bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccinations to Optimize Reproductive Efficiency
Authors: Cortese Victor S. 
Published: February 2023

Do current vaccines aid in reproductive performance? Can we establish a vaccination program that can help prevent reproductive loss from diseases? During gestation, the bovine reproductive system, with its multi-layered placenta, leaves the fetus in a naive environment susceptible to infection. Abortions may occur due to infection of the placenta, inflammation of the ovary, death of the fetus and/or disruption of the cervical plug. Thus, reproductive disease is the hardest to protect against. Vaccination must minimize the amount/duration of the viremia/septicemia or prevent disease from moving through the cervix.
Research is under way on reproductive diseases and vaccine development. Current research is aimed at establishing a vaccination program to control reproductive diseases. Unfortunately, there is little or no research regarding the reproductive efficacy of many vaccines currently used to prevent reproductive disease. Due to the numerous causes of reproductive failures (of which infectious agents are a small percentage), vaccinations to prevent infectious reproductive losses many not appear to be effective. This is often due to the fact that diagnostic testing has not been attempted or has not determined the cause of reproductive inefficiencies. A vaccination program may be inappropriately instituted when the cause is not infectious, or the current program may be unfairly deemed ineffective.
Since there are many infectious and non-infectious causes of bovine reproductive failure, only diseases for which there are licensed United States Department of Agriculture vaccines will be discussed.
Claw Amputation... It's a Wrap!
Authors: Johnson Craig A. 
Published: February 2023

Claw amputation in the bovine provides quick relief of pain in the case of an infected coffin joint. Compared to facilitated ankylosis, claw amputation has the advantage of quicker return to potential production. Except for intramuscular antibiotics, the postoperative care can be eliminated with the use of a pine tar wrap.
My practice began using a pine tar wrap on claw amputations in an effort to avoid the costly follow-up visits every three days to re-wrap. We also wanted an impervious bandage to protect the wound when the cow stood in several inches of liquid manure.
Use of Ultrasound to Determine the Prognosis of Obstructed Teats
Authors: Dobson H. , Stark D. A. 
Published: February 2023

When teat abnormalities occur in dairy cattle, the therapeutic choices vary from "do nothing" to invasive surgery (thelotomy and implant). In many cases, the prognosis is considered poor. It would be useful to have a cowside method of evaluating the abnormality and predicting the outcome. Radiography is the standard method but is cumbersome as a cow-side tool. This study considers the potential of ultrasound as a practical alternative.
Ducharme, et al classified teat abnormalities based on palpation, the passing of a blunt cannula and radiography.1 A prospective study involving 51 cows treated surgically concluded that Type I (focal teat cistern lesions that involved less than 30% of the mucosal surface of the teat cistern) and Type V (lesions leading to milk loss through abnormal routes such as lacerations, webbed teats and fistulae) had the best short and long-term prognosis for lactation.2 We hypothesize that ultrasound will identify those lesions which have a good prognosis.
Cow-Side Milktests for Subclinical Ketosis
Authors: Geishauser T. , Leslie K. , Duffield T. , Kelton D. 
Published: February 2023

The objective of this article is to report on the evaluation of cow-side ketosis-tests used with milk to detect subclinical ketosis. Our findings indicate that Pink Milk® and Ketolac® BHB are highly sensitive and specific tests for subclinical ketosis when used with milk. Other tests such as Ketocheck™, Utrecht, Bioketone, Ketostix®, Rapignost®, Uriscan™, Ketur®, Medi, and Azetonreagenz were poorly sensitive but highly specific for subclinical ketosis. Hence, Pink Milk® and Ketolac® BHB may be useful to monitor cows for subclinical ketosis on a regular basis.
Cows with subclinical ketosis produced one to four liters milk less daily (Dohoo and Martin 1984, Duffield 1997). The interval from calving to first service was longer, they needed more services to conceive (Wenninger and Distl 1994), and they were at increased risk of developing cystic ovaries (Gustafsson and Emanuelson 1996), clinical ketosis and displaced abomasum (Duffield 1997, Geishauser et al. 1998b). About 90% of the subclinical ketosis cases were diagnosed within the first two months after calving, and the prevalence of ketosis peaked in the second or third week after calving. Between 10% and 30% of fresh cows already had subclinical ketosis in the first week after calving (Dohoo and Martin 1984, Duffield 1997, Francos et al. 1997). However, losses due to subclinical ketosis can be minimized by early detection and treatment of cows affected (Girschewski et al. 1977).
Use of Flunixin Meglumine as Adjunct Therapy for Bovine Respiratory Disease in Stocker Cattle
Authors: Hellwig D. H. , Kegley E. B. , Johnson Z. , Morris J. , Hunsaker B. 
Published: February 2023

Ninety-six stocker calves were purchased from several sale barns in central Arkansas and delivered as a group to the University of Arkansas Beef Cattle Research Facility in Savoy. Processing was done within 24 hours and serum was collected for baseline determination of a-glycoprotein and haptoglobin. The calves were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 1 of 16, 1.1- acre grass lots, with 6 calves per lot.
Calves pulled for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) from group 1 were treated with flunixin meglumine1 at 2.2 mg/kg body weight, IV and tilmicosin4 at 10 mg/kg, SC when first pulled. Calves from group 2 were treated with tilmicosin at 10 mg/kg, SC without non-steroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAID) therapy. Blood was collected each time an animal was treated for BRD, as well as 48 hours after treatment. Serum was used to determine aglycoprotein and haptoglobin levels using agar gel immunodiffusion5 (AGID).
Clinical Effect of Local Antibiotic Treatment of Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Detection of Spirochetes by Means of PCR
Authors: Dreher M. , Döpfer D. , Mumba T. , Ames K. , Sears P. , Wadell M. , Zwaagstra C. , Plas M. 
Published: February 2023

The etiology of digital dermatitis (DD) remains to be fully understood. The disease has been associated with the presence of anaerobic bacteria, though, which most likely are spirochetes (Walker et al., 1997).
The purpose of the study was to monitor the clinical healing process and the recurrence of lesions after topic antibiotic spray treatment. The presence of spirochetes in superficial wound smears taken during the course of the disease was monitored by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Plasma and Urine Biochemical Profiles in Grazing Holstein-Friesian First Calf Heifers
Authors: Medina-Cruz Mario , Bouda Jan , Paasch-Martínez Leopoldo 
Published: February 2023

The metabolic changes are characterized initially by biochemical alterations in the body fluids (blood, urine, ruminal fluid) and thereafter by reductions in the quantity and quality of milk production, susceptibility to diseases, infertility and increases in morbidity and mortality in calves. Metabolic profiles can be used as monitoring methods for the diagnosis and prevention of subclinical metabolic diseases, for investigation of herd health problems or suboptimal herd performance and for the diagnosis of nutritional deficiencies.3,5,14
The objectives of this research were to determine the dynamics of biochemical parameters in plasma and urine in Holstein-Friesian first-calf heifers.
How Much Is That Heifer Worth?
Authors: Hughes Harlan 
Published: February 2023

My decade of analyzing Integrated Resource Management (IRM) cooperator beef cow herds suggests that heifer retention and replacement strategies have a large impact on long-run profits. What seems to separate profitable beef cow herds from less profitable herds is what is done with the females in the herd and when it is done. Financial problems are frequently exacerbated when replacement heifers are retained at an improper time during the cattle cycle.
The beef cattle cycle typically leads to cash flow "booms" during high-priced times and cash flow "busts' during low-priced times. The beef cattle cycle, its resulting beef price cycle, and resource costs are the three most important factors affecting the long-run profitability and sustainability of today's beef cow producers. The timing of herd expansion, and the buying and selling of females, seem to be particularly critical to the long-run profitability of a beef cow herd. This paper presents a procedure for determining the economic value of a bred heifer at any point in the cattle cycle.
Increased Risk of Non-pregnancy Associated with Neospora caninum Infection in Western Canadian Beef Herds
Authors: Waldner C. L. , Cunningham G. L. , Janzen E. D. , Campbell J. R. , Henderson J. 
Published: February 2023

The first study examined long-term impact of a N. caninum-associated abortion outbreak in a large northern Alberta cow-calf herd.
Blood samples were collected three times from all bred females and from heifer calves born the spring before the outbreak (average age 7-9 months). These blood samples were collected (1) at the time of the outbreak, (2) the following spring, and (3) again the subsequent fall.
Developing Responsible Use of Antibiotics Protocols
Authors: Lawrence Keith 
Published: February 2023

The emergence of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) in Europe and its association with a human disease, variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD), has had a profound effect on the psyche of consumers, politicians and regulators. This has been reinforced by thestream of food scares from E.coli 0:157 H:7 to quinolone-resistant Salmonella and PCB contamination in Belgian animal feeds. The result has been an intense interest in the food chain, concentrating on food production methods. Everything that has been seen as accepted practice in the past is now open to challenge. Even the professions are having to justify and defend what they are doing.
Clear evidence of this change in approach within the European Union (EU) has been the ban of hormone growth promoters, beta-agonists, bovine somatotrophin (BST), Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and more recently a group of antibiotic growth promoters that were related to human medicines. There has also been an increasing emphasis on seeking to attach blame for antibiotic resistance in hospitals and the community on the veterinary and zootechnical usage of antibiotics. This has triggered an increasing interest in how antibiotics are used on farms and attempts to measure the quantities used in agriculture. Out of this has arisen a move to promote the 'responsible' use of medicines, which is evident in either the development offormularies or responsible use guidelines.
What I've Learned about Veterinary Medicine Since Becoming a Dairyman
Authors: Guterbock Walter M. 
Published: February 2023

About 20 years after graduating from veterinary school, and after a career in clinical practice, teaching, dairy management, and consulting work, I became managing partner of a dairy farm in Michigan in December 1998. There have been many challenges, but it has on the whole been an interesting and rewarding experience. The experience has intensified some insights into the role of veterinarians on large dairy farms that had slowly been emerging from my previous work as a consultant and dairy manager for the family enterprises of my partners.
The dairy industry is consolidating. Co-ops and processors continue to merge and get bigger. Traditional farms, where family members provided most of the labor, are going out of business as larger producers continue to expand. While the traditional smaller dairy farms will be with us for many years to come, more and more of the nation's milk will be provided by large producers who must use hired labor.
Bovine Mycoplasmosis
Authors: Rosenbusch Ricardo F. 
Published: February 2023

Mycoplasmal diseases remain among the most intractable infectious diseases of cattle. Difficulties in diagnosis, poor response to treatment, few preventive measures and increased incidence have converted these diseases into a new frontier for the bovine practitioner. On this frontier, unknown factors and scarce resources create conditions of great danger, and perhaps also opportunity. A regional context is in order. In Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and parts of southwestern Europe contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides continues to be a problem. Rapidly spreading into new regions, or to regions previously cleared of this disease, the disease represents a continuing world-wide threat.8 Introductions of this endemic disease into North America via infected bovidae have been prevented by prolonged quarantine observations.
In the United States several diseases of bovines that are caused by mycoplasmas can be recognized. Feedlot pneumonia, arthritis, and mycoplasmal mastitis are diseases that can cause severe losses at this time. Pneumonia, arthritis and otitis of young diary calves can also be significant. Some mycoplasmas can play a significant role in enzootic pneumonia of dairy or beef calves. Finally, some diseases of minor importance have been recognized, such as ulcerative vulvovaginitis, ureaplasmal infertility and bovine mycoplasmal conjunctivitis. This paper will only provide an overview of the major bovine mycoplasmal diseases of North America.
Marketing Veterinary Services to Small Beef Producers
Authors: Hilton W. Mark 
Published: February 2023

I was in a three person mixed practice in DeWitt, Iowa for fifteen years and we were able to increase our revenue by 90% in the beef cow-calf portion of our practice from 1988 (start of Total Beef Herd Health Program) to 1997. I am quite certain that you can also increase your revenue by initiating some new cow-calf beef programs in your practice.
The beef cow-calf enterprise has critical success factors, and you need to be involved in enhancing the probability of success in these critical success factors.
Various studies show that the critical success factors include:6,71. Knowing your cost to produce 100 lb of beef.
2. Becoming a low-cost, high-profit producer.
3. Reducing feed cost for the cow herd.
4. Learning to optimize vs. maximize. Adding an extra pound of weaning weight is not always cost-effective.
5. Learning that herd improvement does not come from doing one thing 100% better, but from doing 100 things 1% better.
As we look at the entire beef cow-calf enterprise, we can divide it into the following segments:• Herd Health• Fertility• Nutrition• Genetics• Environment• Records• MarketingWhile you as a practitioner surely don't need to be an authority in all these areas, if you want to enhance your business, you should find your areas of expertise and work in these areas.5
Homoeopathic Remedies in the Treatment of Mastitis
Authors: Mueller K. 
Published: February 2023

There is an increasing demand for organic produce worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the organic food sector shows a growth in retail sale values of approximately 40% per year. Currently, there are about 150 organic dairy farms, with organic milk production predicted to reach 150 million litres in 2003.2 Mastitis affects organically managed cattle to the same degree as conventionally farmed cows, and has been identified as a major concern in organic dairy herds.1 Use of antibiotics for the treatment of sick animals is allowed under organic regulations, but milk and meat withholding periods are extended. In addition, the routine or continued use of antibiotics is prohibited.
Homoeopathy was found to be the main alternative to antibiotics for mastitis treatment in the Hovi and Roderick1 study. However, existing data on the efficacy of alternative therapies is deficient. The current study at Cambridge University aims to establish the efficacy of a commonly used homoeopathic remedy for the treatment of clinical mastitis by comparing it with intramammary antibiotic therapy.
Evaluation of the ImmunoCardSTAT Rotavirus Assay For On-site Detection of Bovine Rotavirus
Authors: Maes Roger , Grooms Dan , Ciesicki Valerie , Han Cunqin , Wise Annabel 
Published: February 2023

Diarrhea is the most important disease in neonatal dairy and beef calves. Significant economic loss occurs due to increased morbidity and mortality, treatment costs and reduced growth rates. Rotaviruses usually cause diarrhea during the first three weeks of life. Clinical signs can be quite variable and are similar to those caused by other neonatal bovine enteropathogens such as corona virus and Eschericia coli.
Diagnosis of rotavirus in calves is based on the identification of viral particles, antigens or nucleic acids in feces. Tests include direct or immune electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, antigen capture enzyme- linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), latex agglutination and polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). All of these tests are useful for diagnosing rotavirus infections, but in general are relegated to use by diagnostic laboratories. Development of an on-site diagnostic assay for bovine rota virus would be a useful tool for veterinarians and cattle producers in making management decisions regarding neonatal bovine diarrhea.
The ImmunoCardSTAT Rotavirus (ICS-RV) Assay (Meridian Diagnostics, Cincinnati, OH) is a patient-side assay designed to detect group A rotavirus in humans. This assay is based upon rapid immunomigration (RIM) technology. This technology allows for packaging of all reagents into a single-step assay that can then be used patient-side (similar to a "home pregnancy test"). The objective of this study was to evaluate the ICS-RV assay's usefulness as an on-site diagnostic test for bovine rotavirus.
Impact of Treatment with Monensin Controlled-release Capsule on Blood Biochemical Constituents
Authors: Cécyre Dominique , DesCôteaux Luc , Brodeur Marcel , Tremblay Armand V. 
Published: February 2023

In the context of a large, post-approval randomized clinical trial on Rumensin CRC®, blood samples were collected to determine the impact of treatment on different blood constituents of lactating dairy cows. This study was performed on 730 cows from 38 Quebec herds. Cows were randomly assigned to receive a Rumensin CRC capsule (n=354) or a placebo capsule (n=376) between two and four weeks before the expected calving date. Two blood samples were taken for each cow: once between two and four weeks postpartum and again between six and eight weeks postpartum. Blood analyses were performed on serum for the following biochemical constituents: glucose, urea, total protein, albumin, GGT, AST, potassium, inorganic phosphorus, calcium, Na, Cl, total CO2, Mg, cholesterol and B-hydroxybutyrate (BHB).
Herd means for serum BHB were calculated from the first blood samples taken from the placebo cows. Those means were ranked, and three groups of risk for ketosis were created based on quartiles. For the low-risk-for-ketosis (LRK) herds, herd BHB mean was in the first quartile; for the medium-risk-for-ketosis (MRK) herds, between the first and third quartile; and for the high-risk-for-ketosis (HRK) herds, in the fourth quartile. A linear mixed-effect model (proc mixed in SAS) was applied to assess the effect of treatment on each biochemical constituent. Herd was entered in all models as a random variable and the following variables were included in the models to control for their fixed effects: treatment, biochemistry number, herd risk for ketosis, cow's level of production, herd's level of production, type of feeding, group of lactation and body condition. Interactions of each fixed variable with treatment were also verified. Tests for BHB were performed on log transformation.
Effect if an Orally Administered Antacid Agent Containing Mg(OH)₂ and Al(OH)₃ on Abomasal pH in Milk-fed Calves
Authors: Ahmed A. F. , Constable P. D. , Misk N. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abomasal ulceration occurs commonly in milk-fed calves and adult cattle, and severe ulceration can result in abomasal perforation, peritonitis and death. An important therapeutic goal in treating gastric ulceration in monogastric animals is maintaining gastric pH >3.5 by administering oral antacid agents, proton pump inhibitors, or histamine H2-receptor antagonists. Because the efficacy of oral antacid agents in increasing abomasal pH is unknown in cattle, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a widely available oral antacid agent (Extra-strength Maalox®) on abomasal pH in calves. This antacid contains 90 mg of Mg(OH)2 and 100 mg of Al(OH)3 per mL, and the antacid increases gastric pH through the following chemical reactions:Mg(OH)2 + 2H+ ⇒ Mg2+ + 2H2OAl(OH)3 + 3H+ ⇒ AI3+ + 3H2O
Purportedly, Mg(OH)2 / Al(OH)3 antacid agents have clinical efficacy in the treatment of abomasal ulceration in adult cattle. There do not appear to be any data available to support or refute such a claim.
Optimizing Reproductive Efficiency in the Beef Herd
Authors: Horstman L. A. 
Published: February 2023

It is generally accepted that improving the fertility of a beef herd has the greatest potential for increased profitability. Optimum is a term used to define the best or most favorable condition, degree or amount for a particular situation.18 Therefore, optimizing rather than maximizing reproductive efficiency offers the greatest potential for increased profitability in the beef herd. Maximizing reproductive efficiency and attaining a 100 percent conception rate on a yearly basis may be attainable, but the input costs necessary to attain this rate may not be justified from an economic standpoint.
This paper is not meant to be an all-inclusive review of methods to improve reproductive efficiency; rather, methods to increase inherent fertility and environmental factors that play key roles in fertility will be discussed.
Observations of Management Intensive Grazing and Forage Management
Authors: Lubben Dave 
Published: February 2023

Management Intensive Grazing is a tool we have developed over the years to harvest forages on our 1400-acre farming operation. Our family-owned corporation consists of my father and one employee, and includes 400 acres in corn, 400 acres in soybeans, 160 acres in hay and 500 acres in pasture. We have 220 beef cows and a 400-head finishing feedlot.
Since adopting Management Intensive Grazing in 1989, it has evolved into an integral part of our operation. Today we have 12 major paddocks subdivided into 50 smaller paddocks, through which our 220 cows are rotated in four to five cycles.
Risk of Drinking-water Outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis in Humans Caused by Cattle in Watersheds
Authors: Nydam Daryl V. , Lindergard Gabbi , Wade Susan E. , Schaaf Stephanie L. , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: February 2023

There are at least two genotypes of Cryptosporidium paruum in nature-one that has only been isolated from humans (the H genotype) and one that has been isolated from a large range of mammals, including cattle and humans (the C genotype). By virtue of their presence in watersheds and the potential for water contamination with manure, cattle have often been implicated as a source of oocysts for human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis.
A recent review of drinking-water outbreaks in North America indicated that none in the United States and only one in British Columbia, Canada were associated with the C genotype. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine prevalence of C. paruum genotypes Hand C in dairy herds in the New York City Watershed (NYCW) and illustrate the risk posed by cattle to water-drinkers in this area.