bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Further Studies on the Permeability to Sodium Nitrate of the Blood-CNS Barrier in Experimental Poliomyelitis
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Reames Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The permeability of the blood-CNS barrier to sodium nitrate was studied in 111 rhesus monkeys. Statistically evaluated, the results suggested that an increased barrier-permeability to nitrate occurs in monkeys in the acute stages of poliomyelitis. The spinal fluid of nearly one-half (22 of 56) of the poliomyelitic monkeys showed a nitrate-concentration as great as that of the control group in which an aseptic meningitis had been produced by intraspinal injection of horse serum. The trauma incident to intracerebral inoculation had little effect in increasing the permeability of the barrier under the conditions in which the test was applied. The test of nitrate-permeability has a limited clinical value, since it is too crude to permit fine determinations of nitrate in the spinal fluid.
Studies on Serum-Fractions
Authors: Ando K. , Manako K. , Takeda S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The finding by Hektoen and Welker and by Taylor that the increase of globulin in diphtheric antitoxins was demonstrable by the precipitative reaction was confirmed with the use of antisera prepared by immunizing rabbits with the washed floccules of diphtheric toxoid-antitoxin.
The amount of protein precipitable by diphtheric toxin from antidiphtheric horse-sera in the indicating mixture was found to be roughly proportional to the antitoxic units determined by titration in vitro; but the amount of the component reacting with antiserum prepared against diphtheric antitoxin-globulin does not parallel the antitoxic potency.
Further Observations on the Toxigenic Properties of Hemolytic Streptococci
Authors: Coffey Julia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Five hundred and ninety-seven cultures of hemolytic streptococci were classified according to precipitation-group and were examined for toxigenic activity; with 450 the virulence for mice was determined. The highest incidence of virulent strains occurred in group C-G to which many strains from spontaneous infections in animals belong. Although toxigenic activity as demonstrated by the cutaneous reactions induced in rabbits was largely limited to group-A cultures, the majority of which were isolated from human infections, a small number of group-C-G cultures from horses produced toxins.
The toxigenic strains were divided into groups on the basis of toxin neutralization by univalent horse-sera of three selected group-A strains. These sera alone or in combination neutralized the toxins of all of the strains of both group-A and C-G. A multivalent antistreptococcal horse-serum prepared with two strains of different toxin-groups was effective in neutralizing the toxins of 147 group-A strains which included representatives of the various toxin-groups.
Observations made in the course of this study serve to emphasize further the complex character of the antigenic activity of streptococcal toxins. Within one toxin-group marked differences in toxins were demonstrated by neutralization tests with several heterologous antitoxins and by studies of antigenic activity in goats and rabbits. Thus, the number of toxin-groups defined is dependent upon the valency of the antitoxins used in classification. Furthermore, the antigenic valency of a toxin is in some instances modified by the animal species in which the antitoxin is produced.
Studies on the Mechanism of the Action of Sulfanilamide
Authors: Lockwood John S. , Lynch Helen M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental studies of the phagocytic and bactericidal actions of blood and serum should be so performed as to exclude the presence of even traces of added peptone-like material. When traces of peptone are present, sulfanilamide in concentrations similar to those occurring in the sera of treated patients produces morphological alterations of hemolytic streptococci in serum which are associated with diminished reproductive activity but not with bacterial death. In this form the streptococci are susceptible to destruction by phagocytes. Blood containing peptone and sulfanilamide may, therefore, be bactericidal. When peptone is excluded by washing the inoculum in serum or saline, sulfanilamide in the above concentrations will completely inhibit multiplication of young streptococci in serum, and sterility will frequently result within 24 hours if the inoculum is less than 5000 chains per cubic centimeter. Smears of the serum after sterilization has occurred suggest that lysis of the majority of the inoculated organisms has taken place. The population curve in any medium is a resultant of the combined activities of peptone and sulfanilamide, with these two reagents exercising opposing effects. A direct neutralization effect between these two substances has not been demonstrated. It is suggested that sulfanilamide prevents the specialized metabolic activity required of invasive organisms. The evidence so far obtained indicates that this effect may be achieved through prevention of the utilization of the protein substrate by the organisms.
The Specific Protective Property of Serum from Rats Infected with Cysticercus Crassicollis
Authors: Campbell Dan H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The foregoing results demonstrate that the formation of humoral protective antibodies in rats infected with C. crassicollis tends to parallel the degree of infection within the described experimental range. This parallelism, so evident during the first two weeks of infection, is soon lost, and after 28 days the serums have approximately the same protective value regardless of the degree of infection responsible for antibody formation.
While ascertaining protective titers based upon minimal amounts of serum required to protect a normal animal, it was found that as the “end-point” was approached for 28-day serums, a marked increase in the destruction of larvae after encystment occurred. No such reaction was observed with serum taken approximately two weeks after infection. These results indicate the presence of two antibody mechanisms, one which destroys the larvae before encystment (“early immunity”) and another which causes the destruction of larvae after encystment (“late immunity”). The two effects can hardly be explained by a dilution of only one antibody since the late destruction was not obtained with immune serum taken two weeks after infection.
Factors Affecting the Quantitative Relation of Fibrinolysin and Antifibrinolysin
Authors: Mote John R. , Massell Benedict F. , Jones T. Duckett 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
In the above experiments some of the properties of fibrinolysin, plasma, and serum have been investigated and the conditions affecting their use have been studied in regard to their effect on the quantitative relation of fibrinolysin, antifibrinolysin, and the lyzing time. The results indicate that there are a number of conditions which affect the quantitative relations mentioned, but a means of controlling most of the variations is suggested under the respective experiments.
The effect of normal serum or plasma on the apparent antibody-content of many plasmas is important in a consideration of the possible quantitative methods for titrating antifibrinolysin in serum or plasma. This property of serum and plasma is frequently demonstrable in quantities as low as 0.01 cc. and consequently limits the accuracy of possible quantitative methods of titration.
In extending the foregoing studies by using different preparations of fibrinolysin from several strains of hemolytic streptococci, further discrepancies in results suggested possible differences in the structure of hemolytic-streptococcal antifibrinolysins. This is the subject of the succeeding paper.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur 
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary
Fitness is a factor in resistance to the extent that it reflects adequacy of capacity for sustaining circulation. Adequate circulation is as essential for the efficient functioning of the defense mechanisms as it is for the efficient functioning of the mechanisms maintaining tone and body temperature.
Impairment in circulatory capacity, sufficiently severe to produce decrease in capacity for resistance, can be detected in the rabbit through the associated impairment in capacity to maintain tone and body temperature. Converse improvement through corrective, circulatory stimulus can be similarly established. Both spontaneous and artificially induced improvement in capacity to sustain circulation, sufficient to induce a shortening of the time required for warming up after chilling from values indicative of impairment to values indicative of return to normal, are accompanied by correlated improvement in ability to survive intravenous injection with small numbers of virulent type I pneumococci.
The capacity for disposal of intravenously injected type I pneumococci is, in the rabbit, quantitatively limited, being diminished more than 95 per cent by a lengthening of warming time from values indicative of normal function to values indicative of impairment, and equivalently reduced by concurrent infections imposing a competing burden on the disposal mechanisms. The capacity for disposal is transiently increased, in rabbits burdened with concurrent infection, following intravenous injection of vitamin C.
Non-Specific Factors in Resistance
Authors: Locke Arthur , Main E. R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Susceptibility to fatal shock following histamine injection, in the rabbit, is intensified following pretreatment with caffeine, thyroid, vitamin B and cortin: agents capable of producing augmentation of capacity to respond to the stimulus of chilling. Maximal susceptibility is encountered in the warming-time-range of 16 to 20. Procedures providing a preliminary lengthening of the warming-time reduce susceptibility to shock (exhaustion, pretreatment with sulfanilamide), in healthy, intact rabbits, as do procedures retarding rate of elicitation of shock-effect (pretreatment with linseed oil), and procedures producing increased secretion of adrenalin (exposure to cooling).
Rabbits with warming-times within the shock-susceptible range of 16 to 20 are as poorly able to survive invading infection with type I pneumococcus as rabbits with warming-times indicative of impairment in capacity for the support of function. Infection, invading from a focus, may produce progressive injuries which, in shock-susceptible rabbits, may precipitate localized shock effects resulting in increase in permeability and edema and the spread of the infection from the focus to the circulating blood.
Treatment designed to increase capacity for resistance to infection through corrective measures must be guided by knowledge—both of the condition of the subject at beginning of treatment and of the degree of correction being accomplished. The type of corrective treatment indicated for low-grade capacity for resisting infection as a result of impairment in circulation is contraindicated in instances of predisposition to infection as a result of tendency toward shock.
The Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Amidopyrine
Authors: Golden Alfred , Gierson Hyman W. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Landsteiner and Jacobs have shown that the following compounds are capable of producing hypersensitivity in laboratory animals: 2:4 dinitrochlorbenzene, paranitrosodimethylaniline, para-aminophenol, picryl chloride (1), arsphenamine (2), etc. One of us (3) repeated the sensitizing procedures using 2:4 dinitrochlorbenzene. Madison and Squier (4), as well as Benjamin (5), and others have brought forth evidence that hypersensitivity to amidopyrine exists in persons who have recovered from agranulocytosis. Patch and intracutaneous tests with amidopyrine gave positive reactions in such cases.
Assuming that the allergic response in a given species is independent of the allergen, and is only modified by the route of the injection of the exciting substance, one would not expect the allergic response to amidopyrine to produce agranulocytosis, while no such response exists to other allergens. We include red cell, white cell, and differential counts in our present report, as well as in a previous report on the hypersensitivity to 2:4 dinitroparachlorbenzene (3).
The Preparation and Properties of Aqueous Suspensions of Oil-Coated Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Hehre Edward 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aqueous suspensions of mycobacteria were prepared in which all the organisms were within minute droplets of paraffin oil. Mycobacteria within oil droplets exhibit changes in acidfastness that do not occur if the oil is removed with ether before staining. Oil-coating appears to retard the penetration of carbolfuchsin as well as its egress during decolorization. The property of acid-fastness is independent of the cell surface. Organisms enclosed within paraffin oil droplets are rapidly agglutinated by electrolytes by the same mechanism as are untreated mycobacteria of the same strain. Complement fixation reactions show that paraffin oil droplets containing tubercle bacilli combine with specific antiserum to the same extent as plain organisms. These observations indicate that materials determining the surface properties of mycobacteria, as well as antigenic substances of tubercle bacilli, are present at the surface of oil droplets containing the organisms. The hypothesis is suggested that substances derived from the surface of mycobacteria migrate through the oil layer and reach the surface of the oil droplets.
The Effect of Volume of an Antigen Solution on Its Rate of Absorption
Authors: Bernstein Theodore B. , Rubin Simon S. , Feinberg Samuel M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Subject to the conditions of these experiments, namely, that the work was done on a group of non-allergic patients, using ragweed extract in the particular volumes and concentrations mentioned, certain deductions are permissible. In the majority of subjects the first demonstrable amount and the maximal amount of antigen in the circulation occur earlier and the height of the titer in the circulation is greater with the small volume. This would indicate that constitutional reactions are apt to occur more frequently and earlier when small concentrated volumes are injected.
Vaccination Against Typhus Fever with the Zinsser-Castaneda Vaccine
Authors: Veintemillas Felix 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The formalin-killed suspensions of Mexican rickettsiae prepared according to the methods of Zinsser and Castaneda afforded a practical method for vaccination on a large scale. The vaccine has evident protective power against typhus infection, as proved by experiments in men and laboratory animals. Twelve persons who had not had a previous typhus infection were vaccinated and subsequently inoculated with large doses of typhus material obtained from infected guinea-pigs and none of them developed the disease. It was found necessary to inject at least 3 doses of vaccine in order to protect guinea-pigs against non-orchitic Mexican strains, whereas it was easy to immunize these animals with a single dose of vaccine against the orchitic typhus. The apparent immunological differences between orchitic and non-orchitic Mexican strains are the same as those observed between murine and European typhus.
Studies on the Virulence of Organisms
Authors: Salle A. J. , Morrison J. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Minced chick embryonic tissue suspended in Tyrode's solution (1:20) rapidly reduces the virulence of type III pneumococcus and type II meningococcus. The reduction in virulence appears to be due to the presence of some substance or substances present in embryonic chick tissue. Minced chick embryo medium presents an admirable method for the cultivation and attenuation of the above named organisms.
The Action of Bacterial Toxins on Embryonic Chicks
Authors: Evans Florence L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the course of a series of experiments on chick embryos, the action of various bacterial toxins was ascertained. The results with the toxic filtrate of Corynebacterium diphtheriae have already been reported (1).
The method used in the present work was the same modified Goodpasture's technic that was used in the previous experiment on diphtheric toxin.
Experimental. The fertile eggs were all market eggs of mixed breeds and uniform weight (50 to 70 grams). Eggs containing embryos from 7 to 15 days of age were employed in order to be sure that a toxin which failed to injure embryos of one age might not do so with younger or older ones.
The eggs were candled before injection to determine a suitable area on the chorio-allantoic membrane for injection, and to be sure the embryos were alive. After the toxin had been injected, the eggs were candled frequently.
Blood Groups and MN-Types of Eskimos in East Greenland
Authors: Fabricius-Hansen Vibeke 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Theories concerning the origin of the Eskimos in East Greenland are briefly surveyed.
A report is given of the results of blood-grouping and M-N tests on 569 pure Eskimos in East Greenland (Angmagssalik district). The percentile frequencies of groups O, A, B and AB were 23.9, 56.2, 11.2, and 8.7, respectively. The frequencies of types M, MN, and N were 83.48, 15.64, and 0.88, respectively.
These values are discussed in relation to previous findings by other authors in races that may be looked upon as related to the Eskimos.
The Specificity of Formolized Proteins
Authors: Jacobs John L. , Sommers Sheldon C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serological specificity of formolized serum-proteins has been restudied with a new sort of preparation and extensive controls. The specific alterations following formolization can be demonstrated only in certain reactions occurring between antigens and antisera from related species, resembling alterations produced by heating proteins rather than the more marked changes following halogenation or nitration. A comparison of formolized antigens and antisera prepared by different methods suggests that secondary changes leading to gelatinization play an important rôle. Very faint traces of turbidity in test antigens may be associated with falsely positive reactions.
The Polyvalency of Crotalidic Antivenins
Authors: Githens Thomas S. , Wolff Nigel O'C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Those North American pit viper venoms which induce delayed paralysis are strongly neutralized by a monovalent antivenin prepared against a similarly acting venom. It is suggested that this may indicate a distinctive neurotoxic constituent in these venoms. All other North American pit viper venoms are better neutralized by a polyvalent antivenin.
The Effect of Hypophysectomy on Immunity and Hypersensitivity in Rats with a Brief Description of the Operative Technic
Authors: Molomut Norman 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple and rapid technic for the removal of the hypophysis in rats and guinea pigs has been described. Complete ablation of the hypophysis does not affect antibody-production to any constant or significant degree using sheep red blood cells, crystalline ovalbumen, and normal horse serum as antigens. The time interval after removal of the hypophysis does not seem to have any bearing on the antibody titers. Fatal, active anaphylactic shock has been produced in hypophysectomized rats but not in normal controls though both groups of animals present a similar antibody picture. The longer the time interval after removal of the hypophysis the greater the susceptibility to the shock dose.
The Antigenic Structure of Hemolytic Streptococci of Lancefield Group A
Authors: Henle Werner , Henle Gertrude 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The presence of human blood-group A substance, or at least a closely related agent, in certain commercial preparations of peptone was first demonstrated by means of serological tests by Schiff (1). Goebel (2) who isolated this substance from Difco neopeptone and Pfanstiehl peptone stressed the possibility of an interference of the blood-group A-substance in chemical and serological studies of bacteria, since peptone is a necessary constituent of culture media for the growth of various organisms. This question had been raised before by Witebsky, Neter and Sobotka (3), and Sobotka, Witebsky, Neter and Schwarz (4), while studying the relation between the specific carbohydrates of type I, II and III pneumococci and the blood-group A substance. The decision as to whether the observed cross-reactions were due to some contaminating A-substance derived from the culture medium or to related groupings in the two carbohydrates was left open.
Group-Specific Agglutinins in Rabbit Serums for Human Cells
Authors: Wheeler K. M. , Sawin P. B. , Stuart C. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunization of 116 rabbits with human type M cells resulted in the formation of specific M-agglutinins in 84 (72.6 per cent) animals. Specific M-titers of 640 or higher were produced in 65 (56 per cent) rabbits. These results, obtained from the progeny of two family lines, show a considerably higher per cent of successful immunizations than was obtained from 160 rabbits from various sources cited in the literature, of which only 30 per cent yielded satisfactory serums.
The ability of rabbits to produce immune specific M-agglutinins seems to be inherited. The present data consisting of backcross and F2 populations, although inadequate for conclusive proof, suggest a simple mendelian interpretation of inheritance.
The Reaction of “Tetanus-Sensitive” and “Tetanus-Resistant” Animals to the Injection of Tetanal Toxin into the Spinal Cord
Authors: Shumacker Harris B. , Lamont Austin , Firor Warfield M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1938 Firor and Jonas (1) produced pure tactile-reflex motor tetanus in dogs by injecting tetanal toxin directly into the motor area of the lumbar cord. Subsequently Firor and Lamont (2) reported certain observations that led to the hypothesis of the alteration of tetanal toxin within the spinal cord into a new lethal agent.2 Recently Firor, Lamont, and Shumacker (8) in an effort to elucidate the cause of death in tetanus, have described further experiments on the reaction of animals to the introduction of toxin into the cord. In this investigation tactile-reflex motor tetanus was produced in cats, rabbits, guinea-pigs, and monkeys as well as in dogs. It is the purpose of the present paper to report certain differences in the reaction of three species to tetanal toxin within the spinal cord.
The animals used were monkeys (Macacus rhesus), which are sensitive to the toxin of Clostridium tetani, dogs, which are relatively resistant to the toxin, and cats, which are even more resistant.