bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Hypersensitiveness to Whole Horse Serum or Serum Globulins Following Diphtheria Toxin-Antitoxin Injections—Its Importance
Authors: Park William H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This preliminary communication is made at this time because of the interest aroused by Hooker's communication at the December meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists.
He observed that a considerable percentage of adults who had some months previously received three injections of diphtheria toxin-antitoxin (3 L plus preparation) developed a skin sensitiveness to horse serum.
Two series of observations are here presented, one on children, the other on adults which confirm Hooker's conclusion, that a specific skin hypersensitiveness may be induced, in a moderate percentage of children and adults by the injection of the minute amount of horse serum globulins contained in the toxin-antitoxin injections. The results of tests on untreated persons and on those who had received larger amounts of serum globulins are also given as a comparison. As the antitoxin globulin solution is universally used to supply the antitoxin in the toxin-antitoxin, the globulin solution is used as the testing substances in most cases.
The Chemical Basis of Immunological Specificity
Authors: Wells H. Gideon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
So remarkable are the manifestations of specificity, so exquisitely delicate are many of the immunological reactions exhibiting specificity, and so wonderfully minute are the traces of proteins that may suffice to demonstrate it, that it has commnly been assumed taht specificity must depend on chemical or physical differences far too slight to be detected by other than immunological methods. The most recent and extensive reference book on the subject of immunity (Zinsser's Infection and Resistance, 3d Edition, 1923, p. 86) makes the statement that the manifestation of specificity.
points to an exquisite chemical difference between the protein substances which constitute the bacterial cell bodies or their metabollic products.
Reactivity of Rheumatoid Arthritis Sera with Altered and Aggregated Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Oreskes Irwin , Singer Jacques M. , Plotz Charles M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fourteen commercial pooled human γ-globulin (HGG) preparations varied widely in their ability: a) to sensitize tanned sheep red cells for agglutination with rheumatoid arthritis serum (RAS), b) to precipitate with RAS, and c) to inhibit agglutination of sensitized tanned sheep red cells by RAS. The inhibitory power of any given γ-globulin preparation paralleled its sensitizing and precipitating capacity. There was little correlation between these reactions and the amount of aggregates present in the γ-globulin preparations.
Different preparations of aggregated HGG also varied in their inhibitory power and precipitating capacity but, when the aggregates were heated, their reactivity increased to about the same level in all cases.
The inhibitory power of purified aggregated HGG was found to increase with the heating time employed in their preparation. When the aggregates were dissolved in alkali, this effect was abolished and reactivity decreased to a uniform level.
Purified 7 S HGG, when denatured under conditions that avoided aggregation, was also found to be reactive with RAS.
From these results it has been concluded that reactivity of pooled HGG for serum rheumatoid factors is primarily due to denaturation. Subsequent aggregation of the denatured globulin enhances its reactivity, probably because of decreased solubility of the rheumatoid factor-γ-globulin complex.
A Comparison of Fluorescein-Labeled γ-Globulins Purified by Rivanol and Deae Chromatography
Authors: Frommhagen Laurence H. , Martins Mary J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Preparations of fluorescein-labeled γ-globulins obtained by the Rivanol procedure were found to be comparable to DEAE γ-globulins in recovery of antibody and specificity of fluorescent staining. An application of these preparations was made to the fluorescent antibody analysis of the V antigens of influenza virus where it was necessary to use purified, labeled γ-globulins to achieve full specificity. However, in other virus-cell systems immune globulins prepared by ammonium sulfate precipitation, conjugated at low F:P ratios, and passed through a sephadex column were found to be comparable to the Rivanol and DEAE globulins in specificity and, at times, superior in stainability. In the reverse situation, where essentially no contaminating host materials are present, as with preparations of bacteria, the use of ammonium sulfate globulins conjugated at high F:P ratios seems to afford the greatest intensity of staining.
Adoptive Tolerance; Transfer of the Tolerant State
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphoid cells from tolerant mice can be successfully transferred to a new environment without affecting their tolerant behavior. In such transfer, both the original host and donor cells are transferred, with the establishment of a chimeric state in the irradiated recipients. In addition to being mutually tolerant, the host and donor cells from the tolerant animal tolerate each other's type of skin grafts. This tolerance is not due to a general impairment of the immune capacity but to a specific inhibition of the immunologic response. The results suggest that the graft-versushost tolerance in the newborn C3H mouse injected with adult CBA strain spleen cells is not due to immunologic paralysis.
The Behavior of Escherichia Coli Endotoxin (Somatic Antigen) during Infectious Arthritis
Authors: Braude A. I. , Jones J. L. , Douglas H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
On the basis of an immunologic assay method developed with the Boivin endotoxin of E. coli O:113, the behavior of this endotoxin and its antigenic component was studied in animals with septic arthritis produced by the parent organism. A single inoculation of this strain of E. coli into the knee of rabbits established a severe septic arthritis that was accompanied by high spiking fever lasting 2 weeks. Somatic antigen was found in the blood of febrile animals in the absence of bacteremia; this observation indicated that endotoxin was released into the knee by living and dead bacteria in quantities exceeding those that appeared to be bound locally by the articular tissues. In addition to fever, circulating somatic antigen was accompanied by the hematologic changes and immunologic response characteristic of animals given purified endotoxin intravenously and intraarticularly.
E. coli was cultured from the knee for 2 weeks. The infectious arthritis was then replaced by a prolonged sterile progressive suppurative arthritis. Because E. coli somatic antigen was demonstrated in the sterile joint fluid and because a similar sterile arthritis with fever was produced by knee injections of endotoxin, it is possible that the endotoxin elaborated by living and dead bacteria was responsible for both the local tissue damage and the systemic effects that occurred during infection.
Specific antibody against circulating endotoxin reached its peak at 7 days, whereupon the fever began to decline and further antibody production was checked. Since antisera were found to neutralize both the pyrogenic and antigenic actions of endotoxin, the specific immune response may be partially responsible for interrupting these processes during the infectious arthritis due to E. coli.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Purified Proteins in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Gregg Michael B. , Salvin S. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Unresponsiveness to a purified protein was produced by intraperitoneal inoculation of antigen into guinea pigs in utero. This unresponsiveness embraced not only circulating antibody but also the delayed type of skin hypersensitivity. Unresponsiveness to a protein, such as hen egg albumin, conferred concomitant unresponsiveness to the same protein altered only by the addition of haptenic groups such as para-aminobenzoic acid. This unresponsiveness to the conjugate was demonstrated by the absence not only of detectable circulating antibody but also of detectable intracutaneous delayed hypersensitivity.
Effect of Prolonged Immunization on the in Vitro and in Vivo Immunologic Activity of Rabbit Anti-Mouse Erythrocyte Serum
Authors: Davidsohn I. , Lee C. L. , Panczyszyn O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Twenty-eight normal and splenectomized rabbits were injected intravenously or intraperitoneally for from 7 to 14 courses of 4 biweekly injections with erythrocytes of BALB/c, C57B, and DBA inbred strains of mice. Antisera collected after each course of injections were examined for hemolysin and agglutinin titers as well as their ability to produce anemia in mice. Ability of the antiserum to hemolyze erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro (the hemolytic ratio) was compared. The three immunologic activities could not be detected in the serum of normal rabbits. They rose rapidly and significantly after the first two courses of injections. With few exceptions, the peaks of in vitro and in vivo reacting antibodies were reached after from three to four courses; thereafter, the in vivo activity decreased steadily, while the in vitro titers were maintained or increased. This dissociation pattern was less distinct or was absent in sera of intravenously injected splenectomized and previously immunized rabbits, and of intact rabbits injected intraperitoneally. Although the immunologic activity of antisera of rabbits injected with erythrocytes from different strains of mice was different in potency, the pattern of in vivo and in vitro dissociation was similar. Antisera of rabbits injected intraperitoneally showed much lower immunologic activity than those of intravenously injected rabbits and reached their peaks only after six courses of injections. After prolonged immunization, antisera of splenectomized rabbits showed a tendency to regain their in vivo potency while their in vitro activity was decreasing. Responses of previously immunized rabbits to a single reinjection of erythrocytes were determined by the intervals since the preceding series of immunization; they were totally unresponsive after 1 month, selectively responsive after 3 months, and showed a transient exaggerated response after 6 months. Hemolytic ratio which expresses numerically the differences in the relative activity of antisera in vivo as compared with in vitro illustrates clearly the similarities and differences in rabbits under different experimental conditions, and in different stages of immunization. It may be that differences in the distribution of cells and tissues which participate in the production of the various antibodies are a determining factor.
Immunologic Relation of Streptococcal and Tissue Antigens
Authors: Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antisera prepared in rabbits against cell walls or M protein preparations of a group A type 5 strain of streptococcus have been found reactive by immunofluorescence and complement fixation with human heart tissue. The reactant in heart tissue was localized to cardiac myofibers of all heart specimens tested and in smooth muscle elements of vessel walls and endocardium of a proportion of heart specimens tested. Rheumatic and nonrheumatic hearts showed comparable reactivity. The reactant was also identified in human skeletal muscle and in heart and skeletal muscle of the rabbit.
In the streptococcus, the cross-reactive antigen was demonstrated in cell walls and in acid extracts of cell walls by immunofluorescent absorption tests. Following absorption of antisera with cell walls, antibody bound to cell walls could be eluted at pH 3.0, and shown to possess serologic reaction with heart.
Cross-reactive antigen was partially purified from acid extracts of cell walls by chromatography on DEAE- and CM-cellulose columns and reactive fractions were consistently found to contain M protein. However, the serologic activities of type-specific M protein and cross-reactive antigen could be distinguished by absorption tests.
Absorption tests were employed for screening acid extracts of 52 streptococcal strains for presence of cross-reactive antigen. Positive tests were obtained with four type 5 and two type 19 strains, and presumptively positive tests with two additional type 19 strains. Forty-four strains of various types of group A and of groups C, D and G were found negative by this procedure.
The immunologic relationship between streptococcal cell wall antigen and myofibers and smooth muscle of vessel walls is consistent with the hypothesis that bound γ-globulin observed in rheumatic hearts in these sites is derived from immune bodies.
The Effect of Horse Serum on the Quality of Vaccinia Virus Grown in L Cell Cultures
Authors: Galasso G. J. , Sharp D. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Vaccinia virus, inoculated at a multiplicity of 10 particles per L cell in closed tube cultures with media containing the serum of certain individual horses has produced progeny notably poor in plaque-forming efficiency (quality). The total virus particle yield from these cultures has been high and independent of the particular serum used. These differences were greatly reduced when the sera were heated at 56°C for 30 min. Possible reasons for these effects include indirect influence of a heat-labile serum component upon progeny virus quality through the agency of the cell.
Studies on the Role of Complement in the Immune Clearance of Escherichia Coli and Rat Erythrocytes by the Reticuloendothelial System in Mice
Authors: Spiegelberg H. L. , Miescher P. A. , Benacerraf B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The role of C′ in the immune clearance of sensitized E. coli and sensitized rat erythrocytes by the reticuloendothelial system of the liver and spleen is demonstrated in mice: Decomplemented mice are no longer able to eliminate rapidly antibody coated E. coli and rat erythrocytes from the blood.In vitro incubation of sensitized E. coli (37°C) and rat erythrocytes (0°C) with fresh mouse serum as source of C′ leads to full opsonized particles which can be equally well phagocytized by normal and decomplemented mice.Pepsin and papain digestion of rabbit immune globulins resulted in loss of opsonic activity.
Multiplicity of Insulin Binding Antibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Maier Patricia , Pressman David , Arbesman Carl E. , Reisman Robert E. , Lenzner Alfred R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Insulin-binding antibodies in human sera were studied with respect to their immunoelectrophoretic and chromatographic properties. The reagents used for developing precipitate arcs in immunoelectrophoresis were mixtures of a trace amount of I131 insulin and rabbit antiserum against particular components of human serum. Arcs formed by reaction of rabbit antibody and insulin-binding components of human serum fix I131 insulin and can be revealed by radioautography. The method is simple and extremely sensitive. In addition, the nature of insulinbinding components can be readily identified by comparing the radioautograph with the stained slide. Fifteen out of 18 sera from diabetic patients under insulin treatment contained detectable amounts of insulin-binding components, presumably antibodies. (Three negative sera had been obtained from patients receiving less than 30 units insulin daily.) Sera from three insulin-allergic patients also contained insulin-binding antibodies. None of the sera from normal donors and diabetic patients who had never received insulin showed such components. In the majority of the sera tested, the insulin-binding activity was found only in the γ-globulin. However, a serum from an insulin-allergic patient had the activity in the β2A- and β2M-globulins in addition to the γ-globulin. Another serum from an insulin-insensitive patient (requiring 90 units daily) also showed the detectable activity in the β2A-globulin. Antibodies of the γ-globulin type were further separated into two distinctly different fractions by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. These two fractions differed in their electrophoretic mobility (migrating in the γ1- and γ2-globulin regions respectively), but reacted in an identical manner against rabbit antiserum. The binding characteristics of these fractions to I131 labeled bovine zinc insulin were quite similar to each other.
Production of Neutralizing Antibody by Mice Injected with Actinophage
Authors: Bradley S. Gaylen , Watson Dennis W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of adult BALB mice showed increased neutralizing activity within 6 hr after the intraperitoneal injection of 1010 actinophage MSP8. Moreover, as few as 2 × 105 phage particles were sufficient to elicit a measurable immune response. Because most serum samples from normal mice contained detectable, specific antibody for coliphage T2, coliphage øX174 or actinophage MSP8, the observed increase in neutralizing activity after injection of phage was not considered a primary response. Sera from animals receiving a single antigenic stimulation displayed phage-neutralization kinetics different from hyperimmune sera. Activity of both early and late sera was in the γ-globulin fraction.
The Effect of Ionic Strength on the Formation, Stability and Lysis of Persensitized Erythrocytes (EAC′142)
Authors: Walker Harold G. , Wardlaw Alastair C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
This investigation has shown that at least two of the intermediate reactions in the over-all process of immune hemolysis are strongly influenced by ionic strength and proceed optimally at values in the region of 0.07 to 0.08 rather than at the physiologic ionic strength 0.155. The reactions so influenced are a) the formation of EAC′142 from EA, and b) the lysis of EAC′142 by C′3. The former reaction has a sharper optimum than the latter.
In contrast, two other reactions were found to be quite unaffected by changes in ionic strength over the wide range 0.035 to 0.3. These were a) the initial sensitization reaction in which EA is formed, and b) the decay reaction of EAC′142 to EAC′14. The ionic strength independence of the latter suggests that the foward reaction in which EAC′414 is converted to EAC′142 may also be indifferent to ionic strength. Hence the dependence on ionic strength in the formation of EAC′142 from EA probably resides in either or both of the previous steps in which EAC′1 and EAC′14 are successively formed.
These observations help to explain the previously reported finding (1) that the optimum ionic strength for the over-all process of immune hemolysis is close to 0.08.
The Resistance of A2G Mice to Myxoviruses
Authors: Lindenmann Jean , Lane Christine A. , Hobson Derek 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Inbred A2G mice were found to be more resistant than other laboratory mice with respect to the following viral infections: neurotropic influenza A virus given intracerebrally (strains NWS, WSNF and Neuro-Kunz) and intranasally (strains NWS and WSNF); pneumotropic influenza A virus given intranasally (strains Swine, WS and PR8); and Sendai parainfluenza 1 virus given intranasally. Two mouse-adapted strains of Asian influenza (A/Singapore/1/57) were the only myxoviruses studied to which there was no difference in susceptibility between A2G and control animals.
Not many more virus particles were required to initiate neuro-infection in A2G mice as compared to control mice. Virus titers reached in the brains after inoculation of neurotropic influenza virus were 100 times lower in A2G mice; similarly, 100 times less virus was recovered from lungs of A2G mice inoculated with Lee influenza B virus of low mouse virulence.
No differences were found in the susceptibility to the toxic action of influenza A virus between A2G and control animals. After comparable inocula of influenza A virus given intranasally, A2G mice developed lower levels of hemagglutination-inhibiting and complement-fixing antibodies than did surviving controls.
A2G and control mice proved equally susceptible to the following viruses: Yellow Fever 17 D, West Nile, EMC, Polio type 2 (mouse-adapted), Herpes simplex and ECHO type 9.
Antibody, Lysozyme and Complement Levels in Animals Chemically Protected against X-Irradiation
Authors: Hook William A. , Toussaint Andre J. , Muschel Louis H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Various chemicals have been found to protect animals against the lethal effects of x-rays when administered before irradiation. Substances creating anoxia and chemicals containing sulfhydryl (-SH) groups are among those discovered to be capable of protecting against doses of the LD50 to LD100 range (2). The effect of x-rays on the immune mechanism of mice given a protective chemical containing -SH groups was studied by Makinodan et al. (3) who found that the rate of recovery of the antibody forming mechanism in animals given 950 r and protected with 2-mercaptoethylguanidine hydrobromide (MEG) was approximately equivalent to the rate for mice given 475 r without protection. Their results indicated that -SH compounds such as MEG do not specifically protect antibody forming cells but aid the animal by acting as “dose reducing” agents. Irradiation has been shown also to cause a decline in levels of natural hemagglutinins (4), natural hemolytic antibodies (5), and bactericidal constituents of serum (6, 7).
Infectious Ribonucleic Acid of Japanese B Encephalitis Virus: Optimal Conditions for Its Extraction and for Plaque Formation in Chick Embryo Cell Monolayers, and Some Biologic Properties
Authors: Nakamura Masahiro , Ueno Yoshie 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Optimal conditions for obtaining infectious RNA from mouse brains infected with JBE virus were three phenol extractions followed by more than three ether treatments for removing the excess phenol contained in the aqueous phase. Maximum number of plaques in chick embryo cell monolayers were formed either when the RNA preparation was diluted in 1.0 M NaCl solution, or when the cell layer was washed with 1.0 M NaCl solution prior to seeding with the RNA preparation. RNA required approximately 5 to 10 minutes to initiate maximum infection of chick embryo cell cultures. RNA was quite stable to acid compared to intact JBE virus, and was about as sensitive to heat as intact virus. Ether, chloroform, and n-butanol had no influence on the infectivity of JBE RNA, whereas the intact virus was promptly inactivated by these reagents. RNA was much more resistant to sodium desoxycholate than was intact virus.
The Inheritance of Hemolytic Complement Activity in CF-1 Mice
Authors: Tachibana Dora K. , Ulrich Marian , Rosenberg Leon T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The presence or absence of hemolytic complement activity in CF-1 mice is determined by a single Mendelian factor. Complement deficiency occurs as a recessive character. The majority of CF-1 mice are deficient in hemolytic complement.