bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical and Experimental Assessment of Short Bolted Flange Nuts Subjected to Tensile Loads for Development of Mitigation Strategy
Authors: Brewer Jonathan , Sheets Colton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analytical and experimental methods were used to develop a strategy for assessing short bolted threaded connections (studs and nuts) under tensile loading. Short bolting occurs when a threaded connection has some number of threads that remain unengaged. This unthreaded length is called shortfall. Analytical efforts primarily focused on predicting the failure loads and failure modes associated with various levels of shortfall. An analytical methodology for assessing short bolting is important as it allows an end user to develop a threat prioritization or integrity management program based on a desired level of risk tolerance. A risk averse, conservative approach could require that all nuts have sufficient engagement length to produce a tensile overload failure of the stud. A risk tolerant approach might utilize predicted failure load as an integrity criterion instead of predicted failure mode.
Development of the analytical models, including a review of existing literature, is described within this paper. The primary output of the analytical models includes the expected failure load as a function of the threaded connection engagement length and the critical “transition engagement length” at which the failure mode changes from thread shear to stud tension. Above this engagement length, the threaded connection is expected to fail due to tensile overload of the stud and is “full strength”. Below this engagement length, the threaded connection is expected to fail by thread shearing, at a load lower than the tensile strength of the stud.
To validate the analytical approaches, a series of full-scale tests were conducted using 1.5-inch and 2-inch diameter B7 studs (ASTM A193) and ASTM A194 2-H heavy hex nuts. Laboratory evaluation of the threaded connections consisted of dimensional measurements and tension-to-failure testing. Tension-to-failure testing consisted of applying increasing tension loads to the threaded connections with varying shortfall lengths. The failure mode of the test was recorded and compared to predictions from the analytical models. A total of 18 tension-to-failure tests were performed.
If nut and stud material and geometric properties are known, it was determined that analytical calculations based on SAE 770420 with a modified shear stress capacity defined as 0.5*UTS (ultimate tensile strength) results in the best match to the test results. The transition engagement length matched within 2% for both stud sizes. However, if the nut and stud material and geometric properties are unknown, analytical calculations based on ASME B1.1, Appendix B, with shear stress capacity defined as 0.5*UTS were found to be more appropriate. The transition engagement length matched within 2% for both stud sizes. Based on these analysis and testing results, a multilevel inspection program was defined to assess an asset system.
Phased Array Shot Scenario and Shot Sequence Optimization for Crack Detection Inline Inspection Tools
Authors: Haas Michael , Witte Henrik , Kopp Gerhard , Haberl Peter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ultrasonic crack detection (UC) technology is a well-established methodology to address crack-like flaws in liquid product pipelines. The UC technology is based on shear bulk waves propagating in the pipe wall. For monolithic transducers, the angle of incidence (AOI) is defined by the mechanical inclination of the transducers with respect to the internal pipe wall surface. Changes in the AOI due to the differences in acoustic properties of the different liquid products therefore require changes in the mechanical layout. Ultrasonic inspection tools based on phased arrays offer a much higher level of flexibility regarding the ultrasound characteristics (e.g., AOI, beam width, focus) compared to tools based on monolithic transducers. In particular, multiple array elements can be grouped together in so-called virtual sensors and placed with element-pitch granularity on the array. This flexibility allows to develop a shot scenario optimized for the specific requirements presented in an inspection project, e.g., challenging long seam weld geometries. However, exploiting this configuration flexibility comes with a drawback: Each configuration requires an in-depth analysis of sound propagation paths between array and pipeline wall in order to avoid spurious sound propagation that can lead to undesired crosstalk. This analysis becomes even more relevant if multiple virtual sensors must be used simultaneously to guarantee high tool inspection speed. The authors present the methodology used in the phased array inline inspection tools to enable simultaneous usage of several virtual sensors on each array and to minimize the impact of spurious sound propagation on subsequent usages of virtual sensors. In particular, the authors demonstrate the application of a model of the inspection setup / shot scenario that allows computerized optimization of possible configuration options. We outline the configuration optimization procedure and present experimental validation results from pump tests confirming that data quality and inspection speed are well aligned with customer expectations.
X80 Heavy Gauge and Large Diameter Helical Line Pipe for Low Temperature Applications
Authors: Gaudet Michael J. , Rashid Muhammad , van der Breggen Ahmad , Dunnett Kendal , Arafin Muhammad 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Demand for improved pipeline efficiency has directed designs towards larger diameters and higher operating pressures. High strength steel with increased wall thicknesses of the pipe provide for greater available pressure capacity for the pipeline. However, toughness of the line pipe, particularly at low temperature, is challenged when increasing the strength of the steel and with a greater wall thickness of the pipe.
This work discusses the efforts to optimize alloy and thermomechanical controlled processing (TMCP) designs to achieve X80 with good low temperature toughness. Two X80 helical line pipe steel designs are presented; X80-A with low Ni and X80-B with high Ni with gauges of 18.5 mm and 19.1 mm, respectively. This material was cast, rolled, and formed into pipe as part of production trials. Processing data is presented and shows good consistency was achieved in the trials. Results from the tensile and drop weight tear tests (DWTT) are discussed. Both X80-A and X80-B met tensile requirements for an X80 material with an average yield strength of 614 MPa and 586 MPa. In terms of DWTT, X80-A passed −5°C whereas X80-B passed both −20°C and −30°C. In terms of microstructures, nital and LePera etchings along with optical microscopy showed that X80-A and X80-B have fine grain ferrite microstructures with a minimal amount of martensite/retained austenite.
A larger data set consisting of X70 and X80 material from production and trials within the gauge range of 17.8 mm to 20.3 mm are introduced. The data set shows some expected general trends such as decreasing DWTT performance with increases to strength. Various TMCP factors such as roughing last pass temperature and mean flow stress as well as microstructure are also discussed with respect to their impact on DWTT results. Low Ni contents are shown on average to perform better than other levels in the current data set, owing mainly to the optimization efforts of developing a −5°C X80 product.
High Fidelity Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing for Landslide Detection
Authors: Murray Carrie , Jalilian Ehsan , Najeeb Arfeen , Toms Sam , Hossain Tasnim 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pipeline integrity management continues to adapt and improve with the adoption of new technologies. In 2016, Husky Midstream had a loss of containment incident on a 16-inch diameter pipeline on the south slope of the North Saskatchewan River in Saskatchewan, Canada. The incident was determined to be caused by ground movement resulting from a landslide complex. The landslide complex on the south slope contains two deep-seated compound basal shear slides as well as a near surface translational slide in low strength clay shales.
A robust state-of-the-art instrumentation monitoring program was implemented that included real-time geotechnical instrumentation, high fidelity distributed fiber optic sensing (HDS), repeat ILI and on-site weather data to identify, evaluate and monitor areas of ground and pipeline movement so that potential impacts to the pipelines could be mitigated. An early-warning system that included alarm thresholds was developed that identified when to proactively shut-in the pipeline.
The HDS monitoring comprised strain, acoustic and temperature sensing, and was installed to provide leak detection monitoring, however, it revealed an excellent correlation to the geotechnical, ILI and weather station monitoring data on the actively moving landslide complex. This paper shows a number of these correlations over the HDS monitoring period from October 2017 to November 2018. The HDS monitoring showed increased strain magnitudes following significant rainfall events that correlated to an acceleration in slope inclinometer (SIs fitted with shape accelerometer arrays, SAAs) and survey monument (SM) movement. Locations of high strain accumulation correlated to ILI locations of bending strain. Accumulated strain and displacements in SAAs and SMs were measured despite the lack of visual evidence of ground cracking on the right-of-way (ROW). Construction activity on the ROW was detected through acoustic and strain signatures.
As pipeline operators continue to include high fidelity fiber optic sensing as a continuous linear sensor along new and existing pipelines primarily as a leak detection tool, other critical applications, such as early detection of active landslides can be included as an important component of the integrity management system or separately as part of a robust monitoring system.
Understanding the Teaching and Learning of Fundamental Movement Skills in the Primary Physical Education Setting: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chan Cecilia H.S. , Ha Amy S.C. , Lander Natalie , Ng Johan Y.Y. 
Published: December 2022

Purpose: Evidence demonstrates that many school children fail to master fundamental movement skills (FMS). Little is known about the teaching and learning of FMS in Hong Kong. This study aimed to capture voices from both teachers and students to better understand the current FMS practices in primary physical education Methods: Semistructured interviews with physical education teachers and focus groups with students were conducted. Thematic analysis of teacher transcriptions was performed. Student focus groups were analyzed using a framework approach, guided by TARGET (i.e., Task, Autonomy, Recognition, Grouping, Evaluation, and Time). Results: Several “teacher” level themes were developed: Self-efficacy (mis)judgment, limited pedagogical content knowledge, ineffective instructional and assessment strategies, insufficient teacher training, and deprioritization of skill development in physical education. Students perceived the need for a more student-centered approach to the teaching of FMS. Conclusions: Results highlighted the need for a different approach to initial and continuous teacher education in FMS. Further investigation into the most effective forms of teacher education is necessary, in order to improve the teaching and learning of FMS in schools.
mRNA Expression of GATA3, FOXP3, TBX21, STAT3, NFKB1, and MAPK8 Transcription Factors in Humans and Their Cooperative Interactions Long-Term after Exposure to Chronic Radiation
Authors: Nikiforov V. S. , Akleyev A. V. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The results of mRNA expression of the GATA3, FOXP3, TBX21, STAT3, NFKB1, and MAPK8 transcription factors in peripheral blood cells of 264 residents of the Techa riverside villages of the Chelyabinsk and Kurgan regions, who were affected by chronic low dose-rate exposure in the 1950s, are shown. The range of individual doses to the red bone marrow due to external gamma exposure and 90Sr was 77.8–3507.1 mGy, and the mean dose was 706.3±46.3 mGy. It has been found that changes in the transcriptional response of the cell occur at the molecular level in the long term after chronic exposure. A modified expression of the immunoregulatory genes NFKB1 and MAPK8 in the peripheral blood cells of exposed people was found. A comparative analysis of the interaction of the studied mRNAs demonstrated the presence of a link between the MAPK8 and NFKB1 genes in the group of chronically exposed individuals. The results obtained may indicate the involvement of these transcription factors in the impairment of the immune response in the exposed population.
Associations of vision impairment and eye diseases with frailty in community-dwelling older adults: a nationwide longitudinal study in China
Authors: Shang Xianwen , Wu Guanrong , Wang Wei , Zhu Zhuoting , Zhang Xueli , Huang Yu , Hu Yijun , He Mingguang , Yu Honghua 
Published: December 2022

AimsTo test whether vision impairment and major ophthalmic conditions are predictive of frailty.MethodsThe analysis included 5321 participants aged 60–95 years at baseline from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study. Participants were enrolled in 2011 and followed up in 2013, and 2015 through a face-to-face interview. Distance/near vision impairment was defined by reporting poor eyesight and reporting excellent, very good, good or fair eyesight was used as the reference. A history of cataract surgery and glaucoma were also self-reported. Frailty was defined as the presence of ≥3 of the five components of the Fried phenotype: weakness, slowness, exhaustion, inactivity and shrinking.ResultsIn the cross-sectional analysis, both near (odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval [CI]): 1.62 (1.30 to 2.00)) and distance (1.59 (1.30 to 1.96)) vision impairment was associated with a higher prevalence of frailty independent of confounders. In the longitudinal analysis, the multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI) for incident frailty associated with glaucoma, distance vision impairment, near vision impairment and vision problem was 3.41 (1.46 to 7.99), 1.59 (1.17 to 2.17), 1.62 (1.17 to 2.23) and 2.11 (1.41 to 3.15), respectively. Vision problem was associated with decreased handgrip strength (β (95% CI): −1.47 (−2.20 to –0.75) kg) during follow-up. Individuals with glaucoma (−0.11 (−0.16 to –0.05) m/s), distance vision impairment (−0.02 (−0.03 to 0.00) m/s) or vision problem (−0.02 (−0.05 to 0.00) m/s) had decreased gait speed compared with the control group.ConclusionsVision problem, vision impairment and glaucoma are important predictors of frailty in older adults.
Impact of COVID-19 on access to cancer care in Rwanda: a retrospective time-series study using electronic medical records data
Authors: Habinshuti Placide , Nshimyiryo Alphonse , Fejfar Donald Luke , Niyigena Anne , Cubaka Vincent K , Karema Nadine , Bigirimana Jean Bosco , Shyirambere Cyprien , Barnhart Dale A , Kateera Fredrick , Fulcher Isabel 
Published: December 2022

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has caused disruptions in access to routine healthcare services worldwide, with a particularly high impact on chronic care patients and low and middle-income countries. In this study, we used routinely collected electronic medical records data to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on access to cancer care at the Butaro Cancer Center of Excellence (BCCOE) in rural Rwanda.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective time-series study among all Rwandan patients who received cancer care at the BCCOE between 1 January 2016 and 31 July 2021. The primary outcomes of interest included a comparison of the number of patients who were predicted based on time-series models of pre-COVID-19 trends versus the actual number of patients who presented during the COVID-19 period (between March 2020 and July 2021) across four key indicators: the number of new patients, number of scheduled appointments, number of clinical visits attended and the proportion of scheduled appointments completed on time.ResultsIn total, 8970 patients (7140 patients enrolled before COVID-19 and 1830 patients enrolled during COVID-19) were included in this study. During the COVID-19 period, enrolment of new patients dropped by 21.7% (95% prediction interval (PI): −31.3%, −11.7%) compared with the pre-COVID-19 period. Similarly, the number of clinical visits was 25.0% (95% PI: −31.1%, −19.1%) lower than expected and the proportion of scheduled visits completed on time was 27.9% (95% PI: −39.8%, −14.1%) lower than expected. However, the number of scheduled visits did not deviate significantly from expected.ConclusionAlthough scheduling procedures for visits continued as expected, our findings reveal that the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted patients’ ability to access cancer care and attend scheduled appointments at the BCCOE. This interruption in care suggests delayed diagnosis and loss to follow-up, potentially resulting in a higher rate of negative health outcomes among cancer patients in Rwanda.
Successful demand management in diagnostic immunology testing
Authors: Lilly Kristen , Proudlove Nathan , Bethune Claire 
Published: December 2022

AimsWe investigated whether we could have a material and sustained impact on immunology test ordering by primary care clinicians by building evidence-based and explanatory algorithms into test ordering software.MethodsA service evaluation revealed cases of over-requesting of antinuclear antibody, allergen-specific IgE and total IgE tests, and under-requesting of urine protein electrophoresis. We conducted a quality improvement programme to address this. We determined the most effective and efficient intervention would be to embed evidence-based and advice-based decision-support algorithms in the ordering software. Consultation with general practitioners revealed lack of knowledge and confidence about testing, and an appetite for support. We iteratively designed and implemented algorithms for the four sets of tests for the primary care practices in our catchment and made them available to other hospital trusts in our region. The ordering system now contains links to advice sheets for clinicians and their patients and to an email address for queries to the lab.ResultsWe observe large (36% to 88%) reductions in testing activity (workload) for the over-requested tests and large (28%–135%) increases for the under-requested test. We show that these changes are sustained. There have been no complaints from the clinicians and queries to the lab are now minimal (less than one per month on average).ConclusionsEmbedding algorithms in the ordering software can be acceptable to clinicians and have a major and sustained impact on overuse or underuse of tests. The algorithms can be replicated by other hospital trusts.
One-year impact of a multicomponent, street-level design intervention in Mexico City on pedestrian crashes: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Cárdenas-Cárdenas Luz Mery , Barrientos Gutiérrez Tonatiuh , Quistberg D Alex , Chias-Becerril Luis , Martínez-Santiago Armando , Reséndiz Lopez Héctor , Perez Ferrer Carolina 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundMexico City implemented thePasos Segurosprogramme to prevent pedestrian injuries and deaths at dangerous road intersections, which included street-level design changes, such as visible pedestrian crossings, sidewalk widening, refuge islands, lane reductions, pedestrian signals and adjustment of traffic light timing at these intersections. Few studies in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) have evaluated the effect of such interventions on pedestrian safety.AimAssess the effectiveness of thePasos Segurosprogramme at reducing total, injury and fatal pedestrian-motor vehicle crashes.MethodsTwo-group quasi-experimental design. Monthly pedestrian crashes were obtained from the road incident database from Mexico City’s Citizen Contact Center. The programme’s effectiveness was evaluated by comparing 12 months preintervention to 12 months postintervention implementation using a negative binomial regression with random intercept with a difference-in-difference estimation. A qualitative comparative analysis was used to find the configuration of intersection characteristics and programme components associated with a decrease in pedestrian crashes.ResultsTotal pedestrian crashes were reduced by 21% (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.62 to 0.99) after implementation ofPasos Segurosprogramme. This reduction was observed for pedestrian injury crashes (RR 0.79; 95% CI 0.62 to 1.00) and for fatal crashes (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.13 to 2.92) although not statistically significant for the latter. A decrease in pedestrian crashes was found at the most complex intersections where more of the programme components was implemented.ConclusionThePasos Segurosprogramme successfully decreased total and injury pedestrian crashes. Similar interventions may improve walking safety in other LMIC cities.
Novel use of continuous pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block technique for traumatic superior and inferior pubic rami fractures: a case report
Authors: Moorthy Aneurin , Choi Stephen , Safa Ben , McHardy Paul G , Niazi Ahtsham U 
Published: December 2022

BackgroundPubic rami fractures are painful injuries more commonly seen in the elderly with osteoporosis after high velocity trauma. In the most cases, management is conservative and non-operative with the goal to provide optimal pain relief to facilitate early mobilization and hospital discharge. Unfortunately, opioids remain the mainstay analgesic option and regional anesthesia techniques are limited but may include lumbar epidural anesthesia.Case presentationA female patient in her 80s presented to the emergency department of a level 1 trauma center following a high-speed motor vehicle collision. The patient suffered multiple non-life-threatening injuries. Notably, the patient was experiencing severe right groin and leg pain secondary to superior and inferior pubic rami fractures. Due to the severity of this pain, the patient was unable to mobilize or participate with physiotherapy. A lumbar epidural anesthesia technique was not deemed suitable and instead, we inserted a continuous pericapsular nerve group (PENG) block with a programmed intermittent bolus regimen. Immediate relief of pain was achieved and 48 hours later, the patient still reported satisfactory pain control and started to independently mobilize.ConclusionAnalgesia options are limited in pubic rami fractures. We present the first published case of a novel use of the PENG block with a continuous catheter technique for the analgesic management of a traumatic superior and inferior pubic rami fracture. The clinical utility of this technique in pubic ramus fractures warrants further clinical investigation.