bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subpopulations of Lymphocytes to Produce Various Lymphokines
Authors: Doroszczak Nadia , Yoshida Takeshi , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Identification of a subpopulation of lymphocytes producing lymphokines was attempted by fractionating the lymph node cells from guinea pigs immune to DNP-BSA by velocity sedimentation at 1 × G. Each of six fractions obtained by this procedure was cultured with or without the presence of antigen, and the culture supernatants that were separated 24 hr later were assayed for various lymphokine activities. Most of the lymphokines, including migration inhibition factor, chemotactic factor for neutrophils, mitogenic factor, and lymphotoxin were generated by the first two fractions of lymphocytes, which represented the largest, most rapidly sedimenting cells. Although the procedure of cell separation does not depend on cell surface properties, the larger cells contained more cells with T cell surface markers and the smaller contained more cells with B cell surface markers. Proliferative response of those lymphocytes measured by 3H-thymidine uptake, however, has shown that the largest two subpopulations responded poorly either to specific antigens or to mitogens (PHA and LPS), and rather that the medium size cells responded most strongly to the both stimulants. These results indicated that the production of some lymphokines confined to certain subpopulations of lymphocytes which are large in size. Further, these cells are readily separable from the medium sized cells that respond strongly to antigenic and mitogenic stimuli with mitogenic responses.
Ontogeny of B Lymphocyte Function
Authors: Sherr David , Szewczuk Myron R. , Siskind Gregory W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with adult T cells and neonatal or fetal B cells produce an anti-DNP response of restricted heterogeneity of affinity when compared with the response of mice reconstituted with T and B cells from adult donors. The capacity to reconstitute adult mice to give a heterogeneous response matures between 7 and 10 days after birth. The maturation of B cells from day-15 fetal or neonatal donors to produce a heterogeneous response was followed in the adult, cell transfer recipient by immunizing them at different times after cell transfer. It was found that B cells both from day-15 fetal mice and from neonatal mice acquire the capacity to produce a heterogeneous response within 3 days in the adult, cell transfer recipient. Thus, the B cell population matures more rapidly in the cell transfer recipient than in the intact donor. The kinetics of maturation in the adult recipient is the same for B cells from day-15 fetal and neonatal donors. The data imply that all information required to produce a fully heterogeneous response is already present in the day-15 fetus. In addition, the data strongly support the hypothesis that a factor in the adult mouse acts to induce this step in the maturation of the B lymphocyte population. Thus, the data seem to be inconsistent with the view that the timing of the occurrence of this differentiation event is precoded in an internal cell clock in the B lymphocyte line. Clearly, B cells from day-15 fetal mice are already capable of differentiating in response to the inducing factor which is present in the adult animal.
Comparative Studies on the Mechanisms of Nonspecific, Con A-Dependent Cytolysis and Specific T Cell-Mediated Cytolysis
Authors: Gately Maurice K. , Martz Eric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several groups have shown that lymphocyte populations rich in previously differentiated, alloimmune cytolytic T cells nonspecifically lyse syngeneic tumor target cells in the presence of concanavalin A (Con A). We have carried out studies comparing the mechanism of this nonspecific, Con A-dependent cytolysis to that of specific T cell-mediated cytolysis of allogeneic targets.
Nonspecific, Con A-dependent cytolysis was experimentally resolved into three successive steps — adhesion formation, programming for lysis, and killer cell-independent lysis — by use of techniques previously developed for studying these steps in specific T cell-mediated cytolysis. The formation of nonspecific, Con A-dependent adhesions proceeded more slowly and was more temperature sensitive than specific adhesion formation. Mg++ in the absence of appreciable Ca++ was sufficient to support optimal adhesion formation in both systems. The kinetics of programming for lysis at 37°C were similar in the two systems; however nonspecific, Con A-dependent programming for lysis was approximately 2- to 3-fold more temperature sensitive than specific programming for lysis in the temperature range 37 to 22°C. Programming for lysis was strongly Ca++ dependent in both systems. Nonspecific programming for lysis occurred within 20 min after the application of Con A, suggesting that Con A causes the expression of a preformed cytolytic mechanism, and that no Con A-induced differentiation is necessary.
A number of known inhibitors of specific T cell-mediated cytolysis including cytochalasin B, DMSO, lidocaine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, and colchicine were found also to inhibit nonspecific, Con A-dependent cytolysis. Thus, Con A does not bypass any steps inhibited by these agents. Antibody to target cell H-2 inhibited specific cytolysis but not nonspecific, Con A-dependent cytolysis. Overall, the results are compatible with the hypothesis that cytolysis in these two systems proceeds via similar mechanisms.
Chemotaxigenesis and Complement Fixation by Listeria Monocytogenes Cell Wall Fractions
Authors: Baker Lawrence A. , Campbell Priscilla A. , Hollister J. Roger 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Data reported here show that a crude cell wall fraction of Listeria monocytogenes (LCWF) and its purified derivative (PF) induce chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the presence of normal rabbit serum. In addition, both LCWF and PF can fix rabbit and guinea pig complement. The purified cell wall preparation is more active than LCWF in both chemotaxigenesis and complement fixation, indicating that these activities are due primarily to the nonprotein portion of LCWF. Complement fixation by PF was demonstrated in the presence of ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and in C4-deficient serum, which is evidence that PF activates complement by the alternative pathway. Therefore, chemotaxigenesis by PF and LCWF seems to involve fixation of complement via the alternative pathway.
Measurement of IgD by a Double Antibody Radioimmunoassay: Demonstration of an Apparent Trimodal Distribution of IgD Levels in Normal Human Sera
Authors: Dunnette Sandra L. , Gleich Gerald J. , Miller R. Drew , Kyle Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) was developed to measure IgD in serum and secretions. One IgD myeloma protein was used as radiolabeled antigen and standard with antiserum to a second IgD myeloma protein. The IgD standard and normal sera yielded parallel inhibition curves in the RIA and inhibition was produced by IgD and not by any of the other immunoglobulins. The assay had a lower limit of sensitivity of 0.01 International Unit (I.U.)/ml and modifications increased the sensitivity to 0.0008 I.U./ml. Measurable IgD levels were found in all 112 normal adult sera assayed (geometric mean 13.0 I.U./ml, arithmetic mean 30.1 I.U./ml, median 14.8 I.U./ml, range 0.10 to 202 I.U./ml, 95% of values between 0.19 and 156 I.U./ml. The distribution of IgD in the 112 normal sera appeared trimodal with modes at approximately 0.25 I.U./ml, 5 I.U./ml, and 35 I.U./ml. IgD was measurable in nasal and bronchial washes and human milk, but could not be detected in parotid fluid.
Noncytotoxic IgE-Mediated Release of Histamine and Serotonin from Murine Mastocytoma Cells
Authors: Taurog Joel D. , Mendoza Guillermo R. , Hook William A. , Siraganian Reuben P. , Metzger Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultured murine mastocytoma (AB-CBF1-MCT-1) cells were stimulated to release endogenous or incorporated histamine or serotonin by an IgE-mediated mechanism without loss of viability. Stimulation was achieved by incubation of the cells with rat IgE—anti-IgE, rat IgE—anti-light chain, fluoresceinated rat IgE—anti-fluorescein, IgE-enriched mouse anti-ovalbumin-ovalbumin, or covalently linked dimers of rat IgE, at doses similar to those optimal for normal peritoneal mast cells. Active cell metabolism and Ca++ were required to obtain release. Despite the latter, no dose of the calcium ionophore, A23187, could be found which caused release without concomitant cytotoxicity. Phosphatidylserine did not enhance release.
Evanescent Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity: Mediation by Effector Cells with a Short Life Span
Authors: Askenase Philip W. , Hayden Betty , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four days after i.v. immunization of mice with optimal low doses of heterologous erythrocytes (2 × 105 RBC), strong delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses can be elicited in the footpad. At later intervals after immunization, DTH responsiveness is progressively diminished and replaced by 4-hr antibody-dependent reactions. These evanescent T cell-mediated DTH responses, which are progressively replaced by antibody-dependent reactions, resemble Jones-Mote type delayed hypersensitivity responses of humans and guinea pigs. Since higher doses of immunizing antigen activate suppressor mechanisms that inhibit DTH responses, we examined the possibility that the evanescence of DTH in mice immunized with an optimal low dose of antigen might also be due to suppression. Using techniques that could clearly demonstrate the suppression produced by high antigen doses, we failed to find evidence for either humoral or cellular suppression in optimally immunized mice with declining DTH responses. Thus, it appears that the evanescence of DTH produced by optimal low dose immunization with RBC may be due to an intrinsic short life span of the effector cells rather than to the activation of an identifiable shut-off mechanism.
Evidence for Adsorption of Heterospecific Host Immunoglobulin on the Tegument of Schistosoma Mansoni
Authors: Kemp Walter M. , Merritt Stephen C. , Bogucki Mary S. , Rosier James G. , Seed John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni were immunized against human type B Rh-positive (B+) RBC, bovine serum albumin, or horseradish peroxidase. Adult parasites, recovered by perfusion, extensively washed, and incubated in their respective antigens, selectively bound to their tegumental surfaces only those antigens to which their murine host had been immunized. All controls supported the specificity of those reactions leading to the conclusion that adult S. mansoni in mice have the ability to adsorb heterospecific antibody onto their tegumental surfaces. These surface immunoglobulins were lost within 10 min when complexed with their antigens or within 2.5 hr when incubated at 37°C. Parasites that had lost their tegumental immunoglobulins regained them when incubated in normal mouse or rat anti-human type B Rh-negative (B-) RBC serum. Those parasites that had their surface immunoglobulins reconstituted with rat anti-human B- serum specifically bound human B- RBC, suggesting the possible presence of Fc receptors on adult S. mansoni.
Unusual Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus Early Antigen (EBV-EA) Antibodies in Ataxia Telangiectasia
Authors: Joncas Jean , Lapointe Normand , Gervais Francine , Leyritz Michele 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
EBV-EA antibodies are consistently present in the serum of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (1, 2) (NPC)2 and Burkitt's lymphoma (3) (BL) at least in the late stages of the disease. In contrast, only 50 to 70% of patients with infectious mononucleosis (4–6) and less than 10% of normal children and adults have detectable serum EA antibodies (4–6). These antibodies in almost all cases of infectious mononucleosis fall to undetectable levels within a year or two after the disease and in patients with Burkitt's tumor disappear during remission but will rise again if a relapse occurs (4–7). It is of interest, therefore, that a high prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) antibodies was found in patients with ataxia telangiectasia (AT) in whom the incidence of lymphoma is increased (8).
Materials and Methods. Patients. All 16 patients had well documented AT with progressive cerebellar ataxia, oculo cutaneous telangiectases, and pedigrees consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.
Immune Response to Phosphorylcholine
Authors: Köhler Heinz , Richardson Bruce C. , Rowley Donald A. , Smyk Sue 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibody raised against the BALB/c myeloma proteins TEPC-15 or HOPC-8 inhibits induction of the immune response to phosphorylcholine (PC). (Fab′)2 and Fab′ fragments from anti-idiotype serum were prepared and anti-idiotypic antibody was purified by absorption and elution from idiotype or anti-IgG subclass immunoabsorbents. The parent material, the purified anti-idiotypic antibodies and the Fab′ fragments were assayed for: i) binding to the idiotype by using a sensitive radioimmunoassay, and ii) specific suppression of the response to PC in vitro. The correlation of binding to suppression was very similar for anti-idiotype serum and both kinds of purified antibody. However, the Fab′ fragments only bound to the idiotype and did not suppress. These findings indicate that the Fc portion of anti-idiotypic anti-receptor antibody (ARA) is essential for inducing suppression but that ARA-induced suppression is independent of the IgG isotype. It is postulated that idiotype suppression is mediated by the interaction of anti-idiotype with the antigen receptor and the Fc receptor thereby cross-linking both receptors.
Partial Purification of Human Lymphocyte-Activating Factor (LAF) by Ultrafiltration and Electrophoretic Techniques
Authors: Lachman Lawrence B. , Hacker Miles P. , Handschumacher Robert E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) has been produced by culturing human peripheral blood leukocytes in the presence of lipopolysaccharide and autologous human serum. The major LAF activity, identifiable by Sephadex chromatography (m.w. 13,000) was separated from most serum proteins in the culture medium by ultrafiltration with a hollow fiber device. Sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing of the concentrated ultrafiltrate yielded a single peak of LAF activity with an average isoelectric point of pH 6.8. Semi-preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the isoelectric focusing sample resulted in separation of the LAF activity from detectable amounts of serum proteins. The recovered LAF activity was estimated to be purified more than 16,000-fold and is judged to be active in submicrogram amounts.
Biologic and Biochemical Activities of Continuous Macrophage Cell Lines P388D1 and J774.1
Authors: Snyderman Ralph , Pike Marilyn C. , Fischer Dina G. , Koren Hillel S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The study of continuous lines of murine cells with macrophage-like properties may provide important information concerning biochemical parameters associated with particular types of macrophage functions. Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, adherence, and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), as well as the activities of several intracellular enzymes, were measured in two such cell lines, P388D1 and J774.1. These measurements were compared to those of “resting” and “stimulated” murine peritoneal macrophages. The data show that the P388D1 and J774.1 cell lines, although displaying many biologic characteristics of normal stimulated or resting macrophages, differ quantitatively from each other and from the normal or stimulated cells. Interestingly enough, the P388D1 cells, although the most cytotoxic in ADCC, displayed virtually no chemotactic responsiveness in vitro. Although the J774.1 cells responded as effectively to the chemotactic stimulus C5a as did the resting peritoneal macrophages, they did not migrate toward lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF). Both cell lines contained levels of acid phosphatase comparable to stimulated peritoneal macrophages; however, the P388D1 cells were markedly deficient in adenosine deaminase when compared to the peritoneal macrophages or to the J774.1 cells.
These studies demonstrate the heterogeneity of biologic activities displayed by various macrophage preparations and illustrate the potential usefulness of continuous cell lines in determining biochemical parameters associated with specific macrophage functions.
Suppressor Cell Activation by Anti-Thy 1.2 in NZB/WF1 Mice
Authors: Klassen Lynell W. , Zarate Alfred , Gelfand Michael C. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A single injection of anti-Thy 1.2 serum was used to study the spontaneous loss of suppressor cells in NZB/WF1 mice. When given 1 day before primary allografting with C57BL/6 skin, anti-Thy 1.2 significantly prolonged mean graft survival (MGS) in 5-week-old NZB/NZWF1 graft recipients. However, four times the dose of anti-Thy 1.2 was required to cause graft prolongation when compared with BALB/c recipients. In contrast to its graft-prolonging effect in 5-week NZB/WF1 mice, anti-Thy 1.2 failed to prolong MGS in either 17- or 34-week-old NZB/WF1 animals. Spleen cells from anti-Thy 1.2-treated 5-week-old NZB/WF1 mice could transfer suppression of graft rejection to otherwise untreated 5-week-old syngeneic recipients. This transfer required viable, radioresistant T cells. Although spleen cells from anti-Thy 1.2-treated 5-week-old mice transferred the suppression to 5-week-old recipients, the same cells were not effective if given to 17-week-old recipients. However, spleen cells from 17-week-old-pretreated donor mice were able to prolong MGS when given to the younger 5-week-old syngeneic recipients. The transfer studies of skin allograft prolongation by anti-Thy 1.2-treated spleen cells suggest that the ability to initiate suppressor cell activation is present in both young and older NZB/WF1 mice, whereas suppressor effector mechanisms are deficient in the older mice. In addition to its usefulness in studying the details of suppressor cell action, the studies suggest that anti-Thy 1.2 treatment may be a valuable probe for the presence of suppressor cells and/or their precursors.
Humoral Primary Immune Response in Vitro in a Homologous Mouse System: Replacement of Fetal Calf Serum by a 2-Mercaptoethanol or Macrophage-Activated Fraction of Mouse Serum
Authors: Opitz Hans G. , Opitz Uta , Lemke Hilmar , Flad Hans-D. , Hewlett Guy , Schlumberger H. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary immune response in mouse spleen cell cultures against heterologous red cell antigens is dependent on the medium being supplemented with selected batches of fetal calf serum. Mouse serum itself is not able to support this response. The active immune response-supporting component in fetal calf serum seems to be a distinct factor (s), which has been partially purified by Sephadex G-100 filtration and termed MaSF — 2-mercaptoethanol-activated serum factor. In this report it is demonstrated that MaSF is also present in mouse serum. For functional detection, mouse MaSF has to be separated from higher m.w. inhibitors, and has to be activated by 2-ME. After separation and activation mouse MaSF can support the primary immune response in a completely homologous in vitro culture system. Evidence is presented that MaSF can also be activated by macrophages. It is concluded that macrophages and 2-ME have the same mode of action in the primary immune response in vitro, i.e., induction of lymphocyte competence by activation of a serum factor.
Lymphocyte Cytotoxicity to Influenza Virus-Infected Cells
Authors: Greenberg Stephen B. , Criswell B. Sue , Six Howard R. , Couch Robert B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from humans were cytotoxic for influenza virus-infected target cells. The PBL were shown to have associated influenza virus anti-hemagglutinin antibody (AHAb) detectable only by radioimmunoassay. This antibody could be removed by incubating PBL at 37°C for 30 min. The lymphocyte population that was effective in this system was nonadherent and nonphagocytic cells. PBL gave comparable levels of cytotoxicity when tested by using either a xenogeneic or allogeneic virus-infected target cell.
These results indicate that lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells may be mediated by small quantities of antibody and by lymphocytes that possess characteristics of K cells. No evidence for T cell-mediated cytolysis was found with this xenogeneic system.
Characterization of Guinea Pig Mitogenic Factors
Authors: Geczy Carolyn L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mitogenic factor from BCG-sensitized cells stimulated with antigen (PPD) was found to have a m.w. between 20 and 25,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of about 7.5. The blastogenic activity of this factor was not affected by L-fucose or heating at 56°C for up to 1 hr. Mitogenic factor obtained from supernatants of allogeneic cell mixtures (MLC-MF) on the other hand, had a m.w. at 15 to 18,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 6.5. The blastogenic activity of MLC-MF was inhibited by 0.1 M L-fucose. The factor was stable at 56°C for 1 hr.
An antibody prepared against MLC-MF inhibited the MLC reaction as well as the activity of MLC-MF on non-committed cells. This antibody, however, did not affect the response of lymphocytes to PHA or PPD and had no suppressive effect on PPD-MF. The antibody was not cytotoxic and its suppressive activity in the MLC response could not be absorbed out by lymphoid cells indicating that it is probably directed against a lymphocyte activation product (MLC-MF) rather than membrane antigens.
The chemical and immunologic differences exhibited by PPD-MF and MLC-MF indicate that these two lymphokines are distinct molecular entities.
Genetic Control of the Immune Response to Phage fd
Authors: Kölsch Eckehart , Falkenberg Frank W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immune response to bacteriophage fd has been tested in congenic resistant strains of mice. B10 mice are high responders; B10.BR and B10.D2 mice are low responders. B10.A mice with the recombinant H-2a haplotype as well as heterozygous H-2k/d (B10.BR × B10.D2) F1 mice respond with high antibody titers, indicating the existence of two complementing Ir genes. From the results obtained with recombinant and F1 hybrid mice, Irfdα can be localized to the right of the crossover between the IE and IC subregions, Irfdβ to the left of IB, presumably at IA. Complementation is observed with selected pairs of alleles only, suggesting α-β coupled complementation.
In addition to genes in the H-2 complex, there are non-H-2 background genes modulating H-2 regulated anti-fd response.
B10.BR mice lack primary IgM and IgG antibodies, yet are able to mount a secondary IgG anti-fd response, giving evidence for intact memory formation in this low responder strain.
The combined data are most easily interpreted by assuming that both H- and non-H- genes modulate the effective immunogenic dose of antigen.