bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
علاقة الثبات والتوازن بدقة مهارة التصويب من القفز عاليا بكرة اليد
Authors: زبيدة صلاح هادي  , انتصار كاظم عبد الكريم  
Published: May 2023

تلخصت مقدمة البحث بأن التحليل الحركي الميكانيكي وسيلة مهمة بواستطتها يتم تشخيص وتقيم الظاهرة بشكل موضوعي وفق أسس علمية ثابتة ،بأستخدام التقنية الحديثة، وكرة اليد من بين الألعاب التي ظهرت في الآونة الأخيرة بمستوى أداء يجذب إعجاب المشاهد لهذه اللعبة، كماأن الدقة في التصويب تعد مفتاح لتحقيق الهدف من خلال وصول الكرة إلى المكان الصحيح ودخولها إلى المرمى قبلَ أن تكون فرصة للصد . و مشكلة البحث بان اللاعب يهدر اهداف عديدة في ساحة التهديف وهذا يدل على الغياب الواضح لدقة التصويب والذي تعزو الباحثتان سبب ذلك الى ضعف في بعض القدرات الحركية ومنها التوازن والثبات ومن اجل الوقوف على ذلك قامت الباحثتان في دراسة العلاقة بين دقة التصويب من القفز عاليا والقدرات التي قيد البحث. وهدف البحث الى التعرف على درجة الثبات والتوازن ،و العلاقة بين الثبات ودقة مهارة التصويب من القفز عاليا، والعلاقة بين التوازن ودقة مهارة التصويب من القفز عاليا ، وتم استخدام المنهج الوصفي على عينة اختيرت بالطريقة العمدية قوامها (10) لاعبين نادي الشرطة الرياضي. وتوصلت الباحثتان الى عدد من الاستنتاجات كانت أهمها: بوجود علاقة ارتباط بين الثبات ودقة مهارة التصويب من القفز عاليا، ووجود علاقة ارتباط بين التوازن ودقة مهارة التصويب من القفز عاليا، وخرجت الباحثتان بهذه التوصيات ان لكل من مؤشر الثبات ومؤشر التوازن أهمية كبيرة في دقة التصويب من القفز عاليا
MELHORIAS CONTINUA DA QUALIDADE NO PROCESSO DE PRODUÇÃO: ESTUDO DE CASO EM UMA ORGANIZAÇÃO SEM FINS LUCRATIVOS
Authors: França Akila Duarte , De Almeida Ely Sena 
Published: May 2023

O Lean Manufacturing é uma abordagem que visa eliminar desperdícios, detectando atividades que agregam valor, investindo nelas e excluindo aquelas que não agregam. Além disso, o método discutido sugere organizar o trabalho e fazer sugestões contínuas de melhoria. O objetivo geral do trabalho é apresentar melhorias continua da qualidade no processo de produção em uma organização sem fins lucrativos. A metodologia trata-se de estudo de campo realizada no abrigo M.A, com uma abordagem qualitativa, de natureza básica, quanto os objetivos é uma pesquisa exploratória e descritiva. A pesquisa foi realizada primeiramente em atividades presenciais, onde foi estabelecido que seria necessário familiarizar-se com o processo produtivo, observando o passo a passo da produção das fraldas. Onde foi desenvolvido a análise e melhorias relativos à produção. A produtividade aumentou no período delimitado, onde foi fundamental a melhoria imposta no processo de produção. Todavia, a produção ainda precisa de melhorias futuras, que foram determinadas por meios de ferramentas de qualidade diagrama de ishikawa, sendo essencial para instituição.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA DAN SELF EFFICACY TERHADAP KINERJA KARYAWAN PADA PT. PELINDO (PERSERO) CABANG SIBOLGA
Authors: Tanjung Vebri Yanti , Simatupang Sahat , Simamora Fauziah Nur 
Published: May 2023

This study aims to determine whether or not there is an influence of Work Motivation and Self Efficacy on Employee Performance at PT. Pelindo (Persero) Sibolga Branch. The hypothesis put forward is that there is an influence of work motivation and self-efficacy on employee performance at PT. Pelindo (Persero) Sibolga Branch. The author uses 46 respondents as a sample taken from 46 populations using the Sugiyono formula. The results of the study indicate that there is a positive relationship between work motivation and self-efficacy on employee performance at PT. Pelindo (Persero) Sibolga Branch and its correlation coefficient is 0.419, so when interpreted on a value scale it can be categorized as moderate. While the coefficient of determination is known that Work Motivation and Self Efficacy only contribute 33.3% to Employee Performance at PT. Pelindo (Persero) Sibolga Branch and the remaining 66.7% is influenced by other factors not examined. Regression equation obtained
Y = 15.032 + 0.22X1 + 0.45X2 which shows that if you add one unit of variables X1 and X2 (Work Motivation and Self Efficacy) or a certain value, the variable Y (Employee Performance) will increase by the regression coefficient of 0.22 and 0. 45. Based on the results of hypothesis testing conducted by Employee Performance by comparing the t-count value of Work Motivation and t-table, it is found that the t-count value is smaller than t-table, namely 1.748 <2.016, Self- Efficacy and t-table, it is found that the t-count value is greater than t-table, namely 3.188 <2.016 and a significance value of 0.000 below α 5%. Because t count is greater than t table, there is an influence of Work Motivation and Self Efficacy on Employee Performance at PT. Pelindo (Persero) Sibolga Branch and the hypothesis proposed is accepted.
ANALISIS KINERJA KARYAWAN PERMODALAN NASIONAL MADANI (PNM) MEKAAR DI DEMAK
Authors: Solekah Sakirin Najikatus , Indriasari Ika , Indiworo Hawik Ervina 
Published: May 2023

Penekitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh penggunaan teknologi informasi, kompetensi sumber daya manusia, dan sharing knowledge terhadap kinerja karyawan Permodalan Nasional Madani (PNM) Mekaar di Demak. Responden berjumlah 105 orang karyawan PNM Mekaar di Demak. Teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini menggunakan sampel jenuh. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah SPSS Versi 25. Hasil penelitian uji t, variabel penggunaan teknologi informasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan nilai t-hitung (2.521) dan signifikansi .013 < 0.5. variabel kompetensi sumber daya manusia berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan nilai t-hitung (2.024) dan signifikansi .046 < 0.5. Sharing knowledge berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan dengan nilai t-hitung(3.557) dan signifikansi .01 < 0.5. Uji F menujukkan bahwa penggunaan teknologi informasi, kompetensi sumber daya manusia dan sharing knowledge berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan.
Efecto de la familiaridad del tema en la calidad del texto de ensayos en inglés.
Authors: Quillupangui Carlos , Duque Carolina 
Published: May 2023

Resumen
El enfoque pedagógico tradicional de la enseñanza de la escritura en inglés como segunda lengua, se ha basado en ejercicios simples, con aplicación de reglas que resultan en un conocimiento insuficiente, sobre todo a nivel universitario. Un enfoque novedoso plantea el aprendizaje de la escritura mediante la producción de ensayos, que muestren la experiencia personal del estudiante, sus reflexiones y pensamiento crítico. Pero, los estudios de este tipo son escasos y han mostrado diferencias en sus resultados. En este sentido, se planteó realizar una investigación con el objetivo de determinar si la redacción de ensayos acerca de temas familiares, influye en el logro de textos de mayor complejidad sintáctica, precisión y fluidez que cuando el tema es poco conocido e identificar los errores gramaticales más frecuentes, para redireccionar el trabajo docente hacia su superación. Se realizó una investigación de campo, transversal, cuasi experimental y cuantitativa con una muestra de seis estudiantes, que redactaron ensayos con ambos temas. Se evaluó el comportamiento de las variables complejidad sintáctica, precisión y fluidez y se compararon los resultados entre estudiantes y temas de ensayo. Los resultados indicaron que, al utilizarse temas familiares, los textos fueron más extensos y con menos errores que los redactados con un tema menos conocido. Se concluyó que la redacción de ensayos basados en temas familiares mostró una calidad de textos superior en cuanto a las variables analizadas, aunque persistieron errores gramaticales y el uso de una oralidad característica de la lengua de origen.
Palabras claves: Complejidad sintáctica, Precisión, Fluidez, Habilidad de escritura, Ingles como segunda lengua.
PERANCANGAN SISTEM INFORMASI KLINIK BERBASIS WEB (STUDI KASUS : KLINIK MULIA MANDAU)
Authors: Tambunan Leonard , Iqbal Muhammad , Mursalan Hafiz 
Published: May 2023

Klinik Mulia Mandau merupakan klinik pengobatan yang bertujuan untuk membantu pasien dalam memeriksakan kesehatannya, kemudian pasien dapat diperiksa oleh dokter, menerima resep dan membayarnya di kasir. Permasalahan selama ini yang terjadi adalah belum adanya sistem informasi klinik berbasis web untuk melayani pasien dari pendaftaran hingga proses pembayarannya. Maka, dibutuhkan pembuatan sistem informasi klinik berbasis web untuk meningkatkan keefektifan proses pendaftaran pasien ke Klinik hingga pembayarannya. Tahapan perancangan yang digunakan meliputi perancangan berbasis UML. Software yang digunakan dalam perancangan aplikasi ini menggunakan Apache untuk menjalankan web servernya dan MySQL untuk pengelolaan database. Pembuatan aplikasi ini menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP. Sebagai hasil dari penelitian ini adalah dibangunnya aplikasi klinik berbasis web pada Klinik Mulia Mandau dengan kemampuan Pendaftaran melalui web, mengelola data pasien, dokter, obat, mencatat pendaftaran pasien di setiap klinik, pencarian data pasien, klinik, dokter, dan membuat laporan.
การยับยั้งการก่อตัวของเดนไดรต์ของขั้วสังกะสีแอโนดโดยการเติมกราฟีนออกไซด์ในอิเล็กโทรไลต์สำหรับแบตเตอร์รี่ที่ชาร์จไฟได้ชนิดซิงค์ไอออน
Authors:   , อับดุลลา จัฟนี 
Published: May 2023

แบตเตอรี่ซิงค์-ไอออนแบบชาร์จไฟได้ (ZIBs) กำลังได้รับความสนใจมากขึ้นเรื่อยๆ เนื่องจากสังกะสีเป็นธาตุที่อุดมสมบูรณ์มาก ซึ่งกระจายไปทั่วโลกและมีราคาถูกกว่าธาตุอื่นๆ ที่ใช้เป็นอิเล็กโทรดในแบตเตอรี่ ทำให้ ZIB มีต้นทุนต่ำและเป็นมิตรกับสิ่งแวดล้อม ปัญหาประการหนึ่งคือการก่อตัวของเดนไดรต์สังกะสี (Zinc dendrites) บนแอโนดของสังกะสีในระหว่างกระบวนการประจุ/การคายประจุ (Charge/discharge process) ด้วยเหตุนี้ ประสิทธิภาพของแบตเตอรี่จึงลดลง นำไปสู่ปัญหาด้านความปลอดภัยที่ร้ายแรงเนื่องจากเกิดไฟฟ้าลัดวงจร วิทยานิพนธ์นี้อธิบายการเพิ่มอนุภาคกราฟีนออกไซด์ที่เป็นของแข็ง (GO) ลงในอิเล็กโทรไลต์ใน ZIB ทำหน้าที่เป็นสารเติมแต่งของแข็ง (Solid additive) เพื่อเพิ่มอายุการใช้งานอันเป็นผลมาจากการยับยั้งการโตของเดนไดรต์สังกะสีบนพื้นผิวแอโนดสังกะสี เมื่อทดสอบโปรไฟล์แรงดันไฟฟ้า (Voltage profiles) พบว่าความต่างศักย์เกิน (Overpotential) ของแบตเตอรี่ที่ไม่มีสารเติมแต่งของแข็ง GO นั้นสูงกว่าแบตเตอรี่ที่มีสารเติมแต่งของแข็ง GO และแบตเตอรี่ที่มีสารเติมแต่งของแข็ง GO ให้อายุการใช้งานที่เพิ่มขึ้นห้าเท่าภายใต้ความหนาแน่นกระแส 1 mA cm- 2 หลังจากการใช้งานสามารถพบเดนไดรต์สังกะสีในแบตเตอรี่ที่ไม่มีสารเติมแต่ง GO เนื่องจากสนามไฟฟ้าในพื้นที่บนผิวแอโนดสังกะสี GO สามารถปรับปรุงประสิทธิภาพของแบตเตอรี่คูลอมบิก (99.16%) ได้อย่างน่าทึ่ง ผ่านการทำให้ลักษณะการชุบ/ปอกสังกะสีมีเสถียรภาพ (Zn plating/stripping process) และส่งเสริมในการเกิดนิวเคลียสของ Zn2+ ดังนั้น แบตเตอรี่ที่มี GO แสดงการเพิ่มประสิทธิภาพที่โดดเด่นในด้านอัตราและความสามารถในการใช้งานเมื่อเทียบกับอิเล็กโทรไลต์ที่ปราศจากสารเติมแต่ง GO อิเล็กโทรไลต์ไฮบริดที่มีอนุภาคของแข็งจึงเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของการออกแบบแบตเตอรี่ซิงค์ไอออนขั้นสูงต่อไปในอนาคต
A Historiography of the Conquest of Kaffa in 1897
Authors: Seid Ahmed  
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Many of the study of history focus on the dynamics of the history. Historiography, the study of history, hardly attracts the view of the non-professional historians. It’s a key in the study of history to show the knowledge gap but also the various views of the writers on the event. Most of the Ethiopian history writers passively generalized the southward movement of Emperor Menilek in the last quarter of 19th century. Many writers expressed their view on their personal orientation rather than supporting on concrete evidence. Thus the objective of this paper is to analyze the imperial southward movement of Ethiopia under Menilek in general and the conquest of Kaffa in particular.

Key Words: Expansion, Southward Movement, Kaffa, Ethiopia
نظرية العمران: قَالب التنمية الإسلامية في تحقيق دولة الذكر
Authors: محمد عبدالأفيق بن محمد سهاري  
Published: May 2023

نظرية العمران هي نظرية قدمها المفكر الإسلامي ابن خلدون في القرن الرابع عشر المسيحي من خلال علم العمران لمعالجة المشاكل والمسائل والتحديات التي تواجهها الأمة والدولة الإسلامية لغرض التنمية بالمعنى الحقيقي. هذه النظرية وهي نظرية التنمية الإسلامية المتوازنة بين الناحية الروحية والمادية التي توحد ثلاث علاقات رئيسية في الحياة والتنمية، منها علاقة البشر مع الله وعلاقة البشر مع البشر وعلاقة البشر مع الطبيعة. وقد سعت دولة بروناي دار السلام بكل ما أوتيت من قوة لتحقيق المبادئ والقيم الإسلامية السامية، فقد وضعت المحافظة على الإسلام وهوية المجتمع البروناوي المسلم هدفا من أهم أهدافها وأولوية من أهم أولوياتها، وقامت في سبيل تحقيق ذلك بعدة أمور أهمها دولة الذكر. قد جاء إعلان دولة بروناي دار السلام دولة الذكر في خطاب جلالة السلطان الحاج حسن البلقية معز الدين والدولة ابن المرحوم السلطان الحاج عمر علي سيف الدين سلطان بروناي دار السلام بمناسبة عيد الأضحى لعام 1428ه/2007م. فالمراد بـ"دولة الذكر" هي الدولة الإسلامية التي تعظم شرع الله تعالى، وتحكّمه في كافة مناحي الحياة. دولة بروناي دار السلام هي دولة إسلامية تحتاج إلى نظرية الإسلام الصحيحة كقالب التنمية سواء كانت من الناحية الروحية أو الناحية المادية. فتطبيق نظرية العمران كقالب للتنمية في بروناي دار السلام تناسب مع الفلسفة الملايوية الإسلامية الملكية لتحقيق نتيجة شعار التنمية لدولة الذكر ومناسب جدا لتحقيق الازدهار الحقيقي. ولذلك، دولة الذكر لها صلة أو علاقة قوية بنظرية العمران فحاول أن يطبقها، وعلى المجتمع أن يفهموها ويطبقوها في تحقيق تنمية دولة الذكر. بهذه النظرية كقالب التنمية سنحقق إستراتيجية التنمية الإنسانية وهي إستراتيجية ضمان الأخلاق لتقوية الموارد البشرية من ناحية العلم، والمهارات، والإبداع، والإيمان، والأخلاق.
Analysis of IGHA1 and other salivary proteins post half marathon in female participants
Authors: Maruyama Yosuke , Seki Tomoaki , Ando Seiichi , Tanabe Hiroki , Mori Hitoshi 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundHigh-intensity exercise (HIE), such as that in marathons and triathlons, suppresses transient local and systemic immunity. Serum and salivary immunoglobulin heavy constant alpha 1 (IGHA1) are major markers of immunosuppression by HIE. Although much is known about the systemic immunosuppressive response, little is known about its local response in the oral cavity, lungs, bronchial tubes, and skin. The oral cavity allows bacteria or viruses to enter the body. Saliva covers the epidermis of the oral cavity and plays an important role in the local stress response by preventing infection. In this study, we examined the properties of saliva secreted during the local stress response for half-marathon (HM) induced IGHA1 protein expression using quantitative proteomics.MethodsThe Exercise Group (ExG) (19 healthy female university students) participated in a HM race. The Non-Exercise Group (NExG) (16 healthy female university students) did not participate in the ExG. The ExG saliva samples were collected 1 h pre and 2 h and 4 h post-HM. The NExG saliva samples were collected at the same time intervals. The saliva volume, protein concentration, and relative IGHA1 expression were analyzed. In addition, 1 h pre and 2 h post- HM saliva samples were analyzed by iTRAQ. The identified factors in iTRAQ were analyzed for the ExG and the NExG using western blotting.ResultsWe identified kallikrein 1 (KLK1), immunoglobulin kappa chain (IgK), and cystatin S (CST4) as suppression factors, as well as IGHA1, which has been reported to be an immunological stress marker. IGHA1 (p= 0.003), KLK1 (p= 0.011), IGK (p= 0.002), and CST4 (p= 0.003) were suppressed 2 h post-HM compared with their levels pre HM, and IGHA1 (p< 0.001), KLK1 (p= 0.004), and CST4 (p= 0.006) were suppressed 4 h post-HM. There was also a positive correlation between IGHA1, IGK, and CST4 levels at 2 and 4 h post-HM. In addition, KLK1 and IGK levels at 2 h post-HM were positively correlated.ConclusionOur study demonstrated that the salivary proteome is regulated, and antimicrobial proteins are suppressed post-HM. These results suggest that oral immunity was transiently suppressed post-HM. The positive correlation of each protein at 2 and 4 h post-HM suggests that the suppressed state was similarly regulated up to 4 h after a HM. The proteins identified in this study may have applications as stress markers for recreational runners and individuals who perform moderate to HIE on a regular basis.
Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis identification of succinylation related proteins in pathogenesis of thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Hongwei , Wang Haiyue , Wang Chenhao , Yang Peng , Lu Chen , Liu Yu , Xu Zhenyuan , Xie Yi , Hu Jia 
Published: May 2023

Background
Thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (TAAD) are devastating cardiovascular diseases with a high rate of disability and mortality. Lysine succinylation, a newly found post-translational modification, has been reported to play an important role in cardiovascular diseases. However, how succinylation modification influences TAAD remains obscure.

Methods
Ascending aortic tissues were obtained from patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA, n = 6), thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) with pre-existing aortic aneurysm (n = 6), and healthy subjects (n = 6). Global lysine succinylation level was analyzed by Western blotting. The differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed by tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and mass spectrometry. Succinylation-related proteins selected from the literature review and AmiGO database were set as a reference inventory for further analysis. Then, the pathological aortic sections were chosen to verify the proteomic results by Western blotting and qRT-PCR.

Results
The level of global lysine succinylation significantly increased in TAA and TAD patients compared with healthy subjects. Of all proteins identified by proteomic analysis, 197 common DEPs were screened both in TAA and TAD group compared with the control group, of which 93 proteins were significantly upregulated while 104 were downregulated. Among these 197 DEPs, OXCT1 overlapped with the succinylation-related proteins and was selected as the target protein involved in thoracic aortic pathogenesis. OXCT1 was further verified by Western blotting and qRT-PCR, and the results showed that OXCT1 in TAA and TAD patients was significantly lower than that in healthy donors (p < 0.001), which was consistent with the proteomic results.

Conclusions
OXCT1 represents novel biomarkers for lysine succinylation of TAAD and might be a therapeutic target in the future.
Surgeon Recommendation and Outcomes of Decompression With vs Without Fusion in Patients With Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Seip Andreas , Hellum Christian , Fagerland Morten Wang , Solberg Tore , Brox Jens Ivar , Storheim Kjersti , Hermansen Erland , Weber Clemens , Brisby Helena , Banitalebi Hasan , Furunes Håvard , Indrekvam Kari , Ljøstad Inger , Austevoll Ivar Magne 
Published: January 2025

ImportanceThe ability of surgeons to choose the right patient for fusion in addition to decompression when operating for degenerative spondylolisthesis with symptomatic spinal stenosis is debated. The addition of fusion increases risk, morbidity, and costs but has been claimed to give better results for selected patients.ObjectiveTo investigate whether following surgeons’ opinions regarding fusion was associated with clinical outcomes.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study was conducted alongside the Norwegian Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Spinal Stenosis randomized clinical trial, which showed noninferiority for decompression alone compared with decompression with fusion. From February 12, 2014, to December 18, 2017, trial surgeons from 16 Norwegian departments denoted their preferred treatment for 222 of 267 patients with symptomatic spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis. For this analysis, the clinical outcomes of the patients who were and were not randomized to the recommended treatment were compared.Main Outcome and MeasuresThe primary outcome was a reduction of at least 30% from baseline to 2 years after surgery on the Oswestry Disability Index, ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 100 (maximum impairment). Secondary outcomes included the Zürich Claudication Questionnaire, leg and back pain scores, and the EuroQol 5-Dimension score.ResultsAmong 222 patients (155 [70%] female; mean [SD] age, 66.2 [7.7] years), decompression alone was recommended for 112 patients, of whom 59 received only decompression, and additional fusion for 110 patients, of whom 57 received fusion. At 2-year follow-up, 87 of 116 patients (75%) who received surgery in agreement with the surgeons’ recommendations and 77 of 106 (73%) who received surgery in disagreement with the surgeons’ recommendations reached the primary outcome (difference, 2.4 percentage points; 95% CI, −9.1 to 13.9 percentage points). All secondary outcomes were in the same direction as the primary outcome.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study of 222 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis who participated in a randomized clinical trial, surgeons’ recommendations were not associated with better outcomes than a random allocation when deciding between decompression alone and decompression with instrumented fusion. The results suggest that surgeons performing degenerative spondylolisthesis surgery could rely safely on evidence of operating with decompression alone, despite the conflict of expert opinion.
Polyfunctional CD8+CD226+RUNX2hi effector T cells are diminished in advanced stages of chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Rezaeifar Maryam , Shahbaz Shima , Peters Anthea C. , Gibson Spencer B. , Elahi Shokrollah 
Published: January 2025

CD8+ T cells, a subset of T cells identified by the surface glycoprotein CD8, particularly those expressing the co‐stimulatory molecule CD226, play a crucial role in the immune response to malignancies. However, their role in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), an immunosuppressive disease, has not yet been explored. We studied 64 CLL patients and 25 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls (HCs). We analyzed the proportion of CD226‐expressing cells among different CD8+ T cell subsets (including naïve, central memory, effector memory, and effectors) in CLL patients, stratified by Rai stage and immunoglobulin heavy‐chain variable region gene (IgHV) mutation status. Additionally, we compared the effector functions of CD8+CD226+ cells and their CD226− counterparts. We also quantified cytokine and chemokine levels in the plasma of CLL and HCs. Furthermore, we reanalyzed the publicly available bulk RNA‐seq on CD226+ and CD226−CD8+ T cells. Finally, we evaluated the impact of elevated cytokines/chemokines on CD226 expression. Our results showed that CD226‐expressing cells were significantly decreased within the effector memory and effector CD8+ T cell subsets in CLL patients with advanced Rai stages and unmutated IgHV, a marker of poor prognosis. These cells displayed robust effector functions, including cytokine production, cytolytic activity, degranulation, proliferation, and migration capacity. In contrast, CD8+CD226− T cells displayed an exhausted phenotype with reduced Runt‐related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) expression. Elevated levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and macrophage inflammatory protein‐1 beta (MIP‐1β) were inversely correlated with the frequency of CD8+CD226+ T cells and may contribute to the downregulation of CD226, possibly leading to T cell dysfunction in CLL. Our findings highlight the critical role of CD8+CD226+RUNX2hi T cells in CLL and suggest that their reduction is associated with disease progression and poor clinical outcomes. This study also underscores the potential of targeting IL‐6 and MIP‐1β to preserve polyfunctional CD8+CD226+ T cells as a promising immunotherapy strategy.
Complex Dynamic System Theory and Language Learning
Authors: van Dijk Marijn , van Geert Paul , Verspoor Marjolijn 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Various studies have been published based on complex dynamic systems theoretical (CDST) interpretations of second language development (SLD). According to these approaches, a second language emerges in a specific and dynamic communicative context as a result of a process of self‐organization. This research has provided empirical support for the existence of the main theoretical concepts of CDST, such as the fact that the course of development is highly idiosyncratic, that SLD is nonlinear and variable, and that complex interactions exist between variables within and outside the individual.