bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practice to COVID 19 Infection Among Outpatients Attending a General Medicine Department
Authors: Jacob Amita , Rebekah J Grace , Carey Ronald Albert Benton 
Published: January 2023

Background and Objectives:
We aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding COVID-19 among general medicine outpatients.

Materials and Methods:
We recruited people attending a general medicine outpatient department of a tertiary hospital. We assessed knowledge, attitudes, and practices toward COVID-19 using a specially designed questionnaire.

Results:
Two hundred and sixty-eight participants were recruited. The study documented high knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice among patients and their relatives. Knowledge was significantly associated with higher education (odds ratio [OR] = 2.87; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.127.36; P = 0.029) and the use of the Internet as a source of information about COVID-19 (OR = 5.17; 95% CI = 2.2611.85; P = 0.000). However, Internet use (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.100.54; P = 0.001) was associated with a more negative attitude. Good practice was associated with high levels of knowledge (OR = 2.20; 95% CI = 1.223.96; P = 0.009), a positive attitude (OR = 2.31; 95% CI = 1.134.71; P = 0.022), and a professional or semi-professional occupation (OR = 2.80; 95% CI = 1.077.32; P = 0.036). Residence outside of the district (OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.077.32; P = 0.036) was associated with better practice related to COVID-19 suggesting people who travel greater distances for health care may be more motivated at maintaining better practice.

Conclusion:
The study found that good practice in relation to COVID-19 was associated with higher levels of knowledge, a positive attitude, professional occupation, and distance traveled to reach hospital.
Anxiety, Depression and Stress Among Female Medical Students During the Second Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic and their Association with Family Functioning, Coping and Personality
Authors: Mallaram Ganesh Kumar , Shaik Subahani , Kattula Dheeraj 
Published: January 2023

Background and Aims:
This research examined anxiety, depression, and stress levels in female medical students during the second wave of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the association between these variables and family functioning, coping, and personality factors.

Materials and Methods:
The cross-sectional online observational study was conducted using Google Forms. Anxiety, depression, and stress were assessed using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21), family functioning using Family Adaptability, Partnership, Growth, Affection, and Resolve, coping using Brief COPE, and personality using the Big Five Inventory 10-item version.

Results:
Out of 750 students, 500 thoroughly responded to the online survey. Based on the DASS-21 scores, 57.6% of participants had some stress, 63.4% had some anxiety, and 54.8% had some degree of depression. Anxiety, depression, and stress were highly correlated with each other. Stress, anxiety, and depression were weakly linked with problem-focused coping, moderately correlated with emotion-focused coping, and strongly correlated with avoidant coping. Better family functioning was associated with lesser self-reported stress, anxiety, and depression. Neuroticism was associated with higher anxiety, depression, and stress, while agreeableness and conscientiousness were with lower psychological distress.

Conclusion:
High level of psychological suffering was prevalent among medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their anxiety, depression, and stress must be adequately managed.
Missing the Trees for the Forest
Authors: Cynthia Sharon , George Miriam Thankam , Finny Philip , Thomas Mathew Santhosh , Armstrong Lois Joy 
Published: January 2023

Background and Objective:
The paucity of knowledge on mortality patterns in a state such as Bihar with its population of 200 million contributes to misdirected planning and prioritization of health expenditure. This study aims to estimate the regional differences in mortality rates between a region in North Bihar and the rest of state and country.

Methodology:
Using a multi-stage cluster design, 4159 households were interviewed across six Community Development blocks in North Bihar, identifying deaths between the Chhath festivals of 2014 and 2015. The cause of death was assessed by verbal autopsy and coded using the International Classification of Disease 10. Proportionate and specific mortality rates were calculated.

Results:
Of 229 deaths, only 7% were registered. The epidemiological transition level for the region was 1.12 with an infant mortality rate of 72 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval [CI] 55.7–88.4) and under-five mortality rate of 93.2 per 1000 live births (95% CI 74.6–111.7). These rates were double that of the state estimates. Among infant deaths, infections predominated over prematurity while in adult deaths diseases of the respiratory system exceed diseases of the circulatory system as seen in the state and country mortality rates.

Conclusions:
This study indicates that regional mortality patterns widely differ from state and national average estimates. Deaths due to maternal and neonatal conditions along with communicable diseases still predominate over other causes. Obtaining disaggregated information on causes of death by strengthening the vital registration system will bring these variations into focus.
Effectiveness of Laparoscopic Adenomyomectomy on Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Ono Yosuke , Ota Hajime , Fukushi Yoshiyuki , Tagaya Hikaru , Okuda Yasuhiko , Yoshino Osamu , Yamada Hideto , Hirata Shuji , Wada Shinichiro 
Published: January 2023

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to observe the influence of laparoscopic adenomyomectomy on perinatal outcomes.

Materials and Methods:
The retrospective cohort study included 43 pregnant cases with adenomyosis who did not undergo laparoscopic surgery before pregnancy (nonsurgery group; 26 cases) and did (surgery group; 17 cases). To evaluate the impact of surgery on perinatal outcomes, nine obstetric complications including preterm delivery, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, placental malposition, oligohydramnios, gestational diabetes mellitus, uterine rupture, abruptio placentae, and postpartum hemorrhage were selected. One obstetric complication was counted as one point (Maximum 9 points for one person). The obstetrical morbidity was compared by adding up the number of relevant events (0–9) between the two groups. Apgar score, umbilical artery pH (UApH), neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, and neonatal death were also examined.

Results:
The surgery group had a significantly lower prevalence of fetal growth restriction compared to the nonsurgery group (nonsurgery vs. surgery; 26.9%, 7/26 vs. 0%, 0/17: P = 0.031). No differences were found in the morbidity of the nine obstetric complications (19.2%, 45/234 vs. 13.7%, 21/153), gestational weeks (mean ± standard deviation, 37.2 ± 2.4 vs. 36.4 ± 3.2), birth weight (2573.6 ± 557.9 vs. 2555.4 ± 680.8 g), Apgar score (1, 5 min; 8.0 ± 0.7 vs. 7.7 ± 1.2, 8.9 ± 0.6 vs. 8.5 ± 1.8), UApH (7.28 ± 0.08 vs. 7.28 ± 0.06), NICU admission (26.9%, 7/26 vs. 41.2%, 7/17), and neonatal death (0%, 0%) between both groups.

Conclusion:
Laparoscopic adenomyomectomy may not increase obstetric complications, although attention must be paid to uterine rupture during pregnancy.
A Comparative Investigation of the Activity of Superoxide Dismutase in Patients with Leukoplakia and Healthy Controls
Authors: Kuthoor Jobin Mathew , Sunil Esther Anuradha , Raghavan Sindhu Edakkadath , Purushothaman Binitha Ponnamparambil 
Published: January 2023

Context and Aim:
Oral leukoplakia has recently been re-defined as “a predominantly white lesion of the oral mucosa that cannot be characterised as any other definable lesion”. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is one of the enzymatic anti-oxidants which form the first line of defence in the cell. There are very limited data available on the analysis of SOD in leukoplakia patients. Therefore, the present study was planned to analyse anti-oxidant SOD levels in leukoplakia patients.

Methods and Material:
The study group consisted of 29 subjects of oral leukoplakia, and the control group consisted of 25 healthy individuals. All the subjects were evaluated for SOD enzyme in plasma.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The results for each determinant were calculated using one-way ANOVA test, Student 't' test, Pearson Chi square test, and 't' test for equality of means wherever applicable.

Results:
The study revealed that among the different clinical entities of oral leukoplakia, the enzymatic anti-oxidant SOD is shown to have decreased in all forms of oral leukoplakia, but without any statistical significance. A statistically highly significant decrease (at P < 0.0001) of SOD in oral leukoplakia patients compared to normal healthy patients was observed in the present study.

Conclusions:
The study revealed a difference in the free-radical activity and oxidative stress in blood of leukoplakia patients compared to healthy patients, which is reflected by the variation in the levels of blood SOD, thus showing vulnerability to cellular damage and tendency towards further malignant changes.
Correlation of COVID-19 with Severity of Periodontitis-A Clinical and Biochemical Study
Authors: Kalsi Rupali , Ahmad Zoya , Siddharth Mallapragada , Vandana Kharidhi Laxman , Arora Sachit Anand , Saurav Kumar 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Various conceptual hypotheses have been put forth to link association of COVID-19 with various chronic diseases such as periodontitis. Empirical evidence is still lacking to correlate the severity of COVID-19 with periodontal diseases.

Objectives:
This study was undertaken with an objective to correlate COVID severity in systemically healthy patients suffering from periodontal diseases.

Materials and Methods:
44 systemically healthy patients of both genders with minimum of 20 teeth in their oral cavity in age range of 20 to 50 years suffering from periodontitis were recruited and categorised into four stages as per American Academy of Periodontology (AAP) 2017 classification for periodontitis. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and periodontal disease parameters of all the patients were measured. Because of COVID-19 and the nationwide lockdown, the dental practice was highly affected. With the help of self-designed online questionnaire information regarding COVID-19 infection and associated symptoms were recorded. Cases were categorized into five groups based on the World Health Organization clinical progression scale of COVID severity.

Results:
All the patients suffering from COVID disease in moderate and severe forms had increased probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, and raised serum C-reactive protein levels as compared to patients who were uninfected or suffering from mild COVID disease and the results were statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Prioritisation and Implementation of periodontal treatment as a preventive measure for COVID-19 should be done. A positive correlation is observed between the severity of periodontitis and COVID-19.
Comparison of Mandibular Buccal Shelf Bone Characteristics Between Two Facial Types using Cone Beam Computed Tomography
Authors: Ramasamy Padmanathan , Sabrish Sharanya , Pattabiraman Vinod , Shivamurthy Prashantha Govinakovi , Sagarkar Roshan , Mathew Silju 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Mandibular buccal shelf (MBS) offers good quality and quantity of bone for orthodontic bone screw (OBS) insertion. Despite several reports of treated patients, there are numerous variables in selecting the exact placement site for OBS placement in the MBS. There are also anatomical variations in this area which must be considered.

Objectives:
This study aims to measure and compare the MBS bone characteristics for OBS placement using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) between two different facial types.

Materials and Methods:
Eighty CBCT samples were collected (40 samples of group A horizontal growers and 40 of group B vertical growers). Each CBCT image was reconstructed and oriented with CS 3D CBCT software. The cortical bone thickness, the slope of the MBS, and buccolingual inclination of mandibular second molar were measured and analysed.

Result:
Cortical bone thickness among horizontal growers was 5.23 ± 0.58 mm and among vertical growers was 4.85 ± 0.37 mm. The slope of MBS among horizontal growers was 60.83 ± 6.15 degrees and among vertical growers was 66.75 ± 6.27 degrees. In both the parameters there was a statistically significant difference between the groups. There was no significant difference between the groups for the buccolingual inclination of 2nd molar.

Conclusion:
Increased cortical bone thickness and the flatter slope of MBS at the 2nd molar region allows for easier placement of OBS in horizontal growers than in vertical growers.
Prevalence and Determinants of Early Childhood Caries among Children Enrolled in Anganwadi Centres in Bhilai of Central India
Authors: Chevvuri Ramakrishna , Sharma Hunny , Gupta Ravi , Tiwari Abhilasha , Singh Gangesh Bahadur , Singh Anjali 
Published: January 2023

Introduction:
Early childhood caries (ECC), which results in rapid involvement and progression of several teeth, is a growing concern in preschool children. It directly affects a child's overall health and quality of life.

Aim:
To assess the prevalence and determinants of ECC among children enrolled in Anganwadi centres in Bhilai city of Chhattisgarh.

Methodology:
This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 360 children enrolled in Anganwadi of Bhilai. An oral examination and findings were recorded in 'dmft' using the WHO oral health assessment form for children 2013. The mothers' knowledge, attitude, and practice were determined by a professionally administered 10-item pre-tested short questionnaire with Cronbach's alpha of 0.86. The data were compiled and analysed using Microsoft Excel vs. 2013 and Statistical Package of Social Science (IBM SPSS version 23; Chicago Inc., USA).

Results:
The prevalence of ECC was 25.83%, out of which 13.33% in boys and 12.50% in girls. Children of middle school-educated mothers have 35.48% ECC, followed by high school and primary school, that is, 24.73 and 23.66, respectively. Mothers who assisted the children in tooth brushing have less prevalence of ECC (8.15%) as compared to non-assisted (17.8%) (P = 0.044).

Conclusion:
Although mothers' knowledge was appreciable regarding reasons for tooth decay, still 1/4th of the children were found to be affected by ECC. This necessitates the importance of regular/periodic screening campaigns for the children, implementing institutional preventive programmes, and referral for children to secondary/tertiary healthcare centres.
Immunohistochemical Evaluation of Galectin-3 Expression in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Oral Leukoplakia and Normal Mucosa
Authors: Selvaraj Freeda M. , Joseph Anna P. , Varun B R , Mony Vinod , Siva Kumar T T 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Galectin 3 (Gal-3) has diverse functions critical in cancer biology including cell proliferation, apoptosis, evasion of immune responses and angiogenesis. The expression of Gal-3 is heterogeneous in normal and neoplastic tissues. In oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL), both increased and decreased expressions of Gal-3 were elicited in numerous studies.

Aims:
To evaluate, compare and correlate the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 in OSCC, OL and normal oral mucosa.

Settings and Design:
The study was conducted at the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology at PMS College of Dental Science and Research, Vattapara, Thiruvananthapuram. This is a retrospective analytical study.

Methods and Material:
Clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of OSCC (n = 21), OL (n = 21), and normal oral mucosa (n = 21) were included in the study. Paraffin-embedded tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for Gal-3 expression. Gal-3 staining expression, staining distribution and cellular localisation were evaluated. All sampled categories were compared using immunohistochemical scoring analysis such as the H-score, labelling index (LI), immunoreactive score (IRS) and staining intensity (SI).

Statistical Analysis:
The results were statistically analysed using multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) within and among the groups.

Results and Conclusion:
The statistical inferences obtained found that the H-score could be used as a guideline for better differentiation between the groups and among the groups. The P value obtained was < 0.0125 and was found to be significant. The observation in our study shows that the immunohistochemical expression of Gal-3 gradually decreased from normal oral mucosa to OL to OSCC.
Comparison of Sealing Ability of MTA and Retroplast as Root End Filling Materials Evaluated under a Stereomicroscope Using Rhodamine B Dye
Authors: Kararia Nitin , Yadav Anushka , Adyanthaya B R , Kararia Vandana , Poonia Suman , Jain Sachin 
Published: January 2023

Aim:
The aim of the study was to compare the sealing ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and Retroplast as root end filling materials using the Rhodamine B dye penetration method in vitro.

Methodology:
Forty freshly extracted human single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into two groups of 20 teeth each, and standard root-end cavities were prepared in all teeth. The cavities were filled with MTA and Retroplast in groups 1 and 2, respectively. The specimens were then stored in 1% Rhodamine B dye for a week, following which the dye penetration with all samples was analysed under a stereomicroscope and scored according to Tronstad's criteria. The observations were compared with Chi square test at a 0.220 level of significance.

Results:
5% of the samples in both the groups showed no significant leakage. The leakage was deeper with the Retroplast group than with the MTA group; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups.

Conclusion:
Both MTA and Retroplast are similar in their sealing potential as root-end cavity fillings with Retroplast reporting slightly deeper microleakage than MTA within the limits of the present study.
Evaluation of Stress among Dental Undergraduates and Postgraduates Using Salivary Cortisol as a Biomarker
Authors: Vasanthi V , Thavarajah Rooban , Joshua Elizabeth , Rao Umadevi K. , Ranganathan Kannan 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Stress is a non-specific response of the body to any demand. Professional education has a certain level of stress inherent in it. Dental students have been reported in the literature to experience more stress than medical students.

Objective:
To evaluate the stress levels of dental students: first-year undergraduates, house surgeons, and final-year postgraduates, using salivary cortisol as a stress biomarker.

Materials and Methods:
Dental students above 18 years of age and without any systemic illness were included in the study. Those students with a drug history of corticosteroids, anti-depressants, and oral contraceptives were excluded from the study. Female participants experiencing pre-menstrual symptoms, pregnancy, and familial stressor issues were excluded from the study. First-year undergraduates, house surgeons, and final-year postgraduates were enrolled in the study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected in the morning and evening between 9:00 and 10:00 am and between 3:00 and 4:00 pm. Salivary cortisol levels were assessed by chemiluminescence immuno-assay (CLIA).

Results:
Paired sample t-test was used to compare the diurnal variation among morning and afternoon samples within the groups. The salivary cortisol levels were found to be significant within the groups. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the salivary cortisol levels between the groups. The salivary cortisol levels within the groups were not statistically significant.

Conclusion:
Salivary cortisol is a non-invasive biomarker of stress. Postgraduates had higher salivary cortisol levels than other study groups.
Effectiveness of Laser Fluorescence–Based Device in Detecting the Extent of Re-Mineralisation in Primary Teeth Compared to the Conventional Method
Authors: Nair Megha J. , Rao Arathi , Jayaprakash K , Natarajan Srikant , Kumblekar Vasavi , Suprabha BS 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Laser fluorescence (LF)–based clinical device DIAGNOdent™ is at present being used to detect caries. Can the same be used to detect therapeutic remineralisation of early white spot lesions?

Aims:
To explore the feasibility of using LF-based device in monitoring the changes following remineralisation of demineralised primary teeth.

Materials and Method:
The sample number for the present experimental in vitro study was 10. The LF based device readings were correlated with surface microhardness (SMH) test values to evaluate its efficiency. SMH analysis was performed using a microhardness tester (Tescol-HT1000AD). All the samples were demineralised, followed by remineralisation using fluoride varnish and pH cycling. The data was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 (IBM SPSS®) software. Paired t-test was performed to compare laser fluorescence readings and SMH test result values at baseline, after demineralisation, and after remineralisation. Pearson's correlation was used to compare the relation between the laser fluorescence and SMH test.

Results:
A good negative correlation was seen between the two methods at the baseline readings even though it was not statistically significant (P = 0.069). A positive correlation between the methods existed following demineralisation which was not significant (P = 0.074). The correlation between the parameters following remineralisation showed a moderate negative correlation but was not significant (P = 0.55).

Conclusion:
DIAGNOdent™ values at baseline, after demineralisation, and after remineralisation was consistent with SMH values. Thus, DIAGNOdent™ can be explored to provide chairside assistance in identifying remineralisation of white spot lesions.
Outcomes of hospitalized renal allograft transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019
Authors: William Emad A. , Ahmed Heba M. , Reyad Ehab M. , Mogahed Mohammed M. , Boghdady Amira T. 
Published: January 2023

Background
The outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in renal-transplant recipients may differ from the general population because of chronic immunosuppression and comorbidities. The aim of this study is to provide information on the clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized renal allograft transplant recipients with coronavirus disease 2019 is restricted in the Arab region. This study aims to narrow this gap.

Patients and methods
The study was done on 21 renal allograft transplant recipients admitted in the isolation ward of a single Egyptian center for kidney diseases and transplantation during the period from July 2020 to July 2021, all cases were analyzed regarding their clinical presentation, follow-up, workup done, management, and outcomes.

Results
The main clinical presentations were fever 90.5% and respiratory symptoms 66.7%, not different from the general population. Their clinical course showed remarkable incidence of acute kidney injury (57.1%) than the general population, but mortality was not (14.3%). Remdesivir was tolerable, no noticeable side effects, and did not affect graft function.

Conclusion
This category of patients need special care, lowering of immunosuppresion during infection, close monitoring of kidney function, and respiratory status. They can receive ventilator support and same treatment as general population, including Remdesivir and Tocilizumab. Both patient and graft survival can be achieved.