bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Describing and learning the Chinese languages
Authors: Gianninoto Mariarosaria 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The first works on Chinese languages destined for
Western learners were compiled at the end of the 16th century, but
it was not until the 19th century that such works were compiled in
significant numbers. In these works, Western categories and
paradigms were largely adopted and adapted. However, elements from
Chinese linguistic and didactic traditions were also integrated, and
innovative devices were developed to face the epistemological
challenge of analysing and describing distant languages. This
chapter analyses the linguistic descriptions contained in the
pedagogical tools compiled in the late Ming and Qing periods,
focusing on the innovations promoted by the contacts between
different linguistic and didactic traditions and underlining their
impact on the history of Chinese (applied) linguistics and language
learning.
Beyond written texts
Authors: Banducci Rahe Marta 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the objects and artifacts
used in foreign language classes in a secondary school in Campo
Grande, a Brazilian city, from 1931 to 1961, and compares these with
official sources such as government policy documents and texts on
new methodological approaches in an attempt to examine whether and
how intended innovations helped to shape teachers’ daily practices.
A document found in the archives of this school points to the
purchase of record collections, record players and postcards,
showing that there were attempts to follow official reforms.
However, closer examination shows that the presence of these objects
in the school did not bring about the expected changes. Material
Culture, as represented by such artefacts, can be seen to open up a
new perspective to be considered within Applied Linguistic
Historiography.
Overview of research to enhance score interpretation
Authors: Papageorgiou Spiros , Manna Venessa F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The primary motivation for administering a language test is to use
its scores to facilitate decisions of various kinds about language proficiency.
Score-based decisions can be extremely consequential, both for test takers but
also for test score users, such as universities and employers, and society
overall. This book presents research efforts to enhance the interpretation of
English language test scores provided by Educational Testing Service (ETS), and
ultimately their usefulness for decision making. The different approaches for
the enhancement of score interpretation are discussed. The research reported in
each chapter is then briefly presented in relation to the various score
enhancement approaches. The chapter concludes with a summary of challenges
related to (mis)interpretation of language test scores.
Considerations in developing vertical scales for language
tests
Authors: Monfils Lora , Manna Venessa F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a framework for building vertical
scales, for language assessments in general and for the
TOEFL® Family of Assessments in particular. Topics
covered include aspects of vertical scale design (growth definitions,
vertical articulation, data collection), statistical methods for
vertical linking, and evaluation and maintenance of the resulting
vertical scale. Also discussed are challenges associated with vertical
scaling, as noted in the research literature, in general and as pertains
to language proficiency assessments.
Exploring the benefits and challenges of web-based approaches to
standard setting
Authors: Schmidgall Jonathan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
One aspect of standard setting that has been relatively
consistent throughout its history is the interactional context in which
expert panelists have made their judgments: face-to-face, in-person
meetings. With the growth of the internet and acceleration of web-based
technology, researchers have started considering how web-based
approaches may address some of the inherent practical challenges for
standard setting studies (see Katz
et al., 2009). The worldwide pandemic of 2020 brought about
an acceleration of the pervasiveness and use of web-based meeting
software, making it not only a more attractive option for standard
setting panels, but for a time potentially the only option. In this
chapter, existing research on approaches to web-based standard setting
is reviewed, and the procedural elements of three recent web-based
standard setting studies conduct at ETS are summarized and compared. The
accounts of web-based standard setting described in this chapter suggest
that a web-based approach may be an attractive alternative to
face-to-face meetings, not merely a pandemic-era necessity.
Designing and executing a score concordance study to establish
score mapping to proficiency levels
Authors: Li Tongyun , Papageorgiou Spiros 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The TOEFL ProPlacer® test is a multistage adaptive
test (MST) designed to rapidly distinguish among learners at different
proficiency levels and to place them into English instruction courses
that best suit their learning needs. The project reported in this
chapter aimed to establish the mapping of the TOEFL ProPlacer scores to
the CEFR levels through comparison with the scores of another test in
the TOEFL® Family, the TOEFL ITP® test, whose
scores had already been linked to the CEFR levels. 1,013 test takers
were recruited to complete both tests in a counterbalanced design. Using
the equipercentile method, we examined the CEFR cutoff scores on the
TOEFL ITP score scale and identified the corresponding cutoff scores on
the TOEFL ProPlacer score scale. The proposed cutoff scores were then
evaluated using TOEFL ITP and TOEFL ProPlacer operational test data to
check for reasonableness and consistency. The current study demonstrates
a useful application of establishing CEFR mapping of the scores of a
language test though the CEFR mapping of the scores of another language test. In some contexts, such an application may be more
feasible than conducting a standard setting study with a panel of
experts, and therefore useful in that it can facilitate the
interpretation of test scores through their association to the CEFR
levels. Limitations of the study and suggestions for future research are
also discussed.
The DocuScope project
Authors: Kaufer David , Ishizaki Suguru 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter overviews the history of the
DocuScope project. In its inception, we sought a production
theory underlying rhetorical composition and decision-making. Our
pursuit of a theory led to the development of large-scale
dictionaries of language patterns we have curated for over two
decades. The major conceptual continua that have guided our curation
efforts and major taxonomies are discussed, including the four types
of polysemy we have had to address to ensure our dictionary patterns
are as ambiguity-free as possible. We conclude by reviewing our
recent efforts to apply the dictionaries for writing education on
small textual samples, including single texts.
DocuScope, multi-dimensional analysis, and student
writing
Authors: DeJeu Emily Barrow , Brown David West 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present a method for
comparing tagging systems and patterns of disciplinary variation in
corpora of student writing. We begin by highlighting the affordances
of rhetorically and linguistically informed tagging systems by
highlighting similarities and differences in each system’s analysis
of the Michigan Corpus of Upper-Level Student Papers (MICUSP).
Results confirm that both taggers produce statistically robust
results in distinguishing disciplines across three dimensions and
also highlight commonalities and differences that reflect the
taggers’ respective theoretical orientations. Then, we present the
results of a DocuScope-driven comparison of the British Academic
Written English (BAWE) and MICUSP corpora and summarize topical and
rhetorical patterns of disciplinary writing that seem fairly stable
across national contexts. This chapter’s findings should prove
useful to scholars interested in comparative methodologies of corpus
analysis and rhetorical measures of disciplinary variation as well
as those who work in or research writing in the disciplines.
Language patterns in secondary and postsecondary student
writing
Authors: Aull Laura 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
For as long as new college students have written
English, they have done so badly. Or so, at least, is the headline
story from 19th century Harvard reports to 21st century coverage.
These claims keep us firmly in a language regulation paradigm
focused on error, rather than a language exploration paradigm
focused on knowledge and analysis: We hear a lot of complaints about
what student writers can’t do, but we don’t learn much about what
characterizes secondary and postsecondary writing. To do something
different, this study uses DocuScope’s language cluster tool and two
corpora (of incoming student Dirscted Self Placement writing and
upper-level student writing, to three ends: (1) to illustrate
language exploration as a productive (and fun!) orientation toward
student writing at different levels, (2) to connect abstracted
claims – alleged reasons that “new college students can’t write” –
to rhetorical patterns in actual students’ writing, and (3) to use
empirical writing data to debunk myths about college writing
development. Ultimately, the study shows significant rhetorical
differences between secondary and postsecondary writing that are
linked to the different assignment tasks at each level. It also
shows how we can use DocuScope language clusters to support
students’ metacognitive awareness of secondary and postsecondary
writing practices
Strategic language as a family of identity-based discourse
registers
Authors: Parry-Giles Shawn J. , Kaufer David S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Since antiquity, the study of strategy has
aspired to a military science predicting outcomes. An alternative,
rooted in classical rhetoric, focused on language
strategically deployed to increase targeted outcomes. That said, the
intersection of strategy and language remains understudied. We
establish that strategic language in campaigns represents a
multiplicity of discourse registers reflecting distinctive strategic
role identifies and outcomes. We apply this framework to the Clinton
administration’s health care campaign from 1993–1994. Using methods
from the digital humanities and close reading of private memos, we
extract four registers (architect, tactician, advisor, coach) that
capture the Clinton strategy across the campaign. We argue that the
failure of the campaign is partly explained by registers used too
frequently and others used not enough.
Microscopic mechanism of ultrashort-pulse laser ablation of metals: a molecular dynamics study incorporating electronic entropy effects
Authors: Tanaka Yuta , Tsuneyuki Shinji 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The microscopic mechanism of metal ablation induced by ultrashort laser pulse irradiation is investigated. A two-temperature model scheme combined with molecular dynamics (TTM-MD) is developed to incorporate electronic entropy effects into the simulation of metal ablation while satisfying the energy conservation law. Simulation with the TTM-MD scheme reveals that ultrashort laser pulse irradiation near the ablation threshold causes high-energy atom/ion emission and sub-nanometer depth ablation, as observed experimentally, due to the electronic entropy effect. It is also shown that the electronic entropy effect is also significant in spallation.
Inertial and anisotropic pressure effects on cross-field electron transport in low-temperature magnetized plasmas
Authors: Yamashita Yusuke , Lau Raymond , Hara Kentaro 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a one-dimensional (1D) particle-in-cell Monte Carlo collision (PIC-MCC) model is developed to investigate the effects of anisotropic pressure and inertial terms due to non-Maxwellian velocity distribution functions on cross-field electron transport. The conservation of momentum is evaluated by taking the moments of the first-principles gas-kinetic equation. A steady-state discharge is obtained without any low-frequency ionization oscillations by considering an anomalous electron scattering profile. The results obtained from the 1D PIC-MCC model are compared with fluid models, including the quasi-neutral drift-diffusion (DD), non-neutral DD, and full fluid moment models. The discharge current obtained from the PIC-MCC model is in good agreement with the fluid models. The cross-field electron transport due to the inertial terms, i.e. the gradient of axial and azimuthal drift, is evaluated. Moreover, PIC-MCC simulation results show non-zero, anisotropic, off-diagonal pressure tensor terms due to asymmetric non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution function, potentially contributing to cross-field electron transport.
Topological phases in coupled polyyne chains
Authors: Ara Nisa , Basu Rudranil 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
We study the electronic properties of coupled parallel polyyne chains in a couple of symmetric stacking arrangements, namely the AA stacking and the AB stacking, with the single and triple carbon bonds of one chain aligned (AA) and anti-aligned (AB) with those of the other chain. Both these arrangements described by tight-binding Hamiltonians, whose parameters are calibrated by matching low energy dispersion provided by first principle calculations, fall in the BDI class of topological classification scheme. We calculate the topological invariants for all three topological phases of the system: one for the AA stacking and 2 for the AB one. In AA stacking, both the insulating and the metallic phase belongs to the same topological phase. Whereas, the model exhibits two different values of the topological invariant in the two different insulating phases (structurally differentiated by transverse strain). In this later stacking though the transition between two distinct topological phases with the closure of the gap is practically unachievable due to the requirement of the high transverse strain. We also show the existence of four non-zero energy edge modes in the AA stacking and that of two zero energy edge modes in one of the topological phases for the AB stacking.
Real-time marine PPP-B2b/SINS integrated navigation based on BDS-3
Authors: Li Ming , Chai Hongzhou 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The BeiDou-3 global navigation satellite system was operated successfully in July 2020. It broadcasts precise point positioning (PPP)-B2b signals and provides real-time PPP services free of charge, which greatly meets the navigation needs of real-time users, especially warship navigation. This paper first introduces the PPP-B2b real-time positioning model, and then expounds the two-velocity measurement algorithm of Doppler and carrier phase time difference. Next, it combs the extended Kalman filter (EKF) and factor graph optimization (FGO) integrated navigation algorithm in detail, and finally comprehensively evaluates the real-time integrated navigation performance of PPP-B2b/strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) through the measured data at sea. The experimental results show that the real-time dynamic positioning accuracy of PPP-B2b can reach the decimeter level, and the positioning accuracy is not significantly improved when integrated with SINS. Furthermore, dynamic alignment experiments results show after adding time-differenced carrier phase and Doppler velocimetry information, the convergence accuracy of yaw misalignment angle has been greatly improved. The accuracy of the EKF algorithm is 16.7% higher than that of the FGO algorithm after the convergence of the yaw angle error.
Small sample fault diagnosis for wind turbine gearbox based on lightweight multiscale convolutional neural network
Authors: Wang Yuan , Wang Junnian , Tong Pengcheng 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The maintenance and diagnosis of wind turbine gearboxes are crucial for enhancing the stability and operational efficiency of wind power systems. However, there are still two challenges in gearbox fault diagnosis methods based on deep learning: (1) limited failure sample; (2) interference of strong noise. To solve the above issues, a lightweight multiscale convolutional neural network (LMSCNN) based fault diagnosis method is proposed in this paper. Among them, a large kernel convolution is used to denoise the original vibration signal. A lightweight multiscale architecture is constructed using depthwise separable convolutional blocks, which mine fault features at different scales and improve the operational efficiency of the model. Moreover, a parallel global pooling block is designed to provide a more comprehensive feature for the fusion layer, enabling the effective diagnosis of vibration signals. Experiments are conducted on the datasets of two different gearboxes, which prove that LMSCNN has excellent generalization capability and diagnostic speed.
Wide band tri-receptor quaternary organic photodetector based on PC61BM, ITIC, and IICO-4F
Authors: Zhang Ruliang , Yang Ting , An Tao , Zhang Shengli , Lu Gang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we report a wide band spectrum tri-receptor quaternary organic photodetector (OPD) based on the additional two non-fullerene acceptor materials, ITIC and IEICO-4F, with the polymer material P3HT as donor and the fullerene PC61BM as the first acceptor. The second acceptor ITIC and the third accptor IEICO-4F, with different molecular structures and absorption, were introduced into the conventional system P3HT:PC61BM to improve narrow response spectral range and the uneven response of OPDs. The experiments results show, that proposed non-fullerene acceptor materials of the narrow optical band gap were successful to broaden the absorption spectral range to near infrared. Respectively, the responses (R) and external quantum efficiency at 630, 530, and 460 nm, are up to 0.293 A W−1, 0.288 A W−1, 0. 243 A W−1, and 58%, 67%, and 66%. The quaternary OPDs achieve significant response spectrum across the 400–950 nm range with the specific detection rate (D*) exceeding 1012 Jones. It demonstrates that expanding spectrum non-fullerene materials ITIC and IEICO-4F can improve the mixing degree of the mixed materials, decrease agglomeration brought on by single widening excess, and increase spectrum absorption and moderate non-uniform response. The exciton dissociation efficiency is considerably increased by simultaneous charge transfer between the receptors and the receptors in the active layer. Moreover, the carrier mobility is improved, bimolecular recombination is suppressed.
Electrical properties of CuO/ZnO heterojunctions prepared by spray pyrolysis
Authors: Al Ghamdi Salem D , Alzahrani Ahmed Obaid M , Sobahi Nebras , Aida M S , Abdel-Wahab Mohamed Sh 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In the present work we investigate the influence of deposition sequences on the two layers forming a CuO/Zinc oxide (ZnO) heterojunction. Both layers are prepared using the simple and cost-effective technique of spray pyrolysis. The advantage of this technique is the ability to deposit both layers successively without interruption. For this purpose, four devices are prepared by successfully changing the deposition order of ZnO and CuO layers, and after a delay for the cooling of the first deposited layer. The I–V characteristics of the realized devices reveal that the deposition order plays a crucial role in the device’s performance. We inferred that the deposition of ZnO as the first layer followed by the immediate CuO leads to a device with superior quality, i.e., low ideality factor, low reverse current, and high rectifying ratio. The SEM image and EDX analysis at the interfaces revealed the diffusion of Zn in the CuO layer, while no diffusion of Cu in the ZnO layer was observed. Estimating the density of the interface states from the conductance vs. frequency measurements (G–f) indicates that the direct deposition of CuO on ZnO leads to a lower interface density of states.
Quantum information approach to the implementation of a neutron cavity
Authors: Nahman-Lévesque O , Sarenac D , Lailey O , Cory D G , Huber M G , Pushin D A 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Using the quantum information model of dynamical diffraction we consider a neutron cavity composed of two perfect crystal silicon blades capable of containing the neutron wavefunction. We show that the internal confinement of the neutrons through Bragg diffraction can be modelled by a quantum random walk. Furthermore, we introduce a toolbox for modelling crystal imperfections such as surface roughness and defects. Good agreement is found between the simulation and the experimental implementation, where leakage beams are present, modelling of which is impractical with the conventional theory of dynamical diffraction. Analysis of the standing neutron waves is presented in regards to the crystal geometry and parameters; and the conditions required for well-defined bounces are derived. The presented results enable new approaches to studying the setups utilizing neutron confinement, such as the experiments to measure neutron magnetic and electric dipole moments.
Graphene metasurface for broadband absorption and terahertz sensing
Authors: Ren Hailin , Ji Shijun , Zhao Ji , Dai Handa 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A plasmon-induced terahertz metamaterial absorber is proposed. The bottom ground layer uses gold to block the transmission of terahertz incident waves, and the pattern layer and the ground layer are separated by topas. The 90% absorption bandwidth frequency range of the absorber is 4.6–7.7 THz, and the average absorption rate in this range is 97.6%. Due to the geometric symmetry of the absorber, it has polarization insensitivity. In addition, when the incidence Angle reaches 60 degrees, more than 80% absorption can still be maintained. The numerical simulation shows that the frequency shift of the absorber has a good linear relationship with the change of the refractive index of the proposed absorber, and the sensitivity is 1100 GHz per refractive index unit (GHz/RIU). Therefore, the absorber can be used in more complex electromagnetic scenarios, or as a sensing element.
Black-box models for liquid nitrogen arc and its parameters optimization by PSO algorithm
Authors: Junaid Muhammad , Cao Shuzhi , Yu Wenqing , Yu Xiaolong , Yu Dongsheng , Wang Jianhua 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) has been widely utilized in the Gas Insulated Switchgear (GIS) due to its great insulation ability. However, SF6 has great greenhouse effect. Liquid nitrogen (LN2) has been considered as a promising substitute for the SF6 gas because of its good insulation, arc quenching and cost effectiveness. To accurately simulate the LN2 switch, it is essential to establish a mathematical model for the LN2 arc. Black-box models have been commonly used in describing the dynamic characteristics of gas arc in circuit breaker simulations. There are numerous types of black-box models for gas arc, yet there is no literature available about the application of black-box model for the LN2 arc. This paper aims to establish the black-box model of LN2 arc. Based on the experimental data, several kinds of black-box models including Mayr, Cassie, Schwarz, Habedank and TP KEMA models were established, and their parameters were optimized by the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The performance of these black-box models was evaluated by the conductance error. The results indicated that black-box models can be employed for LN2 arc simulations, and the TP KEMA model exhibits the best performance with minimal conductance errors throughout the entire arcing process.