bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microfracs and Frac Diagnostic in Tight Gas Reservoirs; Continuous Surveillance to Update Frac Design
Authors: Al Shueili A. , Al Salmi H. , Jaboob M. , Al Qassabi M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Barik Sandstone is a well know condensate reservoir developed in several fields across Central Oman between Ghaba Salt Basin and Fahud Salt Basin. Its particularity lays in the vertical and lateral heterogeneity resulting from the fluvial-deltaic depositional environment and an associated quite unusually high stress differential across the different mudstone and sandstone members. Barik is classified as Unconventional Tight Gas due to the low average permeability and requires hydraulic fracturing (HF) to economically exploit the natural resources.
Understanding the reservoir parameters was a key success for successful stimulation of the Barik Sandstone in Khazzan and Ghazeer Fields in Oman. A massive surveillance campaign was carried out to understand the reservoir properties including detailed seismic and long-term flowing and build up data. building a calibrated Mechanical Earth Model MEM allowed the team to design the best fit frac design that made the successful results on frac placement and well performance. With the extension of the reservoir height, more data were used to update the Mechanical Earth Model that helped to refine the frac design. this paper describes the workflow of how additional data helped modifying frac design using DFIT injections & different frac design approaches across different barriers.
The Mechanical Earth Model created at the early stage of the field development was generated using a detailed Microfracs stress test and reservoir properties using static and dynamic data. layers stresses confirmed using several frac injection to test the break down pressure of that layer which then helped into defining the best frac design for the reservoir.
The successful stimulation treatments confirm the value of such detailed surveillance and details workflow that was continuously updated using frac injections. This has a major impact on frac performance and field development plan that reflect the outstanding performance of these wells.
A New Investigation of Wellbore Parameters Influence on Shut-In Pressure Transient Signatures from Water Hammer Fracture Diagnostics
Authors: Qiu Yang , Hu Xiaodong , Zhou Fujian , Yi Pukang , Wang Yajing , Jiang Zongshuai 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Water hammer fracture diagnostics has been widely used in recent years, which enables field engineers to understand the stimulation effect from hydraulic fracturing treatment and optimize the completion strategy in time. Based on the high frequency acquisition equipment installed at the wellhead, the sampled water hammer signal is processed to obtain the reflection time of the fracture and the water hammer celerity in the wellbore, which is utilized to locate the downhole stimulation location. However, only the reflection time identified from the water hammer signal is used in current application, which means the waste of the useful information contained in the sampled signal.
In addition, the uncertainty of the water hammer celerity may lead to misjudgment of the downhole fracture, which is still challenging in nowadays diagnosis. Thus, profound investigation of the water hammer reflection characteristics and the its utilization to accurately identify the information of downhole events is the key. Water hammer travels through the wellbore, carrying information about wellbore parameters, which are easy to obtain in the fracturing design or during the treatment. Studying the effect of wellbore parameters helps better understand the details of the water hammer, which helps accurately identify the fracture information. In this paper, the influence of the wellbore parameters on the water hammer reflection details is studied for the first time based on the numerical study, including the wellbore cementing and diameter change. Besides, water hammer signals from field cases are also studied, and the waveform characteristics related with wellbore parameters influence was analyzed, providing some useful guidelines for field application. The results of our study can improve the identification accuracy and provide useful insight for water hammer diagnostics.
Successful Utilization of In-Situ Dune Sands in Saudi Arabian Unconventional Frac Operations
Authors: Qahtani Nahar , Khoja Ghaliah , Rueda Jose , Fekkai Sofiane , Shammari Mohammed , Mulhim Nayef , Kurniadi Stevanus 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Saudi Aramco has started the development of the first unconventional reservoir in the Middle East, targeting the source rock of the main oil reservoirs in the Kingdom. The completion of an unconventional reservoir requires a fracturing process in each horizontal well, which requires an abundant supply of sand. Therefore, utilizing in-situ dune sand (ISDS) was considered for potential cost savings and lowering CO2 emissions from the reduction of transportation and logistics.
The first location for the ISDS trial was selected by collecting several sand samples from different areas in the field and carrying out sieve analysis and crush and mineralogy tests. The location for the first trial was then selected based on a combination of the highest silica content, fewer impurities, best crush tests, and proximity to the fracturing operations happening at the time. Therefore, an operational trial of ISDS was designed and carried out in two wells of a four-well pad to study the operational feasibility of getting the in-situ sand and filtering the sand to the required mesh size and to determine its impact on good deliverability. Additionally, the trial studied if the in-situ sand was required to be chemically treated to remove impurities. The trial was evaluated based on operational implementation analysis and production performance compared to the other two control wells stimulated with sand from standard operations.
Combining this trial with sandbox technology was decided to facilitate logistics and onsite sand transportation. The in-situ dune sand was sieved onsite, and half of that sand was chemically treated in a nearby facility. Fracturing operations were performed as per design with no complications concerning ISDS. Initial flowback data showed that ISDS wells had similar initial productivity indexes compared to offset standard wells, indicating that ISDS results in good fracture conductivity for the formation rock quality. Full utilization of ISDS may entail moving the sand processing facility to a centralized hub that cuts sand-transport commuting distance by 90%, reducing CO2 emissions in the supply chain of the project. It is expected to decrease sand costs by 30%, equivalent to 6% of the stimulation package cost.
This paper also provides guidance for the industry to explore the controlling properties of sand for fracturing operations. Significant cost savings for the project and some reduction in CO2 emissions could be achieved with ISDS implementation, which will positively impact field development economics.
Novel, Innovative Process to Improve Proppant Distribution and Improve Productivity in Hydraulically Fractured Unconventional Reservoir
Authors: Sierra Leopoldo , Eoff Larry , Palisch Terry 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn fracturing treatments performed in unconventional reservoirs, propping agents are normally placed in the generated fractures using low viscosity fracturing fluids and friction reducers. It is generally accepted that a majority of the propping agents settle closer to the wellbore due to the poor transport characteristics of these thin fluids, limiting the propped area to the near wellbore region. This preferential settling can leave a majority of the generated fracture unpropped, and can result in:Reduced effective fracture-reservoir contact Low productivity and recovery of the stimulated well or reservoir Generation of long un-propped fractures Inefficient usage of the carrying fluids and chemicalsExtensive lab testing was performed to demonstrate the impact of variable viscosity on proppant transport and deposition. Fluids were built that covered a range of realistic slickwater viscosities and were then run through a slot with various proppant types and loadings, to observe the changes in deposition. This included the novel process of changing the viscosity within the same test run to simulate changes during an individual treatment.The new process resulted in a substantially improved placement and distribution of typical conventional propping agents, including natural sand and ceramic proppant, and the effective placement of the proppants further away from the wellbore creating a longer propped and more conductive fracture.While designed for unconventional reservoir stimulations, the novel process can also be utilized in fracture stimulations of tight or conventional reservoirs, and results in:Assured connectivity between the fracture and wellbore Maximized propped fracture length and height Maximized reservoir contact Engineered placement of the proppant in fracture or complexity as required Reduced use of water to create a similar or longer propped fracture lengthConsidering the improved proppant distribution in many simulated cases, this paper will review the development of the new process, present the results, and show the benefits to the user.The new proposed process to improve proppant distribution will assure better productivity and higher hydrocarbon recovery factors in hydraulically fractured unconventional reservoirs. It will be beneficial for completions and reservoir engineers who wish to improve the drainage area and ultimate recovery in their assets.
Prognostic analysis of non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma in older patients undergoing intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Wang Shuangyue , Huang Heqing , Huang Fengqiao , Wu Haiyan , Li Zhiru , Zhou Ziyan , Kang Min 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Background: To explore a visual model for predicting the prognosis of older patients with non-metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and analyze survivals in different patient groups during intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
Methods: Between January 2012 and March 2021, we included patients with NPC aged > 65 years who received IMRT and were initially diagnosed with no distant metastases. Propensity score analysis with 1:1 matching was used to balance baseline characteristics, including age, sex, tumor stage, and comorbidities. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate the survivals. A Cox regression analysis was utilized to identify the independent prognostic factorsfor overall survival (OS). A nomogram was constructed based on the determined prognostic factors. The nomogram's prediction accuracy was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and calibration curves.
Results: In total, 140 patients were included in the analysis (median age 69 years [range: 66–81 years], median follow-up duration 84.9 months [range: 26.2–131.5 months]). The median follow-up was 84.9 (26.2–131.5) months. Compared with radiotherapy only, additional chemotherapy during radiotherapy failed to improve the OS (54.2% vs. 50.0%, respectively; P = 0.969), cancer-specific survival (60.7% vs. 60.3%, respectively; P = 0.876), distant metastasis-free survival (67.9% vs. 69.8%, respectively; P = 0.890), and locoregional relapse-free survival (92.4% vs. 90.3%, respectively; P = 0.734). After final regression analysis, age, age-adjusted Charlson comorbidity index score, N stage, and total stage were identified as independent factors affecting the prognosis of OS. The OS nomogram was applied. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) and calibration curves demonstrated satisfactory predictive performance of the nomogram.
Conclusions: Chemotherapy failed to improve patient survival. Our nomogram had good prognostic performance in predicting the OS of older patients with NPC and may benefit the clinical decision-making process.
Role of the tonsil–oropharynx ratio on lateral cephalograms in assessing tonsillar hypertrophy in children seeking orthodontic treatment
Authors: Lv Chenxing , Yang Liu , Ngan Peter , Xiao Wenjie , Zhao Tingting , Tang Bojun , Chen Xiong , He Hong 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Objectives: To analyze the diagnostic value of the tonsil–oropharynx (T/O) ratio on lateral cephalograms for evaluating tonsillar hypertrophy (TH).
Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 185 consecutive children (101 males, 84 females; mean age 7.3 ± 1.4 years) seeking orthodontic treatment. The T/O ratios on lateral cephalograms were calculated following Baroni et al.’s method. Tonsil sizes were clinically determined according to the Brodsky grading scale. Spearman correlation coefficients between the T/O ratio and clinical tonsil size were calculated with the total sample and subgroups and then compared between subgroups. Diagnostic value was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy.
Results: There was a strong correlation between the T/O ratio and clinical tonsil size in children (ρ=0.73; P < 0.001). A significantly higher correlation coefficient was found in the Class III children. The ROC curve revealed an area under the curve of 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86–0.94; P < 0.001). The optimal cutoff value of the T/O ratio for predicting TH was 0.58, with a sensitivity of 98.7% and specificity of 64.2%. Employing the cutoff value of 0.5, the sensitivity was 100% and the specificity was 45.9%.
Conclusions: Measurement of the T/O ratio on lateral cephalograms may be helpful to initial screening in children for TH. Practitioners may combine the clinical examination of tonsil size with the cephalometric findings for a more comprehensive evaluation.
The 'Supercompensation' effect of children's lockdown during COVID-19: based on the analysis of changes in physical activity, sleep and psychology
Authors: Li Yunong , Zhao Guanggao , Su Liqiang , Fu Jinmei , Sun Shunli , Chen Ruiming , Chen Delong , Hu Xuewen , Jiang Tianle , Shen Fanchao 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Objective: To investigate the "supercompensation" effect of preschoolers during COVID-19 lockdown by comparing the changes in physical activity (PA), psychological and sleep indicators before and after lockdown.
Methods: 127 children (aged 3-6 years) were recruited. Before and after the lockdown, the children's PA levels were measured using the ActiGraph GT3X+, and their psychological and sleep indicators were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and the Child Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) respectively.
Results: In terms of PA, the children's total physical activity (TPA), low-intensity physical activity(LPA) and medium-intensity physical activity (MVPA) were all higher after lock down than before lockdown, with significant differences in MVPA (p<0.05). In terms of psychology, the children's SDQ scores and multidimensional scores were better after lockdown than before lockdown, with a significant difference in SDQ scores (p<0.05). In terms of sleep, children's CSHQ scores were better after lockdown than before lockdown, with a highly significant difference in CSHQ scores (p<0.01).
Conclusion: After lockdown, children's PA, psychological and sleep effects were all "supercompensation". In particular, the PA of preschoolers before, during and after lockdown may show a "baseline-inhibition-supercompensation" process.
Health Lifestyles of Six Zhiguo Ethnic Groups in China: A Latent Class Analysis
Authors: Wu Kaiwen , Chen Jie , Xiao Yan , Yan Chaofang , Li Xiaoju , Huang Yuan , Deng Rui 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Background: Multiple health-related behaviors has been found to have a significant association with morbidity and life expectancy, highlighting the importance of adopting healthy lifestyles. Zhiguo ethnic groups, commonly known as “the directly-entering-socialism ethnic groups”, represent Chinese ethnic minorities who have undergone a unique social development trajectory by transforming directly from primitive societies to the socialist stage. In recent decades, significant lifestyle transformations have occurred among Zhiguo ethnic groups due to poverty alleviation efforts implemented by the Chinese government. Understanding their health lifestyles can play a strategic role in China's pursuit of universal health coverage. This study aims to examine patterns of health-related lifestyle in Zhiguo ethnic groups and explore whether sociodemographic features and specific indicators related to health status are associated with particular class.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Yunnan Province, China, from July to December 2022. Stratified random sampling method was employed to recruit residents belonging to six Zhiguo ethnic groups aged between 15 and 64. Latent class analysis was performed to identify clusters of health-related behaviors within each ethnic group. Logistic regression was utilized to determine the predictors of health lifestyles.
Results: A total of 1,588 individuals from the Zhiguo ethnic groups participated in this study. Three latent classes representing prevalent health lifestyles among the Zhiguo ethnic groups were identified, including "unhealthy lifestyle" (31.80%), "mixed lifestyle" (57.36%), and "healthy lifestyle" (10.83%). In the overall population, individuals belonging to the “unhealthy lifestyle” group exhibited a higher likelihood of being farmers (OR: 2.607, 95% CI: 1.537-4.421), males (OR: 20.833, 95% CI: 13.312-32.605) and those who had to travel more than 15 minutes on foot to reach the nearest health facility (OR: 2.032, 95% CI: 1.350-3.058).
Conclusions: A considerable proportion of the Zhiguo ethnic groups have not adapted healthy lifestyles. Targeted interventions aimed at improving health outcomes within the Zhiguo ethnic communities should prioritize addressing the clustering phenomenon of unfavorable health behaviors, with particular emphasis on male farmers, and expanding healthcare coverage for individuals residing more than 15 minutes away from accessible facilities.
Ameliorative effects of Sida acuta and vitamin C on serum DNA damage, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in roosters fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets
Authors: Olarotimi Olumuyiwa Joseph , Gbore Francis Ayodeji , Adu Olufemi Ademola , Oloruntola Olugbenga David , Jimoh Olatunji Abubakar 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The ameliorative effects of Sida acuta leave meal (SALM) and vitamin C on the serum pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as DNA damage to cocks fed aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contaminated diets were examined. The experiment was a completely randomized design with a total of 250 sexually mature Isa White cocks aged 24 weeks, randomly allotted into five experimental diets; each diet contained 5 replicates with 10 roosters. The diets were A (control), B (containing 1 mg/kg AFB1), C (B + 200 mg/kg vitamin C), D (B + 2.5 g/kg SALM) and E (B + 5.0 g/kg SALM). Fresh and clean water was also provided for the whole experimental period of twelve weeks. Inclusion of 1 mg/kg AFB1 without vitamin C or SALM increased TNF-α and IL-1β as well as 8-OHdG and NF-κB in the serum significantly (P < 0.05) among the cocks on diet B. However, the fortification of AFB1 contaminated diets with vitamin C and SALM depressed serum TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-OHdG and NF-κB concentrations of the cocks significantly (P < 0.05). Conversely, serum IL-4 and IL-10 in birds given 1 mg/kg AFB1 without vitamin C or SALM decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in comparison with the roosters on the control. However, improvements (P < 0.05) in IL-4 and IL-10 concentrations with corresponding reduction (P < 0.05) in TNF-α, IL-1β, 8-OHdG and NF-κB concentrations were recorded among cocks fed Diets C, D and E, respectively. Therefore, dietary addition of SALM at the level used in this study was beneficial and has comparable effects with inorganic antioxidant (C vitamin) by significantly reducing the inflammatory cytokines and oxidative damage biomarkers as well as enhancing the anti-inflammatory cytokines thereby promoting the health status of the cocks fed AFB1 contaminated ration.
Measuring employees’ perceptions of sustainability transitions at work – A novel survey method with findings from Finland
Authors: Moilanen Fanni , Toikka Arho 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Sustainability transitions have effects on working life, but there are no standardized measurement instruments for understanding employees’ views on their effects. This article presents a novel survey targeted at employees to gather information on employees’ perceptions of sustainability in their work. A survey was designed to gather information on all workers, regardless of the economic sector in which they work in, to broadly capture transition-relevant changes in working life. These include measuring the actions of both work organizations and employees to work in a more sustainable way. This paper presents the survey with findings from a nationally representative data collection taken in Finland. The topics include questions from work organizations’ sustainability actions to employees’ own sustainable actions. The results show the differences in organizations and individuals’ actions in working life. Large work organizations are most active, and there are differences between sectors. Individuals’ sustainable actions are more common among women and climate worried employees. The method provides evidence of employees’ views and actions in sustainability transitions and improves our holistic understanding of transitions in all sectors of the economy. In addition, the results provoke new questions for both policy and research on how to acknowledge differences between social groups in transitions and support them in delivering a just sustainability transition.
Camrelizumab, apatinib plus induction chemotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage N3 nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Xiang Yanqun , Liang Hu , Jiang Yao-Fei , Liu Guo-Ying , Wang Lin , Wang Jian-Wei , Lu Nian , Xia Wei-Xiong , Ke Liang-Ru , Ye Yanfang , Duan Jinling , Bei Wei-Xin , Dong Shu-Hui , Li Wang-Zhong , Liu Li-Ting , Zhao Chong , Xie Changqing 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Antiangiogenic agent apatinib has shown synergetic antitumoral efficacy in combination with camrelizumab in several solid tumors. Immunotherapy combination with standard treatment regimen was reported benefit in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), however, N3 patients did not show the benefit. In this phase II clinical trial (ChiCTR2000032317), 49 eligible patients with stage TanyN3M0 NPC were enrolled and received the combination of induction chemotherapy, camrelizumab and apatinib followed by chemoradiotherapy. After induction therapy, all patients had objective response, including 13 patients (26.5%) with complete response. After a median follow-up of 28.7 months, the primary endpoint of 1-year distant metastasis-free survival was met (98%, 95% confidence interval 88–100). The 2-year failure-free survival was 96%. Grade ≥ 3 toxicity appeared in 32 (65.3%) patients, with the most common being mucositis (14[28.6%]) and nausea/vomiting (9[18.4%]). Camrelizumab and apatinib in combination with induction chemotherapy shows promising distant metastasis control with acceptable safety profile in stage TanyN3M0 NPC.