bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of country infrastructure as an indirect measure of dog-mediated human rabies deaths
Authors: Bonaparte Sarah C. , Moodie Janae , Undurraga Eduardo A. , Wallace Ryan M. 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundRabies is a neglected disease, primarily due to poor detection stemming from limited surveillance and diagnostic capabilities in most countries. As a result, there is limited ability to monitor and evaluate country, regional, and global progress towards the WHO goal of eliminating human rabies deaths by 2030. There is a need for a low-cost, readily reproducible method of estimating rabies burden and elimination capacity in endemic countries.MethodsPublicly available economic, environmental, political, social, public health, and One Health indicators were evaluated to identify variables with strong correlation to country-level rabies burden estimates. A novel index was developed to estimate infrastructural rabies elimination capacity and annual case-burden for dog-mediated rabies virus variant (DMRVV) endemic countries.FindingsFive country-level indicators with superior explanatory value represent the novel “STOP-R index:” (1) literacy rate, (2) infant mortality rate, (3) electricity access, (4) political stability, and (5) presence/severity of natural hazards. Based on the STOP-R index, 40,111 (95% CI 25,854–74,344) global human rabies deaths are estimated to occur in 2022 among DMRVV-endemic countries and are projected to decrease to 32,349 (95% CI 21,110–57,019) in 2030.InterpretationThe STOP-R index offers a unique means of addressing the data gap and monitoring progress towards eliminating dog-mediated human rabies deaths. Results presented here suggest that factors external to rabies programs influence the successes of rabies elimination, and it is now possible to identify countries exceeding or lagging in expected rabies control and elimination progress based on country infrastructure.
The Tacrolimus Concentration/Dose Ratio Does Not Predict Early Complications After Kidney Transplantation
Authors: von Samson-Himmelstjerna Friedrich Alexander , Messtorff Maja Lucia , Kakavand Nassim , Eisenberger Ute , Korth Johannes , Lange Ulrich , Kolbrink Benedikt , Aldag Leon , Schulze Dieckhoff Tobias , Feldkamp Thorsten , Kunzendorf Ulrich , Harth Ana , Schulte Kevin 
Published: May 2023

Early-on post kidney transplantation, there is a high risk of graft rejection and opportunistic viral infections. A low tacrolimus concentration/dose (C/D) ratio as a surrogate marker of fast tacrolimus metabolism has been established for risk stratification 3 months post-transplantation (M3). However, many adverse events occurring earlier might be missed, and stratification at 1 month post-transplantation (M1) has not been investigated. We retrospectively analyzed case data from 589 patients who had undergone kidney transplantation between 2011 and 2021 at three German transplant centers. Tacrolimus metabolism was estimated by use of the C/D ratio at M1, M3, M6, and M12. C/D ratios increased substantially during the year, particularly between M1 and M3. Many viral infections and most graft rejections occurred before M3. Neither at M1 nor at M3 was a low C/D ratio associated with susceptibility to BKV viremia or BKV nephritis. A low C/D ratio at M1 could not predict acute graft rejections or impaired kidney function, whereas at M3 it was significantly associated with subsequent rejections and impairment of kidney function. In summary, most rejections occur before M3, but a low C/D ratio at M1 does not identify patients at risk, limiting the predictive utility of this stratification approach.
Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Metabolic Profiling of Agrobacterium-tumefaciens-Infected Immature Wheat Embryos
Authors: Wang Weiwei , Guo Jinliang , Ma Jiayang , Wang Zhulin , Zhang Lining , Wang Zixu , Meng Min , Zhang Chao , Sun Fengli , Xi Yajun 
Published: May 2023

The transformation efficiency (TE) was improved by a series of special chemical and physical methods using immature embryos from the cultivar Fielder, with the PureWheat technique. To analyze the reaction of immature embryos infected, which seemed to provide the necessary by Agrobacterium tumefaciens in PureWheat, a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), complete transcriptome analysis, and metabolome analysis was conducted to understand the progress. The results of the SEM analysis revealed that Agrobacterium tumefaciens were deposited under the damaged cortex of immature embryos as a result of pretreatment and contacted the receptor cells to improve the TE. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, plant–pathogen interaction, plant hormone signal transduction, and the MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. By analyzing the correlation between differentially expressed genes and metabolites, the expression of many genes and the accumulation of metabolites were changed in glucose metabolism and the TCA cycle (Citrate cycle), as well as the amino acid metabolism; this suggests that the infection of wheat embryos with Agrobacterium is an energy-demanding process. The shikimate pathway may act as a hub between glucose metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism during Agrobacterium infection. The downregulation of the F5H gene and upregulation of the CCR gene led to the accumulation of lignin precursors through phenylpropanoid metabolism. In addition, several metabolic pathways and oxidases were found to be involved in the infection treatment, including melatonin biosynthesis, benzoxazinoid biosynthesis, betaine biosynthesis, superoxide dismutase, and peroxidase, suggesting that wheat embryos may be under the stress of Agrobacterium and, thus, undergo an oxidative stress response. These findings explore the physiological and molecular changes of immature embryos during the co-culture stage of the PureWheat technique and provide insights for Agrobacterium-mediated transgenic wheat experiments.
Le renouveau du syndicalisme noir
Authors: Leenhardt Hervé 
Published: May 2023

The renewal of the black unions.
In an effort to avoid unorganized labour conflicts and to stand aloof from the apartheid system, South African big business managed to persuade the Government of the need for legal non-White trade unions. In 1979, Black and multiracial trade unions were granted full trade union rights. Since then, they have been highly successful in attracting an ever increasing number of workers, in improving their structures and in unifying the unions into huge confederations. Nowadays, they stand as one of the main pressure groups in the country. They play a significant role not only in the field of labour relations, but also in the present political controversy. However, this tremendous potential strength is jeopardized by political divisions. The three main Black political organizations (ANC/UDF, AZAPO, Inkatha) have generated their own politically inspired trade union system, thus weakening die trade unions global bargaining power. Nevertheless, Black trade unions are definitely the symbol of an emerging Black economic power.
Fonctionnaires et hommes d’affaires au Mali
Authors: Amselle Jean-Loup 
Published: May 2023

Civil servants and businessmen in Mali.
Mali is a poor and quite underdeveloped country. It has known nevertheless a very dynamic trading tradition. Today we should distinguish three categories of traders - those of traditional products like cola and traditional practices :
- the sons of the latter who, having undergone a modern training abroad, prefer to stick to business and not become civil servants ;
- former civil servants who have gone into business : «the new businessmen». Relations between these and the state are of utmost importance. First the private sector has «ruined» successively the «public» sector and so has replaced it. But they have utilized their relations with the state to accumulate. Therefore there is just one class with two components, a bureaucratic and a trading one. Trade is a more successful venture than industry but the trends of accumulation and die dynamism of trade and exchange does not allow us to speak of a «backward», Le. non acumuladve, economy. The cultural background and ethos of the merchant community explains this specific evolution : it is a «rational» one.
Le capital privé en Tanzanie (1962-1982)
Authors: Hartmann Jeannette , Copans Jean 
Published: May 2023

Private capital in Tanzania from 1962 to 1982.
There is a tripartite system of political decision in Tanzania : the Party, the Government and the President. There was no consensus concerning the policies devoted to private capital.
From 1962 to 1966 the government needed capital to invest and relied on private capital. But party activists managed to develop the idea of a state economy. The Arusha Declaration enabled each group to use its rhetoric, both on nationalization and on die need for capital. In 1969-1974 the President favoured radical politics but this led to an economic crisis and from 1976 to 1982 new policies were designed to attract new investment. The ideology of development has sustained too many contradictions and Tanzania still lacks a consensus in this domain notwithstanding the new liberalization process.
Domaine réservé : la protection de la faune au Togo
Authors: Merlet Louis 
Published: May 2023

Private domain : animal conservation in Togo.
Animal conservation is an area of primary concern to the Togolese government. The policy implemented in the Savannah region shows that animal conservation has become a priority even to the detriment of rural development. An atmosphere of secrecy surrounds official decisions ; no public debate has ever been held on the topic. The paper argues for a national review of this policy.
Les grandes endémies : l’espace social coupable
Authors: Hervouët Jean-Pierre , Laveissière Claude 
Published: May 2023

The role of social space in epidemics.
Trypanosomias and onchocerciasis share a common means of transmission. It is thus tempting to consider that these major epidemics «inevitably» strike when the carriers come into contact with human societies. Against this somewhat deterministic vision we defend the hypothesis that humans are actors who have a degree of control over the spread of depending on their specific social behaviour.
Le Sida : épidémiologie et anthropologie
Authors: Sindzingre Nicole Alice , Jourdain Gonzague 
Published: May 2023

Aids, epidemics and anthropology.
Despite the quantity and quality of knowledge accumulated during the past six years of research AIDS remains a subject of global uncertainty and concern. In Africa there is a quasi-paralysis of medical staff in the public sector on the issue. More than any other illness medical research on AIDS requires am analysis of cultural and individual representations within African societies.
Opération coup de poing santé au Congo
Authors: Dumoulin Jérôme 
Published: May 2023

The effects of an assault on health care in the Congo.
In an environment of general shortages what happens when there are suddenly abundant supplies ? The effects of an operation of increased medical supplies staged in the Congo are analyzed. The impact on health care is examined alongside the effects on the functioning of the health care system as a whole and the attitudes of both the professionals and the populations involved.
L’islam dans son miroir ou comment les journaux égyptiens voient l'islam en Afrique noire
Authors: Otayek René 
Published: May 2023

Islam reflecting itself, or how Egyptian newspapers see Islam in black Africa.
Studies of Islam in Black Africa say little, or nothing at all, on how the Muslims in the Arab world perceive the state of the Islamic community in the South of the Sahara. An analysis of articles published in the Egyptian press reveals the recurrence of certain dominant themes; in the meantime, it shows different perceptions of the problems according to the ideological orientation of the newspapers. Therefore, what is said about Islam in Black Africa can only be understood in reference to the legitimacy conflicts at work in Egypt itself.
Les prolongements du conflit israélo-arabe en Afrique noire : le cas du Sierra Leone
Authors: Ellis Stephen 
Published: May 2023

The extention of the Arab-Israeli conflict : the case of Sierra Leone.
Like other Black African states, Sierra Leone has been affected by the extension of the conflicts in the Middle East. Lebanese and Iranian Shiites on the one hand, and Israël on the other, are engaged in a struggle for influence in which the state of Sierra Leone has been involved in spite of itself. Even though it somewhat benefits from this situation, it is obviously a victim of stakes that go far beyond its control.
Une École «pour le Peuple» ?
Authors: Makonda Antoine 
Published: May 2023

A school for people ?
One of the principal themes of the socialist state used to be free and compulsary education for all. This principle while generous a priori, has had negative effects : the recruiement of unqualified teachers, absence of a real policy on school equipment, wrong use of funds and programs that were not adapted to the needs of the country. One has therefore ended up with overpopulated schools, with important age differences between pupils of the same class and therefore, a decline in standards.
Les Afars : la fin du nomadisme
Authors: Dilleyta Aden Mohamed 
Published: May 2023

The Afars and state power in the horn of Africa.
The Afars are confronted by the expansion of irrigated plantations on their grazzing grounds in Ethiopia and rapid urbanisation in Djibouti. After a period of rebellious resistance, the Afars are destabilised by repeated drought and are now constrained to sédentarisation. Would the creation of an autonomous Afar region in Ethiopia save the cultural specificity of its populations ?
Dynamiques populistes et cristallisations institutionnelles (1960-1990)
Authors: Colin Roland 
Published: May 2023

The dynamics of populism and institutional crystallization.
During the Diori Hamani period, a populist approach centared around the notion of «popular participation in dsevelopment» featured at the cors of the politics of government. Such an approach has been retained by the military regime which refers to the theme of a «société de développement». The article presents the evolution of this process and points to its contradictions.
La chefferie traditionnelle en question
Authors: Abba Souleymane 
Published: May 2023

Traditionnal rulers in question.
Chieftaincy always represented a major political force in Niger. The colonial administration first, civilian and military rulers later, were compelled to take into account such a reality. Through changes in the chiefs’ appointment procedures, the state has been attemping to increase its control, with a risk that this may weaken its legitimacy and the instrumental value of preexisting alliance patterns.
France-Afrique : la fin du pacte colonial
Authors: Bayart Jean-François 
Published: May 2023

France-Africa : the end of the colonial pact.
In spite of appearances, the African policy of France in wending off. The increasing withdrawal of France south of the Sahara has many causes and will contribute in accelerating the geo-political restructuration of the sub-continental space marked by the rise of third party actors. More generally, the loss of western interest for Africa could be translated by an intensification of «belly politics» as a way of managing African resources.
L’État et les municipalités en Côte d’ivoire : Un jeu de cache-cache ?
Authors: Yapi Diahou Alphonse 
Published: May 2023

The state and municipalities in the Ivory Coast : a game of hide-and-seek ?
In the Ivory Coast, the shortage of urban land weighs heavily on the actions of new municipalities. The state has unloaded its responsibilities on these municipalities, in parti¬ cular when it is necessary to resettle displaced populations, without giving them the corres¬ ponding legal resources. These contradictions have weakened the new bodies and oblige them to operate without a legal basis and sometimes quite illegally. These contradictions cannot be understood if one forgets who is benefiting from these practices and that, beyond the perpetuation of vested interests, it is the maintenance of government economic intervention and State authority which are in question.
Les intellectuels et leurs publics face à l’histoire. L’expérience sud-africaine du History Workshop (1978-1988)
Authors: Bozzoli Belinda 
Published: May 2023

Intellectuals and their audiences facing history. The South-African experience of the history workshop (1978-1988).
The experience of the «History Workshop» of Witwatersrand University (Johannesburg) from 1978 is an excellent revealer of the evolution of the populist perception of the South-African intellectuals. The first meeting was a very academic one but the second one with an «Open Doors Day» in 1981 completely changed the relations with the audience. In 1984, the collaboration with the trade-unions and representative associations really led popular culture to play an important role. The new changes are even better mirrored in the 1987 workshop : nationalism took over working classes ideas. But the social history must preserve its autonomy, otherwise it would only serve a pre-established political line.
Histoire et historiographie du politique en Afrique. La nécessité d’une relecture critique (à propos de la démocratie)
Authors: Coquery-Vidrovitch Catherine 
Published: May 2023

History and historiography of politics in africa. The need for a critical re-reading.
The ancient African political society were not only not democratical, but above all did not contain any seed directly profitable to democracy, concept and process of the developed countries. Three inherited hinderances must be underlined : the concept of social inequality, the consensus principle and inseparability of religion and politics. The autocracy of colonial regimes did not favour the democratical thought, in spite of an unavoidable influence of the parent-state, would it be only through school contacts. Nevertheless, the consciousness of the individual and the impossible but necessary search for a balance between the paradoxical but complementary principles of freedom and equality are universal attainments in history hampered by no determinism. But all african of foreign research workers should bear in mind the scouring of commonplaces inherited from the colonial period. These should note be posed as dogmas any longer, though scientific writings are still padded with them (ethny, dualism, tradition/modemity, traditional power, and so on...). In short, time has come to decolonize the history of Africa.
La stratégie alimentaire entre la famine et l’autosuffisance
Authors: Phélinas Pascale 
Published: May 2023

Food strategy between famine and self supply.
The objective of food self-supply brought Mali to implement sponsored agricultural policies which are sometimes spectacular. The reason for the poor results is found less in the pluviométrie irregularity than in the inadequacy of politics which do not integrate parameters like market irregularity, stocks and credits problems.
Entre État et populations : l’école et l’éducation en devenir
Authors: Gérard Etienne 
Published: May 2023

Between state and people : the destiny of school and education.
Since 1980, the Malian school is less and less frequented in great part because of the school policies adopted from 1962 to our days : the school «does not pay» as it did before and is no longer able to teach a knowledge useful to the society and, as a result, it collects less and less children. People prefer to diversify their choices and are now turning toward private, non religious or religious (Muslim) education. Without consideration for the legal rules, they spontaneously create their own schools apart from the official system. In doing so, they set their own logic in education against the State. School policies ignore this evolution; on the opposite, they maintain the choice of primary school profitability as a priority. Consequently, they carry the seeds of social inequality reproduction, but also take part in the appearance of new educational dynamics.
On brûle bien les sorcières. Les meurtres muti et leur répression
Authors: Evans Jeremy 
Published: May 2023

Muti murders and witchcraft.
Within a South Africa in the process of transformation, the increasing medicine murders and the killing of so called witches are the signs calling for an objective analysis of the concept of withcraft, its roots, its manifestations and its political and social consequences. Although the phenomenon has been widely illustrated, it remains taboo and unstudied and therefore might be used by the very ones who appear willing to fight and eradicate it. It is a genuine network of social dynamics to be understood and whose mechanisms are to be exposed to popular perceptions as well as the legal system, both of which have got the same view of this problem and defuse the myth of difference and incompatibility of the different cultures within South Africa.
Europe-Afrique : le régionalisme sans co-prospérité
Authors: Bach Daniel 
Published: May 2023

Europe and Africa : regionalism without co-prosperity.
The current trend towards concentration of international trade and financial flows around the «Triad» invites Europe to translate regionalism in terms of integration. New policies, based on proximity linkages, are being developed with Eastern Europe and the Maghreb states. In subsaharan Africa, the colonial past is so recent that it influences deeply attemps to renovate existing polity frameworks. Economic transitions also appear impossible to conceive without prior inclusion of non viable staes into larger entities. Notwithstanding the potentials attributed to South Africa and Nigeria, subsaharan Africa lacks regional powers capable of combining hegemonic functions towards sub-regional integration and external mediation for access to the world economy.
Les crises du mouvement armé sud-soudanais
Authors: Lusk Gill 
Published: May 2023

Crisis within the armed southern sudanese movement.
The remorseless fighting between factions of the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army (SPLM/SPLA) are widely seen as evidence that the Southern Sudanese movement is fatally damaged, mainly on tribal grounds. This attempt to discern the factors at work concludes that they are primarily political : they are the Southern expression of Africa’s current wave of aspiration for democracy, group identity and human rights. The great flaw in the Southern organisation is that it is an army, not a political movement — SPLA not SPLM. Yet the driving force of the South’s search for identity and justice means that resolution of the conflict can only be political, not military, and that the SPLM/SPLA ’s internal dissensions cannot ultimately be fatal. The political nature of the wider war means that the questions facing the South remain essentially the same, whatever can be its eventual formal relationship with the North.
Le vol de bœufs en pays Betsileo
Authors: Rasamoelina Henri 
Published: May 2023

Oxen stealing in Betsileo land.
Oxen stealing is an old phenomenon which renewed after 1973 and spread out in the west of Madagascar, especially in Betsileo. The stealers, who are young, attack in groups by surprise. Various «Dina» or self defence collective agreements were devised by the village people to protect themselves but they were then forbidden by the authorities who feared to loose control. These preferred military operations followed by the execution of the stealers without trials. The stealings are proof of a serious social crisis underlying in rural Betsileo but also of the existence of high ranking people pulling the ropes «white collar sharks» building up a capital to be reinvested in real estates or other businesses.