bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adjuvant Properties of Bacterial Cell Wall Mucopeptides
Authors: Holton Juanita Bird , Schwab John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody production in rabbits against BSA, as measured by passive hemagglutination, gel diffusion and skin reaction, is enhanced when injected with saline suspensions of mucopeptide derived from the cell walls of β-hemolytic streptococci. The mucopeptide is more effective than comparable doses of cell walls or soluble cell extract. The best antibody response is obtained when the interval between mucopeptide and antigen injections is less than 24 hr. The adjuvant effect is local rather than systemic, since the antigen must be injected into the same skin site as mucopeptide. The mucopeptide has no effect on the immunoglobulin category in which antibody is found.
Preparations of Saliva Inhibiting Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Bailey Elizabeth Jane , Kofender Marvin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Substance(s) in saliva have been found which inhibit hemagglutination by reoviruses, type 1, 2 or 3. They attach to capsid protein of the virus, but not irreversibly to the erythrocyte. In complexing to virus, the sedimentation rate of the virus as determined by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation may be altered.
These salivary substances are absorbed by kaolin, and are not identical to blood group substances A, B or H. They are probably mucins and indicate further affinity of reoviruses for glycoproteins.
Clearance of Salmonella Typhimurium in Mice and Immunity to Mouse Typhoid: A Comparison of the Activities of Hyperimmune Rabbit γ-Globulin and Porter's Fragment I Obtained by Papain Hydrolysis
Authors: Shands J. W. , Stalder H. , Suter E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fragment I was isolated from rabbit γ-globulin which contained antibodies to Salmonella. On a weight basis the fragment I and γ-globulin were compared as to their ability to promote phagocytosis, protect mice against infection with Salmonella typhimurium, and prepare bacteria for the bactericidal effect of complement. Fragment I retains 1 to 2% of the activity of intact γ-globulin in clearance and protection tests. It retains no activity in the bactericidal test nor in the sensitization of red cells for complement lysis. Although certain components of complement may be involved, the complete system as defined by hemolytic activity or bactericidal activity is not essential either for opsonization of Salmonella or for preparation for in vivo kill.
Studies on Heterologous Anti-Lymphocyte Serum in Mice
Authors: Gray J. G. , Monaco Anthony P. , Wood Mary L. , Russell Paul S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits were immunized with suspensions of lymph node cells from A/Jax mice. The resulting antiserum (RAMLS) contained antibodies to A/Jax lymph node cells, demonstrable as cytotoxins and agglutinins, and antibodies to other mouse tissues and mouse serum proteins demonstrable as precipitins. The RAMLS caused a specific lymphopenia when given to mice. Absorption of antibodies to nonlymphatic mouse tissues and to mouse serum proteins did not alter the cytotoxic or agglutinating effect of the RAMLS on lymphocytes and did not alter the in vivo lymphopenic effect. Chronic administration of RAMLS resulted in sustained lymphopenia during the period of serum treatment without significant morbidity or mortality. Mice chronically treated with RAMLS do not make antibody to rabbit γ-globulin as readily as those given normal rabbit serum. Histologic studies of mice chronically treated with RAMLS show depletion and destruction of tissue lymphocytes in lymphoid organs. A similar state of profound lymphocyte depletion can be achieved by a short, intensive course of RAMLS treatment.
Studies on Heterologous Anti-Lymphocyte Serum in Mice
Authors: Monaco Anthony P. , Wood Mary L. , Gray J. G. , Russell Paul S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit anti-A/Jax lymphocyte serum (RAMLS) given to A/Jax mice inhibits the primary and, to some extent, the secondary hemagglutinin response to sheep erythrocytes. RAMLS-treated mice show decreased ability to reject first and second set skin allografts and rat skin xenografts. Prolongation of skin allografts by RAMLS is probably due to a central inhibition of the allograft rejection response. The crude γ-globulin fraction extracted from RAMLS is as effective in inhibiting the allograft response as the whole serum. The ability of RAMLS to inhibit the allograft rejection response is not due to the antibodies to mouse γ-globulin present in the RAMLS. RAMLS is a potent biologic reagent for the induction of states of lymphocyte depletion.
Immunofluorescent Studies on Rubella-Infected Tissue Cultures and Human Tissues
Authors: Woods Wilna A. , Johnson Richard T. , Hostetler Daniel D. , Lepow Martha L. , Robbins Frederick C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specific viral antigen has been demonstrated in the cytoplasm of two types of tissue culture cells (RK13, GMKH) by the technique of indirect immunofluorescence.
Employing the same reagents, discrete foci of fluorescent cells were demonstrated in the heart and skeletal muscle of an infant with the rubella syndrome who died on the 6th day of life. Although final proof is lacking, this finding is presumed to indicate rubella virus infection in these areas. An interfering agent was isolated from the heart of this infant which was not finally identified as rubella virus. However, rubella virus was isolated from the pharynx of a surviving twin who also had classical features of the rubella syndrome.
Human Cytomegalovirus: Properties of the Complement-Fixing Antigen
Authors: Benyesh-Melnick Matilda , Vonka Vladimir , Probstmeyer Fern , Wimberly Ira 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The correlation between infectivity, virus particle counts, and complement-fixing activity was studied with cell-associated and fluid phase preparations of two strains of human cytomegalovirus. CF antigen was detected only in cellassociated virus preparations and was not found in fluid phase virus preparations. The CF antigen obtained from cell-associated virus preparations was found to be stable at 4°C but was unstable at 37°C, which is just the reverse behavior of cytomegalovirus infectivity. When subjected to ultracentrifugation at speeds which sedimented virtually all of the virus particles, about 50% of the CF antigen behaved as a subviral “soluble” component and remained in the supernatant fluid.
Adoptive Tolerance Transferred by Bone Marrow, Spleen, Lymph Node or Thymus Cells
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The importance of cell dose and cell type for the transfer of adoptive tolerance has been determined. Ten million bone marrow cells, from C3H mice tolerant to CBA skin grafts, are capable of transferring adoptive tolerance to irradiated C3H mice. This adoptive tolerance is specific in that CBA and C3H skin grafts are accepted but C57BL/6 skin grafts are rejected. One million “CBA-tolerant” C3H bone marrow cells are capable of transferring adoptive tolerance in 40% of the cases only. Nine million spleen or lymph node cells, in the presence of one million bone marrow cells, are as effective in transferring adoptive tolerance as 10 million bone marrow cells alone. Nine million thymus cells, in the presence of 1 million bone marrow cells, are less effective in transferring adoptive tolerance to irradiated C3H mice. The successful transfer of adoptive tolerance appears to depend on the presence of both host (C3H) and donor (CBA) cells in the transfer inoculum. Adoptive tolerance can also be transferred to irradiated recipients of a third genotype (AKR). In this case, in addition to the graft-vs.-graft tolerance which exists among the two transplanted cell populations, a graft-vs.-host tolerance develops. When lymphoid tissues from the irradiated “tolerant” AKR mice are returned to irradiated C3H mice, tolerance to the AKR antigens can be retained. The irradiated C3H mice accept AKR, CBA and C3H skin grafts. The results are interpreted to suggest that the irradiated AKR mice recover from the X-ray damage and that during this recovery the AKR lymphoid tissues become tolerant to the antigens of both transplanted (CBA and C3H) cell populations (host-vs.-graft tolerance). This indicates the existence of three lymphoid cell populations of different genotype, each proliferating in a new environment, and maintaining a mutual tolerance.
Weight Estimates of Rabbit Anti-Human Serum Albumin Based on Antigen-Binding and Precipitin Analyses: Specific Hemagglutinating Activities of 7 S and 19 S Components
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Mulligan James J. , Rodriguez Eugene 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The modified antigen-binding capacity (mABC) procedure has been applied to assays of different antibody functions in rabbit antisera to human serum albumin. Sera taken during the first 18 days after one injection of antigen in the hind toe-pads possess small amounts of 19 S immunoglobulins, which have high hemagglutinating potencies, but which do not mediate passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. The same sera also possess greater quantities of 7 S immunoglobulins, with feeble hemagglutinating properties but with marked precipitating, antigen-binding and anaphylactogenic activities. The mABC assays have frequently yielded higher antibody levels than were obtained in specific precipitation, suggesting the presence of nonprecipitating antibodies, whose existence has also been demonstrated in coprecipitation experiments.
The Effect of Hydrocortisone on Immune Lysis of Cells Induced by Cytotoxic Antibody and Complement in Vitro
Authors: Jennings J. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
High concentrations of hydrocortisone effectively abolish the lysis of various mammalian cells induced by cytotoxic antibody and complement in vitro. This protective action appears to be exerted at the surface of cells. These findings, in connection with similar findings of Fell and Weiss have led to the suggestion of a dual action of cytotoxic antibody; the significance of this suggestion is discussed in relation to the role of antibody-mediated tissue damage in vitro and in vivo.
Immunoglobulin Patterns of Antibodies against Brucella in Man and Animals
Authors: Wilkinson P. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Agglutinating antibodies against Brucella were found in each of the three immunoglobulin fractions, γG, γA and γM, in human sera and in analogous fractions in cattle and rabbit sera. In cattle, 1 month after immunization with Brucella abortus, most of the agglutinating antibody was in the macroglobulin fraction. At later intervals, a higher proportion of 7 S antibody was found. Blocking antibodies in two sera taken from late cases of human brucellosis were present in the γG- and γA-globulin fractions, but were absent from the γM-globulin fraction of these sera.
Characteristics of a Soluble Nuclear Antigen Precipitating with Sera of Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Tan E. M. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were demonstrated to contain precipitating antibodies to soluble tissue components other than DNA. One dominant reaction was observed which was provisionally termed the Sm system. The antigen involved was identified in nuclei of a wide variety of cells from different species. It was associated with protein fractions but was a non-histone substance quite sensitive to periodate treatment. Antibodies to the Sm antigen could also be detected by complement fixation. They showed a high incidence in systemic lupus erythematosus with considerable specificity for the disease.
Suppression of Rabbit Lymph Node Cells by Rabbit Anti-Leucocyte Serum Demonstrated in Vitro by the Antibody Plaque Test
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The production of hemolytic antibody plaques by lymph node cells of rabbits injected with sheep erythrocytes can be inhibited by prior incubation of the cells with rabbit anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum and complement. The 50% plaque reduction endpoint of such sera is, over a wide range, inversely proportional to the concentration of the lymph node cell suspension used. This reduction of plaque number can be inhibited by prior incubation of the rabbit anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum with solubilized preparations of the cell antigen associated with the rejection of transferred allogeneic cells.
The identity of the antibody causing reduction in number of plaques by allogeneic lymph node cells with the antibody causing reduction of antibody production by such cells when transferred to recipient rabbits has been indicated in two ways. First, in a number of rabbit anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum pools, endpoints obtained by the two methods showed a high degree of correlation, with a 45° line of regression between them. Second, when rabbits were injected with the soluble rejection-associated antigen, and the resulting antisera, individually tested by plaque reduction, were selected on that basis for pools of relatively high and low suppressive activity, the two pools, on subsequent testing in cell-transfer experiments, showed sharp differences in suppressive effect on transferred lymph node cells, in conformity with the activity of the sera in plaque-reduction.
In rabbits actively immunized with the rejection-associated antigen and then used as recipients in cell transfer, it was possible to predict roughly the degree of suppression of transferred lymph node cells in these recipients by the plaquereduction titer of the sera of the individual rabbits obtained shortly before cell transfer.
Equine Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Klinman Norman R. , Rockey John H. , Frauenberger Gretchen , Karush Fred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody specific for the Lac haptenic group has been purified by a method of coprecipitation from the serum of a horse during a course of immunization with Lac-conjugated proteins extending over a year. The antibody was studied and found to contain at least six antigenically distinct immunoglobulins with the major components identifiable as γG and γA antibodies. DEAE-cellulose chromatography was employed to separate three major fractions containing mainly γGa, b, γGc and γA respectively. These isolated immunoglobulins were shown to have properties consistent with those described for these immunoglobulins in other species including electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation properties, and carbohydrate content. Their antigenic individuality was demonstrated to be a characteristic of their heavy chains.
The antibody activities of these fractions were compared and marked differences were shown in the reactivities of the anti-Lac antibody populations of differing immunoglobulin content. The γGa, b antibody preparation precipitated and fixed complement with antigen; the γA antibody did neither and γGc was shown incapable of fixing complement. In sera collected early in the course of immunization the γG antibodies bound Lac dye with an association constant of &lt; 5 × 105 M-1 while the γA had an affinity of &gt; 107 M-1. As immunization progressed, however, the affinity of the γA remained fairly constant while that of the γG increased to &gt; 107 M-1.
Studies of the serum and total anti-Lac antibody preparation indicated that the properties of the serum reflected strongly the properties of the major classes of antibody it contained and that changes in the relative amounts or reactivities of these classes caused changes in the properties exhibited by the antisera.
Influenza Virus Subunit Vaccines: Immunogenicity and Lack of Toxicity for Rabbits of Ether- and Detergent-Disrupted Virus
Authors: Webster R. G. , Laver W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Three strains of influenza virus (SW, BEL, AS) were disrupted with ether or with sodium deoxycholate and inoculated into rabbits. The intact viruses were pyrogenic; the disrupted preparations were not. The disrupted viruses were immunogenic for rabbits. The ether-treated vaccines induced antihemagglutinin levels that were equal to those induced by the intact viruses. large doses of sodium deoxycholate-treated vaccines induced levels of anti-hemagglutinin comparable to those induced by the intact viruses but at low dosage the deoxycholate-treated material was less immunogenic. Sera prepared against disrupted virus did not differ significantly in avidity and neutralizing potency from sera prepared against intact virus. The antibodies induced in rabbits by the disrupted vaccines showed the same cross-reactions as those induced by the intact viruses. Vaccines produced by treatment with sodium dodecylsulfate were also nonpyrogenic, but induced lower anti-hemagglutinin titers in rabbits than sodium deoxycholate-disrupted viruses.
Benzylpenicilloyl Specific Serum Antibodies to Penicillin in Man
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Fellner Michael J. , Levytska Vera 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A convenient, reproducible, specific, and highly sensitive passive hemagglutination (HA) system for the detection of penicillin antibodies of benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) specificity in human and rabbit sera is described. Red blood cells were sensitized by coupling BPO groups to their surface membranes. The high sensitivity of the HA assay method is due to a) optimal sensitization of red blood cells by reaction with penicillin or benzylpenicillenic acid and b) the presence of dextran and normal serum in the serum diluent. The possible mechanisms whereby these factors increase the sensitivity of hemagglutination are discussed. The serum antibodies detected were shown to be specific mainly for the α-diastereoisomeric BPO group, but to be specific also for other diastereoisomeric BPO groups. There was a heterogeneity among individual IgM human sera with regard to the stereospecificity of BPO-specific antibodies Because of its haptenic specificity and high sensitivity, this method may be useful in various types of immunologic studies.
Benzylpenicilloyl-Specific Serum Antibodies to Penicillin in Man
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Fellner Michael J. , Levytska Vera , Franklin Edward C. , Alisberg Norman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The molecular classes of benzylpenicilloylspecific (BPO) antibodies detected in human sera by the presently described passive hemagglutination method (HA) were studied by mercaptoethanol (ME) degradation, ultracentrifugal fractionation in sucrose, and neutralization with monospecific rabbit anti-immunoglobulin sera. Sera whose HA titers were reduced to zero by ME treatment were shown to contain virtually only IgM antibodies. Sera whose HA titers were not reduced by ME were shown to contain mainly IgG antibodies, but small amounts of IgM and antibodies of other molecular classes were also present.
The HA method was capable of detecting as little as 0.0003 µg/ml anti-benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) antibody protein in rabbit antisera and it may be more sensitive for human sera. By contrast, the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) test in guinea pigs was 200-fold less sensitive for rabbit sera and 1500-fold for human sera.
By means of this assay method, BPO-specific antibodies were detected in the sera of 97% of patients selected at random; most sera contained only IgM antibodies and 14% contained IgG antibodies in addition to IgM. BPO specificity of these antibodies was proved by hapten inhibition.
Because of its specificity, sensitivity and simplicity, this method may be applicable to diverse immunologic studies.
Serum Protein Alterations Induced by Listeria Monocytogenes Infections
Authors: Sword C. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
During experimental Listeria infection in mice an increase in total serum protein, serum hexose and hexose: protein ratio was observed. Paper electrophoretic studies showed an increase in α- and β-glycoproteins. Immunoelectrophoretic studies on serum from infected animals revealed an increase in albumin mobility, increase in α2-macroglobulin, increase in haptoglobin, increase in transferrin and conversion of β1C-globulin to β1D-globulin. Relatively little change was noted in γ-globulin during infection. Hyperimmunized-challenged animals showed an increase in amount and complexity of γ-globulin.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Darwish Medhat A. , Hammon William McD. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Formalin inactivation studies were carried out on an attenuated strain of Japanese B encephalitis (JBE) virus produced in hamster kidney cell (HKC) cultures. The rate of reaction was found to be roughly proportional to the concentration of formalin. At any formalin concentration the reaction was completed at 37°C in less than one-half the time needed at 30°C. The rate of inactivation was apparently not affected by raising the pH from 7.1 to 8.0, and was independent of whether fluid or total harvest was employed and of the initial virus titer. The course of inactivation deviated from that of a linear relationship between residual log-virus activity and time. The curve had two components: a faster rate for the first few hours, followed by a slower one which was linear at least until interception of the abscissa. A 1:4000 formalin concentration was selected for vaccine preparation as a result of a series of trials indicating several advantages over other concentrations. With Millipore filtration prior to inactivation, a minimal loss of infectivity of about 0.2 log was encountered when using a single membrane of 0.22 µ pore size. Various combinations were tested to find that leading to minimal loss.
The Specificity of pH and Ionic Strength Effects on the Kinetics of the Rh (D)-Anti-Rh (D) System
Authors: Barnes Arthur E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Under physiologic conditions of pH and ionic strength, the I* anti-D appears to react with intact Rh(D) red cells and their Rh(D) stroma according to reversible, second-order kinetics.
At equilibrium the influence of hydrogen ion concentration in the pH range 6.4 to 8.4 on the I* anti-D system is slight. Beyond this pH range the profound depression of the I* anti-D system is consistent with marked conformational changes in the I* anti-D molecule.
The effect of lowered ionic strength on the kinetics of the nonspecific reaction between I* anti-D and rh(d) stroma appears electrostatically controlled if a first-order reaction is assumed. In contrast, the specific reaction between intact Rh(D) red cells or Rh(D) stroma appears to follow a reversible, second-order reaction when the ionic strength of the system is lowered. Consequently, the electrostatic effect of ionic strength on the I* anti-D system seems to be exerted predominantly at the specific Rh(D) site in the case of the intact Rh(D) red cell, but both specifically and nonspecifically in the case of Rh(D) stroma. These results are considered in view of the known effects of pH and ionic strength on other immunologic systems and their components.