bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distinctive Functional Properties of Human Blood L Lymphocytes: A Comparison with T Lymphocytes, B Lymphocytes, and Monocytes
Authors: Horwitz David A. , Garrett Martha Anne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human blood lymphocytes with high affinity Fc receptors have been operationally named L lymphocytes because of membrane-labile IgG markers. L lymphocytes lack membrane-incorporated immunoglobulin and do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells coated with IgM antibody and mouse complement. These lymphocytes are capable of binding IgG in normal human serum at 4°C and will form rosettes with human lymphocytes coated with Ripley IgG. In this study, functional in vitro properties of isolated L lymphocytes were compared with T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes. To obtain these mononuclear populations, first, plastic adherent monocytes were harvested. T lymphocytes were then isolated by centrifugation of E rosette-forming cells, and other rosetting techniques were employed to isolate L and B lymphocytes by negative selection.
The functional properties of L lymphocytes were completely unlike those of T cells, B cells, or monocytes. L lymphocytes did not proliferate in response to mitogens, soluble antigens, or cell surface antigens. Moreover, this population could not replace monocytes in helping T lymphocytes respond to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. Once T cells were supplemented with monocytes, however, the addition of L lymphocytes to the culture greatly enhanced the T lymphocytes proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, purified protein derivative (PPD), and streptokinase/streptodornase.
L lymphocytes were not a subset of B cells. They did not spontaneously develop surface Ig in culture, and pokeweed mitogen could not induce them to transform and generate cytoplasmic Ig detectable by immunofluorescence. Mixtures of B cells and T cells responded to pokeweed mitogen better than do T cells alone. In contrast, enhanced reactivity with L and T cell combinations was not observed. Another sharp difference between these two populations was the stimulator capacity of each in mixed lymphocyte culture. When B and L lymphocytes were carefully monocyte-depleted, only B cells were effective stimulators of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes.
In comparison with T cells, B cells, and monocytes, L lymphocytes were the only effective killers of human blood lymphocytes sensitized with IgG. L lymphocytes, then, have cytotoxic potential, but cannot proliferate in response to various stimulants or become antibody-producing cells. These findings suggest that L lymphocytes comprise a third lymphocyte population.
Further Studies on the Identification of the Subcomponents of the First Component of Complement After Affinity Chromatography of Human Serum on IgG-Sepharose
Authors: Taylor P. A. , Fink S. , Bing D. H. , Painter R. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Affinity chromatography of serum on IgG covalently linked to Sepharose results in the retention of the proteins of the first component of complement (C1). A fraction called pool II is eluted from this column with 0.025 M EDTA and has previously been shown to contain C1s and a novel protein believed to be part of the C1 complex and called C1t. C1r has now been located in pool II and these three proteins were purified by DEAE cellulose chromatography. C1r and C1s were recovered in the proenzyme form and their identity was established by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis before and after reduction and alkylation, and on the basis of their esterolytic activities toward different substrates. The properties of C1r from pool II are contrasted with those of the protein recovered from the pool III eluate of the affinity column and previously thought to be C1r.
Sequential Proliferation Induced in Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes by Mitogen
Authors: Winger Larry A. , Nowell Peter C. , Daniele Ronald P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral blood cells from cultures stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days suppressed continued proliferation when added to feeder layer cultures of autologous lymphocytes previously stimulated with mitogen. Proliferation 1 day after the addition of inhibitory cells was reduced 50 to 60% as measured by tritiated thymidine (3HTdR) uptake and mitotic index. It is suggested that a similar suppressive phenomenon may be acting in most standard mitogen-stimulated cultures to limit cell division after only a few days of culture.
Suppression of continued lymphocyte proliferation in the feeder layer cultures by cells from PHA-stimulated cultures was not due to cell crowding, carry-over of mitogen, or nutrient depletion; nor was it an artifact of thymidine incorporation. Apparent suppression of proliferation by an extract of these cells, however, was artifactual; the extract inhibited 3HTdR uptake but did not reduce mitotic activity.
It is not known whether the inhibition exerted by the PHA-activated cells is mediated through a discrete subpopulation of “suppressor cells” or represents a regulatory function of any mitotic or post-mitotic cell, or both.
Pathogenesis of Experimental Allergic Orchitis
Authors: Tung Kenneth S. K. , Leong Calvin , McCarty Teresita 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In experimental allergic orchitis (EAO), a lesion characterized by mononuclear invasion of seminiferous tubules can be adoptively transferred within 1 to 4 days by testicular injection of peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) from syngeneic strain 13 guinea pigs (GP) immunized with homologous testicular antigens in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). This study examined the role of T lymphocytes, macrophages, and polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) in the adoptive transfer. Guinea pig PEC contained 7% T lymphocytes, rare B lymphocytes, and over 90% of macrophages and PMN. After T lymphocytes were depleted by rabbit erythrocyte (E) rosette and Hypaque-Ficoll gradient centrifugation, cell preparations that contained 73% of original macrophages and 15% original T lymphocytes were obtained, and these cells did not transfer EAO (0 of 18 testes). In contrast, cell preparations enriched in T lymphocytes by nylon wool column or E rosette contained 1.5% of the original macrophages and 59% of the original T lymphocytes transferred EAO to 70% of the testes, starting at 1.5 × 106 T lymphocytes per testis. The number of T lymphocytes correlated with the incidence of adoptive transfer; the correlation existed regardless of the number of macrophages or PMN present. Finally, EAO was adoptively transferred to recipients that had total-body irradiation. The results indicate that (a) T lymphocytes are capable of transferring lesions of EAO, (b) in the transfer, the T lymphocytes did not function as helper T cells, since the transfer need not involve participation of host lymphoid cells, and (c) by inference, testis antigen-reactive T lymphocytes exist.
Preferential Assignment of Allotype a1 Globulin for the Production of Early IgM Anti-Para-Azobenzenearsonate Antibodies in Heterozygous a1a3 Rabbits
Authors: Chien Chau-Chun , Ingraham Joseph S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits of allotype a1a3 were injected on days 0, 2, and 4 with mixtures containing equal amounts of pigeon erythrocytes (Prbc) coupled to para-azobenzenearsonate (AA) and to para-azobenzene-N-trimethylammonium (TMA). On day 6, the allotypes of antibody from plaque-forming cells (PFC) of the blood were determined by observing the inhibition of plaque formation by anti-allotype sera. Anti-AA PFC appeared to consist for the most part of cells making antibody of allotype a1 since 65% of them were inhibited by anti-a1 serum and only 8% by anti-a3. Anti-TMA PFC, on the other hand, appeared to consist mostly of cells making antibody of allotype a3, since less then 1% of them were inhibited by anti-a1 but 47% by anti-a3. Antibody allotype for spleen PFC was also determined on day 6 and was similar to that found for blood PFC. Anti-AA PFC were inhibited 74% by anti-a1 serum and 15% by anti-a3 whereas anti-TMA PFC were inhibited 19% by anti-a1 and 43% by anti-a3.
Serum hemolysin specific for AA hapten from a1a3 animals was also strongly inhibited by anti-a1 serum but not by anti-a3 whereas the converse was true for hemolysin against TMA hapten.
The a1a3 rabbits, in which the anti-AA was restricted to allotype a1, were mated to produce homozygous a3a3 animals. When the PFC and serum antibodies of these a3a3 offspring were examined by specific inhibition, the anti-AA activity was found to be of allotype a3 rather than being anegative.
The number of anti-AA PFC in the blood of a3a3 rabbits was lower than that in blood of a1a3 or a1a1 animals. In addition, the TMA hapten appeared to inhibit the response to the AA hapten. Thus a1a3 rabbits immunized with AA-Prbc alone had 14-fold more anti-AA PFC or 18-fold higher anti-AA hemolysin titer than a3a3 animals immunized with both AA-Prbc and TMA-Prbc.
Our results are discussed in relation to various explanations which have been offered for an imbalance of allotypes in a given antibody.
Molecular Size and Subunit Structure of the Fourth Component of Guinea Pig Complement
Authors: Hall Robert E. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fourth component (C4) of human complement is a glycoprotein with a m.w. of 209,000 daltons and consists of three subunits of m.w. 93,000, 78,000, and 33,000 daltons linked by disulfide bridges (1, 2). The size and structure of the corresponding complement protein in guinea pig serum has not yet been elucidated, although the sedimentation coefficient of guinea pig C4 (8S20,w) is known to be similar to that of human C4 (3). The m.w. of guinea pig C4 has been estimated by gel filtration to be 180,000 (4).
We now report isolation of C4 from guinea pig serum by a one-step immunoabsorbent method. Its molecular size and subunit structure were similar to that of human C4. Normal guinea pig liver in culture synthesized and secreted C4 with size and subunit structure identical to serum C4.
Materials and Methods. A 14C-labeled l-amino acid mixture consisting of equal amounts of 14C-leucine (270 mCi/mmol), 14C-valine (225 mCi/mmol), 14C-isoleucine (270 mCi/mmol), and 14C-lysine (270 mCi/mmol) was obtained from New England Nuclear, Boston, Mass.
The Role of Neutrophils in Antiviral Defense-in Vitro Studies on the Mechanism of Antiviral Inhibition
Authors: Rouse Barry T. , Wardley Richard C. , Babiuk Lorne A. , Mukkur T. K. S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Highly enriched populations of bovine neutrophils were added, in the presence of antiviral antibody, to herpesvirusinfected bovine cell cultures. A cell dose-dependent reduction in virus-induced cytopathology was observed. The mechanism of inhibition was presumed to be mediated by a subcellular neutrophil product and not the result of either direct cytotoxicity or antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). Thus, inhibition of comparable magnitude was observed when neutrophils and virus-infected cells were separated by cell impermeable membranes. In addition, plaque reduction occurred when antiviral immunoglobulins or fragments unable to mediate ADCC were used in the assays. Killed neutrophils and sonicates were unable to mediate plaque inhibition. Speculations were made as to the origin of the virus-inhibitory substances and the role that neutrophils might assume in mediating recovery from virus infection.
Interspecies Neural Membrane Antigens on Cultured Human and Murine Neuroblastoma Cells
Authors: Akeson Richard , Seeger Robert C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-surface antigens (CSA) of cultured human and murine neuroblastoma cells were studied serologically to determine if any were common to both species and if any were associated with normal adult neural tissue. Antisera were obtained after immunization of rabbits with: i) cultured murine neuroblastoma cells, ii) cultured human neuroblastoma cells, and iii) human followed by murine neuroblastoma cells. In microcomplement-fixation tests with cultured human cells as targets, some unadsorbed antisera to human or murine neuroblastoma cells had greater reactivity with neuroblastoma than with non-neuroblastoma cell lines. Booster immunization with murine neuroblastoma cells of all rabbits initially immunized with human neuroblastoma cells produced sera with higher titers and greater specificity for human neuroblastoma cells. One serum obtained after such sequential immunization with human and murine neuroblastoma cells was adsorbed sufficiently with non-neural cells and tissues so that it reacted only with neuroblastoma cells in a 125I-protein A-binding test. Anti-human neuroblastoma antibodies in this serum were specifically adsorbed by both some human and some murine neuroblastoma cells and also by the particulate fractions of human and murine brain. Anti-murine neuroblastoma antibodies in this serum were specifically adsorbed by the particulate fraction of human brain. These data define new interspecies cell typespecific CSA present on some cultured human and murine neuroblastomas and on normal adult brain of both species. Antisera to interspecies neural antigens can be readily prepared by sequential immunization with human and then murine neuroblastoma cells.
Biphasic Effect of Cyclic AMP on IgG Production and on the Changes of Non-Histone Nuclear Proteins Induced with Anti-Immunoglobulin and Enhancing Soluble Factor
Authors: Kishimoto Tadamitsu , Nishizawa Yoshio , Kikutani Hitoshi , Yamamura Yuichi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The relationship between the changes of non-histone nuclear proteins and the differentiation of B cells to IgG-producing cells was studied by analyzing the effect of exogenously administered dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Stimulation of B cells with anti-Ig or incubation of anti-Ig-stimulated cells with enhancing soluble factor (SF) induced an increase in the amounts and phosphorylation of non-histone nuclear proteins without any concomitant increase or decrease of histones.
The addition of 5 × 10-4 M dibutyryl cyclic AMP or 5 × 10-5 M isoproterenol at 2 hr after anti-Ig stimulation showed the maximum augmentation of IgG production induced by the sequential stimulation of B cells with anti-Ig and SF. The addition of the same concentration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP within 24 hr after the initiation of the second stage of culture with SF inhibited the induction of IgG. The same biphasic effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP was observed in the changes of non-histone nuclear proteins induced with anti-Ig or SF. 5 × 10-4 M dibutyryl cyclic-AMP augmented an increase of amounts or phosphorylation of non-histone nuclear proteins induced with anti-Ig, whereas an increase of amounts or phosphorylation of non-histone nuclear proteins induced with SF was suppressed by the addition of the same concentration of dibutyryl cyclic AMP. The same biphasic effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on IgG production and on the changes of non-histone nuclear proteins strongly suggests the intimate involvement of non-histone nuclear proteins in the differentiation process of B cells.
Induction of Guinea Pig Antibody Responses in Vitro
Authors: Cohen Philip L. , Ellner Jerrold J. , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig spleen cells cultured together with peritoneal exudate lymphocytes (PEL) were found to generate large numbers of antibody-forming cells (AFC) in vitro in response to hapten-protein antigens. Neither cell type cultured alone yielded appreciable responses. Strain 13 or F1 (Strain 2 × Strain 13) lymphocytes, but not those from strain 2 animals, are able to respond to the genetically controlled antigen, DNP-guinea pig albumin (DNP-GPA). Antisera directed against responder (strain 13) parent Ia antigens selectively blocked the generation of AFC by F1 (strain 2 × strain 13) spleen-PEL mixtures in response to DNP-GPA. Both allogeneic (strain 2) and syngeneic macrophages functioned equally well in presentation of DNP-GPA to strain 13 lymphocytes.
The Subunit Composition and Sedimentation Properties of Human C1
Authors: Ziccardi Robert J. , Cooper Neil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An equimolar ratio of C1q, C1r, and C1s was found in normal human serum by radial immunodiffusion when 410,000, 190,000, and 174,000 daltons were used as their respective m.w. These values for C1r and C1s represent the sum of the weights of the two noncovalently linked subunits of C1r and the sum of the two calcium-linked subunits of C1s. Up to 95% of the serum C1 hemolytic activity applied to sucrose gradients formed in buffers of physiologic ionic strength was recovered from the gradients in a single peak which sedimented with a rate of 16S. After pooling, dialysis, and concentration, this peak was analyzed by single radial immunodiffusion and was found to contain equimolar concentrations of C1q, C1r, and C1s. The specific activity of this peak of C1, when expressed as effective molecules per microgram of C1q, C1r, and C1s was identical to that found in serum. C1 reassembled from C1q, C1r, and C1s sedimented as a 15 to 16S macromolecule and also contained equimolar concentrations of C1q, C1r, and C1s. With dilution of serum before centrifugation, the recovery of C1 from the gradients dropped dramatically and only 18% of the C1 activity was recovered from a 1/10 dilution. Under these conditions, minor peaks of C1 activity representing only a few percent of C1 activity became evident at 12S and 19S. Under low ionic strength conditions C1 aggregated. C1t antigen was found to behave independently from C1 in these studies. The number of moles of C1t in serum varied from one-third to two-thirds of that observed for C1q, C1r, and C1s. In sucrose gradients all of the C1t sedimented separately from C1 with a rate of &lt;13S. Isolated C1t did not substitute for any C1 subunit or enhance C1 activity or the sedimentation rate of C1. Thus, no role for C1t in C1 activity or structure was evident in these studies.
This work indicates that C1 is composed of equimolar concentrations of C1q, C1r, and C1s assembled in a macromolecule with a m.w. of 774,000 daltons which sediments in sucrose gradients with a rate of 16S.
Immunosuppressive Factor(s) Specific for L-Glutamic Acid50-L-Tyrosine50 (GT)
Authors: Waltenbaugh Carl , Debré Patrice , Thèze Jacques , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The random synthetic copolymer of L-glutamic acid50-L-tyrosine50 (GT) fails to elicit a GT-specific antibody response in all inbred strains of mice tested. Preimmunization with GT specifically inhibits a GT-MBSA response in certain, H-2d,k,s, but not other, H-2a,b,q, nonresponder mice. This unresponsiveness is mediated by GT-specific suppressor T cells. Extracts prepared from lymphoid cells of GT-primed suppressor haplotype mice inhibit the development of primary GT-specific antibody responses to GT-MBSA in normal syngeneic mice. Nonsuppressor haplotype mice do not produce GT-specific suppressor factor. The GT-suppressive extract has affinity for antigen and a m.w. of less than 50,000 daltons, thus, resembling antigen-specific immunosuppressive factors already described. However, the GT-suppressive extract does not appear to have H-2 restrictions since it works across allogeneic barriers. Evidence is presented that two genes are required for factor-mediated suppression.
The Response of Recombinant Inbred Strains of Mice to Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Watson James , Riblet Roy , Taylor Benjamin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fourteen recombinant inbred strains of mice have been produced by the inbreeding of the F2 generation of a cross between C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ progenitor mice. The responses of these BXH strains to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been characterized. Four BXH strains are high LPS responders and nine strains are low LPS responders. One BXH strain shows intermediate responsiveness which may reflect residual heterozygosity. F1 hybrid mice from low × high responder strains were intermediate in their response to LPS suggesting additive genetic control. The LPS responses in backcross mice from the F1 × low LPS responders showed segregation consistent with LPS responsiveness being determined by a single gene. In 13/14 BXH strains, there was concordant inheritance of LPS responsiveness and the major urinary protein locus Mup-1b. The association of the expression of the Mup-1 alleles with LPS responsiveness in the BXH strains suggests that the defective LPS response gene in C3H/HeJ mice is located on chromosome 4.
Rapid in Vivo Destruction of Semi-Syngeneic and Allogeneic Cells by Nonimmunized Mice as a Consequence of Nonidentity at H-2
Authors: Carlson George A. , Wegmann Thomas G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By monitoring the death and metastatic distribution of 131I-iododeoxyuridine (IUdR) prelabeled H-2d leukemia cells, hybrid and allogeneic resistance were studied in vivo. All mice tested were able to recognize and kill leukemia cells which were not H-2 identical with self. Resistance was found, not only against completely allogeneic leukemia cells, but also against semi-syngeneic parental strain cells in F1 hybrid mice. This resistance against semi-syngeneic and allogeneic cells was manifest in two ways. First, the total survival of incompatible cells as determined by whole-body γ counting was less than the survival in H-2 identical hosts, with the killing of the grafted cells apparent within 24 hr of injection. Second, colonization of the spleen by the H-2 homozygous leukemia cells was inhibited in H-2 heterozygous and H-2 incompatible mice when measured as early as 3 days after injection. This splenic rejection of grafted leukemia cells was organ specific because the sharp reduction of radioactivity seen in the spleen was not paralleled by a concomitant loss in other organs such as the liver. Differences at either the K through I-B regions of the H-2 gene complex or the D region alone were sufficient to initiate rejection.
Although all nonirradiated mice showed early recognition and rejection of cells which were not H-2 identical with self, irradiation abolished rejection in some strains of mice whereas in others the rejection process was unaffected. While differences at H-2 provided the targets for recognition, non-H-2 genes determined the susceptibility of the rejection process to irradiation.
Activation of Human B Lymphocytes
Authors: Haynes Barton F. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Con A-induced suppression of the direct PFC response to polyclonal stimulation in human B cells has been described. Two types of experiments are presented. First, Con A was added directly to PWM-stimulated PB or tonsil cells resulting in a dose-dependent suppression of the PFC response, with maximal suppression occurring at a Con A concentration of 10 µg/ml. This suppression is completely removed by the simultaneous addition of αMM to the cultures. Secondly, Con A stimulation of tonsil or PB lymphocytes generated a population of cells which when added to autologous lymphocyte cultures induced a marked and reproducible suppression of the PFC response. The generation of suppressor cells is dependent on cell division and is blocked by αMM. Once generated the process of suppression is independent of the presence of Con A itself and is mediated by an activated lymphocyte population. These studies demonstrate a simple and reproducible model for the generation of a population of suppressor cells capable of inhibiting the direct PFC response to PWM-induced polyclonal activation of normal human B lymphocytes.
Similar Cell Surface Antigens on Hamster Cells Transformed by Different Papovaviruses
Authors: Molinaro Giuseppe A. , Major Eugene O. , Bernhardt Gregory , Dray Sheldon , di Mayorca Giampiero 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Transformed baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells were tested for surface antigens by an immunocytoadhesion method. The cells were sensitized with rabbit antisera to cell clones transformed by polyoma or by BK virus and then rosetted with erythrocytes coated with antibody to rabbit immunoglobulin. These antisera detected common antigens on BHK cells transformed by either of three papovaviruses, polyoma, BK, or SV40, but apparently not on normal BHK cells.