bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Results of protective antirabic treatment of dogs and guinea-pigs indicate that homologous antiserum administered 24 hours after exposure to street virus exercises a definite preventive effect. Still better results are obtained when administration of antiserum is followed by injection of living Flury virus. These findings are discussed in relation to serological evidence of immunity.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted-Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack , Nelsen Doris J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
After prolonged cultivation in the developing chick embryo the Flury strain of rabies virus lost its pathogenic properties for mice 14 days of age or older when injected intracerebrally. Suckling mice still remained fully susceptible. Dogs and rabbits were fully resistant to intracerebral inoculation of the virus, whereas rhesus monkeys were found to be almost as susceptible as baby mice.
Results of titrations of the virus in hamsters and guinea-pigs indicated the virus preparation was not homogeneous. Experiments are described in which different segments of the viral population were separated and analyzed. The existence of different forms of virus in different stages of adaptation is discussed.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Following the injection of dysentery bacilli, and other antigens, into the hind foot pad of rabbits, the popliteal (regional) lymph nodes were excised. The lymph node cells were teased free, washed and sedimented by centrifugation. These cells were then injected intravenously into normal rabbits. Antibody to the antigen injected into the donor animals appeared in the sera of the recipients on the first day after transfer, rose in titer on the second and third day and began to decline on the fifth or seventh day, being no longer measurable by the twenty-third to fortieth day.
When the cells were frozen and thawed three times in a dry-ice-alcohol bath, lysed with distilled water, heated at 52°C for 20 minutes, or incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, they were no longer capable of giving rise to the appearance of antibody when transferred to recipients. Following these treatments the cells were found to take up trypan blue dye in vitro, indicating they were injured or no longer viable. Similar treatments were found not to affect the antibody titer of a hyperimmune anti-Shigella serum nor the antigenicity of dysentery bacilli.
Storage of teased lymph node cells at 4°C for 24 hours, or repeated washing of such cells, did not inactivate the transfer effect, but was found to reduce it in proportion to the number of the cells lost or injured by such treatment, injury being judged by the uptake of trypan blue dye.
Possible explanations for the transfer effect are discussed above. It was considered unlikely that either transfer of pre-formed antibody contained within the cells or transfer of antigen which would cause active immunization could account for all the antibody found in the recipients' sera. Among other possible explanations the hypothesis was offered that the transferred cells might contain a mechanism of antibody formation.
Inhibition of Fatal Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse with Cortisone
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Winsten Seymour 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Cortisone does not inhibit active or passive anaphylaxis in the guinea pig (1–6). Contrary to these observations, Nelson, Fox and Freeman (7) have reported that cortisone inhibits anaphylaxis in the mouse. However, they used large doses of heterologous serum, representing approximately one-half the circulating blood volume of the mouse, to produce shock as well as large single doses of cortisone to inhibit the shock reaction. Kind and Parfentjev (8) have observed that, in the mouse, a 3 mg dose of cortisone reduces the incidence of fatal anaphylactic shock produced with relatively large doses of phase I pertussis vaccine from 88% to 42%. We have since shown that anaphylaxis can be produced in the mouse with small amounts of bovine albumin (9). In view of the more suitable experimental conditions thus defined, the effect of cortisone on anaphylaxis in the mouse was reinvestigated.
The Effects of Vitamin Deficiencies on Some Physiological Factors of Importance in Resistance to Infection
Authors: Wertman Kenneth , Smith Lee W. , O'Leary William M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Male white rats were maintained on a well defined diet deficient in niacin and tryptophane, and various physiological factors of resistance to infection were studied. Adequate inanition and ad libitum control animals were included in the investigation. The following physiological factors were studied: (1) cellular composition of the peripheral blood, (2) complement activity, (3) cellular migration in inflammation, (4) cellular composition of the exudate in inflammation, (5) leukotaxine activity, and (6) cellular composition of bone marrow.
The following observations were made from these studies: no significant difference was noted in the total number of erythrocytes and leukocytes per mm3 of blood in the vitamin deficient, inanition and ad libitum control groups.the differential cell counts of the blood film preparations suggested a percentage increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in both the niacin-tryptophane deficient animals and the inanition control rats. In the blood specimens of most of these animals, a slight reduction in the percentage of lymphocytes was evident.complement activity could not be demonstrated in the sera of the niacin-tryptophane deficient rats even though amounts sixteen times greater than those of the ad libitum controls were employed.cellular migration to an inflamed area was considerably reduced in the niacin-tryptophane deficient and inanition control animals as compared with ad libitum controls.a relative granulocytosis and lymphopenia were observed in the exudates removed from the inflamed areas of the inanition and niacintryptophane deficient animals as compared with the exudates from the ad libitum control rats.no alteration in capillary permeability, as measured by the Menkin dye accumulation technique, was noted even though significant differences in cellular migration occurred.the bone marrow preparation made from the tibia of the inanition control rats presented a lymphopenia as compared with the ad libitum control smears. The bone marrow of the niacintryptophane deficient rats presented a similar picture.
Heterohemoantibodies in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Stern Kurt , Davidsohn Israel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Natural hemagglutinins for sheep and chicken red cells were investigated in mice of 13 inbred strains. In confirmation of earlier work, considerable differences in antibodies were found, depending on the strain tested. Agglutinins for sheep and chicken red cells are independent of each other, as shown by in vitro and in vivo technics. The possible causes and significance of the differences in natural hemoantibodies were discussed, particularly with regard to antigenic composition of mouse tissues, operation of genetic factors, and innate immune response. High incidence of natural sheep agglutinins were found in two low-tumor strains, whereas low incidence and low mean titers were present in 6 high-tumor and 5 low-tumor strains. High mean titers of natural chicken agglutinins were observed in 6 low-tumor strains, whereas low mean titers were obtained in 5 out of 6 high-tumor strains.
The Effects of Vital Dyes Upon Experimental Foot and Mouth Virus Infection of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ciaccio Giacinto , Gasparini Giuseppe , Ercoli N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs were infected with the foot and mouth disease virus and treated with vital dyes at the site of the inculation. It has been found that inoculation followed immediately by the dye injection (janus green, victoria blue, malachite green, brilliant green, giesma solution or nile blue) delayed or suppressed the development of primary and/or secondary dermal lesions. By inoculating the virus into the pad of the guinea pig after dye injection, the protective activity was totally lost for victoria blue and giemsa solution. An activity corresponding to an average curative effect was obtained with brilliant green and malachite green (total dose 62 mg/kg), even when their first administration followed the infection by 3 hours. This was presumably at a time when active virus multiplication was already in progress. Under these conditions methyl green had some effect, blue victoria and janus green were less effective, while pyronine and giemsa solution were completely ineffective. This effect on the disease is supposed to depend on some mechanism of inactivation of the virus by the dye.
The dye treated animals which did not develop visible symptoms were susceptible to reinoculation, while those in which the dye treatment showed a limited action only, were immune to a challenge consisting of 10,000 infective doses. The lack of immunity of the healed antimals may be considered an additional evidence for cure and suggests that the virus has been suppressed in vivo before being able to determine an immunological defense.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Goodman Morris , Wolfe Harold R. , Goldberg Richard 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects on the chicken precipitin system of a Hofmeister series of sodium salts were investigated. With any particular ionic species there were differences in the amounts of specific precipitation on varying the ionic strength, and at any one ionic strength there were differences in varying the ionic species. Certain characteristic patterns emerged. At low ionic strength (up to 0.26) precipitation was larger in the iodide medium than in any of the other ionic media. On increasing the ionic strength above 0.26 precipitation in the iodide medium decreased. This inhibition of the reaction was even more striking in the thiocyanate medium. These results suggested that a certain amount of anion binding by the antibody-antigen reactants increased precipitation but that greater amounts of binding decreased precipitation.
With anions such as chloride and sulfate precipitation increased with each increase of ionic strength. In fact the maximal precipitation for the chicken system in the various sodium salts occurred at high ionic strengths (about 1.5) of chloride and sulfate. These results in turn suggested that a salting out of soluble antibody-antigen aggregates is an important condition for obtaining complete precipitation with the chicken system. Additional data which also demonstrated the operation of a salting out effect was obtained by reacting the chicken precipitin system in potassium phosphate buffers of varied concentration.
On the Kinetics of Neutralization of Bacteriophage T2 by Specific Antiserum
Authors: Cann John R. , Clark Eugene W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Activation of inhibited T2 bacteriophage in mixtures of native virus lysates and specific antiserum accounts for most of the anomalies of the kinetics of the virus-neutralizing reaction including its strong temperature dependence. In the absence of the activation phenomenon the neutralization reaction follows a first-order kinetic law in buffered 0.15 M NaCl and has a Q10 of 1.4. The following facts indicate that the activating factor of anti-T2 serum is one or more anti-E. coli bodies directed against the inhibiting substances which cause the masking in inhibited viruses. a) In our antisera the activating factor is present in much lower effective concentrations than the neutralizing antibodies. b) The activating factor is removed from antiserum by absorption with native T2 lysates, T1 lysates and sonically disrupted E. coli. c) The activating factor is not absorbed from antiserum by activated T2 lysates and intact cells. Antiserum directed against sonically disrupted E. coli does not activate inhibited viruses. This indicates that the inhibiting substances are poor antigens, eliciting an immunological response only when attached to virus. The activating factor is destroyed by incubating whole or slightly diluted antiserum at 37°C but not at 56°C. This reaction is inhibited by trypsin inhibitors. Jerne's finding that the rate of virus neutralization by specific antiserum is considerably faster at low than at high salt concentrations is confirmed. The rate of neutralization at low salt concentrations depends on the length of time diluted antiserum is incubated at 0°C at these salt concentrations before addition of virus. At least two competing, relatively slow processes occur on incubation of the serum; one resulting in an increase and the other in a decrease in the potency of the serum. The process or processes which increase the potency proceed at much greater rates than the competing ones and are reversed on raising the salt concentration.
A Sheep Erythrocyte Lysin Found in Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Brumfield Helene P. , Ross John D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A substance in guinea pig serum, lytic for sheep red cells, is composed of two fractions, one heat stable and removed by zymosan, and one heat labile which is destroyed in 9 minutes at 56°C. Untreated serum or the combined fractions cause hemolysis of dilute suspensions of sheep erythrocytes. The lysin is inactive against sheep cells at 4° C but is activated by increased temperatures up to 37° C. The activity of the lysin is enhanced after storage at −24° C for 6 days; it decreases with elevation of pH, becoming negligible at pH 7.8 under the conditions studied. The characteristics of the lytic substance are distinguished from complement, the C′3 component of complement and sensitizing “natural” antibody.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Levine Lawrence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that the two successive C′ reaction steps requiring Ca++ and Mg++, respectively, are followed by a third process which we have termed the terminal intrinsic transformation reaction, in the course of which intact cells release their hemoglobin and become ghosts.
The terminal reaction proceeds at an appreciable rate even at 0°C. It is not influenced by changes in ionic strength, or reaction volume, nor do citrate or EDTA in moderate concentration have any effect.
Use of Chicks in Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Studies
Authors: Chamberlain Roy W. , Sikes R. K. , Kissling R. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The use of ½-day-old chicks for virus titrations and serum neutralization tests against both Eastern and Western equine encephalitis is described. Chicks inoculated subcutaneously were 1 to 3 log units more sensitive in quantitating low-passage strains of these viruses and their antisera than were 3-week-old mice inoculated by the intracerebral route. They were also more sensitive in detecting these viruses than suckling mice or chick embryos. Chicks over one day of age did not give reliable results.
The chick did not prove to be a satisfactory laboratory animal for the detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus.
Quantitative Serological Determination of Antibody Formation in X-Irradiated Rabbits
Authors: Silverman Myron S. , Chin Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Four hundred roentgen whole body X-irradiation inhibited the primary antibody response of rabbits when exposure occurred 24 hours before the injection of crystalline egg albumin emulsified in Freund's adjuvant.
Even though the antigen was administered with adjuvant, which presumably permitted a prolonged, slow antigenic stimulation, the response of the irradiated animals never equaled that of the non-irradiated animals even after 27 weeks when recovery from radiation injury could be presumed to have occurred. However, a secondary rise in antibody nitrogen did occur in 3 out of 5 rabbits 14 to 23 weeks after immunization.
Exposure to X-irradiation 24 hours prior to the administration of a second injection of antigen had no effect on the specific anamnestic reaction.
In Vivo Localization of Rat Organ Antibodies in Ovaries, Adrenals, and Other Tissues
Authors: Bale William F. , Spar Irving L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The localization of radioactive iodine in thirteen rat organs and tissues was measured following intravenous injection into rats of I131 labeled rabbit gamma globulin containing antibodies against various rat organs. The materials injected were produced by injection of rat organ homogenates into rabbits and subsequent isolation and iodination of a serum globulin fraction.
The experimental results indicated that antibodies prepared by this method against rat kidney localized strongly in adrenal and ovary as well as in kidney. Antibodies against rat ovary localized strongly in adrenal and ovary, and to a lesser degree in spleen and kidney. Antibodies against the Walker carcinoma 256 injected into normal rats localized preferentially in spleen, ovaries, and adrenals. Antibodies against lymphatic tissue showed a relatively non-specific distribution, but some tendency for localization in adrenal and spleen. When normal rabbit gamma globulin was labeled with I131 and injected into rats the radioactive iodine reached a higher concentration in skin than any other tissues measured with the exception of blood.
The Development of Resistance in Mice Immunized with Soluble Antigen Derived from Bacterium Tularense
Authors: Larson Carl L. , Bell J. Frederick , Owen Cora R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
White mice immunized with soluble antigens obtained from B. tularense showed specific resistance to challenge within 24 hours after immunization and developed circulating, protective antibodies within 72 hours. Mice so immunized failed to develop detectable agglutinins.
Antibody Response of Suckling Mice to Mumps Virus
Authors: Overman John R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the antibody response of mice from birth to maturity following immunization with mumps virus vaccine are described. Results of serial anti-hemagglutinin determinations following a single dose of antigen indicate a transitory antibody response in mice 5–7 days of age when inoculated. A gradual improvement in antibody production is demonstrable as the age on immunization is increased until a mature response is observed in mice 14 days of age. This relation of age and immune response is confirmed by experiments in which the magnitude of the secondary response was determined in mice which received the initial dose of antigen from 1 to 14 days of age. Other experiments indicate that adult mice respond to amounts of mumps virus antigen which evoke no detectable antibody response in mice 10 days of age when inoculated.
Comparative Antigenicity of Tetanus Toxoids Prepared in the Presence and Absence of Veal Infusion
Authors: Stone Joseph L. , Berman Theodore 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Tests were made to determine whether or not tetanus toxoid made with veal infusion or without veal infusion had equivalent or different antigenicity on an equal Lf basis. Fluid toxoids of each group were compared with each other. In addition comparisons were made between aluminum phosphate precipitated toxoids in combination with other antigens. No significant differences were obtained in the comparisons between toxoids prepared with veal infusion in the medium and those prepared in the absence of veal infusion insofar as antigenicity is concerned. A comparative antigenicity study for crude and purified fluid toxoids showed no significant differences in potency.
The Effect of the Order of Addition of Antigen and Antibody on the Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Neff Jane C. , Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The existence of the “order of addition effect”, that less precipitate is obtained when antiserum is added to antigen than when antigen is added to antibody, has been demonstrated for both rabbit and horse antisera. The fundamental identity of this finding to the Danysz phenomenon was pointed out. The explanation offered previously for the Danysz phenomenon, the disparity between the speed with which the initial reactions of antigen and antibody occur, and the slowness with which certain of the subsequent reactions take place, has been accepted for the “order of addition effect”. The presence of the order effect was used as a measure of the lack of equilibrium in the precipitin reaction.
With rabbit antisera it was revealed that under the usual conditions of incubation and refrigeration equilibrium was not attained in either antibody excess or antigen excess. With the horse antiserum studied, in confirmation of the work of Gitlin and Edelhoch, equilibrium was approached speedily in antigen excess, but much more slowly in antibody excess.
The removal of complement by treatment of the antiserum with versene or immune precipitate tended to diminish the order effect with some sera, but was without effect on others. In contradiction to the findings of Maurer and Weigle, versene tended to decrease the amount of precipitate formed with most rabbit antisera studied. The possible significance of these findings to the mechanism of versene action was briefly indicated. It was concluded that, as suggested by Kabat and Schorr, complement tends to decrease the velocity of certain of the antigen-antibody reactions.
With the horse antiserum studied versene was found to increase the amount of precipitate obtained in antibody excess, although a decrease was found in antigen excess and equivalence.