bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Phantom Menace: latest findings on effector biology in the rice blast fungus
Authors: Fernandez Jessie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractMagnaporthe oryzae is a hemibiotrophic fungus responsible for the economically devastating and recalcitrant rice blast disease. However, the blast fungus is not only restricted to rice plants as it can also infect wheat, millet, and other crops. Despite previous outstanding discoveries aimed to understand and control the disease, the fungus remains one of the most important pathogens that threatens global food security. To cause disease, M. oryzae initiates morphological changes to attach, penetrate, and colonize rice cells, all while suppressing plant immune defenses that would otherwise hinder its proliferation. As such, M. oryzae actively secretes a battery of small proteins called “effectors” to manipulate host machinery. In this review, we summarize the latest findings in effector identification, expression, regulation, and functionality. We review the most studied effectors and their roles in pathogenesis. Additionally, we discern the current methodologies to structurally catalog effectors, and we highlight the importance of climate change and its impact on the future of rice blast disease.
Access to and equity in the curriculum in the Australian government secondary school system
Authors: Dean Jenny , Downes Natalie , Roberts Philip 
Published: March 2023

AbstractOne of the main aims of schooling both in Australia and internationally is to provide equitable access to education for all children regardless of their social background or the schools they attend. A key part of this aim should be reflected in access to the curriculum, particularly in government schools, which in Australia enrol the majority of students and are affected by policies of marketisation and school choice. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of a range of factors on access to the senior secondary curriculum and mean school achievement. The study addresses whether the number and level of academic subjects offered, and mean school achievement levels, are associated with socioeconomic advantage, location, school size, school selectivity and resourcing. We conduct regression analyses using administrative data on all government schools from Australia’s largest state of New South Wales, to show that schools in outer regional, remote and very remote areas, as well as those of lower socioeconomic advantage, and of smaller size, offer fewer and less advanced subjects compared to other government schools. This variability also has an association with mean school achievement levels.
Symbiosis, not alignment, as the goal for liberal democracies in the transition to artificial general intelligence
Authors: Friederich Simon 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA transition to a world with artificial general intelligence (AGI) may occur within the next few decades. This transition may give rise to catastrophic risks from misaligned AGI, which have received a significant amount of attention, deservedly. Here I argue that AGI systems that are intent-aligned—they always try to do what their operators want them to do—would also create catastrophic risks, mainly due to the power that they concentrate on their operators. With time, that power would almost certainly be catastrophically exploited, potentially resulting in human extinction or permanent dystopia. I suggest that liberal democracies, if they decide to allow the development of AGI, may react to this threat by letting AGI take shape as an intergenerational social project, resulting in an arrangement where AGI is not intent-aligned but symbiotic with humans. I provide some tentative ideas on what the resulting arrangement may look like and consider what speaks for and what against aiming for intent-aligned AGI as an intermediate step.
The ethics of computer vision: an overview in terms of power
Authors: Waelen Rosalie A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractComputer vision is a subfield of artificial intelligence, aimed at making computers see. Computer vision tools enable a system or device to automatically analyze, interpret, and respond to images and videos. Computer vision tasks range from object detection and tracking, to the recognition of people’s faces and emotional states. While the ethics of AI in general has received significant attention, and the ethics of facial recognition (a computer vision application) too, little of the AI ethics literature focuses specifically on the ethics of computer vision. In this chapter, I create an overview of ethical, social, and political issues related to computer vision, using a critical approach. This means that I identify issues in terms of power and evaluate them in function of their impact on the value of autonomy and the normative goal of emancipatory progress. The aim of this chapter is first and foremost to offer an overview of potential normative implications of computer vision. Additionally, the chapter functions as an example for the use of a critical approach to AI ethics.
Discovery and Excavation of Artifacts from the Bidong Shipwreck, Malaysia
Authors: Mustapa Baharim , Razali Rafidah , Muhamed Kamarul Redzuan , Ghani Badri Shah Abdul , Mohamed Muhazam , Arbi Ruzairy , Ideris Farizah , Ghani Khairil Amri Abd , Ali Azizi , Minhat Fatin Izzati , Jeofry Muhammad Hafeez , Bee Baszley Bee Basrah , Shaari Hasrizal 
Published: March 2023

ABSTRACTUnderwater archaeological research has been developed less aggressively in Malaysia than in other ASEAN partner countries, such as Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. In past decades, financial constraints have limited the development of underwater archaeology, and the field has been dominated by commercial salvage experts. Malaysia has not addressed many issues or fundamental problems related to future development. The discovery of the Bidong Shipwreck in 2013 has raised hopes that underwater archaeological research in Malaysia will develop more dynamically. The successful excavation of this shipwreck site proves that local experts can conduct scientific excavations. This article presents and discusses the discovery and process of excavating artifacts from the Bidong Shipwreck. The project outcomes provide a guide for stakeholders and agencies involved in future underwater excavations in Malaysian waters.
Impact of direct disk-diffusion testing on time to optimal antibiotic therapy
Authors: Jhaveri Tulip A. , Taqi Ahmad , Pearson Jeffrey C. , Kanjilal Sanjat 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
We evaluated the impact of preliminary blood-culture antibiotic susceptibility testing on time to optimal antibiotic therapy in a cohort of 503 patients with monomicrobial bloodstream infections. The median time from blood-culture collection to optimal antibiotics was 17 hours earlier in the preliminary antibiotic susceptibility testing group.
Responding to the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic with innovative data use: The role of data challenges
Authors: Danemayer Jamie , Young Andrew , Green Siobhan , Ezenwa Lydia , Klein Michael 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Innovative, responsible data use is a critical need in the global response to the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Yet potentially impactful data are often unavailable to those who could utilize it, particularly in data-poor settings, posing a serious barrier to effective pandemic mitigation. Data challenges, a public call-to-action for innovative data use projects, can identify and address these specific barriers. To understand gaps and progress relevant to effective data use in this context, this study thematically analyses three sets of qualitative data focused on/based in low/middle-income countries: (a) a survey of innovators responding to a data challenge, (b) a survey of organizers of data challenges, and (c) a focus group discussion with professionals using COVID-19 data for evidence-based decision-making. Data quality and accessibility and human resources/institutional capacity were frequently reported limitations to effective data use among innovators. New fit-for-purpose tools and the expansion of partnerships were the most frequently noted areas of progress. Discussion participants identified building capacity for external/national actors to understand the needs of local communities can address a lack of partnerships while de-siloing information. A synthesis of themes demonstrated that gaps, progress, and needs commonly identified by these groups are relevant beyond COVID-19, highlighting the importance of a healthy data ecosystem to address emerging threats. This is supported by data holders prioritizing the availability and accessibility of their data without causing harm; funders and policymakers committed to integrating innovations with existing physical, data, and policy infrastructure; and innovators designing sustainable, multi-use solutions based on principles of good data governance.
Hermeneutic Labor: The Gendered Burden of Interpretation in Intimate Relationships between Women and Men
Authors: Anderson Ellie 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn recent years, feminist scholarship on emotional labor has proliferated. I identify a related but distinct form of care labor, hermeneutic labor. Hermeneutic labor is the burdensome activity of: understanding and coherently expressing one's own feelings, desires, intentions, and motivations; discerning those of others; and inventing solutions for relational issues arising from interpersonal tensions. I argue that hermeneutic labor disproportionately falls on women's shoulders in heteropatriarchal societies, especially in intimate relationships between women and men. I also suggest that some of the gendered burdens of emotional labor that feminist scholars point out would better be described as hermeneutic labor. Drawing on feminist philosophy as well as findings from social psychology and sociology, I argue that the exploitation of women's hermeneutic labor is a pervasive element of what Sandra Bartky calls the “micropolitics” of intimate relationships. The widespread expectation that women are relationship-maintenance experts, as well as the prevalence of a gendered demand-withdraw pattern of communication, leads an exploitative situation to appear natural or even desirable, even as it leads to women's dissatisfaction. This situation may be considered misogynistic in Kate Manne's sense, where misogyny is a property of social environments rather than a worldview.
Authoritarian Legacies and Partisan Bias in Corruption Voting
Authors: Kim-Leffingwell Sanghoon 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWhat explains the lack of electoral consequences for corrupt politicians? Building on studies of motivated reasoning and asymmetric partisan bias, this article highlights the importance of partisan differences in how voters interpret corruption convictions and make voting decisions. I contend that in post-authoritarian democracies, supporters of authoritarian legacy parties (ALPs) are less likely to punish corrupt copartisan incumbents compared to supporters of other parties faced with equally corrupt copartisan incumbents. While voters of all kinds appear likely to ignore corruption among copartisan incumbents, supporters of authoritarian legacy parties are particularly likely to do so. Using original datasets from South Korea, this study shows empirical evidence of the lack of corruption voting for ALP partisans across three legislative elections. This article further finds partisan discrepancies and a striking lack of corruption voting among authoritarian legacy partisans.
Trusting Traumatic Memory: Considerations from Memory Science
Authors: Springle Alison , Dreier Rebecca , Goldwasser Seth 
Published: March 2023

AbstractCourt cases involving sexual assault and police violence rely heavily on victim testimony. We consider what we call the Traumatic Untrustworthiness Argument (TUA) according to which we should be skeptical about victim testimony because people are particularly liable to misremember traumatic events. The TUA is not obviously based in mere distrust of women, people of color, disabled people, poor people, and so forth. Rather, it seeks to justify skepticism on epistemic and empirical grounds. We consider how the TUA might appeal to the psychology and neuroscience of memory for empirical support. However, we argue that neither support the TUA.
Institutional Values Influence the Design and Evaluation of Transition Knowledge in Funding Proposals at NOAA
Authors: Elliott Steve , Eosco Gina , Newcomb Laura , Conran Joseph 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis article shows how institutional values influence the design and evaluation of arguments in funding proposals for research. We characterize a general argument made within proposals and several kinds of subarguments that contribute to it. We indicate that funders’ values inform the kinds of proposal documents funders require and their relative weighting of them. We illustrate these points by showing how a program office in the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses its public service mission to require and heavily weigh arguments to transition new knowledge to NOAA service providers, and we suggest conceptual questions raised by the use of transition knowledge.
Characterizing and Measuring Racial Discrimination in Public Health Research
Authors: Thompson Morgan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractExperiences of racial discrimination can seem to be caused by one’s race, a combination of social identities, or non-social features. In other words, racial discrimination can be intersectional or attributionally ambiguous. This poses challenges for current understandings and measurement tools of racial discrimination in public health research, such as the explanation of racial health disparities. Different kinds of discriminatory experiences plausibly produce different psychological effects that mediate their negative health impacts. Thus, multiple characterizations and measurements of racial discrimination are needed. As a result, I argue that racial discrimination should be a polysemous concept (with multiple meanings).
Helicopter development at Boeing Vertol Company
Authors: Grina K. I. 
Published: March 2023

The major helicopter development activities at Boeing today centre on three programmes: the CH-47 Medium Lift helicopter (MLH), the YUH-61A Utility Tactical Transport Aircraft System (UTTAS), and the XCH-62 Heavy Lift (HLH) helicopter.The CH-47 Chinook helicopter was introduced into the US Army inventory in 1962 and has had a history of dynamic engineering development. The initial CH-47 A helicopter had a maximum gross weight of 33 000 lb; the CH-47B, introduced in 1967, had a maximum weight of 40 000 lb; the CH-47C (1968) had a maximum weight of 46 000 lb; and the Canadian Forces CH-147 (1974), a maximum weight of 50 000 lb. Our current development efforts are aimed at modernisation of early aircraft to equip the US Army fleet for operation through the 1980s.
Making and flying replicas of Sir George Cayley's gliders
Authors: Sproule J. 
Published: March 2023

In 1929 when I was a young schoolboy in York, I was fortunate to become one of a small band of nomadic gliding enthusiasts centred around a most enterprising chap called Percy Watson, who had built himself a German Zoegling training glider above his chemist's shop in Micklegate. Each weekend we flew this machine — on which one sat in the open with an awe-inspiring view of the ground—from a wide variety of hills and precipices in the country to the east of York in the direction of Scarborough and Whitby.In 1936, as a result of this exciting and sometimes quite terrifying activity, I joined Slingsby Sailplanes at Kirbymoorside, where I became happily involved in the design and development of Kirby Cadets and Tutors and the like. It was a most satisfactory occupation for a young chap dedicated to gliding and in consequence I developed a love of the wolds and moors of East Yorkshire from Sutton Bank to the sea, which continues to this day.
The relationship between the base pressure on a bluff body and the velocity at separation
Authors: Simmons J. E. L. 
Published: March 2023

In the modified free-streamline theory for the separated flow past bluff bodies due to Roshko, the velocity on the separated free streamlines is expressed asUv=kU0,where U0 is the velocity of the undisturbed stream and k is a constant. If it is assumed that the pressure on the base of the body is uniform and equal to the pressure on the free streamline, then application of Bernoulli's equation leads to;k =(1-Cpb)½,… (1)where Cpb is the base pressure coefficient.
The economic utilisation of resources through aviation
Authors: Chichester-Miles I. 
Published: March 2023

This paper attempts a view of the development of civil aviation in a rather broad and fundamental way, deliberately avoiding any detailed discussion of the many technical aspects of this large and complex industry.Anyone who is associated in any way with the design and production of aircraft and with the administration and operation of airlines and airports will be only too well aware of the immensity of the technological and organisational effort involved. And looking back over the past 50 years, the development of civil aviation into a major world industry can be viewed, rightly, as a major technological achievement. However, any technological development and the successful evolution of any transport system or industry must be initiated and sustained by some form of social demand. Frequently the demand is difficult or impossible to identify, indeed the idea of a demand may be less useful than the idea of a welcoming response to supply: technical advance frequentiy seems to generate a new market rather than to satisfy an existing one. Nevertheless aviation has during its development passed through a number of phases and been subject to shifts of objective, sometimes gradual, sometimes very rapid, reflecting changes in the response of individuals, companies, nations, and now perhaps even of the world community at large. These changes in demand may be expressed as changes in priorities and we have tried, in Fig. 1, to give some indication of how the balance of demand appears to have shifted as aviation (in this case, both civil and military aviation) jhas progressed from its early status as a sporting pastime to its present position as a world-wide transport system.
Brennan—his helicopter and other inventions
Authors: Graham R. 
Published: March 2023

Louis Brennan, CB, was born in Castlebar, County Mayo, in 1852, and whilst he was at a very early age his parents emigrated to Australia where in due course he attended the College for Artisans in Melbourne. I know little of his youth but I understand that he became interested in watch and clock making and that his first adult achievement was the designing and making of a civic clock of Big Ben status.What next I know of Brennan's activities is from the notebook of Professor William Kernot of Melbourne University who, incidentally, was Australia's first engineering graduate. This shows calculations on the performance of the torpedo and is dated 1876, so Brennan must have been quite young when he conceived this idea.With some assistance from Professor Kernot and others, he designed and built a prototype which carried out such successful trials in 1879 that the British Admiralty were informed and they invited Brennan to England and financed the further development of the torpedo.
Turbulent boundary layer shape after a corner expansion
Authors: Small R. D. , Page R. H. 
Published: March 2023

The expansion of a boundary layer about a corner is of primary importance to a near wake flow field. Experimental evidence shows that turbulent boundary layers separate precisely at the corner and methods are available for predicting such an expansion. Inviscid calculations using rotational characteristics have been successfully used. However, one of the simplest techniques of treating the expansion of a boundary layer is the method of isentropic streamtubes. Calculations with such a method may be easily programmed for digital computers or quickly done on an electronic calculator. In this note, results obtained from the simpler streamtube method are compared with results from the more complex rotational characteristic calculations.The streamtube method assumes that the flow field is isoenergetic, the stagnation pressure is constant along a streamline, and the flow is uni-directional before and after expansion. Obviously, the boundary layer is assumed to expand without interacting with the adjacent supersonic flow. The coordinate system used is shown in Fig. 1. Y is the coordinate normal to the attached flow direction, and W is the coordinate normal to the inviscid jet boundary streamline. The individual streamlines are located in the expanded profile by applying conservation of mass to the streamtubes.
Some aspects of inlet/engine flow compatibility
Authors: Williams D. D. , Yost J. O. 
Published: March 2023

The aim of this paper is to contribute to the growing subject of inlet/engine compatibility a discussion of some of the more interesting results of research and development testing of rig compressors and engines carried out at the Bristol Engine Division of Rolls-Royce (1971) Ltd, and to discuss these against a now extensive background literature.The effects of an inlet system on an axial flow gas turbine are principally on performance, stability and mechanical integrity. In this paper attention is focused on the effects of total pressure distortion on the compressor system's performance and stability.
Automatic flight controls in fixed wing aircraft–The first 100 years
Authors: Howard R. W. 
Published: March 2023

In 1973, automatic flight controls is one of the most exacting fields of technology, requiring a balanced combination of art, science and human understanding, and the efforts of large project management teams backed by adequate resources to bring any new concept to fruition.Today's systems derive almost entirely from the technology of the past 25 years, and hence it is little known that there was some activity in automatic flight control for fixed wing aircraft as long ago as 1873, some 30 years before the world-changing events at Kittyhawk and when mechanical flight was still confined to balloons and a few rudimentary gliders.
A status summary of the MRCA project
Authors: Madelung G. 
Published: March 2023

A lecture on the background of the MRCA project was presented to the Society three years ago, at which time most of the basic definition of this trinational project had been completed. The development of the programme in terms of performance, cost and schedule has in the meantime been essentially in accordance with the plans established during 1969.The overall scope of these plans are mainly contained in the decade of the seventies (Fig. 2). Development started in mid-1970 and series production deliveries will have reached the full target rate in the last quarter of the decade. Also the eighties will see substantial employment of our industries on this project if the aircraft proves as good in performance and price as is intended.
On the Iterative Solution of Semidefinite Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Craig R. , Bampton M. C. C. 
Published: March 2023

The free vibration of an elastic system represented by a finite number of degrees of freedom leads to the problem of determining the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the equation
where K and M are symmetric matrices of order n, and x is an n-dimensional vector of generalised co-ordinates. Under certain circumstances as, for example, when the matrices are of large order and only a few eigenvalues and eigenvectors are required, it is preferable to use an iterative procedure for solving eqn. (1) or an equation equivalent to it. However, when the system has one or more rigid-body degrees of freedom the stiffness matrix K is singular. This precludes an iterative solution.