High-Temperature Electromechanical Properties Single Crystalline Lithium Niobate-Lithium Tantalate Solid Solutions at Different Oxygen Partial Pressures
Authors: Yakhnevych Uliana , Kofahl Claudia , Jerliu Bujar , Suhak Yuriy , Ganschow Steffen , Schmidt Harald , Fritze Holger 
Published: September 2023

LiNbO3 (LN) is one of the most investigated electro-acoustic and electro-optical materials. Its high piezoelectric coefficients are a favorable condition for its use beyond optical applications, which includes, for example, high-temperature actuators. Compared for example to crystals of the langasite family, LN shows significantly higher piezoelectric coefficients but limited thermal stability. The latter is caused by evaporation of Li2O and related changes of e.g. electrical conductivity. As a consequence, long-term applications of LN are limited to temperatures of a few hundred degrees Celsius. A related material that offers improved thermal stability is LiNbO3 (LT). However, the Curie temperature is only about 600 °C. Furthermore, the piezoelectric coefficients are lower than for LN. The miscibility of LN and LT over the entire compositional range should allow, however, to tailor the crystal properties and, for example, to take advantage of the high piezoelectric coefficients of LT and the better thermal stability of LT. Therefore, the subject of this study are lithium niobate-lithium tantalate (LiNb1-xTaxO3, LNT) solid solutions with respect to their electroacoustic properties at temperatures between 400 and 900 °C. The objectives include the determination, understanding and correlation of defect structures, electronic and atomic transport and acoustic losses in LNT over a wide temperature range.
The electromechanical properties of LNT crystals are determined as function of temperature and oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and compared with those of the congruent edge compounds LN and LT. Characterization methods include impedance spectroscopy, application of 6Li as tracer in combination with secondary ion mass spectrometry, resonant piezoelectric spectroscopy, noncontacting resonant ringdown spectroscopy and laser vibrometry. The latter reflects displacements of the sample surface even in the order of nanometers which enables the identification of the resonant modes.
LNT crystals with different Nb-Ta compositions prepared by Czochralski growth and a µ-pulling down process are used to determine the overall electrical conductivity by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Further, Z- and Y-cut plates are applied as bulk acoustic wave resonators to measure the acoustic loss. When determined in air, the temperature-dependent electrical conductivity of LNT below about 600 °C is virtually independent of composition. In particular, for each sample a single activation energy is found from 400 to 600 °C which is the same for all samples within the error margins. Furthermore, the diffusive ion transport studied directly using 6Li tracers results in good agreement with the electrical conductivity when the diffusion coefficients are converted correspondingly using the Nernst-Einstein relation. Consequently lithium-ion migration can explain the overall electrical conductivity. Above about 600 °C the behavior depends on composition. At high Nb contents, a continuous increase of the slope of the electrical conductivity in an Arrhenius representation with temperature is observed, which is attributed to thermal instability.
The pO2 dependent electrical conductivity shows constant values at high pO2. At sufficiently low pO2, a slope of -1/4 in a double logarithmic representation is found (see attached figure). This slope indicates electronic conduction which is caused by compensation of NbLi antisite defects. The behavior is already reported for LN by Smyth et al. (Ferroelectrics 50 (1983) 93). As the slope is independent of the composition x, it can be concluded that the same defect formation occurs in LNT. Important with respect to thermal stability is that, at a given temperature, the increase in conductivity for Ta-rich compositions starts at lower pO2 than for Nb-rich compositions.
The acoustic loss is determined in a wide temperature range by the methods mentioned above. It shows some impact of the metal electrodes at low temperatures. In air and at temperatures above about 400 °C the acoustic loss is governed by the piezoelectric/carrier relaxation. It is caused by the motion of charge carriers in an oscillating piezoelectric field and, therefore, related to electrical conductivity. The finding is confirmed by modelling with independent materials data including electrical conductivity. Low pO2 result in additional loss contributions.
In summary, the study leads to an understanding of the acoustic losses of LNT at high temperatures, which provides opportunities to reduce them. Furthermore, it becomes clear that Ta-rich compositions exhibit improved thermal stability.

Figure 1