bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Investigation of Evaporator and Condenser Placement Configuration for Oscillating Heat Pipes
Authors: Castro Osvaldo , Wolk Kieran , Furst Benjamin , Sunada Eric , Roberts Scott , Daimaru Takuro , Kuo Jim , Bellardo John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, we explore two different Oscillating Heat Pipe (OHP) evaporator-condenser placement configurations, and investigate and quantify the effects on thermal performance. The proposed study focuses on two different OHP evaporator-condenser configurations with a change in adiabatic length.
One of the challenges in OHP literature is the variety of experiment setups, (e.g. varying condenser, evaporator, and adiabatic lengths, heat input) which makes it difficult to compare results directly. To quantitatively compare thermal performance, a (or a set of) standardized metric(s) must be used. Therefore, we define a standardizing metric to quantify OHP’s ability to conduct heat that can be used across multiple experiments and setups.
This study was conducted on an additively manufactured flat-plate AlSi10Mg OHP which has a channel diameter of 1.4 mm, 22 turns, and a plate size of 200 mm × 90 mm × 4 mm. Both the evaporator and condenser are rectangles with contact areas of 46 mm by 78 mm. The OHP was charged with R134a with a 45% filling ratio. In these tests, the location of the evaporator was fixed, while the placement of the condenser is varied such that the adiabatic length ranged between 4 mm to 94 mm. The condenser temperature was maintained between 10°C to 25°C and the heat input ranged between 20W to 50W.
The results showed that a reduction in adiabatic length increased the thermal conductivity. To quantify the thermal performance, the thermal conductivities of an empty and charged OHP were determined for each placement configuration, then a thermal conductivity ratio of charged and empty OHP can be determined to quantify the improved performance. For an adiabatic length of 4 mm, we observed that the OHP’s ability to conduct heat was 40 times more effective when compared to an empty OHP. It was also observed that the OHP’s ability to conduct heat was 9 times more effective when compared to an empty OHP for an adiabatic length of 94 mm. We conclude that the area outside the evaporator-condenser that is neither heated nor cooled, called the reservoir, significantly influenced the thermal performance. The OHP with a shorter adiabatic length increased the reservoir in the condenser region which showed higher thermal performance. In this placement configuration, the reservoir essentially acted as an extension of the condenser. This is a favorable condition where the subcooled liquid slugs re-enter the condenser section which affects heat transfer drastically. Thus, the placement of the evaporator-condenser will influence OHP performance due to the reservoir and warrants future work.
Development and Implementation of a High-Temperature FDM Machine for Additive Manufacturing of Thermoplastics
Authors: Billings Christopher , Saha Mrinal , Liu Yingtao 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the reduction in the entry cost of additive manufacturing has allowed for a paradigm shift in research and development methodologies worldwide. Explicitly focusing on FDM-based manufacturing and its role in the e-design process, this technology has dramatically reduced the idea to market timeframe compared to traditional manufacturing. However, the most significant drawback to this change is that these technologies are currently limited to low load and thermally static applications based on the material capabilities of many FDM machines. The exception to this rule is the few machines capable of printing with materials such as ULTEM and PEEK with thermally controlled chambers to address the above problems. Unfortunately, these machines are generally out of reach for most due to their cost and proprietary materials and software. This paper will outline the development and construction of a printer capable of working with materials at 500 degrees centigrade by utilizing a water-cooled dual extrusion system. This system will be operating inside a closed chamber capable of holding temperatures constant at 100 degrees centigrade. The entire system was manufactured for only 4% of the cost of current market offerings. The printer is based on a market available platform that has been upgraded to include a direct drive water-cooled dual extrusion head. The chamber heating is handled by a 110-volt platform that pairs with secondary heaters to control the interior temperature. The entire motion system is enclosed to control thermal swings, and all electronics are exterior mounted and cloud-based for monitoring and operation. In addition, this printer allows the fabrication of designs that produce parts that are up to six times stronger, three times more heat resilient, and three times less water absorbent. The reduction in entry cost to work with engineering-grade thermoplastics will significantly increase the adoption rate of additive manufacturing in small businesses and design shops.
Selection of Industry 4.0 Competencies for Implementation in a New Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Program
Authors: Muci-Küchler Karim H. , Emami Anahita , Jimenez Jesus 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The implementation of Industry 4.0 tools and technologies in many companies coupled with the impact of those tools and technologies in the product design and development process is creating a demand for engineering graduates that have basic competencies (i.e., knowledge, skills, and abilities) related to Industry 4.0 when they join the workforce. This paper presents key Industry 4.0 competencies that were selected for a new mechanical engineering program at Texas State University. For each competency, the level in Bloom’s taxonomy that students are expected to attain at the time of graduation is defined taking into consideration that the implementation of Industry 4.0 tools and technologies is a multidisciplinary endeavor that involves professionals from different majors. The paper also provides information about the implementation plan that will be used to incorporate the competencies selected in the undergraduate curriculum.
Experimental Results for Large Particle Separation From Non-Newtonian Slurries Using Tapered Bump Arrays
Authors: Bamberger Judith Ann , Pease Leonard F. , Serkowski Jason E. , Minette Michael J. , Burns Carolyn A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Lateral displacement arrays are useful for separating particles such as blood cells and sand from carrier fluids. These arrays consist of staggered posts, which allow smaller particles to follow streamlines and larger particles to flow around the posts and migrate to one side. This migration increases the particle concentration in one direction and depletes the particle concentration in the other direction allowing particle separation to occur.
Experiments were conducted to separate large particles in non-Newtonian yield stress slurries using tapered bump arrays. The non-Newtonian slurry used was composed of a bentonite kaolin blend with the inclusion of larger diameter particles. These experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of particle separation using a tapered array of staggered posts as configured in a bump array for non-Newtonian yield stress slurries, an application that has not been explored experimentally. The results of these experiments are described. This information could be applied in industrial settings such as separation of particles from nuclear waste slurries including those to be processed at the Hanford site, where removing large particles from waste streams is important to processing.
Assessing Severity of Cyber-Attack Threats Against Cyber-Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Espinoza-Zelaya Carlos , Moon Young 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The threats of cyber-attacks against Cyber-manufacturing systems (CMS) pose production manager with a unique challenge. The timing, target, severity of their occurrence is all uncertain and yet decisions need to be made in real time to ensure the achievement of production goals under their advent. This paper proposes a systemic approach to estimate threat severity in three different dimensions, (i) disruption potential, (ii) total economic impact, and (iii) non-tangible losses.
A model resilient testbed CMS is presented, which is a system with prevention, detection, redundancy, and recovery mechanisms implemented against cyber-attacks. We evaluate the potential threat by analyzing the state of production factors and the characteristics of the potential responses that the system has set in place. The severity of the attack cannot be defined in advance given that the level of disruption that can create is not an absolute value but rather dependent on the state of the system at it time of its occurrence. To address this uncertainty, we utilize an expected value equation in which we take the worst-case scenario and take actions to ensure the system remains resilient. Decisions are taken to minimize cost while ensuring the fulfillment of the production goals.
Design of Low-Level Hardware for a Multi-Layered Control Architecture
Authors: Kogelis Madeline , Fuge Zachary J. , Herron Connor W. , Kalita Bhaben , Leonessa Alexander 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this work, the low-level (LL) hardware for sensor collection, motor input, and networking with a high-level (HL) controller is presented for robot systems which utilize linear series elastic actuators (LSEAs) for joint actuation. In multi-joint robotic systems, LL controllers rely on sensor readings to control each joint and communicate the obtained information to the HL controller. This research outlines the hardware design of two printed circuit boards (PCBs), as well as the use of an EasyCAT PRO board for communication. An in-house sensor interface shield is designed as an extension of the TM4C123GXL TIVA microcontroller launchpad and another in-house shield connects to the AZBDC12A8 analog servo drive, or rather, the motor controller. These PCBs allow for sensor integration with circuits that route, filter, or manipulate data obtained from the sensors. The goal of the sensor interface shield is to interface between sensors and the microcontroller. The sensor board takes readings from a force sensor, absolute encoder, quadrature encoder, as well as adjusting the pulse-width modulation (PWM) signal that is sent to the motors. The main purpose of the motor shield is to supply power, route the PWM input, and filter the current output of the motor. The final designs for both the shields are built in the PCB design software Eagle. Overall, these boards will allow for better sensor integration for LL controllers which interface with LSEA driven multi-joint robotic systems.
Mechanical Design Upgrade of Kinematically Reconfigurable Humanoid, HART
Authors: Sohn Kiwon , Wisdom Jordaine , Sharpe Ethan , Robinson James , Tatoglu Akin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The continued development of HART (Human Assistive RoboT) is presented in this paper. HART has been designed and built by ART (Assistive Robot Team) in University of Hartford since 2017. To enable the robot to manipulate various control inputs of off-the-shelf vehicles with different sizes and structures in the market, HARTs mechanical design was focused on the achievement of kinematic re-scalability as its main technical design requirement. In this study, the mechanical design upgrade which can increase the robots power and dexterousness to control the steering wheel of the assigned vehicle is mainly described. For this, the third arm which is newly designed with passive joints and expendable links is built and added to HART. Next, HARTs new sensor head which is also redesigned for advancement of its perception capability is introduced in this paper. Lastly, the upgraded robot is tested and evaluated in human-centered environments which include both indoor and outdoor task spaces.
NES3: A Ship-Consensus Double-Layer Blockchain System in New Energy Ship Supervision Scenario
Authors: Yan Gang'ao , Xiao Youan , Wang Tengfei , Li Zhuo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
As the world’s attention to environmental protection and carbon emissions continues to improve, the number of new energy vessels has increased, and the management requirements and pressure on new energy vessels are getting bigger. Due to the ships’ difficulty of network communication and its high cost, blockchain-based management systems usually do not make ships a part of the scope of consensus and become less certain reliable. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a New Energy Ship Supervision System (NES3) based on a double-layer blockchain, which incorporates ships into the consensus layer to enhance robustness. To ensure the authenticity of ship data, a simplified mesh blockchain is formed among ship nodes, in which only the block heads are synchronized by Simplified Random Grouping Consensus (SRGC) algorithm proposed in this paper. The node of the strong consensus layer is connected in the form of an alliance chain, using the real-time data of the ship to monitor ship status, using the group consensus results, data summary messages, and audit data uploaded by the weak consensus layer for cross-validation, and perform “post-clearing” mechanism, through which the system increases the cost of tampering with data, improves the enthusiasm of ship nodes, and promotes data security. Research shows that the system can ensure reliable data flow with low data volume in the scenario of high network delay and strong ship node dynamics and achieve effective ship supervision.
Dynamics of Periodic Sandwich Beams
Authors: Farzaneh Joubaneh Eshagh , Ma Jihong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Sandwich beams are commonly used in vibration absorption applications due to their inherent properties. To further mitigate vibration, metamaterials with periodic properties or periodic resonators are widely incorporated as composite cores to create phonon bandgaps in sandwich beams. However, the effect of periodicity in face sheets of the sandwich beam has been sporadically explored. This paper parametrically investigates the effect of the subunit cell size and different periodicity for top and bottom face sheets on opening bandgaps that can filter transverse and longitudinal waves individually or simultaneously. Structures can be protected from both transverse and longitudinal waves using such mechanisms by enhancing the coupling effect between transverse and longitudinal modes within sandwich structure.
Sliding Wear Behavior of Electron Beam Melted (EBM) Ti6Al4V
Authors: Bin Abdullah Mohammad Sayem , Mamidala Ramulu 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The practicable application of electron beam melted (EBM) titanium parts requires acceptable mechanical, fatigue, and tribological properties. The current literature is still lacking enough investigations on the tribological properties of EBM titanium. This paper presents the preliminary results and analysis of the dry sliding behavior of electron beam melted (EBM) Ti6Al4V in as-built and machined conditions. To understand the dry sliding behavior at different built orientations, rotary abrasion tests have been conducted on EBM Ti6Al4V specimens built at three built orientations, i.e., 3°, 45°, and 90°. EBM fabricated Ti6Al4V specimens were subjected to rotary abrasion against alumina particles up to 4000 cycles. The mass removal was recorded. The wear tracks generated on Ti6Al4V specimens were inspected through scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and optical 3D profiler. The wear-induced microstructure and hardness variation have been investigated. Experimental results show that the dry sliding wear behavior of EBM Ti6Al4V is influenced by built orientation due to process-induced surface asperities and hardness. Machining significantly increases wear resistance depending on built orientation, and offsets wear anisotropy. The wear mechanism is discussed as well.
Numerical Study of Erosion Wear on the Disc of a Butterfly Valve With Laminar Particle-Laden Flows in a Horizontal Pipeline
Authors: Ayala Orlando M. , Ayala Orlando F. , Villalba Ricardo 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Butterfly valves are used in many processes where they mostly provide on-off control services. Many industrial processes involve fluid flows carrying particles through pipes where butterfly valves are installed. The presence of those particles produces unavoidable erosion on the valves and its study is of great importance. In this paper a numerical study of the erosion wear generated in the disc of a butterfly valve is presented. A laminar flow of water with solid particles was used. The particle-laden flow was allowed to interact following a oneway coupling. The particles felt the gravity force in the horizontal pipeline and when interacting with the pipe walls they were let to bounce right off. The gravitational effect has not been incorporated in previous studies of erosion wear in butterfly valves. To analyze how the particle-fluid interaction behavior and the gravitational force modify the erosion wear pattern, the particle Stokes number (St) and the dimensionless particle fall velocity (Sv) were varied. Without considering gravity (Sv = 0), the dimensionless erosion rates were found to reach their lowest values when St &lt; 1. This was due to the fact that at those Stokes numbers the fluid controls the particle motion, and it moves them away from the disk when close to it. It was also found that at St &gt;&gt; 1 the erosion rates remain constant because the particles maintain their initial dynamics due to their higher inertia. It appears to be that the Stokes number value of one is a critical point. Similarly, when Sv is not zero, it was observed that the dimensionless particle fall velocity value of 10 appear to also be a critical point. For Sv &lt;&lt; 10, the behavior of the impact velocity, impact angle and erosion rate were similar to the ones described of the previous study without gravity. For Sv ≥ 10, the behavior of the impact velocity, impact angle (and therefore the erosion rate) were affected by how the particles interacted with the pipe walls prior to reaching the butterfly valve disc. For very small values of St and very large values of Sv, the particles did not even reach the disc. The magnitudes of dimensionless impact velocity and impact angle have lower values at Sv &lt; 10 and higher values at Sv &gt; 10, thanks to the fact that gravity increased the particle velocity and forced them to bounce with the pipe before hitting the valve. For St∼1 and Sv &gt; 10 the impact velocities and erosion rates present maximums, as a consequence of gravity transferring energy to particles as they bounce through the pipe, and to the high velocity flow near the center of the pipe that also added energy to the particles that approached it.
Investigation of the Leading-Edge Erosion of Wind Turbine Blades Using Multivariant Analysis Method
Authors: Alajmi Abdullah F. , Ramulu M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
With the vast development in the wind energy industry, new climates that might be considered harsh on wind turbines are being investigated. One such harsh climate is the desert and arid climate with the high frequency of sandstorm occurrences. During a sandstorm, sand particles of different sizes and shapes collide with wind turbine blades at different angles of attack and impact velocities, causing enormous damage, especially at the leading-edge area. The leading-edge erosion causes a drastic decrease in the turbine’s overall efficiency and, consequently, the amount of energy produced. In this paper, a multiple regression statistical study was conducted to investigate the effects of variables such as air pressure (consequently the particle impact velocity), erosion duration, and the angle of attack. These three variables were used to imitate the conditions during sandstorms closely. The outcome of the erosion process is measured in terms of mass loss and depth of erosion scars. The resulting damage from the erosion process was analyzed using the Analysis of Variables (ANOVA) method. It has been found that the angle of attack has a significant effect on the erosion behavior, with the most severe damage occurring at a 0° angle of attack for both the amount of mass loss and the depth of erosion scars, while the lowest amount of damage occurring at a 10° angle of attack. Similarly, increasing impact velocity and erosion duration caused the most severe damage, and these variables were used to characterize the behavior of the leading-edge erosion of wind turbine blades. Therefore, designers of wind farms in the desert must bear in mind that it is of extreme importance to study probability of sandstorms occurrence, their average duration, their occurrence frequency, and the particles’ velocity.
Entropy Generation Analysis on a Thermoelectric Generator in an Exhaust Automotive Line With Porous Media
Authors: Buonomo Bernardo , di Pasqua Anna , Manca Oronzio , Nappo Sergio 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the present paper, an entropy generation analysis on a 2D steady state problem in convective regime of an aluminum foam partially and totally filled channel with an external TEG element is solved in numerical way. The channel has a length of 272 mm and a height equal to 60 mm; instead, the TEG is characterized by a length equal to 65 mm and by a thickness of 8.5 mm. The numerical analyses are accomplished with the assumption of the local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model in order to consider the metal foam presence. The working fluid is exhaust gas characterized by the same properties of the air in correspondence to the TEG upper surface temperature. The TEG is considered as a solid component characterized by an internal energy generation. The thermophysical properties are assumed temperature independent. Ansys-Fluent code is employed in order to resolve the governing equations for exhaust gas, metal foam and TEG. Different exhaust gas mass flow rates on the inlet section are assumed. Several thicknesses of aluminum foam values are employed. The porous media are characterized by a porosity from 0.90 to 0.978 and number of pores per inch (PPI) equal to 5, 10, 20, 40. Results are given in terms of global entropy generations related to the thermal and viscous effects.
Design and Optimization of a Single DOF Anthropomorphic Gait Rehabilitation Device With Passive Branch Chain
Authors: Wang Xiaoyu , Han Xu , Song Ci , Zhao Ping , Cai Mei 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In this paper, a single degree of freedom (DOF) anthropomorphic gait rehabilitation mechanism with passive branch chain is proposed and optimized. First, the dimension parameters of the mechanism are designed. Taking the normal gait trajectory as the target, 1-DOF Watt-I six-bar mechanism driven by a uniform motor is adopted as the motion executer, and its path synthesis is carried out. Then, the lightweight design of the lower limb rehabilitation mechanism is implemented. A three-dimensional design model of the six-bar linkage is established, which is imported into ANSYS Workbench for static force analysis and topology optimization. Then, a 2-DOF passive chain is designed and imposed into the mechanism for a better dynamic and kinematic performance. In the end, a prototype of the 1-DOF six-bar gait rehab device with passive chain is built, and experiments are conducted using motion capture system to obtain the trajectory. The results show that the optimized mechanism can well simulate the motion of normal human gait trajectory, which verifies the effectiveness of the mechanism and the optimization method.