bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance and African American identity before the Civil War
Authors: Holloway Jonathan Scott 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter canvasses the many different ways that African Americans fought to preserve their humanity in the face of the everyday practices that were part of the slavery regime. Frederick Douglass’s famous acts of resistance and then his career as an abolitionist frame much of the chapter’s narrative. Douglass was not the only architect of resistance, however. Denmark Vesey, David Walker, Nat Turner, Harriet Tubman, Sojourner Truth, and others marked different ways to fight white supremacy, organized escape and organized violence chief among them. Of particular concern was the Fugitive Slave Law that made it clear that African Americans could never be confident that their freedom would be respected.
War, freedom, and a nation reconsidered
Authors: Holloway Jonathan Scott 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the tensions that undergird the South’s secession from the Union and then the outbreak of the Civil War. Abraham Lincoln is often referred to as “the Great Emancipator,” but his journey toward the Emancipation Proclamation was not straight. Political pragmatism, military manpower shortages, as well as philosophical wrestling with what freedom would mean for African Americans all affected Lincoln’s decision to move toward emancipation. Upon the war’s conclusion important issues had to be resolved regarding African American labor, education, and citizenship rights. Reconstruction marked a marked a high-water mark for post-emancipation black rights, some of which were not seen again until the emergence of the modern civil rights movement.
Epilogue
Authors: Holloway Jonathan Scott 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The epilogue echoes the opening refrains of the book’s introduction: that the history of the United States is rife with paradoxes and often shattering juxtapositions when viewed through the lens of the black experience. Despite decades of civil rights gains and social progress, Black Lives Matter—a grassroots effort to call attention to civil rights denied—emerged. The openings of the National Memorial for Peace and Justice in Alabama and the Smithsonian’s National Museum of African American History and Culture were powerful reminders that at least some in the country were ready to reckon with the complexity of the American past, if only to secure a freer future.
The next step: an institutional peace
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter expounds on the notion of institutional peace and its correlation to the development of the international peace architecture (IPA). Institutional peace aims to anchor states within a specific set of values and a shared legal context through which they agree multilaterally how to behave. They also agree to police and enforce that behaviour on the part of ‘renegade’ states. Thus, the role of international institutions and law in supporting the consolidation of constitutional peace represented the next step towards building positive peace. The institutional peace framework achieved most of its sophisticated tools following the world wars, guided by the principle that territorial adjustments should benefit the concerned populations.
Peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and statebuilding
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the different approaches that emerged as liberal peace coalesced around the modern international peace architecture (IPA) development. A first-generation approach from the 1950s onwards—consisting of peacekeeping, diplomacy, and mediation—aimed at a negative peace, in which neutral military intervention brought about ceasefire often through the UN. From the late 1960s, a second-generation approach—consisting of civil society efforts—focused more on law, rights, social reconciliation, and a positive peace. By the 1990s, a third generation of approaches focused on building liberal peace through bringing together development, peacekeeping, peacebuilding, and statebuilding. A developing fourth-generation approach promises hybrid forms of peace.
Improvised suburbs
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores what happens when neither private markets nor governments can provide housing for rapidly growing urban populations. In such cases, new residents will build their own housing on cheap peripheral land, creating rings of do-it-yourself suburbs. Such settlements are often irregular, meaning the household lacks legal title to the land (“squatters”) or has ignored zooming and building codes. Improvised suburbs were a response to fast urbanization in Mediterranean countries after 1945, Latin American and Asia after roughly 1960, and Africa even more recently. These communities have gone by many names, such as barriada in Peru, favela in Brazil, and gecekondu (“built overnight”) in Turkey. The term shantytown fails to recognize the complex social networks and systems that often develop. Governments have tried to regularize such suburban settlements by extending services and recognizing land titles.
What’s wrong with suburbs
Authors: Abbott Carl 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores critical responses to suburbs in print and moving-image media. From London in the early twentieth century to Los Angeles at century’s end, suburbs have been the target of strong criticism both from intellectuals and in popular culture. The chapter first examines the social critique that suburbs are boring places that stultify individuals, break traditional social ties, and isolate women. A second environmental criticism focuses on the consumption of open space and farmland and disruption of natural ecological systems resulting from suburban expansion. Political criticism points to the inefficiency of low-density settlements and the problems of coordinating services among local governments, despite efforts to create metropolitan governance institutions. Science fiction frequently presents a dystopian vision of the suburban future. Social research points out the flaws in these arguments and finds many positive aspects to suburban life, although it is difficult to separate real problems from pervasive suburban myth.
83 ‘WHAT DOES “ACTIVE AGEING” MEAN TO YOU?’ A FIVE-COUNTRY SURVEY OF ACADEMICS, STUDENTS, ADVOCACY GROUPS, AND ‘EXPERT’ OLDER PEOPLE
Authors: Wiggin D , Velonaki V-S , Sourtzi P , Timmons S ,   EMMA Consortium
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Older people are projected to make up almost one third of the European population by 2060. Healthy and active ageing (HAA) is a key to maximising the opportunities that the increasingly older demographic presents. A multinational survey was conducted to inform a new online EU-based master’s programme in active ageing, and a fundamental initial issue to explore was stakeholders’ understanding of the concept of ‘active ageing’.

Methods
An anonymous online survey, in five partner countries (Ireland, Greece, Austria, Slovenia and Greece) asked senior undergraduates and recent graduates; future employers; relevant academics; and other key stakeholders (e.g. advocacy groups, policy makers, and ‘expert’ older people): ‘What does the term active ageing mean to you?’. Content analysis of their replies ensued.

Results
Within the first 473 responses, the most common concept (at nearly 50%) was active participation in society, including social engagement and other gainful activities, while hobbies and activities were also mentioned. The other main concept was that active ageing means favourable personal life qualities. This encompassed a broad range of aspects such as dignity, and physical, psychological, and social wellness. Health (physical and psychological), living longer in good health, and health promotion were often specified, while positive self-esteem, self-image, and self-respect were mentioned occasionally. Independence, including autonomy, ability to self-care, and decision-making and financial independence, was another key concept. Service provision in health and social care, and policy and rights were frequently mentioned. Most concepts were similarly reported in all five countries, but there were some nuances, such as Irish participants citing autonomy and service provision less often.

Conclusion
This European data highlights the understanding, among a range of stakeholders, of the concept of ‘active ageing’, as occurring at both a societal/service level, and at a personal level, with health, wellness and independence being key elements of the latter.
125 WARD-BASED MEDICAL TEAMS: IMPACT ON THE CARE OF THE OLDER PERSON WARD
Authors: Whelan A , Doyle P , Ryan C , Kaur I , Mulroy M 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic forced healthcare management to make structural adaptations in the interest of infection control. One such adaptation is the introduction of ward-based medical teams. The multidisciplinary team (MDT) is one of the cornerstones of geriatric medicine. Therefore, we aimed to explore the perception of the care of the older person MDT on the introduction of ward-based medical teams.

Methods
Qualitative data was collected on a geriatric ward in October 2020 via written questionnaire. The questionnaire analysed how the transition to ward based medical teams was perceived in terms of inter-professional collaboration and clinical service delivered to patients.

Results
There were 14 respondents, 10 of whom were nursing staff (71%). 86% strongly agreed that the medical team was more accessible, with most interactions occurring face-to-face. Patient care and safety was thought to have improved, 79% and 71% of respondents respectively. 93% felt they had a better rapport with the medical team. 71% felt the MDT meeting is more effective, 57% believed the meeting had greater impact on patient care.
However, 93% felt there was less workspace. 21% believed there were more daily admissions and 57% felt the majority of patient transfers from other wards were inappropriate.
Overall 86% favoured ward-based medical teams, with 57% of staff reporting that the change led to increased personal job satisfaction.

Conclusion
By increasing the geographic proximity of doctors to other professionals, doctors were more accessible, issues were tackled quicker, and there was less time wasted bleeping medical teams. Overall staff favoured a ward-based system. However, there are challenges implementing this system. Particular attention should be paid to the availability of adequate workspace, including telephones and computers. Ward transfers should be minimized as continuity of care can be compromised. Strategies should be implemented so medical charts are available to the MDT during consultant-led ward rounds.
215 WHAT IMPACT CAN ‘EMERGENCY DEPARTMENT IN THE HOME’ (EDITH) HAVE ON THE OLDER ADULT POPULATION PRESENTING WITH FALLS?
Authors: Delaney A , Doyle C , Sweeney A , Davis A , McNally S , McNamara R , Mooney R 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
EDITH is a frailty response service providing medical and occupational therapy input to older adults living within the catchment area of a level 4 acute hospital. EDITH aims to reduce avoidable Emergency Department (ED) attendances and utilise alternative care pathways. Falls are common among older people and are often associated with poorer outcomes. Traditionally, older patients who have had a fall and contact emergency services for assistance are transferred to the ED and this can be associated with elevated risks. Additionally, older patients who have had a fall and are discharged on scene by the emergency services are at greater risk of recurring falls in the absence of immediate onward referral to community falls prevention services (Nowak and Hubbard 2009).

Methods
Paper count method data collection was completed. Inclusion criteria included referrals from the National Ambulance Service within the last 6 months.

Results
75 patients met the inclusion criteria; 34 males, 41 females with an average age of 82. 11 patients were conveyed to hospital, giving a conveyance rate of 14.6%, the average conveyance rate for the EDITH service is 7.2%. 3 patients were conveyed to ED, while 8 patients were conveyed to the Medical Assessment Unit (MAU) in the local level 3 hospital. This resulted in 72% of patients that required hospital conveyance being streamed to the MAU; traditionally 100% of these patients would have presented to ED. Overall, 85.4% of patients seen remained at home.

Conclusion
EDITH are providing targeted medical and occupational therapy assessment(s) for older adults in their homes with successful outcomes. Implementation of alternative care pathways, reduction in avoidable ED attendances and prolonged independence in the home for this patient profile are some of the favourable findings.

Reference
1. Nowak A, Hubbard RE. (2009) Falls and frailty: lessons from complex systems. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 102(3):98–102.
69 COVID-19 NURSING HOMES EXPERT PANEL REPORT IMPACT ASSESSMENT:
Authors: Daly T , Shanagher D 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic disproportionately affected older people and had a profound impact on the nursing home and residential care sector. COVID-19 also exposed weaknesses in how our health systems support the nursing home sector that must be addressed. The National Public Health Emergency Team recommended the establishment of an Expert Panel to examine the issues regarding the management of COVID-19 in nursing homes. A report was published in August 2020 that contains a range of recommendations in line with lessons learned and best practice, to be implemented over the following 12–18 months.

Methods
A review and analysis of the COVID-19 Nursing Homes Expert Panel Report and its 86 recommendations took place to understand the impact of implementing the recommendations on the nursing home sector, to understand the supports required to implement the recommendations and to outline an implementation framework to deliver the recommendations and to realise a sustainable change.

Results
The impact Assessment revealed the following:
1. Community integration is required where nursing home residents have greater access to services and where adequate supports and collaboration across the continuum of care is realise.
2. A workforce strategy is required that considers recruitment, retention, training and education.
3. A funding model that ensures funding is based on an assessment of resident need and dependency level is required.

Conclusion
While the long-term timeline and impacts of COVID-19 are still unknown, it is clear that health and social care services need to plan for future healthcare emergencies and the long-term sustainability of the nursing home sector. This pandemic and the Expert Panel’s recommendations have reinforced the urgent need to create systems where collaborative actions and integrated care is resident focussed and will ensure ‘care is better planned, coordinated, delivered and easier to access.
89 CSF BIOMARKER UTILITY IN SUPPORTING ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE DIAGNOSIS: CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES FROM AN IRISH REGIONAL SPECIALIST MEMORY SERVICE
Authors: Dolphin H , Fallon A , McHale C , Dookhy J , O'Neill D , Coughlan T , Coveney S , O'Dowd S , Kennelly S P 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) biomarkers [amyloid- beta-42 (AB-42), phosphorylated tau (p-tau)] are increasingly used in supporting clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Both elevated CSF p-tau and reduced AB-42 are necessary for pathological diagnosis of AD. The aim of this study is to apply recent international recommendations to patients attending a regional specialist memory service, evaluating consistency with detailed clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological ad-phenotype profiling.

Methods
All patients age &lt; 80, with mild/subjective cognitive and/or atypical neurobehavioral symptoms, non-significant vascular burden on neuroimaging, and without contraindication to lumbar puncture are offered CSF analysis. Clinical diagnosis was ascribed on the basis of specialist multi-disciplinary consensus review. We undertook a case-note and database retrospective review of those who had ad-biomarker CSF analysis, collecting demographic, clinical phenotype diagnosis, and neuropsychological performance. Data was extracted and analysed using SPSS v.25.

Results
One-hundred-sixteen patients underwent CSF biomarker testing. Forty-nine patients (42%) had positive AD-CSF biomarkers, 41/49 (84%) of whom presented with common ad phenotypes (Amnestic/Logopenic PPA/PCA). Twenty patients (17%) had negative ad-CSF (elevated AB-42, and low p-tau) studies, and half of those (10/20, 50%) had a consistent atypical non-AD clinical phenotype. Patients with negative ad-CSF were younger and tended to have non-amnestic neuropsychological profile. Therefore there was a mismatch in 18/69 (26%) people in these groups with definitive +/− ad biomarker results and ad/Non-ad clinical phenotype. A further forty seven (40%) patients had indeterminate CSF studies with one or other changes in AB-42 or p-tau, but not both as is necessary for definitive diagnosis.

Conclusion
Incorporation of CSF biomarker analysis is quickly being established as a key component of the neurocognitive/dementia diagnostic pathway. However, there are challenges and limitations arising as they are applied in clinical settings, and further research is warranted to explore variations between pathological results and clinical phenotype presentation.
95 DOCUMENTATION OF URINARY CATHETER INDICATION AND INSERTION PROCEDURE FOR MEDICAL INPATIENTS AT A UNIVERSITY TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: McAteer C , Sullivan R , McRory C , O’Domhnaill O , Murphy D E , Rehman M A , Muller T , Gallagher M , Miranda J , Parihar V , Mulpeter K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Background
Approximately 25% of inpatients have urinary catheters at some point during their hospital stay; over half are deemed inappropriate. This is significant as catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTI) increase morbidity, mortality and length of hospitalisation. Lack of medical documentation and clinician awareness of catheters have been identified as risk factors for inappropriate catheterisation. The aim of this audit was to assess inpatient urinary catheter use among medical inpatients to determine if the indication and insertion procedure were clearly documented.

Methods
The audit was conducted over one day and included all medical inpatients aged 18 years and above. Emergency Department and High Dependency patients were excluded. Data was collected using standardised data collection sheets and involved a review of medical/nursing notes. Data was benchmarked against Health Service Executive guidelines.

Results
27 of 132 medical inpatients (20%) had a urinary catheter in situ on the day of audit. 37% (n = 10) had long-term urinary catheters in situ prior to admission and are not considered further. Of the remaining 63% (n = 17), 9 were female (53%), 8 were male (47%), and the average age was 75 years. Indication was documented in nursing notes for 76% and in medical notes for 53%. Indications included monitoring urinary output (29%), urinary retention (24%), sepsis (18%), comfort (6%) and haematuria (6%). Catheter insertion procedure was documented in nursing notes for 59% and in medical notes for 12%.

Conclusion
One fifth of medical inpatients had urinary catheters on the day of audit. 63% of these patients did not have a catheter prior to admission. Overall medical documentation of catheter indication and insertion procedure is poor. Better documentation would likely improve clinician awareness of their patient’s catheters and prompt earlier review of appropriateness. Education sessions, insertion proforma stickers and catheter review reminder systems are suggested to improve documentation.
A prospective analysis examining frailty remission and the association with future falls risk in older adults in England
Authors: Davies Katie , Maharani Asri , Chandola Tarani , O’Neill Terence W , Todd Chris , Pendleton Neil 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundPrevious research has shown older adults experience dynamic changes in frailty status. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of sustained frailty remission and how remission is associated with falls risk.MethodsParticipants who contributed data to the analysis were in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing from Waves 1 to 8 (2002–2017). Frailty was defined across waves using the frailty index and categorised into robust, pre-frail and frail. We classified participants who improved their frailty category from Wave 1 (2002) to Wave 2 (2004) and sustained/improved category again into Wave 3 (2006) and compared them with those who were either robust or frail across Waves 1–3. Cox proportional hazard modelling was used to determine the risk of incident falls reported at Waves 4–8, with results expressed as hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals.ResultsOf 2,564 participants, 389 (15·2%) improved frailty category and sustained this during Waves 2–3, 1,489 (58·1%) remained robust and 686 (26·8%) remained frail during Waves 1–3. During the 10-year period (Waves 4–8), a total of 549 participants reported a fall. Compared with those who remained frail during Waves 1–3, those who with sustained frailty remission had a lower risk of future falls (HR 0·41; 95% CI = 0·36–0·45).ConclusionsFrailty remission is possible and can be sustained across 5 years. There is a lower risk of future falls in those who sustain frailty remission compared with those who remain frail.
Trends of polypharmacy among older people in Asia, Australia and the United Kingdom: a multinational population-based study
Authors: Lee Hyesung , Baek Yeon-Hee , Kim Ju Hwan , Liao Tzu-Chi , Lau Wallis C Y , Man Kenneth K C , Qin Xiwen , Wood Stephen , Ilomäki Jenni , Bell J Simon , Lai Edward Chia-Cheng , Leung Miriam T Y , Chan Adrienne Y L , Chui Celine S L , Wong Ian C K , Shin Ju-Young 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundPolypharmacy among older people represents a global challenge due to its association with adverse drug events. The reported prevalence of polypharmacy varies widely across countries, and is particularly high in Asian countries. However, there is no multinational study using standardised measurements exploring variations in prescribing trends.ObjectiveTo compare polypharmacy trends in older people in Asia, Australia and the United Kingdom.DesignMultinational, retrospective, time-trend, observational study using a common study protocol.SettingOutpatient and community settings.SubjectsAll individuals aged ≥ 65 years between 2013 and 2016.MethodsWe defined polypharmacy as the concomitant use of ≥5 medications for ≥45 days per year. We estimated the annual prevalence of polypharmacy and calculated average annual percentage change (AAPC) to assess the time trends.ResultsA total of 1.62 million individuals were included in this study. The highest prevalence of polypharmacy was observed in Hong Kong (46.4%), followed by Taiwan (38.8%), South Korea (32.0%), the United Kingdom (23.5%) and Australia (20.1%) in 2016. For the time trend, the Asian region showed a steady increase, particularly in Hong Kong and South Korea (AAPC: Hong Kong, 2.7%; South Korea, 1.8%; Taiwan, 1.0%). However, Australia and the United Kingdom showed a decreasing trend (Australia, −4.9%; the United Kingdom, −1.1%).ConclusionsPolypharmacy prevalence in older people was higher in Hong Kong, Taiwan and South Korea, with an increasing trend over time, compared with Australia and the United Kingdom. Our findings underline the necessity to monitor polypharmacy among older people in Asia by conducting government-level interventions and introducing medicine-optimisation strategies.