bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Science, Technology, and Innovation for Transforming Food Systems in Asia
Authors: Moughan Paul J. , Chamovitz Daniel A. , Ayyappan S. , Tanticharoen Morakot , Lal Krishan , Kim Yoo Hang 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter focusses on the role of science, technology and innovation (STI) in transforming the food systems of Asia and the Pacific to achieve long-term environmentally sustainable food and nutritional security (FNS). A “whole of systems” approach is required to address the issues, and that work is urgently needed to define ‘healthy’ diets for different regions, societies and cultures. Emphasis should shift from the provision of calories to the supply of balanced patterns of all essential nutrients, and the ‘holistic’ properties of foods should be recognised. The chapter identifies countries and regions, within Asia, considered to be at particularly high risk for future food insecurity. Systems analysis should be applied across the agricultural and food sectors of these countries to identify the actual technical and other impediments to FNS. It is envisaged that the results from such an analysis would be used to formulate a ‘blueprint’ for agricultural and food STI in Asia. Overarching recommendations are the establishment of a trans-national funding mechanism for the entire region, focussing on targeted interdisciplinary STI, and the establishment of regional centres of excellence for research, education and extension, focussing on the identified key areas of opportunity. It was concluded that there is an urgent need for investment and action.
Modeling Actions for Transforming Agrifood Systems
Authors: Laborde David , Torero Maximo 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe modeled six interventions to study the scenarios’ impact on agrifood systems, undernutrition, access to healthy diets, and the environment. We also assessed the interventions as a group to consider the impact of synergies and complementarities. Our baseline showed that 690 million people were undernourished, and 3 billion people could not afford healthy diets in 2019. The first finding confirmed that ending chronic hunger at a 5% level by 2030 is possible, with key structural interventions to ramp up agrifood systems’ efficiency. Through increased farm productivity and reduction of food loss and waste, the number of chronically hungry people could be cut by 314 million. In addition, 568 million people would be able to afford healthy diets by 2030. The cost of ending hunger represents 8% of the size of global food markets, a sum that can be mobilized and invested to generate impact through food value chains, national economies, and social safety nets. Furthermore, the use of well-targeted social safety nets could provide an additional 2.4 billion people with access to healthy diets. The second critical finding was that various interventions could create synergies. This would become apparent through addressing different causes of hunger. Moreover, aiming to minimize the total cost of interventions and seeking, at the same time, the highest return interventions in terms of reduction of undernourishment and an increase in access to healthy diets could create significant trade-offs in regard to sustainability. Countries would have to redistribute $1.4 trillion annually to fill the income gap of the 3 billion people who cannot afford healthy diets. However, by investing in various interventions, countries can drive down the cost of their safety nets by about two thirds or $428 billion globally, in 2030. Combined interventions can also address environmental trade-offs that are bound to occur.
A Novel In Situ Machine Learning Framework for Intelligent Data Capture and Event Detection
Authors: Shead T. M. , Tezaur I. K. , Davis IV W. L. , Carlson M. L. , Dunlavy D. M. , Parish E. J. , Blonigan P. J. , Tencer J. , Rizzi F. , Kolla H. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractWe present a novel framework for automatically detecting spatial and temporal events of interest in situ while running high performance computing (HPC) simulations. The new framework – composed from signature, measure, and decision building blocks with well-defined semantics – is tailored for parallel and distributed computing, has bounded communication and storage requirements, is generalizable to a variety of applications, and operates in an unsupervised fashion. We demonstrate the efficacy of our framework on several cases spanning scientific domains and applications of event detection: optimized input/output (I/O) in computational fluid dynamics simulations, detecting events that can lead to irreversible climate changes in simulations of polar ice sheets, and identifying optimal space-time subregions for projection-based model reduction. Additionally, we demonstrate the scalability of our framework using a HPC combustion application on the Cori supercomputer at the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC).
Machine-Learning for Stress Tensor Modelling in Large Eddy Simulation
Authors: Nikolaou Z. M. , Minamoto Y. , Chrysostomou C. , Vervisch L. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe accurate modelling of the unresolved stress tensor is particularly important for Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of turbulent flows. This term affects the transfer of energy from the largest to the smallest scales and vice versa, thus controlling the evolution of the flow field-in reacting flows, the flow field transports scalar fields such as mass fractions and temperature both of which control the species production and destruction rates. A large number of models have been developed in past years for the stress tensor in incompressible and non-reacting flows. A common characteristic of the majority of the classical models is that simplifying assumptions are typically involved in their derivation which limits their predictive ability. At the same time, various tunable parameters appear in the relevant closures whose value depends on the flow geometry/configuration/spatial location, and which require careful regularisation. Data-driven methods for the stress tensor is an emerging alternative modelling approach which may help to circumvent the above issues, and in recent studies several such models were developed and evaluated. This chapter discusses the modelling problem, presents some of the most popular algebraic models, and reviews some recent advances on data-driven methods.
On the Use of Machine Learning for Subgrid Scale Filtered Density Function Modelling in Large Eddy Simulations of Combustion Systems
Authors: Iavarone S. , Yang H. , Li Z. , Chen Z. X. , Swaminathan N. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThe application of machine learning algorithms to model subgrid-scale filtered density functions (FDFs), required to estimate filtered reaction rates for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of chemically reacting flows, is discussed in this chapter. Three test cases, i.e., a low-swirl premixed methane-air flame, a MILD combustion of methane-air mixtures, and a kerosene spray turbulent flame, are presented. The scalar statistics in these test cases may not be easily represented using the commonly used presumed shapes for modeling FDFs of mixture fraction and progress variable. Hence, the use of ML methods is explored. Particularly, deep neural network (DNN) to infer joint FDFs of mixture fraction and progress variable is reviewed here. The Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) datasets employed to train the DNNs in each test case are described. The DNN performances are shown and compared to typical presumed probability density function (PDF) models. Finally, this chapter examines the advantages and caveats of the DNN-based approach.
1974–1982: A Unified Geographically Based Health System
Authors: Bramwell Donna , Checkland Kath , Shields Jolanta , Allen Pauline 
Published: January 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, we detail the first major re-organisation of the NHS since its inception and the consequences for community nursing. The 1974 wholesale re-organisation was born out of frustrations with the management and fragmentation of services resulting from the tripartite system. Services were bought together in a unitary model, centrally controlled but geographically organised. Local Authorities (LAs) were divested of many of their healthcare responsibilities including community nursing, which was transferred under the responsibility of newly created Area Health Authorities (AHAs). There was optimism that bringing community nursing under the NHS umbrella would foster a new era of co-ordinated working between all disciplines in the system, such as hospital nursing. Unfortunately, many of these intended aspirations were not realised despite the importance of the service to policy agendas emphasising integration, out-of-hospital care and prevention of ill health. In terms of managing and financing the district nursing service, this was not simplified by the re-organisation and population coverage continued as a mix of geographical and attachment to GP services. We conclude this chapter by emphasising the increasing demand for community and district nursing services. It became apparent in this era that the re-organisation did not bring any significant improvements and thus the attention shifted again towards organisational and management solutions to the NHS’ problems.
Object
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractAnalogies are elementary forms of meaning-making. In this chapter, I explore how the ponytail hairdo is imbued with meanings as we ascribe animal traits to people and human characteristics to animals to create “objective” or “natural” realities. The cultural creation of the natural through analogies, resemblances, and inductive reasoning makes symbolic work disappear from aesthetic surfaces, yet survive in an invisible cultural depth, reappearing in Freudian slippages and affective snippets of text. I show how meaning moves through the sensual materiality of the ponytail, and this aesthetic surface awakens a cultural depth to mediate social relations. The ponytail—or horsetail, as it is called in Norwegian—exudes kinetic energy that is recaptured on the catwalks of global fashion capitals. Like a horse’s tail provides balance for the animal, the ponytail balances the wearer’s stride and allows a feeling of movement, being moved and passionately moving others. The ponytail moves to move us.
Charge
Authors: Broch Trygve B. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractA ponytail icon does not create consensus, but allows its wearers a multitude of symbolic options with which to join and recreate social life. Materiality is critical to this process as it makes moral and mythical codes tangible; however, although a ponytail carries shared meanings, it is not felt alike by all who wear it, nor understood in the same way in all contexts. Symbolic codes operate and intersect to make the ponytail publicly meaningful and, at the same time, to allow different points of view. Ponytailed women express individuality in deeply cultural and aesthetically tangible ways. Not equally charged at all times, the ponytail’s iconic power is strongest when it materializes multiple symbolic layers—to be revealed as a total social phenomenon. Therefore, this book highlights our ability to adapt to diverse situations and our need for a multidimensional tactic to grasp the material meanings of the ponytail.
Einleitung
Authors: Klingner Stephan , Miller Mihail , Schumacher Frank , Thomas Patrick , Becker Michael 
Published: January 2023

ZusammenfassungVerlage stehen vor der ständigen Aufgabe, ihr Geschäftsmodell zu innovieren, um mit dem Zeitgeist Schritt zu halten. Während in der Vergangenheit eine Prioritätsverschiebung vom Notendruck hin zur ganzheitlichen Unterstützung urheberrechtlicher Verwertungsprozesse stattfand, ist die Verlagswelt heutzutage mit der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung und Internationalisierung konfrontiert. Die Verwertung musikalischer Werke erfolgt zunehmend globaler, woraus sich ein großes wirtschaftliches Potenzial ergibt.
Big Science and Little Science in Open and Distance Digital Education
Authors: Kanuka Heather 
Published: January 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides a discussion of big science and little science. An overview of the definitions and uses of each is provided, as well as data collection and analysis practices, inclusive of a range of digital data analysis tools for research projects in open, distance, and digital education. A discussion is also provided on the promises, opportunities, controversies, and complications of big data and little data, as well as the possibilities of working with both forms of data collection. Insights based on the literature are highlighted, providing suggestions for practice when working with big data and/or little data. The chapter concludes with questions and suggestions for further research and implications for open, distance, and digital education that arise from the literature.
Online Infrastructures for Open Educational Resources
Authors: Marín Victoria I. , Villar-Onrubia Daniel 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOpen educational resources (OER) have generated a considerable amount of attention in recent years in the field of open, distance, and digital education (ODDE). Digital knowledge infrastructures of different kinds have enabled the creation, storage, management, sharing, and adoption of these resources across educational sectors, levels, and geographies. This chapter presents a general overview of these infrastructures, the underpinning models of OER provision, main characteristics, and key insights from research. It draws on the literature and discusses examples purposively selected to illustrate the diversity of scope, educational stages, and types of online OER infrastructures established on a global, national, regional, or institutional scale. Key challenges are also discussed, including licensing issues, concerns about quality assurance, metadata problems, the sustainability of the initiatives, and sociocultural aspects, among others. In addition to revisiting the conception and adoption of OER in different cultures, important topics to be further addressed by future ODDE research are presented.
Open, Distance, and Digital Non-formal Education in Developing Countries
Authors: Mishra Sanjaya , Misra Pradeep K. 
Published: January 2023

AbstractNon-formal education contributes significantly to improve the literacy and livelihoods of individuals. Its significance becomes much more in developing countries where 70% of the world population lives. However, population densities, geographical diversities, and varied socioeconomic conditions in many developing countries make it difficult to offer need-based non-formal education (NFE) to all. Fortunately, open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) has emerged as a viable approach to offer quality non-formal education programs at a minimal cost. Research reveals that proper and effective use of ODDE to offer NFE changes the lives of many citizens in developing countries and may help these countries achieve the Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter presents in its first section an overview of the use of ODDE for supporting NFE initiatives in the developing world and identifies issues and challenges faced. The next section of the chapter outlines theoretical insights and findings of valued publications regarding the use of ODDE for offering NFE. The final section provides the strategies for making the best and optimum use of ODDE to make NFE accessible to all eligible and willing ones in developing countries.
Running Distance Education at Scale
Authors: Daniel John 
Published: January 2023

AbstractDistance learning accelerated and diversified during the Covid-19 pandemic, with the result that individual teachers working with their normal classroom groups now account for most of the courses offered online. However, this provision of “closed distance learning” will not suffice for the needs of the hundreds of millions of people who will seek secondary schooling, degree studies, and continuing education in the next 20 years. We describe howopen distance learningcan be conducted at scale through open universities, open schools, and MOOCs, which are all designed to cope with mass demand. Our focus is on how these organizations are run. This embraces institutional design and organization, governance, management and administration, and leadership. The three types of providers have various corporate and governance structures: public open universities, open schools under the aegis of government, and commercial MOOCs companies. However, the challenges of management and administration, which are to sustain operations at scale around the clock worldwide, are rather similar. Their leadership requires a genuine commitment to serving the disadvantaged, an ability to secure the trust of governments, understanding of the opportunities that emerging technology offers for distance education, and thorough familiarity with the institutional dynamics of open and distance teaching and learning systems.
Transforming Conventional Education through ODDE
Authors: Nichols Mark 
Published: January 2023

AbstractOpen and distance education has a long history and rich heritage, its literature affirming that a systems approach based on industrial production is an optimal means of providing education that is accessible, cost-effective, flexible, open, and scalable. This approach to education, based on an asynchronous separation of participants, continues to find its expression in the Internet age. The recent COVID-19 global pandemic necessitated a rapid shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT). This sudden adoption of online education took place more in response to need than careful strategizing. Significantly, the term “online distance education” is often used to describe the mostly synchronous ERT model, even though this is out of step with classic distance education theory. This chapter explores the differences across educational models beneath the terms “conventional education” and “open, distance digital education (ODDE),” and the nature of “transformation” as conventional and distance models of education are expressed online. Transforming conventional education through ODDE challenges our thinking as to the nature of education practice and the potential of digital technology in the twenty-first-century context. The potential of ODDE – anytime enrolment and assessment, effectiveness and efficiency in tuition, enhancing student success by design and personalized provision – goes well beyond extending the classroom into the online space. For on-campus providers to become effective ODDE providers, a transformation is required. The final part of this chapter deals with the challenges of rethinking the role of the educator and of reformulating a university’s operating model.
Open, Distance, and Digital Education (ODDE): An Equity View
Authors: Czerniewicz Laura , Carvalho Lucila 
Published: January 2023

AbstractUnderstanding how equity manifests in open, distance, and digital education (ODDE) requires us to grapple with several coexisting trends, including the changing forms of teaching and learning provision, the advent of a post-digital society and education, the datafication of education, inequality in society at large, and digital inequities. Most of these trends are social in nature, yet they shape, and are shaped by, the educational sector. It is at the intersection of these coexisting trends that equity issues in ODDE are raised and become apparent, reinforced by the uneven distribution of technology in society, and with deep roots in economic and social inequities. Current scholarship foregrounds these nested relationships and entanglements, as well as their intersection with power relations and contestations which play out across ODDE at macro, meso, and micro levels.
Epidemiology of suicide in the Tri-City metropolitan area in Poland in 2010–2019
Authors: Karnecki Karol , Gos Tomasz , Steiner Johann , Mańkowski Dobrosław , Kaliszan Michał 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe paper, which is a continuation of our previous epidemiological studies on the phenomenon of suicide in the Tri-City metropolitan area, presents the results of statistical analyses of suicides in the autopsy material of the Department of Forensic Medicine of the Medical University of Gdańsk in the years 2010–2019. The purpose of the study was to analyse in detail demographic data of suicides (age, sex, place of death), as well as to assess suicide methods and the impact of alcohol on suicides in the study area. During the 10-year study period, 8495 autopsies were performed, of which 1261 were suicides (14.8%). Statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical data analysis software system STATISTICA, version 13 (StatSoft, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA). The results of the study indicate a continuing downward trend in the number of suicides since the beginning of the 21th century, with the number of suicides in rural areas increasing over the same period. In the analysed cohort, suicides were committed in particular by middle-aged men and the number of suicides among older people (65 +) increased at the same time. The increase in suicide occurred in late autumn and early spring. The most common method of suicide was hanging. There was a high percentage of inebriated victims (45%), and a comparison of the present studies with previous ones indicates the increasing impact of alcohol on suicide.
The Urban Biography of a Mauritanian City: Microstratigraphic Analysis of the Eastern Quarter of Tamuda (Morocco)
Authors: Gutiérrez-Rodríguez Mario , Bernal-Casasola Darío , Díaz Rodríguez José Juan , Vargas Girón José Manuel , Moujoud Tarik 
Published: December 2022

AbstractThe lack of vertical stratigraphic sondages and open area excavations constitutes a challenge to understanding Mauritanian urbanism. This makes the characterization of the spatio-temporal evolution of Mauritanian towns a difficult task. Systematic excavations carried out in Tamuda by several research teams in the twentieth century provided vertical and horizontal views of Mauritanian urbanism. Our study offers, for the first time, a high-resolution geoarchaeological analysis of Tamuda’s urban sequence (third through first century BC). The microfacies analysis, by means of micromorphology and µ-XRF of Spaces E18 and E20 of the Eastern Quarter revealed a complex interaction of deposits and site formation processes that resulted from changes in everyday urban life. In this respect, the overlap of different construction phases and the alternation of episodes of active use and abandonment is highly significant. This study examines the functional characterization of urban spaces, including the identification of midden activities, a roasting pit, and a milling site (possibly) linked to fish flour production. These activities leave traces on beaten floors and occupation surfaces, and several features indicate abandonment periods between short-term occupations. The result is a complex urban biography of this Mauritanian town, in which human occupation was not constant over time.