bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leisure‐time physical activity at weekends and the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey
Authors: Okada K. , Hayashi T. , Tsumura K. , Suematsu C. , Endo G. , Fujii S. 
Published: July 2002

Summary Aims To investigate association between leisure‐time physical activity at weekends and the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods Prospective examination of 6013 Japanese men aged 35–60 years who were free of DM, impaired fasting glycaemia, or hypertension at study entry. Type 2 DM was defined by a fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l or a 2‐h post‐load plasma glucose level ≥ 11.1 mmol/l. Data on physical activity obtained from questionnaires consisted of overall leisure‐time physical activity weekly and leisure‐time physical activity at weekends. Results During the 59 966 person‐years follow‐up, 444 cases developed Type 2 DM. Regular physical exercise at least once a week was associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 DM. After adjustments for age, body mass index, daily alcohol consumption, smoking habits, blood pressure levels and a parental history of Type 2 DM, men who engaged in regular physical exercise at least once a week had a relative risk of Type 2 DM of 0.75 (95% CI, 0.61–0.93) compared with men engaging in exercise less often. Even vigorous activity only once a week at weekends was associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 DM. Men who engaged in vigorous activity at least once a week at weekends had a multiple‐adjusted relative risk of Type 2 DM of 0.55 (95% CI, 0.35–0.88) compared with sedentary men. Conclusions Regular physical exercise at least once a week and vigorous activity even only once a week at weekends are associated with a decreased risk of Type 2 DM.
Today's science – tomorrow's practice: basic mechanisms of allergy and their clinical implications
Authors: Holgate S. T. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe current therapeutic perspective for the treatment of allergic disorders has shifted from mediators of allergy, such as histamine, to focus on cytokines and their interactions with cells involved in allergic inflammation. Although eosinophils are involved in the genesis of allergy in animal models, their role in human asthma has been questioned. On the other hand, immunoglobulin E (IgE) appears to play a key role in allergic reactions and is therefore the focus of therapeutic attention. Similarly, the relationship between allergic reactions and T‐helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cells has been the subject of intensive investigation. In addition to the inflammation that characterizes the allergic response, there are structural changes in the airways that may precede any obvious clinical disease. These structural changes, affecting the epithelial–mesenchymal trophic unit, may in part be genetically determined and will require treatment at the molecular biological level.
Antihistamines alone and in combination with leukotriene antagonists in nasal congestion
Authors: Wilson A. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryAlthough antihistamines are first‐line treatment for allergic rhinitis and are effective at combating the majority of nasal and ocular symptoms associated with this disease, they are traditionally considered to be less effective at dealing with nasal congestion. Combination therapy with antihistamines and antileukotrienes has been shown to be an alternative treatment strategy in dealing with nasal symptoms, including congestion. However, recent studies have suggested that some of the newer antihistamines are effective in reducing nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis when used alone. For example, fexofenadine has been shown to have a beneficial effect on nasal congestion in a number of clinical studies investigating its efficacy and safety, as well as in combination therapy studies. This paper aims to review the available literature looking at combinations of antihistamines and antileukotrienes and single antihistamine therapy for reducing nasal congestion in allergic rhinitis, using subjective symptom scoring and/or objective measurements.
The sensitivity of the chick eye to refractive defocus
Authors: Schmid Katrina L. , Wildsoet Christine F. 
Published: July 2002

SummaryThe chick is commonly used as an animal model for human myopia and emmetropization. However one criticism of this model has been the very large refractive errors that are usually induced, either by visual deprivation or through the use of lenses to first impose focussing errors This study sought to determine the threshold for compensatory responses to imposed defocus. We observed compensation in chick eyes fitted at hatching with +1 D and −1 D lenses (one over each eye). Consistent with the 2D interocular difference in refraction imposed, an average of 2.130 (SD 1.0D) of anisometropia and a 0.09mm (SD 0.05mm) interocular difference in vitreous chamber depth were recorded after five days of lens wear. The 1 D focusing errors imposed on individual eyes are not much greater in magnitude than the estimated depth of focus of the chick eye. The significance of these results for emmetropization are discussed.
The Relationship Between Leg Power and Physical Performance in Mobility‐Limited Older People
Authors: Md Jonathan F. Bean , Kiely Dan K. , Herman Seth , Leveille Suzanne G. , Mizer Kelly , Frontera Walter R. , Fielding Roger A. 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES:The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of leg power and leg strength on the physical performance of community‐dwelling mobility‐limited older people.DESIGN:Cross‐sectional analysis of baseline data from a 12‐week randomized controlled exercise‐intervention study.SETTING:Exercise laboratory within the Department of Health Science of an urban university.PARTICIPANTS:Forty‐five community‐dwelling mobility‐limited people (34 women, 11 men), aged 65 to 83.MEASUREMENTS:Health status, depression, cognition, physical activity, and falls efficacy; physiological measures of lower extremity strength and power; and measures of physical performance.RESULTS:Through bivariate analyses, leg power was significantly associated with physical performance as measured by stair‐climb time, chair‐stand time, tandem gait, habitual gait, maximal gait, and the short physical performance battery describing between 12% and 45% of the variance (R2). Although leg power and leg strength were greatly correlated (r= .89) in a comparison of bivariate analyses of strength or power with physical performance, leg power modeled up to 8% more of the variance for five of six physical performance measures. Despite limitations in sample size, it appeared that, through quadratic modeling, the influence of leg power on physical performance was curvilinear. Using separate multivariate analyses, partialR2values for leg power and leg strength were compared, demonstrating that leg power accounted for 2% to 8% more of the variance with all measures of physical performance.CONCLUSION:Leg power is an important factor influencing the physical performance of mobility‐limited older people. Although related to strength, it is a separate attribute that may exert a greater influence on physical performance. These findings have important implications for clinicians practicing geriatric rehabilitation.J Am Geriatr Soc 50:461–467, 2002.
Time-resolved resonance Raman spectrum of chrysene in the S1 and T1 states
Authors: Koshihara Shin-ya , Kobayashi Takayoshi 
Published: July 2002

The time-resolved Sn–S1 and Tn–T1 resonance Raman spectra of highly purified chrysene in tetrahydrofuran were observed at room temperature using the third harmonic of a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser as an electronic excitation pulse and a dye laser pumped by the second harmonic of another Q-switched Nd:YAG laser as a Raman probe pulse. We observed the Raman lines attributed to the S1 state at 1549, 1369, 1344, 1110, and 990 cm−1, and to the T1 state at 1528, 1494, 1353, 1199, 1110, 990, 678, 554, 472, and 286 cm−1. The decay time of 1369 cm−1 (S1) line, the formation time of 1528 cm−1 (T1) line, that of 1199 cm−1 (T1) line, and the fluorescence lifetime were obtained to be 35+6−5, 51+19−12, 41+10−7, and 41+− 1 ns, respectively. The observed Sn–S1 and Tn–T1 resonance Raman spectra were compared with the previously reported fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra in Shpolskii matrices, Sn–S1 and Tn–T1 resonance CARS spectra, and Tn–T1 spontaneous resonance Raman spectra. Discussion was made on the geometrical changes in the excited states on the assumption that the changes were not very large for the rigid molecular structure. We came to the following conclusions: (1) The resonance-coupled excited singlet state is different from the ground state in geometry mainly along the normal coordinates of the vibrational modes which have the Sn–S1 resonance Raman peaks at 1549 and 1344 cm−1. (2) The geometry of the resonance-coupled excited triplet state differs from that of the ground state mainly along five coordinates. Four of them correspond to the vibrational bands observed in the Tn–T1 resonance Raman spectrum at 1528, 1353, 1110, and 990 cm−1. The other corresponds to the vibrational bands observed in the Shpolskii spectrum of phosphorescence at 1385 cm−1 in literature. (3) The S1 and T1 states differ along the normal coordinates of the modes which have the Tn–T1 resonance Raman bands at 678, 554,
472, and 286 cm−1.
Reaction–diffusion dynamics in inhomogeneous systems
Authors: Ohtsuki Toshiya , Keyes Thomas 
Published: July 2002

The macroscopic behavior of reaction–diffusion systems in inhomogeneous media is investigated theoretically. The phenomenological reaction–diffusion equation describing spatial and temporal evolution of the coarse-grained density is derived for systems where reactions take place only on the surface or in the inside of spherical static catalysts immersed dilutely. General cases of one-component reactions and two examples, X+Y→products and X⇄Y, Y+Y→ products, of multi(two)-component systems are considered. It becomes evident that in general, the phenomenological reaction–diffusion equation has a different functional form from that of the microscopic reaction–diffusion equation. In addition, it should be emphasized that accordingly as D→∞ or D→0, where D is a diffusion coefficient of reactants, the process exhibits two asymptotic behaviors, the reaction-controlled behavior and the diffusion-controlled behavior. In the reaction-controlled region, the system is homogenous on a macroscopic scale and the density dependence of the phenomenological equation is identical to that of the microscopic equation. In
the diffusion-controlled region, the coarse-grained density follows the Smoluchowski-type linear reaction–diffusion equation and decays exponentially for all cases regardless of the type of reactions. At intermediate regimes, the phenomenological equation is generally a nonanalytic function of the density and the system shows a complex space and time dependence. In case of the bimolecular reaction, X+X→products, for instance, the crossover from the expontential to the algebraic decay is observed. The existence of more than two limiting behaviors in multicomponent reactions is also elucidated but their essential features are same as those of one-component systems. It is argued that asymptotic properties clarified here are universal phemomena found in a wide variety of real inhomogeneous systems.
Understanding the Distinction between Sensations and Physical Properties of Objects by Children and Adults
Authors: Subbotsky Eugene 
Published: July 2002

The study addressed the phenomenon according to which even educated adult individuals often confuse sensations received from physical objects (such as colour, sound, taste, weight, temperature) with physical properties of the objects that initiated these sensations. This means that in many cases scientific education fails to achieve its goal, which is to create in an individual the physical-scientific view of the world. To examine this phenomenon four experiments were conducted with the aims to determine to what extent: (1) children of various ages and adults were able (a) to acknowledge the fact that sensations appear due to the work of the human mind or sense organs and are not physical properties of the objects that produce them; (b) to appreciate the difference between the mind and sense organs as contributors to the production of sensations (Exp. 1); (2) various types of training could enhance children’s and adults’ understanding that sensations do not belong to the physical properties and objects (Exps. 2-4). The results of Experiment 1 conducted with 6- and 9-year-old children and adults did not reveal an age-related increase in the appreciation of the subjective character of sensations. However, 9-year-old children and adults (but not 6-year-old children) showed a diffentiated approach to various types of sensations, attributing pain mainly to the subject and softness-hardness mainly to the objects. Experiment 2 (direct explanation treatment), and Experiment 3 (cognitive conflict treatment) yielded no improvement in 6- and 9-year-old children’s appreciation of the subjective character of sensations and only partial improvement in adults. In Experiment 4 (social conflict treatment) adult subjects only were involved; the experiment showed a significant improvement in the subjects’ judgements about colour sensations and a marginal improvement in their judgements about weight sensations.
Centriole Disassembly In Vivo and Its Effect on Centrosome Structure and Function in Vertebrate Cells
Authors: Bobinnec Y. , Khodjakov A. , Mir L.M. , Rieder C.L. , Eddé B. , Bornens M. 
Published: July 2002

Glutamylation is the major posttranslational modification of neuronal and axonemal tubulin and is restricted predominantly to centrioles in nonneuronal cells (Bobinnec, Y., M. Moudjou, J.P. Fouquet, E. Desbruyères, B. Eddé, and M. Bornens. 1998. Cell Motil. Cytoskel. 39:223–232). To investigate a possible relationship between the exceptional stability of centriole microtubules and the compartmentalization of glutamylated isoforms, we loaded HeLa cells with the monoclonal antibody GT335, which specifically reacts with polyglutamylated tubulin. The total disappearance of the centriole pair was observed after 12 h, as judged both by immunofluorescence labeling with specific antibodies and electron microscopic observation of cells after complete thick serial sectioning. Strikingly, we also observed a scattering of the pericentriolar material (PCM) within the cytoplasm and a parallel disappearance of the centrosome as a defined organelle. However, centriole disappearance was transient, as centrioles and discrete centrosomes ultimately reappeared in the cell population.
During the acentriolar period, a large proportion of monopolar half-spindles or of bipolar spindles with abnormal distribution of PCM and NuMA were observed. However, as judged by a quasinormal increase in cell number, these cells likely were not blocked in mitosis.
Our results suggest that a posttranslational modification of tubulin is critical for long-term stability of centriolar microtubules. They further demonstrate that in animal cells, centrioles are instrumental in organizing centrosomal components into a structurally stable organelle.
Time-inconsistent Preferences and Consumer Self-Control
Authors: Hoch Stephen J. , Loewenstein George F. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Why do consumers sometimes act against their own better judgment, engaging in behavior that is often regretted after the fact and that would have been rejected with adequate forethought? More generally, how do consumers attempt to maintain self-control in the face of time-inconsistent preferences? This article addresses consumer impatience by developing a decision-theoretic model based on reference points. The model explains how and why consumers experience sudden increases in desire for a product, increases that can result in the temporary overriding of long-term preferences. Tactics that consumers use to control their own behavior are also discussed. Consumer self-control is framed as a struggle between two psychological forces, desire and willpower. Finally, two general classes of self-control strategies are described: those that directly reduce desire, and those that overcome desire through will power.
Incidence of Underlying Abnormal Findings on Routine Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Bell Palsy
Authors: Savary Thibault , Fieux Maxime , Douplat Marion , Tournegros Romain , Daubie Sophie , Pavie Dylan , Denoix Luna , Pialat Jean-Baptiste , Tringali Stephane 
Published: April 2023

ImportanceThere is no consensus on the benefits of routine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the facial nerve in patients with suspected idiopathic peripheral facial palsy (PFP) (ie, Bell palsy [BP]).ObjectivesTo estimate the proportion of adult patients in whom MRI led to correction of an initial clinical diagnosis of BP; to determine the proportion of patients with confirmed BP who had MRI evidence of facial nerve neuritis without secondary lesions; and to identify factors associated with secondary (nonidiopathic) PFP at initial presentation and 1 month later.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective multicenter cohort study analyzed the clinical and radiological data of 120 patients initially diagnosed with suspected BP from January 1, 2018, to April 30, 2022, at the emergency department of 3 tertiary referral centers in France.InterventionsAll patients screened for clinically suspected BP underwent an MRI of the entire facial nerve with a double-blind reading of all images.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe proportion of patients in whom MRI led to a correction of the initial diagnosis of BP (any condition other than BP, including potentially life-threating conditions) and results of contrast enhancement of the facial nerve were described.ResultsAmong the 120 patients initially diagnosed with suspected BP, 64 (53.3%) were men, and the mean (SD) age was 51 (18) years. Magnetic resonance imaging of the facial nerve led to a correction of the diagnosis in 8 patients (6.7%); among them, potentially life-threatening conditions that required changes in treatment were identified in 3 (37.5%). The MRI confirmed the diagnosis of BP in 112 patients (93.3%), among whom 106 (94.6%) showed evidence of facial nerve neuritis on the affected side (hypersignal on gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images). This was the only objective sign confirming the idiopathic nature of PFP.Conclusions and RelevanceThese preliminary results suggest the added value of the routine use of facial nerve MRI in suspected cases of BP. Multicentered international prospective studies should be organized to confirm these results.
Immunotherapeutic Hydrogel with Photothermal Induced Immunogenic Cell Death and STING Activation for Post‐Surgical Treatment
Authors: Wang Meng , Zhang Xiaohui , Liu Bing , Liu Chen , Song Caimei , Chen Yu , Jin Yubei , Lin Jing , Huang Peng , Xing Shaojun 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPost‐surgical tumor recurrence remains a major clinical concern for patients with malignant solid tumors. Herein, an immunotherapeutic hydrogel (SAPBA/ZMC/ICG) is developed by incorporating metal ion‐cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) nanoparticles (Zn‐Mn‐CDN, ZMC) and a photosensitizer (indocyanine green, ICG) into phenylboronic acid (PBA)‐conjugated sodium alginate (SAPBA) for photothermal therapy (PTT)‐triggered in situ vaccination to inhibit post‐surgical recurrence and metastasis of malignant tumors. The gelation of SAPBA/ZMC/ICG in the residual tumors can achieve accurate local PTT and the local sustained release of CDN and Mn2+ with minimal detrimental off‐target toxic effects. Furthermore, CDN, which is an agonist of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING), along with Mn2+ can activate the STING pathway and trigger type‐I‐IFN‐driven immune responses against tumors. Therefore, the immunotherapeutic hydrogel with enhanced immune response by STING agonist and PTT‐induced immunogenic cell death (ICD) reprograms the post‐surgical immunosuppressive microenvironment, substantially decreasing the post‐surgical recurrence and metastasis of solid tumors in multiple murine tumor models when administered during surgical resection. Taken together, PTT‐triggered and STING‐mediated in situ cancer vaccination is an effective therapeutic intervention for post‐surgical recurrence and metastasis of tumors.
Reconstructing Oxygen‐Deficient Zirconia with Ruthenium Catalyst on Atomic‐Scale Interfaces toward Hydrogen Production
Authors: Kim Mansu , Kim Seung‐hoon , Park Jonghwan , Lee Seongsoo , Jang Injoon , Kim Sohui , Lee Chang Yeon , Kwon Oh Joong , Ham Hyung Chul , Hupp Joseph T. , Jung Namgee , Yoo Sung Jong , Whang Dongmok 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDownsizing a catalyst nanoparticle (NP) to a single atom (SA) has proven to be highly effective in increasing catalytic activity and decreasing the amount of catalyst required for various electrochemical reactions. However, insufficient stability of the single‐atom site catalysts (SACs) is still a significant challenge for their practical application. Here, SACs firmly bound to stable metal oxide NPs are proposed to dramatically increase the electrochemical activity and stability of SA‐based catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Starting from a Ru‐infiltrated, Zr‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF), the tetragonal zirconium oxide (ZrO2‐x) NPs‐embedded carbon matrix is fabricated as support through facile pyrolysis. Simultaneously, Ru SAs as active sites are well dispersed on the surface of ZrO2‐x NPs due to the generation of oxygen vacancies in the tetragonal ZrO2‐x. The Ru‐ZrO2‐x SAC exhibits a 4–5 times higher mass activity than commercial Pt and Ru catalysts and superior durability due to strong metal‐support interaction (SMSI) between Ru atoms and ZrO2‐x substrate.
Efficient Ultrathin Self‐Powered Organic Photodetector with Reduced Exciton Binding Energy and Auxiliary Föster Resonance Energy Transfer Processes
Authors: Qiao Jia‐Wei , Cui Feng‐Zhe , Feng Lin , Lu Peng , Yin Hang , Hao Xiao‐Tao 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRecent advances in organic photodetectors (OPDs) have enabled high detectivity, high quantum efficiency, and fast response, due to their broad spectral response, easy processing, compatibility with flexible devices, and cooling‐free operations. The advantages of combining ultrathin and self‐powered OPDs are rarely explored, as technological limitations and lack of knowledge on the underlying mechanisms may lead to low light absorption efficiency and carrier recombination issues. Here, a modification layer‐assisted approach is developed to construct ultrathin self‐powered OPDs with enhanced sensitivity and ultrafast response time performance due to efficient exciton dissociation, energy transfer, and charge extraction processes. Specifically, this strategy enables a reduced exciton binding energy (42.4 meV) for efficient dissociation, as well as an increased dielectric constant of the photosensitive layer that shields undesirable lattice binding effects of photogenerated excitons. As a result, a remarkable device responsivity (0.45 A W−1), improved response detectivity (1.25 × 1012 Jones), and enhanced energy transfer efficiency (78.7%) are observed in the modified ultrathin organic photodetector. These findings illustrate a clear correlation between the exciton dissociation process, photogenerated exciton yields, and energy transfer channels, providing essential insight into the design of efficient ultrathin organic photodetectors.