bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Function of Proteolytic Enzymes and Tannic Acid in Inducing Erythrocyte Agglutination
Authors: Pirofsky Bernard , Cordova Maria , Imel Theodore L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pretreatment of erythrocytes with bromelin, a proteolytic enzyme, results in a 2-to 3-fold increase in globulin coating the erythrocyte surface. This increased number of globulin molecules is not responsible for the agglutination of saline suspended erythrocytes by incomplete antibody. The pretreatment of erythrocytes with tannic acid increased the number of γ-globulin molecules coating erythrocytes. This increased number of globulin molecules is not responsible for the agglutination of γ-globulin-coated erythrocytes by antiglobulin serum. Neither proteolytic enzymes nor tannic acid function in hemagglutination procedures by inducing the coating of erythrocytes with a globulin molecule. Rather, by surface changes, they permit a normally nonagglutinating reaction to result in agglutination. It is postulated that the incomplete antibody has a potentially bivalent nature. The function of enzymatic treatment in converting incomplete antibodies to complete acting substances might well be the removal of steric obstructions resulting from the disposition of antigen and incomplete antibody sites.
Passive Anaphylaxis in Mice with Homologous Antiserum
Authors: Treadwell Perry E. , Rasmussen A. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Study of anaphylaxis in the mouse produced by passive and reverse passive sensitization was undertaken. Groups of mice were sensitized with several levels of homologous antibodies and shocked with 1, 8 or 100 times the equivalence dose of antigen at intervals from immediately to 1 week after sensitization. The severity of the resulting anaphylactic reactions depended upon the amount of antibody injected, the amount of antigen injected and the interval between the sensitizing and shocking injections. A biphasic response was observed in both passive and reverse passive anaphylaxis; maximal reactivity occurred 0 to 2 hr and 48 to 168 hr after sensitization with minimal reactivity from 6 to 24 hr after sensitization. The following conclusions were deduced from this study: a) the anaphylactic reactivity depends upon the amount of precipitable antibody, and b) upon the antigen-antibody ratio of the complexes formed in vivo as well as in vitro; c) the anaphylactic reactivity in the first 24 hr after sensitization depends primarily upon the formation of antigen-antibody complexes in the circulation, and after 24 hr, on an antigen-antibody reaction outside of the circulation.
Differentiation of Active and Passive Poliomyelitis Antibodies in Human Sera by Indirect Immunofluorescence
Authors: Riggs John L. , Brown Gordon C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The indirect method of immunofluorescence has been shown to detect antibodies for poliomyelitis virus. The reaction is specific for immunologic type and the FA titers correspond to the neutralizing antibody titers but are consistently lower.
Paired sera from recovered cases and from vaccinated infants reflecting active antibody development show a marked increase in fluorescent antibody reaction. In contrast, most of the sera from infants containing high titers of passive antibodies which suppress active response to vaccine fail to stain by the indirect procedure of immunofluorescence.
Possible explanations for this phenomenon are discussed.
Effect of Molecular Weight on Uptake of Antigens by Immunologic Aggregates
Authors: Kahn Robert E. , Leskowitz Sidney , Lowell Francis C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Washed specific precipitates were prepared from goat antiserum to rabbit γ-globulin and rabbit antibody to a series of protein antigens. The ability of these aggregates to bind antigen specifically was studied with I131-labeled materials.
It was found that aggregates prepared with rabbit antibody to ribonuclease, hen egg albumin, bovine serum albumin and human γ-globulin could, with sufficiently long incubation, take up approximately 80% of theoretic amounts of antigen. Aggregates prepared with rabbit antibody to hog thyroglobulin and busycon hemocyanin bound only small amounts of antigen.
The results suggest that the dimension of the lattice formed by goat antibody and rabbit γ-globulin permit antigens up to the size of human γ-globulin to enter and react with specific rabbit antibody sites. The larger antigens are almost totally excluded and react probably only at the surface of the aggregate. Each molecule of rabbit antibody is positioned in the aggregate so as to be capable of binding close to two molecules of antigen under optimal conditions.
Observations on Bacterial Anaphylaxis with Pneumococcus
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Mallory Tracy B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Bacterial anaphylaxis was studied during the early periods of investigation into hypersusceptibility in general by Rosenau and Anderson and others who were pioneers in this subject. All of these workers, employing the methods of animal injection, were well aware of the difficulties of occasionally distinguishing between anaphylaxis-like reactions and true anaphylaxis. It is, of course, a well recognized fact, at the present time, that the frequent toxicity of bacterial extracts may produce symptoms not easily distinguished from those of the moderate anaphylactic reactions, and that the intravenous injection of any finely divided suspension may lead to phenomena practically indistinguishable from the specific reaction, by a mechanism not yet understood, but surely different from that of true anaphylaxis.
For this reason, one of the writers, with Parker, in 1917 employed the well known Dale method for the study of bacterial anaphylaxis, working with typhoid bacilli and their extracts (1).
On Antigenic Properties of Horse Serum and Egg Albumen After Heat Coagulation
Authors: Zinsser Hans 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a recent publication on the solubility of coagulated proteins,Wells and Lewis1 employed complement fixation and anaphylactic experiments to test the presence in solution of horse serum and egg white which had been completely coagulated by heat,and subsequently washed. Immunological reactions are of considerably greater delicacy than any known qualitative chemical test, and by these methods they succeeded in showing that after intraperitoneal injection into guinea-pigs, coagulated egg and serum proteins were dissolved in sufficient amounts to sensitize the animals to the homologous uneoagulated protein. They concluded from their experiments that heat coagulation is possibly a reversible process, and that such re-dissolved protein has lost none of its immunological antigenic characteristics.
In recent studies of our own, in which the question of heat coagulation and antigenic properties was involved, we encountered conditions which we believe have interest both in connection with the observation of Wells and Lewis, as well as in showing the considerable exposure to heat which proteins will withstand without being antigenically altered.
Pathogenesis of the Specific Inflammatory Reaction of Immunized Animals (Arthus Phenomenon)
Authors: Opie Eugene L. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Whenan animal has received repeated injections of foreign protein it reacts with acute inflammation often followed by necrosis whenthe antigen is reinjected into the skin. This reaction, usually designated the Arthus phenomenon, has been described asskin hypersensitiveness, local anaphylaxis, etc. It is not limited to the skin,for tissues of internalorgans,for example, the lungs or serous membranes, exhibit a similar heightened inflammatory reaction in consequence of repeated protein injections. The reaction makes its appearancewithin ten daysafter the injection of protein but doesnot reach maximum intensity until the animal has received six or eight injections at intervals of several days.No relation to anaphylactic shock has been established.
The Arthus phenomenon resembles very closely the tuberculin, luetin and typhoidin reactions which are produced when poducts derived from a microörganism are injected into an individual who has been invaded by the corresponding microörganism.
The Preparation of 0.1 L+ Toxin-Antitoxin Mixture
Authors: Banzhaf Edwin J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The media for diphtheria toxin to be utilized for toxin-antitoxin mixture is prepared in the usual way with the following exception: To every pound of ground fat free veal a liter of water is added and placed in a refrigerator over night. The following morning the liquid is collected and boiled. The media is boiled at this stage to kill all organisms except the few heat resisting spores, thereby practically limiting the bacterial protein soluble substance to the coli and diphtheria bacilli which are later added. After boiling the reaction is corrected to 1.5 acid to phenolphthalein and 10 cc. of a twenty-four hour culture of B. coli is added for every liter of media and incubated about eighteen hours. One egg for every 2 liters is added, then boiled and strained. The reaction is corrected to 0.5 acid to phenolphthalein.
On the Susceptibility to Diphtheria (Schick Test Positive) with Reference to the Inheritance of Blood Groups
Authors: Hirszfeld Hanna , Hirszfeld L. , Brokman H. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
By means of the Schick reaction, we were able to distinguish, among human beings, those susceptible to diphtheria from the immune. The blood of the individuals having a negative Schick reaction contains normal antitoxin, and these are resistant to the infection. The origin of normal antitoxin has not been heretofore explained. Most investigators regard them as representing an acquired immunity. However, we meet with Schick negative individuals who have not had diphtheria. In these cases, the authors suppose that we are dealing with the effect of unrevealed infections. The following data seem to support this opinion. The countrymen are more often susceptible than town dwellers. The poor are more often immune than the rich. Children are more susceptible than grown-ups, girls more than boys. The authors explain this greater immunity of the poor and boys by their being more exposed to infection.
Alterations in the Development of Experimental Allergic Thyroiditis Induced by Injection of Homologous Thyroid Extract
Authors: Janković Branislav D. , Flax Martin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of 4 to 5 intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections of guinea pig thyroid extract in saline on the development of experimental allergic thyroiditis in the guinea pig was studied; thyroiditis was induced by the injection of homologous thyroid extract in complete Freund's adjuvant. When these “nonsensitizing” injections were given either before, during or following the challenge injection, there was a marked, but temporary, suppression of thyroiditis at 12 days following sensitization, followed by a rapid recovery to control levels during the following 2 weeks. There was also a corresponding temporary suppression of delayed skin reactions and antibody to homologous thyroglobulin, which, in the group treated prior to sensitization, was also temporary. No suppression was obtained with comparable injections of bovine thyroid extract in saline. The relationship between this form of suppression and other forms of immunologic unresponsiveness in discussed.
Neutralization of Visna Virus by Antisera from Sheep
Authors: Thormar Halldór 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralizing titers of visna antisera measured in tissue culture were found to increase with the time and the temperature at which serum-virus mixtures were incubated prior to inoculation into culture tubes. The omission of preincubation resulted in neutralizing titers about 50 to 100 times lower than those observed after preincubation at 37°C for 3 hr.
The rate of neutralization of visna virus by antiserum was found to depend on the temperature and on the antiserum concentration, the rate being greatly reduced at increased serum dilution.
An exponential linear relationship between the amount of virus neutralized and the antiserum titer was found for virus doses up to about 104.5. The neutralization line had a slope of about 4.0, a 10-fold increase in virus dose corresponding to a 1.8-fold decrease in serum titer.
A virus fraction of about 10-5 to 10-4 could not be neutralized either by raising the antiserum concentration or by increasing the time of incubation at 22°C. The nonneutralizable fraction was found to be present in undiluted serum-virus mixture and it was not significantly increased by dilution, indicating practically no reactivation of neutralized visna virus.
Use of Roosters in the Antigenicity Testing of Salk Poliomyelitis Vaccine
Authors: Furesz John , Moreau Pierre 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A one-dose antigenicity test for Salk polio vaccine involving the use of young roosters has been developed. Groups of 12 roosters inoculated with trivalent lots of Salk vaccine showed an antibody response similar to that of 12 monkeys inoculated with the same vaccines. The reproducibility of the rooster antigenicity test has been established and experimental data indicate that variation in degree of antibody response was less in roosters than in monkeys to all three types of poliovirus.
Improvement in the accuracy of the test may be obtained by comparing the potency of the vaccine under test with the potency of either a live or an inactive reference vaccine inoculated into 12 additional roosters.
Antigenic Characterization of Oral Poliovaccine Progeny by Neutralization Kinetics
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Diwan Arwin R. , McBride W. David , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization kinetic studies of poliovirus strains have been applied to monitoring of oral vaccine strains in the field. The earlier work (13) on linear rates of neutralization for laboratory passaged strains has been confirmed and found to apply readily to wild strains as well as to strains recovered from vaccinated persons.
Strains recovered prior to vaccination yielded different K values from the vaccine strains. In some areas, the postvaccination strains were similar if not identical to those of the vaccine used. In other regions, the postvaccination strains differed from the vaccine strains suggesting that they were wild strains endogenous in the community rather than being derived from vaccine strains.
The Effect of Methotrexate on the Production of Antibodies against Attenuated Distemper Virus in the Dog
Authors: Thomas E. Donnall , Baker James A. , Ferrebee Joseph W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methotrexate is a potent inhibitor of antibody production in the dog at dose levels that are not in themselves productive of serious toxicity. In the absence of antibody production inoculation with the attenuated virus of distemper vaccine causes a fatal illness. The production of a fatal illness by this usually benign vaccine virus illustrates the heightened hazard of infection in subjects whose immunologic responsiveness is reduced by chemotherapy.
In Vitro Demonstration of Anti-Ovalbumin Specificity of Lymph Node Cells in Delayed Type Hypersensitivity
Authors: Steffen Carl , Rosak Michael 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A state of delayed hypersensitivity was induced in guinea pigs by sensitization with ovalbuminanti-ovalbumin precipitates prepared in the antibody excess zone and injected with complete Freund adjuvant. Skin tests with ovalbumin gave clear-cut delayed type reactions 6 days after sensitization. No circulating antibodies against ovalbumin could be detected. Lymph node cell-suspensions of these animals were prepared at once after the 48-hr skin inspection. 200 × 106 cells of sensitized and nonsensitized animals were incubated with 80, 120, 240 and 300 mg/100 ml of ovalbumin solution, 120 mg/100 ml of human γ-globulin solution, and saline. After this incubation the cells were brought into reaction with an anti-ovalbumin reagent or an anti-human γ-globulin reagent of known titer. After a limited reaction time the cells were sedimented by centrifugation and the antibody titer was determined again in the supernatant reagent.
In all experiments in which a) ovalbumin was brought into reaction with lymph node cells of guinea pigs in the state of delayed hypersensitivity against ovalbumin, and b) these cells were brought into reaction with the antiovalbumin reagent, the titer of this reagent decreased specifically and significantly compared with controls. These results indicate that lymph node cells of sensitized animals possessed an “anti-determination” against the corresponding antigen and the property of fixing this antigen. The site of fixation is thought to be on or near the surface of the cells, and its configuration to be complementary to determinants of the antigen. The immunologic significance of the results and the applicability of the technique are discussed.
Normally Occurring Staphylococcal Antibodies in Germfree Mice
Authors: Cohen Jay O. , Newton Walter L. , Cherry William B. , Updyke Elaine L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The sera of nonimmunized mice from both germfree and nongermfree colonies of similar genetic stock have been shown to have antibodies for staphylococci, by serum-gel diffusion, agglutination and fluorescent antibody tests. In general, agglutination titers were higher in conventionally reared animals than in germfree animals, and higher in 8-month-old animals than in 2-month-old animals. When pooled samples of serum from 8-month-old germfree mice were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, some strains of staphylococci were stained in high dilutions of the labeled serum.
The results indicate that several different antibodies for staphylococci were present in the sera of 8-month-old germfree and conventional mice. Two of the antibodies observed by reactions in gel-diffusion plates were related to previously reported activities. One of these substances is antibody to antigen A of Jensen, previously reported to occur normally in human serum. The other antibody reacts with the same soluble antigen (RL) with which preimmune rabbit serum reacts.
The agglutination spectra of different mouse serum samples were compared with spectra obtained with human and rabbit serum. There were some obvious similarities observed in the specificity of agglutinins for staphylococci from animals of different environments (germfree and conventional mice) and different species (mouse, human and rabbit).
The source of or stimulus for the antibody formation has not been determined.
Immunochemical Studies with Gangliosides
Authors: Yokoyama Mitsuo , Trams Eberhard G. , Brady Roscoe O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The injection of purified gangliosides caused the production of specific antibodies in rabbits when administered with a carrier substance such as rabbit or sheep erythrocytes, Freund's adjuvant, whole human serum or bovine serum albumin. A separate antibody was also produced by the injection of erythrocytes coated with asialogangliosides. Anti-ganglioside and anti-asialoganglioside antibodies were demonstrated by hemagglutination, complement fixation and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests.
Gangliosides exhibited blood group M and Rho(D) activity in hemagglutination inhibition tests and some, although weaker, blood group substance A and N activity. The intact ganglioside molecule was required for blood group activity. Asialogangliosides and crystalline N-acetylneuraminic acid were inactive in this regard.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Gerulat Bernard F. , Pinchuck Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that the random copolymers GLT, GLA5 and GLPhe are antigenic in rabbits but that the polymers GA and GLA30 are more effective antigens. The introduction of aromatic acid residues did not enhance the antigenicity of G or GL as much as did the introduction of the nonpolar amino acid alanine. The enhanced antigenicity of GLA30 and GA may be ascribed to the increase in the random sequences of polypeptide sequences rather than to the increase in rigidity in the molecules.
Correlations have been shown between the antibody level as determined by PCA and hemagglutination of antigen-coated cells.
The inability of GA and GAT to coat cells and the odd reactions of GAT have been ascribed to the high negative charge density. The possible role of positively charged areas in a molecule in coating of tanned cells has been suggested.
The Absence of Antibody-Producing Cells during Unresponsiveness to BSA in the Mouse
Authors: Sercarz Eli E. , Coons Albert H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of experimentally induced immunologic unresponsiveness to bovine serum albumin were carried out in both newborn and adult mice with the following results: No cells containing antibody were found in the spleen and lymph nodes of newborn mice injected daily from birth to adulthood within a 2000-fold range of bovine serum albumin (BSA) doses.Mice injected from the 5th week of life to adulthood were rendered unresponsive by high doses of antigen but not by low ones.Both the newborn and adult series of animals possessed circulating antigen, but no antibody or BSA-anti-BSA complexes could be demonstrated.Paralysis was specific: these mice responded to diphtheria toxoid with the production of antitoxin detectable in the serum and in cells of the lymphoid tissue.Transfer of cells of the unresponsive spleen and lymph nodes to a normal mouse, with or without antigenic stimulation of the recipient, did not result in antibody formation within 7 days, as it did with stimulated cells.Recovery from unresponsiveness to BSA took place a few weeks after the level of circulating antigen became undetectable. No further antigenic challenge was required to induce the synthesis of antibody. Lengthening the period of antigen administration lengthened the subsequent period during which antigen was detected and antibody formation was inhibited.
These data lead to the following working hypothesis: “paralyzed” animals do not produce antibody but rather their cells are specifically inhibited; such an immunologically paralyzed cell is, however, a potentially stimulated cell when the concentration of antigen falls below an effective inhibitory level.
The Rho(D) Specificity of a Polysaccharide Isolated from a Species of Pseudomonas
Authors: Bigley Nancy J. , Dodd Matthew C. , Randles Chester I. , Geyer Virginia B. , Lazen Alvin G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A polysaccharide from an unidentified species of Pseudomonas (PsP) has been shown to possess antigenic specificity similar to the Rho(D) antigen of human red cells. The following findings revealed this specificity: a) PsP inhibited anti-D agglutinins; b) anti-PsP rabbit sera contained both saline agglutinins and incomplete antibodies specific only for cells containing D antigen; c) D-positive cells absorbed specific agglutinins from anti-PsP sera; d) anti-D serum blocked agglutination of D cells by anti-PsP serum. Agglutination of D cells by anti-PsP rabbit serum was inhibited by N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) containing substances different from those previously shown to inhibit D cell agglutination by specific Rh antiserum. It was concluded that the antigenic similarity is not due to NANA but to some structure or linkage resembling it.