bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients and its relation with diabetic progression
Authors: Ali Hussein Al-Hilaly Dr. Ikhlass 
Published: August 2023

The study aimed to investigate the diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic patients and its relation with the glycemic control represented with the glycatedhaemoglobin (HbA1c). The study performed in the diabetic and endocrinology center at Al-Sader medical city in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf. The study included 102 subjects, divided into a (10) healthy subjects ascontrol group and two groups of diabetic patients attended to the diabetic and endocrinology center at Al-Sader medical city and diagnosed as type 2 diabetic patients, divided into two groups with and without retinopathy. The type of retinopathy was determined by physicians, there are three retinopathy subtypes: diabetic retinopathy in early stages, proliferative retinopathy and macular edema.Most DR patients were in early stages of retinopathy 37.25%, proliferative diabetic retinopathy 11.76%, and macular edema 11.76%.The results shows a significant increase of diabetic retinopathy DR prevalence with increasing diabetic duration, the incidence of DR was highest in patients of 15-20 years of diabetes mellitus,and the highest were the proliferative , then macular edema 12.33 ± 18.6 and 14.16 ± 2.32 respectively. The level of fasting plasma glucose among control, DM and DR groups increased significantly (P < 0.05), while there was no significant differences (P < 0.05) in FPG levels between these subtypes of DR. The HbA1c was significantly highest (P<0.05 )in DM and DR (6.65% ± 0.29 and 8.025 ± 0.19 respectively) when compared with 5.73% ± 0.18 in the control group. According to the successive HbA1c percentiles,the early stages of DR were found in all levels of HbA1c, but the highest incidence were in the highest levels. Also proliferative DR begin to appear at 7-7.5 % of HbA1c, andits highest incidence were at 7.5 – 8 %. Macular edema increased at 7-7.5% and at levels highest than 10.5 %.There was a significant decrease in body mass index BMI in DR patients when compared with other groups, and a significant decrease in BMI in proliferative DR and macular edema when compared with the control.The study concluded that there is a critical need to perform a periodical check to diabetic patients to diagnose the retinopathy in its early appearance, and to use the glycosylated haemoglobin as measurement periodically to detect any increase or fluctuation in this parameter to control the glycemic state in these patients.
Immunological study for infected women with T.vaginalis in AL-Najaf AL-Ashraf province
Authors: Khteer Al-Hadraawy Saleem , R. Al-Katib Sami , M. H. Al-Awady Haithem 
Published: August 2023

The study was conducted on 450 out patients and 30 healthy women, whom have visited the department of infertility at Al-Sadder medical city, Al-Zahra Hospital and in Najaf Province during the period from January till August, 2012. The infection with T.vaginalis in clinical suspected women determine by using the wet amount microscope, the infection women numbers and percent by wet mount microscope gave 49 and 10.88% respectively. The results showed significant elevation (P<0.01) in serum concentration of IgA, IgG, IgM and IgE in serum of T.vaginalis infection patients in comparison to healthy control group.
A comparative study for GLP-1 levels in Iraqi diabetic patients with hyper & hypothyroidism
Authors: Moneb. Al-Rubaei Zeinab , Salman. Al timari Usama , Ahmed. Alobaydi Huda 
Published: August 2023

The current study aimed to determine GLP-1 levels in hyper and hypothyroidism disease with diabetic and compared the results with a control group. The study also aimed to find the relationship for GLP-1 with (TSH, T3and insulin) in patients groups. The study involved 30 subjects with hyperthyroidism and diabetic as group 1(G1), and 30 subjects hypothyroidism patients with diabetes as group 2 (G2) to 30 healthy controls as group 3 (G3). The subjects were matched aged of (40-65 years). Serum used in determination T3, TSH, FBG and insulin in the control and patients groups, the BMI and IR were also calculated. Results showed highly significant increase in T3 levels in G1 contrast to G3 while there are no significant decreasing was found in G2 contrast to G3.Results in this study revealed highly significant decreasing in TSH levels in G1 contrast to G3 with highly significant increase in G2 comparing to G3. Results illustrate levels of FBG in all studied groups, which showed highly significant increase in FBG in G1 and G2 comparing to G3. Results showed highly significant increase in insulin levels in G1 contrast to G3 while there are no significant different observed in G1 contrast to G2. Results, also, showed highly significant increasing in GLP-1 in G1 and G2 when compared to G3.Correlation relation of GLP-1with T3, TSH and insulin were studied. Result revealed significant positive correlation between GLP-1 and T3 in G3 (P≤0.5, r = 0.350) while a significant negative correlation was observed in G1 and G2 (P≤0.05, r = -.047, r = -0.55). Results revealed significant positive correlation in G3 between TSH and T3 (P≤0.05, r = -.055) while a significant negative correlation (P≤0.05, r = -.047, r =.386) was observed in G1 and G2. Study also showed the correlation relation between GLP-1 and insulin there are no significant positive relation was seen in G3 (P˃0.05, r = 0.083), while showed highly significant positive correlation in G1 and G2 (r = 0.55, r = 0.344). It is Concluded from this study that GLP-1 can be used as a marker in diagnostic and monitoring the development in diabetes to its complication in these patients.
Epidemiology of diarrhoea in the Holy City of Karbala in 2015
Authors: A. Karim Fatima 
Published: August 2023

The aim of study was providing researchers, doctors, governing bodies such as Kerbala Health Directorate, Ministry of Health and National IHR Focal Point with a comprehensive statistical analysis of the prevalence of diarrhoea at Al Husseiny Teaching Hospital in the holly city of Karbala in 2015. The study identify the etiology of diarrhoea in adults across four age groups ranging from 15 and over, examining the variation to gender and age and month /season of the year. The study involves a total of 2583 cases of diarrhoea report as a chief complain to the hospital from January to December 2015. The statistical data analysis reveals that diarrhoea is still a major complain for all age groups as the hospital received approximately 7 cases on daily bases all over the year 2015. Female Patients were the most disadvantaged over male in a ratio of 5:3. Young adults between 20-44 years of age were the worst affected and represent %46 from the overall patient number. The study consolidates that more incidences have happened in the season of warm summer in June due to , yet even higher in cold January and December as more than two third of infection was viral. Entameba histolytic was the predominant parasitic cause to diarrhoea with 23% of the cases and Giardia lamblia. Main bacterial cause represented in Vibrio Cholera of 2.9% and very few cases of E. Coli.
Effectiveness of an Interventional Program on Nurses' Practices about Applying Guideline of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Khamees Layth Abbas , Atiyah Hussein Hadi 
Published: August 2023

Background: Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is widely used to provide renal support to critically ill patients with acute kidney injury.
Aim: the research aim to the effectiveness of an educational program on nurses’ practices regarding the application of the guideline on continuous renal replacement therapy in hemodialysis unit.
Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted with the application of the pre-test and post-test approach to the study group (30) and the control group (30) after applying the educational program. Data were collected in two phases: first baseline data (before any intervention presented to the study group) and then 21 days (after the program was administered education in the study group). Data were analyzed by using SPSS version 23.
Results: The results of current study showed that there was a significant difference between the pretest and the posttest responses in the study group practices after application of the educational program, while there was a small difference between the pretest and the posttest in the control group. In addition, there was significant association between educational level, and years of experience with nurses’ practices about application of the guideline on continuous renal replacement therapy.
Conclusions: the results of the current study show that the study group participants have significant improvement in post-test practices scores about application of the guideline on continuous renal replacement therapy.
Uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi n-heksana dan etil asetat daun kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli
Authors: Nasution Alfi Wahyudi , Nasution Haris Munandar , Lubis Minda Sari , Rahayu Yayuk Putri 
Published: August 2023

Penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh mikroorganisme merupakan penyakit yang banyak ditemukan di masyarakat. Terapi yang digunakan untuk pengobatan infeksi saat ini yaitu dengan pemberian antibiotik. Namun banyak kasus resistensi bakteri terhadap antibiotik diakibatkan penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak rasional, sehingga perlu dikembangkannya alternatif pengganti antibiotik yang bersumber dari tumbuhan. Salah satu tumbuhan yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri adalah Daun Kecombrang (Etlingera elatior) karena mengandung saponin,flavonoid, steroid/triterpenoid,dan glikosida yang dapat berfungsi sebagai antimikroba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas fraksi n-heksan dan etil asetat dari daun kecombrang terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara eksperimental, variabel bebas terdiri dari ekstrak etanol daun kecombrang ,fraksi n heksan dan etil asetat. Variabel terikat terdiri dari uji karakteristik simplisia, skrining fitokimia,uji aktivitas antibakteri fraksi daun kecombrang terhadap S.aureus dan E.coli. uji antibakteri menggunakan fraksi n-heksan dan etil asetat yang dibuat dengan konsentrasi 10%,30%,50% dan 70%. kontrol positif menggunakan antibiotik kloramfenikol dan kontrol negatif menggunakan DMSO,dan metode yang digunakan adalah difusi agar dengan kertas cakram. Hasil penelitian uji antibakteri menunjukkan bahwa daun kecombrang memiliki daya hambat pada bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli. Daya hambat fraksi etil asetat lebih kuat dibandingkan n heksan. Daya hambat terkuat terdapat pada fraksi etil asetat dengan konsentrasi 30,50,dan 70%, terhadap Staphylococcus aureus yaitu 10,9 mm, 12,6 mm, dan 14,15 mm. sedangkan pada bakteri Escherichia coli yaitu 10,5 mm, 12.3 mm. dan 13,9 mm. dan berdasarkan kategori zona hambat CLSI,2020,fraksi konsentrasi 70% termasuk kategori intermediat,konsentrasi 50,30,dan 10% termasuk kategori resisten. Sedangkan kontrol positif dikategorikan sensitif terhadap kedua bakteri.
PPAT Responsibilities That Do Not Issue the Deed of Grant of Guarantee Rights and Position of Creditors in Bankruptcy
Authors: MAHAWIRA Made Dananjaya , ARJAYA I Made , DHARSANA I Made Pria 
Published: August 2023

Purpose: The action taken is that lending and borrowing are not accompanied by the existence of an item that the debtor guarantees. However, in reality, in banking, there is a provision of a facility from the bank for its customers who do not lend to the debtor without including a guarantee.Methodology: The research method conducted by the author is normative research. The formulation of the problems that will be discussed includes 1. What is the responsibility of the PPAT towards the cover note stating that the Mortgage will be installed? 2. What is the creditor's position in bankruptcy because the mortgage right is not installed by the PPAT? The responsibility of a PPAT for a cover note that has stated the installation of mortgage rights is a criminal responsibility in which the right leads to individual responsibility.Findings: There is an imposition of sanctions either dishonorably dismissed or imposition of an institution for an action carried out by the PPAT and the existence of civil responsibility that provides direction in compensating creditors with the loss of the certificate of ownership.Implication: Judging from the position of a creditor in bankruptcy because the mortgage right is not installed by the PPAT, it is a creditor's position in the event of bankruptcy if it is based on the position of creditors with an equal or equal position. The granting of equal rights from the results of a bankrupt boedel execution has been adjusted to the amount of each bill.
Magnitude Estimates for the Carrington Flare in 1859 September: As Seen from the Original Records
Authors: Hayakawa Hisashi , Bechet Sabrina , Clette Frédéric , Hudson Hugh S. , Maehara Hiroyuki , Namekata Kosuke , Notsu Yuta 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Carrington flare in 1859 September is a benchmark, as the earliest reported solar flare and as an event with one of the greatest terrestrial impacts. To date, no rigorous estimate of the energy of this flare has been made on the basis of the only direct observation available, its white-light emission. Here, we exploit the historical observations to obtain a magnitude estimate and express it in terms of its GOES soft X-ray class. From Carrington’s original drawings, we estimated the area of the white-light flaring region to be 116 ± 25 msh. Carrington’s account allows us to estimate the flare blackbody brightness temperature as ≈8800–10,900 K, given the most plausible interpretation of the reported flare brightness. This leads to an unprecedented class estimate of ≈X80 (X46–X126), on the modern revised GOES scale (a factor 1.43 higher than the traditional one). This substantially exceeds earlier estimates but is based on an explicit interpretation of Carrington’s description. We also describe an alternative but less plausible estimation of the flare brightness, as adopted previously, to obtain a class estimate of ≈X14 (X9–X19). This now-deprecated scenario gives an estimate similar to that of with those of directly observed modern great flares. Approximations with “equivalent area,” based on the Hinode observations, lead to comparable magnitudes and approve our estimates, though with a larger uncertainty range. We note that our preferred estimate is higher than the currently used value of X64.4 ± 7.2 (revised) based on indirect geomagnetic measurements.
On the Sizes of Ionized Bubbles Around Galaxies During the Reionization Epoch. The Spectral Shapes of the Lyα Emission from Galaxies
Authors: Hayes Matthew J. , Scarlata Claudia 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We develop a new method to determine the distance between a high-redshift galaxy and a foreground screen of atomic hydrogen. In a partially neutral universe, and assuming spherical symmetry, this equates to the radius of an ionized “bubble” (R
B) surrounding the galaxy. The method requires an observed Lyα equivalent width, its velocity offset from systemic, and an input Lyα profile for which we adopt scaled versions of the profiles observed in low-z galaxies. We demonstrate the technique in a sample of 23 galaxies at z > 6, including 8 at z = 7.2–10.6 recently observed with JWST. Our model estimates the emergent Lyα properties and the foreground distance to the absorbing intergalactic medium. We find that galaxies at z > 7.5 occupy smaller bubbles (∼0.5–1 pMpc) than those at lower z. With a relationship that is secure at 99% confidence, we empirically demonstrate the growth of ionized regions during the reionization epoch for the first time. We independently estimate the upper limit on the Strömgren radii (R
S), and derive the escape fraction of ionizing photons (

f

esc

LyC

) from the ratio of R
B/R
S, deriving a median value of 5%, which, on average, represents the lower end of the photon budget necessary for reionization.
Spatial Distribution of Glycine and Aspartic Acid in Rapidly Frozen Brines Relevant to Enceladus
Authors: Vu Tuan H. , Hodyss Robert , Johnson Paul V. , Cable Morgan L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Saturn’s moon Enceladus harbors a global, subsurface liquid ocean beneath an icy crust that actively erupts water jets from fissures in its south pole. Data returned from the Cassini mission have identified salts and organic matter within these ejected plume particles. Such combinations of water, organics, and salts present rather complex chemical environments that may hold direct implications for habitability. The fundamental behavior of organics in frozen brine systems upon exposure to relevant Enceladus surface conditions is an important aspect that has not been explored to date (e.g., how they organize and partition relative to the salt minerals within the ice matrix). The present work investigates this topic by characterizing the spatial distribution of two amino acids with different side chains (glycine and aspartic acid) in a putative frozen Enceladus brine, containing sodium, chloride, and carbonate ions, via micro-Raman imaging. The results show that both organic–salt solutions likely undergo some degree of vitrification upon flash freezing, especially for the chloride-bearing species. The subsequent annealing of the vitreous samples reveals a preferential association of the amino acids with crystalline salt hydrates, while minimal negative to no correlation is found between them and water ice. In particular, both amino acids exhibit stronger affinities for natron (Na2CO3•10H2O) than hydrohalite (NaCl•2H2O). This suggests that solute–solute interaction likely dominates in these frozen systems, especially when charged species are present. The results imply that salt-rich ice particles can serve as concentrators of organic biomarkers, enhancing their potential for detection from remote sensing or in situ analysis.
HEMOGLOBIN H DISEASE AND GROWTH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DHbH AND NDHbH PATIENTS
Authors: Hunnuan Issanun , SAnpakit Kleebsabai , Lertbannaphong Ornsuda , Buaboonnam Jassada 
Published: August 2023

Background: Hemoglobin H disease (HbH), a hemoglobinopathy resulting from abnormal alpha globin genes, is classified into two categories: deletional HbH (DHbH) and non-deletional HbH (NDHbH). The alpha-mutation genotypes exhibit a range of clinical anemias, which differentially impact patient growth.
Objectives: This retrospective study assessed the growth of HbH patients at Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University.
Methods: Patients diagnosed with HbH between January 2005 and April 2021 were analyzed using growth standard scores of the Thai Society for Pediatric Endocrinology (2022 version) and BMI-for-age Z scores of the World Health Organization. Growth failure was defined as a patient’s height for age exceeding two standard deviations below the mean.
Results: Of the 145 HbH patients, 75 (51.7%) had NDHbH, with --SEA/αCSα being the most common genotype (70 patients; 93.3%). The mean baseline hemoglobin level was significantly lower in NDHbH patients than in DHbH patients (8.16 ± 0.93 g/dL vs. 9.51 ± 0.68 g/dL; P < 0.001). Splenomegaly and growth failure prevalences were higher in NDHbH patients (37.3% vs. 0%, with P < 0.001, and 22.7% vs. 8.6%, with P = 0.020, respectively). Multivariable analysis revealed that splenomegaly > 3 cm was associated with growth failure (OR = 4.28; 95% CI, 1.19–15.39; P = 0.026).
Conclusions: NDHbH patients exhibited lower hemoglobin levels and more pronounced splenomegaly than DHbH patients. Growth failure can occur in both HbH types but appears more prevalent in NDHbH. Close monitoring of growth velocity is essential, and early treatment interventions may be required to prevent growth failure.
BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT INVOLVEMENT IN T-MN: FOCUS ON MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS
Authors: Voso Maria Teresa , Falconi Giulia , Fabiani Emiliano 
Published: August 2023

Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms (t-MN) are a late complication of cytotoxic therapy (CT) used in the treatment of both malignant and non-malignant diseases. Historically, t-MN has been considered to be a direct consequence of DNA damage induced in normal hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells (HSPC) by CT. However, we now know that treatment-induced mutations in HSC are not the only players involved in t-MN development but additional factors may contribute to the onset of t-MN.
One of the known drivers involved in this field is the bone marrow microenvironment (BMM) and in particular bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSC) whose role in t-MN pathogenesis is the topic of this mini-review.
BM-MSC, physiologically, support HSC maintenance, self-renewal, and differentiation, through hematopoietic–stromal interactions and production of cytokines. In addition, BM-MSC maintain the stability of the BM immune microenvironment and reduce the damage caused to HSC by stress stimuli.
In t-MN context, chemo/radio-therapy may induce damage to the BM-MSC and likewise alter BM-MSC functions by promoting pro-inflammatory response, clonal selection and/or the production of factors that may favor malignant hematopoiesis.
Over the last decade, it has been shown that BM-MSC isolated from patients with de novo and therapy-related MN exhibit decreased proliferative and clonogenic capacity, altered morphology, increased senescence, defective osteogenic differentiation potential, impaired immune-regulatory properties, and reduced ability to support HSC growth and differentiation, as compared to normal BM-MSC.
Although the understanding of the genetic and gene expression profile associated with ex vivo-expanded t-MN-MSCs remains limited and debatable, its potential role in prognostic and therapeutic terms is acting as a flywheel of attraction of many researchers.
Changes in corneal thickness in poorly controlled type-II diabetics after reaching a properly controlled diabetic status
Authors: El Haddad Ossama , Ansari Imran , Massoud Tamer H. 
Published: August 2023

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the corneal thickness changes in the uncontrolled diabetics when proper control was achieved.

Design
This is a retrospective, randomized, clinical trial.

Patients and methods
The charts of 198 eyes of 99 uncontrolled diabetic patients (with glycosylated hemoglobin≥7%) were selected using standard random tables. Complete ophthalmologic examination with central corneal thickness (CCT) measurement using the Nidek tonoref III was extrapolated. The glycemic status of the patients was controlled (glycosylated hemoglobin <7%) in a 3-month period. The CCT of all patients was recorded before and after the glycemic control and was compared.

Results
The mean CCT value of the uncontrolled diabetic patients’ eyes was 531.38±35.56 μm (range=465–602 μm). After achieving the glycemic control, the mean CCT value was 533.95±32.33 μm (range=478–626 μm), with no statistically significant difference (t=−0.524, P=0.601).

Conclusion
The CCT values did not show any significant change in type-II diabetics after their transit from the uncontrolled to the controlled states.