bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stellar population synthesis models with a physically varying IMF
Authors: Zonoozi Akram Hasani , Haghi Hosein , Kroupa Pavel 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
Interpreting galactic luminosity requires assumptions about the galaxy-wide initial mass function (gwIMF), often assumed invariant in most stellar population synthesis (SPS) models. If stars form in clusters with metallicity- and density-dependent stellar IMFs, the integrated galaxy-wide IMF (IGIMF) can be calculated, with its shape depending on the star formation rate (SFR) and metallicity. The shape of the IGIMF thus depends on the SFR and metallicity. We develop the SPS-VarIMF code which enables us for the first time to compute the spectra, luminosities, and remnant populations of galaxies in the context of the varying gwIMF with time, SFR, and an assumed metallicity. Using the SPS-VarIMF code one can calculate how the interpretation from the integrated galactic light may change if the underlying galaxy-wide IMF is assumed to be environmentally dependent instead of being invariant. In particular, we compare the time evolution of the galaxy colour and the stellar mass-to-light ratio in different bands for the IGIMF and invariant canonical gwIMF assuming constant and delayed-$\tau$ star formation histories. We show that the underlying gwIMF can be determined by examining the colours and luminosities of late-type galaxies in ultraviolet and optical bands. On the other hand, for early-type galaxies, it is difficult to distinguish which gwIMF is valid since adopting the different gwIMFs yields almost identical colours. However, their gwIMF-dependent mass-to-light ($M/L$) ratios differ by up to an order of magnitude. Massive present-day elliptical galaxies would have been $10^4$ times as bright as at present when they were forming.
Precipitation possible: turbulence-driven thermal instability with constrained entropy profiles
Authors: Wibking Benjamin D , Voit G Mark , O’Shea Brian W 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT
Precipitation of cold gas due to thermal instability in both galaxy clusters and the circumgalactic medium may regulate active galactic nucleus feedback. We investigate thermal instability in idealized simulations of the circumgalactic medium with a parameter study of over 600 three-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations of stratified turbulence with cooling, each evolved for 10 Gyr. The entropy profiles are maintained in a steady state via an idealized ‘thermostat’ process, consistent with galaxy cluster entropy profiles. In the presence of external turbulent driving, we find cold gas precipitates, with a strong dependence whether the turbulent driving mechanism is solenoidal, compressive, or purely vertical. In the purely vertical turbulent driving regime, we find that significant cold gas may form when the cooling time to free-fall time $t_{\rm cool} / t_{\text{ff}} \lesssim 5$. Our simulations with a ratio of $t_{\rm cool} / t_{\text{ff}} \sim 10$ do not precipitate under any circumstances, perhaps because the thermostat mechanism we use maintains a significant non-zero entropy gradient.
Association between the timing of intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and severity of Kawasaki disease
Authors: Iwasa Mitsuji , Aoki Gaku , Inukai Sachiko 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACT

Objectives
The early administration of immunoglobulin in Kawasaki disease occasionally results in treatment failure. However, whether this is because severe cases are diagnosed and treated early or due to other factors remains unclear. In this study, we examined the timing of initial immunoglobulin administration and immunoglobulin resistance in cases classified by severity of illness.

Methods
This study was a single-hospital, retrospective cohort study of 608 patients who received immunoglobulin within 4 (Early-treatment group, n = 225) or between 5 and 7 days (Late-treatment group, n = 383) following treatment onset. Cases were classified into four groups: high (n = 55), moderate (n = 96), low (n = 197), and very-low (n = 260) risk, based on the Kobayashi score, modified to exclude the day of illness factor. Within each risk group, immunoglobulin resistance was compared between the early- and late-treatment groups.

Results
The early-treatment group showed greater immunoglobulin resistance than the late-treatment group. After severity classification, the cases of high-risk and moderate-risk in the early-treatment group were more immunoglobulin-resistant than those in late-treatment group, with odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of 6.7 (1.6–28) and 3.7 (1.6–8.5), respectively. There was no difference in the low-risk and very-low-risk groups.

Conclusion
Earlier illness day was a risk factor of immunoglobulin resistance in severe cases.
Variation in habitat selection by male Strix nebulosa (Great Gray Owls) across the diel cycle
Authors: Gura Katherine B , Bedrosian Bryan , Patla Susan , Chalfoun Anna D 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Despite the long-standing recognition that animals partition activities, for example, across different periods of the day, understanding of how habitat selection varies according to specific temporal periods or behavioral activities remains limited for most species. For example, although much of the animal kingdom is nocturnally active, studies that characterize nocturnal behavior remain relatively rare, which precludes a thorough understanding of key habitats. We used Global Positioning System tracking and remotely-sensed environmental data to evaluate whether breeding-season habitat selection by adult male Strix nebulosa (Great Gray Owls) (n = 19) varied across diel periods (dawn, day, dusk, and night). We focused on male owls because their habitat selection remains largely unknown despite the critical role they play as food provisioners. To address knowledge gaps related to nocturnal habitat, we also evaluated finer-scale, microhabitat selection by male owls at night. Owls were more active during dusk through dawn, suggesting that owls forage during crepuscular and nighttime periods and roost during the day. Owls avoided herbaceous wetlands during the day but strongly selected them at dawn, dusk, and night, indicating time-dependent habitat selection. Moreover, owls avoided dry meadows at all times of the day, suggesting that wet rather than xeric meadows are important for foraging. Owls also selected nighttime microhabitats that facilitated foraging, such as those with the presence of primary prey and open understories. During the daytime, owls chose areas with closed canopies and increased soil moisture, which likely provided suitable roosting habitat. Owls avoided development but selected areas closer to roads, particularly containing preferred habitats. Understanding of habitat selection across activity periods, temporal windows, and other contexts can improve the conservation of critical habitat for wildlife. Our work contributes to understanding of how animals balance resources related to food provisioning versus safety, both of which are critical for individual fitness and population persistence.
Medical Doctors, Depopulation and the Plantation Economy of German New Guinea
Authors: Thomas Emma 
Published: January 2025

Summary
This article examines how the colonial state of German New Guinea sought to manage Indigenous people’s reproductive labour in the decade prior to World War I amidst growing colonial anxieties about depopulation and fertility decline. As a plantation colony whose economy depended overwhelmingly on the availability of Indigenous, indentured labourers, concerns about health and medicine were thoroughly entangled with concerns about labour and the plantation economy. The colonial state sought to combat and, ideally, reverse low birth rates among Indigenous peoples through labour reforms and medical research. Examining discourses produced by administrators and medical experts working for the colonial state, this article argues that in the early twentieth century, New Guinean women assumed novel importance as objects of colonial government policy and medical-ethnographic enquiries, which worked to pathologise Indigenous women while rendering them responsible for the biosocial reproduction and economic subsidisation of the colonial labour force.
Comprehensive evaluation of the toxicological effects of commonly encountered synthetic cathinones using in silico methods
Authors: Yalçın Can Özgür , Sarıaltın Sezen Yılmaz , Raitano Giuseppa , Benfenati Emilio 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Synthetic cathinones (SCs), a group of new psychoactive substances (NPS), are designer molecules with hallucinogenic and psychostimulatory effects. Although the structural similarities of SCs to amphetamines suggest that they may have similar toxicity profiles to those of amphetamine congeners, little is known about SCs from a toxicological point of view. In the present study, the toxicity profiles of commonly encountered SCs (n = 65), listed in the 2020 Report of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), were evaluated using in silico methods. We aimed to gain a deeper understanding of key toxicological endpoints: acute oral toxicity (LD50), mutagenicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity prediction using EPA TEST (v.5.1.2 and 4.2.1), VEGA (v.1.2.3), and ProTox (v.3.0). Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic (ADME) properties were estimated using SwissADME and pkCSM. 2,3-MDMC (41) was predicted to be the most lethal SC by the VEGA KNN and the EPA TEST v.5.1.2 with an oral rat LD50 value of 105.17 and 117.77 mg/kg, respectively. 4-BEC (2) was the only molecule with a consensus score of positive prediction greater than 0.90 in both TEST mutagenicity models. 2,3-MDMC (41) and methylone (52) were predicted as carcinogenic by VEGA carcinogenicity CAESAR, ISS, IRFMN-ISSCAN-CGX, oral classification, and ProTox models. These two SCs were predicted to be active by VEGA chromosomal aberration (CORAL) and in vitro micronuclei-inducing activity (IRFMN-VERMEER) models. Our results concluded that given the prolonged exposure duration and age range, the genotoxic and carcinogenic potential of SCs should be considered, among other known toxic effects.
Quantifying liver-toxic responses from dose-dependent chemical exposures using a rat genome-scale metabolic model
Authors: Pannala Venkat R , Hari Archana , AbdulHameed Mohamed Diwan M , Balik-Meisner Michele R , Mav Deepak , Phadke Dhiral P , Scholl Elizabeth H , Shah Ruchir R , Auerbach Scott S , Wallqvist Anders 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Because the liver plays a vital role in the clearance of exogenous chemical compounds, it is susceptible to chemical-induced toxicity. Animal-based testing is routinely used to assess the hepatotoxic potential of chemicals. Although large-scale high-throughput sequencing data can indicate the genes affected by chemical exposures, we need system-level approaches to interpret these changes. To this end, we developed an updated rat genome-scale metabolic model to integrate large-scale transcriptomics data and utilized a chemical structure similarity-based ToxProfiler tool to identify chemicals that bind to specific toxicity targets to understand the mechanisms of toxicity. We used high-throughput transcriptomics data from a 5-day in vivo study where rats were exposed to different non-toxic and hepatotoxic chemicals at increasing concentrations and investigated how liver metabolism was differentially altered between the non-toxic and hepatotoxic chemical exposures. Our analysis indicated that the genes identified via toxicity target analysis and those mapped to the metabolic model showed a distinct gene expression pattern, with the majority showing upregulation for hepatotoxicants compared with non-toxic chemicals. Similarly, when we mapped the metabolic genes at the pathway level, we identified several pathways in carbohydrate, amino acid, and lipid metabolism that were significantly upregulated for hepatotoxic chemicals. Furthermore, using our system-level integration of gene expression data with the rat metabolic model, we could differentiate metabolites in these pathways that were systematically elevated or suppressed due to hepatotoxic versus non-toxic chemicals. Thus, using our combined approach, we were able to identify a set of potential gene signatures that clearly differentiated liver toxic responses from non-toxic chemicals, which helped us identify potential metabolic pathways and metabolites that are systematically associated with the toxicant exposure.
The Relationship Between the Positive Drain Tip Cultures and the Incidence of Surgical Site Infection After Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery
Authors: Shimizu Akihiko , Shimoyama Shinya , Ikeda Kentaro , Oka Norihiko 
Published: January 2025

Background:
Surgical site infection (SSI) is a significant complication following pediatric cardiovascular surgery. Although drain tip cultures (DTC) are sometimes used postoperatively to predict SSIs, their diagnostic value in pediatric cardiovascular surgery remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the diagnostic utility of DTC for predicting SSIs in pediatric cardiovascular surgery patients.

Methods:
This retrospective, single-center cohort study was conducted at a tertiary children’s hospital in Japan. We analyzed DTC and SSI data from pediatric patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery between December 2014 and August 2018. Demographic and clinical information was collected, and the incidence of SSIs was compared between patients with positive and negative DTC results.

Results:
A total of 555 samples from 254 patients were analyzed. DTC was positive in 70 samples (12.6%), and 27 patients (10.6%) had at least 1 positive DTC. The most frequently isolated organism was Staphylococcus epidermidis (n = 44), followed by Candida parapsilosis (n = 8), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (n = 4) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 3). Twenty patients (7.9%) developed SSIs. The SSI rate was not significantly higher in patients with positive DTC compared with those with negative DTC (14.8% vs. 6.6%, P = 0.13). Only 2 cases showed concordance between the organisms detected in DTC and those responsible for SSIs.

Conclusions:
The study found that positive DTC was not significantly associated with SSI occurrence after pediatric cardiovascular surgery. Therefore, routine culture of drainage tube tips may not be necessary unless there are clinical signs of infection. Further research is needed to evaluate the role of DTC in specific high-risk scenarios.
High-Intensity End-of-Life Care Among Young and Middle-Aged Hispanic Adults With Cancer in Puerto Rico
Authors: Velazquez Jessica , Castañeda-Avila Maira A. , Gierbolini-Bermúdez Axel , Ramos-Fernández María R. , Ortiz-Ortiz Karen J. 
Published: January 2025

Background:
Timely palliative and hospice care, along with advanced care planning, can reduce avoidable high-intensity care and improve quality of life at the end of life (EoL).

Objective:
We examined patterns of care at EoL and evaluated predictors of high-intensity care at EoL among adults aged 18–64 with cancer.

Methods:
Using data from the Puerto Rico Central Cancer Registry-Health Insurance Linkage Database, we examined 1359 patients diagnosed with cancer in 2010–2019, who died of cancer between 2017 and 2019 at 64 years and younger, and who were enrolled in Medicaid or private health insurance in last 30 days before death. We used composite measures for high-intensity and recommended EoL care using claims-based indicators in the last 30 days before death. Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine predictors associated with high-intensity EoL care.

Results:
About 70.3% of young and middle-aged Hispanic cancer patients received high-intensity EoL care, whereas only 20.6% received recommended EoL care. Patients without recommended EoL care were more likely to receive high-intensity EoL care (aOR=4.23; 95% CI=3.18–5.61). High-intensity EoL care was more likely in female patients (aOR=1.43; 95% CI=1.11–1.85) and patients with hematologic cancers (aOR=1.91; 95% CI=1.13–3.20) and less likely in patients who survived >12 months after cancer diagnosis (aOR=0.55; 95% CI=0.43–0.71).

Conclusions:
A high proportion of Hispanic adults with cancer in Puerto Rico receive high-intensity EoL care and have unmet needs at EoL. Tailored interventions can reduce high-intensity EoL care and increase recommended EoL care. Recommended EoL care can ease pain, reduce distress, honor personal preferences, and cut unnecessary medical costs.
Spatial capture-recapture reveals resource use and declining skipper numbers in Baltic Sea salmon trolling fisheries
Authors: Karlsson Konrad 
Published: January 2025

AbstractMany populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) native to the Baltic Sea are endangered. A significant group targeting salmon in this region is the recreational trolling fisheries. Due to frequent changes in fisheries regulations and conditions, both the conservation of the species and the fishers are impacted. This study aims to enhance our understanding of the spatial extent and population dynamics of salmon trolling boat skippers in the Baltic Sea by estimating their population size and resource utilization. The study utilizes participation lists of skippers from recreational fishing tournaments and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data to track their movements. These lists are formatted as encounter histories for spatial capture-recapture models, while AIS data are integrated as telemetry data to estimate resource selection. The results reveal a 51% decrease in the number of skippers from two time periods: years 2014-2020 and 2021-2023, with the count dropping from 5,343 individuals (95% CI: 4,622-6,178) to 2,604 individuals (95% CI: 2,273-2,983). The decline may be attributed in part to heavy regulations imposed on recreational salmon fisheries in 2022. Furthermore, the resource selection analysis indicates that these skippers target various species also outside of the Baltic Sea, such as Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) in Skagerrak, and endangered salmon stocks elsewhere, such as in Lake Vänern. The results of this study suggests that regulations and changes in the Baltic Sea salmon trolling fishery may have broader impacts on seemingly unrelated species and ecosystems.
Murine gut microbiota dysbiosis via enteric infection modulates the foreign body response to a distal biomaterial implant
Authors: Yang Brenda , Rutkowski Natalie , Ruta Anna , Gray-Gaillard Elise , Maestas David R. , Kelly Sean H. , Krishnan Kavita , Wu Xinqun , Wu Shaoguang , Chen Allen , Amelung Connor D. , Mejías Joscelyn C. , Hooks Joshua S. T. , Vanderzee Isabel , Mensah Patricia , Celik Nazmiye , Eric Marie , Abraham Peter , Tam Ada , Gerecht Sharon , Housseau Franck , Pardoll Drew M. , Sears Cynthia L. , Elisseeff Jennifer H. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe gut microbiota influences systemic immunity and the function of distal tissues, including the brain, liver, skin, lung, and muscle. However, the role of the gut microbiota in the foreign body response (FBR) and fibrosis around medical implants is largely unexplored. To investigate this connection, we perturbed the homeostasis of the murine gut microbiota via enterotoxigenicBacteroides fragilis(ETBF) infection and implanted the synthetic polymer polycaprolactone (PCL) into a distal muscle injury. ETBF infection in mice led to increased neutrophil and γδ T cell infiltration into the PCL implant site. ETBF infection alone promoted systemic inflammation and increased levels of neutrophils in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow. At the PCL implant site, we found significant changes in the transcriptome of sorted fibroblasts but did not observe gross ETBF- induced differences in the fibrosis levels after 6 weeks. These results demonstrate the ability of the gut microbiota to mediate long-distance effects such as immune and stromal responses to a distal biomaterial implant.Significance StatementThe foreign body response to implants leads to chronic inflammation and fibrosis that can be highly variable in the general patient population. Here, we demonstrate that gut dysbiosis via enteric infection promoted systemic inflammation and increased immune cell recruitment to an anatomically distant implant site. These results implicate the gut microbiota as a potential source of variability in the clinical biomaterial response and illustrate that the local tissue environment can be influenced by host factors that modulate systemic interactions.
Charge-based fingerprinting of unlabeled full-length proteins using an aerolysin nanopore
Authors: Rukes Verena , Norkute Evita , Barnikol Georges , Duan Jingze , Gao Jiajie , Cao Chan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractProteins play essential roles in cellular processes and are involved in numerous diseases, driving the need for efficient proteoform identification. While nanopore technology was highly successful for DNA sequencing, this approach has not yet delivered its full potential in protein identification. Here, we demonstrate the capabilities of an aerolysin nanopore for direct identification of a range of unlabeled full-length proteins. Combining low pH and guanidinium chloride, we generate a strong electroosmotic flow that enables an efficient capture and translocation, resulting in distinct fingerprints from single-protein translocations. Using machine learning classifier, we achieve 80% accuracy in distinguishing seven related proteins with 38%–70% pairwise sequence identities. Differences in fingerprints largely reflect the distribution of positive charges in the protein sequences, providing a rational basis for the observed sensitivity. With further development, fingerprint-predictions could allow to inferde novoprotein sequence information from single-molecule data, offering a powerful tool for proteomics.
3D Multiphoton Nanolithography with Bioresorbable Amino Acid-Based Resins
Authors: Naderer Christoph , Sivun Dmitry , Haudum Stefan , Teasdale Ian , Jacak Jaroslaw 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWe demonstrate that the newly designed amino acid phosphordiamidate-resins (APdA), containing vinyl reactive groups for polymerization, can be utilized to fabricate sub – 100 nm features through 3D multiphoton lithography. We have quantitatively analyzed the feature size, Young’s modulus, and functionalization of the nanostructures using atomic force and single-molecule fluorescence microscopy. Our results indicate that the polymer backbone, composed of either valine or alanine, imparts hydrophobic properties to the monomer, restricting the swelling of the polymeric nanostructure to 8% in aqueous environments. Despite minimal swelling, experiments revealed an up to 10-fold change of Young’s modulus for dry versus wet conditions. To enhance the versatility of the APdA-based structures, we incorporated biotin functionalization and utilized it for the immobilization of extracellular vesicles. Hence, these findings highlight the potential of APdA-based nanolithography photoresists for biomedicine and nanotechnology applications.