bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Roman Catholic Historical Criticism
Authors: Madges William 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter profiles Catholic scholars who, unlike the majority of Catholics in the early nineteenth century, appropriated the tools of historical criticism in the interpretation of the text and the contents of the New Testament. Johann Leonhard Hug, the most important Catholic exegete of the first half of the century, contributed to the textual criticism of the New Testament and to the debate about the synoptic problem. He and Martin Josef Mack wrote extensive critiques of D. F. Strauss’s Life of Jesus (1835). Johannes Kuhn, an outstanding member of the Catholic Tübingen School, not only criticized Strauss’s work, but also, as a counterpoint to Strauss’s, wrote his own Life of Jesus (1838), which won praise as a pioneering work while also eliciting reproach from more conservative Catholics. All three Catholics engaged the Protestant scholarship of their day; all three sought to balance critical historical methodology with their Catholic theological convictions.
The Progress of Scholarship
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
Catalogue Entries
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 9 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Vitruvius is reviewed. All known manuscripts of Vitruvius are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided. In an end-note some manuscripts of Faventinus are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 13 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
The Progress of Scholarship
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 15 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
Problematic or Otherwise Interesting Passages
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 18 scholarship on the transmission of the texts of Cato, De agri cultura and Varro, De re rustica is reviewed. All known manuscripts of these works are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. The small incunabular tradition is also examined. It is argued that the transmission needs to be studied in three separate parts: Cato; Varro before 3.17.4; and Varro after 3.17.4. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
The Excerpting of Porphyrio’s Commentary on Horace
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 20 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
The Extant Witnesses
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 21 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
Porphyrio in the Middle Ages
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 23 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 28 scholarship on the transmission of the text of Porphyrio is reviewed. A brief discussion of the relationship of extant scholia to the commentary that goes under the name of Porphyrio is provided. All known manuscripts of Porphyrio are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined. Stemmata are provided to illustrate these affiliations. It is argued that V (Vat. lat. 3314) is the source of all other extant MSS and was the manuscript brought back to Italy by Enoch of Ascoli, and the difficulties entailed by the standard view that it was written in Italy are stated. The extensive incunabular tradition is also examined, and an outline of the transmission of the text in the Renaissance is provided.
Introduction
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 29 scholarship on the textual tradition of the Periegesis is reviewed. Most known manuscripts of the poem are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined (for those not discussed readers are referred to an earlier work of the author). Several manuscripts written in England are discussed. A stemma is provided to illustrate these affiliations. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
The γ Family
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 32 scholarship on the textual tradition of the Periegesis is reviewed. Most known manuscripts of the poem are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined (for those not discussed readers are referred to an earlier work of the author). Several manuscripts written in England are discussed. A stemma is provided to illustrate these affiliations. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
The ε Family
Authors: Oakley S. P. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In chapter 34 scholarship on the textual tradition of the Periegesis is reviewed. Most known manuscripts of the poem are (where possible) localized and their genealogical affiliations are determined (for those not discussed readers are referred to an earlier work of the author). Several manuscripts written in England are discussed. A stemma is provided to illustrate these affiliations. An outline of the transmission of the text from antiquity to the sixteenth century is provided.
WATCHES 1500–1800
Authors: Thompson David 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes in detail the development of watches throughout Europe from the late fifteenth to the late eighteenth century. It defines what constitutes a watch, and investigates the development of the watch in Germany, France, The Netherlands, and Flanders, as well as England and Switzerland. It covers the influx of Huguenots and their influence on the watchmaking industry. It explains the various advances in mechanisms used, for example, the fusee watch movement, balance spring, duplex escapement, and cases created. Finally, it covers the work of leading makers including Tompion, Graham, Ellicott, Mudge, Arnold, Earnshaw, Quare, and Breguet.
THE QUEST FOR PRECISION
Authors: Betts Jonathan 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a survey of the development of precision clocks—regulators—for use in astronomical observatories. It describes in detail the need for, and the methods investigated, to obtain an accurate measure of longitude at sea. It covers the exacting work of John Harrison, and explains simply, but in detail, his methods of developing and inventing the standard marine chronometer of the nineteenth century. It discusses how Harrison’s inventions were carried on various voyages, and the trials and tribulation encountered by Harrison in trying to claim his reward due to him according to the Act of Parliament.
DECIMAL TIME
Authors: Turner Anthony 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter investigates the origins of interest in decimalization in the seventeenth century, together with early suggestions that it should be extended to time measurement. It describes the attempt of the French Revolutionary government to establish a total decimal, metric, system including time measurement and its failure. Decimal measurement in astronomy and geodesy however continued to be favoured during the nineteenth century, and a strong effort was once again made to establish a full metric system including decimal time between about 1890 and the First World War. Although this again failed, a decimal division of very small units of time did become established in scientific use.
PUBLIC CLOCKS IN THE NINETEENTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES
Authors: Addomine Marisa 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter describes the development of the flat-bed turret clock throughout the nineteenth century, covers the advent of interchangeable parts, and the effects on the horological trade of the Industrial Revolution. It also discusses the phenomenon of the Westminster Great clock (and its well-known bell ‘Big Ben’, and sketches in the development of public clockmaking in various regions of Europe. It offers some thoughts on the deontology of public clock restoration and the installation of automatic winding systems, and the effect of these on clocks still extant, as well as the town (and other communities) that they continue to serve.
HOROLOGY VERBALIZED, HOROLOGY VISUALIZED
Authors: Faraday Christina J. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractClocks and watches from the late Middle Ages have supplied the subject matter of both literary works and paintings. This chapter surveys the changing representation of horological items through both words and visual means from the fourteenth to the twentieth centuries. It uses examples from artists and writers, and uses the context of time and its portrayal to show the importance of clocks and watches in the collective consciousness of art. It examines both their symbolic and allegorical use through books, paintings, art installations, and films. Finally, it brings together the connection between the ticking clock, the passing of time, and human mortality.
COLLECTING AND WRITING THE HISTORY OF HOROLOGY
Authors: Turner Anthony 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThe chapter offers a historiographical survey of horology showing how the investigation of its past developed from general histories of everyday objects. It discusses how horology became a field of its own from the mid-eighteenth century, thanks to Classical and post-Classical texts made available since the Renaissance. Particular attention is paid to the wide-ranging but never published text of Claude Raillard, while the self-serving ends of other, apparently objective, histories are revealed. The role of collecting in stimulating research into the history of horology is examined, and the integration of material evidence as an essential part of the subject in the course of the twentieth century.
A National Army
Authors: Beckett Ian F. W. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
With the partial exception of Ireland, it is appropriate to view the ‘long eighteenth century’ as the story of the development of a British as opposed to an English army. This chapter, covering the period, 1702–1815, will discuss such issues as the contribution (or otherwise) of the army and of war to the creation of national and imperial identity, a ‘fiscal-military state’, and industrialization. Increasing public participation in military mobilization also had its impact in political, socio-economic, and cultural terms through the struggles against continental opponents not only in Europe but also in the Americas and Asia. While the focus is on the British army, there will be some acknowledgement of the development of the Indian army and other colonial forces. Campaigns include those of Marlborough and Wellington, with coverage of the War of Spanish Succession, the Seven Years War, the American War of Independence, and the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars including the Peninsular War and Waterloo.
The ECB’s Role in the European Banking Union
Authors: Alexander Kern 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the institutional and legal framework governing the European Central Bank (ECB)’s responsibility in monetary policy, banking supervision, and resolution. It raises issues concerning the primacy of monetary policy and the price stability mandate and how this can be reconciled with the ECB’s support for the Union’s general economic policies (so-called secondary objectives) and for the discharge of its other responsibilities, including banking supervision, within the Banking Union. The chapter considers the institutional context of the ECB’s role in the Banking Union by analysing its price stability mandate and the importance of its secondary objectives in informing its role as a bank supervisor. It discusses how the ECB carries out its supervisory functions and the need for coordination with national competent authorities (NCAs). It also discusses the Single Resolution Mechanism (SRM), particularly the role of the Single Resolution Board (SRB) in ensuring that banks can be resolved in a centralized and coordinated manner and the role of the ECB in coordinating with the SRB. In this context, the legal and policy issues raised by the ECB’s role are discussed along with the questions it raises concerning the SRB’s effectiveness. The chapter concludes with future challenges facing the Banking Union including the need for further integration in banking markets and the need for the ECB as a supervisor to address emerging risks such as environmental sustainability risks.
The Independence of the ECB
Authors: Thiele Alexander 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter (re-)examines the issue of the European Central Bank (ECB)’s independence by explaining what justifies this special status of the Bank, and by defining it through its comparison with other central banks’ independence, namely the Bank of England and the American Federal Reserve as these central banks all enjoy an independence that takes different forms and exists to a varying degree. It also lays out to what extent the ECB’s independence may have been and continues to be threatened as a result of the various crises the Bank has had to fight over the past decade. This chapter still finds that, overall, the ECB’s independence has not been significantly affected. However, it concludes by asking whether such strong independent status should not be amended considering the fact that the ECB is thinking about getting involved in the overall (political) fight against climate change.
Gripe Sites and Trademark User Rights
Authors: Craig Carys J. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter takes aim at a troubling trademark case in which a consumer’s non-commercial parody was held to infringe the rights of a registered trademark owner. Canada’s Cooperstock case is presented as a paradigmatic example—and cautionary tale—of what can happen when trademark owners’ rights are overprotected, users’ rights are disregarded, and trademark limits are irresolutely drawn. From overly expansive conceptions of trademark use to tenuous claims of confusion, and from dubious dilution claims to a total disregard for free expression, the chapter will explore how the plaintiff trademark owner was able to prevail at every turn. It will then draw some important lessons from the ruling. The first lesson is that trademark law requires explicit statutory exceptions, ideally in the form of a general fair-use defense, to circumscribe the reach of trademark rights. The second lesson is that such limits and exceptions need to be recognized as user rights (as they have been in Canadian copyright jurisprudence) if they are to be an effective counterbalance against owners’ rights. But the third lesson is that what is really required—in Canada and elsewhere—is a departure from the proprietary logic that portrays trademark rights as intellectual property not to be trespassed upon. If the trademark system is to permit expressive uses of protected trade symbols (whether parodic, satirical, critical, or nominative), the infringement analysis must be reoriented away from proprietary entitlement and toward a concern with the communicative and dialogic nature of marks.
Fame, Parody, and Policing in Trademark Law
Authors: Lemley Mark A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Trademark owners regularly overreach. They often threaten or sue people they have no business suing, including satirists, parodists, non-commercial users, and gripe sites. When they do, they often justify their aggressive legal conduct by pointing to the need to protect their trademarks by policing infringement. Courts have in fact indicated at various points that policing is, if not strictly necessary, at least a way to strengthen a mark. But courts have never held that efforts to block speech-related uses are necessary or even helpful in obtaining a strong mark. Several scholars have accordingly argued that overzealous policing is unnecessary, that it has harmful effects, and that we ought to punish it. But trademark owners continue to do it, in part because it is largely (though not completely) costless and because if there is even a chance a failure to police will cost you your trademark you won’t want to take the chance. So trademark law currently not only doesn’t prevent overreaching; it affirmatively encourages it. In this chapter, I suggest a way that we can align trademark owner enforcement incentives with good public policy. The presence of unauthorized parodies, satires, and complaint sites involving a mark should be evidence of the fame of the mark, and perhaps even a requirement for status as a famous mark. Taking this approach would be consistent with what we know about how society interacts with trademarks. Famous marks become part of a social conversation in a way that ordinary marks don’t. My approach has empirical support: the best-known brands draw more parodies and criticism sites than non-famous marks, and those parodies don’t interfere with the fame of the mark. And it would give trademark owners an affirmative reason to leave critics, satirists, and parodists alone.
Safeguarding Freedom of Artistic Expression in the European Union
Authors: Senftleben Martin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
E.U. trademark law sets forth a peculiar rule for assessing whether use of trademarks in an artistic context constitutes permissible fair use. For artistic use to be deemed noninfringing, it must comply with honest practices in industrial and commercial matters. While the introduction of a fairness rule for artistic expression is a positive development, the alignment of the assessment with behavioral standards in industry and commerce poses a threat to art autonomy. The moment artists are bound to follow industrial and commercial dictates, behavioral norms of trade and commerce may erode the independence of the literary and artistic field. Replicating standard confusion and dilution criteria in the honest practices analysis, CJEU jurisprudence enhances this risk. As the status quo is inacceptable in the light of freedom of expression and freedom of the arts, it is advisable to introduce a bias in favor of artists: a legal presumption of fair use. Court decisions on both sides of the Atlantic offer support for this solution and pave the way for an honest practices test that safeguards independent, artistic expression.
Reimagining Trademark Exhaustion
Authors: Handler Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Despite the strong economic case in favor of liberal trademark exhaustion rules, both the parallel importation of legitimate trade marked goods, and the sale of secondhand trademarked goods, have come to be treated with skepticism in legislatures and courts around the world. Given how restrictive most jurisdictions’ laws on exhaustion have become, it is important to consider whether there are other ways WTO members could approach exhaustion and, if so, what a model for reform might look like. In this regard, it is highly instructive to look at recent developments in Australia, whose new trademark exhaustion rules came into effect in August 2018. This chapter provides context for the new Australian laws, showing that while Australia, over the course of the twentieth century, had come to recognize the benefits of facilitating the parallel importation of legitimate goods, an overly restrictive approach had come to be taken by the legislature and courts. It then offers a detailed examination of the liberal new position adopted in Australia, analyzing its scope by reference to the more restrictive pre-2018 case law, and showing how it operates more favorably to importers and retailers of trademarked goods than any other set of exhaustion rules in the world. It also shows how the Australian approach is underpinned by different ways of thinking about exhaustion—namely, as to the proper scope of registered owners’ rights, as to what sort of conduct by importers and owners we want to incentivize, and as to how risk should be allocated between such parties—and, accordingly, might prompt a broader reconsideration of whether exhaustion rules in other jurisdictions should be liberalized.