bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant and childhood death in the medical profession. Evidence from nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Netherlands
Authors: van Poppel Frans , Ekamper Peter 
Published: July 2023

AbstractThis paper shows the effect that the medical expertise of medical practitioners had on the life chances of their children. We focus on infant and early childhood mortality. We reconstructed the life histories of the offspring of a group of around 2800 medical practitioners who were practicing in a high-mortality region in the Netherlands between 1850 and 1922, the period during which infant and child mortality in the Netherlands underwent the largest changes. The survival of their offspring is compared with that of a random sample of children from the Historical Sample of the Netherlands. Multilevel hazard analysis, using Cox proportional hazards models with shared frailty, is applied to study the effect of belonging to the medical profession on survival, in relation to the level of infant mortality in the regions where children were born. Within the group of medical practitioners, attention is paid to differences in children’s survival according to the level of medical knowledge of the fathers. Our statistical analyses show that the offspring of medical practitioners as a whole did have better survival prospects than children born to families without a father with a medical background. When medical practitioners had effective medical knowledge, measured by the period of graduation and the highest level of medical training reached, the positive effects on the survival of their children were even stronger.
Investigating causal relationships between obesity and skin barrier function in a multi-ethnic Asian general population cohort
Authors: Yew Yik Weng , Mina Theresia , Ng Hong Kiat , Lam Benjamin Chih Chiang , Riboli Elio , Lee Eng Sing , Lee Jimmy , Ngeow Joanne , Elliott Paul , Thng Steven Tien Guan , Chambers John C. , Loh Marie 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Skin diseases impact significantly on the quality of life and psychology of patients. Obesity has been observed as a risk factor for skin diseases. Skin epidermal barrier dysfunctions are typical manifestations across several dermatological disturbances.

Objectives
We aim to establish the association between obesity and skin physiology measurements and investigate whether obesity may play a possible causal role on skin barrier dysfunction.

Methods
We investigated the relationship of obesity with skin physiology measurements, namely transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin surface moisture and skin pH in an Asian population cohort (n = 9990). To assess for a possible causal association between body mass index (BMI) and skin physiology measurements, we performed Mendelian Randomization (MR), along with subsequent additional analyses to assess the potential causal impact of known socioeconomic and comorbidities of obesity on TEWL.

Results
Every 1 kg/m2 increase in BMI was associated with a 0.221% (95%CI: 0.144–0.298) increase in TEWL (P = 2.82E–08), a 0.336% (95%CI: 0.148–0.524) decrease in skin moisture (P = 4.66E–04) and a 0.184% (95%CI: 0.144–0.224) decrease in pH (P = 1.36E–19), adjusting for age, gender, and ethnicity. Relationships for both TEWL and pH with BMI remained strong (Beta 0.354; 95%CI: 0.189–0.520 and Beta –0.170; 95%CI: –0.253 to –0.087, respectively) even after adjusting for known confounders, with MR experiments further supporting BMI’s possible causal relationship with TEWL. Based on additional MR performed, none of the socioeconomic and comorbidities of obesity investigated are likely to have possible causal relationships with TEWL.

Conclusion
We establish strong association of BMI with TEWL and skin pH, with MR results suggestive of a possible causal relationship of obesity with TEWL. It emphasizes the potential impact of obesity on skin barrier function and therefore opportunity for primary prevention.
Effects of Sodium Lactate Infusion in Two Girls with Glucose Transporter 1 Deficiency Syndrome
Authors: van Gemert Loes A. , van Alfen Nens , van Gaal Lizzy , Wortmann Saskia , Willemsen Michèl A. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background Glucose is an important fuel for the brain. In glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1DS), the transport of glucose across the blood–brain barrier is limited. Most individuals with GLUT1DS present with developmental problems, epilepsy, and (paroxysmal) movement disorders, and respond favorably to the ketogenic diet. Similar to ketones, lactate is an alternative energy source for the brain. The aim of this study is to investigate whether intravenous infusion of sodium lactate in children with GLUT1DS has beneficial effects on their epilepsy.
Methods We performed a proof of principle study with two subjects with GLUT1DS who were not on a ketogenic diet and suffered from absence epilepsy. After overnight fasting, sodium lactate (600 mmol/L) was infused during 120 minutes, under video electroencephalographic (EEG) recording and monitoring of serum lactate, glucose, electrolytes, and pH. Furthermore, the EEGs were compared with pre-/postprandial EEGs of both subjects, obtained shortly before the study.
Results Fasting EEGs of both subjects showed frequent bilateral, frontocentral polyspike and wave complexes. In one subject, no more epileptic discharges were seen postprandially and after the start of lactate infusion. The EEG of the other subject did not change, neither postprandially nor after lactate infusion. Serum pH, lactate, and sodium changed temporarily during the study.
Conclusion This study suggests that sodium lactate infusion is possible in individuals with GLUT1DS, and may have potential therapeutic effects. Cellular abnormalities, beyond neuronal energy failure, may contribute to the underlying disease mechanisms of GLUT1DS, explaining why not all individuals respond to the supplementation of alternative energy sources.
Accelerated ­Rule-Out of acute Myocardial Infarction using prehospital copeptin and in-hospital troponin: The AROMI study
Authors: Pedersen Claus Kjær , Stengaard Carsten , Bøtker Morten Thingemann , Søndergaard Hanne Maare , Dodt Karen Kaae , Terkelsen Christian Juhl 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Aims
The present acute myocardial infarction (AMI) rule-out strategies are challenged by the late temporal release of cardiac troponin. Copeptin is a non-specific biomarker of endogenous stress and rises early in AMI, covering the early period where troponin is still normal. An accelerated dual-marker rule-out strategy combining prehospital copeptin and in-hospital high-sensitivity troponin T could reduce length of hospital stay and thus the burden on the health care systems worldwide. The AROMI trial aimed to evaluate if the accelerated dual-marker rule-out strategy could safely reduce length of stay in patients discharged after early rule-out of AMI.

Methods and results
Patients with suspected AMI transported to hospital by ambulance were randomized 1:1 to either accelerated rule-out using copeptin measured in a prehospital blood sample and high-sensitivity troponin T measured at arrival to hospital or to standard rule-out using a 0 h/3 h rule-out strategy. The AROMI study included 4351 patients with suspected AMI. The accelerated dual-marker rule-out strategy reduced mean length of stay by 0.9 h (95% confidence interval 0.7–1.1 h) in patients discharged after rule-out of AMI and was non-inferior regarding 30-day major adverse cardiac events when compared to standard rule-out (absolute risk difference −0.4%, 95% confidence interval −2.5 to 1.7; P-value for non-inferiority = 0.013).

Conclusion
Accelerated dual marker rule-out of AMI, using a combination of prehospital copeptin and first in-hospital high-sensitivity troponin T, reduces length of hospital stay without increasing the rate of 30-day major adverse cardiac events as compared to using a 0 h/3 h rule-out strategy.
Biot-consistent framework for wave propagation with macroscopic fluid and thermal effects
Authors: Deng Wubing , Fu Li-Yun , Wang Zhiwei , Hou Wanting , Han Tongcheng 
Published: July 2023

SUMMARY
In principle, wave propagation in porous media can simultaneously trigger macroscopic fluid flow and thermal flow, which can be described by Biot's poroelasticity and Lord–Shulman thermoelasticity, respectively. The physical processes of those effects are significantly different, but phenomenologically, they can lead to identical wave attenuation and dispersion and are hard to be distinguished. By using Biot's virtual concept entropy flow, the Biot-consistent General Linear Solid (the GLS) framework and matrix notation, a rigorous and convenient tool is provided to reveal the similarities and disparities between poroelasticity and thermoelasticity. By using the same framework, a Biot-consistent thermo-poroelastic model is proposed to consider macroscopic effects of fluid and thermal flows simultaneously in an elegant way. These similarities allow us to directly translate many of the available results in poroelasticity to thermoelasticity and vice versa by a simple change of notation. The disparities indicate a fundamental difference in physical mechanisms. Plane-wave analysis shows that the primary P-wave modes of thermoelasticity and poroelasticity are all GSLS-equivalent (Generalized Standard Linear Solid) and can be identical if the model parameters are selected properly. However, the corresponding slow-wave modes have significantly different phase velocity dispersion although the attenuation spectra of which are identical. Such a surprising result can be explained by the GSLS non-equivalence of the slow-wave modes and the fundamentally different mechanisms. As expected, the thermo-poroelastic model predicts four wave modes, which are the fast- and slow-P, temperature (T wave) and S waves. Two attenuation peaks due to, respectively, the thermal- and fluid-flow effects are predicted for the fast-P wave. The slow-P wave mode due to fluid flow is influenced by the thermal effects, but the T wave seems unaffected by the fluid flow. The thermo-poroelastic model is then applied to laboratory observations at 200–106 Hz for the brine-saturated tight sandstone under 35 MPa effective pressure. The unified model provides a convenient framework for studying geothermal exploration, thermal-enhanced oil recovery and other applications involving temperature variations within the porous rock.
Atypical Ebola Virus Disease in a Rhesus Macaque
Authors: Marzi Andrea , Hanley Patrick W , Furuyama Wakako , Haddock Elaine , Martens Craig A , Scott Dana P , Feldmann Heinz 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV)–Makona infected more than 30 000 people from 2013 to 2016 in West Africa, among them many health care workers including foreign nationals. Most of the infected foreign nationals were evacuated and treated in their respective home countries, resulting in detailed reports of the acute disease following EBOV infection as well as descriptions of symptoms now known as post-Ebola syndrome, which occurred months after the infection. Symptoms associated with this syndrome include uveitis and neurological manifestations. In 1 of our EBOV-Makona nonhuman primate (NHP) studies, 1 NHP was euthanized on day 28 after infection having completely recovered from the acute disease. During convalescence, this NHP developed neurological signs and acute respiratory distress requiring euthanasia. The organ tropism had changed with high virus titers in lungs, brain, eye, and reproductive organs but no virus in the typical target organs for acute EBOV infection. This in part reflects sequelae described for EBOV survivors albeit developing quicker after recovery from acute disease.
Titanium coated with 2-decenoic analogs reduces bacterial and fungal biofilms
Authors: Harrison Zoe L , Montgomery Emily C , Hoffman Brian , Perez Felio , Bush Joshua R , Bumgardner Joel D , Fujiwara Tomoko , Baker Daniel L , Jennings Jessica Amber 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Aims
Due to antibiotic tolerance of microbes within biofilm, non-antibiotic methods for prevention and treatment of implant-related infections are preferable. The goal of this work is to evaluate a facile loading strategy for medium-chain fatty-acid signaling molecules 2-heptycyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (2CP), cis-2-decenoic acid (C2DA), and trans-2-decenoic acid, which all act as diffusible signaling factors (DSFs), onto titanium surfaces for comparison of their antimicrobial efficacy.

Methods and results
Titanium coupons were drop-coated with 0.75 mg of DSF in ethanol and dried. Surface characteristics and the presence of DSF were confirmed with Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact angle. Antimicrobial assays analyzing biofilm and planktonic Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, or Candida albicans viability showed that planktonic growth was reduced after 24-h incubation but only sustained through 72 h for S. aureus and C. albicans. Biofilm formation on the titanium coupons was also reduced for all strains at the 24-h time point, but not through 72 h for E. coli. Although ∼60% of the loaded DSF was released within the first 2 days, enough remained on the surface after 4 days of elution to significantly inhibit E. coli and C. albicans biofilm. Cytocompatibility evaluations with a fibroblast cell line showed that none of the DSF-loaded groups decreased viability, while C2DA and 2CP increased viability by up to 50%.

Conclusions
In this study, we found that DSF-loaded titanium coupons can inhibit planktonic microbes and prevent biofilm attachment, without toxicity to mammalian cells.
Superhero Pretense, Superhero Identification, and Risk-Taking in Preschool-Aged Children
Authors: Morgan Casie H , Schwebel David C 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Objective
The preschool years represent a stage of rapid human development, hallmarked by exploring the environment through gross and fine motor movement and imaginative pretend play. This exploration is developmentally appropriate but also presents risks for injury, the leading cause of death for preschool-aged children. Common injuries reflect exploration and risk-taking exhibited during play, and play may be particularly risky when children imitate risky models like superheroes. Frequent exposure and subsequent identification with superheroes are concerning because the media glorifies superheroes, creating social learning effects on children and promoting play situations where children may attempt superhuman abilities and hurt themselves. This study examined the relations between pretend play, superhero identification, and children’s risk-taking.

Methods
One hundred five children aged 4–5 years old were randomly assigned to either a superhero- or school-themed, story-based protocol. In both conditions, children engaged in three identical behavioral tasks to assess risk-taking. Identification with superheroes was measured using parent-report questionnaires and child interviews.

Results
Pretending to be a superhero was not associated with increased risk-taking behavior acutely, but identification with superheroes was associated in some analyses with preschool children’s broader risk-taking behavior. Across risk-taking behavior tasks, children with high superhero identification pretending to be superheroes tended to take the most risks.

Conclusions
Given the popularity of superhero media and the present results suggesting superhero identification may relate to injury-risk situations during play, prevention efforts should consider ways to reduce young children’s exposure to superheroes and/or mitigate injury risk during active pretend play.
Small area estimation of inequality measures using mixtures of Beta
Authors: De Nicolò Silvia , Ferrante Maria Rosaria , Pacei Silvia 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Economic inequalities referring to specific regions are crucial in deepening spatial heterogeneity. Income surveys are generally planned to produce reliable estimates at countries or macroregion levels, thus we implement a small area model for a set of inequality measures (Gini, Relative Theil, and Atkinson indexes) to obtain reliable microregion estimates. Considering that inequality estimators are unit-interval defined with skewed and heavy-tailed distributions, we propose a Bayesian hierarchical model at the area level involving a Beta mixture. An application on EU-SILC data is carried out and a design-based simulation is performed. Our model outperforms in terms of bias, coverage, and error the standard Beta regression model. Moreover, we extend the analysis of inequality estimators by deriving their approximate variance functions.
Hunting for exoplanets via magnetic star–planet interactions: geometrical considerations for radio emission
Authors: Kavanagh Robert D , Vedantham Harish K 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT
Recent low-frequency radio observations suggest that some nearby M dwarfs could be interacting magnetically with undetected close-in planets, powering the emission via the electron cyclotron maser (ECM) instability. Confirmation of such a scenario could reveal the presence of close-in planets around M dwarfs, which are typically difficult to detect via other methods. ECM emission is beamed, and is generally only visible for brief windows depending on the underlying system geometry. Due to this, detection may be favoured at certain orbital phases, or from systems with specific geometric configurations. In this work, we develop a geometric model to explore these two ideas. Our model produces the visibility of the induced emission as a function of time, based on a set of key parameters that characterize magnetic star–planet interactions. Utilizing our model, we find that the orbital phases where emission appears are highly dependent on the underlying parameters, and does not generally appear at the quadrature points in the orbit as is seen for the Jupiter–Io interaction. Then using non-informative priors on the system geometry, we show that untargeted radio surveys are biased towards detecting emission from systems with planets in near face-on orbits. While transiting exoplanets are still likely to be detectable, they are less likely to be seen than those in near face-on orbits. Our forward model serves to be a powerful tool for both interpreting and appropriately scheduling radio observations of exoplanetary systems, as well as inverting the system geometry from observations.
Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy Efficacy in Comorbid Medical Populations: Secondary Analysis of the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Rojewski Alana M , Palmer Amanda M , Baker Nathaniel L , Toll Benjamin A 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Introduction
This study sought to compare medication efficacy in participants with medical comorbidities who smoke in the Evaluating Adverse Events in a Global Smoking Cessation Study (EAGLES) trial, a double-blind, triple-dummy, placebo- and active-controlled randomized controlled trial.

Aims and Methods
Participants were from the U.S. cohort of the main trial and randomized (1:1:1:1) to varenicline, bupropion, nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) patch, or placebo for 12 weeks with follow-up through week 24. Medical comorbidity data were derived from the baseline medical screening questionnaire and categorized into four subgroups (cardiac, respiratory, vascular, and diabetes). Within each comorbidity, generalized linear mixed models were used to assess the association between treatment and continuous abstinence rates from weeks 9–12 to 9–24. Similar models were used to test the effect of number of comorbidities on abstinence.

Results
Varenicline resulted in the highest week 12 abstinence rates across all pharmacotherapies and compared to placebo in all comorbidity subgroups: Cardiac (40.0% vs. 3.6%; odds ratios [OR] = 23.3 [5.1–107.1]), respiratory (24.7% vs. 12.8%; OR = 2.2 [1.3–3.8]), vascular (29.1% vs. 10.4%; OR = 3.6 [2.3–5.7]), and diabetes (30.9% vs. 8.3%; OR = 6.5 [2.3–19.0]). This was maintained at week 24 for those with cardiac (23.3% vs. 1.8%; OR = 21.7 [2.7–178.2]), vascular (18.9% vs. 7.1%; OR = 3.1 [1.8–5.3]), and diabetes (20.6% vs. 4.2%; OR = 8.4 [2.1–33.7]) comorbidities. Treatment contrasts within some comorbidity subgroups revealed superior efficacy of varenicline over other pharmacotherapies. All pharmacotherapies increased the odds of abstinence regardless of number of comorbidities.

Conclusions
Varenicline is the most efficacious option for patients with manageable cardiac, respiratory, vascular, and diabetes conditions to quit smoking, supporting recent clinical practice guidelines that recommend varenicline as first-line pharmacotherapy. Bupropion and NRT demonstrated efficacy for some comorbidity subgroups.

Implications
This secondary analysis of the EAGLES trial demonstrated that varenicline is the most efficacious option for patients with cardiac, respiratory, vascular, and diabetes diagnoses to quit smoking. This demonstration of varenicline efficacy among individuals with comorbid medical conditions supports recent clinical practice guidelines that recommend varenicline as a first-line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation.
The Artefactual Branch Effect and Phylogenetic Conflict: Species Delimitation with Gene Flow in Mangrove Pit Vipers (Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus-erythrurus Complex)
Authors: Chan Kin Onn , Mulcahy Daniel G , Anuar Shahrul 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Mangrove pit vipers of the Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus-erythrurus complex are the only species of viper known to naturally inhabit mangroves. Despite serving integral ecological functions in mangrove ecosystems, the evolutionary history, distribution, and species boundaries of mangrove pit vipers remain poorly understood, partly due to overlapping distributions, confusing phenotypic variations, and the lack of focused studies. Here, we present the first genomic study on mangrove pit vipers and introduce a robust hypothesis-driven species delimitation framework that considers gene flow and phylogenetic uncertainty in conjunction with a novel application of a new class of speciation-based delimitation model implemented through the program Delineate. Our results showed that gene flow produced phylogenetic conflict in our focal species and substantiates the artefactual branch effect where highly admixed populations appear as divergent nonmonophyletic lineages arranged in a stepwise manner at the basal position of clades. Despite the confounding effects of gene flow, we were able to obtain unequivocal support for the recognition of a new species based on the intersection and congruence of multiple lines of evidence. This study demonstrates that an integrative hypothesis-driven approach predicated on the consideration of multiple plausible evolutionary histories, population structure/differentiation, gene flow, and the implementation of a speciation-based delimitation model can effectively delimit species in the presence of gene flow and phylogenetic conflict.