bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prologue
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Korean legend has it that Dangun founded the country in 2333 BCE. The origins of Korea as a unified, distinct country can be traced back to the Silla Kingdom, which took control of most of the Korean Peninsula in 668. Final unification of the whole of the Korean Peninsula happened in 936, when Goryeo (also spelled Koryo) took control of the whole territory. Goryeo would be replaced by the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 1392 until 1910. This was a period marked by economic, social, and cultural development and the strong influence of Confucianism. From 1910 until 1945, Korea was colonized by Japan, a period which strengthened minjok or the sense of a unique Korean identity. Following the end of occupation by Japan, Korea was divided into two by the US and the Soviet Union, while internal divisions tore Koreans apart. The result was the formal division of Korea into North and South.
Independence, War and Poverty 1948–60
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
South Korea was established as an independent state in 1948, with the nationalist, conservative, and fiercely anti-communist Rhee Syngman as its first president. In 1950, North Korea invaded the South, starting the Korean War. The war would ravage the Korean Peninsula for three years, only ending in 1953 through an armistice. South Korea was able to survive the war to a large extent thanks to the support of the US, with which it established a formal alliance in 1953. Following the war, South Korea was one of the poorest countries in the world, with Rhee relying on US largesse to sustain his government but unable to achieve economic development. Protests by South Korean students and workers led to Rhee's resignation in 1960, opening the door to South Korea's first truly democratic elections--which were also the last until 1987.
The Liberal Decade 1998–2007
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Kim Dae-jung became the first liberal South Korean president since the 1960s when he took office in 1998. His victory was considered the moment when the 386 Generation that pushed for democracy in the 1980s really took power. The peaceful transition of power between conservatives and liberals showed the maturity of the South Korean democracy. Coming in the throes of the Asian Financial Crisis, Kim's presidency was marked by a focus on economic recovery and finding new growth engines. In this context, the South Korean government emphasized innovation as the future of the country's economy. Meanwhile, the Korean Wave was starting to take hold in Asia and beyond, and the South Korean government supported the internationalization of the country's artists. With South Korea recovering from the Asian Financial Crisis relatively quickly and having become a developed country, civic nationalism as opposed to minjok became the way in which most Koreans saw themselves. The successful hosting of the 2002 FIFA World Cup together with Japan reinforced this. With regards to North Korea, the Kim government pursed a Sunshine Policy to provide support to the impoverished country, resulting in the first-ever inter-Korean summit in 2000.
Global South Korea 2008–22
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
South Korea weathered the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 better than most other developed countries. Likewise, it was one of the countries that weathered the COVID-19 pandemic better at the global level. This period of time between the two crises marked South Korea's emergence on the global stage. Successive South Korean presidents sought to make the country a more active actor in global affairs. Yet, it was innovation-driven economic growth, leading to South Korean firms competing at the technological frontier stage, and global boom of the Korean Wave that better symbolized the country's new-found status. The Korean Wave, in particular, changed external perceptions about South Korea and brought recognition of the country to new heights. At the domestic level, South Koreans continued to hold their leaders accountable and demand change. Most notably, in 2016–17 the Candlelight Revolution led to the impeachment of Park Geun-hye due to corrupt practices during her presidency. Meanwhile, South Korean women adopted the #MeToo movement to demand an end to patriarchal practices in the job market and in society more generally. More broadly, civic nationalism continued to grow in importance as a way for South Koreans to identify themselves.
The Islamic State’s Approach to Propaganda
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Drawing on a range of internal documentation produced by the Islamic State—some physically captured from it, others that emerged among its supporters online—this chapter sets out the key features of the Islamic State's propaganda apparatus between 2014 and 2019. First, it describes how jihadists conceptualize the notion of propaganda. Second, it explores the specific strategic underpinnings and objectives of Islamic State propaganda. Third, it sets out the structure and day-to-day operations of the Islamic State's media apparatus. Understanding the group's overarching outreach goals as well as the mechanisms through which it hoped to achieve them is critical contextual knowledge for the rest of this discussion.
The Nation
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In addition to the thousands of images showcasing its forays into proto-statehood, the Islamic State produced many thousands more that boasted of the utopian "nation" over which it presided. These pictures were implied to document "regular" people going about their business in the caliphate—working, shopping, worshipping, and relaxing—and, together, they made for a comprehensive visual account of what life was like for the ‘ām al-muslimīn (literally, "normal Muslims"). This chapter explores those images in detail, identifying the key consensus- and community-focused motifs and idealisations the Islamic State attempted to cultivate through propaganda.
A Study of Football Chants as Political Expression in the Algerian Hirak
Authors: Mezahi Maher 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since the establishment of indigenous football clubs in Algeria, football supporters have used their voice to express political opinion in the form of stadium songs. This chapter examines how the chants and other kinds of football art originated in Algeria, how supporter groups formed and grew increasingly concerned with political life in Algeria and across North Africa, and how football art was adopted by protestors during the anti-regime "Hirak" protests of 2019 and 2020. The chapter relied on the works of Mahfoud Amara's work on football sub-culture in Algeria and Youcef Fates' analysis of discourse in Algerian stadia, and concludes with a lyrical analysis of football songs sung in the Algerian Hirak protests.
Playing in the Triple Periphery
Authors: Reiche Danyel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Palestinian football by focusing on the case of Lebanon, one of the largest host communities for Palestinian refugees. In comparison to other Palestinian diaspora communities, Palestinians in Lebanon have a limited presence in football. While football has served as a tool for integration in countries such as Chile and Jordan, Lebanese football has reflected the exclusion of Palestinians in society. This study argues that Palestinian footballers’ lack of access to Lebanese citizenship--which is different from the experience of Palestinian immigrants and refugees in Chile and Jordan--is the main reason for the absence of Palestinian football success stories in Lebanon. This chapter examines how Palestinian football players in Lebanon are operating in a triple periphery. First, they are excluded from Lebanese football through lack of access to Lebanese nationality, which creates football-specific obstacles, such as a cap for Palestinian players in Lebanese leagues. Second, their status as stateless persons prevents Palestinians in Lebanon from representing their country of descent in international competitions. Finally, being stateless refugees restricts their potential movement to other football leagues abroad.
More Than Just a Game
Authors: Bloomfield Aubrey 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of football in the Palestinian-led Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions (BDS) movement targeting Israel. As the world's most popular sport, football represents a potentially significant site for activism against the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Yet the sports boycott remains an underutilized and understudied aspect of the BDS movement. An analysis of the historical example of the international sports boycott movement against apartheid South Africa, the footballing landscape in Palestine and Israel, and the football-focused BDS actions to date, will be used to show that it deserves further attention. Developments over the past decade have already begun to show that a sports boycott centered on football could potentially have a significant impact on Israel. Given the unparalleled global spectacle that football represents, disrupting Israel's access to its normalizing function offers a powerful means to raise awareness of the BDS movement and signal disapproval with Israel's ongoing violations of international law and Palestinian human rights.
Qatar, the World Cup, and the Global Campaign for Migrant Workers’ Rights
Authors: Babar Zahra 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evolution of labor reforms in Qatar before the World Cup bid, as well as those that have been reinforced since 2015 and are currently underway. The chapter is built around three arguments. The first is that labor reforms that have occurred in Qatar have not been solely due to the global human rights campaign around the World Cup. Qatar's decision to undertake reforms have been a result of a far more complex set of factors. The chapter's second argument contends that despite the state's undertaking of labor reform efforts, their current trajectory, and their long-term potential to guarantee greater protection of labor rights, it is disingenuous to assume that lower income migrants' lives will be radically transformed. The third contention is that Qatar 2022 represents a missed opportunity for global human rights organizations and journalists who spearheaded the campaign. By focusing solely on the conditions of migrant workers as a separate category of concern, and by adopting a myopic lens that does not connect broader local and regional demands for labor rights, the campaign dilutes its potential to galvanize demands for enduring change, and reproduces the Gulf to the global public as an Orientalized, exceptional space.
Introduction
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The introduction traces the solidification of blasphemy charges against non-Muslims in South Asian legal discourse. It focuses on the scholarly controversy between the traditionalist Indian scholar Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi and Shah Ismail Dehlvi in the first decades of the nineteenth century, concluding that in their era, strongly worded fatwas regarding blasphemy against the Prophet received little traction from their followers. It then sketches the conceptual shift that blasphemy underwent in the two centuries since, moving from a sin punishable by Allah in the hereafter to an individual moral duty and barometer of faith.
Rebirth
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The first chapter lays out the paradigm through which Mirza Ghulam Ahmad used insults against the Prophet strategically to rally support from the Muslim community. Against the prescriptions of the Hanafi School of Islamic jurisprudence that was dominant in India, Mirza Ghulam Ahmad began levelling blasphemy charges against non-Muslims and prophesizing the death of alleged blasphemers. It further reconstructs how the provincial Hindu preacher Pandit Lekh Ram entered into a vicious debate with Mirza Ghulam Ahmad that quickly turned poisonous, and how both men departed from conventional Islamic and Hindu law.
Sin
Authors: Hussain Adeel 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter unravels how the murder of a Lahore-based publisher, Rajpal Malhotra, came to be an issue of national importance and captured the attention of the national political leadership. Ilm Din, Rajpal's assailant, was hailed as a martyr after the state tried and hanged him for murder. This chapter shows how this historical instance further solidified the idea of Muslim martyrdom through judicial rulings. In continuation of the arguments proposed in the first and second chapter, the blasphemy discourse remained heavily embedded in the terms of debate set out by two provincial revivalist groups.
Religious Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the role of religion and secularism in contemporary nativism, in particular the nativist problematization of Islam in Western contexts. This “religious nativism” depicts Islam not only as backward and therefore incompatible with national, European, Western, and indeed “modern” cultures, but also as a threat to these cultures. In order to unpack how this multifaceted self–other antagonism is constructed, the chapter discusses three central themes in the Dutch public debate: gender, homosexuality, and cultural Christianity. The chapter then demonstrates the various ways in which nativism deals with Muslims’ alterity after it has lost faith in integration as a solution. If the presence of Muslims is seen as a threat and this threat cannot be assuaged through integration, then what do nativists propose?
Populist Nativism
Authors: Duyvendak Jan Willem , Kešić Josip 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines right-wing discourses that attack elites for their moral corruption and cultural alienation, and it presents them as therefore being a threat to the native population and its culture. Being depicted as culturally alienated and for that reason not fully “native,” the national elite holds a symbolic position structurally similar to that of migrant minorities. Its otherness is significantly enhanced by the idea it supports the interests of other threatening minorities. The chapter unpacks the othering of national elites by exploring the nativist preoccupation with elites’ lack of appreciation for national culture and the diminishing presence of national identity in the public sphere and state institutions.
A new Anglo-India
Authors: Charlton-Stevens Uther 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with debates around naming, with self-asserted and ascribed categories for the mixed. The replacement of Eurasian with Anglo-Indian in the Census of India of 1911 satisfied longstanding demands from within the group itself and anchored an amplified level of patriotic identification with Britain prior to the First World War. The difficulties in obtaining sanction for an Anglo-Indian Force, which served in Mesopotamia, highlighted internal and external dividing lines among Anglo-Indians and Domiciled Europeans--especially colorism. The postwar fracturing of communal unity came amidst heightened pressures on the group's employment from nationalist demands within the colonial legislatures for Indianisation of state and railway employment following the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. As Anglo-Indian parents and education remained conservatively pro-British, particularly in Bangalore, Henry Gidney dualistically emphasized love of the community's Indian motherland alongside continuing loyalty to its British fatherland. Resistance, factionalism, entryism, and legal action by prominent rivals continued to undermine Gidney's leadership. Simultaneously, Gidney's lobbying in London and alignment with other minorities--particularly the Dalit leader Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar--against Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress Party at the Round Table Conference proved critical to claims for minority group rights and power sharing under any prospective constitutional devolution settlement.
Freedom Fighters
Authors: Simpson Thula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Nelson Mandela left South Africa in 1962. During his time abroad, he solicited pledges of military training from Algeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and Morocco. The chapter discusses Mandela's arrest following his return home later that year. The chapter also discusses the rise and fall of Poqo in 1962–3, while the struggle between the State and the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) in the aftermath of Mandela's arrest is also considered. MK's High Command developed Operation Mayibuye, a blueprint for guerrilla warfare, but its leaders were apprehended in a raid on their underground headquarters at Liliesleaf Farm in Rivonia in July 1963. Other dissident groups rolled up in 1963-4 were the Yu Chi Chan Club, and the NCL, which renamed itself the African Resistance Movement.
How Raqqa Became the Capital of ISIS
Authors: Rosenblatt Nate , Kilcullen David 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter tells the history of the Syrian city of Raqqa, and how in 2013 control of the city shifted between the Syrian regime, Syrian rebels, and finally ISIS, eventually becoming the capital of ISIS's caliphate. Using survey research conducted in Raqqa, the chapter examines how ISIS's strategy enabled it to seize the city, why other powers failed to hold the city, and how, after taking the city, ISIS failed to effectively govern it, eventually losing it to U.S.-backed forces.
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps of the 2020s
Authors: Vatanka Alex 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the history of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps from the Iranian revolution to today. It examines how Iran's adoption of a forward defense strategy has shaped not just its proxies and the locales where it intervenes, but also the identity of the IRGC itself. The chapter explores how manpower shortages and the dynamics of signaling capability to the U.S. raise questions about the sustainability of Iranian strategy and the ways Iranian strategy will play a significant role in shaping the Middle East of the future.
Four Impediments to the Case for Mineness
Authors: McClelland Tom 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter argues that a compelling case for the existence of a sense of mineness is yet to be made. It proposes that any such case must overcome four impediments. The first is epistemological and concerns how we could identify this putative feature of experience. The second concerns the representational content of such experiences. The third concerns the function that these experiences would perform; and the fourth concerns the possibility of malfunction. The chapter argues that although none of these impediments constitute a knock-down objection to the sense of mineness, they each present a serious challenge that advocates of the sense of mineness must address.
Emotions of Mineness
Authors: Dub Richard 
Published: January 2023

AbstractFeelings of authorship and feelings of ownership are difficult to place within a taxonomy of psychological types. This chapter defends the thesis that these “feelings of mineness” are emotions. Firstly, I describe the intentional structure and functional role of emotions, arguing that feelings of mineness have a similar structure and role. Secondly, I present what I take to be the best evidence for the affective status of feelings of mineness: their ability to generate delusions. Finally, I provide responses to the criticism that emotions and affect are necessarily evaluative but feelings of mineness are not evaluative.
The Ownership of Memories
Authors: Fernández Jordi 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIs there such a thing as experiencing a memory as one’s own? I argue that the phenomenon of disowned memory gives us a reason to believe that memories carry a sense of mineness. I challenge the view that the sense of mineness for a memory is the feeling of being identical with the witness of the remembered scene, and I put forward an alternative proposal. According to it, the sense of mineness for a memory is the experience of the memory as matching the past. I argue that the alternative proposal makes better sense of the available reports of disowned memory. I conclude by offering some considerations on how the proposed account could accommodate other cases of disowned conscious states.
Miller’s Crossing
Authors: Quong Jonathan 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter engages with David Miller’s work on the conditionality of human rights. Miller believes that while some human rights are conditional, there are certain rights, such as those not to be killed or seriously injured, that cannot be forfeited. While Quong agrees that some human rights are conditional, he rejects Miller’s account of which rights these are. The chapter draws a distinction between two types of human rights: those that correlate with ‘burden-insensitive’ moral duties, which can be forfeited, and those associated with ‘burden-sensitive’ moral duties, which cannot. Strikingly, this account of the possibility of forfeiture does not map directly onto how human rights have sometimes been understood; so while Quong believes that some paradigmatic human rights, such as the right not to be killed, are in fact conditional, he argues that some others, such as the right to be rescued, are unconditional, though less established in human rights discourse.
Immigration: A Lockean Approach
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the legitimacy of state controls on migration from a ‘Lockean’ perspective. What rights to drive strangers away would communities have in the absence of systems of positive law? Waldron argues that reasons to drive away strangers are likely to fall into two camps: economic and cultural. He argues that neither type of argument is likely to succeed, as they do not give rise to the sort of reasons that could justify exclusion. In particular, he maintains that David Miller’s arguments relating to cultural protection are insufficient to justify immigration restrictions since they are grounded not in resistance to the destruction of a shared culture but in resistance to change in a shared culture. This cannot legitimize state controls. His conclusion is that it is much harder than it seems to establish the fundamental entitlement of societies to control immigration.
Miller’s Minarets: Religion, Culture, Domination
Authors: Laborde Cécile 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses David Miller’s treatment of the 2009 Swiss constitutional ban on building Muslim minarets. Miller is sympathetic to the idea that religious symbols in shared public spaces can, in principle, be restricted by a majority’s right of precedence. The chapter argues that to permit majority religious precedence in the public sphere would be an unacceptable instance of arbitrary domination. Religion is understood in terms of an “assigned identity”, typically defined by the majority in ways that stigmatise and silence the target minority and exclude it from the national community. Thus religion functions in the same way as race, affirming and consolidating boundaries between groups. The ban on minarets dominates Muslims by denying them civic standing, undermining the foundation of equal citizenship that is key to Miller’s own defence of citizenship and nationality. There are limits on how majorities can permissibly affirm their culture in the public sphere.