bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military potential of TiltRotor aircraft
Authors: Thomason Tommy 
Published: March 2023

The TiltRotor concept combines the wing of an aircraft with the rotors of a helicopter. The result is a VTOL aircraft which is fuel-efficient in both cruise and hover. It can be thought of as a turboprop aircraft which can take off and land vertically, but it is also an advanced rotorcraft which has twice the speed and range of present-day helicopters.When presented with yet another VTOL aircraft proposition, many people are quick to look for its shortcomings. The most obvious is the empty weight penalty. As an aircraft, the TiltRotor is burdened with a helicopter’s transmission, rotor, and controls. As a helicopter, the TiltRotor carries along an aircraft wing and controls, with a small hover efficiency penalty imposed by the high disc loading.
An evaluation of the Nimrod Maritime Crew Trainer — a case study
Authors: Parfitt A. G. 
Published: March 2023

The need for hard data regarding the contribution made by flight simulators during aircrew training has been widely recognised by many authors, including Caro, Rolfe and Roscoe, and many complementary strategies or experimental paradigms for obtaining such data have been advanced, ranging from the conduct of carefully structured and controlled experimental studies to the collation of data obtained during on-going training programmes.Within the military context at least two current developments point towards the need for additional data regarding the effectiveness of flight simulators. The first is the increasing potential of complex full mission capable simulators, where developments particularly in the visual area, are extending the ability of simulators to replicate the most demanding segments of fast-jet combat missions including low level tactical manoeuvring and target acquisition and weapon delivery.
The role of the local planning authority
Authors: Wade A.J.R. 
Published: March 2023

This paper is presented in relation to a medium sized coastal town in an English shire county.The statutory functions of local planning authorities in England and Wales were consolidated in the Town & Country Planning Act, 1971 as amended by the Act of 1972. The general planning controls which are embodied in current legislation provide a framework for the submission of planning applications and their determination by local authorities.Local Planning Authorities, and particularly District Councils, are empowered to determine a wide range of formal applications which relate to land within their own boundaries. The boundary of most coastal authorities stops at low water although there are exceptions, particularly in tidal estuaries.
MIL-STD-1553B data bus and the RAE flight evaluation programme
Authors: Moir I. 
Published: March 2023

Digital data transmission techniques enable various elements within a system to communicate in an efficient manner. Multiplexing techniques permit this data to be transferred rapidly, accurately and reliably, without the constraints imposed by conventional wiring systems which employ heavy and costly cable runs and expensive connectors. In today’s cost conscious aviation world, both military and civil users are anxious to capitalise upon savings in cost and weight while gaining substantial benefits in terms of performance and reliability.Smiths Industries has been involved for over a decade in the application of multiplexed data transmission systems. The military Tornado serial data transmission system and the civil ARINC data transmission systems are areas where specific expertise has been established. More recently the weapon systems unit of the company’s Cheltenham Division together with Micro Circuit Engineering, an SI subsidiary, has established a world lead in the development and the application of the widely accepted data bus standard, MIL-STD-1553B.
Understanding and countering the swirl in S-ducts: tests on the sensitivity of swirl to fences
Authors: Seddon J. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryWind tunnel tests have been made on the effect of bottom wall and sidewall fences of various sizes and combinations in reducing the swirl of an S-duct at high angle of attack. It is shown that large reductions can be made: in some cases the swirl is eliminated or even reversed. Fences of modest size can be chosen to combine a large swirl reduction with an improvement of the total pressure distortion at high incidence and only a small effect on mean pressure recovery at low incidence. Some further observations are made on the nature of the general swirl phenomenon.
Communications to RPVs
Authors: Gibbs S. E. , Dunsmore M. R. B. 
Published: March 2023

This paper will consider the various types of data links to Remotely Piloted Vehicles. The factors affecting their design will be explained and the important parameters and problems highlighted.The actual and potential roles for RPVs are well established, whether they be military or civil surveillance, or crop spraying. The information to be transferred between the ground terminal and the RPV or between RPV and RPV will depend largely upon the type of mission. This will impose the biggest constraint on the link design.
Analysis of high technology collaboration
Authors: Farrar D. J. , Balthazor L. R. 
Published: March 2023

In the current issue of Jane's All the World's Aircraft, J. W. R. Taylor states that ‘It would be pleasing to see in the development of programmes like Airbus and Tornado the seeds of increasingly successful European collaboration in the aerospace business … ‘The Management Studies Group of the Royal Aeronautical Society have, for many years, been concerned with improving the effectiveness of the aerospace industry, and saw in European collaboration great opportunities as well as problems to be overcome. It was felt that the time was right for a review which could indicate the way forward, and identify the best growing conditions for the seeds of successful European collaboration.This paper was commissioned by the Management Studies Group to review published papers for quantitative data in order to help set the scene for the talks and discussion to follow.
Optimal flight paths for winged, supersonic
flight vehicles — extension to the case where thrust can be vectored
Authors: Large E. 
Published: March 2023

The theory of optimal flight paths goes back to 1951, when Tsien and Evans found the optimal thrust program for a vertically ascending sounding rocket. Hibbs, in 1952, solved the problem of the optimal burning program for horizontal flight of a winged, rocket propelled vehicle. Miele has carried out much work in this field, mostly using*the assumption of constant thrust, and working without the aid of a digital computer, (which is necessary to achieve results). Reference 3 gives a summary of early work in this field.Recently, the problem of optimal climb paths of a ballistic rocket, away from the vertical, has been shown in Ref. 4 to have a simple analytic solution. The problem of a winged supersonic rocket missile, assuming the thrust acts along flight path, has been solved in Ref. 5.
On upstream influence in shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction
Authors: Dolling D. S. 
Published: March 2023

SummaryIn shock wave turbulent boundary layer interaction, upstream influence is defined as the distance from the inviscid shock wave to where the incoming boundary layer is first disturbed. The latter position is generally taken as being where the mean wall pressure first increases above the undisturbed value. Wall pressure fluctuation measurements in two Mach 3, high Reynolds number interactions have shown that unsteadiness of the separation shock wave structure results in the instantaneous upstream influence varying over a range of values. Upstream influence as defined above is actually the maximum of this range and, at this distance upstream of the shock wave, the probability of finding the flow disturbed is correspondingly low. The minimum value of the range is the distance from the inviscid shock wave to where the incoming flow is always disturbed. In all of the cases studied the latter station was found to be just upstream of the separation point.
Impact of airline network on the global importation risk of mpox, 2022
Authors: Kinoshita Ryo , Sassa Miho , Otake Shogo , Yoshimatsu Fumi , Shi Shoi , Ueno Ryo , Suzuki Motoi , Yoneoka Daisuke 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
From 1 January 2022 to 4 September 2022, a total of 53 996 mpox cases were confirmed globally. Cases are predominantly concentrated in Europe and the Americas, while other regions are also continuously observing imported cases. This study aimed to estimate the potential global risk of mpox importation and consider hypothetical scenarios of travel restrictions by varying passenger volumes (PVs) via airline travel network. PV data for the airline network, and the time of first confirmed mpox case for a total of 1680 airports in 176 countries (and territories) were extracted from publicly available data sources. A survival analysis technique in which the hazard function was a function of effective distance was utilised to estimate the importation risk. The arrival time ranged from 9 to 48 days since the first case was identified in the UK on 6 May 2022. The estimated risk of importation showed that regardless of the geographic region, most locations will have an intensified importation risk by 31 December 2022. Travel restrictions scenarios had a minor impact on the global airline importation risk against mpox, highlighting the importance to enhance local capacities for the identification of mpox and to be prepared to carry out contact tracing and isolation.
Crowdsourced Data Highlight Precipitation Phase Partitioning Variability in Rain‐Snow Transition Zone
Authors: Jennings Keith S. , Arienzo Monica M. , Collins Meghan , Hatchett Benjamin J. , Nolin Anne W. , Aggett Graeme 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTo increase the number of direct observations of rain and snow, we started a citizen science project that crowdsources precipitation phase reports from volunteers using a smartphone app. We focused on the Lake Tahoe region of California and Nevada, USA which forms part of the rain‐snow transition zone, an area where both solid and liquid precipitation occur in winter months. In two study years, we received 2,495 reports, of which 2,248 (90.1%) passed our quality control checks. Snow was the most frequent phase (64.0%), followed by rain (21.0%) and mixed precipitation (15.0%). We compared these values to estimates from 14 common precipitation phase partitioning methods that use near‐surface meteorology as well as to two remote sensing products from the Global Precipitation Measurement mission (GPM). We found the meteorology‐based methods tended to underestimate snowfall on average (60.9%) with a sizable standard deviation of 18%. The Integrated Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for GPM level 3 probabilityLiquidPrecipitation product also underestimated snowfall (57.5%) relative to the crowdsourced data, while the Dual‐frequency Precipitation Radar level 2A phaseNearSurface product had little spatiotemporal overlap with the observations. We also found slight differences in the rain‐snow line elevations measured by a freezing‐level radar versus those estimated from the crowdsourced data, with the former being 165 m lower than the latter on average. These findings underscore the importance of collecting ground‐truth observations of precipitation phase in the rain‐snow transition zone. We hope future studies will consider the use of crowdsourced data for improved insights into and better representation of hydrometeorological processes.
Temporal, Spatial, and Velocity‐Space Variations of Electron Phase Space Density Measurements at the Magnetopause
Authors: Shuster J. R. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. L. , Bessho N. , Sharma A. S. , Dorelli J. C. , Uritsky V. , Schwartz S. J. , Cassak P. A. , Denton R. E. , Chen L.‐J. , Gurram H. , Ng J. , Burch J. , Webster J. , Torbert R. , Paterson W. R. , Schiff C. , Viñas A. F. , Avanov L. A. , Stawarz J. , Li T. C. , Liu Y.‐H. , Argall M. R. , Afshari A. , Payne D. S. , Farrugia C. J. , Verniero J. , Wilder F. , Genestreti K. , da Silva D. E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractTemporal, spatial, and velocity‐space variations of electron phase space density are measured observationally and compared for the first time using the four magnetospheric multiscale (MMS) spacecraft at Earth's magnetopause. Equipped with these unprecedented spatiotemporal measurements offered by the MMS tetrahedron, we compute each term of the electron Vlasov equation that governs the evolution of collisionless plasmas found throughout the universe. We demonstrate how to use single spacecraft measurements to improve the resolution of the electron pressure gradient that supports nonideal parallel electric fields, and we develop a model to intuit the types of kinetic velocity‐space signatures that are observed in the Vlasov equation terms. Furthermore, we discuss how the gradient in velocity‐space sheds light on plasma energy conversion mechanisms and wave‐particle interactions that occur in fundamental physical processes such as magnetic reconnection and turbulence.
A Multi‐Satellite Case Study of Low‐Energy H+ Asymmetric Field‐Aligned Distributions Observed by MMS in the Earth's Magnetosphere
Authors: Kim M. J. , Goldstein J. , Fuselier S. A. , Glocer A. , Burch J. L. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractField‐aligned distributions of H+ with energy less than 100 eV in the magnetosphere originate from the ionosphere through ionospheric outflow. Recently, a statistical interhemispheric asymmetry in this ion outflow was reported. In this study, we investigate a case study of asymmetric field‐aligned distributions (E < 100 eV) resulting from asymmetric outflow observed on 13 August 2019 by the Hot Plasma Composition Analyzer onboard the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission. During the reported event, the average phase space density in the parallel direction (pitch angle < 45°) is about 4.7 times higher than in the anti‐parallel direction (pitch angle > 135°), indicating greater outflow from the southern hemisphere. In this event, electron precipitation fluxes are also asymmetric between hemispheres, with more electrons traveling to the southern hemisphere than to the northern hemisphere. Global MHD simulation results (SWMF/BAT‐S‐RUS available from the CCMC) confirm that several ionospheric parameters (joule heating, convection velocities, and energy fluxes of precipitating electrons) are more enhanced in the southern hemisphere. We suggest that these interhemispheric asymmetries might cause a stronger outflow from the southern hemisphere than from the northern hemisphere, to produce the observed asymmetric field‐aligned distributions for the low‐energy H+.
Mesoscale Circulation Controls Chlorophyll Concentrations in the East Australian Current Separation Zone
Authors: Malan Neil , Roughan Moninya , Hemming Michael , Schaeffer Amandine 
Published: March 2023

AbstractUnderstanding the distribution of chlorophyll on the continental shelves adjacent to western boundary currents is important, both from an ecosystem perspective, as well as for their role as a net sink of atmospheric CO2. However, in‐situ observations of chlorophyll in these dynamic regions are rare. Here, using more than a decade of underwater glider observations from 29 deployments in the East Australian Current (EAC) system, we examine the effect of the mesoscale western boundary current (WBC) circulation on chlorophyll distribution across the shelf. The extensive hydrographic dataset reveals that the mode of boundary current separation has a strong persistent spatial influence on both the stratification and chlorophyll distribution on the shelf between 31.5° and 34°S, a productive area adjacent to the EAC separation zone. We identify that subsurface chlorophyll maxima are common, and their depth and strength is dictated by the offshore mesoscale circulation associated with the WBC separation. The vertical chlorophyll distribution is modulated by the combination of the seasonal cycle and the sporadic influence of mesoscale eddies associated with WBC jet separation. Of the three dominant WBC separation scenarios, eddy dipoles result in shelf waters that are on average more stratified, have higher chlorophyll values, and a deeper chlorophyll maximum compared to other circulation modes. These results suggest that it is necessary to consider the influence of WBC dynamics on chlorophyll concentrations for accurate estimates of atmospheric CO2 uptake.
Projected West Antarctic Ocean Warming Caused by an Expansion of the Ross Gyre
Authors: Gómez‐Valdivia Felipe , Holland Paul R. , Siahaan Antony , Dutrieux Pierre , Young Emma 
Published: March 2023

AbstractWe use United Kingdom Earth System Model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 to analyze the Ross Gyre (RG) dynamics during the historical 1850–2014 period and under two contrasting future climate‐change scenarios. The modeled RG is relatively stable, with an extent and strength that agree with observations. The projections exhibit an eastward gyre expansion into the Amundsen‐Bellingshausen Seas that starts during the 2040s. The associated cyclonic ocean circulation enhances the onshore transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water into the inner regional shelf, a regime change that increases the local subsurface shelf temperatures by up to 1.2°C and is independent of future forcing scenario. The RG expansion is generated by a regional ocean surface stress curl intensification associated with anthropogenic sea ice loss. If realised in reality, such a warming would strongly influence the future stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.
Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers a non-autonomous Tbx1-dependent genetic program controlling cardiac neural crest cell development
Authors: De Bono Christopher , Liu Yang , Ferrena Alexander , Valentine Aneesa , Zheng Deyou , Morrow Bernice E. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractDisruption of cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) results in congenital heart disease, yet we do not understand the cell fate dynamics as these cells differentiate to vascular smooth muscle cells. Here we performed single-cell RNA-sequencing of NCCs from the pharyngeal apparatus with the heart in control mouse embryos and when Tbx1, the gene for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, is inactivated. We uncover three dynamic transitions of pharyngeal NCCs expressing Tbx2 and Tbx3 through differentiated CNCCs expressing cardiac transcription factors with smooth muscle genes. These transitions are altered non-autonomously by loss of Tbx1. Further, inactivation of Tbx2 and Tbx3 in early CNCCs results in aortic arch branching defects due to failed smooth muscle differentiation. Loss of Tbx1 interrupts mesoderm to CNCC cell-cell communication with upregulation and premature activation of BMP signaling and reduced MAPK signaling, as well as alteration of other signaling, and failed dynamic transitions of CNCCs leading to disruption of aortic arch artery formation and cardiac outflow tract septation.
A self-adaptive hardware with resistive switching synapses for experience-based neurocomputing
Authors: Bianchi S. , Muñoz-Martin I. , Covi E. , Bricalli A. , Piccolboni G. , Regev A. , Molas G. , Nodin J. F. , Andrieu F. , Ielmini D. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractNeurobiological systems continually interact with the surrounding environment to refine their behaviour toward the best possible reward. Achieving such learning by experience is one of the main challenges of artificial intelligence, but currently it is hindered by the lack of hardware capable of plastic adaptation. Here, we propose a bio-inspired recurrent neural network, mastered by a digital system on chip with resistive-switching synaptic arrays of memory devices, which exploits homeostatic Hebbian learning for improved efficiency. All the results are discussed experimentally and theoretically, proposing a conceptual framework for benchmarking the main outcomes in terms of accuracy and resilience. To test the proposed architecture for reinforcement learning tasks, we study the autonomous exploration of continually evolving environments and verify the results for the Mars rover navigation. We also show that, compared to conventional deep learning techniques, our in-memory hardware has the potential to achieve a significant boost in speed and power-saving.
Benchmarking integration of single-cell differential expression
Authors: Nguyen Hai C. T. , Baik Bukyung , Yoon Sora , Park Taesung , Nam Dougu 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIntegration of single-cell RNA sequencing data between different samples has been a major challenge for analyzing cell populations. However, strategies to integrate differential expression analysis of single-cell data remain underinvestigated. Here, we benchmark 46 workflows for differential expression analysis of single-cell data with multiple batches. We show that batch effects, sequencing depth and data sparsity substantially impact their performances. Notably, we find that the use of batch-corrected data rarely improves the analysis for sparse data, whereas batch covariate modeling improves the analysis for substantial batch effects. We show that for low depth data, single-cell techniques based on zero-inflation model deteriorate the performance, whereas the analysis of uncorrected data using limmatrend, Wilcoxon test and fixed effects model performs well. We suggest several high-performance methods under different conditions based on various simulation and real data analyses. Additionally, we demonstrate that differential expression analysis for a specific cell type outperforms that of large-scale bulk sample data in prioritizing disease-related genes.
Clinical and genetic associations of deep learning-derived cardiac magnetic resonance-based left ventricular mass
Authors: Khurshid Shaan , Lazarte Julieta , Pirruccello James P. , Weng Lu-Chen , Choi Seung Hoan , Hall Amelia W. , Wang Xin , Friedman Samuel F. , Nauffal Victor , Biddinger Kiran J. , Aragam Krishna G. , Batra Puneet , Ho Jennifer E. , Philippakis Anthony A. , Ellinor Patrick T. , Lubitz Steven A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractLeft ventricular mass is a risk marker for cardiovascular events, and may indicate an underlying cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance is the gold-standard for left ventricular mass estimation, but is challenging to obtain at scale. Here, we use deep learning to enable genome-wide association study of cardiac magnetic resonance-derived left ventricular mass indexed to body surface area within 43,230 UK Biobank participants. We identify 12 genome-wide associations (1 known at TTN and 11 novel for left ventricular mass), implicating genes previously associated with cardiac contractility and cardiomyopathy. Cardiac magnetic resonance-derived indexed left ventricular mass is associated with incident dilated and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implant. An indexed left ventricular mass polygenic risk score ≥90th percentile is also associated with incident implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implant in separate UK Biobank (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% CI 1.05-1.44) and Mass General Brigham (hazard ratio 1.75, 95% CI 1.12-2.74) samples. Here, we perform a genome-wide association study of cardiac magnetic resonance-derived indexed left ventricular mass to identify 11 novel variants and demonstrate that cardiac magnetic resonance-derived and genetically predicted indexed left ventricular mass are associated with incident cardiomyopathy.