bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of fossils in macroevolutionary analyses of 3D geometric morphometric data: A case study of galloanseran quadrates
Authors: Kuo Pei‐Chen , Benson Roger B. J. , Field Daniel J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn birds and other reptiles, the quadrate acts as a hinge between the lower jaw and the skull and plays an important role in avian cranial kinesis. Though previous studies have qualitatively described substantial variation in quadrate morphology among birds, none have attempted to quantify evolutionary changes in quadrate shape. Here, we investigate geometric evolution of the quadrate in Galloanserae, a major clade of extant birds uniting chicken‐like (Galliformes) and duck‐like (Anseriformes) fowl. We quantified morphological variation in the quadrate across 50 extant galloanseran species covering all major extant subclades using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics, and performed ancestral shape reconstructions in the context of an up‐to‐date neornithine phylogeny. We find that our results based only on extant quadrates may overlook plesiomorphic features captured by fossil taxa, resulting in an ancestral state reconstruction for Galloanserae that is seemingly an approximation of the average shape of the extant data set. By contrast, analyses incorporating early fossil galloanseran quadrates (from taxa such as Asteriornis, Presbyornis, and Conflicto) result in ancestral geometric reconstructions more similar to the morphology of extant galliforms, indicating that the quadrate of the last common ancestor of galloanserans may have been more morphologically and functionally similar to those of extant galliforms than to extant anseriforms. These results generally corroborate previous inferences of galloanseran quadrate plesiomorphies and identify several additional plesiomorphic features of the galloanseran quadrate for the first time. Our results illustrate the importance of incorporating fossil taxa into ancestral shape reconstructions and help elucidate important aspects of the morphology and function of the avian feeding apparatus early in crown bird evolutionary history.
Preparation of high complex concentration emulsion stabilized by soy protein/dextran sulfate composite particles
Authors: Yin Qi , Wu Liang , Zhang Xinli , Zheng Zhi , Luo Shuizhong , Zhong Xiyang , Zhao Yanyan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBACKGROUNDSoy protein isolate (SPI) can be used as an emulsifier to stabilize emulsions, though SPI is unstable under low acidic conditions. Stable composite particles of SPI and dextran sulfate (DS) can be formed by the electrostatic interaction at the pH 3.5. Furthermore, the SPI/DS composite particles can be used to prepare a high complex concentration emulsion. The stabilization properties of the high complex concentration emulsion were investigated.RESULTSCompared to uncompounded SPI, the particle size of SPI/DS composite particles was smaller at 1.52 μm, and the absolute value of the potential increased to 19.9 mV when the mass ratio of SPI to DS was 1:1 and the pH was 3.5. With the DS ratio increased, the solubility of the composite particles increased to 14.44 times of the untreated protein at pH 3.5, while the surface hydrophobicity decreased. Electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main forces between SPI and DS, and DS was electrostatically adsorbed on the surface of SPI. The emulsion stability significantly enhanced with the increase of complex concentration (38.88 times higher than at 1% concentration), the emulsion average droplet size was the lowest (9.64 μm), and the absolute value of potential was the highest (46.67 mV) when the mass ratio of SPI to DS was 1:1 and the complex concentration of 8%. The stability of the emulsion against freezing was improved.CONCLUSIONThe SPI/DS complex has high solubility and stability under low acidic conditions, and the emulsion of the SPI/DS complex has good stability. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Efficiency enhancement of submicron‐size light‐emitting diodes by triple dielectric layers
Authors: Cho Hyunmin , Kim Daehyun , Lee Seunga , Yoo Chuljong , Sim Youngchul 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMicro‐LED (light‐emitting diode) is an emerging technology that produces superiorly bright, efficient, and high‐resolution display. However, efficiency drop at small chip sizes is one of the major hurdles for cost‐effectiveness and ultra‐compact form factor. We demonstrate highly efficient submicron‐scale nanorod LEDs (nLEDs) passivated by the triple dielectric layers. The diameter, length, and wavelength at a peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) of nLEDs are 580 nm, 5 μm, and 460 nm, respectively. We report a peak EQE of 22.2 ± 0.3% with HfO2‐based triple dielectric layer. We also explore the relation of indium fluctuation in multi‐quantum wells (MQWs) to sidewall effect of micro‐LEDs. We show that higher indium contents in MQWs successfully reduce non‐radiative recombination on sidewall of InGaN blue nLEDs.
Liver Fat Quantification With Ultrasound: Depth Dependence of Attenuation Coefficient
Authors: Ferraioli Giovanna , Raimondi Ambra , Maiocchi Laura , De Silvestri Annalisa , Poma Gianluigi , Kumar Viksit , Barr Richard G 
Published: April 2023

ObjectivesThe primary aim was to estimate the influence of various depths on ultrasound attenuation coefficient (AC) of multiple vendors in the liver. The secondary aim was to evaluate the impact of region of interest (ROI) size on AC measurements in a subset of participants.MethodsThis Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant retrospective study was carried out in two centers using AC‐Canon and AC‐Philips algorithms and extracting AC‐Siemens values from ultrasound‐derived fat fraction algorithm. Measurements were performed positioning ROI upper edge (3 cm size) at 2, 3, 4, 5 cm from the liver capsule with AC‐Canon and AC‐Philips and at 1.5, 2, 3 cm with Siemens algorithm. In a subset of participants, measurements were obtained with 1 and 3 cm ROI size. Univariate and multivariate linear regression models and Lin's concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used for statistical analysis as appropriate.ResultsThree different cohorts were studied. Sixty‐three participants (34 females; mean age: 51 ± 14 years) were studied with AC‐Canon, 60 (46 females; mean age: 57 ± 11 years) with AC‐Philips, and 50 (25 females; 61 ± 13 years) with AC‐Siemens. There was a decrease in AC values per 1 cm increase in depth in all. In multivariable analysis, the coefficient was −0.049 (−0.060; −0.038 P < .001) with AC‐Canon, −0.058 (−0.066; −0.049 P < .001) with AC‐Philips and −0.081 (−0.112; −0.050 P < .001) with AC‐Siemens. AC values with 1 cm ROI were significantly higher than those obtained with 3 cm ROI at all depths (P < .001) but the agreement between AC values obtained with different ROI size was excellent (CCC 0.82 [0.77–0.88]).ConclusionsThere is depth dependence in AC measurement that affects results. A standardized protocol with fixed ROI's depth and size is needed.
Salvage transoral videolaryngoscopic surgery for post‐irradiation recurrence of hypopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Sakai Akihiro , Ebisumoto Koji , Iijima Hiroaki , Yamauchi Mayu , Teramura Takanobu , Yamazaki Aritomo , Watanabe Takane , Inagi Toshihide , Maki Daisuke , Okami Kenji 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundTransoral salvage surgery has the potential to preserve a patient's quality of life. Therefore, we investigated the outcomes, safety, and risk factors for postoperative complications of salvage transoral videolaryngoscopic surgery (TOVS) for recurrent hypopharyngeal carcinoma after radiotherapy (RT) or chemoradiotherapy (CRT).MethodsThis retrospective analysis enrolled patients with hypopharyngeal cancer who had a history of RT or CRT and underwent TOVS from January 2008 to June 2021. The factors related to postoperative complications, postoperative swallowing functions and survival rates were analyzed.ResultsSeven patients (36.8%) of the 19 patients developed complications. Severe dysphagia was the primary complication, and post‐cricoid resection was a complication risk factor. The FOSS score was significantly lower in the salvage treatment group. The survival rates were: 3‐year overall survival: 94.4%; disease‐specific survival: 94.4%; 5‐year overall survival: 62.3%; and disease‐specific survival: 86.6%.ConclusionsSalvage TOVS for hypopharyngeal cancer was feasible, and oncologically and functionally reasonable.Level of Evidence: 2b.
A study on the parametric optimization of drawing metal stamping process for aluminum alloy tailgate parts using response surface methodology
Authors: Kim S.‐Y. , Kim B.‐G. , Lee T.‐G. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe tailgate‐extension in a vehicle is a part that connects the upper and lower parts of the tailgate. Since this part does not require high strength, aluminum must be used in order to reduce the weight of the vehicle. However, when choosing aluminum, it is difficult to satisfy the shape quality with the existing manufacturing process. Therefore, this study was conducted for the purpose of optimizing the draw metal stamping process for the development of tailgate extensions for vehicles using aluminum. The response surface methodology was utilized to optimize the draw metal stamping process. The process design parameters were established as blank holding force, coefficient of friction and die speed. Finally, the reliability of the optimization process and finite element analysis was secured by conducting field experiments to review the derived optimal process conditions.
Effect of granite flour proportion on the strength properties of geopolymer mortar based on fly ash
Authors: Kozub B. , Rodziewicz M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractGiven global trends and challenges, the development of binders for the production of geopolymer concretes has become a topical area of building science. The purpose of this study is to determine whether granite can replace traditional construction aggregate, such as river sand, during geopolymer production, as well as to demonstrate the effect of the proportion of granite flour on the strength properties of fly ash‐based geopolymer mortar. A combination of granite flour, quartz sand, and fly ash in various proportions was used as an aluminosilicate precursor. The scope of the study includes density measurements, compressive and flexural strength tests, abrasion by the Boehme method, and microstructural observations. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that granite can be successfully used as a replacement for quartz sand during the production of fly ash‐based geopolymers. Moreover, the addition of granite makes it possible to improve the strength properties of geopolymers, compared to a geopolymer composite containing quartz sand.
Influence of elevated temperatures on the mechanical properties of foamed geopolymer materials
Authors: Figiela B. , Korniejenko K. , Hebdowska‐Krupa M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractCurrent research focuses heavily on geopolymer concrete as possible applications for insulation materials. The aim of the research is to test the strength properties of lightweight geopolymer concrete after exposure to high temperatures. Waste material from the Wieczorek mine (Poland) was used to produce the foamed geopolymers. Alkaline activation took place by mixing the mine powder with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide combined with an aqueous sodium silicate with a concentration of 10 M. Prepared geopolymer samples after temperature curing at 75 °C for 24 hours in a laboratory dryer, they were seasoned for 28 days, after which the strength properties were determined. Mechanical tests: compressive strength and bending strength were carried out at temperatures: 20 °C, 200 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C, 1100 °C. Research has shown the precursor activation with the presence of hydrogen peroxide enabled the manufacturing of foamed geopolymers. Heating in the temperature range up to 1100 °C influenced, to some extent, the total porosity of the tested foams. The geopolymer foams based on coal gangue present stable mechanical properties in the range up to 800 °C. No sharp mechanical performances decrease or material chipping was observed. Only colour change of heated samples occurred.
Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown measures on nitrogen dioxide and black carbon concentrations close to a major Italian motorway
Authors: Bertazza Elena , Bisignano Andrea , Falocchi Marco , Giovannini Lorenzo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDuring the first half of 2020, the Italian government imposed several restrictions to limit the spread of the COVID‐19 pandemic: at the beginning of March, a heavy lockdown regime was introduced leading to a drastic reduction of traffic and, consequently, traffic‐related emissions. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of these restrictions on pollutant concentrations close to a stretch of the Italian A22 motorway lying in the Alpine Adige valley. In particular, the analysis focuses on measured concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and black carbon (BC). Results show that, close to the motorway, NO2 concentrations dropped by around 45% during the lockdown period with respect to the same time period of the previous 3 years. The equivalent analysis for BC shows that the component related to biomass burning, mostly due to domestic heating, was not particularly affected by the restrictions, while the BC component related to fossil fuels, directly connected to traffic, plummeted by almost 60% with respect to the previous years. Since atmospheric concentrations of pollutants depend both on emissions and meteorological conditions, which can mask the variations in the emission regime, a random forest algorithm is also applied to the measured concentrations, in order to better evaluate the effects of the restrictions on emissions. This procedure allows for obtaining business‐as‐usual and meteorologically normalized time series of both NO2 and BC concentrations. The results derived from the random forest algorithm clearly confirm the drop in NO2 emissions at the beginning of the lockdown period, followed by a slow and partial recovery in the following months. They also confirm that, during the lockdown, emissions of the BC component due to biomass burning were not significantly affected, while those of the BC component related to fossil fuels underwent an abrupt drop.
Performance comparison of different deconvolution methods on 2D terahertz imaging
Authors: Ning Wei , Hu Nairui , Xu Peng , Song Yingchao , Li Yufeng 
Published: April 2023

AbstractTerahertz (THz) images are always to be degraded because of the diffraction phenomenon. In this letter, the wave nature is considered in the resolution enhancement of terahertz imaging. The phase operation is extended to three classical deconvolution algorithms, which are used in THz complex‐value deconvolution field. The resolution improvement can be seen, and it is impressive that the resolution can reach 0.5 times of the wavelength via the complex‐value total variation deconvolution. We believe that the current resolution of THz imaging system can be significantly upgraded by taking advantage of such approaches.
A nonlinear constitutive model for whole stress–strain behaviors of compressed rocks incorporating crack closure effect
Authors: Ren Lu , Zhao Lun‐Yang , Niu Fu‐Jun , Lai Yuan‐Ming , Shao Jian‐Fu 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis paper is devoted to establishing a nonlinear constitutive model incorporating crack closure effect for capturing the whole process of rock deformation and failure behavior under compression. The model formulated in the framework of irreversible thermodynamics is based on the additive decomposition of the total strain into crack closure strain, elastic, and plastic parts. New specific criteria are proposed for the description of crack closure strain and plastic strain evolution. Notably, analytical solutions of the model under conventional triaxial compression loading conditions are derived. For application, a robust semi‐implicit return mapping (SRM) algorithm with a crack closure strain correction and a plastic strain correction is developed. The analytical solutions, herein, are subtly used to calibrate model parameters and as reference results for assessing the accuracy and robustness of the SRM algorithm. Validation of the model conducted by comparing with experimental data from the literature shows that the model can properly describe the nonlinear mechanical behaviors of rocks, including crack closure effect, strain hardening/softening, peak and residual strength, as well as volumetric compaction/dilation transition. In addition, a nonlocal formulation is introduced as an extension of the model to remedy the mesh dependency problem.
Evening types as determined by subjective and objective measures are more emotional eaters
Authors: Garaulet Marta , Vizmanos Barbara , Muela Teresa , Betancourt‐Núñez Alejandra , Bonmatí‐Carrión María‐Ángeles , Vetter Céline , Dashti Hassan S. , Saxena Richa , Scheer Frank A. J. L. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the association between being an evening type (ET; defined subjectively by the Morning‐Evening Questionnaire or objectively by the dim‐light melatonin onset [DLMO] timing) and reporting emotional eating (EE) behaviors.MethodsCross‐sectional analyses were conducted in 3964 participants (four international cohorts: ONTIME and ONTIME‐MT [both Spain], SHIFT [the US], and DICACEM [Mexico]), in which chronotype (Morning‐Evening Questionnaire), EE behaviors (Emotional Eating Questionnaire), and dietary habits (dietary records or food‐frequency questionnaire) were assessed. Among 162 participants (ONTIME‐MT subsample), additional measures of DLMO (physiological gold standard of circadian phase) were available.ResultsIn three populations, ETs presented with a higher EE score than morning types (p < 0.02); and they made up a higher proportion of emotional eaters (p < 0.01). ETs presented with higher scores on disinhibition/overeating as well as food craving factors and experienced these behaviors more frequently than morning types (p < 0.05). Furthermore, a meta‐analysis showed that being an ET was associated with a higher EE score by 1.52 points of a total of 30 points (95% CI: 0.89–2.14). The timing of DLMO in the early, intermediate, and late objective chronotypes occurred at 21:02 h, 22:12 h, and 23:37 h, with late types showing a higher EE score (p = 0.043).ConclusionsEveningness associated with EE in populations with different cultural, environmental, and genetic backgrounds. Individuals with late DLMO also showed more EE.
Superabsorbent polymer with enhanced gel strength and heat resistance using itaconic acid‐based oligomer
Authors: Kim Hae Chan , Kwon Yong Rok , Kim Jung Soo , Kim Jong‐Ho , Kim Dong Hyun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe preparation of an itaconic acid‐based oligomer and its polymerization with acrylic acid via aqueous solution copolymerization are described herein for application as novel superabsorbent polymers (SAPs). The structure of the SAP is characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. In addition, the absorption properties of the SAPs with various oligomer contents and degrees of monomer neutralization are evaluated by measuring the free absorbency, centrifuge retention capacity (CRC), and absorbency under load (AUL) in 0.9 wt% saline solution. Further, the gel strengths and thermal stabilities are examined via rheological thermo gravimetric analyses. The results demonstrate that the introduction of the IA‐based oligomer into the SAP network is improves the AUL, gel strength, and thermal stability of the SAP. We found the best performance of an SAP using IA‐based oligomer with a CRC of 36.7 and AUL of 22.7 g/g.
Electrochemical behavior of oxazoline‐based plasma polymers for biosensing applications
Authors: Gheorghiu Alexandru , Yang Daisy , Delcheva Iliana , Priest Craig , MacGregor Melanie 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPlasma‐polymerized polyoxazoline (POx) thin films offer a fast, scalable, and solvent‐free method of electrode functionalization through the unique chemistry of the oxazoline ring. However, for POx to be a viable green alternative to existing surface modification approaches, the films should be able to withstand the processing steps involved in biosensing. Here, the effects that current exposure, extended incubation, and repeated electrode rinses have on the electrochemical and physical stability of polymethyloxazoline thin films are investigated. The films are observed to become more diffusive after incubation and rinse steps. While no significant changes in chemistry were observed, a marked change in nanotopography occurred after exposure to current, suggesting a change in the polymer film structure.
Temperature‐Induced Low‐Coordinate Ni Single‐Atom Catalyst for Boosted CO2 Electroreduction Activity
Authors: Wang Na , Li Haoyue , Wang Haojing , Yang Huanhuan , Ren Ziqiu , Xu Rong 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SACs) exhibit remarkable potential for electrochemical reduction of CO2 to value‐added products. However, the commonly pursued methods for preparing SACs are hard to scale up, and sometimes, lack general applicability because of expensive raw materials and complex synthetic procedures. In addition, the fine tuning of coordination environment of SACs remains challenging due to their structural vulnerability. Herein, a simple and universal strategy is developed to fabricate Ni SACs with different nitrogen coordination numbers through one‐step pyrolysis of melamine, Ni(NO3)∙6H2O, and polyvinylpyrrolidone at different temperatures. Experimental measurements and theoretical calculations reveal that the low‐coordinate Ni SACs exhibit outstanding CO2 reduction performance and stability, achieving a Faradic efficiency (FECO) of 98.5% at −0.76 V with CO current density of 24.6 mA cm−2, and maintaining FECO of over 91.0% at all applied potential windows from −0.56 to −1.16 V, benefiting from its coordinatively unsaturated structure to afford high catalytic activity and low barrier for the formation of *COOH intermediate. No significant performance degradation is observed over 50 h of continuous operation. Additionally, several other metallic single‐atom catalysts are successfully prepared by this synthetic method, demonstrating the universality of this strategy.