bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hylomorphism in Neoplatonic Commentaries on Aristotle?
Authors: Tuominen Miira 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This essay argues that the Neoplatonic commentators on Aristotle’s De Anima preserved a hylomorphic analysis of perception. In Pseudo-Simplicius’ case, such analysis is found in what can be called sensation, a psycho-physical change in the sense organism as opposed to perception as a rational propositional and conceptual judgement about what is perceived. The account of perception or sensation in both commentators is one in which there is an intricately psycho-physical change in the sense organism. It is argued that, especially in Philoponus, the change cannot adequately be analysed in terms of a purely material and a purely psychological component. Such an analysis is not only compatible with strong hylomorphism but, on balance, suggests it. Although Pseudo-Simplicius has a layered view of perception, it is argued that the account is not easily reduced to a form of Cartesian dualism.
Lawyers’ Funding
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The doctrines of maintenance and champerty have been applied much more strictly and rigorously to those who conduct litigation or who appear as advocates (ie to lawyers) than to non-lawyers. It is a less sympathetic, and more ‘black and white’, scenario for litigators and advocates, whereby it is not an exercise of examining a lawyer’s fee agreement ‘in the round’ on a case-by-case basis. There are ‘islands of legality’, represented by statutory enactments that permit fee agreements that would otherwise be champertous at common law; and beyond that, there is a wide ‘sea of illegality’. This chapter deals with some particular issues arising in relation to lawyers—for example, the difference between conditional fee agreements and contingency fee agreements, the meaning of a damages-based agreement, and some particular clauses involving lawyers that are not payment clauses as such but which have triggered judicial discussion about their potentially champertous nature. The chapter then categorizes and analyses various types of lawyers’ fee agreements, examining challenges re champerty that have arisen at common law and/or under the relevant statutes. Finally, the chapter flags up some important reforms and challenges to the controversial field of damages-based agreements.
Springs Set in Motion
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the nature of Short’s employment as Jefferson’s secretary in France. It describes collaborations in the field of cultural diplomacy. It analyzes the consequences for his relationship with Jefferson and his daughters of Short’s desire to be his own man by living away from the official American residence. It introduces Jefferson’s ambivalent feelings toward the man he had brought with him to France. It argues that, while in France, Short acquired a knowledge of the private Jefferson, through his observation of Jefferson’s affair with Maria Cosway and his growing interest in Sally Hemings, unique among Jefferson’s circle of male acquaintances. It discusses the implications of Jefferson’s knowledge of Short’s interest in Patsy Jefferson and Lilite Royer, the daughter of the family with whom he lodged.
Living in a Woman’s Country
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Jefferson and Short’s divergent reactions to the manners of an ancien regime France personified for each man in their shared relationship with the aristocratic La Rochefoucauld family. It argues that Jefferson drew from his observation of the freedom of expression enjoyed by women within French culture a definition of moral hazard and an idealization of virtuous republican marriage. It demonstrates Short’s greater tolerance of French manners and the consequent difficulty he faced in trying to convince Jefferson, and his friends, that his head had not been turned. It describes Short’s relationships with women in Paris and encountered during his Grand Tour, contrasting these with the experiences of young Americans abroad.
The Earth Half Desolated
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the significance of Jefferson’s celebrated defense of revolutionary violence in the “Adam and Eve” letter addressed to Short. It treats the apparent callousness of the letter and other statements in which Jefferson justified the use of extreme extrajudicial violence in the service of revolutionary aims as a considered statement of core beliefs. It argues that Jefferson never amended the views he expressed forcefully to Short and discusses the long-term impact on their relationship of these views. It places Jefferson’s view of the French Revolution in the context of Short’s prior diplomatic dispatches and Jefferson’s assessment of US politics.
“You Are My Husband”
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Short’s relationship with French aristocrat Duchess Rosalie de La Rochefoucauld, which was, from 1795, open knowledge and involved cohabitation. The chapter traces both the origin of the affair and Short’s ultimate decision to renounce Rosalie’s declarations of love by returning to the United States. The chapter discusses Short’s view of a prospective marriage and permanent residence in France in the context of his relationship with other members of the La Rochefoucauld family and his search for Jefferson’s approval. The chapter shows Rosalie extending a substantial loan to Short to induce him to stay and describes her view of the life they might have lived together.
Money, Slaves, and Land
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter reveals the depth of Jefferson’s involvement in Short’s financial affairs. It describes how Jefferson used Short’s money to purchase an estate (Indian Camp) near Monticello intended for Short’s use and also diverted Short’s funds toward the operation his own nailery. It describes the scale of the financial debt Jefferson owed Short and his struggle to make repayment. It locates Short’s refusal to settle to the life of an enlightened farmer at Indian Camp in Short’s views of the financial return possible from tenancy in a slave state and his pessimistic view of the prospects for agricultural reform. It shows Short presenting views on a future abolition of slavery that directly contradicted Jefferson’s core beliefs on “racial mixture” and “expopulation.” It charts Jefferson’s patience and generosity in managing Indian Camp during his absence.
A Serpent’s Tooth
Authors: Thompson Peter 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes Short’s relationship with Jefferson from his return from France in 1802, down to Jefferson’s death. It charts Jefferson’s struggle to repay the debt he owed Short and his generosity in incurring further debt to finalize a sale of Indian Camp. It describes Jefferson’s efforts to find Short a public service role, which culminated in an ill-conceived decision to appoint Short as an unauthorized presidential envoy to Russia. It assesses the development of an increasingly unpleasant self-confidence in Short’s dealings with Jefferson, manifesting itself in political disagreement and jealousy of Madison and Monroe and culminating in Short’s reluctance to relieve Jefferson of his final crippling indebtedness. It also reveals the continuation of a fictive father–son relationship through Short’s desire to receive religious and moral instruction from Jefferson.
Technique
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter asks the reader to analyze and assess their instrumental or vocal technique to better understand how they execute skills and perform musically. All musicians agree that music techniques need to be stable, reliable, accurate, flexible, and immediate. While each performance area has its own unique qualities and requires different skills, the chapter provides a universal framework that can be used to explore technique. Five discrete categories are outlined and explored: stability, acoustics and the mechanics of sound production, movement and accuracy, cognitive processes, and musicians’ health and injury prevention. Tables in this chapter provide the reader a framework for identifying components of excellence when each technique is well-executed, evidence of deficiencies, and fundamental methods through which these techniques are established.
Groups, Ensembles, Classrooms, and Other Teaching Situations
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the diversity of music teaching positions and other teaching situations. Most teaching positions at institutions require musicians to be proficient at more than performing and teaching their primary instrument, and the chapter provides sample job postings to highlight that fact. The chapter encourages all musicians to learn to write and speak well for job applications, grants, recommendations, and myriad other applications. It provides suggestions on effective ways to teach technique classes, academic classes, and methods classes. Almost all musicians will find themselves coaching sectionals and chamber music, presenting master classes and outreach concerts, and adjudicating, and even conducting ensembles throughout their career. It offers advice about how to run effective rehearsals in large group settings, how to objectively assess performances in various evaluation and competition settings. Recommendations for teaching nonmajor and adult students are also presented, as well as an overview and recommendations regarding working with students with special needs.
Symmetry
Authors: Vallier Kevin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter defends Catholic integralism on Catholic grounds. Most Catholic political philosophers are perfectionist: states exist to promote the authentic individual and common good. These natural law perfectionists agree that states exist to promote natural goods: goods, such as health and friendship, that anyone can see as such through the use of reason. Yet they deny that states should promote supernatural goods: goods, such as faith and hope, that we only grasp through revelation. Most Catholic perfectionists treat natural and supernatural goods asymmetrically. Integralists reject the asymmetry. God authorizes the church to promote supernatural goods, and the church may direct the state to advance its mission. On this basis, the chapter claims that integralists can mount a powerful philosophical argument against standard natural law perfectionism—the symmetry argument. It claims that natural law perfectionists cannot justify their asymmetric treatment of goodness. Integralism, in contrast, treats the good symmetrically.
Justifying Procreative Parenting
Authors: Ferracioli Luara 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the task of justifying the practice of procreative parenting despite the challenges posed by climate change and the existence of children in need of parental love who would benefit from adoption. It shows that procreative parenting gives rise to a reason for love that is neither trivial nor earth-shattering, lending support to a prima facie moral right to engage in procreative-parenting without interference by the state or third parties. The main contribution of the discussion is to locate the nontrivial value of procreative parenting so that competent prospective parents are morally entitled to procreate and parent their biological child if they so wish.
Achievement
Authors: Ferracioli Luara 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between achievement, carefreeness, and the valuable goods that constitute a good childhood. It argues that achievement works very differently in the lives of children than it does in the lives of adults, and that it often gets in the way of children leading good lives qua children. The main upshot of this discussion is that a child who is pressured by her parents to achieve in a given domain is in a very different position than a child who achieves as a byproduct of sheer curiosity or pleasure. Whereas the former type of achievement is likely to turn into a childhood bad, the latter does partly constitute a good childhood.
Friendship
Authors: Ferracioli Luara 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter investigates the relationship between friendship and a good childhood. It argues that although the nature and value of friendship remains the same across all life stages, the governing conditions that apply to friendships are somewhat different in childhood and adulthood. This means that some of the moral reasons that count against adult friendships won’t count against childhood friendships. The main upshot of this discussion is that parents must carve out a great deal of space for children to pursue the friendships they care deeply about, even when their friends engage in behavior parents disapprove of. Moreover, parents must take on moderate costs in order to support children in the pursuit of those friendships they cannot pursue on their own.
Christian Socialists and the Socialist Party
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Between 1908 and 1916, it seemed inevitable to many American Christians that the future would behold some version of a cooperative commonwealth. The only question was the proper role of churches within this coming social revolution. A large fraction of American socialists participated in the spiritual communities and print cultures of Christian Socialism. However, party leaders, recognizing the sizeable contingent of Jews, agnostics, atheists, and practitioners of other faiths also within party ranks, kept any discussion of religion strictly outside of the party platform. At several party conventions in a row, Socialist Party leaders debated to what extent the class war was distinct from antagonisms over race, gender, nationality, sexuality, and religion. Party leaders ultimately decided to impose a disciplined silence on all these questions, imagining socialist politics as a category distinct from social questions. This decision stymied their own efforts at building a democratic coalition capable of unseating the reign of established Christianity.
Socialism and the Limits of American Protestantism
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As socialism was rising in popularity, American ministers spearheaded the formation of the Federal Council of Churches, a union of thirty-three Protestant denominations that would imitate the size and strength of Roman Catholicism in the United States. The Federal Council provided a means through which Protestant denominations would share data from social surveys, jointly manage evangelistic work, and together define the scope of Protestant social service work and public lobbying. The Federal Council of Churches’ first major project was the Men and Religion Forward movement (1911–1912), part evangelistic campaign and part union-organizing campaign, cosponsored by the American Federation of Labor. Through the newly formed Federal Council, clergy defined a Christian social service orthodoxy that excluded both Christian Socialism and Roman Catholicism as outside the boundaries of the nation’s Christian faith.
The Interchurch World Movement and the Christening of the Open Shop
Authors: Drake Janine Giordano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
If clerics of the Federal Council of Churches had previously argued that that they were workers’ mouthpiece, that their churches were nexuses of social justice, and that workers were entitled to a living wage, they now changed their tune considerably. In this postwar moment, ministers of the Federal Council used their nationwide church revival movement, the Interchurch World Movement, to distract from the union focus of the Great Steel Strike. The clergy argued that a nonunion workplace, characterized by a “Christian brotherhood” among workers and employees, would establish justice better than any union. They normalized a white Christian patriarchy and shifted the focus of their reform mission from the “worker” to the working-class “family.” This Protestant vision of postwar justice gambled on the expectation of clergy’s perpetual civic authority to persuade business leaders to do the right thing. As it turned out, their moral suasion would last only long enough to dismantle the Christian moral authority of unions.
The Birth of the Civil Police in London, 1829
Authors: Go Julian 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the birth of the “civil police” model with the creation of the London Metropolitan Police in 1829. It illuminates how the racialization of crime and disorder, precipitated by the arrival of new Irish migrants to England’s shores, triggered the formation of this novel form. The inventors of the civil police, including Sir Robert Peel and Sir Charles Rowan, acted as imperial importers, drawing upon colonial forms and operations from the British Caribbean and Ireland as they created the new police, thereby bringing the colonial boomerang to London. This chapter further shows the birth of the associated civil police ideal. As creators of the police appropriated colonial forms for domestic policing, they made efforts to cover them up, performing “civility” to legitimate the new police.
From Wild Violence to Courtly Rituals
Authors: Drummond Hugh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
When vertebrate infants grow up with siblings, they compete for food, and they may do this using diverse modes of aggression or by going directly for the food. The brown booby’s unconditional aggression and the blue-foot’s dominance-subordination with conditional aggression contrast with the cattle egret’s pairwise battles ending in concession by the younger chick. Oystercatcher chicks are mobile enough to mostly avoid the fierce aggression of higher-rank siblings. In crested ibis broods, nestlings take turns dominating their sibs with real and fake pecks and getting fed. The self-feeding chicks of game birds and waterfowl compete non-aggressively by going directly for the food on the substrate but establish dominance hierarchies. In birds and mammals, the factors that have shaped the evolution and expression of sibling aggression and hierarchy formation include infant locomotor ability, number of sibs, subordinates’ prospects of surviving, spatiotemporal distribution of food or teats, and capacity for individual recognition.
And the Lots Were Cast
Authors: Dailey E. T. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the unfortunate turns of fate that Radegund experienced in her early years, and the manner in which she may have come to reconcile a series of tragedies with her belief in the omnipotent Christian God (and the texts that she may have used, perhaps second hand, in this process). After describing Radegund’s homeland of Thuringia, the chapter narrates the Frankish conquest of 531, taking a critical approach to the details of the account given by Gregory of Tours. The chapter cautiously raises the possibility that Radegund may have suffered from survivor’s guilt, before turning to her years as a captive of Chlothar, raised in his royal villa in Athies. It seeks to answer questions about her status, treatment, education, and religious formation. Finally, the chapter turns to her wedding with the king, deciphering an enigmatic passage in Fortunatus’s Life of Radegund, demonstrating how Radegund used the little leverage she had to ensure that she became a recognized queen, and detailing the challenges she faced from the other women in Chlothar’s life.
Oil in Oil-Poor States
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The OPEC oil crisis destroyed import substitution industrialization and forced Arab states to embrace neoliberalism. Oil-price-driven inflation led to economic stagnation in Egypt, and Sadat, in response, embraced neoliberal capitalism. He entered a cynical partnership with political Islamists for support, but when his economic program resulted in poverty and inequality, criticism grew, and Sadat ended his alliance with the Islamists, repressing his former allies. Islamist opposition only expanded. When that resistance was violent, the state responded with more violence, creating a cycle of oppression, recruitment, violence, more oppression, and more violence that lasted into the 1990s.
Drunk on Oil and Gas
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan had multiple causes, but oil—and gas—were among them. Oil prices escalated once again following the Iranian Revolution, and they led to petromania in Moscow—a delusional belief that all difficulties could be overcome. At the same time, the Soviet Union feared that the collapse of a puppet regime in Kabul would lead to the loss of cheap—effectively stolen—Afghan gas. The Soviets invaded, leading to massive Afghan resistance. Moscow responded by drenching the countryside in bombs and mines, creating 6 million refugees. They fled to Iran and Pakistan, becoming cheap migrant labor in both and, in the latter, future recruits for the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and the latter’s still more violent and nihilistic offshoot, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).
How We Live
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The year 1973 was a turning point in the demand for migrant domestic labor. As millions of educated women entered Western workforces, and demand for domestic labor exploded with oil prices in the Gulf States, households turned to migrant domestic laborers. Today, there are 75.6 million documented domestic workers worldwide; 76.2% of them are women. Over 13 million (17%) are migrants. The basic dynamic—a demand for low-skilled labor that cannot be filled by citizens, leading to cheap migrant labor—shares much with the other sectors examined in this book. There are, nonetheless, two differences. Unlike meatpacking, garment and textiles, retail, construction, and (briefly) agriculture, there was no golden age of unionization. There were very few domestic workers during the high point of American and European industrial unionization in the 1950s and 1960s. Migrant domestic workers have always had few rights and are, either because legislation enables it or because the private sphere is difficult to police, subject to extensive exploitation.
Conflicts in Relation to Private Law Administration
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines conflicts of interest: that is, conflicts of self-interest and duty to another in respect of an other-regarding power. It also addresses the related topic of conflicts between multiple duties in respect of other-regarding powers. A crucial part of the argument is that these rules are closely linked to the requirements of loyalty discussed in the preceding chapter: loyalty forbids the use of administrative powers for selfish ends, but conflicts make it impossible to know whether this is exactly what has happened. The argument here draws on long juridical suspicion of conflict situations, and also on recent psychological and ethical research to explain the link between the requirements of loyalty and the rules on conflicts. It goes on to distinguish actual and potential conflicts, as well as apparent and trivial conflicts; and to explore the legal consequences of acting while in a conflict and how conflicts can be managed.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Lionel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The concluding chapter synthesizes and summarizes the argument and its implications. The argument that there are common principles governing other-regarding powers in public and private law implies that it is a mistake to draw too fundamental a distinction between private law and public law. These are deeply different domains of law, and yet, the argument goes, they are united under the application of the less well-known distinction between the law governing situations where we act for ourselves, and the law governing situations where we act for others. As explained in previous chapters, the fundamental difference between the public and private context lies in enforcement mechanisms.