bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's and adolescents’ evaluations of wealth‐related STEM inequality
Authors: McGuire Luke , Marlow Christina , Hoffman Adam J. , Joy Angelina , Law Fidelia , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Rutland Adam , Winterbottom Mark , Balkwill Frances , Burns Karen P. , Butler Laurence , Fields Grace , Mulvey Kelly Lynn 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are rife with inequalities and under‐representation that have their roots in childhood. While researchers have focused on gender and race/ethnicity as two key dimensions of inequality, less attention has been paid to wealth. To this end, and drawing from the Social Reasoning Development approach, we examined children's and adolescents’ perceptions of STEM ability and access to opportunities as a function of wealth, as well as their desire to rectify such inequalities. Participants (n = 234: early childhood, n = 70, mean age = 6.33, SD = .79; middle childhood, n = 92, mean age = 8.90, SD = .83 and early adolescence, n = 62, mean age = 12.00; SD = 1.16) in the U.K. (64% White British) and U.S. (40% White/European American) read about two characters, one high‐wealth and one low‐wealth. In early childhood, participants reported that the high‐wealth character would have greater STEM ability and were just as likely to invite either character to take part in a STEM opportunity. By middle childhood, participants were more likely to report equal STEM abilities for both characters and to seek to rectify inequalities by inviting the low‐wealth character to take part in a STEM opportunity. However, older participants reported that peers would still prefer to invite the high‐wealth character. These findings also varied by ethnic group status, with minority status participants rectifying inequalities at a younger age than majority status participants. Together these findings document that children are aware of STEM inequalities based on wealth and, with age, will increasingly seek to rectify these inequalities.
Does the depth of trade agreements matter for trade in services?
Authors: Guillin Amelie , Rabaud Isabelle , Zaki Chahir 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn recent years, deep trade agreements have spread around the world and gone beyond tariff reductions. We aim to test whether the depth of agreements fosters trade in services. To do so, we use a structural gravity‐type model and build new indicators of the depth of agreements based on the number of articles that are legally enforceable and that are related to trade in services. We show that, while only the deepest trade agreements raise trade in services, the quality of institution determines how deep agreements affect both the intensive (measured by the quantity of trade) and extensive margins of trade (measured by the number of service products exported and the share of the most exported service product in total services exports). This result is more pronounced for some service provisions and is robust after we control for the endogeneity of deep trade agreements. Finally, our results also hold for the Middle East and North Africa countries that we examine as an example of an emerging region that has a comparative advantage in services but whose most of the trade agreements are rather shallow.
Finite Element Simulation of Compressing an Additively Manufactured Mesostructure
Authors: Schmitz Anne 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Numerical modeling is a useful approach for answering research questions that are either difficult or inefficient to answer experimentally. The goal of this study was to develop a validated numerical model of a stereolithography (SLA) manufactured mesostructure to predict compression behavior. A three-dimensional (3D) model was created for an 80 × 80 × 20 mm compression block. ANSYS was used to simulate compression testing of this structure. The lower plate of the structure was fixed while a vertical displacement was prescribed on the upper plate. The base material was modeled using a linearly elastic, isotropic material derived from Young's modulus (E), Poisson's ratio, and the ultimate tensile strength. The base material was varied to represent three different SLA polymers from Formlabs (i.e., three different models of the same geometrical structure). The shape of the force–displacement curves and compression force values agreed well between the model and previously collected experimental data. However, this agreement was limited to stiffer materials and only up to 10 mm of compression. This may be where the structure shifts from elastic to plastic behavior and some lattice structures fracture. This simulation tool can be used in the future to predict and optimize the behavior of this lattice structure but only while operating elastically.
Outlook on Industry-Academia-Government Collaborations Impacting Medical Device Innovation
Authors: Tanaka Martin L. , Lopez Orlando 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The nature of collaborations between industry, academic, and government entities are discussed by the authors who together have significant experience in all three of these sectors. This article examines the intricacies and coordination needed between different stakeholder environments toward successful medical device innovation. The value of different types of collaboration models is illustrated through examples and the author's perspectives on current opportunities, challenges, and future outlook.
Comparison of Load-Sharing Responses Between Graded Posterior Cervical Foraminotomy and Conventional Fusion Using Finite Element Modeling
Authors: Yoganandan Narayan , Choi Hoon , Purushothaman Yuvaraj , Vedantam Aditya , Harinathan Balaji , Banerjee Anjishnu 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Following the diagnosis of unilateral cervical radiculopathy and need for surgical intervention, anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (conventional fusion) and posterior cervical foraminotomy are common options. Although patient outcomes may be similar between the two procedures, their biomechanical effects have not been fully compared using a head-to-head approach, particularly, in relation to the amount of facet resection and internal load-sharing between spinal segments and components. The objective of this investigation was to compare load-sharing between conventional fusion and graded foraminotomy facet resections under physiological loading. A validated finite element model of the cervical spinal column was used in the study. The intact spine was modified to simulate the two procedures at the C5–C6 spinal segment. Flexion, extension, and lateral bending loads were applied to the intact, graded foraminotomy, and conventional fusion spines. Load-sharing was determined using range of motion data at the C5–C6 and immediate adjacent segments, facet loads at the three segments, and disk pressures at the adjacent segments. Results were normalized with respect to the intact spine to compare surgical options. Conventional fusion leads to increased motion, pressure, and facet loads at adjacent segments. Foraminotomy leads to increased motion and anterior loading at the index level, and motions decrease at adjacent levels. In extension, the left facet load decreases after foraminotomy. Recognizing that foraminotomy is a motion preserving alternative to conventional fusion, this study highlights various intrinsic biomechanical factors and potential instability issues with more than one-half facet resection.
Damage-Induced Softening of the Sclera: A Pseudo-Elastic Modeling Approach
Authors: Colmenarez Jose A. , Zhai Yingnan , Mendoza Valentina Ochoa , Dong Pengfei , Nunes Kenia , Suh Donny , Gu Linxia 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The biomechanical properties of the sclera such as the stiffness, anisotropic behavior, and nonlinear stress–strain relationship have been extensively investigated for the pathogenesis study of ocular diseases. Even so, scarce mechanical investigations have been conducted on the damage in the sclera when subjected to large and repetitive deformations. Hence, the aim of this study is to quantify microstructural damage of the posterior and anterior sclera, through mechanical testing and model fitting. We performed uniaxial mechanical tests on scleral strips dissected from African green monkeys. Samples were subjected to strain-driven cycles of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% to evaluate the damage behavior commonly known as the Mullins effect. Experimental results showed qualitative changes in the stress–stretch curves when higher loading cycles were applied. A pseudo-elastic model accurately captured the curve trends across all tested samples, as indicated by a coefficient of determination above 0.96 and a subsequent finite element analysis (FEA) validation. Damage evolution and resultant permanent set demonstrated that considerable microstructural failure was attainable even at small strain levels and that the inherent plasticity had a similar contribution to stress-softening as the Mullins effect. Computed material and damage properties are expected to provide a broader understanding of the underlying mechanisms of ocular diseases and the development of more effective approaches for their treatment.
Graphene Conductive Polymer Paper-Based Biosensor for Interleukin-6 Detection in Human Serum
Authors: Rahman Md Ashiqur , Islam Nazmul , Freeman Robert , Ashraf Ali 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Biosensing technology has advanced significantly in recent years because of its wide applications in healthcare and biomolecule detection. However, fabricating a biosensor that will be rapid, sensitive, inexpensive, simple, and selective can be challenging. In this study, we fabricated a paper-based biosensor using conductive polymers (CPs) and graphene to detect Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human serum. Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out and the images indicated that flat graphene nanoflake (GNF) sheets are connected to the fibrous structure of cellulose. We used 20 μL of human serum and 2 μL of IL-6 antigen concentration to measure the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using Autolab potentiostat (PGSTAT302N). A typical three-electrode method was preferred over the two-electrode method for better accuracy, and the sensor was connected through an adapter to the potentiostat. The paper-based biosensor detected in the range of 2 pg/mL to 20 μg/mL (the solution was prepared by serial dilution method), and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) increases linearly with the concentration (899 Ω–964 Ω). The limit of detection (LOD) of IL-6 detection was ∼16 pg/mL for our biosensor. Thus, using a portable, simple, sensitive, and inexpensive paper-based biosensor can be a great platform to detect early-stage cancer biomarkers.
Modeling and Simulation of Robotic Palpation to Detect Subsurface Soft Tissue Anomaly for Presurgical Assessment
Authors: Bhattacharjee Abhinaba , Loghmani M. Terry , Anwar Sohel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Surgical Haptics is an emergent field of research to integrate and advance the sense of robotic touch in laparoscopic tools in robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery. Haptic feedback from the tooltip and soft tissue surface interaction during robotic palpation can be leveraged to detect the texture and contour of subsurface geometry. However, precise force modulation of the robotic palpating probe is necessary to determine stiff inclusions of the anatomy and maneuver successive manipulation tasks during surgery. This paper focuses on investigating the layered deformations associated with different force profiles involved in manipulating the superficial anatomy of soft tissues during dynamic robotic palpation to determine the underlying anomaly. A realistic three-dimensional (3D) cross-sectional soft tissue phantom with anatomical layers and tumor, as an anomaly, is designed, modeled, and analyzed to examine the effects of oriented palpating forces (0–5 N) of a 7 DOF robot arm equipped with a contoured palpation probe. Finite element static structural analysis of oriented robotic palpation on the developed 3D soft tissue phantoms (with and without anomaly) reveals the soft tissue layer deformations and associated strains needed to identify presence of stiffer inclusions or anomaly during Robotic palpation. The finite element analysis study shows that the difference in deformations of soft tissue layers (e.g., underlying myofascial layers) under stiffer inclusions at different force levels can facilitate haptic feedback to acquire information about subsurface tumors. The deformation variations are further compared to assess better palpation orientations for subsurface anomaly detection.
Simulation and Experimental Validation of Alternate Pathways of Impulse Noise Conduction Into the Inner Ear
Authors: Tan X. Gary , Chen YungChia , O'Shaughnessy Thomas J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Recent data from heavy weapons training and breaching exercise environments suggest that protection of the ear canal alone may not be sufficient to prevent detrimental effects of blast-induced impulse noise on the Warfighter. This work is to elucidate alternate pathways of impulse noise penetration into the inner ear, including through the soft tissues of the head and bone conduction, gain insight into the fundamental mechanism(s) of blast induced hearing loss and validate the computational model with experiment. We have exposed the instrumented head model to impulse noise events generated via a shock tube (sound pressure level &gt; 140 dB) to identify the role of bone conduction in pressure build up in the inner ear. Concurrently, we have developed a finite element (FE) model of the head to simulate the biomechanical response of the ear to impulse noise. The loading condition applied to the model to characterize the biomechanical effects in the ear is derived from notional weapons firing incidents. We have also developed an inner ear model to analyze the dynamic behavior of the basilar membrane when subjected to skull vibration stimulated by an impulse noise event. Using the simulated motion of the basilar membrane, we attempted to establish the relationship between the impulse noise and possible auditory disruption outcomes to the inner ear.
Converging Jet Impingement for Enhanced Liquid Cooling
Authors: Whitt Reece , Estrella Rafael , Huitink David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Jet impingement cooling is an advanced thermal management technique for high heat flux applications. Standard configurations include single, axisymmetric jets with orifice, slot, or pipe nozzles. This choice in nozzle shape, number of jets, and jet inclination greatly influences the turbulence generated by fluid entrainment due to differences in initial velocity profiles and location of secondary stagnation points. Regarding high power electronics with integrated jet impingement schemes, turbulence, and heat transfer rates must be optimized to meet the extreme cooling requirements. In this study, the heat transfer rates of dual inclined converging jets are investigated experimentally. Emphasis is placed on the comparison of different jet schemes with respect to geometrical parameters including nozzle pitch, incline angle, and nozzle-to-target plate spacing. A parametric experimental investigation is performed as a point of comparison using a modular, additively manufactured jet setup. Computational simulations are used to evaluate the effect of jet configuration on stagnation pressure associated with maximum heat transfer rates, and an empirical Nusselt number model is provided. The results show the effects of convergence height on jet behavior and the associated impacts on heat transfer.
Extending the Pressure-Time Method to Pipe With Variable Cross-Section With Three-Dimensional Numerical Simulations
Authors: Neyestanaki Mehrdad Kalantar , Dunca Georgiana , Jonsson Pontus , Cervantes Michel J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The flowrate in hydraulic turbines can be measured using the pressure-time method specified by the IEC 60041 standard. This method assumes a one-dimensional (1D) flow and is limited to straight pipes with a uniform cross section and specific restrictions on length (L &gt; 10 m) and velocity (U × L &gt; 50 m2 s−1). However, in low-head hydropower plants, the intake typically has a variable cross section and small length, making it challenging to use this method. This paper presents the development of a methodology that extends the applicability of the pressure-time method for variable cross section by using three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (3D CFD). A combination of 3D CFD and 1D pressure-time methods is employed iteratively to estimate the kinetic energy correction factor. The obtained time-dependent values are then used in the 1D pressure-time method to calculate the flowrate. The new methodology is applied with experiments performed on a test rig with a reducer. The obtained results illustrate the significantly different kinetic energy correction factor obtained than those obtained using constant or quasi-steady assumptions. The proposed methodology changes the mean deviation compared to the reference flowmeter from −0.83% (underestimation of flowrate) to ±0.1%, increasing the method's accuracy.
Comparing Online and In-Person Delivery of a Fall Prevention Exercise Program for Older Adults
Authors: Pitre Vanessa , Sénéchal Martin , Bouchard Danielle R. 
Published: September 2023

Exercise is the single most effective strategy to reduce the risk of falls. Online classes have grown in popularity, but the benefits of online classes remain unknown. Zoomers on the Go is a peer-led 12-week exercise program offered twice weekly to adults 50+ years old. The main outcome was lower body strength measured by the 30-s chair stand test. Other outcomes included dropout, attendance, balance, cardiorespiratory fitness, and perceived health. A total of 74 participants (age 66.3 ± 7.1 years) in the online group and 84 participants in the in-person group (age 67.3 ± 7.2 years) completed the program, with attendance for the online group. Both groups significantly improved their 30-s chair stand, cardiorespiratory fitness, and balance (p < .001) with no difference in functional benefits between groups. The in-person group improved their perceived health and significantly reduced levels of stress and depression, while no such changes were observed in the online group.
Developing Adaptive Planning Skills by Preservice Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Cho Kyuil , Tsuda Emi , Ward Phillip , Chey Won Seok 
Published: September 2023

Purpose: This study examined how physical education preservice teachers (PSTs) developed adaptive skills in the planning of the lessons in the 5 weeks of an introductory physical education method course using the practice-based teacher education framework. Method: Twenty-two PSTs edited three lesson plans over the 5 weeks. A total of 150 lesson plans were analyzed using descriptive statistics to explore (a) the total number of adaptations, (b) the total number of adaptations made to core practices, and (c) the types of adaptations. Findings: The PSTs made a wide-ranged number of adaptations from lesson plan one to three (one [median = 38.50, range 6–101]; two [median = 49.00, range 14–184]; three [median = 38.00, range 18–97]). They made adaptations most frequently in providing clear instruction and type two adaptations (refine). Conclusions: The results support the use of pedagogical approaches within the practice-based teacher education framework effective in developing PSTs’ adaptive competence in lesson plans.
Time like geodesics for five-dimensional Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström anti-de Sitter black holes
Authors: González P. A. , Olivares Marco , Vásquez Yerko , Villanueva J. R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe time like structure of the five-dimensional Schwarzschild and Reissner–Nordström anti-de Sitter black holes is studied in detail. Different kinds of motion are allowed and studied by using an adequate effective potential. Then, by solving the corresponding equations of motion, several trajectories and orbits are described in terms of Weierstraß elliptic functions and elementary functions for neutral particles.
Shadow of rotating and twisting charged black holes with cloud of strings and quintessence
Authors: Zahid Muhammad , Rayimbaev Javlon , Sarikulov Furkat , Khan Saeed Ullah , Ren Jingli 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTesting gravity theories is an important and interesting issue in relativistic astrophysics using astrophysical observations. In recent years, Event horizon telescope collaboration provided valuable data from shadow of supermassive black holes located at the center of the galaxies Milky Way and Meissner 87, which may help to get information about the spacetime around the black holes. In this work, first, we consider rotating black hole solution for charged black hole with the NUT charge in the presence of clouds of strings, and study the event horizon properties of spacetime around rotating twisting and charged black holes in the cloud of strings and quintessential fields. The null geodesics of the spacetime is derived and the shadow case, radius of the shadow of the black and its distortion, due to the effects of the black hole spin, also analyzed. It is obtained that gravitational effects of black hole charge and quintessential field compensate each other and the rotating black hole’s shadow can be circular. We obtain constraints on charge and spin parameters of supermassive black holes Sgr $$\hbox {A}^*$$

A
∗

and $$\hbox {M87}^*$$

M87
∗

using observational data from their shadow (size and observational angle) for various values of the NUT charge, cloud of strings and quintessential field parameters. Moreover, we also investigate gravitational capture cross-section for electromagnetic waves and emission rate of the black hole radiation energy through Hawking evaporation.
System Auditing for Real-Time Systems
Authors: Bansal Ayoosh , Kandikuppa Anant , Hasan Monowar , Chen Chien-Ying , Bates Adam , Mohan Sibin 
Published: September 2023

System auditing is an essential tool for detecting malicious events and conducting forensic analysis. Although used extensively on general-purpose systems, auditing frameworks have not been designed with consideration for the unique constraints and properties of Real-Time Systems (RTS). System auditing could provide tremendous benefits for security-critical RTS. However, a naive deployment of auditing on RTS could violate the temporal requirements of the system while also rendering auditing incomplete and ineffectual. To ensure effective auditing that meets the computational needs of recording complete audit information while adhering to the temporal requirements of the RTS, it is essential to carefully integrate auditing into the real-time (RT) schedule.This work adapts the Linux Audit framework for use in RT Linux by leveraging the common properties of such systems, such as special purpose and predictability.Ellipsis, an efficient system for auditing RTS, is devised that learns the expected benign behaviors of the system and generates succinct descriptions of the expected activity. Evaluations using varied RT applications show thatEllipsisreduces the volume of audit records generated during benign activity by up to 97.55% while recording detailed logs for suspicious activities. Empirical analyses establish that the auditing infrastructure adheres to the properties of predictability and isolation that are important to RTS. Furthermore, the schedulability of RT tasksets under audit is comprehensively analyzed to enable the safe integration of auditing in RT task schedules.