bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural transformations in Cu, Ag, and Au metal nanoclusters
Authors: Settem Manoj , Roncaglia Cesare , Ferrando Riccardo , Giacomello Alberto 
Published: September 2023

Finite-temperature structures of Cu, Ag, and Au metal nanoclusters are calculated in the entire temperature range from 0 K to melting using a computational methodology that we proposed recently [M. Settem et al., Nanoscale 14, 939 (2022)]. In this method, Harmonic Superposition Approximation (HSA) and Parallel Tempering Molecular Dynamics (PTMD) are combined in a complementary manner. HSA is accurate at low temperatures and fails at higher temperatures. PTMD, on the other hand, effectively samples the high temperature region and melts. This method is used to study the size- and system-dependent competition between various structural motifs of Cu, Ag, and Au nanoclusters in the size range 1–2 nm. Results show that there are mainly three types of structural changes in metal nanoclusters, depending on whether a solid–solid transformation occurs. In the first type, the global minimum is the dominant motif in the entire temperature range. In contrast, when a solid–solid transformation occurs, the global minimum transforms either completely to a different motif or partially, resulting in the co-existence of multiple motifs. Finally, nanocluster structures are analyzed to highlight the system-specific differences across the three metals.
Terahertz metamaterials for broadband, high modulation depth modulator, and tunable dual-band absorber based on metal-vanadium dioxide hybrid structure
Authors: Liu Chenxi , Xu Yanlin , Huang Ruiqi , Zha Song 
Published: September 2023

Terahertz metamaterials for broadband, high modulation depth modulating, and tunable dual-band absorbing are designed based on the similar composite structure of metal and vanadium dioxide film arrays. By using external excitation to induce the insulator-metal phase transition of the vanadium dioxide layer, the transmission characteristics of the metamaterial can be manipulated. High modulation depths of more than 80% are achieved in the range of 0.2–0.8 THz, and the bandwidth width with modulation depths exceeding 60% is up to 140%. By increasing the dielectric thickness and adding a metal ground, the initial broadband modulator can be switched to a dual-band absorber when the vanadium dioxide is in the metal phase. Furthermore, the modulation effect and the absorption performance exhibit insensitive characteristics to the polarization angle of incident waves. This work provides potential applications in broadband modulation of terahertz communication as well as dual-band absorption for terahertz detection.
Particle size and its distribution deduced from magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by the modified Langevin equation
Authors: Saragi Togar , Widyaiswari Utami , Manalu Darling Josua , Adiperdana Budi , Risdiana Risdiana , Adachi Tadashi 
Published: September 2023

The magnetic hysteresis curve can provide information about magnetic properties, particle size, and its distribution. For superparamagnetic materials, the characteristics of the hysteresis curve are very typical, that is, Hc is equal to zero with a certain Ms value related to particle size in the order of nanometers. Here, we report the analysis of the magnetization hysteresis curve by applying a modified Langevin equation with and without a log-normal distribution for nearly superparamagnetic Fe3O4 and Fe3O4 encapsulated by SiO2 (Fe3O4–SiO2). To study the reliability of the modified Langevin equation, we compared the particle size values obtained from fittings analysis of the modified Langevin equation with those obtained from the TEM measurement. It was found that particle size from TEM measurement for Fe3O4 and Fe3O4–SiO2 is 11 and 14 nm, respectively. These values had a very high match with the particle size obtained from fitting analysis of the modified Langevin equation with or without a log-normal distribution, which is 12.6 and 12.9 nm for Fe3O4 and 13.8 and 14.5 nm for Fe3O4–SiO2, respectively. The fitting results of the modified Langevin equation with a log-normal distribution showed a value closer to the measurement results. By using the modified Langevin equation with a log-normal distribution, it was also obtained that the probability density function for Fe3O4 was 20.69% and that for Fe3O4–SiO2 was 0.55%. It was concluded that the modified Langevin equation with and without log-normal distribution was able to be used to obtain the particle size and its distribution for nearly superparamagnetic samples.
Controlling polarization of high-order harmonics generated in the mixed gases with orthogonal two-color laser fields
Authors: Zhai Chunyang , Wu Yinmeng , Li Xiang , Zhang Ke , Kang Shuaijie , Li Zhengfa , Guo Fengyan , Li Yingbin , Tang Qingbin , Yu Benhai 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The generation of highly elliptically polarized high-order harmonics (EPHHs) is indispensable for investigating chirality-sensitive light-matter interactions. Recently, high-order harmonic generation (HHG) with controllable ellipticity and helicity has attracted considerable attention. In this work, we theoretically demonstrate the possibility of generating broadband EPHHs with the same helicity from mixed gases in orthogonal two-color fields. There is a specific relative phase between the HHG from different gas components of the mixture. In addition, manipulation of the phase difference can be achieved by controlling the alignment angle of the molecule in mixed gases. It enables us to selectively enhance one helicity component of the high-order harmonics in a wide spectral range. This scheme paves a way for possibly generating elliptically polarized attosecond pulses.
Seven general radiography x-ray detectors with pixel sizes ranging from 175 to 76 μm: technical evaluation with the focus on orthopaedic imaging
Authors: Marshall N W , Vandenbroucke D , Cockmartin L , Wanninger F , Smet M , Feng Y , Ni Y , Bosmans H 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Aim. Flat panel detectors with small pixel sizes general can potentially improve imaging performance in radiography applications requiring fine detail resolution. This study evaluated the imaging performance of seven detectors, covering a wide range of pixel sizes, in the frame of orthopaedic applications. Material and methods. Pixel sizes ranged from 175 (detector A175) to 76 μm (detector G76). Modulation transfer function (MTF) and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) were measured using International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) RQA3 beam quality. Threshold contrast (C
T) and a detectability index (d′) were measured at three air kerma/image levels. Rabbit shoulder images acquired at 60 kV, over five air kerma levels, were evaluated in a visual grading study for anatomical sharpness, image noise and overall diagnostic image quality by four radiologists. The detectors were compared to detector E124. Results. The 10% point of the MTF ranged from 3.21 to 4.80 mm−1, in going from detector A175 to detector G76. DQE(0.5 mm−1) measured at 2.38 μGy/image was 0.50 ± 0.05 for six detectors, but was higher for F100 at 0.62. High frequency DQE was superior for the smaller pixel detectors, however C
T for 0.25 mm discs correlated best with DQE(0.5 mm−1). Correlation between C
T and the detectability model was good (R
2 = 0.964). C
T for 0.25 mm diameter discs was significantly higher for D150 and F100 compared to E124. The visual grading data revealed higher image quality ratings for detectors D125 and F100 compared to E124. An increase in air kerma was associated with improved perceived sharpness and overall quality score, independent of detector. Detectors B150, D125, F100 and G76, performed well in specific tests, however only F100 consistently outperformed the reference detector. Conclusion. Pixel size alone was not a reliable predictor of small detail detectability or even perceived sharpness in a visual grading analysis study.
Effect of Scheduling Irrigation Water and Adding Organic Matter and Bio-Fertilizer on the Concentration of some Nutrients in Wheat Plant (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Al-Jiyashi Sadiq Zayed Sawadi , Noni Ghanem Bahloul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was applied during the agricultural season 2021-2022 in one of the farms located in Al-Muthanna Governorate. In order to study the effect of scheduling irrigation water and adding organic matter and bio-bacterial fertilizer on the concentration of some nutrients in the wheat plant (Triticum aestivum L.), the experiment was carried out by distributing split plates using a randomized complete block design R.C.B.D. With three replications, the experiment included three factors, as the coefficients of irrigation periods for the first factor were set in the main panels at two levels (50 and 75%) of the field capacity, and the factors of organic and biological fertilization in the secondary panels, the organic fertilizer treatments included the use of three The levels are (0 and 40 and 80 tons ha-1), while the biofertilization treatments were at two levels, namely (adding the bacterial vaccine and not adding it). The results indicated that the treatment of adding organic fertilizer at the third level, O2, was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments, and the highest values were recorded in nitrogen and phosphorous and potassium concentration in the vegetative total, achieving an increase of (12.05% and 81.08 % 23.74%) sequentially, and the phosphorous concentration in the grains (86.11%), while there was no significant increase for the treatments of adding organic matter in affecting the nitrogen and potassium content of the grains. Also, the biofertilization treatments showed a significant effect in some of these, and the highest values were recorded in both the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the vegetative total, with an increase of (5.51% and 13.68%), and the nitrogen and phosphorous concentration in the grains (29.86% and 17.11%) sequentially but regarding as for the potassium concentration in vegetative total and grains, it was not significantly affected by the treatments of adding the bacterial vaccine to it. While the irrigation periods showed a significant effect only on the adjective phosphorous concentration in the grains
The Study of Mineral Composition and Free Iron Oxides in Sand Fraction for Tigris and Euphrates Rivers/Iraq
Authors: Al-Ghabban Haider J. , Jarallah Raid SH. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
A study was carried out on the mineral composition and free Iron oxides of the sediments of the Tigris and Euphrates river. Two soils were selected representing the sediments of the Tigris (Al-Numaniyah) and Euphrates river (Al-Shamiya), and physical and chemical analyzes were conducted on them, the sand is separated by means of a sieve whose openings are (53 microns) in the presence and absence of oxides into sand separations (53-2000) micrometers, to prepare them for metallurgical examinations. The minerals of soil samples were examined by powder method using diffracted X-rays, and the results showed the following:The results of the diffracted X-ray examinations, the special results of the separated sand in the sediments of the Tigris river showed the presence of Quartz minerals (50.8 and 40.3%), Albite (13.3 and 10.3%) and Chlorite (3.3 and 8.3%) and Micas (5.4 and 6.4%) and Kaolinite (2.2 and 1.5%) for coarse and fine sand, respectively, and the percentage of free Iron oxides in coarse sand was (3.1%). and fine sand (2.9%), and the results of X-ray examinations of the sand separated in the sediments of the Euphrates river showed the presence of Quartz minerals (51.0 and 54.9%) and Albite (23.3 and 18.0%) and Chlorite (3.3 and 3.5%), and Mica (5.4 and 3.3%) and Kaolinite (2.2 and 1.1%) and the percentage of free Iron oxides separated by coarse and fine sand was (2.4 and 1.8) respectively.
General Overview of the Groundwater in Al-Shinafiyah District of Diwaniyah Governorate/Iraq
Authors: Toama Tabarak Kareem , Abed Salwan Ali 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study was done to identify some characteristics of chemical, physical, and the concentrations of nutritious salts of nitrate, and phosphates in groundwater on six wells selected in the district of Al-Shinafiyah during the period from June to August 2022. The results obtained for groundwater temperatures were almost equal between wells with rates ranging between 23-25 C°. pH values ranged between (7-7.23). Electrical conductivity values were between (4250-6350) μs/cm and total dissolved solids values were (2300-3660) mg/L. The total hardness, calcium, and magnesium ranged between (1400-2000) (401-757, and (150-225) mg/L respectively. Chloride values were between (520-1240) mg/L. Nitrate values ranged between (0.701-0.815) mg/L. Phosphate values were between (0.515-1.433) mg/L.
Effect of Spraying with Glycine on the Productive and Morphological Characteristics of Two Strawberry Cultivars Under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Hussein Ahlam A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in one of the greenhouses belonging to the research station of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape gardening at the College of Agriculture / University of Diyala for the agricultural season 2020/2021 as a factorial experiment with two factors, the first using four concentrations of glycine, which are 0, 50, 100, 150 mg L-1 and the second factor two strawberry varieties Camarose and Albion, according to the design of randomized complete block design and with three replications, as the number of experimental units reached 24. The results were analyzed according to the SAS program and the averages were tested according to Duncan’s polynomial test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that spraying of amino acid glycine was superior in the concentration of 150 mg L-1 (G4) by giving the highest values in number of fruits and their weight, plant yield, fruits content of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin pigment, and acidity was 16.31 fruits, 14.10 gm, 232.00 gm plant-1, 36.48 mg 100 g-1, 25.13 mg 100g-1 and 0.76%, respectively. Also the Camarosa cultivar (V1) was significantly superior in number of fruits and the yield of one plant was 16.60 fruits and 216.83 gm plant-1, while the Albion cultivar (V2) was superior in giving the highest percentage of TSS and ascorbic acid and the acidity was 7.38%,34.16 mg 100g-1 and 0.77% respectively. As for the treatment of interaction G4V1 (concentration of amino acid glycine 150 mg L-1 (G4) and Camarose cultivar (V1) ), it exceeded the number of fruits, fruits weight and plant yield. The interaction G1V2 had the highest content of TSS and ascorbic acid, while the interaction G4V2 achieved the best content of anthocyanin pigment and acidity in fruits.
Relationship of Planting Dates and Spraying with Conventional and Nano NPK Fertilizer to some Secondary Metabolite Traits of Fenugreek Plant Trigonella foenum-graecum
Authors: Alaawad Noor Al-Huda Saad , Alrubaie Sabah Abd Flayeh 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This study was carried out in the agricultural fields of the College of Agriculture - Karbala University for the period from October of the year 2021 AD until May of the year 2022 AD, The study included two factors, the first was the cultivation of fenugreek seeds on three loops (20/10/2021) (10/11/2021) (30/11/2021) and the second factor was the use of conventional and nano fertilizer NPK by spraying on the leaves with five combinations, including the comparison treatment (Distilled water only, 1g.L-1 neutralized conventional fertilizer, 2g.L-1 neutralized conventional fertilizer, 100ml.L-1 of nano-fertilizer, 200mlL-1 of nano-fertilizer. The treatment were distributed using a split-plot method in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, planting dates were set in the main-plots and fertilizer combinations in the sub-plots, so the number of experimental units is 45 units, The results were analyzed statistically using the Genstst program, and the averages were tested according to the L.S.D test at a probability level of 0.05. The results showed that the third planting date was superior to the rest of the dates in trait of the percentage of protein with an average of 23.30% and the percentage of alkaloids in the leaves with an average of 2.9333%, while the comparison treatment recorded the least significant difference of 22.78% and 1.8467%, respectively, While the fertilizer treatment recorded the superiority of most of the fertilizer combinations used over the comparison treatment, the fifth combination of fertilizer used outperformed the rest of the combinations by giving it the highest rate for all the studied characteristics, including the percentage of oil in the seeds and the percentage of alkaloids in the seeds, which amounted to (5.2444% and 9.211%), respectively, While the comparison treatment recorded the lowest average of 5.1400% and 5.844% respectively, as for the treatment of overlap between the fertilizer combinations used with the planting dates, the overlap affected significantly in the treatment of the fifth combination of the second planting date in the characteristics of the secondary metabolites compounds, which are the percentage of alkaloids in the leaves and the percentage of the alkaloids in the seeds and the percentage of oil in the seeds were (2.8000%, 9.867%, and 5.2633%), respectively, While the interaction between the first date and the fertilizer combination (distilled water only) was the lowest average for all studied traits.
Evaluation of Growth, Yield and some Qualities Characteristics of Two Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) Cultivars under Plastichouse Conditions
Authors: Alani Mahmood A. R. , Elkaaby Ekhlas A. J. , Abdul Majeed Wathiq A. , Al-Mandelawy Falah N. , Almaliky Abdul Kareem Q. , Raad J. M. , Salih K.S. , Jabbar N. , Shukor K. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate growth, yield and some qualities traits of two cherry tomato cultivars, Gardeners Delight and Golden Sunrise during the year 2017-2018. The experiment was designed in Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Results revealed that Gardeners Delight showed the highest plant height (198.33 cm), number of nodes (38 nodes.plant-1). and no significant differences were found in chlorophyll content in leaves for both cherry cultivars. Concerning to yield traits, Gardeners Delight was superior to give the highest number of clusters, number of flowers set and yield (10.33 cluster.plant-1, 25 flowers.cluster-1 and 3240.50 g respectively). While Golden sunrise gave the highest fruit diameter and fruit weight reached 42.17 mm and 38.18 g respectively. Regarding to the quality parameters, maximum TSS 6.67 °Brix in Gardeners Delight compared to 5.10 °Brix in Golden Sunrise. Highest ascorbic acid and carotene content were recorded in fruits with Golden Sunrise while maximum lycopene content recorded in Gardeners Delight fruits.
A study of Three Planting Dates and Spraying with Zinc, Boron and Polyamine (Putrescine) on the Growth and Yield of Broccoli
Authors: Al-Issawi Ali Khalif , Al-Mohammedi Omar Hashim Muslah 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The experiment was carried out in the field to study three planting dates during the two winter agricultural seasons 2020-2021 and 2021-2022 in Anbar Governorate / Fallujah District, 60 km west of Baghdad on the banks of the Euphrates River. The factorial experiment included 18 treatments using a factorial experimental within split-plot, according to the randomized complete block design, planting dates were placed in the main plot, zinc and boron factor in the subplot, and the putrescine sub-plot were randomly distributed within the dates with three replications, so the treatments became 54. The results showed that the second date was superior in plant height, leaf area, flower disc weight, flower disc diameter, and total yield of flower discs, as it gave the highest rate of 84.90, 81.25 cm, 170.09, 169.64 dm2 plant, 1.071, 1.243 kg, and 19. 60, 19.57 cm, 34.55, 37.38 ton ha-1 for the two seasons, respectively. While the triple interaction between the factors of the study showed the superiority of the plants grown in the first and second seasons in characteristics of plant height, leaf area, flowering disc weight, flowering disc diameter, and the total yield of flowering discs, which reached 87.51, 85.05 cm, 182.36, 182.87 dm2 plant, 1.122, 1.243. kg, 20.39, 20.04 cm, 39.00, 42.96 ton ha-1 for two seasons respectively.
Prediction of Mastitis Incidence in Goat from Somatic Cell in Milk
Authors: Al-Zargani E. K. A. , ALSarai Tamarah M. , Al-Anbari  
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The research was carried out in the animal field of the Al-Kafeel Station / Al-Abbas’s (p) Holy Shrine in Karbala Governorate (15 km south of Karbala city ) 200 local goats were used from the first of December 2020 to the first of May 2021, The chemical analysis of milk components was also carried out in the laboratory of the Abu Ghraib Dairy Laboratory, in order to, study the prediction of mastitis infection through the content of milk from somatic cells and the relationship of the California test score (CMT) with mastitis and the main milk components results showed a significant effect (P≤0.01) of the production cycle sequence on the number of somatic cells in milk, as the goats in the fourth production cycle or more recorded a maximum number (1377.56 × 10 3 cells/ml milk) compared to their counterparts in cycles 1, 2, 3. There was a significant effect (P<0.01) for the milk production stage on the number of somatic cells in the milk, it was found that the number of somatic cells was highest at the beginning of the production stage (1298.37 × 10 3 cells/ml of milk) and the lowest at the end of the production stage (1125.31 × 103 cells/ml milk). There is a significant difference (P≤0.05) in the number of somatic cells in milk according to the level of milk production, as it reached in the milk of mothers who gave less than 500 kg/season 1368.01×10 3 cells/ml of milk. There was a significant effect of the condition of the cow (Uninfected or infected with mastitis) on the number of somatic cells, as it was high in goats infected with mastitis, (1493.54 × 10 3 cells/ml) compared to Uninfected goats (1493.54 × 10 3 cells/ml of milk). There is a positive and highly significant correlation (P≤0.01) between the California test score and mastitis infection, with a coefficient of 0.78, which reflects the possibility of early prediction of mastitis infection by measuring the milk content of somatic cells, and this will lead to take the necessary administrative measures for the procedures Preventive and healthy to reduce injury and improve resistance in the herd. There is a negative and significant correlation coefficient (P≤0.01) between the milk content of somatic cells through CMT test and the percentage of both fat and protein and significantly (P≤0.05) with lactose, which amounted to - 0.74, -0.59 and -0.27, respectively.
Effect of Tenderization with Citric Acid on some Physical Traits of Spent Hen Meat
Authors: Al-Waeli Saad K. J. , Al-Sanger Basim F. S. , Al-Dhalim Hussian M. K. , Al-Gharawi Jassim Kassim , Obaid Faisal Shkhir 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
In this study, spent hen meat, at the market was used after slaughter and cleaning, which were tenderized with citric acid. The treatments were as follows: T1 negative control treatment (soaking with distilled water only) for 12 hours. T2: Positive control treatment (tenderizing with vinegar at a rate of 100 ml/L distilled water) for 12 hours. As for T3, T4 and T5 they are tenderized with citric acid at a concentration of 100, 200 and 300 ml of citric acid solution per liter of distilled water for 12 hours, respectively. The results indicate that all tenderizing treatments with citric acid led to a significant increase in water carrying capacity, with a significant decrease in the loss in the exudate compared to the negative control treatment, with a significant decrease in the weight loss during cooking at the high level of the treatment.