bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunogenicity of Soluble HL-A Alloantigens
Authors: Ferrone S. , Natali P. G. , Hunter A. , Terasaki P. I. , Reisfeld R. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In recent years extensive investigations have been directed toward determining the biologic and chemical profiles of soluble HL-A alloantigens isolated from a variety of tissue sources. During the course of such studies, the in vitro reactivity of these materials was established serologically by their ability to inhibit specifically cytotoxic alloantisera (1). The soluble HL-A antigens have been shown to have further immunologic significance as they can induce specifically blastic transformation of histoincompatible but not of isogeneic leukocytes in vitro (2). Chemical studies thus far suggest that HL-A antigens are essentially protein in nature and apparently consist of single polypeptide chains with a molecular weight of 31,000 (3). The data concerning the immunogenic properties of soluble HL-A alloantigens thus far are scanty and conflicting. Batchelor (4) reported that rabbits immunized with partially purified soluble HL-A substances produced only species-specific lymphocytotoxic antibodies.
The Pathogenesis of Aleutian Disease of Mink
Authors: Porter David D. , Larsen Austin E. , Porter Helen G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Administration of an inactivated Aleutian disease virus vaccine to mink induced detectable antibody in one of 26 animals. When immunized mink were challenged with live virus, they developed more severe lesions than mink given a control vaccine. The immunized mink were also more susceptible to oral virus challenge than control mink. Passive administration of antiviral antibody at the peak of virus replication produced necrotizing acute inflammatory lesions, followed by mononuclear cell infiltrates.
Attempts to Reconstitute Immunoglobulin G from Heavy Chain and Halves of Light Chain
Authors: Karlsson F. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The noncovalent recombination of normal human immunoglobulin light chains and their halves with normal heavy chains and of a monoclonal light chain and its constant and variable halves with the autologous heavy chain has been studied. When the recombination mixtures were analyzed at an ionic strength close to the physiologic, intact light chains recombined readily with heavy chains, whereas light chain halves showed no tendency to recombine under these conditions. At higher ionic strength some binding of constant and variable fragments to heavy chains was observed. The results indicate that in an immunoglobulin molecule both the constant and the variable half of the light chain participate in the noncovalent bonding to heavy chain and demonstrate that a covalent bond between the halves is of great importance for recombination.
Functional Development of the Interacting Cells in the Immune Response
Authors: Fidler John M. , Chiscon Martha O. , Golub Edward S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Young CBA spleen cells respond initially to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro at 15 days of age but the response is less than 10% of the adult response. The magnitude of the response reaches levels comparable to those in the adult at 7 weeks of age. Spleen cells of 1-week-old mice can reconstitute the anti-SRBC response of lethally x-irradiated adult mice but cannot respond to SRBC when placed in diffusion chambers implanted in the peritoneal cavity of sub-lethally irradiated adult syngeneic recipients. In an attempt to determine the cellular basis of the “immunologic immaturity,” reciprocal recombinations of adult and young macrophage-rich adherent (A) cells and lymphocyte-rich non-adherent (NA) cells were made. It was found that young A cells are functional, but young NA cells are not. The implications of these findings in terms of the mechanism of maturation and the acquisition of immunocompetence by the young mouse are discussed. It is suggested that the cause of incompetence in the young spleen cells is the presence of pluripotent stem cells but not of committed lymphoid precursors. This may be due to the lack of functional lymphocyte-directed-inducing-microenvironments which would induce stem cells to differentiate into committed lymphoid precursors.
Activity of Migration Inhibitory Factor in the Absence of Antigen
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Janeway Charles A. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The possibility that the activity of migration inhibitory factor (MIF) requires the presence of antigen in the culture of nonimmune peritoneal exudate cells has been suggested by several authors. In order to study such antigen-dependent MIF, we stimulated lymph node cell cultures from guinea pigs immunized with various DNP-protein conjugates with the immunizing antigen in vitro. The antigen was removed from MIF-containing supernatants by affinity chromatography on anti-DNP-agarose bead columns. The effluent material retained full MIF activity despite the absence of antigen. Addition of antigen did not increase the activity of these antigen-free supernatants. Moreover, no MIF activity could be subsequently eluted from the anti-DNP-agarose bead column by treatment with dilute acid, suggesting that no MIF, as antigen-MIF complex, had been removed by the anti-DNP column. In addition, DNP-protein-agarose bead conjugates stimulated lymphocytes to produce active MIF, although no antigen could be detected in these MIF-containing supernatants. Addition of antigen did not increase the activity of the supernatant. Thus, in these systems, no evidence for antigen-dependent MIF has been obtained.
Antineuraminidase Antibody Response of Man to Influenza Virus Neuraminidase N2: Results Obtained with an Improved Hemagglutination Inhibition Technique and an Enzyme Inhibition Test
Authors: Hennessy Albert V. , Minuse Elva , Davenport Fred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sets of sera obtained from subjects vaccinated or infected with influenza A2 strains from 1957 to 1968 were examined by an improved hemagglutination inhibition procedure for measuring antineuraminidase antibodies with recombinant viruses, and by a neuraminidase inhibition test with human serum Cohn fraction IV-4 as substrate. Recombinants prepared with viruses containing 1957 and 1968 antigenic variants of neuraminidase were employed. The improved HI procedure was found to be as reliable as the NI test for detecting antineuraminidase antibody and antineuraminidase antibody increase. Antineuraminidase antibody was generally not found on first exposure to A2 strains but antibody increase occurred with increasing frequency during subsequent years. The antineuraminidase antibody response of man is broad, making recognition of antigenic enzymatic variants difficult by use of human serum.
Macrophage-Bound Antigens
Authors: Seeger Robert C. , Oppenheim Joost J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effectiveness of macrophage-bound antigens (macrophage-antigen) and soluble antigens in inducing delayed hypersensitivity (DH) and serum antibodies in syngeneic guinea pigs were compared. Peritoneal macrophages from unimmunized guinea pigs were incubated in vitro with 125-I tetanus toxoid (tet), dinitrophenylated guinea pig albumin (GPA.DNP) or dinitrophenylated ovalbumin (OA.DNP) for 60 to 90 min at 37°C. After this incubation period the cells were washed, and the quantity of 125I antigen which had been taken up determined. Then either macrophage-antigen or soluble antigen was injected into the footpads of syngeneic nonimmune guinea pigs.
A single injection of macrophage-antigen induced DH demonstrable 7 or 21 days after immunization, whereas equal or higher doses of soluble antigen did not. Immunization with macrophage-antigen followed by secondary and tertiary immunizations with macrophage-antigen induced maximal DH and only minimal antibody titers. Less DH and higher titers of antibodies developed when primary immunization with macrophage-antigen was followed by secondary and tertiary immunizations with soluble antigen. Macrophage-antigen was more effective than an equal dose of soluble antigen in priming for the production of antibodies. High doses of soluble antigen with or without secondary immunization induced antibodies as effectively as macrophage-antigen boosted with a secondary immunization of soluble antigen. Our studies suggest that macrophage-antigen interaction with thymus dependent lymphocytes (T cells) leads to their activation. Such activated T cells mediate DH and also may facilitate the production of antibodies by thymus independent cells (B cells).
In Vitro Demonstration of Two Antigenically-Distinct Rabbit Lymphocyte Populations
Authors: Fanger Michael W. , Pelley Ronald P. , Reese Alice L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two populations of lymphocytes have been demonstrated in the rabbit by using a goat antiserum directed to rabbit thymus cells. When incubated with rabbit lymphocytes from peripheral blood the IgG fraction of this antiserum (ATG) completely suppressed lymphocyte transformation initiated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A) but did not affect stimulation by goat anti-rabbit Fab. Neither preimmune IgG nor ATG absorbed with thymus or lymph node cells was capable of affecting transformation. The method of purification of ATG and studies involving order of addition, the effect on human lymphocytes and the effect of the F(ab′)2 and Fab′ fragments of ATG indicate that the primary mechanism of action of ATG is not to prevent the binding to the lymphocyte of Con A or PHA. ATG but not preimmune IgG appeared to be lymphocytotoxic under conditions similar to those used for transformation experiments. The most straightforward interpretation of these data is that ATG in vitro selectively eliminates the population of lymphocytes susceptible to stimulation by Con A and PHA but does not affect lymphocytes carrying immunoglobulin determinants. Thus thymus-derived cells have on their surface receptors for ATG, PHA and Con A while the other lymphocyte population expresses receptors for immunoglobulin.
Inhibition of Antigen-Stimulated in Vitro Proliferation of Thymic Dependent Chicken Spleen Cells by Specific Antibody
Authors: Jacobs R. P. , Blaese R. M. , Oppenheim J. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of passively administered antibody to inhibit active immune responses suggests that antibody may be an important element in normal immunoregulation. This report describes studies of in vitro lymphocyte transformation in which cells from agammaglobulinemia bursectomized-irradiated (Bx-X) and rabbit anti-chicken lymphocyte serum (ALS)-treated chickens were used to study the effects of specific antibody on the in vitro proliferative responses of thymus dependent (T) and bursal dependent (B) lymphocytes. Intact chickens immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and Brucella abortus (BA) developed positive in vitro proliferative responses to these antigens and these responses were specifically inhibited when the appropriate antibody was added to the cultures. Low level “natural” or background proliferative responses were observed in unimmunized chickens in response to Brucella, and these responses could not be inhibited by specific anti-Brucella (anti-BA) antibody.
Agammaglobulinemic (Bx-X) chickens immunized with both KLH and Brucella responded in vitro only to KLH. This response was also inhibitable by specific anti-KLH antibody, indicating that proliferative responses of T cells can be suppressed by specific antibody. Because spleen cells from immunized Bx-X birds failed to respond to Brucella, the in vitro proliferative response to this antigen is probably a B lymphocyte dependent process. This was investigated further by using spleens from immune ALS-treated chickens. These cells failed to respond to either antigen in vitro. When these ALS spleen cells were mixed with immune Bx-X spleen cells, the in vitro proliferative response to BA was reconstituted, demonstrating synergy between the two populations of cells. However, since both T and B cells are needed for the proliferative response to BA, we cannot determine which lymphoid cell was inhibited by anti-BA.
Reaction Mechanisms of Nascent C5̄6̄7̄ (Reactive Lysis)
Authors: Goldman John N. , Ruddy Shaun , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An activated complex of the fifth and sixth components of complement (C) was generated by treatment of certain human sera with either zymosan or the low molecular weight anticomplementary factor of cobra venom. The interaction of C with C7 and unsensitized erythrocytes was studied. The formation of EC from these reactants was temperature dependent and proceeded most favorably at pH 6.0, ionicity 0.065. The half-life of the hemolytic activity of nascent C was 5 hr at 0°C and less than 2 min at 30°C. When the average numbers of C sites per erythrocyte generated in the presence of optimal C7 were plotted as a function of C input, linear responses were obtained, indicating that a single competent C site is sufficient to prepare the cell for lysis by C8 and C9. Nascent formed by the interaction of C and C7 operates in the absence of antibody and extends the membrane-damaging capacity of the complement system to unsensitized cells.
The Response to SRBC by Nude Mice Injected with Lymphoid Cells Other Than Thymus Cells
Authors: Kindred Berenice , Weiler Eberhardt 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nude mice from a stock partially backcrossed to BALB/c were able to produce hemagglutinating antibody if they were injected with BALB/c-Igb spleen, lymph node, peritoneal or educated T cells. C57 spleen cells and, in one experiment, BALB/c-Igb bone marrow cells induced only a transitory responsiveness. Usually bone marrow cells had no apparent effect on the ability to produce hemagglutinating antibody, nor did BALB/c-Igb fetal cells from thymus, spleen or liver.
The allotype of the serum antibody was studied by facilitated hemolysis. In nude mice, regardless of the type of cell injected, the antibody was almost always of host type although donor type antibody predominated if the cells were injected into irradiated BALB/c.
Mitogenic Factors Produced by Lymphocyte Activation: Effect on T- and B-Cells
Authors: Vischer Thomas L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
During activation of lymphocytes in vitro by specific and nonspecific stimulants, various biologically active factors are produced which have been called “lymphokines” (1). Such lymphokines include factors cytotoxic for target cells, macrophage-migration inhibitor factor, a skin reactive factor, factors inducing blastogenesis, 3H-thymidine incorporation and mitosis, and others (2).
The mitogenic factors could be important in recruiting cells during immune reactions and in explaining the effect of adjuvants (3). Immune responses to many antigens require cooperation of thymus-dependent (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes (4). It is not clear yet whether such mitogenic factors activate T- or B-lymphocytes, or both of them.
In order to investigate the effect of mitogenic factors on T- and B-cells, we produced active culture supernatants in the following way: spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized 8 weeks previously with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) were exposed to the antigen in serum-free medium for 2 days (5).
Differentiation of Type 1 and Type 2 Herpes Simplex Virus by in Vitro Stimulation of Immune Lymphocytes
Authors: Rosenberg Gary L. , Wohlenberg Charles , Nahmias André J. , Notkins Abner Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous report we demonstrated that lymphocytes from rabbits immunized with herpes simplex virus (HSV) or vaccinia virus could be stimulated in vitro by the homologous but not heterologous virus (1). These observations indicated that the lymphocyte stimulation technique, believed to be an in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity (2), could distinguish between antigenically unrelated viruses. Recently it has been shown (3, 4) that HSV could be differentiated by serologic techniques into two closely related antigenic types (HSV-1 and HSV-2). The present study was initiated to determine whether the two types of HSV also could be distinguished by the in vitro lymphocyte stimulation technique.
Materials and Methods. The methods employed in the present study have been described in detail elsewhere (1). HSV-1 (strain VR3) and HSV-2 (strain MS) were prepared and assayed in primary rabbit kidney cells grown in the presence of 5% rabbit serum (3, 5).
Radioimmune Precipitation of Group a Arboviruses
Authors: Dalrymple J. M. , Teramoto A. Y. , Cardiff R. D. , Russell P. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmune precipitation (RIP) test was used to study selected group A arboviruses. Purified preparations of Sindbis (SIN), western equine encephalitis (WEE) and eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus were examined in homologous and heterologous reactions. RIP reactions were comparable to plaque reduction neutralization tests in both sensitivity and specificity. When SIN virus was precipitated by WEE virus antiserum, the RIP curve was biphasic. RIP inhibition of the homologous and biphasic heterologous reaction suggested three separate antibody populations of differing specificities. The results indicated that WEE virus antiserum contained: a) a high titered specific antibody, b) a broadly crossreactive antibody at intermediate antiserum dilutions and c) a low titered antibody which detected only the intra-group WEE-SIN virus complex.
Serologic Cross-Reactivity Between H-2 and HL-A Antigens
Authors: Götze Dietrich , Ferrone Soldano , Reisfeld Ralph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble HL-A antigen extracted from cultured human lymphoid cells (RPMI 1788, HL-A 2, 10, 7, W14) by the 3M KCl method was injected into rabbits. The rabbit anti-HL-A sera contained antibodies against all the HL-A specificities present on the immunogen. Moreover, these same xenoantibodies reacted also with certain murine lymphocytes bearing distinct H-2 specificities in the direct complement dependent lymphocytotoxic test. Absorption studies confirmed this selected reactivity and led to the conclusion that mainly antigenic determinants of the D region of H-2d and the K region of H-2b are involved in this cross-reactivity. Rabbit anti-HL-A sera absorbed with cells of different mouse strains were tested against a large panel of human lymphocytes from unrelated donors for remaining cytotoxic activity. The results indicate that absorption with cells of the genotypes H-2b (KbDb) and H-2a (KkDd) remove antibodies against determinants of the first segregant series (cross-reacting with HL-A 2 and 10).
These data suggest a specific cross-reactivity between human and murine histocompatibility antigens and suggest a certain structural homology between these cell surface antigens and perhaps even a similar organization of the genetic fine structure of the HL-A and H-2 systems.
Tick-Bite Injury: Mediation by a Complement-Derived Chemotictic Chemotactic Factor
Authors: Berenberg J. L. , Ward P. A. , Sonenshine D. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The intensely destructive tick-bite injury is dependent on the presence of neutrophils. The present study examines the nature of the tick-host interaction and the attraction of neutrophils to the site of injury. Tick salivary gland extracts have no intrinsic chemotactic activity but can generate this activity from human or dog serum. Activity was also generated from human C5 but not from C3. Antibody to C5 eliminated the chemotactic activity produced in human serum. The chemotactic factor generated in human serum appeared to be a C5 cleavage product of low sedimentation velocity in sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. Complement depletion of C5 in rats by cobra venom treatment greatly reduced the tissue necrosis and inflammation associated with the tick feeding lesion. These results suggested that this inflammatory lesion was related to the cleavage of host C5 by tick saliva to produce a chemoattractant for neutrophils. This non-immunologic model of tissue injury is analogous to the immunologic models of the Arthus reaction and acute nephrotoxic nephritis. In each case, the complement system provides the chemotactic factors for neutrophils, and the ensuing damage is neutrophil-dependent.
Radioimmunoassay Procedure for Rabies Binding Antibodies
Authors: Wiktor Tadeusz J. , Koprowski Hilary , Dixon Frank 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Purified rabies virus was labeled with 125I, and preparations with specific activities of 4.4 to 12.7 × 107 cpm/mg of viral protein were obtained. The labeled virus was reacted with dilutions of rabies antibodies and the resulting virus-antibody complexes were precipitated with anti-IgG serum. The specific binding activity for each serum dilution could be calculated after subtraction of the background activity determined from samples of normal serum treated in the same manner. When sera from immunized humans and rabbits and a serum sample from a patient with a clinical rabies infection were evaluated by this procedure, the virus-binding ability of anti-rabies serum was shown to be similar to or higher than the values obtained by the neutralization test based on plaque reduction method. The radioimmunoassay procedure was also used to determine the proportion of rabies-specific γ globulins in a mixture of 131I-labeled γ globulins from immunized rabbits and 125I-labeled γ globulins from normal rabbits. Ten to twelve per cent of all γ globulins represented rabies-specific antibody in this serum sample.
The Clonal Nature of Antibody Formation
Authors: Bosma M. , Davis G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Clonal antibody responses to the haptens, poly-d-alanine (poly-ala) or poly-O-acetyl-d-serine (poly-ser), were produced in lethally-irradiated mice after the injection of limiting numbers of mouse spleen cells and protein-hapten immunogens. Syngeneic F1-hybrid mice permitted the use of antibody allotypes as genetic markers. Allotype markers together with the aid of Poisson statistics enabled us to identify mice whose spleens contained antibody-forming progeny of only one or two hapten-specific precursor cells (antibody cell clones). The results obtained indicated that poly-ala or poly-ser haptens were able to stimulate only about one in 108 spleen cells to form antibody cell clones of a given allotype; that regardless of antibody specificity or allotype, the relative size of most antibody cell clones was limited to 212 to 214 cell divisions; and that most antibody cell clones which shared specificity for the same hapten could be inhibited differentially with hapten analogues.
The Clonal Nature of Antibody Formation
Authors: Bosma M. , Davis G. , Bosma G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody cell clones of (C57BL/6 C3H/HeJ) F1 mice directed against the haptens, poly-O-acetyl-d-serine (poly-ser) and poly-d-alanine (poly-ala), were evaluated with the aid of a cell transfer system and a modified plaque assay. When antibody responses to poly-ser or poly-ala were initiated by a few precursor cells, unequal associations of a given antibody specificity with one of two parental antibody allotypes became apparent: namely, poly-ser specific clones of C3H/HeJ allotype were more frequent than those of C57BL/6 allotype, whereas poly-ala specific clones of C57BL/6 allotype were more frequent than those of C3H/HeJ allotype. The degree of these unequal associations could be accentuated when both poly-ser and poly-ala specific clones were induced with proteins bearing random copolymers of O-acetyl-d-serine and d-alanine (ser-ala). In this instance the proportion of clones which were of C57BL/6 allotype was greater than that obtained with either homopolymer hapten. We interpreted these results as consistent with the following: 1) that closely-linked genes encoded for the two distinct portions of mouse immunoglobulin heavy-chain that determine allotype (constant region) and combining site specificity (variable region); and 2) that more of the immunoglobulin structural genes of the C3H/HeJ allelic chromosomal region could encode for antibodies to the poly-ser hapten than those of the C57BL/6 allelic chromosomal region, while the converse seemed true for antibodies specific to the poly-ala hapten.