bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of Protein HC on the Plasma Membrane of Different Human Cell Types
Authors: Pearlstein Edward , Turesson Ingemar , Tejler Lars , Grubb Anders O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The surface expression of a recently described plasma glycoprotein called human complex-forming glycoprotein, heterogeneous in charge (protein HC) on a number of different human cell types was investigated. By means of direct and indirect immunofluoresence, protein HC was shown to be associated with the surface of virtually all cells of the investigated normal cell types including erythrocytes, peripheral blood B and T lymphocytes, and the human fibroblast lines HE 81, HE 31, and WI 38. When transformed and malignant cell populations were studied, it was found that some populations (e.g., the T cell line Molt-4) carried protein HC on the surfaces of very few cells, whereas other cell populations (e.g., chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes) carried the protein on most cells. Malignant cell populations with intermediary percentages of protein HC-positive cells were also found.
Protein HC on the cell surface of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes could be redistributed by incubation of the cells with anti-protein HC-antiserum at 37°C, and this reaction could be inhibited by sodium azide.
Selective Loss of Suppressor Cell Function in New Zealand Mice Induced by NTA
Authors: Klassen Lynell W. , Krakauer R. S. , Steinberg Alfred D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New Zealand mice develop a naturally occurring thymocytotoxic antibody (NTA) which increases in titer with age. This antibody causes a loss of recirculating peripheral T cells and interferes with T cell functions. To study the potential pathogenic role of NTA in murine autoimmune disease, NZB/W mice were injected daily with NTA-containing serum starting at 3 to 5 days of age. Littermate controls received normal mouse serum (NMS). After 4.5 weeks of treatment, spleen cells from female NZB/W mice treated with NTA had a significant increase in capacity to induce graft-vs-host disease in newborn Swiss mice, suggesting a deficiency of suppressor cells.
Con A-activated spleen cells from NMS-treated animals suppressed IgM synthesis in vitro; however, Con A-activated spleen cells from NTA-treated mice were not suppressive. The NTA-induced loss of suppressor cell function was prevented by prior absorption of the NTA with thymocytes. Cells from control (NMS-treated) and NTA-treated litter-mates responded similarly to mitogens (Con A, PHA, PWM, LPS) and allogeneic lymphocytes in vitro. Although the number of nucleated spleen cells and splenic B cells was not changed by NTA treatment, a moderate reduction of T cells was seen (37% to 26% Thy 1.2 positive cells). Nevertheless, NTA treatment did not alter either skin allograft injection or the antibody response to immunization with the T-dependent antigen SRBC.
These studies suggest that NTA causes a selective loss of suppressor cells in NZB/W mice, supporting the hypothesis that NTA may play a pathogenic role in murine autoimmunity.
Myeloma Cell Immunoglobulin Expression during in vivo Growth in Diffusion Chambers: Evidence for Repetitive Cycles of Differentiation
Authors: Rohrer James W. , Vasa Kathy , Lynch Richard G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The DNP-binding BALB/c plasmacytoma MOPC-315 undergoes repetitive cycles of differentiation of immunoglobulin expression when serially passaged at 10-day intervals in normal syngenic mice. Within 24 hr of implantation of MOPC-315 cells in i.p. diffusion chambers there is a preferential loss of cells which: a) secrete IgA paraprotein, b) have large amounts of cell surface membrane localized IgA paraprotein, and c) morphologically have a plasmacytic appearance. In addition, myeloma stem cells capable of forming macroscopic splenic colonies following i.v. injection not only survive implantation preferentially, but they also increase in number sooner than any other measured myeloma cell subset. Following the stem cell increase there is a period of progressive increase in the number of myeloma cells with cell surface membrane localized immunoglobulin, and this is followed by an increase in the number of myeloma cells which secrete the homogeneous immunoglobulin. These observations demonstrate that marked changes in the frequency and absolute numbers of myeloma cell subsets occur following implantation in normal syngenic hosts. It is also clear that the changes observed during the initial 7 to 10 days of growth would not have been detected without the DNP-binding property of MOPC-315 used in combination with diffusion chambers which permit sequential recovery of all the surviving cells and their progeny.
We interpret our data as indicating linear maturation of the surviving MOPC-315 cells and their progeny, and raise the possibility that this variation in immunoglobulin expression may have fundamental implications for the idiotype-specific suppression of myeloma cell grafts achieved by immunization with purified homologous myeloma immunoglobulin.
Augmentation of Proliferation of Human Mixed Lymphocyte Culture by Human α-Fetoprotein
Authors: Charpentier Bernard , Guttmann Ronald D. , Shuster Joseph , Gold Phil 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have studied the effects of purified human α1-fetoprotein (AFP) of hepatoma origin on the kinetics of one-way lymphocyte proliferation in a mixed human lymphocyte culture system. Human serum albumin was employed in parallel control studies. Although AFP, over a wide range of concentrations from 5 ng/ml to 2 mg/ml, had no mitogenic activity on a single lymphocyte population, significant augmentation of the proliferative response was seen at the three different times of harvesting in the system of one-way allogeneic stimulation. When the addition of the AFP to this system was delayed to 24 hr after culture initiation, the AFP was still effective in producing augmented proliferation. However, no effect on the normal mixed lymphocyte reaction was seen upon addition of the AFP at either 48 or 72 hr after initiation of the cultures. In completely parallel control studies, human serum albumin used at the same concentrations as the AFP produced no modifications of the normal mixed lymphocyte culture response when compared to control cultures incubated in media without added serum proteins. Thus, the preparation of highly purified human AFP studied had no immunosuppressive activity, but actually showed a stimulatory activity on mixed lymphocyte proliferation when employed at relatively high concentrations.
Development of a Hemolytic Plaque Assay for Glutamic Acid, Lysine-Containing Polypeptides: Demonstration that Nonresponder Mice Produce Antibodies to These Peptides When Conjugated to an Immunogenic Carrier
Authors: Cheung Nai Kong V. , Dorf Martin E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Fowl γ-globulin, when chemically conjugated to GLØ or GL, functions as a T-dependent immunogenic carrier and stimulates anti-GLØ and anti-GL antibody production in nonresponder mice. The conjugation procedure utilizes the Schiff base reaction. The anti-GL and anti-GLØ responses were detected by hemagglutination and hemolytic plaque assays by using GL-coated erythrocytes. The coupling of GL to erythrocytes utilizes a novel procedure in which a palmitoyl derivative of GL is adsorbed onto red blood cells. The optimal conditions for preparing the palmitoyl derivative and for coupling to SRBC are presented. With the hemolytic plaque assay, we have verified that GLØ responder animals make both IgM and IgG responses, whereas nonresponder mice fail to make either IgM or IgG plaque-forming cells.
Humoral Immunostimulation
Authors: Shearer William T. , Crouch Judith A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Uptake of phosphate (32P) in L cells was modulated by reaction with anti-L cell antibody. A biphasic response was noted with high, cytotoxic concentrations inhibiting 32P uptake and low, cytostimulatory concentrations stimulating 32P uptake. Stimulation of 32P uptake was dependent upon multivalent binding as immune IgG and F(ab′)2 were effective, but univalent Fab′ was ineffective in enhancing 32P uptake into cells. Antibody stimulation of 32P uptake appeared to be an energy independent process and to take place by activation of 32P membrane transport with an increased Vmax (19.3 pmoles/min to 25.3 pmoles/min), but the same Km (0.22 mM). Isolation and measurement of cellular (primarily membrane) phospholipids demonstrated a dramatic increase of (2-fold) specific radioactivity in phosphatidylinositol. Early turnover of phosphatidylinositol may be an important signal for tumor cells to grow at an enhanced rate when exposed to cytostimulatory concentrations of antibody.
Immunosuppression in Man: Suppression by Macrophages Can be Mediated by Interactions with Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Stobo John D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous data from this laboratory indicated that profound defects of in vivo and in vitro T cell function noted in some patients with fungal infection reflected the presence of immunosuppressive forces. Investigation of the cellular interactions required for this immunosuppression to become manifest revealed the following. Patients' macrophages liberated, in vitro, a soluble material (SM)3 capable of inhibiting the blastogenic response of normal T cells to mitogens and antigens. However, not all T cells were equally susceptible to its suppressive effect. Incubation of normal PBMC in culture fluid for 7 days yielded a population of cultured T cells whose reactivity could not be inhibited by SM. Binding studies indicated that this “resistance” did not reflect any gross alterations in the ability of cultured T cells to interact with SM. Rather, it reflected the functional deletion of a subpopulation of T cells required for SM to mediate its suppressive effect. This was demonstrated by the finding that in the presence of low density, fresh, autologous T cells, SM was capable of suppressing the reactivity of cultured T cells. Similar interactions between SM and low density T cells appeared to be required for SM to inhibit T-dependent responses among fresh noncultured PBMC. Thus, removal of low density T from fresh normal PBMC yielded high density T whose reactivity was not suppressed by SM. These studies are interpreted as indicating that immunosuppression in the patients studied does not reflect direct interactions between suppressive macrophages and responding T cells. Instead, it represents an indirect interaction whereby macrophages may generate or potentiate active suppressive T cells.
Immune Ascites in the Guinea Pig: Specificity of Cells and Antibody in an Induced Peritoneal Exudate
Authors: Yaron Arieh , Dunham Edward K. , Stashenko Philip P. , Campos-Neto Antonio , Levine Herbert , Schlossman Stuart F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Strain 2 guinea pigs, immunized with Lys10-Lys(Dnp) in CFA and repeatedly injected intraperitoneally with adjuvant, developed ascites. The fluid was harvested over 8 months in total amounts up to 2 liters per animal and contained substantial amounts of cells and antibody which reacted with the immunizing antigen and related peptides. The antibody was of the IgG and IgA classes and showed restricted heterogeneity. Among synthetic Dnp-oligopeptides, both the cells, studied by antigen-stimulated thymidine incorporation, and the purified antibody, studied by fluorescence quenching, demonstrated the same specificity for the immunizing antigen as has previously been noted in lymph node cells and in serum antibody. The technique offers a means for studying more cells and more antibody than has previously been possible from individual guinea pigs.
Presidential Address to the American Association of Immunologists, Delivered in Chicago, Illinois, April 6, 1977
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During the past several years this talk has been an occasion for historical, philosophical, or pedagogic presentations. I want to return to the earlier tradition and address my remarks to a scientific subject that is currently of great interest to me, namely, the similarities between humoral and cellular immunity.
For a century, immunology has been divided into two worlds, one humoral, the other cellular. I believe there are clear indications that this era is now drawing to a close as a consequence of studies of the various mediators that are operative in the trans-antibody domain of humoral and cellular immunity. It is my impression that we are witnessing one of those exciting developments in scientific research in which a series of diverse facts gives rise to hypothetical concepts that are eventually developed into the satisfying pattern of a theory.
Induction of Plasma Cell Differentiation of Human Fetal Lymphocytes: Evidence for Functional Immaturity of T and B Cells
Authors: Hayward A. R. , Lawton A. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Resembling the in vitro antibody response of the newborn, cultures of cord blood lymphocytes stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) generated fewer plasma cells (PC) than comparable adult lymphocyte cultures and the response was almost exclusively of the IgM class. We investigated the cellular basis of this difference by preparing mixed cultures of newborn T or B lymphocytes with adult B or T cells. Substitution of adult for newborn T cells enhanced the response of newborn B cells, particularly of the IgG and IgA classes. The response of second trimester fetal spleen cells was also increased by adult T cells, although no IgA PC appeared. Conversely, adult B cells generated fewer PC particularly of the IgG and IgA classes when cultured with newborn T cells. The relatively poor IgA and IgG responses of newborn cells seems partially but not entirely due to deficiency of T cell helper function. Suppressor activity of newborn T cells was investigated by adding excess unrelated newborn or adult T cells to adult T + B cells: adult T cells improved the response whereas newborn T cells were variably suppressive. The results indicate that newborn T cells, although capable of helper function, are balanced toward suppression.
20α-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase: A T Lymphocyte-Associated Enzyme
Authors: Weinstein Yacob 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
20α-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-SDH), an enzyme which reduces progesterone to 20α-dihydroprogesterone, was found to be associated with T lymphocytes. 20αSDH activity was present in spleen cells bearing θ antigen, spleen cells nonadherent to nylon wool (T lymphocyte-enriched population), and in thymocytes. Almost no enzymatic activity was found in bone marrow cells from normal mice and in spleen cells from neonatally thymectomized or athymic nude mice. T cell mitogens (PHA and Con A), but not the B cell mitogen LPS, induced high levels of enzymatic activity 48 hr after addition to spleen cell cultures.
The level of 20αSDH activity in lymphocytes was age dependent. At the age of 4 weeks 20αSDH activity in thymocytes, spleen cells, and lymph node lymphocytes was 3 to 5 times higher than at 8 and 16 weeks. Progesterone (5.0 × 10-7 M) was found to inhibit thymocyte proliferation after exposure to mitogens, but not 20α-dihydroprogesterone (10-6 M). 20α SDH may protect the embryonic thymocytes against high concentrations of progesterone.
Physicochemical Characterization of a Vascular Permeability Factor Produced by Con A-Stimulated Human Lymphocytes
Authors: Sobel Alain T. , Branellec Anne I. , Blanc Christian J. , Lagrue Gilbert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Stimulation of human lymphocytes with Con A resulted in the liberation of a soluble lymphokine that increased the permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries. This factor, termed vascular permeability factor (VPF), was characterized by physicochemical methods. Upon gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-100, it eluted in a narrow peak with an apparent molecular weight of 12,000 daltons. The sedimentation rate of VPF, estimated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation, was 1.8 S. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed the biologic activity to migrate in the β region; the factor displayed a pI of 6.4 upon isoelectric focusing. These characteristics allow VPF to be distinguished from other human lymphokines.
Purification of C3b Inactivator and Demonstration of Its Two Polypeptide Chain Structure
Authors: Fearon Douglas T. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3b inactivator (C3bINA) was isolated from plasma by sequential ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization, anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration, and repeat ammonium sulfate gradient solubilization. The final product was pure as assessed by alkaline disc gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and elicited a monospecific rabbit antiserum. The normal serum concentration of C3bINA was found to be 53 ± 9 µg/ml (mean ± S.D.). Heterogeneity of purified C3bINA was apparent on alkaline disc gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing, but not with SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and thus is attributed to forms of C3bINA that differ in charge rather than in size. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of unreduced, alkylated C3bINA yielded a single stained band with an apparent m.w. of 93,000, whereas the reduced protein demonstrated two bands of 55,000 and 42,000 m.w., thereby establishing a composition of two disulfidelinked polypeptide chains for C3bINA.
Antigenic Requirements for the Generation of Secondary Cytotoxicity
Authors: Grillot-Courvalin Catherine , Alter Barbara J. , Bach Fritz H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The in vitro role of products of the H-2 complex in restimulation of secondary proliferative and cytotoxic responses has been studied. In this paper we have studied in particular the role of CD antigens, the target antigens for cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have used UV-treated cells that express their CD antigens but no LD. Like others, we demonstrate that CD antigens alone are able to generate a secondary cytotoxic response and furthermore that these CD antigens must be the same as those used for primary sensitization. However, in contrast to the results of others, in some cases UV-treated cells were unable to restimulate such a response even when appropriate controls showed that the CD antigens on UV-treated cells were functional. Furthermore, in these cases the addition of an LD stimulus in the presence of UV-treated cells results in a secondary cytotoxic response that is significantly greater than that elicited by LD restimulation alone. Such potentiation is not observed if the CD antigens used for restimulation are different from those used for the primary sensitization. In addition, a non-H-2 differences(s), presumably the Mls locus, appears to be able to generate a secondary response. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of “memory” T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity.
Characterization of Suppressive Immunoglobulin-Binding Factor (IBF)
Authors: Neauport-Sautes Catherine , Fridman Wolf H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
L-5178-Y thymoma cells were used to produce radioactive immunoglobulin-binding factor (IBF). For this purpose, the cells were internally labeled by incubation with radioactive amino acids and/or fucose. The supernatants contained radioactive material that bound to IgG-sensitized erythrocytes and suppressed the in vitro antibody response to sheep red blood cells. Upon filtration on Sephadex G-200 both the IgG-binding activity and the suppressive activity eluted at peaks of 140,000 and above 300,000 d. However, on SDS polyacrylamide gels, after precipitation with antigen-IgG-antibody complexes, IBF was found in a single peak of 80,000 d. This molecule could be dissociated in the presence of mercaptoethanol into a major unit of 40,000 d and a minor unit of 20,000 d.
These data suggest that IBF is a molecule of 80,000 d, which contains chains of 40,000 d and probably 20,000 d linked by disulfide bridges. In cell supernatants, however, the factor exists in polymeric forms of 140,000 d and more than 300,000 d.
Antibody-Dependent, Complement-Mediated Homologous and Cross-Cytolysis of Togavirus-Infected Cells
Authors: King Bernadette , Wust Carl J. , Brown Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The appearance of viral induced antigen(s) on Sindbis and Semliki Forest (SF) virus-infected chick embryo cells is detected with homologous mouse anti-viral antibody-dependent, complement-mediated cytolysis in a 51Cr release assay. Such antigen(s) is detected within 3 to 4 hr after infection whereas viral cytopathologic effects do not occur until 10 to 12 hr. In addition, significant heterologous cytolysis (anti-Sindbis on SF virus-infected cells, or, anti-SFV on Sindbis-infected cells) could be observed with serum samples tested. These sera were assayed for neutralizing and hemagglutination-inhibition activities. Heterologous cytolysis cannot be correlated with hemagglutination-inhibition antibody titers nor is cross-neutralizing antibody detected. The possibility is discussed that another previously undefined antigen on infected cell membranes may be involved in heterologous cytolysis.
Select Growth of Human T Lymphocytes in Single Phase Semisolid Culture
Authors: Shen Jasmin , Wilson Floyd , Shifrine Moshe , Gershwin M. Eric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Selective growth and clonal proliferation of human T lymphocytes can be achieved by using a single-phase semisolid methylcellulose system without the requirement of preincubation with lectins. Significant proliferation, however, depends upon the continued presence of Con A or PHA, but not pokeweed mitogen or lipopolysaccharide within the methylcellulose. This procedure eliminates nonspecific agglutination by lectins and allows for direct visualization of colonies and their specific removal and subsequent cloning in liquid phase. Optimal growth and production of colonies greater than 40-cell size require 3 to 9 days. Individual cells can be identified on the basis of E rosette formation and absence of surface immunoglobulin or ability to phagocytize latex particles. Moreover, proliferation is inhibited by anti-thymocyte but not anti-B cell sera and can be demonstrated with peripheral blood T and MOLT-4 cells, but not with B or Raji cells. Finally, colony formation is not enhanced by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The clonal proliferation of human T lymphocytes has wide application in the study of both antigen recognition and lymphocyte alterations in specific diseases.
Plasma Cells and Epithelial Immunoglobulins in the Mouse Mammary Gland during Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Weisz-Carrington Paul , Roux M. Estela , Lamm Michael E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, lactating, and post-weaning CAF1 mice were studied by immunofluorescence for epithelial immunoglobulins and stromal plasma cells. In normal virgins, both females and males, only occasional plasma cells and but scanty intraepithelial immunoglobulins are present. During pregnancy and the early days of lactation, an increase in the number of plasma cells occurs, and by 1 week of lactation, there is a marked in crease in the number, and most are synthesizing IgA. This increment parallels the development and proliferation of the glandular epithelium, in anatomical relation to which the plasma cells are observed. The intraepithelial content of IgA is also maximal when the glandular epithelium is most developed. These findings are consistent with a local production of the IgA in milk. Weaning, or deliberate interruption of suckling for more than 10 days results in a sharp decrease in the number of IgA plasma cells and an involution of the epithelium, whose content of immunoglobulin also declines. The changes in the secretory IgA system which occur locally during lactation are thought to be hormone-dependent.