bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence From Dissolved O2 Isotopes in North Atlantic Deep Water for a Recent Climatic Shift
Authors: Musan Israela , Gildor Hezi , Barkan Eugeni , Smethie William M. , Luz Boaz 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAnthropogenic‐induced variations of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) and the associated Deep‐Water Formation (DWF) are a major concern. Using measurements of triple oxygen isotopes in the deep North Atlantic, we present novel evidence for a dramatic decadal to centennial shift in ocean conditions at the source region of DWF. These measurements suggest a recent decrease in the percentage of photosynthetic O2 derived from the source regions of AMOC in the Nordic Seas compared to the Little Ice Age. 1‐D model simulations suggest that a reduction in photosynthetic O2 production can explain the observed decrease. Alternatively, it may indicate a substantial decrease in sea‐ice cover and thus increased air‐sea gas exchange, bringing the isotopic composition of O2 closer to equilibrium with the atmosphere. Our novel data can serve as a benchmark for climate models.
Large‐Eddy Simulation of Sea Spray Impacts on Fluxes in the High‐Wind Boundary Layer
Authors: Richter David H. , Wainwright Charlotte E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe exchange of enthalpy and momentum at the air‐sea interface is an important process in tropical cyclone (TC) development and intensification, and the effects of sea spray have long been uncertain, particularly at high wind speeds. Here we use a coupled large‐eddy simulation and Lagrangian cloud model to run high‐resolution simulations of an idealized, spray‐laden TC boundary layer. Simulations are performed with and without spray generation, using a realistic sea spray generation function over wind speeds relevant to TCs. We show that CD is not affected by spray droplets at 10‐m wind speeds up to 48 m s−1. CE and CH are modified during an initial transient adjustment stage, but quickly relax back to their unladen values due to surface layer saturation. This relaxation occurs faster for higher winds, because the increased spray concentration more rapidly saturates the surface layer.
Impact of Stratospheric Aerosol Injection on the East Asian Winter Monsoon
Authors: Liu Zhaochen , Lang Xianmei , Miao Jiapeng , Jiang Dabang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractStratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) has been proposed as a potential measure to alleviate global warming; however, uncertainties exist in its regional climate impacts. This study investigates the influence of the SAI on the East Asian winter monsoon (EAWM) by analyzing the G6sulfur simulation from the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project. Our results show that the SAI intensifies the Siberian high and Aleutian low, enhances the low‐level northerly winds along the coast of East Asia and deepens the East Asian trough during 2080–2099, reversing the weakening of EAWM in high‐emission Shared Socioeconomic Pathway scenario (SSP5‐8.5). Comparison between the G6sulfur and SSP5‐8.5 simulations indicates that, the SAI‐induced strong cooling in the central equatorial Pacific excites a poleward‐propagating Rossby wave train and strengthen the EAWM. Meanwhile, the negative vorticity advection in the middle troposphere and the radiative cooling over the Siberian high region caused by SAI also intensify the EAWM.
Mantle Anisotropy in NW Namibia From XKS Splitting: Effects of Asthenospheric Flow, Lithospheric Structures, and Magmatic Underplating
Authors: Komeazi Abolfazl , Kaviani Ayoub , Rümpker Georg 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe presence of the Etendeka flood basalts in northwestern Namibia is taken as evidence for the activity of the Tristan da Cunha mantle plume during the continental breakup between Africa and South America. We investigate seismic anisotropy beneath NW Namibia by splitting analysis of core‐refracted teleseismic shear waves (XKS phases) to probe mantle flow and lithospheric deformation related to the tectonic history of the region. We present the results of the joint splitting analysis of XKS data collected from 34 onshore stations and 12 ocean‐bottom seismometers. The fast polarization directions (FPDs) are consistent with a model that combines the effects of lithospheric deformation and large‐scale mantle flow due to the NE motion of the African plate. The dominantly NNW‐SSE‐oriented FPDs in the northern part are likely caused by shallow lithospheric structures. Our observations do not show any strong evidence of a pervasive effect of the Tristan da Cunha mantle plume.
Energy Input of EUV, Solar Wind, and SEPs at Mars: MAVEN Observations During Solar Minimum
Authors: Jolitz R. D. , Rahmati A. , Brain D. A. , Lee C. O. , Lillis R. J. , Thiemann E. , Eparvier F. , Mitchell D. , Halekas J. , Larson D. , Curry S. M. , Jakosky B. M. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractSolar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation, the solar wind, and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are variable sources of ionization and heating to the Martian atmosphere. Mars Atmosphere Volatile Evolution’s (MAVEN's) elliptical orbit provides a means to characterize these solar drivers immediately upstream of Mars. We have calculated the energy fluxes of EUV, solar wind, and SEPs while MAVEN is outside of the Martian induced magnetosphere. By time‐averaging observations over 2–5 month periods, we reduced short‐term variability to resolve seasonal and solar cycle trends. For the duration spanning the declining phase of solar cycle 24 and three Mars years, the calculated energy fluxes in units of 109 eV/cm2/s were 650–1,400 for EUV, 77–180 for solar wind ions, 2.4–7.4 for solar wind electrons, 0.01–2.7 for SEP ions, and 0–0.4 for SEP electrons. We estimated the fraction of these energy fluxes that would reach the atmosphere and determined that precipitating particle fluxes on the dayside would need to exceed 1012 eV/cm2/s to compare to EUV. We also predicted that SEPs may impart as much or more energy flux than solar wind electrons on the nightside during periods of strong and weak coronal mass ejection activity. We then discussed and decoupled seasonal variation from the solar drivers to reveal trends and outliers as a function of solar cycle. Finally, we compared MAVEN observations during a weak solar cycle to prior estimates of EUV, solar wind, and SEPs from the young sun, and identified times when MAVEN‐observed peak energy fluxes were close to the steady‐state energy fluxes of the ancient solar system.
Basal Stress Fluctuation: Reply to Comment by Cagnoli on “Slope‐Break Collisions: Comment on ‘Insight Into Granular Flow Dynamics Relying on Basal Stress Measurements: From Experimental Flume Tests’ by K. Li et al.”
Authors: Li Kun , Wang Yufeng , Cheng Qiangong , Lin Qiwen , Wu Yue , Long Yanmei 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn the comment, Cagnoli (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024799) disagrees with our experimental conclusion that the enhanced particle agitation related to the high magnitude basal fluctuating stresses contributes to the granular flow mobility. Instead, he argues that the slope‐break model used in our experiments prevents the granular flows from being as mobile as they could be. In this reply, we restate our viewpoints by further clarifying the experimental variables and evaluating the effects of the additional phenomena raised in our experiments. By considering the granular flow velocities before the slope‐break, a linear correlation between the depth‐average velocity and equivalent friction coefficient is established, indicating that an increasing flow mobility with decreasing fractal dimension D has already been initiated before the slope‐break. Thus, the slope‐break collision has no significant effect on the general trend of the flow mobility versus grain size and the positive correlation between stress fluctuation and granular flow mobility is still valid.
Stable Water Isotopologue Fractionation During Soil‐Water Evaporation: Analysis Using a Coupled Soil‐Atmosphere Model
Authors: Kiemle Stefanie , Heck Katharina , Coltman Edward , Helmig Rainer 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe atmosphere‐soil system forms a highly coupled system, which makes key processes such as evaporation complex to analyze as the mass, energy, and momentum transfer is influenced by both domains. To enhance the understanding of evaporation processes from soils, stable water isotopologues are suitable tools to trace water movement within these systems as heavier isotopologues enrich in the residual liquid phase. Due to the complex coupled processes involved in simulating soil‐water evaporation accurately, quantifying fractionation during flow and transport processes at the soil‐atmosphere interface remains an open research area. In this work, we present a multi‐phase multi‐component transport model that resolves flow through the near‐surface atmosphere and the soil, and models transport and fractionation of the stable water isotopologues using the numerical simulation environment DuMux. Using this coupled model, we simulate transport and fractionation processes of stable water isotopologues in soils and the atmosphere by solving compositional flow equations and by using suitable coupling conditions at the soil‐atmosphere interface instead of commonly used parameterization. In a series of examples of evaporation from bare soil, the transport and distribution of stable water isotopologues are evaluated numerically with varied conditions and assumptions, including different atmospheric conditions (turbulent/laminar flow, wind speed) and their impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of the isotopic composition. Building on these results, we observed how the enrichment of the isotopologues in soil is linked with the different stages of the evaporation process. A qualitative study is conducted to verify single fractionation processes in our approach.
Estimation of Surface Soil Moisture by a Multi‐Elevation UAV‐Based Ground Penetrating Radar
Authors: Cheng Qinbo , Su Qiuju , Binley Andrew , liu Jintao , Zhang Zhicai , Chen Xi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe measurement of soil moisture is important for a wide range of applications, including ecosystem conservation and agricultural management. However, most traditional measurement methods, for example, time‐domain reflectometry (TDR), are unsuitable for mapping field scale variability. In this study, we propose a method that uses an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) to support a ground penetrating radar (GPR) system for spatial scanning investigation at different elevations above ground level. This method measures the surface reflectivity to estimate the soil moisture, exploiting the linear relationship between the ratio of the reflected and the direct wave amplitudes along with the reciprocal of GPR antenna height. This relationship is deduced in this study based on the point source assumptions of a transmitter antenna and ground reflections, which is confirmed by numerical simulation results using the gprMax software. Unlike previous air‐launched GPR methods, the UAV‐GPR method presented here removes the limitations of a steady transmitter power and a fixed GPR survey height and the need for calibration of antenna transfer functions and geophysical inversion calculations, and thus is simpler and more convenient for field applications. We test the method at field sites within the riparian zone and a river‐island grassland adjacent to the Yangtze River. The results from the field study illustrate comparable measured soil moisture to those obtained invasively using TDR. The root mean square error of surface reflectivity and soil moisture values between UAV‐GPR with eight antenna height investigations and TDR in the grassland are 0.03 and 0.05 cm3/cm3, respectively.
Classification of Stream, Hyperconcentrated, and Debris Flow Using Dimensional Analysis and Machine Learning
Authors: Du Junhan , Zhou Gordon G. D. , Tang Hui , Turowski Jens M. , Cui Kahlil F. E. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractExtreme rainfall events in mountainous environments usually induce significant sediment runoff or mass movements—debris flows, hyperconcentrated flows and stream flows—that pose substantial threats to human life and infrastructure. However, understanding of the sediment transport mechanisms that control these torrent processes remains incomplete due to the lack of comprehensive field data. This study uses a unique field data set to investigate the characteristics of the transport mechanisms of different channelized sediment‐laden flows. Results confirm that sediments in hyperconcentrated flows and stream flows are mainly supported by viscous shear and turbulent stresses, while grain collisional stresses dominate debris‐flow dynamics. Lahars, a unique sediment transport process in volcanic environments, exhibit a wide range of transport mechanisms similar to those in the three different flow types. Furthermore, the Einstein number (dimensionless sediment flux) exhibits a power‐law relationship with the dimensionless flow discharge. Machine learning is then used to draw boundaries in the Einstein number‐dimensionless discharge scheme to classify one flow from the other and thereby aid in developing appropriate hazard assessments for torrential processes in mountainous and volcanic environments based on measurable hydrologic and geomorphic parameters. The proposed scheme provides a universal criterion that improves existing classification methods that depend solely on the sediment concentration for quantifying the runoff‐to‐debris flow transition relevant to landscape evolution studies and hazard assessments.
Galectin-7 reprograms skin carcinogenesis by fostering innate immune evasive programs
Authors: Pinto Nicolás A. , Abba Martín C. , Laporte Lorena , Pérez Sáez Juan M. , Blidner Ada G. , Torres Nicolás I. , Morales Rosa M. , Gatto Sabrina G. , Bach Camila A. , Veigas Florencia , García Rivello Hernán J. , Song Peng , Frederiksen Jane H. , Rasmussen Lene Juel , Poirier Francoise , Croci Diego O. , Sundblad Victoria , Rabinovich Gabriel A. , Cerliani Juan P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNon-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) has risen dramatically as a result of chronic exposure to sunlight ultraviolet (UV) radiation, climatic changes and clinical conditions associated with immunosuppression. In spite of considerable progress, our understanding of the mechanisms that control NMSC development and their associated molecular and immunological landscapes is still limited. Here we demonstrated a critical role for galectin-7 (Gal-7), a β-galactoside-binding protein preferentially expressed in skin tissue, during NMSC development. Transgenic mice (Tg46) overexpressing Gal-7 in keratinocytes showed higher number of papillomas compared to WT mice or mice lacking Gal-7 (Lgals7−/−) when subjected to a skin carcinogenesis protocol, in which tumor initiator 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) were sequentially administered. RNAseq analysis of Tg46 tumor lesions revealed a unique profile compatible with cells of the myelomonocytic lineage infiltrating these tumors, an effect that was substantiated by a higher number of CD11b+Gr1+ cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Heightened c-Met activation and Cxcl-1 expression in Tg46 lesions suggested a contribution of this pathway to the recruitment of these cells. Remarkably, Gal-7 bound to the surface of CD11b+Ly6ChiLy6Glo monocytic myeloid cells and enhanced their immunosuppressive activity, as evidenced by increased IL-10 and TGF-β1 secretion, and higher T-cell inhibitory activity. In vivo, carcinogen-treated Lgals7−/− animals adoptively transferred with Gal-7-conditioned monocytic myeloid cells developed higher number of papillomas, whereas depletion of these cells in Tg46-treated mice led to reduction in the number of tumors. Finally, human NMSC biopsies showed increased LGALS7 mRNA and Gal-7 protein expression and displayed transcriptional profiles associated with myeloid programs, accompanied by elevated CXCL1 expression and c-Met activation. Thus, Gal-7 emerges as a critical mediator of skin carcinogenesis and a potential therapeutic target in human NMSC.
Caspase-9 driven murine model of selective cell apoptosis and efferocytosis
Authors: Batoon Lena , Koh Amy J. , Kannan Rahasudha , McCauley Laurie K. , Roca Hernan 
Published: January 2023

AbstractApoptosis and efficient efferocytosis are integral to growth, development, and homeostasis. The heterogeneity of these mechanisms in different cells across distinct tissues renders it difficult to develop broadly applicable in vivo technologies. Here, we introduced a novel inducible caspase-9 (iCasp9) mouse model which allowed targeted cell apoptosis and further facilitated investigation of concomitant efferocytosis. We generated iCasp9+/+ mice with conditional expression of chemically inducible caspase-9 protein that is triggered in the presence of Cre recombinase. In vitro, bone marrow cells from iCasp9+/+ mice showed expression of the iCasp9 protein when transduced with Cre-expressing adenovirus. Treatment of these cells with the chemical dimerizer (AP20187/AP) resulted in iCasp9 processing and cleaved caspase-3 upregulation, indicating successful apoptosis induction. The in vivo functionality and versatility of this model was demonstrated by crossing iCasp9+/+ mice with CD19-Cre and Osteocalcin (OCN)-Cre mice to target CD19+ B cells or OCN+ bone-lining osteoblasts. Immunofluorescence and/or immunohistochemical staining in combination with histomorphometric analysis of EGFP, CD19/OCN, and cleaved caspase-3 expression demonstrated that a single dose of AP effectively induced apoptosis in CD19+ B cells or OCN+ osteoblasts. Examination of the known efferocytes in the target tissues showed that CD19+ cell apoptosis was associated with infiltration of dendritic cells into splenic B cell follicles. In the bone, where efferocytosis remains under-explored, the use of iCasp9 provided direct in vivo evidence that macrophages are important mediators of apoptotic osteoblast clearance. Collectively, this study presented the first mouse model of iCasp9 which achieved selective apoptosis, allowing examination of subsequent efferocytosis. Given its unique feature of being controlled by any Cre-expressing mouse lines, the potential applications of this model are extensive and will bring forth more insights into the diversity of mechanisms and cellular effects induced by apoptosis including the physiologically important efferocytic process that follows.
To be or not to be a fat burner, that is the question for cpt1c in cancer cells
Authors: Fadó Rut , Zagmutt Sebastian , Herrero Laura , Muley Helena , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Rosalía , Bi Huichang , Serra Dolors , Casals Núria 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThere is an urgent need to identify reliable genetic biomarkers for accurate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of different tumor types. Described as a prognostic marker for many tumors is the neuronal protein carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 C (CPT1C). Several studies report that CPT1C is involved in cancer cell adaptation to nutrient depletion and hypoxia. However, the molecular role played by CPT1C in cancer cells is controversial. Most published studies assume that, like canonical CPT1 isoforms, CPT1C is a mediator of fatty acid transport to mitochondria for beta-oxidation, despite the fact that CPT1C has inefficient catalytic activity and is located in the endoplasmic reticulum. In this review, we collate existing evidence on CPT1C in neurons, showing that CPT1C is a sensor of nutrients that interacts with and regulates other proteins involved in lipid metabolism and transport, lysosome motility, and the secretory pathway. We argue, therefore, that CPT1C expression in cancer cells is not a direct regulator of fat burn, but rather is a regulator of lipid metabolic reprograming and cell adaptation to environmental stressors. We also review the clinical relevance of CPT1C as a prognostic indicator and its contribution to tumor growth, cancer invasiveness, and cell senescence. This new and integrated vision of CPT1C function can help better understand the metabolic plasticity of cancer cells and improve the design of therapeutic strategies.
The mechanisms of gastric mucosal injury: focus on initial chief cell loss as a key target
Authors: Deng Zilin , Zhu Jiaxing , Ma Zhiyuan , Yi Zhiqiang , Tuo Biguang , Li Taolang , Liu Xuemei 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDiffuse gastric mucosal injury is a chronic injury with altered cell differentiation, including spasmolytic polypeptide expression metaplasia (SPEM) and intestinal metaplasia (IM), which are considered precancerous lesions of gastric cancer (GC). Previously, most studies have focused on how parietal cell loss causes SPEM through transdifferentiation of chief cells. In theory, alteration or loss of chief cells seems to be a secondary phenomenon due to initial partial cell loss. However, whether initial chief cell loss causes SPEM needs to be further investigated. Currently, increasing evidence shows that initial chief cell loss is sufficient to induce gastric mucosal injury, including SPEM and IM, and ultimately lead to GC. Therefore, we summarized the two main types of models that explain the development of gastric mucosal injury due to initial chief cell loss. We hope to provide a novel perspective for the prevention and treatment of diffuse gastric mucosal injury.
Neural mechanisms underlying the hierarchical construction of perceived aesthetic value
Authors: Iigaya Kiyohito , Yi Sanghyun , Wahle Iman A. , Tanwisuth Sandy , Cross Logan , O’Doherty John P. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractLittle is known about how the brain computes the perceived aesthetic value of complex stimuli such as visual art. Here, we used computational methods in combination with functional neuroimaging to provide evidence that the aesthetic value of a visual stimulus is computed in a hierarchical manner via a weighted integration over both low and high level stimulus features contained in early and late visual cortex, extending into parietal and lateral prefrontal cortices. Feature representations in parietal and lateral prefrontal cortex may in turn be utilized to produce an overall aesthetic value in the medial prefrontal cortex. Such brain-wide computations are not only consistent with a feature-based mechanism for value construction, but also resemble computations performed by a deep convolutional neural network. Our findings thus shed light on the existence of a general neurocomputational mechanism for rapidly and flexibly producing value judgements across an array of complex novel stimuli and situations.
A natural biological adhesive from snail mucus for wound repair
Authors: Deng Tuo , Gao Dongxiu , Song Xuemei , Zhou Zhipeng , Zhou Lixiao , Tao Maixian , Jiang Zexiu , Yang Lian , Luo Lan , Zhou Ankun , Hu Lin , Qin Hongbo , Wu Mingyi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe discovery of natural adhesion phenomena and mechanisms has advanced the development of a new generation of tissue adhesives in recent decades. In this study, we develop a natural biological adhesive from snail mucus gel, which consists a network of positively charged protein and polyanionic glycosaminoglycan. The malleable bulk adhesive matrix can adhere to wet tissue through multiple interactions. The biomaterial exhibits excellent haemostatic activity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, and it is effective in accelerating the healing of full-thickness skin wounds in both normal and diabetic male rats. Further mechanistic study shows it effectively promotes the polarization of macrophages towards the anti-inflammatory phenotype, alleviates inflammation in chronic wounds, and significantly improves epithelial regeneration and angiogenesis. Its abundant heparin-like glycosaminoglycan component is the main active ingredient. These findings provide theoretical and material insights into bio-inspired tissue adhesives and bioengineered scaffold designs.