bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local Hypersensitiveness
Authors: Dienes L. , Schoenheit E. W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Non-tuberculous guinea pigs after treatment with eggwhite react to the intracutaneous injection of varying amounts of egg-white with a quickly developing large swelling, which disappears in twenty-four to forty-eight hours. This reaction corresponds to the reaction called “immediate” by Zinsser.
In tuberculous guinea pigs after treatment with eggwhite there appears first a sensitiveness similar to that of the non-tuberculous guinea pigs, but usually in a few days it gives place to a persistent necrotic reaction. After a shorter or longer period the evanescent reaction may reappear.
The hypersensitiveness of tuberculous guinea pigs demonstrated with the necrotic skin reaction is similar to the Arthus phenomenon of rabbits. Subcutaneous injections cause very extensive necrosis, but do not kill the animal. Precipitins are present in large amount in the blood serum. Anaphylaxis against eggwhite is also present.
In general there seems to be a parallelism between the precipitin content of the blood serum and the sensitiveness. But in four tuberculous guinea pigs of the two first series which produced precipitins only slightly, two were very sensitive, and several with strong precipitin production were only slightly sensitive.
Sensitiveness and precipitins appear about the same time—around the seventh day after treatment. Very small amounts of eggwhite are needed for the production of both.
The complement fixation has no direct connection either with the sensitiveness or precipitation. In no case did we observe complement fixation with crystalline egg albumin.
Desensitization is possible with larger doses of eggwhite given subcutaneously. The tuberculin reaction is only slightly affected.
The sensitization with the eggwhite is mainly against the egg globulin. With egg globulin the sensitization is as successful as with the eggwhite. With egg albumin we obtained necrotic skin reaction only after more prolonged treatment.
After treatment with timothy pollen we obtained in two animals a strong necrotic skin reaction, and in two others a moderately strong reaction. The formation of precipitins and complement fixation antibodies were observed only in the tuberculous animals. With typhoid bacilli we obtained in the tuberculous animals neither sensitiveness nor increased agglutinin formation.
The Intradermal Test for the Virulence of Diphtheria Cultures
Authors: Gibbs Charles S. , Ken Chen 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The intracutaneous test for the preliminary standardizing of diphtheria toxin was found to give satisfactory results. Also the intracutaneous test for determining the virulence of diphtheria cultures was found economical and efficient in experienced hands. The cutaneous lesions associated with mixed throat infections furnished valuable aid in determining whether virulent or avirulent diphtheria bacilli were present or not. When the cutaneous lesions were marked by rapid necrosis and abscess formation an examination of the subcutaneous tissues was helpful in deciding whether diphtheria toxins had been formed or not.
The Preparation and Purification of Pollen Extracts
Authors: Alles Gordon A. , Lamson Robert W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
At least one-half of the N present in pollen extracts is contained by substances that are not immunologically important. The presence of whole protein is difficult to show even in concentrated unpurified pollen extracts, though undoubtedly present. Washing the pollen grains with 80 volume per cent alcohol removes a considerable amount of inactive substances. This treatment, followed by the usual extraction of the active substances, yields extracts that are clinically somewhat less active than standard extracts.
Transmission of Protein Hypersensitiveness from Mother to Offspring
Authors: Ratner Bret , Jackson Holmes C. , Gruehl Helen Lee 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rosenau and Anderson (1) were the first to record instances of the transmission of hypersensitiveness or anaphylaxis; this hypersusceptibility was transmitted to young guinea pigs whose mothers had been given diphtheria toxin-antitoxin mixture or normal horse serum two or three months before parturition.
The diphtheria toxin immunity transferred from mother to offspring, demonstrated by Wernicke (2) in 1895, Smith (3) in 1905, Anderson (4) in 1906 and the transmission of hypersusceptibility first shown by Rosenau and Anderson (1) in 1906, led Anderson (5) to question whether female guinea pigs that received toxin-antitoxin, either before or during pregnancy, could give birth to offspring that were both immune to diphtheria toxin and hypersusceptible to horse serum. He readily found that a mother can simultaneously transmit to her young these two properties—the immunity to diphtheria toxin and the hypersusceptibility to horse serum.
Transmission of Protein Hypersensitiveness from Mother to Offspring
Authors: Ratner Bret , Jackson Holmes C. , Gruehl Helen Lee 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
There are certain clinical indications which have suggested the possibility that the breast milk of mothers may transmit foreign food proteins and thus produce nutritional and allergic disturbances in the nursling. This is shown in the case reports of Talbot (1), O'Keefe (2), and Ratner (3). As a result of O'Keefe's work which first demonstrated positive allergic skin reactions in nursing infants to foods of which they had never partaken, Shannon (4), in 1921, attempted to demonstrate experimentally the actual presence of foreign food proteins in the milk of certain nursing mothers. He believes that he has proved the presence of egg protein in breast milk and concludes that the passage of this egg protein was responsible for the eczema and nutritional disturbances of these infants. The following year, in a clinical paper (5), he states that he has also shown the passage of veal protein and believes that any foreign protein may be demonstrated in the breast milk.
Effect of Histamine on the Parenteral Denaturization of Foreign Protein
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Marino D. H. , Boone T. H. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Histamine injected intravenously into normal dogs has the effect of delaying the normal parenteral denaturization of foreign protein. This is shown: (a) by a prolongation of the initial period of increased anaphylactic toxicity, and (b) by a marked delay in the development of complete anaphylactic detoxication.
Since histamine is known to inhibit the action of certain tissue enzymes, this finding is not inconsistent with the hypothesis that the initial increased toxicity and the subsequent complete detoxication of parentically introduced foreign proteins are due to enzyme action (2).
Skin Reactions in the Normal and Hypersensitive Guinea Pig
Authors: Lamson R. W. , Pope Maxy Alice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In an attempt to study the mechanism governing skin hypersensitivity in man we turned our attention to similar phenomena in the common laboratory animal. First of all it seemed desirable to standardize the skin reaction, if one could be produced, in these animals by the use of an antigen that was relatively simple in composition. For this reason we selected crystalline egg albumin in preference to horse serum or whole egg white which are perhaps more commonly used. We hoped to determine the size and character of the wheal produced in the skin of the sensitized animal, the time factors concerned, and the frequency with which the results could be duplicated at two or more sites on the same animal. The antigen we selected did not fulfill the purpose intended of it, but it did furnish us with certain interesting results. These data and those additional ones obtained in an attempt to explain our first observations are presented herein.
Sequential events in thymocyte differentiation and thymus regeneration revealed by a combination of bromodeoxyuridine DNA labeling and antimitotic drug treatment.
Authors: Penit C , Vasseur F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proliferative status of thymocyte cell subsets in vivo was assessed by observing the effect of two antimitotic drugs, hydroxyurea (HU) and demecolcine. Both drugs had the greatest effect on the double-positive (DP) subset followed by the L3T4+ single-positive (SP) subset. However, the decrease in the latter type was delayed by several days, showing that their precursors rather than the cells themselves were killed by HU. Double-negative (DN) cells were less affected, indicating that they contain a resting subset and that they are renewed by emigration rather than by autonomous in situ proliferation. After drug treatment all cycling cells were eliminated from the thymus but, as shown by in vivo and in vitro bromodeoxyuridine incorporation, new cells rapidly reentered in cycle, starting from DN cells and Lyt-2+ SP cells and followed by DP cells. Lyt-2+ SP cycling cells represent an intermediary stage between DN and DP cells, and they are very transient. Injection of HU 24 h after in vivo BrdUrd labeling eliminated most labeled DN cells, but did not prevent the emergence of L3T4+ SP-labeled cells on day 3 as observed in control thymuses. These results suggest that these L3T4+ SP cells are generated from DP cells in the absence of proliferation. Cycling cells in the regenerating thymus were first located at the corticomedullary junction and then in the subcapsular region, suggesting a reverse migration process to that observed after cessation of proliferation. A model is proposed to summarize these sequential events.
Allogeneic non-T spleen cells restore the responsiveness of normal T cell clones stimulated with antigen and chemically modified antigen-presenting cells.
Authors: Jenkins M K , Ashwell J D , Schwartz R H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulation of IL-2-producing T cell clones with chemically modified APC and Ag induces a state of proliferative unresponsiveness, i.e., subsequent stimulation with normal APC and Ag fails to elicit IL-2 production. One possible effect of chemical modification on the APC is the destruction of its ability to provide costimulatory signals. To test this, various potential costimulators were added to T cells at the time of exposure to Ag and chemically modified APC. None of the cytokines tested, including IL-1, had a positive effect; however, addition of allogeneic spleen cells allowed a T cell proliferative response and prevented the induction of subsequent unresponsiveness. Fractionation of the spleen cells showed that low density B cells and macrophages were the best source of costimulatory activity. Allogeneic resting B cells provided some costimulatory activity and resting T cells, none at all. Attempts to mimic costimulatory signals with the phorbol ester PMA were only partially successful. PMA prevented the induction of T cell unresponsiveness but failed to allow T cell proliferation in response to Ag plus chemically modified APC. Our results suggest that IL-2 production by normal T cell clones is dependent not only on T cell receptor occupancy, but also on short range costimulatory signals that are provided to different degrees by various non-T accessory cells.
Frequencies of IL-2- and IL-4-secreting T cells in naive and antigen-stimulated lymphocyte populations.
Authors: Powers G D , Abbas A K , Miller R A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relative frequencies of IL-2-and IL-4-secreting precursors in naive and Ag-primed populations were investigated by using limiting dilution analysis. Cells capable of IL-4 production in lymphoid populations freshly isolated from mice were rare in comparison with those producing IL-2 when the cells were stimulated by nominal Ag, by alloantigens, or by mitogens. One cycle of in vitro Ag restimulation and rest, however, enabled us to detect high proportions of IL-4-secreting cells among keyhole limpet hemocyanin-primed lymph node cells. With cultures set up at monoclonal cell doses, it was shown that IL-2 and IL-4 are secreted by separate precursor populations at this stage of their development. The IL-4-secreting cells were further shown to be dependent upon the presence of IL-2, either secreted by separate precursors or exogenously added, for the production of detectable amounts of IL-4. Analysis of the frequencies of helper cells producing both IL-2 and IL-4 at various stages of the in vivo immune response and the requirements for their growth and differentiation should give a better understanding of the relative contributions of each cell type.
Picogram quantities of anti-Ig antibodies coupled to dextran induce B cell proliferation.
Authors: Brunswick M , Finkelman F D , Highet P F , Inman J K , Dintzis H M , Mond J J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
To investigate the properties which enable type 2 Ag, as exemplified by dextran and Ficoll, to stimulate high levels of antibody responses in the relative absence of T cells, we conjugated anti-IgD and anti-IgM mAb to both dextran and Ficoll and examined their B cell-activating properties. Such conjugated anti-Ig antibodies stimulated both early and later stages of B cell activation at picogram concentrations, which are at least 1000-fold lower than that required for B cell stimulation by unconjugated anti-Ig antibodies, and the level of proliferation they stimulated was on average 10-fold greater. Furthermore, concentrations of anti-Ig dextran (100 pg/ml) which modulated little sIgD from the B cell surface were strong inducers of enhanced B cell expression of MHC class II molecules. Conjugation of Fab fragments of anti-IgD or nonmitogenic anti-IgM mAb to dextran rendered them as mitogenic as dextran conjugated to strongly stimulatory anti-IgD or anti-IgM antibodies. The ability of dextran and Ficoll to serve as effective carrier molecules for anti-IgD was not related solely to their large m.w., because anti-IgD coupled to polymerized BSA (m.w. 1.5 X 10(6), was only 10- to 50-fold more potent than unconjugated anti-IgD antibodies at stimulating B cell DNA synthesis. These results suggest, therefore, that the unique ability of picogram concentrations of haptenated type 2 Ag to stimulate Ig secretion in the absence of T cells may be a function of their ability to promote effective cross-linking without resulting in the modulation of sIg. This would enable such Ag to mediate repetitive B cell signaling, a situation that cannot be achieved by unconjugated anti-Ig antibodies which result in modulation of sIg at their mitogenic concentrations. These compounds therefore may be employed to study B cell activation stimulated by sIg cross-linking at concentrations that may more closely reflect those which are achieved under physiologic conditions by type 2 Ag.
Total lymphoid irradiation leads to transient depletion of the mouse thymic medulla and persistent abnormalities among medullary stromal cells.
Authors: Adkins B , Gandour D , Strober S , Weissman I 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mice given multiple doses of sublethal irradiation to both the thymus and the peripheral lymphoid tissues showed major transient, and some persistent disruptions in general thymic architecture and in thymic stromal components. At 2 wk after total lymphoid irradiation (TLI), the thymus lacked identifiable medullary regions by immunohistochemical analyses. Medullary stromal cells expression MHC Ag or a medullary epithelial cell Ag, as well as medullary macrophages, were undetectable. Instead, the processes of cortical epithelial cells were observed throughout the entire thymus. Strikingly, thymocyte subsets with mature phenotypes (CD4+CD8- and CD4-CD8+) were present in the apparent absence of a medulla. This early, gross effect was rapidly reversed such that by 1 to 2 mo after TLI, medullary areas with MHC Ag-positive cells were evident. However, abnormalities in a subset of medullary stromal cells appeared to be more persistent. Medullary epithelial cells, identified by the MD1 mAb, were greatly reduced in number and abnormally organized for at least 4 mo after TLI. In addition, macrophages containing endogenous peroxidase activity, normally abundant in medullary regions, were undetectable at all times examined after TLI. Therefore, this irradiation regimen induced both transient and long term effects in the thymus, primarily in medullary regions. These results suggest that TLI may be used as an experimental tool for studying the impact of selective depletion of medullary stromal cells on the development of specific T cell functions.
Resistance to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis in genetically inbred rats. Association with decreased amounts of in situ acetylcholine receptor-antibody complexes.
Authors: Biesecker G , Koffler D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Genetically related susceptibility for experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis was investigated in nine inbred strains of rats immunized with heterologous acetylcholine (AChR) from Torpedo californica. Wistar Munich and Fischer strain animals consistently developed severe, fatal disease associated with impaired neuromuscular transmission and increased sensitivity to low doses of curare. A lower incidence of disease was induced in Wistar Kyoto, ACI, Brown Norway, Buffalo, and Lewis strain animals. In contrast, Wistar Furth and Copenhagen strain animals were resistant to experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis, electrophysiologic responses were normal, and animals were insensitive to curare. All strains of animals manifested equivalent amounts of serum antibody to AChR and total muscle AChR was reduced to the same extent in both resistant and susceptible animals. In contrast, the amount of antibody-bound AChR was greater in susceptible Wistar Munich animals than the amount observed in resistant Wistar Furth animals. These data suggest that impaired neurotransmission is correlated with the extent of antibody binding to the AChR. The discordance in the amount of antibody bound to the AChR of resistant and susceptible animals may result from heritable differences in antibody properties. Cross-breeding experiments with Wistar Munich and Wistar Furth animals show that resistance for development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis is recessive and indicate that disease susceptibility is linked to one or two genetic loci.
Incidence of three cross-reactive idiotypes on human rheumatoid factor paraproteins.
Authors: Crowley J J , Goldfien R D , Schrohenloher R E , Spiegelberg H L , Silverman G J , Mageed R A , Jefferis R , Koopman W J , Carson D A , Fong S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The basis for rheumatoid factor (RF) production in autoimmune or lymphoproliferative diseases cannot be understood without defining the molecular factors that dictate RF structure and specificity. Recently three different mAb (6B6.6, 17.109, and G6) have been developed that define cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) on intact L or H chains of human monoclonal RF cryoglobulins. However, the true incidence of these CRI among RF and their relationship to each other have not been delineated. In the present experiments, a panel of 163 randomly selected IgM paraproteins was evaluated for the expression of the two kappa L chain CRI, 6B6.6 and 17.109, and the H chain CRI, G6. Among the paraproteins with kappa L chains, 14% expressed the 17.109 CRI, and 9% expressed the 6B6.6 CRI. Both ELISA and Western immunoblotting experiments showed that the two L chain CRI were mutually exclusive. Anti-IgG activity was documented in 22 of the IgM-kappa paraproteins, among which mAb 6B6.6 reacted with 7 (32%) and mAb 17.109 with 6 (27%). Both CRI were expressed exclusively by L chains within the kappaIII variable gene subgroup. Although 17.109 CRI+ paraproteins had kappaIIIb L chains, none of the 6B6.6 CRI+ paraproteins possessed L chains with this kappa sub-subgroup specific Ag. The G6 CRI was found predominantly among RF paraproteins and was frequently yet not exclusively associated with the 17.109 CRI+ L chains. Additional experiments were performed on a panel of normal adult human sera and documented the presence of 6B6.6 and 17.109 CRI on a small percentage (0.1 to 2.0%) of IgM from most individuals. These data indicate that 1) the mAb 6B6.6 and 17.109 identify two major and distinct CRI among IgM-RF paraproteins, 2) both CRI are associated exclusively with kappaIII L chains, 3) kappaIIIb and kappaIII non-b L chains are equally prevalent among IgM-RF, 4) the G6 H chain CRI is frequently associated with 17.109 CRI+ L chains, but not with 6B6.6 CRI+ L chains, and 5) although the ability to make 6B6.6 and 17.109 CRI+ kappa L chains is common in humans, these CRI are present in low concentrations in normal IgM.
Defective primary and secondary IgG responses to thymic-dependent antigens in autoimmune PN mice.
Authors: Walker S E 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Palmerston North (PN) mice spontaneously develop autoimmune disease resembling SLE. Because immune responsiveness has not been defined in this strain, a study was designed to assay primary splenic plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to thymus-dependent (TD) and thymus-independent (TI) Ag. Initial surveys of PN mice inoculated with the TD Ag SRBC showed adequate production of IgM PFC, but small numbers of IgG PFC were developed with polyspecific antiserum. In contrast, H-2-compatible DBA/1 control mice gave the expected responses to SRBC (IgG plaques elevated twofold compared with IgM plaques). PN mice had the usual responses to Ag that are largely TI; both PN and DBA/1 mice had active IgM and modest IgG responses to TNP-LPS and TNP-Ficoll. Additional experiments determined that PN mice had similar patterns of defective IgG responses to several different TD Ag (SRBC, horse RBC, and DNP-keyhole limpet hemocyanin). In each instance, the usual predominance of IgG1 plaques was absent, and total numbers of plaques developed with antisera specific for IgG isotypes were suppressed. Defective PN IgG production was evident as early as 3 wk of age, was not influenced by aging to 43 wk, and was not corrected by increasing the antigenic challenge 10-fold. PN spleen cells treated with monoclonal anti-Thy-1.2 and C were injected with pools of DBA/1 T cells into 850-rad irradiated (DBA/1 x PN)F1 hybrids. These recipients expressed low IgG1 responses to SRBC, suggesting that the B cell-containing fraction that was not lysed by anti-Thy-1.2 transferred the PN defect. PN mice, which do not respond to TD Ag with active IgG production, contradict the proposal that autoimmunity is associated with hyper-responsiveness to TD and TI Ag.
Immune studies in the depigmenting C57BL/Ler-vit/vit mice. An apparent isolated loss of contact hypersensitivity.
Authors: Amornsiripanitch S , Barnes L M , Nordlund J J , Trinkle L S , Rheins L A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Vitiligo is a human disorder which destroys pigment cells in the skin, ears, eyes, and meningeal tissues and has often been associated with a variety of autoimmune disorders. The C57BL/Ler-vit/vit mouse is a mutant strain that exhibits a loss of epidermal pigment cells and a selective cell-mediated immune deficiency to epicutaneous-administered allergens. This observation is consistent with that observed in humans with vitiligo, who also exhibit loss of contact hypersensitivity (CHS), that appears to be associated with loss of pigment cells from the epidermis. Other cellular immune parameters such as delayed type hypersensitivity and antibody generation to both particulate and soluble Ag are normal or even hyperimmune in the vit/vit mice compared with congenic C57BL/6 controls. Cyclophosphamide treatment could reconstitute CHS responsiveness of the vit/vit mice to the allergen dinitrofluorobenzene. Further, this loss of CHS responsiveness to dinitrofluorobenzene could be restored with skin transplants from normal pigmented C57BL/6 mice to vit/vit mice. Normal C57BL/6 mice bearing white skin grafts from vit/vit mice did not contact sensitize. We suggest that this vit/vit mouse strain may serve as an excellent system to investigate various aspects of other contact hypersensitivity reactions as well as vitiligo.