bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making the Case for High-Resolution Regional Ocean Reanalyses: An Example with the Red Sea
Authors: Sanikommu Sivareddy , Langodan Sabique , Dasari Hari Prasad , Zhan Peng , Krokos George , Abualnaja Yasser O. , Asfahani Khaled , Hoteit Ibrahim 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Coastal oceans host 40% of the world population and amount to $1.5 trillion of the global economy. Studying, managing, and developing the coastal regions require decades-long information about their environment. Long-term ocean measurements are, however, lacking for most coastal regions and often global reanalyses are used instead. These are, however, coarse in nature and tuned for the global circulations. The Red Sea (RS) is a narrow basin connected to the Indian Ocean through the Bab-al-Mandab Strait. Despite being the busiest commercial crossroad and hosting the world’s third largest coral reef system, the RS lacks long-term observations. A recent increase in population and an unprecedented acceleration in governmental and industrial developments further emphasized the need for long-term datasets to support its development and the sustainability of its habitats, and to understand its response to a changing climate. Toward this end, we have generated a 20-yr high-resolution reanalysis for the RS (RSRA) using a state-of-the-art ensemble data assimilation system incorporating available observations. Compared to global reanalyses, RSRA provides a markedly better description of the RS general and mesoscale circulation features, their variability, and trends. In particular, RSRA accurately captures the three-layer summer transport through the Bab-al-Mandab, simulated as two-layer transport by some global reanalyses. It further reproduces the seasonal anomalies, whereas global reanalyses misidentify some seasons as anomalous. Global reanalyses further overestimate the interannual variations in salinity, misrepresent the trend in temperature, and underestimate the trend in sea level. Our study clearly emphasizes the importance of generating dedicated high-resolution regional ocean reanalyses.
Seasonal Predictability of North American Surface Temperature Arises from SST Propagation over the Western Pacific
Authors: Wei Tian , Sun Cheng , Li Jianping 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The predictability of temperatures in North America is of great importance for local agriculture and human health. In autumn (SON), the temperature in North America is correlated with ENSO, but its predictive skill is limited. Here, we show that spring (MAM) sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the southwest Pacific (SWP) exhibit a higher correlation with autumn temperature in North America (r = 0.73) than ENSO. This cross-seasonal and cross-hemispheric relationship is established via the western tropical Pacific (WTP) region. The spring SWP SST anomalies show a cross-hemispheric propagation embedded in the southerly monsoonal flow through the wind–evaporation–SST feedback, which sustains the progression of SST anomalies toward the WTP in autumn. The AGCM simulations from multimodels show that active convection in the WTP caused by SST warming stimulate a Rossby wave train propagating downward to North America, where it is governed by an anomalous high with increased atmospheric thickness and tropospheric temperature. Consequently, the longwave radiative heating over North America is enhanced, raising the surface air temperature. These results indicate that the SWP SST is a useful predictor of North American temperature 6 months in advance through the cross-hemispheric influence. A model based on the spring SWP SST and preceding winter ENSO (Niño-3.4) shows a high predictive skill for the autumn temperature anomalies in North America.

Significance Statement
Seasonal predictions of surface temperature are important for agricultural decision-making, disaster prevention, and mitigation. Over the western Pacific, associated with the seasonal evolution of ITCZ, there is a strong northward progression of SST anomaly signals generated in the southwest Pacific. This study finds that this cross-hemispheric SST propagation can significantly impact the autumn surface temperature over central North America through the atmospheric bridge. A statistical model incorporating southwest Pacific SST for spring is constructed to predict the North American autumn surface temperature and exhibits high consistency with observations. This improves our understanding of the interhemispheric interactions at seasonal time scales and the seasonal predictability of the North American climate.
A Finite-Time Ensemble Method for Mixed Layer Model Comparison
Authors: Johnson Leah , Fox-Kemper Baylor , Li Qing , Pham Hieu T. , Sarkar Sutanu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This work evaluates the fidelity of various upper-ocean turbulence parameterizations subject to realistic monsoon forcing and presents a finite-time ensemble vector (EV) method to better manage the design and numerical principles of these parameterizations. The EV method emphasizes the dynamics of a turbulence closure multimodel ensemble and is applied to evaluate 10 different ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) parameterizations within a single-column (SC) model against two boundary layer large-eddy simulations (LES). Both LES include realistic surface forcing, but one includes wind-driven shear turbulence only, while the other includes additional Stokes forcing through the wave-average equations that generate Langmuir turbulence. The finite-time EV framework focuses on what constitutes the local behavior of the mixed layer dynamical system and isolates the forcing and ocean state conditions where turbulence parameterizations most disagree. Identifying disagreement provides the potential to evaluate SC models comparatively against the LES. Observations collected during the 2018 monsoon onset in the Bay of Bengal provide a case study to evaluate models under realistic and variable forcing conditions. The case study results highlight two regimes where models disagree 1) during wind-driven deepening of the mixed layer and 2) under strong diurnal forcing.
Large-Scale Distribution and Variations of Active Salt-Finger Double-Diffusion in the Western North Pacific
Authors: Oyabu Ryosuke , Yasuda Ichiro , Sasaki Yusuke 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Large-scale distribution and variations in active salt fingers (SF) in the western North Pacific were examined by detecting the active SF with a vertical density ratio Rρ = 1–2 at depths of 10–300 m using a monthly gridded hydrographic dataset from 2001 to 2016. The active SF is distributed most frequently in March along 40°N around the Subarctic Boundary (SAB), where the mixed layer deepens northward and corresponds to the Central Mode Water formation site with a density from +0.02σθ to +0.2σθ of surface density and mainly in 26.1–26.4σθ. This active SF along 40°N underwent seasonal variation and decayed rapidly from March to August from the shallower and less dense parts of the active SF with increasing mean density. The features of the active SF in March are consistent with the hypothesis that surface water with a horizontal density ratio RL = 1–2 is subducted and vertically superposed, resulting in an active SF. The mean density of the active SF in March is well correlated with the surface density with RL = 1–2, and both mean densities showed a decreasing trend from 2001 to 2016, following the surface warming trend (∼0.057°C yr−1) in the surface water with RL = 1–2. Large year-to-year variations in the active SF in March are explained by both horizontal and vertical extensions, and can be reproduced by four conditions: 1) from 1°N to 3°S of SAB, 2) RL = 1–2, and 3) northward deepening of the mixed layer depth, and 4) the part with a density from +0.02σθ to +0.2σθ of surface density.

Significance Statement
It has been recognized that salt-finger (SF) double-diffusive convection is not active in the western North Pacific Ocean. This study demonstrated the distribution and seasonal/interannual variations of active SF in the western North Pacific for the first time: the formation of active SF along 40°N in 140°E–180° around the Subarctic Boundary in March and rapid decay until August, and large year-to-year variations of vertical and horizontal extensions with density decreasing trend. This study also proposed a formation mechanism that is relevant to the active SF density decrease and warming trend in the western North Pacific.
On the Collective Importance of Model Physics and Data Assimilation on Mesoscale Convective System and Precipitation Forecasts over Complex Terrain
Authors: Risanto Christoforus Bayu , Moker James M. , Arellano Avelino F. , Castro Christopher L. , Serra Yolande L. , Luong Thang M. , Adams David K. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Forecasting mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and precipitation over complex terrain is an ongoing challenge even for convective-permitting numerical models. Here, we show the value of combining mesoscale constraints to improve short-term MCS forecasts for two events during the North American monsoon season in 2013, including the following: 1) the initial specification of moisture, via GPS-precipitable water vapor (PWV) data assimilation (DA); 2) kinematics via modification of cumulus parameterization; and 3) microphysics via modification of cloud microphysics parameterization. A total of five convective-permitting Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model experiments is conducted for each event to elucidate the impact of these constraints. Results show that combining GPS-PWV DA with a modified Kain–Fritsch scheme and double-moment microphysics provides relatively the best forecast of both North American monsoon MCSs and convective precipitation in terms of timing, location, and intensity relative to available precipitation and cloud-top temperature observations. Additional examination on the associated reflectivity, vertical wind field, equivalent potential temperature, and hydrometeor distribution of MCS events show the added value of each individual constraint to forecast performance.

Significance Statement
Forecasting thunderstorm clouds and rain over mountainous regions is challenging because of limitations in having radar and rain gauges and in resolving physical drivers in forecast models. We examine the value of considering all possible constraints by incorporating moisture into these models, and correcting physics in the model treatment of cumulus and cloud microphysics parameterizations. This study demonstrates that assimilating moisture and using modified Kain–Fritsch and double-moment microphysics schemes provides the best thunderstorm cloud and rain forecasts in terms of timing, location, and intensity. Each correction improves key properties of these storms such as vertical wind, along with distribution of water in various phases. We highlight the need to improve our efforts on effectively integrating these constraints into current and future forecasts.
Investigating the Relationship between Polarimetric Radar Signatures of Hydrometeor Size Sorting and Tornadic Potential in Simulated Supercells
Authors: Loeffler Scott D. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Markowski Paul M. , Coffer Brice E. , Parker Matthew D. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The national upgrade of the operational weather radar network to include polarimetric capabilities has led to numerous studies focusing on polarimetric radar signatures commonly observed in supercells. One such signature is the horizontal separation of regions of enhanced differential reflectivity (ZDR) and specific differential phase (KDP) values due to hydrometeor size sorting. Recent observational studies have shown that the orientation of this separation tends to be more perpendicular to storm motion in supercells that produce tornadoes. Although this finding has potential operational utility, the physical relationship between this observed radar signature and tornadic potential is not known. This study uses an ensemble of supercell simulations initialized with tornadic and nontornadic environments to investigate this connection. The tendency for tornadic supercells to have a more perpendicular separation orientation was reproduced, although to a lesser degree. This difference in orientation angles was caused by stronger rearward storm-relative flow in the nontornadic supercells, leading to a rearward shift of precipitation and, therefore, the enhanced KDP region within the supercell. Further, this resulted in an unfavorable rearward shift of the negative buoyancy region, which led to an order of magnitude less baroclinic generation of circulation in the nontornadic simulations compared to tornadic simulations.
Leveraging U.S. Climate Assessment Research Gaps to Inform Science Innovation
Authors: Basile Samantha , Bieniek-Tobasco Ashley , Akamine Bradley , Lustig Allyza , Avery Christopher W. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Over three decades, the U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) has developed an assessment process to integrate, evaluate, and interpret scientific findings on climate change as well as discuss uncertainties. In six USGCRP assessments, authors identified research gaps, or topics that they indicated required more information or study. Examining research gaps on a continual and systematic basis can aid decisions about research projects, programmatic priorities, and strategic scientific visions. The methodology presented here addresses two aims: 1) identify and categorize research gaps within a searchable database and 2) demonstrate use of the database to inform future science planning and assessment. Results include the top 10 database themes, 18 recurring topics across assessments, and a search example for vulnerability gaps. The benefits and limitations of this approach are discussed, along with recommendations to improve future U.S. climate assessment products.

Significance Statement
The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) regularly assesses the state of the science of climate change and its impacts in national-level reports written by federal scientists, academic researchers, practitioners, and other experts from across the country. These reports are designed to inform policy choices and decision-making by addressing scientific confidence, uncertainty, and research gaps that limit conclusions. We identified research gaps from six climate reports and organized them into a database with over 1000 entries, spanning more than 300 topic areas. Database entries were also sorted into 22 themes for searchability. The database can be used by students, researchers, and program managers to find open research questions and plan future work.
The Ethics of Discharge Planning After Violent Injury
Authors: Wallace Marshall W. , Boyd Jeremy S. , Lee Aaron , Ye Fei , Patel Mayur B. , Peetz Allan B. 
Published: May 2023

Introduction Victims of violence (VoV) are at disproportionate risk for future violence, making consideration of patient safety by Emergency Medicine (EM) physicians and Trauma Surgeons (TS) essential when discharge planning (DP) for VoV. Practice patterns and ethical perspectives in DP for VoV, and their respective scenario- and specialty-specific variations, are unknown. Methods We surveyed 118 EM and 37 TS physicians at a level 1 trauma center. Three clinical scenarios were presented (intimate partner violence, elder abuse, gun violence), each followed by four questions assessing practices and ethical dilemmas in DP. Responses were compared using Chi-Square testing. Results Response rate was 51.6%. EM physicians more frequently supported patient autonomy to proceed with a potentially unsafe discharge plan after an episode of Intimate Partner Violence ( P = .013) and believed that admission could facilitate change in the victim’s social situation after an episode of Elder Abuse ( P = .026). TS physicians were more likely to offer social admission, providing additional time to navigate safe discharge planning ( P = .003), less likely to see social admission as an inappropriate use of limited resources ( P = .030) and less likely to support patient autonomy to proceed with a potentially unsafe discharge ( P = .003) after gun-related violence. Conclusion There appears to exist scenario- and specialty-specific variability in the practice patterns and ethical perspectives of EM and TS physicians when discharge planning for victims of violence. These findings highlight the need for further evaluation of specific factors underlying variability by situation and specialty, and their implications for patient-centered outcomes.
Prevention of Rectal Stenosis After Procedure for Prolapse and Hemorrhoids by Anastomotic Thread-Drawing and Anal Enlargement
Authors: Wei Dan , Jiang Peng , Gao Ran , Zhao Yan 
Published: May 2023

Purpose to investigate preventive measures of rectal stricture after procedure for prolapse and hemorrhoids (PPH) and to intervene early. Methods A total of 400 patients with severe mixed hemorrhoids hospitalized in the [anonymous hospital] from January 2018 to February 2022 were randomly divided into the experimental group and control group A, B, and C, with 100 patients in each group. Experimental group: Thread-drawing during operation and anal enlargement after PPH. Group A: Thread-drawing during PPH surgery, group B: Anal enlargement after PPH, and group C: PPH alone. The anastomotic sites of the 4 groups were observed for 1-2 months and followed up for 1-3 years. Results The effective rate of mixed hemorrhoid treatment in the 4 groups was 100%. There was no rectal stenosis in the experimental group, 11% in group A, 7% in group B, and 14% in group C. Conclusion Multipoint thread-drawing and anal enlargement after PPH can avoid postoperative rectal stenosis and can strengthen anastomosis and reduce bleeding, while being a simple procedure that can be easily popularized.
Storage Practices, Devices, and Presence of Children Among Owners of Firearms: Informing Pediatric Firearm Safety
Authors: Gaffley Michaela , Rauh Jessica L. , Gardner Alison , Palmer Rebecca , Haberman Cara , Petty John K. , Neff Lucas P. 
Published: May 2023

Background Firearm injury is the leading cause of death in children and prevention is the most effective method to reduce severe morbidity and mortality. Injury prevention programs have used community firearm lock giveaway events to promote safe firearm storage practices. The locks are generally simple and inexpensive devices suitable for mass distribution but may not possess the owner-desired attributes for use in the home. Because data on owner preferences for firearm lock type is lacking, we conducted a community survey to inform firearm safety outreach efforts. Methods We performed an anonymous cross-sectional survey at a large community fair. We elicited responses regarding reasons for firearm ownership, current storage practices, and preferences for firearm storage devices. Participants were offered a choice of a free trigger lock or cable lock and education on its use. Results Two-hundred and sixty-seven of 394 (67.7%) respondents reported firearm ownership, with 64.8% reporting children in the home regularly. Most (60.7%) owned handguns and cited personal protection as the main reason for ownership (88.4%). The ability to store the firearm loaded and the need for rapid access were identified as the main storage considerations. Respondents preferred trigger locks over cable locks at a rate of almost 2:1. Conclusions The majority of firearm owners had handguns for self-defense. Owners preferred simple locking mechanisms that allowed the firearm to remain loaded. The pragmatic pediatric injury prevention program will include firearm owners’ preferences when considering which lock to purchase and distribute during firearm injury prevention programs. Level of Evidence IV, Epidemiological
Validation for Abbreviated Hospital Stay in Pediatric Patients with Solid Organ Injury
Authors: Griffin Kristine L. , Richardson Chandler , Brierley Stephanie , Stullich Renee M. , Gates Robert L. 
Published: May 2023

Background In 2000, the American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) published guidelines for the management of pediatric solid organ injury, recommending a hospital length of stay (LOS) of grade of injury plus 1 day. Since the publication of these guidelines, several studies have suggested that it is safe to discharge patients sooner based upon hemodynamic and clinical factors. The results of several of these studies have been confounded by the existence of other injuries. The aim of this study was to examine LOS and outcomes in children with strictly isolated solid organ injuries. Materials and Methods This is a 12-year retrospective review of pediatric patients with isolated trauma to the kidney, liver, or spleen to determine LOS. Patients were excluded for associated intracranial, neurologic, orthopedic, or pulmonary injuries which would impact length of stay. Documented hemodynamic parameters were reviewed as determinants of patient stability. Results A total of 156 patients were included in the study. The projected average LOS for all patients based on the 2000 APSA guidelines would have been 3.71 ± 0.98 days. The actual average LOS for all patients 2.85 ± 3.32 days. Need for operation, ICU stay, and transfusion all contributed to increased LOS. The number of episodes of abnormal vitals positively correlated with increased LOS. Discussion This study validates that management of isolated solid organ injuries based upon hemodynamic parameters and clinical status is safe and decreases hospital length of stay. Consistently normal vital signs indicate these children can be safely discharged sooner.
The Relative Strengths of Relationships Between Fine Motor Skills, Working Memory, Processing Speed and Fluid Intelligence in Early Elementary School Children
Authors: Memisevic Haris , Dedic Admira , Malec Daniel 
Published: May 2023

The goal in the present paper was to examine the combined and relative impact of fine motor ability, auditory working memory, and processing speed on fluid intelligence in a sample of early elementary school students. Our participant sample was 145 children ( Mage = 9.1 years, SD = 1.1; 80 boys, 65 girls). We used the Raven’s Colored Progressive Matrices Test as a measure of fluid intelligence and five other measures to represent the three predictor variables: the Grooved Pegboard Test as a measure of fine motor skills, Digit Span Forwards and Digit Span Backwards tests as measures of working memory, and Rapid Automatized Naming and Letter-Digit Substitution tasks as measures of processing speed. Regression analyses indicated that only two of these measures had a statistically significant association with the fluid intelligence test scores, namely, scores on the Grooved Pegboard (fine motor skills) and Digit Span Backwards (working memory) tests, with these two measures explaining 35% of the variance in the fluid intelligence test scores. Thus, fine motor skills and working memory were correlated with fluid intelligence in early elementary-grade students. Until the directions of these relationships are better understood, we might assume that interventions aiming to increase young children’s fluid intelligence, or at least their intelligence scores, might partly target working memory and fine motor skills.