bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practice—It’s All about Quality
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Storage and retrieval are two important parts of the memory process. Storage strength refers to how well a piece of music is encoded as we practice—how many details have been learned. Retrieval strength refers to how accessible that information is when we perform. Practice strategies that require work, that present desirable difficulties, are valuable because the difficulties test how well we know the material. Forgetting is an important part of the learning process because it creates an opportunity to add more facts and details to the memory. The two best strategies for learning and memory, both presenting desirable difficulties, are practice testing and distributed practice. Other good practice strategies are interleaved practice, practice that incorporates information from all the senses, extremely slow practice, and varying the context in which one practices. Surprisingly, sleep may be the most important part of the learning and memory process.
Neuroplasticity—Awe-Inspiring to Debilitating and Back Again
Authors: Svard Lois 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Passion drives neuroplasticity. The more motivated one is to learn, the more readily neuroplasticity occurs. Neuroplasticity makes it possible, in some cases, for a brain-damaged musician to return to performing by creating new neural pathways. A blind individual, such as Nobuyuki Tsujii, or a hearing-impaired individual, such as Evelyn Glennie, can become superb musicians due to cross-modal neuroplasticity, in which one sensory area substitutes for another. The visual cortex may respond to signals from touch or hearing, for example, and the auditory cortex may respond to touch signals. Sometimes neuroplasticity can become maladaptive, as in focal dystonia, a movement disorder that can involve abnormalities in any one of several brain areas. Although musicians suffering from focal dystonia are often told by doctors that they will not be able to play again, musicians such as Leon Fleisher, James Litzelman, Jake Heggie, David Vining, and Alex Klein have used a mix of creativity, perseverance, and an openness to all possibilities to devise their own therapies or mix of therapies, using neuroplasticity to regain playing ability and a successful return to performance.
To Walk the Earth Again
Authors: Trigg Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This book explores the political dimension of Anglo-American Protestant writing about the future resurrection of the dead between the seventeenth and mid-nineteenth centuries. Reading histories, epic poetry, funeral sermons, and scientific tracts alongside works of eschatological exegesis, the book challenges the conventional scholarly assumption that Protestantism’s rejection of purgatory prepared the way for the individualization and secularization of Western attitudes toward mortality. A deeper engagement with the complex history of resurrection theology reveals the importance of collective solidarity with the dead for Protestant social and political thought. Puritans, Anglicans, Quakers, and radicals looked to resurrection to understand their communities’ prospects in the uncertain terrain of colonial America. They also expressed their conviction that political identities and religious duties did not expire with the mortal body but were carried over into the next life. This belief shaped their positions on a wide variety of issues, including the limits of ecclesiastical and civil power, the relationship of humanity to the natural world, and the emerging rhetoric of racial difference. In the early national and antebellum periods, secular and Christian reformers drew on the idea of resurrection to imagine how American republicanism might transform society and politics and ameliorate the human form itself. Early-modern Protestants really believed that they would live again in the flesh. By taking this belief seriously, this book opens up new perspectives on their mutually constitutive visions of earthly and resurrected existence.
Introduction
Authors: Trigg Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the book’s two key claims and situates them in relation to existing scholarship. As Erik Seeman, Peter Marshall, and Thomas Laqueur have shown, Protestants rejected some aspects of Roman Catholic religious fellowship with the dead but did not abandon this ethos altogether. Building on their work, the book shows how the doctrine of resurrection led American Protestants to emphasize continuities between mortal and immortal life and cultivate a spiritual closeness with the departed. Charles Taylor has linked Puritanism’s renunciation of the magical, salvific power of sacraments to the secular-modern propensity to find meaning in the inner space of selfhood, rather than in relationships with external rituals, forces, and agents. The book argues instead that colonial Puritans saw the figure of the resurrected body as a source of enchantment that granted a special holiness to particular polities, identities, and times.
Group Ignorance
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of group ignorance. First, it zooms in on propositional ignorance and sketches two cases of such ignorance, namely, fundamentalist ignorance and white ignorance. It then formulates six desiderata for an account of group ignorance. Subsequently, it argues that we cannot simply transpose earlier work on group knowledge, group belief, and group justification to group ignorance: ignorance is constituted differently, and we need a new kind of account to do justice to group ignorance. Next, it provides such an account, namely, the Dynamic Account. This account can make sense of propositional group ignorance, but also of objectual and practical group ignorance. It is argued that, due to the irreducibly multifaceted nature of ignorance, there cannot be a unifying account of group ignorance that takes all varieties of ignorance on board.
Ignorance in Education
Authors: Peels Rik 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that intentionally inducing ignorance in one’s student is an epistemically valuable practice—at least, when it is done temporarily and only for the sake of reaching specific epistemic goods. This can be done in at least four ways, namely, by presenting defeaters, scaffolding, promoting understanding, and showing that the student does not know. Flesh is put on the bones of this claim about the epistemic value of such practices by using the epistemology of ignorance developed in part 1 of the book. The chapter pays attention to the variety of ignorance involved (disbelieving, suspending, unconsidered ignorance, and so on), to first- and second-order ignorance, and to degrees of ignorance. It also explores whether education can try to bring about objectual and practical ignorance, and whether it can aim at group ignorance.
DNA Ancestry Testing
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with defining and clarifying key concepts, such as ancestry, race, ethnicity, and nationality. Then it provides an overview of the enterprise of DNA ancestry testing: who the test-takers are, what their aspirations are, and how they interpret the results that they receive. Once this is done, some issues with tests are considered and explained, namely, the fact that different companies provide different results to the same person, as well as that even monozygotic twins have received different results from the same company. Whereas the former is relatively easy to explain, given that the various companies use different algorithms and reference groups, the latter is more puzzling. The chapter concludes with a presentation of empirical research of how people think about the tests, as well as of how actual test-takers interpret their results.
Finding Meaning in Our Ancestry Testing
Authors: Kampourakis Kostas 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how the paradoxes about ancestry presented in Chapters 6–9 impact our understanding of DNA ancestry testing. The author also explains the resulting limitations of the ethnicity estimates that DNA ancestry companies provide. Based on these, the chapter concludes that what the tests offer is information about DNA similarity rather than ancestry. This, in turn, is very useful for finding relatives, but not necessarily informative about ancestry. It is therefore argued that the whole enterprise should be rebranded as DNA family testing, not ancestry testing. Suggestions are provided about how to interpret and how to refrain from interpreting the results of DNA ancestry testing.
Public Finances of Internal Security in India
Authors: Singh Nirvikar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview and analysis of India’s public spending on internal security, especially in the category of police services. It describes and evaluates the central government’s spending on internal security, its levels, patterns, and, where possible, its outcomes. It then performs a similar analysis for the states, focusing especially on variation across the states, and trying to understand possible sources of inter-state differences in spending on internal security. It goes on to offer some broader discussion and analysis of the public finances of internal security in India, also relating it to spending on external security and to private sector provision of internal security.
Riots and Rapid Action
Authors: Jassal Nirvikar , Qureshi Hanif 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This descriptive chapter highlights the organization and functioning of the Rapid Action Force, or RAF. After briefly underscoring the hierarchy within which the Force operates, and its position as a subsidiary of the CRPF, the chapter uses data from the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED) and the Times of India archive to understand personnel deployments. Then, it presents a brief case study as well as information gleaned through qualitative interviews about the Force’s role during the 2016 Haryana reservation agitation. It points to certain challenges that may moderate the Rapid Action Force’s agility, including resource deficits, a lack of coordination between the Center and states about deployment, the Force’s inability to retain organizational command during riot-like situations, and political considerations that make policymakers hesitant about seeking assistance about addressing law and order from the federal government.
AaSEPALLATA1 integrates jasmonate and light-regulated glandular secretory trichome initiation in Artemisia annua
Authors: Chen Tian-Tian , Liu Hang , Li Yong-Peng , Yao Xing-Hao , Qin Wei , Yan Xin , Wang Xiu-Yun , Peng Bo-Wen , Zhang Yao-Jie , Shao Jin , Hu Xin-Yi , Fu Xue-Qing , Li Ling , Wang Yu-Liang , Tang Ke-Xuan 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Glandular secretory trichomes (GSTs) can secrete and store a variety of specific metabolites. By increasing GST density, valuable metabolites can be enhanced in terms of productivity. However, the comprehensive and detailed regulatory network of GST initiation still needs further investigation. By screening a complementary DNA library derived from young leaves of Artemisia annua, we identified a MADS-box transcription factor, AaSEPALLATA1 (AaSEP1), that positively regulates GST initiation. Overexpression of AaSEP1 in A. annua substantially increased GST density and artemisinin content. The HOMEODOMAIN PROTEIN 1 (AaHD1)-AaMYB16 regulatory network regulates GST initiation via the jasmonate (JA) signaling pathway. In this study, AaSEP1 enhanced the function of AaHD1 activation on downstream GST initiation gene GLANDULAR TRICHOME-SPECIFIC WRKY 2 (AaGSW2) through interaction with AaMYB16. Moreover, AaSEP1 interacted with the JA ZIM-domain 8 (AaJAZ8) and served as an important factor in JA-mediated GST initiation. We also found that AaSEP1 interacted with CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (AaCOP1), a major repressor of light signaling. In this study, we identified a MADS-box transcription factor that is induced by JA and light signaling and that promotes the initiation of GST in A. annua.
Differential transpiration between pods and leaves during stress combination in soybean
Authors: Sinha Ranjita , Shostak Benjamin , Induri Sai Preethi , Sen Sidharth , Zandalinas Sara I , Joshi Trupti , Fritschi Felix B , Mittler Ron 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Climate change is causing an increase in the frequency and intensity of droughts, heat waves, and their combinations, diminishing agricultural productivity and destabilizing societies worldwide. We recently reported that during a combination of water deficit (WD) and heat stress (HS), stomata on leaves of soybean (Glycine max) plants are closed, while stomata on flowers are open. This unique stomatal response was accompanied by differential transpiration (higher in flowers, while lower in leaves) that cooled flowers during a combination of WD + HS. Here, we reveal that developing pods of soybean plants subjected to a combination of WD + HS use a similar acclimation strategy of differential transpiration to reduce internal pod temperature by approximately 4 °C. We further show that enhanced expression of transcripts involved in abscisic acid degradation accompanies this response and that preventing pod transpiration by sealing stomata causes a significant increase in internal pod temperature. Using an RNA-Seq analysis of pods developing on plants subjected to WD + HS, we also show that the response of pods to WD, HS, or WD + HS is distinct from that of leaves or flowers. Interestingly, we report that although the number of flowers, pods, and seeds per plant decreases under conditions of WD + HS, the seed mass of plants subjected to WD + HS increases compared to plants subjected to HS, and the number of seeds with suppressed/aborted development is lower in WD + HS compared to HS. Taken together, our findings reveal that differential transpiration occurs in pods of soybean plants subjected to WD + HS and that this process limits heat-induced damage to seed production.
Transcriptome Profiling Data of Tea Leaves During Infection by the Dark Brown Tea Leaf Spot Pathogen Epicoccum mackenziei
Authors: Zhang Jun , Huang Hongke , Xia Zhongqiu , Yang Yuqin , Jiang Xinyue , Zhang Ruixin , Liao Kangcen , Pan Tianxinyi , Wang Delu , Chen Zhuo 
Published: February 2023

Dark brown leaf spot on tea ( Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) caused by Epicoccum mackenziei Jayasiri, Camporesi & K. D. Hyde has caused a loss in the yield and quality of tea leaves in Guizhou Province, Southwest China. No research has been published on the gene expression profiles of tea leaves during infection by E. mackenziei. In this study, we report the high-quality transcriptome sequencing of tea genes during infection, using high-throughput next-generation sequencing on the Illumina Novaseq 6000 platform. The infection resulted in significantly up- or downregulated expression of the 960 or 397 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) from tea leaves, respectively. The DEmRNAs were annotated using the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes databases. The expression of DEmRNA peroxidase 21 (TEA000222.1) was upregulated in response to infection by the pathogen and was enriched in terms of defense response to fungi at the biological process aspect. Expression of 26 or 13 of the tea DEmRNAs enriched in the pathways of plant-pathogen interaction were up- or downregulated, respectively, such as the genes WRKY transcription factor 1 (TEA028099.1), probable disease resistance protein At4g27220 (TEA018574.1), and serine/threonine-protein kinase CDL1 (TEA006388.1), which were downregulated. This comprehensive gene expression profiling study of tea leaves infected by this fungal pathogen will provide a valuable resource for future research on the identification of the host genes associated with the response to pathogen challenge and ultimately with disease resistance in the host. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
ANTERIOR SEGMENT OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN DETERMINATION OF ENTRY SITE FOR VITRECTOMY IN HIGHLY MYOPIC EYES
Authors: Hirono Kazushi , Inoue Maiko , Tanaka Shin , Uchio Eiichi , Yanagi Yasuo , Kadonosono Kazuaki 
Published: February 2023

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of anterior segment optical coherent tomography (AS OCT) in estimating the length of the pars plana and optimizing the sclerotomy entry site in vitrectomy for highly myopic eyes, facilitating membrane peeling.

Methods:
Twenty-three eyes with myopic traction maculopathy were studied. The pars plana was examined using two methods: preoperative AS OCT and intraoperative measurement. The distance from the limbus to the ora serrata in two groups was measured to compare differences in length. The actual length of the entry site from the limbus and forceps used were noted in all eyes studied.

Results:
The mean axial length was 29.2 ± 2.3 mm for all 23 eyes. The average length between the limbus and ora serrata measured with AS OCT and intraoperative examination was 6,710 µm (SD ± 459) and 6,671 µm (SD ± 402), respectively, in the superotemporal region (P > 0.05), and 6,340 µm (SD ± 321) and 6,204 µm (SD ± 402), respectively, in the superonasal region (P >0.05). The mean length of the entry site from the limbus was 6.2 mm, and 28-mm forceps were used in 17 of 23 eyes (77%).

Conclusion:
The length of the pars plana varies depending on the axial length of the eye. Preoperative AS OCT enables accurate measurement of the pars plana in eyes with high myopia. AS OCT examination can help determine the optimal site for sclerotomy, allowing easier access to the macular region for membrane peeling in highly myopic eyes.
The Comparison of Soft HydroCone (Toris K) Silicone Hydrogel and Rigid Gas-Permeable Contact Lenses in Patients With Posterior Microphthalmos
Authors: Ozcelik Ferah , Erdogdu Erdem , Altan Cigdem 
Published: February 2023

Objective:
To evaluate and compare soft HydroCone (Toris K) silicone hydrogel and rigid gas-permeable contact lenses (RGPCLs) in patients with posterior microphthalmos (PMs), for visual rehabilitation and comfort.

Methods:
The records of 11 patients who were followed up in our hospital with the diagnosis of PM and were fitted with both Toris K and RGPCLs in our contact lens department were reviewed retrospectively. Patient age, gender, axial length (AL), topographic keratometry (K) values and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) with both lens types and subjective lens comfort status were recorded.

Results:
A total of 22 eyes of 11 patients with a mean age of 20.9±11.1 years were included in the study. The mean AL were 16.01±0.1 and 15.9±0.2 mm in the right and left eyes, respectively. Mean K1 and K2 were 48.6±2.2 and 49.4±2.2 D, respectively. Mean logMAR BCVA of the 22 eyes before contact lens fitting was 0.63±0.56 with spectacle. After Toris K and RGPCLs fitting, mean logMAR BCVA were 0.43±0.20 and 0.35±0.25, respectively. Both lenses provided better visual acuity than spectacles; RGPCLs also provided significantly better visual acuity than HydroCone lens (P<0.05). Eight of 11 patients (73%) had ocular discomfort with RGPLs, and there was no complaint with Toris K.

Conclusions:
The corneal surfaces are steeper in patients with PMs than in normal population. For that reason, their vision should be rehabilitated by special design keratoconus lenses like Toris K and RGPCLs. Although vision rehabilitation seems better with RGPCLs, these patients prefer Toris K more because of discomfort.
Food Insecurity Is Associated With Chronic Liver Disease Among US Adults
Authors: Tapper Elliot B. , Mehta Manaav , Leung Cindy W. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Food insecurity is associated with many poor health outcomes. Most contemporary liver disease is metabolic and impacted by nutritional status. Data regarding the association between food insecurity and chronic liver disease are limited. We evaluated the linkage between food insecurity and liver stiffness measurements (LSMs), a key measure of liver health.

Methods:
A cross-sectional analysis of 3502 subjects aged 20 years and older from the 2017 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Food security was measured using the US Department of Agriculture’s Core Food Security Module. Models were adjusted using age, sex, race/ethnicity, education, poverty-income ratio, smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, sugary beverage intake, Healthy Eating Index-2015 score. All subjects underwent vibration-controlled transient elastography, which provides LSMs (kPa) and a measure of hepatic steatosis (controlled attenuation parameter, dB/m). LSM was stratified: <7, 7 to 9.49, 9.5 to 12.49 (advanced fibrosis), and ≥12.5 (cirrhosis) in the whole-study population and stratified by age (20 to 49 y and 50 y and older)

Results:
There were no significant differences in mean controlled attenuation parameter, alanine aminotransferase, or aspartate aminotransferase values by food security status. However, food insecurity was associated with a higher mean LSM (6.89±0.40 kPa vs. 5.77±0.14 kPa, P=0.02) for adults 50 years and older. After multivariate adjustment, food insecurity was associated with higher LSMs across all risk stratifications for adults 50 years and older: LSM≥7 kPa [odds ratio (OR): 2.06, 95% CI, 1.06 to 4.02]; LSM≥9.5 kPa (OR: 2.50, 95% CI, 1.11 to 5.64); LSM≥12.5 kPa (OR: 3.07, 95% CI, 1.21 to 7.80).

Conclusions:
Food insecurity is associated with liver fibrosis and an increased risk of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in older adults.
Identification of Papilledema in Pediatric Patients With Meningitis Using Ocular Point-of-Care Ultrasound
Authors: Schissler Kathryn , Gonzalez Kayla , Chicaiza Henry 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ocular point-of-care ultrasound is used by physicians for an array of diagnoses. In this case series, we describe how pediatric emergency medicine physicians utilized ocular point-of-care ultrasound in the management of patients with papilledema secondary to meningitis or its treatment.
How Many Plastic Surgeons Does It Take to Write an Article? A 10-Year Bibliometric Analysis of Authorship Inflation
Authors: Ngaage Ledibabari Mildred , Ketheeswaran Suvethavarshini , Shores Jaimie T. 
Published: February 2023

Background
Publications measure academic productivity; they can affect research funding and career trajectory. There is a trend of increased authors per publication in surgery journals. We sought to determine whether authorship inflation exists in the plastic surgery literature and identify independent predictors of the number of co-authors.

Methods
We performed a bibliometric analysis of articles published in 3 high impact plastic surgery journals at 2-year intervals between 2010 and 2020. For each publication, we collected details on year of publication, article type, plastic surgery topic, gender of senior author, geographical origin of study, and the number of authors.

Results
A total of 5593 articles were collected. The median number of authors per article increased over time (ρ = 0.20, P < 0.001). Cohort studies, basic science investigations, literature reviews, and systematic reviews experienced a significant increase in the number of authors per article from 2010 to 2020 (P < 0.001). The rise in the number of authors was consistent across all plastic surgery topics (P < 0.001). Both male and female senior authors had a significant increase in the number of co-authors (P < 0.001). The regression model demonstrated that article type (cohort studies, basic science investigations, and systematic reviews) predicted more co-authors, whereas geographical region (Africa, Middle East, South and Southeast Asia, and United Kingdom and Ireland) and plastic surgery topics (aesthetic and hand surgery) predicted fewer authors.

Conclusions
The number of authors per publication is increasing in plastic surgery. Author proliferation was consistent across most article types and unaffected by gender. Possible reasons behind this trend include research complexity, increased collaboration, or gift authorship.