from cases classed as active tuberculosis, and 92 per cent of the sera from advanced tuberculous cases reacted positively to the partial antigens.
Sufficient syphilitic sera could not be obtained to make any determination of the proportion of syphilitic sera which would react positively to these antigens but judging from 27 positive Wassermanns obtained at the same time the sera were examined, there appears to be little relationship between the Wassermann reaction and the reaction to the partial antigens.
Complement Fixation in Acute Anterior Poliomyelitis
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Freese Anna E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement fixation tests conducted with the cerebrospinal fluids of 130 persons suffering with acute anterior poliomyelitis and salt solution extracts of various tissues yielded from 6 to 16 per cent weakly positive reactions with extracts of spinal cord, pons and medulla, cerebellum, cerebrum and 15 to 17 per cent positive reactions with extracts of poliomyelitic liver and spleen. Control antigens of non-poliomyelitic human and rabbit liver yielded negative reactions, while extracts of spleen yielded from 5 to 7 per cent positive reactions. With alcoholic extracts of these tissues the tests were uniformly negative. The cerebrospinal fluids of normal persons and children suffering with whooping cough and measles yielded negative reactions with all extracts. The cerebrospinal fluids of several paretics yielded strongly positive reactions with all salt solution and alcoholic extracts. Complement fixation tests with the sera of 58 persons in the various stages of acute anterior poliomyelitis yielded slightly positive reactions with 2 to 4 per cent of sera with salt solution extracts of spinal cord, pons and medulla, cerebellum and cerebrum. Tests with extracts of poliomyelitic liver and spleen were uniformly negative, as were all tests employing alcoholic extracts of these different tissues. With polyvalent suspensions of diplococci and streptococci cultivated from persons suffering with acute anterior poliomyelitis, weakly positive reactions were observed with 6 to 9 per cent of cerebrospinal fluids of 35 persons suffering with the disease; with sera all tests were negative, as likewise all tests with fluids and sera employing suspensions of the diphtheroids and Gram-negative bacilli cultivated from poliomyelitis cases. These results indicate that the micrococci of poliomyelitis may produce antibodies during the course of the disease in a manner analogous to the production of antibodies by streptococci in scarlet fever. The Wassermann reaction in acute anterior poliomyelitis is uniformly negative with both cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum. These tests indicate that suitable salt solution extracts of various tissues from fatal cases of acute anterior poliomyelitis may serve in a very small percentage of cases to fix or absorb a small amount of complement in the presence of large amounts of cerebrospinal fluid, but the results in general are in accord with those reported by Wollstein, Gay and Lucas and the reactions are too irregular and weak to be of any practical value in the diagnosis of the disease.
The Relation Between Antigen and Antibody in the Living Animal
Authors: Weil Richard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
It has been said that all sciences pass through three stages, that of philosophic anticipation, that of detailed observation, and that of careful generalization. The science of immunology is now in the second stage, and is engaged in gaining a mastery of the facts upon which reliable generalizations may in the future be based. Knowledge of the details of the science is increasing apace, and day by day the sure foundations are being laid of a permanent and well established theory.
Annually we meet to exchange with one another the fruits of the year's labors, and so to widen and deepen the stream of our knowledge. But, of necessity, we deal with sharply circumscribed problems, because we wish to give one another only such things as we have thoroughly proved and tested. This tacit, but general, law of these meetings was wisely broken last year in Dr. Jobling's presidential address, which aspired to give a broad and critical review of one very important aspect of immunological study.
The Vasomotor Depression in Canine Anaphylaxis
Authors: Weil Richard 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In an earlier paper (1) it was shown that the coagulability of the blood in anaphylactic dogs is due directly to a reaction on the part of the cells of the liver. At the same time the suggestion was offered that the vasomotor depression night be due to a local congestive reaction of the liver, leading to a depletion of the general circulation, and in consequence, to a marked fall in blood pressure. This view was based on the observation that in very acute shock in dogs the liver alone of the abdominal organs presents an intense grade of congestion. The following experiments are in support of that suggestion.
A dog is sensitized actively by means of the intravenous injection of horse serum. After an interval of three weeks the animal is etherized and the abdomen is opened by a median epigastric incision.
A Plea for the Standardization of Reports of Agglutination Tests
Authors: Hadley Philip 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Possibly the time has not yet arrived when it is desirable to standardize the methods employed in making the macroscopic agglutination test, although there is an increasing tendency upon the part of bacteriologists to employ the technique presented by Kolmer (1915) in which the dilutions of the serum to be tested start at 1:20 and proceed by doubling to give 1/40 1/80, 1/160, 1/320, etc.
But in the manner in which tests are reported for publication there is observable a great discrepancy on the part of different authors. For the sake of comparative work it would seem to be of advantage to possess a standardized method of reporting these results, whatever the technique of making the tests may have been.
A review of published results of agglutination tests indicates readily enough that the plus sign (+), for indicating a positive test, and the minus sign (-) or a zero (0), for indicating a negative result, have been commonly adopted.
Tissue Transplantation and Anaphylaxis
Authors: Loeb Leo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The results of various investigations in the field of anaphylaxis, especially those of Schultz, Dale, Weil and Manwaring, definitely point to the conclusion that in the process of sensitization and anaphylactic reaction the union of the antigen with various tissues, the elaboration of antibodies on the part of the cells to which the antigen has been anchored, and the additional union of circulating antigen with the sessile cell-antibodies, are, if not the only factors, at least very important ones. Under certain conditions these changes in the sensitized cells lead to functional reactions on the part of the cells that are responsible for the anaphylactic shock and other anaphylactic phenomena of a more or less acute character. But we know that under certain conditions there may be anaphylactic reactions that entail morphological changes. Arthus has shown that in a sensitized rabbit necrosis of the sensitized tissue may follow the subcutaneous injection of the antigen.
Loss of Immune Substances from the Body
Authors: Neill James M. , Gaspari Emidio L. , Mosley Robert A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The paper reported a study of the elimination of “natural” diphtheria antitoxin in human urine. The urines were divided into three classes: those containing no detectable serum protein as obtained from persons whose renal permeability to protein was normal; those containing moderate amounts of protein as obtained from persons (cardiac failure and orthostatic albuminuria) of abnormal renal permeability but with no lesions in the lower urinary tract; those obtained from persons with lesions in the lower urinary tract that might have afforded opportunity for whole serum to leak into the urine without filtration through the kidney. When derived from persons with normal kidney permeability, detectable amounts of antitoxin (0.002 to 0.004 unit per 1.0 cc.) were found only in the urines voided by a man possessing an exceptionally high (15.0 units) concentration in his blood stream. When the urines contained moderate amounts of serum protein, antitoxin was contained if the donor of the urine possessed only moderately high amounts in his blood. The occurrence of antitoxin in urine containing no detectable serum protein is discussed.
Data on the daily output of antitoxin showed that elimination by way of the urine can account for only a small portion of the drop frequently observed in the antitoxin content of the blood. However, none of the pathological urines examined contained more than moderate amounts of albumin, and it is suggested that in cases of acute nephrosis or other clinical conditions in which large amounts of serum protein are eliminated, urinary elimination of antitoxin might be sufficient to cause a significant loss in the immunity reserves of the body.
A Study of the Acid Precipitation of Diphtheria Toxin
Authors: Bunney William E. , Cianciarulo J. , Kiamil Mumtaz 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study has been made of yields of diphtheria toxin obtained by acid precipitation of the crude toxin. A comparison has been made between the yields obtained when the acid precipitate is centrifuged immediately after acidification and when twenty-four hours storage in the cold intervenes between the acidification and the centrifugation. Results are obtained which indicate that a satisfactory method for large scale purification of diphtheria toxin would consist in the addition of acid to the point of maximum precipitation followed by immediate centrifugation, washing and solution of the precipitate at the desired concentration.
Studies on the Bacterial Toxins
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Quigley James J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recent years many attempts have been made to develop a simple and trustworthy method of concentrating and purifying the toxic substances in sterile filtrates of cultures of streptococci. Various methods have been followed but in general they consist of precipitating the protein-toxin fraction and then purifying by dialysis or ultrafiltration. Huntoon (1) used ammonium sulfate and acetic acid. Henry and Lewis (2) precipitated the toxin with alcohol. Hartley (3) dialyzed through collodion and then precipitated with acetic acid. Pulvertaft (4) precipitated whole broth culture with alcohol. Ando (5) precipitated his toxin with absolute alcohol. Shinn (6) claims to have secured the best results with acid alcohol. It is evident from the results obtained with these different methods that the toxic substances of the streptococcus can be concentrated and, to a certain extent, purified in the process.
Xanthone Jacareubin inhibits FcɛRI-dependent degranulation in mast cells by the blockage of extracellular calcium entry
Authors: Castillo-Arellano Jorge Ivan , Guzmán-Gutiérrez Silvia Laura , Ibarra-Sánchez Alfredo , Hernández-Ortega Simón , Reyes-Chilpa Ricardo , Gonzalez-Espinosa Claudia 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mast cells are important effectors in allergic reactions since they produce a number of pre-formed and de novo synthesized inflammatory compounds in response to high affinity IgE receptor (FcɛRI) crosslinking. IgE/Antigen-dependent degranulation and cytokine synthesis of this cell type have been recognized as relevant pharmacological targets for the control of deleterious inflammatory reactions. Despite the relevance of allergic diseases worldwide, pharmacological control of mast cell degranulation has not been achieved.
In this work we analyzed the effect of the natural xanthone jacareubin on the main activation parameters of this cell type utilizing bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs).
Jacareubin, the xanthone obtained from the heartwood of the tropical tree Callophyllum brasilense, showed no toxicity when tested on bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and did not activate degranulation by itself. However, jacareubin inhibited IgE/Ag-induced degranulation (determined as the secretion of β-hexosaminidase) in a dose-response manner (IC50 = 46 nM). Jacareubin blocked FcɛRI-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, intracellular calcium mobilization and calcium-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation.
Detailed analysis suggest that at least one of the molecular actions of jacareubin relies on the inhibition of plasma membrane calcium channels involved in degranulation of mast cells. It is proposed to jacareubin as a natural drug with antioxidant activity and a regulator of calcium channels, with prophylactic potential for the treatment of allergies produced by mast cells.
Epigenetic regulation of mast cell function via inhibition of histone acetylation results in suppression of mast cell responses
Authors: Mathias Clinton B. , Krajewski Dylan , Kaczenski Edwin , Rovatti Jeffrey , Polukort Stephanie , Dollard Catherine , Mire Mohamed , Kinney Shannon RM. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Mast cells are highly versatile cells that perform a variety of functions depending on the immune trigger, context of activation and cytokine stimulus. Antigen-mediated mast cell responses are regulated by transcriptional processes that result in the induction of numerous genes contributing to mast cell function. Recently, we also showed that exposure to dietary agents with known epigenetic actions such as curcumin can suppress mast cell-mediated food allergy, suggesting that mast cell responses in vivo may be epigenetically regulated. To further assess the effects of epigenetic modifications on mast cell function, we examined the behavior of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) in response to trichostatin A (TSA) treatment, a well-studied histone deacetylase inhibitor. IgE-mediated BMMC activation resulted in enhanced expression and secretion of IL-4, IL-6, TNF-a and IL-13. In contrast, pretreatment with either curcumin or TSA resulted in altered cytokine secretion. This was accompanied by decreased expression of FceRI and mast cell degranulation. Interestingly, exposure to non-IgE stimuli such as IL-33, was also affected by TSA treatment. Furthermore, long-term TSA exposure contributed to mast cell apoptosis and a decrease in survival. Further examination revealed a decrease in phospho-relA levels in TSA-treated BMMCs, suggesting that TSA alters transcriptional processes, resulting in decreased NF-kB activation. These data therefore suggest that the epigenetic regulation of mast cell activation during immune responses may occur via regulation of histone acetylation, and that exposure to dietary substances such as curcumin may induce epigenetic modifications that modulate mast cell function.
Diffuse panbronchiolitis in a patient with humoral immunodeficiency successfully treated with erythromycin
Authors: Saridakis Stephanie , Sandhu Monica , Jhaveri Devi K. , Hostoffer Robert W. , Matta Maroun , Tcheurekdjian Haig 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Diffuse panbronchiolitis (DPB) is a rare and under diagnosed disease of the respiratory tract that affects the lungs bilaterally in addition to the layers of the respiratory bronchioles. The condition commonly occurs in patients of Japanese ancestry. However, as international migration increases, more cases are arising in the United States. Clinicians rarely consider DPB in the differential when evaluating patients with lung disease as DPB mimics several other pulmonary disorders, especially in patients with humoral immunodeficiencies. We report the first case of DPB in a patient with humoral immunodeficiency that was successfully treated with erythromycin as evidenced by symptom control and follow-up. As our understanding of humoral immunodeficiencies improves, so must the recognition of rare pulmonary diseases such as DPB, which can mimic more common pulmonary disorders seen with humoral immunodeficiencies. Treatment for DPB involves macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin for a minimum of 6 months duration. We have concluded that DPB can be successfully treated in humoral immunodeficiency with macrolides.