bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumor-Specific Immunity Induced by Somatic Hybrids
Authors: Kim Byung S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Hybrid cells derived from fusion of a BALB/c plasmacytoma (TEPC-15) and L cells (C3H origin) were used to stimulate tumor-specific immunity against the parental plasmacytoma cells. Live hybrid cells induced tumor-specific immunity against TEPC-15 more effectively than mitomycin-treated hybrid or TEPC-15 tumor cells. Adoptive transfer of immunity with spleen cells of mice immunized with hybrid cells was also more effective than that with mitomycin-treated tumor cells. The immunity induced by the hybrid cells was specific to the TEPC-15 tumor because the mice that received immune spleen cells were not protected against challenge with either HOPC-8 or McPC-603 plasmacytomas. T cell populations were primarily responsible for the transfer of specific immunity based on the sensitivity of immune cells to anti-Thy 1.2 and complement. Mice that had established solid tumors were treated with 5 × 107 spleen cells to evaluate the therapeutic value of the hybrid-induced immune cells. Tumors in the mice that received immune cells gradually regressed over a 40-day period, whereas tumors on the control mice continued to grow. These results suggest that a rearrangement of tumor-specific antigens on allogeneic hybrid cells can enhance their immunogenicity.
Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Activation and the Induction of Ornithine Decarboxylase during Lymphocyte Mitogenesis
Authors: Klimpel Gary R. , Byus Craig V. , Russell Diane Haddock , Lucas David O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation and the induction of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) were studied along with RNA and DNA synthesis in human peripheral blood lymphocytes following in vitro culture with either mitogens, nonmitogenic agglutinins, or dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP). The mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) all resulted in activation of soluble cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, the induction of increased levels of ODC activity, and increases in the rate of incorporation of (3H)-thymidine (DNA synthesis) and (3H)-uridine (RNA synthesis) into acid-insoluble material. High concentrations of PHA or Con A, which resulted in maximal cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation, were only slightly mitogenic. The time at which maximum activation of protein kinase occurred differed for each mitogen but, in each case, always preceded ODC induction and increased RNA and DNA synthesis. In Con A-stimulated cultures, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation was maximal at 4 hr of culture and remained elevated at 24 and 48 hr. In these cultures increased ODC activity was first observed at 6 to 8 hr of culture and preceded increased RNA synthesis which was detectable at 12 hr of culture. DNA synthesis in all mitogen-stimulated cultures was first observed at 48 hr with maximum (3H)-thymidine incorporation being at 72 hr of culture.
Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation, induction of ODC, and increased RNA and DNA synthesis were all shown to be dependent upon lymphocyte-Con A binding and were blocked by early addition of α-methyl mannoside. After 12 hr of culture, α-methyl mannoside addition had little effect on Con A induction of ODC or on RNA and DNA synthesis measured at 24 to 72 hr. In contrast, cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activation, measured at 24 hr, could be completely inhibited when α-methyl mannoside was added as late as 12 or 20 hr to Con A-stimulated cultures. The nonmitogenic agglutinins, wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) and Agaricus bisporus lectin (ABL), failed to increase any of the parameters tested. DBcAMP also did not induce ODC or cause any increased RNA or DNA synthesis. However, DBcAMP (10-3 M) did cause activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase as early as 15 min of culture. DBcAMP activation of protein kinase was concentration-dependent, maximal at 12 hr, and remained elevated through 48 hr of culture. The addition of DBcAMP (10-3 M) to Con A-stimulated cultures caused a 90 to 95% inhibition of ODC activity and RNA and DNA synthesis. This inhibition was concentration-dependent and paralleled the degree of activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase elicited by each concentration.
These results suggest that the selective activation of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and induction of increased ODC activity are early integral events linked to and regulating lymphocyte mitogenesis.
Suppressor T Cells Regulate the Cytolytic T Lymphocyte Response to Syngeneic Tumors Induced by Murine Sarcoma Virus (MSV) in the Mouse
Authors: Plata Fernando , MacDonald H. Robson , Shain Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies were designed to analyze the immune activities of spleen cells from mice previously injected with murine sarcoma virus (MSV) and undergoing the processes of MSV tumor growth and rejection. Fractionation of MSV-primed spleen cells according to cell size by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity showed that MSV-specific cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in vivo underwent an apparent transition in size from large to small cells as the tumor regressed. The majority of CTL precursors, however, were invariably recovered among small to medium-sized MSV-immune cells, as revealed by CTL generation in vitro in secondary mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTC). Evidence was obtained for the existence in MSV-immune spleens of two suppressor cell populations capable of inhibiting CTL generation in vitro: one population probably consisted of macrophages and could be removed by treatment with carbonyl iron; the second population was comparised of T cells and inhibited the differentiation of tumor-immune CTL precursors in a selective manner. These results provide a preliminary overview of the mechanisms regulating the generation, differentiation, and activity of tumor-specific CTL in a syngeneic model system.
Observations of IgG1 Anti-DNP Hybridoma-Mediated ADCC and the Failure of Three IgM Anti-DNP Hybridomas to Mediate ADCC
Authors: Greenberg Arnold H. , Lydyard Peter M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine monoclonal IgG1 and IgM anti-DNP hybridoma antibodies were examined for their ability to mediate ADCC by murine and human effector cells. Adherent and nonadherent BALB/c mouse spleen cells, as well as null cells obtained from nu-nu (nude) mouse spleen, were able to kill SRBC-TNP50 via IgG1 anti-DNP hybridoma. The cytotoxicity was inhibited by IgG, but not IgM or IgA myeloma proteins, and IgG2a was more effective than IgG1. ADCC of SRBC-TNP mediated by IgG1 hybridoma was highly dependent on the TNP substitution ratio. SRBC-TNP50 and SRBC-TNP20 were readily lysed, but SRBC-TNP10 to SRBC-TNP0.5 target cells were increasingly insensitive to cytolysis. IgG1 hybridoma-mediated ADCC was also observed with human peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as T lymphocytes isolated by E-rosetting. Depletion of FcG-bearing peripheral blood T cells by EAG-rosetting eliminated the IgG1-mediated ADCC.
Sera from mice bearing three different IgM anti-DNP hybridomas with hemolytic titers of 1/60,000 to 1/400,000 and up to 600 µg/ml of antibody were unable to mediate ADCC by all populations of mouse effector cells examined. In addition, human effector cells enriched for FcM-bearing cells by depletion of EAG-rosetting cells were unable to kill SRBC-TNP50 in the presence of IgM anti-DNP hybridoma.
Contaminating heterophile antibodies capable of mediating ADCC to SRBC and CRBC were found in the sera of IgM hybridoma-bearing mice. The activity was directed against erythrocyte membrane determinants, and not TNP determinants, and could be completely removed by absorption with erythrocytes. This heterophile antibody-mediated ADCC could be inhibited by both IgG2a-and IgM-aggregated myeloma protein.
Idiotypic Analysis of Anti-GAT Antibodies
Authors: Ju Shyr-Te , Cramer Donald V. , Dorf Martin E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specificity and distribution of an interspecties cross-reactive idiotype are described in 13 inbred strains of rats. This interspecies cross-reactive idiotype was defined by the ability of rat anti-GAT antisera to inhibit the binding of the murine CGAT idiotype to the corresponding anti-CGAT idiotypic antiserum. High levels of the interspecies cross-reactive idiotype were detected in 9 of 13 rat strains; all individuals of these 9 strains produced detectable levels of the idiotype. The idiotype was always associated with anti-GAT antibodies. Following immunization with GAT, all individuals of the other four rat strains produced anti-GAT antibodies with low or undetectable levels of the interspecies cross-reactive idiotype, although the anti-GAT antibodies from these latter strains had fine specificity patterns similar to that of the idiotype-positive strains. Immunization of the low idiotype producer LEW and F344 strains with GAT conjugated to the highly immunogenic fowl γ-globulin carrier also failed to induce detectable levels of the interspecies cross-reactive idiotype. Prolonged immunization schedules were used to determine the persistence of this idiotype in rats; the data demonstrated that the ability (or inability) to produce the interspecies cross-reactive idiotype is a stable trait and lasts over 174 days. There was no apparent association of the idiotypic marker with the known rat immunoglobulin heavy and light chain allotypic specificities. Finally, the rat interspecies idiotype is cross-reactive, but not identical with the mouse CGAT idiotype.
IgD Is Present on the Cell Surface of Murine Lymphocytes in Two Forms: δ2L2 and δL
Authors: Eidels Leon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Murine cell surface immunoglobulin (Ig) isotypes were analyzed by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed radioiodination, immunoprecipitation, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). SDS-PAGE analysis revealed three radioactive peaks: I) IgM (µ2L2; 224,000 daltons), II) IgD (δ2L2; 185,000 daltons), and III) IgD half-molecules (δL; 105,000 daltons). The size of the δ-chain obtained from both the δ2L2 and the δL molecules was the same (68,000 daltons). The δL molecules are apparently not the result of a sulfhydryl-catalyzed reduction or disulfide interchange and are probably not generated by proteolysis, since addition of alkylating agents and protease inhibitors did not decrease the amount of δL observed. Addition of sulfhydryl-oxidizing agents also did not decrease the amount of δL, suggesting that the δL molecules cannot be reoxidized to yield δ2L2 molecules. The percentage of IgD in the δL form present on lymph node and spleen cells of A/J mice and on spleen cells of BALB/c mice was the same (∼55%). The percentage of δL on splenocytes from BDF/1 mice (2 to 7 months old) was ∼42%. Spleen cells from strains that are “IgD-deficient,” CBA/N and NZB, and spleen cells from 2-week-old BDF/1 mice, which have a low δ/µ ratio, displayed a coordinate decrease in the levels of both δ2L2 and δL. This coordinate decrease resulted in no alternation in the percentage of IgD present in the δL form (∼42%). These results, taken together, indicate that indeed the cell surface Ig of murine lymphoid cell populations consists of monomeric IgM, monomeric IgD, and IgD half-molecules.
Membrane Immunoglobulin Is Present on Thymic and Splenic Lymphocytes of the Trout Salmo Gairdneri
Authors: Warr Gregory W. , Deluca Dominick , Griffin Billy R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Three rabbit antisera raised to trout IgM showed positive immunofluorescent reactions with lymphocytes of trout spleen and thymus. These antisera showed no detectable cross-reactivity with keyhole limpet hemocyanin, as determined by direct radioimmune precipitation and adsorption, and did not appeare to react significantly with carbohydrate moieties on trout IgM, as determined by the failure of proteolytic digests of trout IgM to inhibit in radioimmunoassay against intact trout IgM. Membrane immunoglobulin determinants were detectable on the membrane of both thymocytes and splenocytes with the lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination reaction. Radioimmunoassay of lysates of lymphocytes confirmed the association of immunoglobulin with trout thymocytes. By radioimmunoassay, lysates of thymic and splenic lymphocytes contained similar amounts of immunoglobulin, equivalent to approximately 8 × 104 molecules of IgM per cell (calculated as the monomer µ2L2).
Potentiation of IgE Response in Vitro by T Cells from Rats Infected with Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis
Authors: Suemura Masaki , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effect of T cells from rats infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb) on the IgE response was studied by using an in vitro system. Mesenteric lymph node cells from DNP-OA (dinitrophenyl derivatives of ovalbumin)-primed rats were cultured with DNP-OA or DNP-HSA in the presence of T or B cells from Nb-infected rats. It was found that T cells from the infected rat, but not normal T cells, selectively enhanced the IgE-forming cell response of DNP-OA primed cells to homologous antigen without affecting the IgG-forming cell response. The enhancement of the IgE response requires carrier-primed T cells; T cells from Nb-infected animals failed to enhance the Ig-forming cell response of DNP-OA primed cells to DNP-HSA. Culture supernatants of T cells from Nb-infected rats selectively enhanced the IgE response of DNP-OA primed cells to homologous antigen without affecting IgG response. The IgE-potentiating factor present in the unstimulated cultures is different from T cell-replacing factor(s), which was obtained by stimulation of antigen-primed T cells with antigen. When T cells from Nb-infected rats were incubated with Nb antigen, culture supernatant of the cells enhanced both IgE and IgG responses of DNP-OA primed cells to DNP-OA or DNP-HSA. It was also found that the molecular size of IgE-potentiating factor was significantly smaller than T cell-replacing factor. The results suggested that an optimal IgE response may require two subsets of T cells; one is carrier-specific T cells, which are common for all isotypes, and another subset is cells forming IgE-potentiating factor.
B Lymphocyte: Activation by Insoluble Anti-Immunoglobulin: Induction of Immunoglobulin Secretion by a T Cell-Dependent Soluble Factor
Authors: Parker David C. , Fothergill John J. , Wadsworth Daniel C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified rabbit antibodies to mouse κ chain or Fab become strongly mitogenic for mouse splenic B lymphocytes when covalently attached to the surface of polyacrylamide beads. The same antibody preparations are weakly if at all mitogenic in soluble form. The proliferative response to these anti-Ig beads is not dependent on T lymphocytes, adherent cells, serum supplement, or Fc receptor interactions. The response to anti-Ig beads can be blocked by soluble F(ab′)2 anti-Ig at concentrations that modulate surface Ig, or by excess soluble mouse IgG. Hence, the response results from direct interaction of the beads with B cells via surface Ig.
In the presence of a supernatant of Con A-treated spleen cells (Con A supernatant), B lymphocytes respond to anti-Ig beads by sustained proliferation and differentiation to polyclonal IgM and IgG secretion. The response is comparable in magnitude to the lipopolysaccharide response. Ig secretion is completely dependent on the Con A supernatant, which by itself has only a small, primarily differentiative effect on isolated B lymphocytes. It can be added 22 hr after the start of culture without changing the kinetics of the response; addition at later times up to 66 hr delays the appearance of secreting cells, but not the size of the peak response. Cells from 10-day-old mice and adult male (CBA/N♂ × BALB/c♀) F1 mice fail to respond.
These experiments suggest that redistribution of surface Ig by the anti-Ig beads delivers a limited proliferative signal to a subset of B lymphocytes, but that sustained cell division and differentiation to Ig secretion by anti-Ig activated B lymphocytes require soluble substances produced by activated T lymphocytes and/or T lymphocyte-activated accessory cells.
Variations in the Responses of Mouse Strains to Rat Xenografts
Authors: Burdick James F. , Jooste Somarie V. , Winn Henry J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There is strong histoincompatibility between the rat and the mouse such that grafts of rat skin (1) or primarily vascularized hearts (2) placed in mice undergo acute rejection about 5 to 9 days after transplantation. In the case of skin grafts, which have been more thoroughly studied, this prompt rejection has been shown to occur in all of a large number of mouse strains that have been tested (3). If, however, the recipients of skin grafts receive a brief course of treatment with anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS)4 at the time of grafting, survival of the grafts is prolonged and the extent of prolongation varies among the recipient strains to a surprising degree (3). That this latter phenomenon is not restricted to skin grafts is demonstrated by the results obtained with primarily vascularized xenografts of hearts as described in this report.
Mice were purchased from the Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine.
Depletion of NK by Cellular Immunoadsorption
Authors: Jensen Pamela J. , Koren Hillel S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of human natural killer (NK) cells to their tumor cell targets was investigated by using monolayers of sensitive target cell lines. Monolayers of K562 and HSB, a myeloid and T cell line, respectively, were prepared on poly-L-lysine-coated plastic tissue culture dishes and briefly fixed with 0.2% formaldehyde. Freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were incubated on the monolayers. Nonadherent PBL were then removed, after gentle agitation, by decanting and gently washing the monolayer. They were tested, along with unseparated controls, for NK activity in a short-term 51Cr release assay. PBL that were nonadherent to a tested monolayer had only 20 to 60% of the control cytotoxic activity. Our results suggest that NK recognition sites on the effector lymphocytes were able to interact with reciprocal determinants on the target cell monolayers, resulting in selective loss of NK effector cells from the PBL population. The specificity of the NK effector-target interaction was investigated by testing the ability of each monolayer to remove activity against both targets. These data imply heterogeneity with regard to recognition structure within the NK effector population as well as among the target cells.
Role of Lipids in the Immune Response
Authors: Wolf Raoul L. , Merler Ezio 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By further study, a previously described inhibitor of lymphocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis, soluble inhibitory factor (SIF), has been shown to comprise two moieties; a nondialyzable protein, apparently inert with regard to inhibition of proliferation, and a polar lipid bound to the protein fraction, presumably by hydrophobic interaction. The lipid contained the activity responsible for inhibition of PHA-induced DNA synthesis. It was tentatively identified as a lipid with an as yet unidentified polar group, on the basis of mobility on thin layer chromatographic plates and behavior on silicic acid.
The Pathology and Homing of a Transplantable Murine B Cell Leukemia (BCL1)
Authors: Warnke Roger A. , Slavin Shimon , Coffman Robert L. , Butcher Eugene C. , Knapp Michael R. , Strobert Samuel , Weissman Irving L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The pathology and homing characteristics of a murine B cell leukemia are described. Experiments utilizing autoradiography to determine the early homing pattern of the leukemic cells revealed a pronounced localization of the labeled cells to the spleen. The cells that were seen in the white pulp showed preferential localization to the follicles or B cell domains. Tissue section immunofluorescence with antibodies to κ- and λ-light chains was used to study the initial mouse with this disease as well as to study the mice that were injected with in vivo passaged cells. These mice also showed predominant involvement of the spleen. Although the initial mouse with this disease had 200,000 λ-bearing B lymphocytes per mm3 in the peripheral blood and closely resembled a human chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient, the studies described suggest that this murine B cell neoplasm is a lymphoma with a striking predilection for splenic involvement. The other organs including the bone marrow as well as the peripheral blood appeared to be involved secondarily. This unusual spontaneously occurring murine B cell disease provides a useful model for the investigation of certain commonly occurring human lymphomas and leukemias.
Suppression of Cell-Mediated Tumor Cell Lysis and Complement-Induced Cytotoxicity by Trypan Blue
Authors: Scornik Juan C. , Ruiz Phillip , Hoffman Edward M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Different forms of cell-mediated cytotoxicity were suppressed in the presence of trypan blue. The systems affected included lysis of antibody-coated tumor cells by normal and C. parvum-stimulated mouse peritoneal cells and lysis of allogeneic targets by immune effector cells. The inhibition, measured in a 4-hr 51Cr release assay, was reversible and did not occur in the presence of 30% fetal calf serum or albumin. Binding between effector and target cells through Fc receptors was not affected, and lysis of allogeneic cells was inhibited at the lytic step rather than at the binding step. In contrast, lysis of sensitized erythrocytes was not inhibited by trypan blue, suggesting that lysis of these targets may not involve the steps required in tumor cell lysis. Trypan blue blocked the function of antibody before binding to target cells and also suppressed complement-induced cytolysis. Most individual complement components were susceptible to the inhibitory action of trypan blue. These results reveal an affinity of trypan blue for proteins in general that may be responsible for many of its biologic actions.
Potentiation of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Target Cell-Bound C3b
Authors: Ghebrehiwet Berhane , Medicus Rudolf G. , Müller-Eberhard Hans J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent cytolytic effector lymphocytes are known to possess, in part, receptors for activated C3. Employing a model system consisting of 51Cr-labeled chicken erythrocytes and purified human peripheral lymphocytes, we investigated the effect of target cell bound C3b on antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). At concentrations of anti-target cell antibody too low to cause effective ADCC, target cell bound C3b cooperated with antibody to produce marked target cell lysis. In the presence of a 1/6.25 × 106 dilution of antichicken erythrocyte rabbit IgG, cell lysis increased from 20% to 65% by the attachment of 18,000 C3b molecules per cell. C3b-dependent enhancement of ADCC was dose dependent. It was augmented by attachment of activated properdin (P̄) to the C3b-bearing target cells.