bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic Cryptographic Concepts and Open Problems in Hash Function Security
Authors: Smith Johnna , Mills Donald 
Published: June 2023

JOHNNA SMITH, Dept of Mathematics, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443, and DONALD MILLS, Dept of Computer Sciences, Mathematics, and Engineering, Shepherd University, Shepherdstown, WV, 25443. Analysis of basic cryptographic concepts and recent open problems in hash function security.

The objectives of this study are to show an understanding of cryptographic concepts as well as highlight recent open problems involving hash function security. The method of study used included reading the first five chapters of Cryptography: Theory and Practice by Stinson and Paterson as well as a recent paper that outlined open problems in hash function security. Then, written reports were delivered on the information learned which included selected proofs and solved examples. The essentials of the opening report introduce the basic elements of cryptography: cryptosystems, cryptographic tools, message integrity, protocols, and security approaches. Chapter 2 of “Cryptography” describes various types of ciphers including Shift, Substitution, Affine, Vigenère, Hill, Permutation, and Stream Ciphers, as well as how to cryptanalyze them. The third report focuses on the One-time Pad, entropy, perfect security, and cryptographic security, specifically unconditional security, as introduced by Claude Shannon in his work on information theory. Throughout the fourth report, block and stream ciphers, including substitution-permutation networks, attacks such as linear and differential cryptanalysis, and modes of operation are discussed. In the fifth report, basic concepts of cryptography, hash function and message authentication are discussed, including iterated hash function, sponge construction, and unconditionally secure MACS. Using the information learned from the previous reports, current problems in hash functions were then researched. In conclusion, open problems in hash function security include collision resistance, preimage resistance, and resistant to length extension attacks. The project was sponsored by the NSF S-STEM Grant (DUE-2130267).
Thelper1 and T helper2 cytokine production patterns in stressed beta2-adrenergic receptor-deficient mice during chlamydia genital infection.
Authors: Rolen Kristen 
Published: June 2023

Murine CD4+ T cells have two distinct cytokine secretion patterns to play different functions. We have demonstrated that cold-induced stress (CIS) suppresses the immune system leading to increased intensity of Chlamydia muridaum in mice. We have reported that beta2-adrenergic receptor (b2-AR) knockout (KO) mice resist chlamydia genital infection. However, the cytokine profile of CD4+ T cells is not well explored. This study aimed to determine the cytokine production of Th1 and Th2 types in stressed and non-stressed b2-AR KO mice. We investigated the cytokine production levels of stressed and non-stressed mice during C. muridarum genital infection. Significantly increased production of cytokines was observed in plates pre-coated with anti-CD3/CD28 or in the presence of Con A or LPS. A decrease in the production of IFN-g and IL-2, whereas an increase in the secretion of IL-10, IL-13, and IL-23 in CD4+ T cells of stressed wild-type mice was obtained; however, the secretion of IFN-g and IL-2 was restored in T cells of b2-AR KO mice. Moreover, in vitro proliferation of CD4 T cells in the presence of b2-AR antagonists, ICI 118, 551 stimulated the production of Th1 cytokines, whereas b2-AR agonist, Fenoterol, decreased the production of Th1-type cytokines. Overall, Th1 cytokine responses are reduced in stressed mice suggesting that the cytokine status was polarized toward a Th2 immune response that can be restored by removing b2-AR from immune cells.
Analisis Tata Letak Fasilitas Toko Prima Freshmart SV IPB Melalui Metode Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) Dan Total Closeness Rating (TCR)
Authors: Aulia Bella , Najla Nurfida  , Tania Dwi Febrianti  , Judith Sri Omega Naomi  , Fathan Sakha Pratama  , Khoirul Aziz Husyairi  , Tina Nur Ainun  
Published: June 2023

PT. Prima Freshmartfood International merupakan sebuah perusahaan yang bergerak dalam bidang distribusi dan ritel Produk makanan. Prima Freshmart adalah toko ritel yang menjual ayam segar, ayam beku, daging ayam parting, telur omega, sembako dan frozen food Fiesta. Pengoperasian toko ritel tidak lepas dari susunan layout tata letak fasilitas dan display produk. Dalam penelitian ini, kami memilih untuk menggunakan toko Prima Freshmart sebagai lokasi penelitian kami untuk mengetahui apakah ada ketidakefektifan dalam aliran kegiatan antar fasilitas di toko Prima Freshmart tersebut dengan luas yang terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan, menguji, dan memverifikasi tata letak toko Prima Freshmart dengan metode Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) dan Total Closeness Rating (TCR). Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) pada toko Prima Freshmart, gudang diprioritaskan sebagai fasilitas pertama yang dibangun karena memiliki nilai TCR (Total Closeness Rating) tertinggi, yaitu 247. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk menempatkan fasilitas-fasilitas lain yang memiliki nilai A yang tinggi terhadap gudang agar dapat saling berdekatan dan memudahkan proses operasional. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan nilai A (kepentingan) terhadap gudang, rak display, freezer box, dan kulkas minuman juga perlu ditempatkan berdekatan dengan gudang.Tata letak atau layout memberikan dampak strategis dalam jangka panjang. Tata letak yang strategis memberikan berbagai manfaat kepada perusahaan, seperti meningkatkan evektivitas penggunaan ruang, sumber daya manusia dan juga peralatan. Dengan demikian penerapan layout fasilitas dan tata letak produk yang baik akan memudahkan pengoperasionalan ritel dan menciptakan kemudahan bagi pelanggan dalam berbelanja
Alfabetização matemática através do uso de materiais concreto manipuláveis a partir das contribuições formativas do PNAIC
Authors: De Souza Eliete Maria Ribeiro , De Carvalho Edione Teixeira 
Published: June 2023

A presente pesquisa deu-se início ao verificar as dificuldades dos professores em trabalhar os conceitos matemáticos nos primeiros anos do ensino fundamental. Assim sendo, o objetivo dessa investigação é reconhecer a Alfabetização Matemática através do uso de materiais concreto manipuláveis a partir das contribuições formativas do Pacto Nacional pela Alfabetização na Idade Certa - PNAIC. Os fundamentos teóricos estão subsidiados através das analogias da formação contínua do PNAIC e sua influência nas práticas pedagógicas dos professores alfabetizadores com relação a utilização de materiais concreto manipuláveis como subsídios para facilitar o ensino da Matemática. A pesquisa tem uma abordagem qualitativa, os procedimentos metodológicos foram a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tendo como técnica para coleta de dados: questionário semiestruturado e entrevista de grupo focal. Ao tratarmos os dados coletados evidenciamos a partir da colaboração dos 12 (doze) participantes, ficou evidente o fato das contribuições formativas do PNAIC, visto que os mesmos reconhecem ter sido de suma importância, pois a correlação teoria e prática foi muito significativa e as oficinas pedagógicas onde articularam o uso do concreto e elaboração de materiais para o ensino da Matemática, demonstraram a implicação com o processo da Alfabetização Matemática numa vertente significativa e comprometida. Assim esperamos que este trabalho possa contribuir para que os professores alfabetizadores possam refletir sobre a prática pedagógica no ensino da Matemática no Ciclo de Alfabetização, de maneira que se efetive de forma significa, critica e autônoma tornando assim, os estudantes protagonistas no processo da aprendizagem.
Framed, Therefore Real
Authors: Ergin Ecem 
Published: June 2023

With the rise-of the post-truth era, well- known definitions of urban activism have been calling for an update. Covering different territories and media, this essay aims at suggesting new ways of thinking about architecture and its digital representation as a medium for political engagement. It is my suggestion that, the information of space, or more precisely, architecture, can be deployed to reduce the ‘uncertainty’ of a message encountered online and can therefore
be used for legitimization. Starting with Times Square in New York, the context of the research expands to Central Asia and investigates the relevant debates. It looks like, actors on the global political stage such as China, India, and Pakistan have been using the built environment of another global power, the USA, to validate their claims about each other. While employing well-known urban backgrounds for legitimizing political messages is far from new, campaigns using another country’s public places and monuments to gain repute at home might be a new territory for geopolitics.
UJI AKIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN SECARASPEKTROFOTOMERI UV-VIS DENGAN METODE DPPH EKSTRAK KULIT MELINJO (Gnetum gnemon L.)
Authors: Prasetiyo Deni Agung 
Published: June 2023

Latar belakang: Antioksidan merupakan senyawa yang berperan dalam menghambat oksidasi yang diperantarai oleh oksigen. Senyawa antioksidan ini memiliki peran yang penting dalam pertahanan tubuh terhadap penyakit. Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) mengandung senyawa Alkaloid, Flavonoid, Tanin, dan Saponin yang berfungsi sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan: Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan dan nilai IC50 pada Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) sekaligus senyaawa yang terkandung didalamnya dan dibandingkan dengan Daun Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) sebagai pembanding terhadap aktivitas antioksidan Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.). Metode: Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan ekstrak Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) yang akan diuji dengan metode perendaman DPPH lalu dihitung dengan menggunakan spektrofotometri UV-Vis untuk mengetahui kandungan antioksidannya. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukan ekstrak etanol Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) memiliki aktivitas sebagai antioksidan yang mampu menangkal radikal bebas dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 36,36 mg/ml. Simpulan: Kesimpulan ada aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak Kulit Melinjo (Gnetum gnemum L.) dengan nilai IC50 sebesar 36,36 mg/ml (kuat) dibandingkan dengan ekstrak Daun Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.). Data ini didukung dengan uji kruskal wallis diperoleh nilai signifikan 0,023 (p>0,05) dari hasil tersebut bisa diartikan data ini tidak homogen.
KARAKTERISTIK IBU DALAM KEBERHASILAN INDUKSI PERSALINAN OKSITOSIN DRIP
Authors: Yanuarini Triatmi Andri , Kristianti Shinta , Sari Eka Lita Aprilia 
Published: June 2023

Latar belakang Induksi persalinan merupakan intervensi obstetri yang dilakukan jika persalinan elektif akan bermanfaat baik bagi ibu maupun bayinya. Keberhasilan induksi tergantung pada kontraksi adekuat yang efektif menyebabkan dilatasi serviks yang progresif.. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk untuk mengetahui hubungan karakteristik ibu (umur, paritas, BMI) dengan keberhasilan induksi persalinan infus oksitosin. Metode: Desain penelitian yang digunakan Cross Sectional. Sampel penelitian adalah 146 responden dari 228 populasi yang ada di RS Aura Syifa. Pengambilan sampel secara simple random sampling. Dalam penelitian ini analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji Chi Square dengan taraf signifikansi 0,05. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik Chi Square diperoleh nilai < (0,022 < 0,05) untuk umur keberhasilan induksi persalinan infus oksitosin. Berdasarkan hasil uji statistik diperoleh nilai < (0,007 < 0,05) untuk paritas dengan keberhasilan induksi infus oksitosin dan hasil pengujian diperoleh nilai < (0,003 < 0,05) untuk IMT dengan keberhasilan induksi persalinan infus oksitosin. Simpulan dan Saran ada hubungan karakteristik ibu (umur, paritas, IMT) dengan keberhasilan induksi drip oksitosin. Saran untuk tempat penelitian agar lebih mempertimbangkan pengambilan keputusan induksi persalinan pada pasien yang rentan terhadap kegagalan induksi sehingga kasus kegagalan induksi dapat dikurangi.
Método de Financiamento Incremental em Projetos Sustentáveis de Agronegócio
Authors: Pontes Antoanne , Marinho Élton C. , Silva Mônica F. da , Cruz Sérgio Manuel Serra da , Schmitz Eber A. 
Published: June 2023

Os usos ineficientes dos solos são um problema crítico que afetam várias gerações e regiões do planeta. O objetivo deste trabalho é propor a aplicação prática do Método de Financiamento Incremental (IFM) relacionado à Gestão de Projetos de Agronegócio. O desafio está em maximizar a produção rural e buscar o melhor retorno financeiro, mantendo a segurança do solo. O vídeo sobre este trabalho pode ser acessado em https://youtu.be/-Xws3jvkhLw
Pengolahan Buah Pisang Menjadi Nugget Pisang Oatmeal yang Bernial Jual
Authors: Aida Nurul , Wunta Krismariana , Anton Tirani , Tridawati Yunaini , Hikrawati  , Hajeni  
Published: June 2023

Desa Tumbubara merupakan salah satu desa yang terletak di Kecamatan Bajo Barat, Kabupaten Luwu, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, memiliki tanah yang subur sehingga menghasilkan perkebunan buah pisang yang melimpah. Dari situlah mahasiswa Universitas Muhammadiya Palopo berkerja sama dan membuka peluang usaha bagi masyarakat yang ada di Desa Tumbubara untuk mendapatkan penghasilan dari panen buah pisang mereka dengan mengolah buah pisang menjadi makanan yang enak. Pengolahan buah pisang menjadi nugget pisang oatmeal yang bernilai jual bertujuan mengembangkan dan meningkatkan keterampilan mahasiswa untuk berwirausaha, sedangkan masyarakat bisa mendapat penghasilan dari jual-beli pisang kepada mahasiswa untuk diolah menjadi makan ringan yang enak dan sehat dikonsumsi. Kegiatan dilakukan melalui metode input, proses (produksi), output, dan evaluasi. Usaha homemade ini dipromosikan melalui media sosial, seperti instagram dan whatsapp, dan juga akan dipasarkan secara langsung ke masyarakat. Hasil dari usaha pengelohan buah pisang menjadi nugget pisang outmeal yang bernilai jual ini memberikan peluang bagi mahasiswa untuk berwirausaha sebelum menyelesaikan studi, sehingga mereka nanti bisa membuka usaha sediri atau dapat melanjutkan usaha ini.
Effectiveness in a Political Context – Implications for Migration
Authors: Brunsson Karin 
Published: June 2023

This paper builds on the presumption that the idea of effectiveness refers primarily to an organizational and managerial context. It asks the question how this idea is transformed when used as a rationale for action in contexts where economy and efficiency are of minor significance and where no organizational survival is at stake. The EU and Swedish migration policies show, however, that persistent egoistic implications help construct a specific territory as an organization to be managed much like a business firm. It is concluded that the meaning of effectiveness does not necessarily change when this concept is used in an alien context. Instead, references to effectiveness help transform the context to which the concept is applied.
Genetic Profiling of African American Patients With Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Metastatic to the Lymph Nodes: A Pilot Study
Authors: Bidot Samuel , Yin Jun , Zhou Pengbo , Zhang Linsheng , Deeb Kristin K. , Smith Geoffrey , Hill Charles E. , Xiu Joanne , Bilen Mehmet A. , Case Katherine B. , Tinsley Mazie , Carthon Bradley , Harik Lara R. 
Published: June 2023

Context.—
Genetic profiling data of prostatic adenocarcinoma are derived from predominantly White patients. In African Americans, prostatic adenocarcinoma has a poorer prognosis, raising the possibility of distinct genetic alterations.

Objective.—
To investigate the genomic alterations of prostatic adenocarcinoma metastatic to regional lymph nodes in African American patients, with an emphasis on SPOP mutation.

Design.—
We retrospectively reviewed African American patients with pN1 prostatic adenocarcinoma managed with radical prostatectomy and lymph node dissection. Comprehensive molecular profiling was performed, and androgen receptor signaling scores were calculated.

Results.—
Nineteen patients were included. The most frequent genetic alteration was SPOP mutations (5 of 17; 29.4% [95% CI: 10.3–56.0]). While most alterations were associated with a high androgen receptor signaling score, mutant SPOP was exclusively associated with a low median and interquartile range (IQR) androgen receptor signaling score (0.788 [IQR 0.765–0.791] versus 0.835 [IQR 0.828–0.842], P = .003). In mutant SPOP, mRNA expression of SPOP inhibitor G3BP1 and SPOP substrates showed a significantly decreased expression of AR (33.40 [IQR 28.45–36.30] versus 59.53 [IQR 53.10–72.83], P = .01), TRIM24 (3.95 [IQR 3.28–5.03] versus 9.80 [IQR 7.39–11.70], P = .008), and NCOA3 (15.19 [IQR 10.59–15.93] versus 21.88 [IQR 18.41–28.33], P = .046).

Conclusions.—
African American patients with metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma might have a higher prevalence of mutant SPOP (30%), compared to ∼10% in unselected cohorts with lower expressions of SPOP substrates. In our study, in patients with mutant SPOP, the mutation was associated with decreased SPOP substrate expression and androgen receptor signaling, raising concern for suboptimal efficacy of androgen deprivation therapy in this subset of patients.
Pandemi Sonrası Hızlanan Dijital Pazarlama Uygulamaları
Authors: Durukan Tülin 
Published: June 2023

Üretimde büyük rol oynayan internet teknolojisi son yıllarda ürün ve hizmetlerin müşterilere ulaştırılmasında da önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Dijital ortamlar üzerinden söz konusu ürünlerin tanıtımı ve pazarlama faaliyeti olarak tanımlanan dijital pazarlama, hızlı gelişen yöntemler ile günlük hayatın vazgeçilmezleri arasında yer almaya başlamıştır. Web siteler, sosyal medya platformları, arama motorları ve mobil uygulamalar aracılığı ile ürün ve hizmetlerin satışını sağlayan dijital pazarlama; elektronik ortamda sunulan ve yürütülen etkili bir pazarlama yöntemidir. İşletmeler, hedef kitlelere ulaşmalarını sağlayan en iyi yöntemi ve kanalı kullanarak dijital pazarlama ile daha fazla ürün satmayı ve karlılıklarını artırmayı hedeflemektedirler.
2020 yılı başlarında tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan COVID19 salgını ekonomik ve sosyal hayatı etkisi altına alan ve hükümetleri çeşitli önlemler almaya mecbur bırakan pandemi dönemi olarak tarihe geçmiştir. Salgın döneminde insanların yaşamlarında önemli değişiklikler meydana gelmiş, büyük korku ve travmaların yaşanmasına neden olmuştur. Yüksek bulaş hızı ve mutasyon nedeniyle karantina, sosyal mesafe, evden çalışa ve maske gibi zorunlu tedbirleri de beraberinde getiren pandemik dönemde tüketiciler ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak amacıyla hızlı ve pratik bir yol olan e-ticareti tercih etmişlerdir. Dijital pazarlamanın canlanması ve hız kazanmasına neden olan COVID19 salgını tüketicilerin fiziksel ortamda gerçekleştirdikleri alışverişlerin dijital ortamlara taşınmasına neden olmuştur.
Pandemi sonrası tüketim alışkanlıkları değişen tüketiciler için dijital kanallar yeni pazar yerleri haline gelmiş, dijital pazarlamanın başarısı oluşturulan içerikler ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. İçerik yönetimi dijital pazarlamada başarılı olmak için kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. İşletmelerin hedef kitlelere ulaşmak ve ilgisini çekmek için kaliteli içerik üretmelerinin gerekliliği zamanla tüm dijital kanallarda önemli bir uygulama haline gelmiştir. Dijital platformlarda son trendi oluşturan yapay zeka uygulamaları ise makine öğrenimi odaklı olup, yapay zeka ve dijital pazarlama arasındaki ilişkinin tüketici tercihlerini esas alarak işletme karlılığı adına gerçekleştirmesine katkı sağlamaktadır.
Son yıllarda hız kazanan dijital pazarlama uygulamaları ve uygulanan dijital kanallar tüketicilerin satın alma alışkanlıklarında gelenekselden dijitale evrilmede kolaylığı, rahatlığı ve zaman/mekan kazanımını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Pek çok kanal ile gerçekleşen yeni nesil pazarlama faaliyetlerinde içeriklerin ve yapay zeka kullanımının incelendiği bu çalışmanın alana ışık tutması ve katkı sağlaması ümit edilmektedir.
THE PROBLEMS OF SUFFERING, RETRIBUTIVE JUSTICE, AND PROPOSED MORALITY IN THE BOOK OF JOB
Authors: Irwan Irwan  
Published: June 2023

Penderitaan adalah bagian dari hidup manusia. Manusia berusaha memahami mengapa ada penderitaan dan bagaimana harus menyikapinya. Kebijaksanaan Israel kuno berusaha memahami misteri penderitaan itu, salah satunya adalah Kitab Ayub. Melalui studi pustaka, artikel ini menyelidiki jawaban Kitab Ayub terhadap persoalan penderitaan manusia dan bagaimana manusia menjalani hidupnya (moralitas) tatkala penderitaan menimpanya.
THE TRUTH IS SYNTHETIC: DOGMATICS AS SYNTHESIS
Authors: Angelo Luciani Moa Dosi WODA  
Published: June 2023

Pemahaman ajaran Gereja Universal mengenai keabadian jiwa, api penyucian, surga, dan neraka bukan hanya berkaitan tentang hal-hal yang terjadi pada akhir jaman. Bukan pula upaya mengelaborasi cabang teologi sistematika terakhir yang disebut eskatologi. Melainkan, upaya memahami ajaran iman Kristiani sejak permulaannya hingga keselamatan yang definitif pada hidup yang akan datang. Itu berarti melihat kesatuan teologi dalam misteri keselamatan Allah melalui peristiwa Yesus Kristus dan kuasa Roh Kudus yang hadir dalam Gereja kepada seluruh umat manusia. Itulah sebabnya, ajaran iman Gereja universal mengenai misteri hidup yang kekal bukanlah suatu utopia, khayalan, atau impian belaka, melainkan suatu realitas hidup yang bersumber dari misteri Allah Tritunggal, Yesus Kristus, dan Gereja universal.
DIALOG FILOSOFIS MAIMONIDES: JEJAK PEMIKIRAN AL-FĀRĀBI DALAM PANDANGAN RELASI FILSAFAT DAN AGAMA MAIMONIDES
Authors: Simplesius Sandur  
Published: June 2023

The questions about relation between philosophy and religion always raise discussions among scholars and philosophers. It is not only about “philosophic” and “religious” problem but aslo extends to the truth and role of both in a society. Maimonides offers his solution to resolve this issue. He proposes a harmonization of both “truths” since they came from the same Source. In Maimonides’ mind, philosophy and religion have an essential role in establishing a society. Maimonides, of course, does not stand alone to resolve this probem. His main sources are Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy interpreted by Arabic masters in Arabic philosophical tradition particularly by Al-Fārābi. Maimonides tries as he can to analyze Judaism philosophically. He establishes his concept on relation between philosophy and religion on the thesis natural division of human beings.
ANALISIS PANDANGAN POLITIK THOMAS AQUINAS
Authors: Simplesius Sandur  
Published: June 2023

Thomas Aquinas bases his political theory on the Aristotelian philosophy. Man is zoon politicon says Aristotle in his famous work the Politics. Politics in Thomas’ approach has a glorious purpose that is to create bonum commune. To realize this political program, the Angelic Doctor proposes not only politics in true sense but also ethics. Politics presupposes ethics. In modern society, maybe it would be meaningless if we perceive political reality which makes deep separation and distinction between politics and ethics. The result of this separation, in fact, is a disharmony of society. The disharmony of society in our analysis based on Thomistic political philosophy, derives from an absolut freedom in which man is understood in his ‘nature’ as an autonomistic person.
DIALOG ANTARA IMAN GEREJA DAN TRADISI SUKU TIONGHOA TENTANG KREMASI DAN PERLAKUAN ATAS ABU JENAZAH
Authors: Shelomita Selamat  
Published: June 2023

Dialog antara iman gereja dengan tradisi dan budaya masyarakat lokal (baca: inkulturasi) sangat diperlukan demi tercapainya misi Gereja. Penelitian ini menyoroti praktek kremasi dan perlakuan atas abu jenazah salah satu bentuk inkulturasi yang umum dilakukan oleh para anggota gereja dewasa ini. Praktek kremasi semakin meningkat dari tahun ke tahun di kalangan kaum beriman. Gereja mengijinkan praktek kremasi sejauh memenuhi syarat-syarat tertentu. Namun, pada prakteknya masih ada beberapa hal yang menjadi persoalan di kalangan kaum beriman, khususnya terkait dengan perlakuan atas abu jenazah. Sikap tegas dari Gereja mutlak diperlukan agar tidak terjadi penyimpangan iman Katolik. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode fenomenologis dan studi kepustakaan.