bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Exports of Pakistan using ARDL Bounds Testing Approach
Authors: Mulk Waleed , Ahmad Shakil , Mahmood Tahir , Jan Inayatullah 
Published: April 2023

This study employed autoregressive distributed lag model (ARDL) approach to investigate how exports and foreign direct investment (FDI) are related in Pakistan for the period spanning from 1974 to 2019. For cointegration analysis, we used bounds test. The findings of the cointegration test indicated that the variables have a long-term cointegration relationship. According to estimated results, the relationship between the two variables is negligible over the long-run, whereas FDI has a positive influence on exports in the short-run. Moreover, the estimated error correction term is significant with the expected sign. It is concluded that FDI inflows are advantageous for improving manufacturing processes, which would eventually lead to high-quality exports and economic progress of Pakistan. Policymakers are required to make efforts to removing all hurdles in Pakistan's economic progress.
Removal of Penetrating Sharp-Pointed Objects from the Stomach and Duodenum
Authors: Abu Safieh Yasser , MD Shadi Khelfa 
Published: April 2023

Aim: Sharp penetrating objects such as pins, needles, and toothpicks, once penetrating the gastric wall, continue to be a problem in endoscopy.Patients: We report five cases of extraction of such objects; three of them were seen on plain X-ray films over few weeks without changing in their position. Three objects were penetrating the stomach and two the duodenum; including three metal pins and two wooden toothpicks. Using conscious sedation in endoscopy unit, the sharp object was seen embedded in the wall.Results: After freeing them from the wall; by snare or biopsy forceps, all were retrieved from the stomach by the jumbo biopsy forceps without over tube or protective hood. This was accomplished simply by using the jumbo biopsy forceps to grasp the penetrating end of sharp-pointed objects and securing them in the gastroscope working channel; and then extracting the gastroscope with the pin or toothpick under direct vision.Conclusion: This is a safe and effective way of retrieving sharp objects and decreases the likelihood of esophageal injury and the side effects of over tube.Keyword: sharp-pointed objects, penetrating sharp object, Stomach and Duodenum, endoscopy.

الهدف: الأجسام الحادة أو المدببه الرأس مثل الدبابيس، الابر و المسواك مجرد اختراقها لجدار المعدة فانها تبقى مشكلة في عملية التنظير .المرضى: تم دراسة خمس حالات لاستخراج هذه الأجسام، شوهد ثلاثة منها في الفلم الشعاعي خلال عدة أسابيع دون أي تغيير في موقعها .ثلاثة منها مخترقة المعدة واثنتان مخترقة الاثنا عشر، ثلاثة دبابيس معدنية واثنتين مسواك خشب. باستخدام التخدير والمريض في وعيه في وحدة التنظير ، شوهجت الاجسام الحادة منغمره في الجدار .النتائج: بعد اخراجهم من الجدار عن طريق الكوي وملقط الخزعة، جميعهم تم استخراجهم من المعدة بواسطة ملقط الخزعة الضخم دون الحاجة لأكثر من انبوب أو الرأس الواقي . تم انجاز هذا ببساطة عن طريق ملقط الخزعة الضخم لقبض او مسك نهاية الاجسام الحادة وتوصيلهم الى قناة منظار المعدة، ثم استخراج منظار المعدة مع الدبوس او المسواك تحت الرؤية المباشرة.الاستنتاجات: هذه طريقة آمنه وفعالة لاستخراج الأجسام الحادة وتقلل من فرصة اصابة المرئ والآثار الجانبية لاستخدام اكثر من انبوب.مفتاح الكلمات: الأجسام المدببه ، الأجسام الحادة المخترقة، المعدة الاثنا عشر، التنظير.
Administrative and Transformational Leadership Competencies of the Secondary School Principals in Palestine
Authors: Al-Far Shahnaz 
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to identify the administrative competencies in light of principals' training needs, and transformational leadership theory. The population of the study included (664) school principals, (16) educational superintendents, and (16) head of sections at the Ministry of Education in the West Bank/ Palestine. Meanwhile the study sample included (67) principals, who were randomly chosen, in addition to 16 superintendents and all the 16 head of sections at the Ministry of Education. To achieve the aim of the study, the researcher has used two enquiry instruments. The first was the administrative competencies instrument composed of (36) items. The second instrument, made up of (87) items, focused on the transformational leadership competencies. To specify the participants' training needs among the administrative and transformational leadership competencies, the researcher employed the statistical methods like standard deviation, computation averages, and ranking schemes to specify the training needs of the study population in terms of the needed competencies whether transformational leadership competencies or administrative ones. The research came up with the following conclusions: - School principals have a high level of administrative competencies regarding the domains of the study instrument, except for monitoring, evaluation, and guidance. - The level of the transformational leadership competencies owned by the school principals can be described as a middle level. - Subsequently, the researcher made the following recommendations: - It is imperative to enhance school principals, as well as providing incentives to maintain a high level of administrative competencies. - It is highly significant to develop school principals' competencies featuring the transformational leadership theory.

هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى تحديد الكفايات الإدارية لمديري المدارس في ضوء احتياجاتهم التدرييبية ونظرية القيادة التحويلية، وتكّون مجتمعها من (664) مديراً/ة، ومن (16) مدير/ة تربية، ومن (16) رئيس/ة قسم إدارات تربوي في الضفة الغربية من فلسطين، وتكوّنت عينتها من (67) مدير/ة اختيروا بالطريقة العشوائية، وكامل مجتمع مديري/ات التربية والتعليم وعددهم (16)، وكامل مجتمع رؤساء أقسام الإدارات التربوية، وعددهم (16). ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة استخدمت الباحثة استبانتين، الأولى: الكفايات الإدارية؛ وعدد فقراتها (36) فقرة. والثانية: كفايات القيادة التحويلية، وعدد فقراتها (87) فقرة، واستخدمت المتوسطات الحسابية والانحرافات المعيارية، والرتبة، لتحديد الاحتياجات التدريبية من الكفايات الإدارية وكفايات القيادة التحويلية. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن درجة توافر الكفايات الإدارية اللازمة لمديري المدارس الثانوية كانت مرتفعة في مجالات أداة الدراسة جميعها، ما عدا مجاليْ التقويم، والرقابة والتوجيه، ودرجة توافر كفايات جميع كفايات القيادة التحويلية لدى مديري المدارس الثانوية متوسطة. وأوصت الدراسة بضرورة تعزيز مديري المدارس وتقديم حوافز لهم للحفاظ على مستوى مرتفع من الكفايات الإدارية لديهم، وتطوير كفايات القيادة التحويلية لديهم.
The Reality of Teaching the Theme of Homeland in Kindergartens in Jerusalem, and Teachers Attitudes towards teaching it
Authors: Khales Buad , Abu Helu Musallam 
Published: April 2023

This study aims to clarify the reality of teaching the theme homeland in kindergarten in Palestine, and to monitor teacher’s attitude toward teaching this subject. To achieve the study aims three instruments were designed: the measure of teacher’s attitude, semi- structure interview and content analysis methods applied to kindergartens. The results showed that despite the increase in total averages for teacher’s attitudes toward teaching homeland. At the same time results obtained from the analysis of curricula showed the subject of homeland had not been considered directly in the entire kindergarten curriculum. Accordingly, the study recommends the need to design an educational manual to the issue of homeland.

تهدف هذه الدراسة الى تعرف واقع تعليم موضوع الوطن في مرحلة رياض الأطفال في فلسطين، وإلى رصد اتجاهات معلمات رياض الأطفال نحو تدريس هذا الموضوع. وظفت في الدراسة ثلاث أدوات، وهي: مقياس اتجاهات المعلمات، والمقابلة شبه المحكمة، وتحليل محتوى مناهج رياض الأطفال. وأظهرت نتائج الدراسة ارتفاع مجموع المتوسطات الحسابية لاتجاهات المعلمات، كما دلت نتائج المقابلة على ضعف في تطبيق موضوع الوطن، وعدم حضوره بصورة مباشرة في مناهج رياض الأطفال. وعليه توصي الدراسة بضرورة تصميم دليل تربوي لموضوع الوطن والقدس مبني على أسس علمية.
The Degree of Employing Science and Geography Teachers the Principles of Social Constructivism Theory in Teaching the Basic Stage in UNRWA Schools, Jordan
Authors: Abu-Snaneh Odeh , Ayyash Amal 
Published: April 2023

The study seeks to find out the degree of implementation Science and Geography teachers the principles of social constructivism theory in teaching the basic stage in UNRWA, Jordan and the relationship of some variables. To achieve this, a questionnaire was set up consisting of (52) items which includes five domains of the principles of social constructivism theory. The questionnaire was implemented on (237) male & female Science & Geography teachers. The study clarified that the degree of Implementation of these principles by the sample of this study of the social constructivism was (4,0195) with the percentage of (80,4) which is a high degree. The first domain (teaching is based on group & individual methods) was the first rank and the fourth domain (the negotiation process is considered as the base for generalization) was the second rank; meanwhile the second domain was the third rank and the fifth domain was the fourth rank which forms the potential growth which is a basic principle in the social constructivism while the third domain “the process of teaching based on a systematic way” was the fifth. The study didn’t reach to significant statistical differences attributed to the specialization of teachers and to their academic qualification, neither to their educational qualification. The study results also showed that there are significant statistical differences attributed to the gender over the second domain and the differences were in favor of female teachers and also showed there were significant statistical differences attributed to the levels of teachers’ experience over the first domain (less than 10 years) and the second domain between the experience level in favor of less than ten years and, the study also showed the differences over the whole domain of the tool according to the experience level is in favor of more than ten years.

هدفت الدراسة الى استقصاء درجة توظيف معلمي العلوم والجغرافية لمبادئ النظرية البنائية الاجتماعية في تدريسهم في مرحلة التعليم الأساسي في مدارس وكالة الغوث الدولية في الأردن وعلاقة ذلك ببعض المتغيرات لتحقيق هذا الهدف طُورت استبانة مكونة من (52) فقرة. اشتملت على خمسة مجالات رئيسة مثلت مبادئ النظرية البنائية الاجتماعية وطبقت على عينة مكونة (237) معلماً ومعلمة من معلمي العلوم والجغرافية وبينت الدراسة أن درجة توظيف معلمي العلوم والجغرافية لمبادئ النظرية البنائية الاجتماعية الكلية قد حصلت على (4.
The Effect of Using Constructivist Learning Model on Formation of the Conceptual Structure in Chemistry among 12th Grader Students in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Abdalla Raed , Al Mohtaseb Sumaya 
Published: April 2023

This study aimed at investigating the effect of using constructivist learning model on formation of the conceptual structure in chemistry among 12th grader students in the United Arab Emirates. To achieve the goal of the study, the following queatyion was asked: What is the effect of using constructivist learning model on the formation of the conceptual structure in chemistry among 12th grader students? The sample was consisted of (54) 12th grader male students distributed into two sections, one section was assigned as an experimental group, and the other section was designed as control group. The results of the study was analyzed using T-Test of independent samples to compare the means of post conceptual structure exam. The result shows that there is a significant difference at the level (α ≥ 0.05) between the mean scores in the formation of the conceptual structure test who studied chemistry using constructivist learning model compared to students who studied chemistry using the traditional method in favor of the experimental groups. Based on the study results, the study recommends the necessity of training science teachers to develop their educational practices in a way that agree with constructivist learning model and use this model to improve students' conceptual structure.

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن أثر استخدام أنموذج التعلم البنائي في تكوين البنية المفاهيمية في الكيمياء لدى طلبة المرحلة الثانوية في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة. ولتحقيق هدف الدراسة تم طرح السؤال التالي: ما أثر التدريس باستخدام أنموذج التعلم البنائي في تكوين البنية المفاهيمية في الكيمياء لدى طلبة الصف الثاني عشر العلمي في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة مقارنةً بالطريقة التقليدية؟ تكون أفراد الدراسة من (54) طالباً موزعين على شعبتين دراسيتين، حيث تم اختيار إحدى الشعب كمجموعة تجريبية والأخرى مجموعة ضابطة، وقد تم اختيار العينة بصورة قصدية. ولتحليل البيانات واستخراج النتائج استخدام اختبار (ت) للعينيتين المستقلتين للمقارنة بين المتوسطين الحسابيين البعديين لعلامات المجموعة التجريبية والمجموعة الضابطة. حيث أظهرت النتائج وجود فرق ذو دلالة إحصائية عند مستوى الدلالة ( 0.05 ≤ α) على اختبار البنية المفاهيمية لصالح طلاب المجموعة التجريبية. وفي ضوء هذه النتائج أوصت الدراسة بضرورة تأهيل معلمي العلوم لتطوير ممارساتهم التعليمية بصورة تتفق وأنموذج التعلم البنائي، وبدعوتهم لاستخدامها لمساعدة الطلاب في تكوين بناهم المفاهيمية.
The Compliance Degree of Social Studies Teachers of the Upper Basic Stage with the National Criteria of Teachers' Professional Development from the Perspectives of their Principals in UNROWA schools of Jordan
Authors: Abu Sneineh Odeh 
Published: April 2023

This study investigated the compliance degree of social studies teachers of the basic stage in Jordan with the national criteria of teachers' professional development from the perspectives of their principals in Jordan UNRWOA Schools. The study sample consisted of (111) principals (52 males, 59 females). Data of the study was gathered by the National Criteria for Teacher Professional Development (NCTPD) questionnaire (2006). The questionnaire consisted of (63) items distributed in seven domains which are arranged in priority order. The ethics of the teaching profession ranked descendingly as follows: classroom teaching practices, academic knowledge and pedagogy, lesson planning, education in Jordan, assessment of students' learning, and self- professional development. Research results showed that the total degree of the teachers' compliance with the national criteria of teachers' professional development on all items of the questionnaire and on all domains of the study were generally high as the degree amounted to (258,65) within a percentage of (82,1%). Results also showed that (45) items of the questionnaire scored a high degree of teachers' compliance while (18) items scored a moderate degree of compliance. Furthermore, findings of the study revealed that there were statistically significant difference between the respondents' perspectives attributed to the gender in favor of the females on the following domains: the academic knowledge and pedagogy, lesson planning, classroom teaching practices, and the ethics of the teaching profession. Also, results of the study revealed that there were no statistically significant differences that were attribute to the academic qualifications of the school Principals and their specialization and work experience.
The Contemporary Islam Jurists' Approach in Dealing with the “Exceptional Circumstances Theory”: Analysis and Criticism
Authors: Dabbagh Ayman 
Published: April 2023

This research aims to answer the question: Does the approach to reestablish the above-mentioned theory on the applications of ancient jurists sound true in its basics and consequences? The research followed inductive and analytic approach. The research is characterized as the first search in the contemporary Islam jurists' approach in the subject, and it involved analysis and criticism of that approach that was not used earlier. The search was divided into eight sections: dealing with the definition of the theory, contemporary Islam jurists approach, and criticism of some of its aspects. The research arrived at different findings such as the insufficiency of the approach to reestablish on the applications of ancient jurists to meet new developments or to achieve justice in the field of the theory. Reestablishment of the theory on the ancient implementation of “wad’a al jawwaih” is not based on appropriate principles. The theory should be deeply rooted with all its provisions in the nature of the right in Islamic jurisprudence, which itself is based on justice and true interest.

حاول البحث الإجابة على سؤال: هل يُمثِّلُ منهج تخريج النظرية على تطبيقات الفقهاء المتقدمين منهجاً سليماً في أسسه ونتائجه. واتبع البحث منهجاً استقرائياً تحليلياً. ويتميز البحث بأنه أول بحث في مناهج المعاصرين في الموضوع، وأنه انطوى على تحليلات وانتقادات لذلك المنهج لم تُطرح سابقاً. وقد تم تقسيم البحث إلى ثمانية مطالب: تناولت التعريف بالنظرية، وعرض منهج الفقهاء المعاصرين فيها، ونقد بعض جوانبه. وخلص البحث إلى نتائج أهمها: عدم كفاية منهج التخريج على فقه المتقدمين لمواجهة المستجدات أو لتحقيق العدل في مجال النظرية. تخريج النظرية على وضع الجوائح لا يقوم على أساس صحيح. يجب تأصيل النظرية بكل أحكامها بالاستناد إلى طبيعة الحق في الفقه الإسلامي القائمة على العدل والمصلحة.
Spintronics memory using magnetic tunnel junction for X nm-generation
Authors: Naganuma Hiroshi 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The feasibility of X nm-generation scaling with magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs) in spintronic memory is aimed at keeping up with state-of-the-art transistor scaling. Magnetocrystalline anisotropy, shape magnetic anisotropy, and multi-interfacial magnetic anisotropy have been proposed to overcome thermal fluctuation even at the X nm-generation. The high magnetocrystalline anisotropy of the L10-ordered alloy combined with graphene as a tunneling barrier in the MTJs was the main concern in this study, and their potential for scaling for both 10 year data retention and nanosecond writing efficiency by micromagnetic simulation is investigated. Data retention of 10 years and high-speed writing of 2.2 ns are simultaneously achieved in the MTJs with a junction diameter of 7 nm.
АНАЛІЗ ВИНИКНЕННЯ ОСНОВНИХ ПСИХОФІЗІОЛОГІЧНИХ МЕХАНІЗМИІВ СТРЕСУ В ПРАЦЯХ ВИДАТНИХ НАУКОВЦІВ
Authors: Костюк Марина , Мазур Наталія 
Published: April 2023

Робота присвячена проблемам психологічних та фізіологічних механізмів стресу. Будь-яка діяльність людини відбувається в постійно змінних умовах і саме знання про психофізіологічні механізми стресу може передбачати використання резервів людини відносно забезпечення ефективної поведінці в умовах підвищеної стресогенності зовнішнього середовища.
Attentional suppression is in place before display onset
Authors: Huang Changrun , Donk Mieke , Theeuwes Jan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRecent studies have shown that observers can learn to suppress a location that is most likely to contain a distractor. The current study investigates whether the statistically learned suppression is already in place, before, or implemented exactly at the moment participants expect the display to appear. Participants performed a visual search task in which a distractor was presented more frequently at the high-probability location (HPL) in a search display. Occasionally, the search display was replaced by a probe display in which participants needed to detect a probe offset. The temporal relationship between the probe display and the search display was manipulated by varying the stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) in the probe task. In this way, the attentional distribution in space was probed before, exactly at, or after the moment when the search display was expected to be presented. The results showed a statistically learned suppression at the HPL, as evidenced by faster and more accurate search when a distractor was presented at this location. Crucially, irrespective of the SOA, probe detection was always slower at the HPL than at the low-probability locations, indicating that the spatial suppression induced by statistical learning is proactively implemented not just at the moment the display is expected, but prior to display onset. We conclude that statistical learning affects the weights within the priority map relatively early in time, well before the availability of the search display.
Estrategias didácticas para mitigar el impacto ambiental generado por la quema de llantas en desuso como combustible fósil en los trapiches paneleros de la vereda San Isidro del municipio de Ricaurte-Nariño Colombia
Authors: Noguera García Alexander Donald , Velasco Rosero William Fernando , Nariño Ricaurte  c , Edwin Holman Díaz Abahonza  
Published: April 2023

Con respecto a Luna (2015). afirma que el proceso de producción de panela ha venido ocasionando impactos negativos al medio ambiente, en especial en la vereda San Isidro del municipio de Ricaurte Colombia, debido a la quema de llantas, leña, plástico, todo esto como materia prima para su posterior evaporación del jugo de la caña en los trapiches paneleros, ya que al quemar este material solido derivado del petróleo, al desintegrarse con el fuego en la cámara de la combustión produce un proceso químico en el cual el Carbono e Hidrogeno del combustible, reaccionan con el Oxigeno del aire, liberando su energía térmica, gases y material particulado, por lo tanto esta reacción es liberado a través del ducto de la chimenea como humo negro llamado hollín causante de la contaminación del medio ambiente. El presente trabajo busca como estrategia pedagógica disminuir los impactos negativos producidos al medio ambiente implementando estrategias como el desarrollo de un manual de buenas prácticas de manufactura, en cuanto a Vanegas C (2016) afirma que el MBPM permite una producción más limpia que contemple todos los componentes de desarrollo sostenible, con el fin mitigar el impacto ambiental generado por la quema de llantas como combustible fósil en los trapiche, lo cual este manual contiene la descripción de la elaboración de la panela, materiales utilizados para el proceso de la combustión, las norma de bioseguridad, sanitarias, con el fin de brindar seguridad a los operarios, reducción de la contaminación ambiental y la salubridad de los pobladores.
Particle-in-cell Simulation of Energy Conversion at the Turbulent Region Downstream of the Reconnection Front
Authors: Yi Yongyuan , Pang Y. , Song Liangjin , Jin Runqing , Deng Xiaohua 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We study the energy conversion in the turbulent region (TR) downstream of the reconnection front (RF) via 2.5D particle-in-cell simulations. Our study shows that most magnetic energy is transferred into plasma in the exhaust region (ER) and the TR downstream of the RF; the latter is formed due to the electron Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI). Unlike the energy conversion in the ER, the energy conversion in the TR is mainly balanced by its in-plane component (E

x

J

x
+E

z

J

z
). We further find that the time evolution of the integrated energy conversion in the TR is strongly correlated with the time evolution of the electron KHI and secondary reconnection. The KHI feeds on the electron kinetic energy to grow, and electron vortices are formed, correspondently. The energy is transferred to ions through a nonideal electric field associated with those electron vortices after the KHI is well developed. Finally, the electron vortices are collapsed due to the secondary reconnection among those vortices. The power law of the magnetic energy spectra also shows a slope near −5/3 at wavenumbers larger than the ion scale when the KHI is fully developed.