bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Complex in the Renal Glomerulus during Normal Pregnancy. A Study in the Guinea Pig and the Mouse
Authors: Tung Kenneth S. K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal pregnant guinea pigs and mice accumulate immune complex in their renal glomeruli. Evidence of immune complex included specific immunofluorescence finding of IgG deposition and typical electron dense deposits on the endothelial and mesangial sides of the glomerular basement membrane. In the guinea pig, C3 was found in the glomeruli; and half of the glomeruli exhibited histopathologic changes although obvious functional disturbance was not evidenced. In the mouse, IgG deposition was not accompanied by C3 or significant histologic changes; and the phenomenon was observed in seven of nine inbred strains of mice studied. Immune complex of pregnancy was found a) to increase with successive pregnancy; b) to appear in the second half of pregnancy; c) not to decrease following pregnancy; and d) to be present in pregnancy of syngeneic mating. Deposition of immune complex, on the other hand, was not found in pseudopregnant mice. The possible nature and significance of the immune complex found in normal pregnancy are discussed.
The Association of J Chain with the Fc Region of Human IgM
Authors: Inman Franklin P. , Ricardo Manuel J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human IgM (λ) was treated with trypsin at 56°C. A large fragment was isolated by gel filtration and anion exchange chromatography. It sedimented at 10.9S, contained Fcµ epitopes, and upon mild reduction it dissociated to a component which sedimented at 3.4S. Although λ epitopes were exposed serologically, the chains could not be detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A protein component of the reduced fragment migrated rapidly anodally during polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and was identified as J chain serologically. It was concluded the 10.9S fragment was structurally analogous to Fc5µ and that J chain was covalently associated with it.
Measurement of Antibody Release from Single Cells
Authors: Ghanta Vithal K. , McGhee Jerry R. , Hamlin N. Marlene , Hiramoto Raymond N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies of rates of release of IgM were performed in vitro and in vivo. Short term in vivo studies in which 4.98 × 106 tumor cells/mouse were given i.v. in order to quantitate cellular synthetic function showed that the synthetic rate decreased progressively. Samples taken within 1 hr of injection gave rates of release similar to those in the in vitro studies. Nine in vivo samples taken at 30 min gave a rate of 74.03 ± 18.37 and thirteen in vivo samples taken at 1 hr gave 89.98 ± 9.97 molecules/cell/sec. Seventeen separate in vitro measurements gave 76.30 ± 7.44 molecules/cell/sec. The low rate of release of MOPC tumor IgM as compared to the primary response IgM hemolysin to sheep red blood cells is discussed.
Antigen-Binding Thymic Lymphocytes: Specific Binding of Soluble Antigen Molecules and Quantitation of Surface Receptor Sites
Authors: Engers Howard D. , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphocytes binding hemocyanin (KLH) have been studied in the thymus and spleen of unimmunized mice. There is a small population of thymic cells which specifically binds KLH—unrelated antigens do not block the binding. A comparison was made of techniques to detect antigen-binding cells. The presence of an antibody to the cell-bound antigen favored the detection of antigen bound to the T cell surface. Quantitation of antigen bound to spleen and thymus cells was determined immunochemically. Spleen cells bind about five times more antigen than thymic cells. Anti-Ig antibodies did not affect consistently the binding of antigen to thymic cells but reduced significantly that bound to spleen cells. We conclude that thymic cells have lower receptor density than spleen cells (3/4 of which may be B lymphocytes) and that this lower receptor density may explain the lower binding strength of the T cell receptor.
Ontogeny of Mouse Lymphocyte Function
Authors: Mosier Donald E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymocytes from BALB/c mice ranging in age from 16 days of gestation to adulthood were stimulated with the phytomitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), or with syngeneic or allogeneic adult spleen cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Fetal thymocytes responded well to PHA and to allogeneic cells in the MLR, but poorly to Con A and PWM. Neonatal cells showed a sharp decline in PHA and MLR responsiveness and a concomitant increase in Con A and PWM reactivity. The syngeneic MLR was maximal during this period. Adult thymus cells responded poorly to PHA and not at all to syngeneic cells, but showed much increased responsiveness to Con A and PWM. These results are discussed with regard to a model proposing two different but interacting lines of thymus lymphocyte differentiation.
Subpopulations of Mouse T Lymphocytes
Authors: Moorhead John W. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The existence of short-lived peripheral T lymphocytes was directly investigated using an in vitro system. Spleen and lymph node cell suspensions from normal LAF1 mice were pulse-treated for 1 hr in vitro with high specific activity tritiated thymidine (“thymidine suicide”). Thymidine suicide allows for the selective, lethal irradiation of those cells which are actively synthesizing DNA, i.e., proliferating cells in S phase, during the pulse period. To determine the “suicide” (loss or inactivation) of T lymphocytes, the isotope-treated cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA). The results showed that: a) a population of dividing (proliferating) T lymphocytes exists in the spleen; b) these cells are not present in lymph nodes; and c) with respect to the spleen, it is the dividing T lymphocytes which are primarily responsible for the PHA response.
Isolation and Characterization of the Proenzyme Form of the C1s Subunit of the First Complement Component
Authors: Valet Gunter , Cooper Neil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The proenzyme form of C1s was isolated by sequential chromatography of the euglobulin fraction of human serum on DE-32 cellulose, TEAE cellulose, and Sephadex G-200. C1s was found to be an α-globulin with a molecular weight calculated from S and D, of 86,200 daltons. The amino acid composition was unremarkable for a serum protein. Isolated C1s preparations were unable to cleave natural (C4) or synthetic (ALTEE) C1s substrates unless first activated by incubation with C̄1̄r or trypsin. Activation was accomplished by limited proteolytic cleavage.
Isolated C1q, C1r, and C1s formed a macromolecular complex in the presence of calcium which possessed C1 activity. C1 formed in this manner was in the proenzyme form as evidenced by ability to cleave ALTEE. Reconstituted C1, however, was readily activated on addition of aggregated IgG.
Macrophage Control of Time-Dependent Changes in Antigen Sensitivity of Immune T Lymphocyte Populations
Authors: Cohen Benjamin E. , Paul William E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the course of the immune response to a hapten-protein conjugate, 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP)-guinea pig albumin (GPA), a major increase in the in vitro antigen-sensitivity of peritoneal exudate lymphocyte (L) populations occurs. The predominant cell within these populations is the T lymphocyte. In addition a small percentage of macrophages are present. The response measured, antigen-stimulated DNA synthesis, reflects the response of the T lymphocytes but appears to depend upon the presentation of antigen to the T lymphocytes by macrophages. The increase in antigen sensitivity thus might either reflect an increase in the affinity for antigen of the receptors on T lymphocytes or an increase in the efficiency of macrophages in presenting antigen to T lymphocytes. That the latter is the correct interpretation is indicated by experiments involving the mixing of defined lymphocyte and macrophage populations. In these experiments it was shown that macrophages controlled the pattern of antigen sensitivity (relative responsiveness to low and high concentrations of antigen) while the lymphocytes controlled the magnitude of the response to high antigen concentrations. Furthermore, preincubation of cells from animals immunized 7 days earlier with antiserum from animals immunized 14 to 35 days earlier resulted in an increase in the sensitivity of these cells to low concentrations of antigen. This indicates that macrophage-associated cytophilic antibody determines the antigen-sensitivity of the system by allowing macrophages to bind larger amounts of antigen, when antigen is present at low concentration. This, in turn, results in more efficient stimulation of T lymphocytes.
The failure to demonstrate “affinity maturation” of T lymphocyte receptors may be explained in a variety of ways but one important possibility is that there is a more limited heterogeneity in the T cells participating in this response than would be true of a comparable population of B lymphocytes.
Chronic Virus Infection and Immune Responsiveness
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A. , Tishon Antoinette , Chiller Jacques M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Differences in the immune responsiveness of infected mice against one antigen do not necessarily indicate differences in their total immunologic capacities. Antibodies formed to a variety of antigens in mice infected with lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDV) were compared to those made in uninfected mice. The antigens used were keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), human IgG (HuIgG) and goat red blood cells (GRBC). Against KLH, LDV infected mice made lower immune responses than did uninfected controls, whereas against HuIgG, the immune responses of LDV infected mice were elevated over controls. The formation of antibody to HuIgG was enhanced only soon after primary immunization, was associated with an increased number of direct antibody forming cells in the spleen, and was predominantly of the IgM class. Mice infected with LDV and uninfected mice made similar immune responses to large doses of GRBC, whereas when doses of GRBC were reduced infected mice made lower immune responses.
Membrane Receptors and in Vitro Responsiveness of Lymphocytes in Human Immunodeficiency
Authors: Schiff Richard I. , Buckley Rebecca H. , Gilbertsen Richard B. , Metzgar Richard S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 24 patients with well-defined immunodeficiency were studied for membrane characteristics and in vitro responsiveness to various stimuli. The mean percentages of lymphocytes bearing easily detectable surface immunoglobulin (Ig) were similar to those of normals except in patients with infantile x-linked agammaglobulinemia (X Ag) who had a significantly lower percentage of only 1.9% Ig bearing cells (p &lt; 0.001). Despite their marked deficiency in surface Ig bearing cells, patients with X Ag had normal percentages of complement receptor rosettes (EAC, HEAC, or B cell rosettes); percentages of these cells were also normal or elevated in the other patient groups. Percentages of spontaneous sheep erythrocyte rosettes (E or T cell rosettes) were significantly increased in X Ag patients and reduced in patients with ataxia telangiectasia and isolated IgA deficiency. Lymphocyte 3H-thymidine incorporation in response to each of the three mitogens, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), and pokeweed mitogen (PWM), was usually normal except in X Ag patients where, in several evaluations, the responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA were significantly lower than those of normal control cells (p &lt; 0.001). Responses to Con A and PWM were normal or elevated in those same experiments. The selective hyporesponsiveness of X Ag lymphocytes to PHA suggests that these patients may be deficient in a restricted population of T cells. It is possible that this population may be necessary for the full maturation of B cell function. Lymphocytes from all patients, including agammaglobulinemic patients, responded normally to stimulation with one or more antigens.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Spitler Lynn E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
August 28, 1973
Sir: In many manuscripts published recently in the Journal of Immunology and in other journals as well, the authors have used the leukocyte migration inhibition test, and have indicated in the results or discussion that they were measuring production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF). I think that this practice is inaccurate and confusing for the following reasons:
The leukocyte migration inhibition test involves evaluation of migration of peripheral buffy coat leukocytes from capillary tubes or from wells in agarose plates. Although both tests have been shown to correlate with skin test reactivity, the leukocyte migration inhibition test differs from the macrophage migration inhibition test in that the migrating cell population probably represents polymorphonuclear leukocytes rather than macrophages. While it does appear that both tests are mediated by cell free mediators, to my knowledge, there have been no reports on the characterization of the mediator responsible for inhibition of leukocyte migration, and it is not known whether or not this mediator is the same as that responsible for inhibition of macrophage migration.
Origin and Development of Rat Thymus-Dependent (T) Lymphocytes
Authors: Balch Charles M. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) cells of LBNF1 donor rats, from which detectable thymus-dependent (T) lymphocytes were removed by anti-T lymphocyte antisera and C, were infused into lethally irradiated (IrBM) and into thymectomized lethally irradiated (TxIrBM) BN recipients. The lymphoid tissues of these animals were examined from 6 to 24 days after reconstitution for donor cells (AgB+), donor T cells (AgB+T+), and T cells (host and donor). Donor cells and donor T cells progressively increased in number in all lymphoid tissues of IrBM rats. In TxIrBM rats donor cells increased to a lesser extent and donor T cells decreased 24 days after reconstitution. Spleen and lymph node cells of IrBM and TxIrBM responded little or not at all to PHA and Con A, in vitro. The response was less than expected of the number of T cells present in culture. T lymphocytes can differentiate from bone marrow precursor elements and thymus seems to be a necessary organ for maintenance of T cell levels. The newly differentiated T cells differ from normal T cells in their response to mitogens.
The Hapten-Binding Region of Protein 460
Authors: Jackson Peter , Richards Frank F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Protein 460, a mouse γ A2 myeloma immunoglobulin, binds at least two structurally diverse haptens, menadione thioglycollate and ε-2, 4-dinitrophenyl-l-lysine, at different sites within the combining region. A “free” cysteine sulfhydryl group within the heavy chain is apparently near the menadione-binding site. In the intact protein, this cysteine residue has been alkylated with iodoacetamide (I-14C); the isolated heavy chain digested with cyanogen bromide, trypsin, and thermolysin; and a nonapeptide has been isolated bearing the 14C 5-methyl carboxy amido cysteine residue. The tentative amino acid sequence of this peptide is Val-Leu-Ser-Gly(Glu-Ala) Cys-Arg-Pro.
Serum Factors in Mammary Neoplasia: Enhancement and Antagonism of Spleen Cell Activity in Vitro Detected by Different Methods of Serum Factor Assay
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Lane Mary Ann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from female mice bearing progressively-growing MTV-induced mammary tumors reduced tumor cell survival in microcytotoxicity tests. Serum from these females contained blocking factors which inhibited spleen cell activity either partially or completely, depending upon the method of serum assay, whenever serum and target cells had not been obtained from the same donor. Serum obtained from target cell donors had a reverse effect when tested by two of three serum assay methods; tumor cell survival was significantly decreased. More than one type of mammary tumor cell antigen (and host response) was detected in these tests.
Characteristics of Secretory Immune System in Human Middle Ear: Implications in Otitis Media
Authors: Ogra Pearay L. , Bernstein Joel M. , Yurchak Anthony M. , Coppola Peter R. , Tomasi Thomas B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The middle ear washings and biopsy specimens of middle ear mucosa from 20 patients with secretory otitis media were examined for the distribution of major classes of immunoglobulin; presence and nature of antibody activity against mumps, measles, rubella and poliovirus; and immunologic localization of immunocompetent lymphoid cells. Appreciable amounts of secretory component, and γG, 7SγA, and 11S secretory γA immunoglobulin were regularly found in the ear fluids. The ratio of γG: γA immunoglobulin in the serum and middle ear fluids was approximately 10:1 and 10:4, respectively. Fluorescent antibody staining of mucosal tissues of middle ear demonstrated characteristic staining for secretory component in the surface epithelium, and the presence of γG and γA containing lymphoid tissue in the submucosa. Tissue culture studies demonstrated in vitro synthesis of γA and γG immunoglobulin and the secretory component in the mucosal tissues of middle ear. Specific antibody activity in the middle ear fluid against the viruses listed above was essentially limited to γA immunoglobulin, although such activity in the serum was predominantly associated with γG immunoglobulin. These data suggest the existence of a distinct secretory immune system in the middle ear. The implications of these observations may be applicable to the mechanism of protection, or pathogenesis of microbial infections in the middle ear.
Identification and Quantitation of Thymus-Derived Lymphocytes in Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: Bobrove Arthur M. , Strober Samuel , Herzenberg Leonard A. , DePamphilis Jean D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A highly specific anti-T cell antiserum (ATCS) was developed by extensively absorbing a goat anti-human thymocyte antiserum with human red cells and buffy coat cells from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The ATCS was used in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay for detecting human thymus-derived (T) peripheral blood lymphocytes. A fluorescent cell sorter provided separated populations of normal immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing and non-Ig-bearing lymphocytes on which to directly test the sensitivity and specificity of the ATCS. The antiserum killed almost 100% of non-Ig-bearing lymphocytes but less than 10% of Ig-bearing (B) lymphocytes and monocytes. Moreover, ATCS was able to abrogate the response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation, a T cell response.
In further studies, Ficoll-purified peripheral blood cells from 12 normal donors were examined for the per cent Ig-bearing cells, monocytes and cells killed by ATCS. A mean of 21% of these cells were B lymphocytes, 17% were monocytes, and 65% were T lymphocytes, thus accounting for 100% of the cells.
Adsorption Properties in Vitro and in Vivo of Antibodies Raised against Rat Brain Blood Vessels
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Rigsbee Lewis C. , Rosenthal J. Thomas , Shih Janet C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies were raised in three rabbits against isolated rat brain blood vessels in Freund's complete adjuvant, were labeled with 125I, and were analyzed by adsorption techniques in vitro and in vivo. After a booster injection two of the three rabbits displayed hyperimmune reactivity. A correlation was established between the in vitro and in vivo data. By the in vitro sequential adsorption technique five categories of antiblood-vessel antibodies were established: a) reactive with isolated rat brain blood vessels; b) reactive with blood vessels, cultured rat astrocytoma cells, and adult rat brain myelin but not rat kidney embryo fibroblasts; c) reactive with blood vessels, fibroblasts, and myelin, but not astrocytes; d) reactive with blood vessels and myelin, but not fibroblasts or astrocytes; and e) reactive with blood vessels, myelin, astrocytes, and fibroblasts. All these antibodies, when tested for adsorption in vivo in rats, after intravenous injection, were found to localize primarily in kidney and liver tissues and to a lesser degree in spleen and lung tissues. They were not adsorbed by heart, thymus, testes, or brain tissues in detectable quantities. The antibodies that were ordinarily adsorbed by kidney tissue in normal rats were adsorbed by liver tissue in nephrectomized rats. When injected intracerebrally most of the antibodies still did not localize extensively in brain tissue but found their way to kidney and liver tissues as before. The question was therefore raised anew whether an active process might not operate in brain tissue under normal circumstances to prevent antibody build-up even in its vascular bed and whether a breakdown in this mechanism might not result in antibody-mediated brain disease.
Evaluation of T Lymphocyte Effector Function in Immunodeficiency Diseases: Abnormality in Mitogen-Stimulated Interferon in Patients with Selective IgA Deficiency
Authors: Epstein Lois B. , Ammann Arthur J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Interferon production in response to the mitogens phytohemagglutinin and pokeweed was studied as a new index of the competence of thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte effector function in patients with various immunodeficiency states. The results indicated that three of four patients with selective IgA deficiency and normal T cell proliferative response had a depressed T cell interferon response.
Two patients who had received successful thymus transplants had a normal T cell interferon response. Before transplantation one had been diagnosed as severe combined immunodeficiency, and the other, thymic hypoplasia with normal serum immunoglobulin levels. By contrast, a patient with thymic hypoplasia and absent serum IgA, low IgM and normal IgG levels, who had had an unsuccessful thymic graft, had a markedly depressed interferon response. Normal T cell interferon responses were seen in one patient with congenital sex-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and three patients with acquired hypogammaglobulinemia.
A Rabbit IgG Antigenic Marker Detected by 19S Anti-IgG Present in Streptococcal Antisera
Authors: Chiao Jen Wei , Bokisch Viktor A. , Christian Charles L. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
19S anti-IgG, produced in rabbits immunized with streptococcal vaccines, was used in a hemagglutination-inhibition test with rabbit IgG-coated erythrocytes for detecting an antigenic marker on rabbit IgG. The 19S anti-IgG in a panel of streptococcal antisera had different agglutinating specificities. An antigenic marker on rabbit IgG-Fc was detected in some but not all normal rabbit sera by the 19S anti-IgG in one of the streptococcal antisera. Detection of this antigenic marker in breeders and their offspring suggested that this antigenic marker was inherited. Further studies are required to determine if it is identical with or distinct from one of the known allotypic markers.
A Sequence Restriction in the Variable Region of Immunoglobulin Light Chains from Sharks, Birds, and Mammals
Authors: Stanton Thomas , Sledge Carlos , Capra J. Donald , Woods Roy , Clem William , Hood Leroy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A relatively conserved pentapeptide sequence is present in the variable region of normal immunoglobulin λ- and κ-chains from animals as diverse as sharks, birds, and mammals. This same conserved sequence is also present in most myeloma light chains from dog, mouse, and man. The conservation of this pentapeptide sequence over the more than 400 million years since sharks and mammals diverged suggests that this region must carry out a very important, but as yet unknown function. A homologous but less highly conserved stretch of sequence is present in the variable region of immunoglobulin heavy chains.