bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short-Chain Fatty Acids—A Product of the Microbiome and Its Participation in Two-Way Communication on the Microbiome-Host Mammal Line
Authors: Lange Oliwia , Proczko-Stepaniak Monika , Mika Adriana 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Purpose of Review

The review aims to describe short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as metabolites of bacteria, their complex influence on whole-body metabolism, and alterations in the SCFA profile in obesity and after bariatric surgery (BS).

Recent Findings

The fecal profile of SCFAs in obese patients differs from that of lean patients, as well as their gut microbiota composition. In obese patients, a lower diversity of bacteria is observed, as well as higher concentrations of SCFAs in stool samples. Obesity is now considered a global epidemic and bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective treatment for severe obesity. BS affects the structure and functioning of the digestive system, and also alters gut microbiota and the concentration of fecal SCFAs. Generally, after BS, SCFA levels are lower but levels of branched short-chain fatty acids (BSCFAs) are elevated, the effect of which is not fully understood. Moreover, changes in the profile of circulating SCFAs are little known and this is an area for further research.

Summary

Obesity seems to be inherently associated with changes in the SCFA profile. It is necessary to better understand the impact of BS on microbiota and the metabolome in both feces and blood as only a small percentage of SCFAs are excreted. Further research may allow the development of a personalized therapeutic approach to the BS patient in terms of diet and prebiotic intervention.
Manufacturing of individualized sensors: Integration of conductive elements in additively manufactured PBT parts and qualification of functional sensors
Authors: Granse Tobias , Pfeffer Stefan , Springer Patrick , Refle Oliver , Leitl Simon , Neff Martin , Duffner Eberhard , Dorneich Albert , Fritton Markus 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe growing variety of product variants requires smaller and more complex parts with increasing functionality. Additively manufactured parts with integrated, freely arranged standard electrical components would allow application-specific design and high integration density. Such systems can be used as proximity sensors for industrial applications, acoustic sensors for hearing aids, or ultrasonic sensors for food inspection, as well as integrated analog-to-digital converters for standard sensors or wear detection sensors in tools. Preliminary studies have shown that a hybrid manufacturing process can be used to additively manufacture such geometrically individualized sensors. In the approach chosen here, standard electrical components are integrated into housings produced using the ARBURG Plastic Freeforming (APF) process. The housing material used is a PBT granulate, which is a standard material in the electronics industry. The integrated electrical components are electrically connected using a silver conductive paste and are generated using a jet dispensing valve. Based on the hybrid manufacturing process, it is possible to produce geometrically customizable industrial proximity sensors in one production step. In this publication, various connection options were investigated and design guidelines for the microdispensing of silver paste were derived. In addition, twelve functional sensors were manufactured and subjected to three industrial standard quality tests. Five out of six passed the temperature shock test, three out of four passed the humidity-heat test, and two out of two passed the vibration and shock test. Thus, the proof of concept was principally provided that the investigated connection options are suitable to produce individualized electronic sensors.
Biochar application significantly increases soil organic carbon under conservation tillage: an 11-year field experiment
Authors: Ding Xinyu , Li Guitong , Zhao Xiaorong , Lin Qimei , Wang Xiang 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBiochar application and conservation tillage are significant for long-term organic carbon (OC) sequestration in soil and enhancing crop yields, however, their effects on native soil organic carbon (native SOC) without biochar carbon sequestration in situ remain largely unknown. Here, an 11-year field experiment was carried out to examine different biochar application rates (0, 30, 60, and 90 Mg ha−1) on native SOC pools (native labile SOC pool I and II, and native recalcitrant SOC) and microbial activities in calcareous soil across an entire winter wheat–maize rotation. The proportions of C3 and C4-derived native SOC mineralization were quantified using soil basal respiration (SBR) combined with 13C natural isotope abundance measurements. The results showed that 39–51% of the biochar remained in the top 30 cm after 11 years. Biochar application rates significantly increased native SOC and native recalcitrant SOC contents but decreased the proportion of native labile SOC [native labile SOC pool I and II, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC)]. Biochar application tended to increase the indicators of microbial activities associated with SOC degradation, such as SBR, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activity, and metabolic quotient (qCO2). Meanwhile, higher biochar application rates (B60 and B90) significantly increased the C4-derived CO2 proportion of the SBR and enhanced C4-derived native SOC mineralization. The effect of the biochar application rate on the content and proportion of native SOC fractions occurred in the 0–15 cm layer, however, there were no significant differences at 15–30 cm. Soil depth also significantly increased native labile SOC pool I and II contents and decreased qCO2. In conclusion, the biochar application rate significantly increased native SOC accumulation in calcareous soil by enhancing the proportion of native recalcitrant SOC, and biochar application and soil depth collectively influenced the seasonal turnover of native SOC fractions, which has important implications for long-term agricultural soil organic carbon sequestration.
Graphical Abstract
Comparison of Regulations for Arsenic and Heavy Metals in Herbal Medicines Using Pharmacopoeias of Nine Counties/Regions
Authors: Inada Isa , Kiuchi Fumiyuki , Urushihara Hisashi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Introduction
Standardization is an import factor in ensuring the safety, efficacy, and quality of herbal medicines, and facilitates their international commerce. Heavy metal poisoning due to herbal medicines has been reported in many countries. Here, to better understand the current state of harmonization, we compared regulations for arsenic and heavy metals in herbal medicines across seven countries and two regions with two international standards.

Methods
We studied the monographs of herbal medicines of seven countries and two regions, as well as the WHO guidelines and ISO standards. We then compared the limits and test methods adopted for elemental impurities in herbal medicines listed in the monographs and standards among countries.

Results
The number of herbal medicines assessed amounted to over 2000. Limits and test methods adopted for elemental impurities in herbal medicines varied by country/region and organization. Although WHO recommends a uniform upper limit for lead and cadmium for all herbal medicines, some countries set unique upper limits for individual herbal medicines. ISO 18664:2015 lists only instrumental analysis methods, whereas Japan and India list only chemical methods.

Conclusions
Many countries do not adhere to the WHO or ISO recommendations on elemental impurities in herbal medicines. These findings suggest the presence of differences in regulations for herbal medicines among countries/regions, likely rooted in cultural differences and policies aimed at maintaining the diversity of herbal medicines. Regulatory convergence by “loose harmonization” to internationally agreed standards appears a feasible option to maintain diversity and safety, and promote international trade in herbal medicines.
Evolution of the microstructure and mechanical properties of Sanicro 25 austenitic stainless steel after long-term ageing
Authors: Sroka M. , Zieliński A. , Golański G. , Pawlyta M. , Purzyńska H. , Novy F. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A newly developed heat-resistant austenitic steel, Sanicro 25 is currently considered the leading candidate material for an advanced ultra-supercritical installation. The test material was subjected to long-term ageing (up to 30,000 h) at 700 and 750 °C, after which investigations into the microstructure, identification of precipitates, and testing of mechanical properties were conducted. Sanicro 25 had an austenitic microstructure with annealed twins and numerous large primary NbX and Z-phase precipitates in the as-received condition. It was found that the long-term ageing of the steel resulted in numerous precipitation processes. For example, M23C6 carbides, Laves, σ and G phases occurred at the grain boundaries. However, Z-phase precipitates, ε_Cu particles, and Laves phase were observed inside the grains. At the same time, compound complexes of precipitates based on the primary Z-phase precipitates were revealed in the microstructure. The ageing process increased the particle size of M23C6 carbides and the σ phase. After longer ageing times, a precipitate-free zone (PFZ) near the grain boundaries was observed. The precipitation processes initially lead to an increase in the strength properties of the steel. However, after 5000 h, an over-ageing effect was observed at 750 °C, which was not observed at 700 °C.
A scaling methodology for high-power magnetically shielded Hall thrusters
Authors: Giammarinaro Guido , Marconcini Francesco , Becatti Giulia , Saravia Manuel M. , Andrenucci Mariano , Paganucci Fabrizio 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe past two decades have seen an increasing interest in Hall thrusters in space propulsion, thanks to their favorable performance characteristics with respect to a wide variety of missions of current and future interest and to the significant extension in operational life potential achievable with magnetic shielding. Nevertheless, the physics underlying their behavior is complex and not yet fully understood, limiting the practical applications of models based on first principles due to their inability to self-consistently predict the device performance. Fortunately, modern Hall thrusters were developed through a lengthy process of gradual refinement, and thus they represent convenient reference devices to design new thrusters using appropriately defined scaling criteria. The objective of this work is to propose a new scaling methodology, especially intended for magnetically shielded high-power Hall thrusters. To this purpose, a novel phenomenological model for shielded thrusters is presented and discussed. This model includes free coefficients, whose values are chosen based on the agreement with the empirical data collected in a specially created high-power Hall thruster database. The proposed methodology features a new reference thruster and aims at keeping unchanged its main plasma intensive parameters in a scaling transformation. The possibility of creating performance maps at constant discharge power, which show how the scaling results vary with the channel dimensions, is also proposed as a preliminary design tool.
Behavioural effects of noise on Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) in a walk-through enclosure
Authors: de Abreu Rezende Yuri Garcia , Queiroz Marina Bonde , Young Robert John , da Silva Vasconcellos Angélica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Anthropogenic noise has been related to stress in captive animals; despite this there have been few studies on animal welfare assessment in walk-through zoo enclosures. We aimed to investigate the behavioural effects of noise on a male-female pair of two-toed sloths (Choloepus didactylus), housed in a walk-through enclosure in a zoo in the UK. The animals were filmed for 24 h per day, during three days per week, including days with potential low and high flow of visitors, for three weeks. Sound pressure measurement was performed four times each collection day (twice in the morning, once at noon and once in the afternoon), for 15 min per session, using a sound level meter. The number of visitors passing the enclosure during each session was also recorded. The videos were analysed using focal sampling, with continuous recording of behaviour. Correlations between noise and the behaviours expressed during, and in the 24 h after the acoustic recording, were investigated. The number of visitors correlated with the acoustic parameters. At the moment of exposure, higher levels of noise correlated with decreased inactivity, and longer expression of locomotion and maintenance behaviours for the male; the female spent more time inside a box in these moments. During the 24 h hours after exposure to loud noise, the female showed no behavioural changes while the male tended to reduce foraging. The behavioural changes observed in both individuals have already been reported in other species, in response to stressful events. Our study indicates the need for a good acoustic management in walk-through zoo enclosures where sloths are housed.
Barriers and Gaps in Effective Health Communication at Both Public Health and Healthcare Delivery Levels During Epidemics and Pandemics; Systematic Review
Authors: Bauder Leah , Giangobbe Katrina , Asgary Ramin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract

Objective:
To assess gaps and barriers to effective health communication during epidemics, pandemics, and mass health emergencies.

Methods:
A systematic literature review was conducted in PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Maryland, USA), SCOPUS (Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands), Cochrane (Cochrane, London, UK), and grey literature between 2000 to 2020.

Results:
16043 of 16535 identified citations were eliminated through title/ abstracts screening, 437 through full-text review and 55 articles were assessed qualitatively. Key barriers to effective health communication included misinformation, distrust, limited collaboration, and messaging inconsistency. Lack of information/ research was not the primary challenge. Major gaps were in mass and social media strategies, characteristics of messages, sociocultural contexts, digital communication, rapid response, providers’ attitude and perception, and information source characteristics. Health messaging should be adaptable to information outlets and tailored for the most vulnerable. Denigration of individuals with inaccurate beliefs increases misinformation and baseline knowledge differences and fears should be addressed without polarization. Involving frontline providers in health communication strategies is crucial.

Conclusions:
Primary reason for misinformation is the failure of health sector to convincingly convey accurate information. With input from all stakeholders, especially trusted members of communities and providers, health communication should include reinvestment in methods, multidimensional and multidisciplinary approaches, consistent frameworks, improved social media usage, clear, simple, and targeted messaging, and addressing systematic disinformation and misinformation with intention.
The Power of Language and the Language of Power: Sociolinguistic Methods and Social Histories of Language and Political Power in Mobutu’s Congo-Zaire (1965–1997)
Authors: Castillo Joshua 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis article argues for the potential of sociolinguistic methods to write post-colonial African history using a case study of the Mobutu regime’s use of Lingala as its language of power (langue du pouvoir) in order to rule Congo-Zaire. Oral history interviews conducted in DRC from 2019 to 2021, corroborated by sociolinguistic and political science analyses from the period under study, reveal how the Mobutu regime’s use of Lingala contributed to the privatization of the Zairian state, and the fracturing of Zairian society, but also the strengthening of Zairian and later Congolese national identity.
Laboring Lives: New Approaches to Biography and Labor History in Latin America
Authors: Drinot Paulo 
Published: May 2023

AbstractUntil recently, historians, including labor historians, tended to view biography as an inferior genre of historical writing. This has started to change, as biography moves away from its narrow focus on “great men.” Historians increasingly see it as a way to explore, as Marx famously suggested, how men make their own history albeit not under circumstances of their choosing. This essay examines recent biographies of three of the most important labor leaders in Latin America: Chile's Luis Emilio Recabarren, Mexico's Vícente Lombardo Toledano, and Brazil's Lula. Although they approach the study of the interplay of the personal and the political in different ways, all three studies provide strong evidence that biography has an important role to play in sharpening our understanding of the history of labor.
Abstract rationality: the ‘logical’ structure of attitudes
Authors: Dietrich Franz , Staras Antonios , Sugden Robert 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe present an abstract model of rationality that focuses on structural properties of attitudes. Rationality requires coherence between your attitudes, such as your beliefs, values and intentions. We define three ‘logical’ conditions on attitudes: consistency, completeness and closedness. They parallel the familiar logical conditions on beliefs, but contrast with standard rationality conditions such as preference transitivity. We establish a formal correspondence between our logical conditions and standard rationality conditions. Addressing John Broome’s programme ‘rationality through reasoning’, we formally characterize how you can (not) become more logical by reasoning. Our analysis connects rationality with logic, and enables logical talk about multi-attitude psychology.
Analysis and Discussion on Ellipsoidal and virtual sphere models used for transverse arrangement INS
Authors: Wen Zhe , Bian Hongwei , Ma Heng , Wang Rongying 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTransverse arrangement is one of the main methods used in the polar inertial navigation system (INS). In the traditional algorithm, the calculation of using the earth ellipsoid model is complex, while using the earth sphere model cannot satisfy a high-accuracy application. Therefore, an approach based on the virtual sphere model is proposed, which has been proved in simulation experiments to reduce the computational complexity and maintain the same accuracy as the ellipsoid algorithm, but its accuracy has not yet been proved in theory. Starting from the basic principles of the ellipsoid and virtual sphere model algorithm, this paper compares the key formulations of the two. Finally, it is proved that the two arrangements are actually the same.
DISTRIBUTION OF FROBENIUS ELEMENTS IN FAMILIES OF GALOIS EXTENSIONS
Authors: Fiorilli Daniel , Jouve Florent 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGiven a Galois extension
$L/K$
of number fields, we describe fine distribution properties of Frobenius elements via invariants from representations of finite Galois groups and ramification theory. We exhibit explicit families of extensions in which we evaluate these invariants and deduce a detailed understanding and a precise description of the possible asymmetries. We establish a general bound on the generic fluctuations of the error term in the Chebotarev density theorem, which under GRH is sharper than the Murty–Murty–Saradha and Bellaïche refinements of the Lagarias–Odlyzko and Serre bounds, and which we believe is best possible (assuming simplicity, it is of the quality of Montgomery’s conjecture on primes in arithmetic progressions). Under GRH and a hypothesis on the multiplicities of zeros up to a certain height, we show that in certain families, these fluctuations are dominated by a constant lower order term. As an application of our ideas, we refine and generalize results of K. Murty and of Bellaïche, and we answer a question of Ng. In particular, in the case where
$L/{\mathbb {Q}}$
is Galois and supersolvable, we prove a strong form of a conjecture of K. Murty on the unramified prime ideal of least norm in a given Frobenius set. The tools we use include the Rubinstein–Sarnak machinery based on limiting distributions and a blend of algebraic, analytic, representation theoretic, probabilistic and combinatorial techniques.
A critical review of on-farm food loss and waste: future research and policy recommendations
Authors: O'Connor Jessica , Skeaff Sheila , Bremer Phil , Lucci Gina , Mirosa Miranda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
On-farm food loss and waste is estimated to be 16% of the total agricultural-related greenhouse gas emissions globally, and reductions in these emissions have the potential to make a significant impact on climate change. There is a plethora of research being undertaken in this area across countries, food supply chains and stakeholders. However, differences in definitions, quantification methods, understanding of drivers and proposed solutions can be difficult to navigate. This narrative review provides a critical overview of the current research landscape of on-farm food loss and waste. The review has two objectives. Firstly, it provides a stock-take of on-farm food loss and waste definitions, quantification methods, causes and management options. Secondly, it provides researchers, policy makers and industry stakeholders with recommendations on opportunities to be pursued.
Statistical Survey of Magnetic Forces Associated With Earthward Bursty Bulk Flows Measured by MMS 2017–2021
Authors: Pitkänen T. , Chong G. S. , Hamrin M. , Kullen A. , Karlsson T. , Park J.‐S. , Nowada M. , Yao S. T. , Degeling A. W. , Tian A. M. , Shi Q. Q. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe investigate the magnetic forces (the magnetic pressure gradient force, the curvature force, and their sum the j × B‐force) associated with earthward bursty bulk flows (BBFs) using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) data from five tail seasons (2017–2021). For the first time, the magnetic forces are inferred downtail of XGSM = −20 RE and in the GSM XY and YZ planes. The results suggest that BBFs tend to be accelerated earthward by the magnetic pressure gradient force tailward of ∼19 RE and decelerated closer to that distance in the 2017–2018 data. The force magnitudes increase with distance. This is in accordance with earlier Cluster results. In the 2019–2021 data, the pressure gradient force magnitudes are generally smaller and no clear distance for the acceleration reversal can be determined. The curvature forces for both 2017–2018 and 2019–2021 BBFs indicate earthward acceleration independent of distance, consistent with the Cluster measurements. The sum, the j × B‐force, suggests for the 2017–2018 BBFs earthward acceleration tailward of XGSM ∼15 RE and deceleration within that distance, also consistent with Cluster. In contrast, the 2019–2021 BBFs show general earthward acceleration by j × B independent of distance. In the GSM XY plane, the average (j × B)xy vectors are earthward, and in the premidnight and postmidnight dawnward for the 2017–2018 BBFs. For 2019–2021, the average (j × B)xy vectors have components toward the tail center. In the GSM YZ plane, the average (j × B)yz vectors are toward the neutral sheet.