bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Nature of Complement-Fixing Antibodies to Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita , Gee Pinkie S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-fixing antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae were found to be inactivated to a large degree by collection onto filter paper discs, a procedure which is highly effective for the preservation of viral CF antibodies. By means of sucrose density gradient centrifugation, Sephadex gel filtration and mercaptoethanol inactivation it was shown that CF antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae may consist entirely or in part of 19 S γ-globulins. Absorption onto filter paper discs or drying was found to inactivate 19 S CF antibodies, but had no effect on 7 S CF antibodies for Mycoplasma pneumoniae.
Production of 7 S Immunoglobulins in Immunized Guinea Pigs
Authors: Binaghi Rubén A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of immunization of guinea pigs with dinitrophenyl-bovine γ-globulin or egg albumin in complete Freund's adjuvant is described, which resulted in a very strong and fast antibody production.
As a consequence of the immunization, important changes were observed in the serum immunoglobulin levels. γ2-Globulin increased 50 to 100%, and γ1-globulin increased 10 to 50 times. Only part of the increase could be attributed to the production of specific antibody.
Animals immunized with adjuvant alone showed only moderate increases in the concentration of serum 7 S γ-globulin.
Presence of Identical Antigenic Determinants in the Fd Fragments of γ1- and γ2-Guinea Pig Immunoglobulins
Authors: Nussenzweig Victor , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisera prepared against guinea pig γ2-globulin digested by pepsin react with isolated H and L chains. They contain antibodies against part of the H chain, the Fd fragment, and not against the Fc fragment. These antisera, directed against L chains and Fd fragments from γ2-globulins, do not detect any differences between γ1- and γ2- guinea pig immunoglobulins, when double diffusion in gel techniques are used. These results show that not only L chains but also Fd fragments of these different classes of immunoglobulins have common antigenic determinants.
The Immune Response to Azo-Human γ-Globulin Conjugates in Mice Tolerant to Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Dietrich Felix M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Attempts were made to devise a simple test model for studying the termination of acquired immunologic tolerance in mice. Animals rendered tolerant to HGG after birth were challenged with one of several azo-HGG preparations in corporated into incomplete Freund's adjuvant. As judged by the trace-labeled antigen elimination method, a single challenge injection had only a marginal, if any, effect on tolerance, except in experiments where mice were injected with p-A, p-S-HGG or with o-S-HGG. Two challenge injections with azo-HGG (4 to 5 weeks apart) invariably caused a significant increase in the number of partially tolerant and non-tolerant mice. In the altered proteins, the number of azo-groups per molecule of HGG ranged from 2.6 to 13.6 and all the azo-HGG preparations used cross-reacted to a high degree (80 to 100%) with native HGG.
Mice injected with either HGG or azo-HGG at a time (i.e., at the age of 13 weeks) when tolerance was disappearing spontaneously, formed precipitating antibodies to both HGG and azo-HGG without further stimulus 10 weeks later. In animals injected with either native HGG or modified HGG at the age of 23 weeks, precipitating antibodies to both antigens were found shortly after challenge. Similarly, PCA was positive with HGG, azo-HGG, and also, in half of the sera tested, with the hapten linked to a non-cross-reacting carrier protein.
However, if still fully tolerant mice were challenged with HGG at the age of 10 weeks and rechallenged 5 weeks later, no precipitating antibodies to HGG or azo-HGG were detected 20 weeks after the second challenge. In the group injected with azo-HGG, precipitating antibodies only to azo-HGG, but not to native HGG, were found. Correspondingly, PCA reactions revealed that mice challenged early with HGG had no skin-fixing antibodies to HGG or azo-HGG, but sera from mice challenged with azo-HGG gave, with a few exceptions, only positive PCA reactions with azo-HGG.
Reactions of Human Anti-γ-Globulin Factors with Digested and Urea-Reduced γ-Chains
Authors: Lawrence Thomas G. , Williams Ralph C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Digestion of γ-chains by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and bacterial protease produced a spectrum of changes in antigenic determinants revealed by the fine specificity of human rheumatoid factors as sources of 19S antibody to human IgG. Gm(a) activity was greatly reduced by chymotrypsin and bacterial protease digestion of γ-chains. Trypsin digests of γ-chains retained inhibitory capacity for both Gm(a) and Gm(b1) systems. By contrast, changes produced by reduction in 4 to 8 M urea did not destroy Gm(a) activity, but abolished Gm(b1) activity. These findings were amplified by digestion and urea reduction of γ-chains from Gm(a)+ and Gm(b1) + myeloma proteins.
Failure of Thymectomy in Newborn Guinea Pigs to Influence Contact Sensitization to Dinitrochlorobenzene
Authors: Bart Robert S. , Stritzler Ronald , Baer Rudolf L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No consistent differences were noted in the susceptibility of neonatally thymectomized guinea pigs to become sensitized to dinitrochlorobenzene as compared with sham-operated or nonoperated guinea pigs. The total, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cell counts tended to be lower in the thymectomized animals than in the controls, but the differences were not always statistically significant.
The wasting described by other authors in neonatally thymectomized animals of other species was not observed.
Microdetermination of Shigella Hemagglutinins in Human and Rabbit Sera with Monovalent and Polyvalent Antigens
Authors: Haltalin Kenneth C. , Matteck Betty M. , Nelson John D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
S. flexneri antibodies in rabbit and human serum specimens were demonstrated using a microadaptation of the indirect bacterial hemagglutination test. Although three types of antigen preparations are suitable for detecting hemagglutinins, a polyvalent preparation is of most interest since it has the greatest potential practical application. Comparisons with monovalent antigens, prepared from stock cultures and organisms from patients, showed the polyvalent preparation to be sensitive and specific.
Hemagglutinins reached peak titers on the 5th to 14th day of illness in infants and children with shigellosis. Evidence is presented indicating that effective antimicrobial therapy of shigellosis depresses the specific hemagglutinin response, making it necessary to interpret hemagglutination results in the light of the therapy patients have received.
Brain Neutralization of Rabies Virus to Distinguish Recovered Animals from Previously Vaccinated Animals
Authors: Bell J. F. , Lodmell D. L. , Moore G. J. , Raymond G. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The cerebro-neutralization test of Kubes and Gallia was found to be more specific than the serum neutralization test for distinguishing between rabies-vaccinated and rabies-recovered white mice. However, more work is needed, especially on natural vector-hosts, to determine whether the test is as reliable for those species as it appears to be for white mice.
Detection and Enumeration of Antibody-Producing Cells by Specific Adherence of Antigen-Coated Bentonite Particles
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Bernstein Michael , Pasanen Vilho , Landy Maurice 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The capacity of antigen-coated bentonite particles to adhere specifically to the surface of mmune lymphoid cells has provided the basis for a versatile and sensitive in vitro technique for the detection and enumeration of antibody-producing cells. A number of factors influencing the interaction of antigen-coated particles and lymphoid cells, both normal and immune, were examined and a number of critical variables determined. The specificity of the adherence was affirmed by blocking tests; homologous antigen was effective in low concentrations whereas unrelated antigens were without effect. Antiglobulin also prevented adherence. The involvement of cytophilic or other forms of circulating antibody in this phenomenon was excluded by several means. The cytodynamics of the immune response of the mouse to Vi, Type I pneumococcus and S. enteritidis polysaccharides was ascertained. Except for the earlier detection of immune cells, the pattern of the immune response was similar to that reported previously for the technique of localized hemolysis in gel with other antigens. A spectrum of well characterized soluble antigens readily adsorbs to bentonite; the technique should therefore be applicable for investigation of the immune response to a variety of antigens not previously amenable to study at the cellular level.
Fractionation of Purified Antibodies to the Dinitrophenyl Group with Cross-Reacting Immunoadsorbents
Authors: Cheng W. C. , Talmage D. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified anti-dinitrophenyl group antibodies from pooled antisera or antiserum of a single rabbit were fractionated by means of homologous and cross-reacting immunoadsorbents. Multiple fractions were obtained from all immunoadsorbents by means of stepwise hapten elution with dinitrophenol and when the homologous immunoadsorbent, 2,4-dinitrophenylaminoethyl cellulose, or the extensively altered immunoadsorbent, nitrobenzyl cellulose, were used only a few fractions or a single fraction were obtained. The most effective immunoadsorbent was found to be 2,4,6-trinitrophenylaminoethyl cellulose, which yielded eight major fractions of anti-DNP from the serum of a single rabbit. The chromatographic behavior appears primarily to be determined by differences of the binding ratio of various antibody fractions for the immunoadsorbent and the eluting hapten.
Effect of Conformation of Bovine Serum Albumin on Reaction with Its Antibody
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. , Borella L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effects of conformational changes of bovine serum albumin on its ability to interact with antibovine serum albumin have been studied. Controlled scission of the disulfide groups by sulfitolysis was performed. The reaction product was found to be heterogeneous, showing three species: a monomer of Stokes radius 3.7 mµ and s020,w of 4.6 S, an expanded molecule with Stokes radius of 20.2 mµ and s020,w of 1.85 S, and aggregated species having a Stokes radius of 20.2 mµ and s020,w of 15.9 S. Separation of the reaction product on Sephadex column yielded 3.7-mµ and 20.2-mµ species; each exhibited differences in the ability to react with anti-bovine serum albumin antibodies.
Studies on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Vitro:
Authors: Douglas Steven D. , Hoffman Peter F. , Borjeson Jan , Chessin Lawrence N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated cells show maximum transformation after 72 hr in culture. When optimal concentrations of PWM are used, the transformed cells do not exceed 50 to 60% of the total. After 72 hr the population of cells includes small and medium-size lymphocytes, large phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-like blast cells and a unique intermediate sized cell type. The intermediate sized PWM cell is characterized by an eccentric nucleus with clumped heterochromatin, a well developed Golgi apparatus, ribosomal aggregates and a well developed rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The fine structural features differ importantly from those consistently seen in PHA transformed cells. The possible immunologic significance of PWM stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes in vitro has been considered.
Immunologic Relationship between Blood Group Substances and a Fucose-Containing Glycolipid of Human Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Hakomori Sen-Itiroh , Koscielak Jerzy , Bloch Kurt J. , Jeanloz Roger W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A fucose-containing glycolipid isolated from human adenocarcinoma tissue was found to lack blood group A or B activity regardless of the blood type of the tissue donor. The tumor glycolipid had weak H and moderate Lea activity. Tumor glycolipid was precipitated by type XIV pneumococcal polysaccharide antiserum only after mild acid hydrolysis.
Antisera to tumor glycolipid agglutinated erythrocytes of type A more strongly than erythrocyte of type B, AB, or O. Furthermore, tumor glycolipid and type A glycolipid inhibited the agglutination of tumor cells by a certain phytoagglutinin more strongly than other glycolipids tested. Thus blood group A substance or erythrocytes appear to contain increased amounts of a hapten structure similar to or identical with the carbohydrate moiety of tumor glycolipid. It is suggested that tumor glycolipid results from an aberration in synthesis of glycolipids possessing blood group activity.
The in Vitro Absorption of Anti-Brain Radioantibodies with Brain Sediments: Some Unusual Properties and a Quantitative Method
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Lassiter Sylvester 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The absorption of 125I-labeled anti-brain antibodies by brain sediment was studied in detail, and a solid-liquid partitioning effect, depending upon sediment/fluid ratios, was observed to take place during the time needed for antibody absorption. It was found that brain sediment, which is ordinarily insoluble when suspended in fluid and immediately centrifuged, would lose up to 30% of its weight to the fluid phase during a 1-hr incubation. A straight-line relationship between percentage of antibody absorbed by sediment and log of the sediment/fluid ratio was found to exist, with radioactive antibody acting as the indicator of the amount of antigen so partitioned. A revised quantitative technique for the absorption of radioantibody by brain sediments was developed on the basis of this study, and examples of its use in the assay of radioantibodies by brain sediments are given.
Studies on the Radiosensitive Phase of the Primary Antibody Response in Rabbits
Authors: Pribnow James F. , Silverman Myron S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits irradiated with 450 r 1 day previously, that received both rabbit peritoneal macrophages incubated with bovine gamma globulin (BGG) and nonimmune lymph node cells from the macrophage donors, were able to produce antibody. Rabbits similarly irradiated and injected with sensitized macrophages alone failed to show an antibody response. Normal recipients of these cells exhibited a typical primary antibody response, although titers were lower than in controls receiving antigen alone.
Normal and irradiated rabbits receiving lymph node cells incubated with antigen also failed to produce antibody, as did irradiated rabbits receiving simultaneous injection of antigen and lymph node cells.
Peritoneal exudate cells were harvested from rabbits which had received 450, 550 or 750 r x-irradiation 24 hr previously. After incubation with BGG these cells were injected into normal rabbits. When donors had received 750 r, no antibody response was elicited in the recipients. The response to sensitized irradiated macrophages which had received 450 or 550 r was variable. In no case did the degree of antibody response appear to depend on the number of sensitized cells injected.
Irradiated recipients receiving sensitized irradiated macrophages (550 r) together with lymph node cells from normal rabbits were unable to form antibody.
The implications of these findings in relation to the radiosensitive phase of the antibody response are discussed.
Estradiol-Induced Wasting Syndrome in Neonatal Mice
Authors: Reilly Richard W. , Thompson John S. , Bielski Robert K. , Severson Charles D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Features of “runt” disease have now been described in a variety of circumstances. The pathologic events characterized by lymphoid hypoplasia, immunologic deficiency and excessive mortality which result when newborn mice are given estradiol are similar, but not identical, to those of wasting encountered under these other circumstances, and, as a consequence, place estrogen-induced “runting” in the family of wasting diseases. Estradiol-induced thymic involution, an early finding, may be crucial to the impaired development of the peripheral lymphatic structures.
Comparison of the Opsonic Activity of γ-G- and γ-M-Anti-Proteus Globulins
Authors: Smith James W. , Barnett Jack A. , May Robert P. , Sanford Jay P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The opsonic activities of γG and γM antibodies to Proteus mirabilis were studied in a leukocyte-bacterial phagocytosis system. γG antibody was superior to γM antibody in enhancing phagocytosis. This superiority was a reflection of the influence of antibody on uptake of bacteria rather than an effect on intracellular fate of the organisms. This difference in the function of antibodies in the two classes of immunoglobulins may explain certain clinical observations which indicate γG antibodies are more protective against infection than γM antibodies.
The Lectins of Maclura Pomifera: Zymographic Studies, Distribution in the Developing Plant and Production in Tissue Cultures of Epicotyls
Authors: Jones J. M. , Cawley L. P. , Teresa G. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The direct nonspecific hemagglutinin of seeds of Maclura pomifera was found to be concentrated in the epicotyl. It was also found to diminish in seedlings with maturation. Epicotyls grown in tissue culture contained less hemagglutinin than growing seedlings.
Agar-gel electrophoresis; and special stains for enzymes, polysaccharides and lipids disclosed that seven stainable protein components were present, two of which had hemagglutinating activity. The following tests were performed on unfixed electrophoretograms: amylase, catalase, esterase, peroxidase, lactic dehydrogenase, proteolytic activity, acid and alkaline phosphatase, lipid and polysaccharide. All enzymes were excluded as being an intricate part of the hemagglutinating property, although catalase, peroxidase and lactic dehydrogenase had similar electrophoretic mobility to the major hemagglutinating factor. Exclusion of these three substances is based on molecular weight and heat stability. Polysaccharides were found in electrophoretic band 6 and to a lesser degree in band 2, which is the stronger of the two lectins. This inverse relationship may be in keeping with the theory of a function of carbohydrate binding by lectin. However, the basic concept of carbohydrate storage advanced for the role of the lectins may deserve reconsideration, in view of the fact that most of the family of Leguminosae primarily store seed protein rather than carbohydrate. Also, the lectins from Maclura pomifera and fava bean are inhibited by serum proteins as well as by carbohydrates.
Immunologic Unresponsiveness to Allergic Thyroiditis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Liauw H.-L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunologic unresponsiveness to autoimmune thyroiditis was induced in guinea pigs. A single injection of homologous thyroglobulin accompanied by eight daily injections of cyclophosphamide prevented the onset of thyroiditis after a disease-inducing challenge of guinea pig thyroglobulin. An injection of guinea pig thyroglobulin or cyclophosphamide alone did not produce specific immunity or unresponsiveness to a subsequent challenge with thyroglobulin. Picrylated guinea pig thyroglobulin or bovine thyroglobulin, in conjunction with cyclophosphamide, did not induce immunologic unresponsiveness to guinea pig thyroglobulin.
An Effect upon the Regulation of Gene Expression: Allotype Suppression at the a Locus in Heterozygous Offspring of Immunized Rabbits
Authors: Mage Rose , Young Glendowlyn O. , Dray Sheldon 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Sera of a1a3b4b5 heterozygous rabbits exposed to maternal anti-al or anti-a3 were analyzed for a1, a3, b4, b5 and total γG-immunoglobulin concentrations by a radial diffusion method in serum agar gel plates. The a1a3 offspring of an a1a1 mother making anti-a3 developed relatively low levels of the paternal a3 allotype whereas the heterozygous offspring of an a3a3 mother making anti-a1 developed relatively low serum levels of the paternal a1 protein. In these litters the phenotypic expression of the b5 allele introduced by the paternal genome was unaffected. The altered phenotypic expression of immunoglobulin allotypes controlled by the a locus persists for at least 23 months. The phenomenon of “allotype-suppression,” originally found as an isoantibody effect upon expression of alleles of the b locus, controlling determinants on the light polypeptide chains of immunoglobulins is now shown also to occur with the alleles of the unlinked a locus which controls antigenic determinants associated with the heavy chains of the immunoglobulins. It is possible that this phenomenon is a reflection of the feedback control of immunoglobulin production.
The Immunologic Properties and Identity of Mucopolysaccharides Associated with C-Reactive Protein in Acute Phase Human Serum
Authors: Hokama Y. , Coleman Monroe K. , Riley Richard F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The immunologic and serologic characterization of the mucopolysaccharides associated with CRP as complexes in acute phase serum have been determined by utilization of various hemagglutination techniques. These studies show that the reactive entities have many characteristic features specifically associated with H, Lea and Leb blood group substances. Possible functions of CRP as related to their interaction with these blood group substances are discussed.
Antigenic Analysis of an N-Terminal Fragment of a Type κ Bence Jones Protein
Authors: Tan Margaret , Epstein Wallace 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A fragment of type κ Bence Jones (BJ) protein has been isolated from the urine of a patient with multiple myeloma. Peptide map analysis has established its origin from the N-terminal half of the monomer and devoid of any “constant spots” of type κ BJ proteins. Using antisera specific for the type κ common determinants and for the unique determinants of this particular BJ protein, the fragment is found to have all the unique antigenic determinants together with some common determinants. The relationship of common antigenic determinants of type κ BJ proteins to constant amino acid sequences of the variable half of the chain are discussed.
Transplantation Immunity and Delayed Cutaneous Hypersensitivity Reactions in Dogs
Authors: Streilein J. Wayne , Barker Clyde F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In the experiments reported here, dogs have been shown to be capable of displaying delayed cutaneous reactions indicative of homograft immunity as the result of the inoculation of homologous lymphoid cells. Direct reactions (in sensitized recipients), transfer reactions (of specifically competent lymphocytes to normal recipients), and normal lymphocyte transfer reactions develop in a fashion essentially similar to that described in guinea-pigs, hamsters and man. Attempts to produce skin lesions in irradiated hamsters using dog lymphoid cell mixtures were unsuccessful.
Nephrotoxic Serum Nephritis in Complement Intact and Deficient Mice
Authors: Unanue Emil R. , Mardiney Michael R. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In 1962, Rosenberg and Tachibana reported that certain strains of mice lacked hemolytic complement (C′) activity (1). The lack of C′ is genetically controlled (2) and related to the absence of a β migrating globulin (3, 4). The C′ deficient mice are able to make an immune response to this globulin, which they lack but which is present in C′ intact strains (3, 4). Nilsson and Müller-Eberhard have identified the deficient globulin as analogous to human β1F-globulin (5) which in the human C′ sequence is C′5. The C′ deficient mice lack C′5 activity (6) while having normal C′1,4 and 2 activities (7) and β1c-globulin (C′3) (8, 9).
C′ deficient mice have normal phagocytosis of bacteria (10), are able to reject allogeneic skin grafts (11) and develop Arthus reactions (8, 12). They may develop passive cutaneous anaphylaxis with rabbit antibody but only when large amounts are employed (13).