bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulval and vaginal reconstruction
Authors: Cogswell Lucy 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Reconstruction of the vulva and vagina may be required following tumour excisions, or after excision of benign skin conditions. Scarring, skin disease, or radiotherapy may result in areas of tight or fibrotic skin that require plastic surgical reconstruction to improve comfort or sexual function. This region has a rich blood supply and local, fasciocutaneous ‘lotus petal’ flaps are very widely used to reconstruct vulval and vaginal defects. To fill the dead space of deep defects, or when pelvic exenteration has divided the blood supply to local flaps, regional flaps can be taken from the abdomen, buttocks, or thighs. Free flaps are relatively rarely used but offer greater flexibility in designing skin cover to fill a complex three-dimensional defect.
Liposculpture
Authors: Gasparotti Marco , Teo Isabel , Florio Andrea Maria , Lazzeri Davide , Soldin Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Liposculpture is the removal of localized deposits of fat with or without autologous fat injection to improve body contours. The ideal patient is one with localized deposits of fat, who is reasonably fit and well with realistic expectations. The important steps include careful marking in the standing position, infiltration of wetting solution, and careful aspiration of fat. Wetting solutions consist of crystalloids, local anaesthetic, and adrenaline, and minimize blood loss and allow for liposuction to be performed without the need for a general anaesthetic. Assisted techniques such as power-assisted liposuction, ultrasound-assisted liposuction, and laser-assisted liposuction have been developed to facilitate fat breakdown and reduce surgeon fatigue. Minor complications such as ecchymosis and seromas are common but usually mild, and severe life-threatening complications are rare. In well-selected patients, the results of liposuction are excellent and long-lasting.
Buttock augmentation
Authors: Triana Lina , Martínez Millán Mildred 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Surgery to the buttocks is part of aesthetic body contouring. In men and women the buttocks provide a central balance in the human body and a parameter that is part of sexual attraction. In South America, gluteoplasty is frequently requested by patients. Anatomical knowledge and experience with techniques such as the autologous gluteal lipograft, insertion of gluteal implants, and refinements are essential for plastic surgeons. There are many techniques described for buttock augmentation with implants. This chapter describes the anatomy of the buttocks, buttock subunits, patient selection, a step-by-step technique of intramuscular buttock augmentation, postoperative care, complications, and results. This surgical technique is safe and shows good results in selected patients.
Brachioplasty
Authors: Bain Charles J. , Soldin Mark 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Brachioplasty aims to improve the appearance of the arm by removal of excess skin or adipose tissue. This deformity is exacerbated by advancing age or massive weight loss. This chapter discusses the development of the brachioplasty technique and its variants, anatomical considerations, surgical technique, and outcome data. The decision-making process is clarified by a move away from complicated classification systems towards a simplified assessment of the deformity, and selection of the appropriate technique to correct it.
Radiation injury to the skin and deep tissues
Authors: Jeevaratnam Johann A. , Hallam Marc-James , Cubison Tania 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Ionizing radiation is ubiquitous—whether as ultraviolet light from the sun, therapeutic radiation therapy for cancer, or industrial accidents and disasters. In this chapter, the effects of radiation on the skin and subcutaneous tissues are described. The clinical manifestations of deliberate or accidental radiation exposure are presented, and the treatments discussed.
Modelling continuum reverberation in active galactic nuclei: a spectral-timing analysis of the ultraviolet variability through X-ray reverberation in Fairall 9
Authors: Hagen Scott , Done Chris 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT
Continuum reverberation mapping of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can provide new insight into the nature and geometry of the accretion flow. Some of the X-rays from the central corona irradiating the disc are absorbed, increasing the local disc temperature. This gives an additional reprocessed contribution to the spectral energy distribution (SED) which is lagged and smeared relative to the driving X-ray light curve. We directly calculate this reverberation from the accretion disc, creating fully time-dependent SEDs for a given X-ray light curve. We apply this to recent intensive monitoring data on Fairall 9, and find that it is not possible to produce the observed ultraviolet (UV) variability by X-ray reprocessing of the observed light curve from the disc. Instead, we find that the majority of the variability must be intrinsic to the UV emission process, adding to evidence from changing-look AGN that this region has a structure which is quite unlike a Shakura–Sunyaev disc. We filter out this long time-scale variability and find that reprocessing alone is still insufficient to explain even the fast variability in our assumed geometry of a central source illuminating a flat disc. The amplitude of reprocessing can be increased by any vertical structure such as the broad-line region and/or an inner disc wind, giving a better match. Fundamentally though the model is missing the major contributor to the variability, intrinsic to the UV/EUV emission rather than arising from reprocessing.
Thin accretion disc luminosity and its image around rotating black holes in perfect fluid dark matter
Authors: Heydari-Fard Malihe , Ghassemi Honarvar Sara , Heydari-Fard Mohaddese 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTMotivated by the fact that the universe is dominated by dark matter and dark energy, we consider rotating black holes surrounded by perfect fluid dark matter and study the accretion process in thin disc around such black holes. Here, we are interested in how the presence of dark matter affects the properties of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from a thin accretion disc. For this purpose, we use the Novikov–Thorne model and obtain the electromagnetic spectrum of an accretion disc around a rotating black hole in perfect fluid dark matter and compare with the general relativistic case. The results indicate that for small values of dark matter parameter we considered here, the size of the innermost stable circular orbits would decrease and thus the electromagnetic spectrum of the accretion disc increases. Therefore, discs in the presence of perfect fluid dark matter are hotter and more luminous than in general relativity. Finally, we construct thin accretion disc images around these black holes using the numerical ray-tracing technique. We show that the inclination angle has a remarkable effect on the images, whereas the effect of dark matter parameter is small.
Halo heating from fluctuating gas in a model dwarf
Authors: Hashim Mahmoud , El-Zant Amr A , Freundlich Jonathan , Read Justin I , Combes Françoise 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACTThe cold dark matter (CDM) structure formation scenario faces challenges on (sub)galactic scales, central among them being the ‘cusp-core’ problem. A known remedy, driving CDM out of Galactic Centres, invokes interactions with baryons, through fluctuations in the gravitational potential arising from feedback or orbiting clumps of gas or stars. Here, we interpret core formation in a hydrodynamic simulation in terms of a theoretical formulation, which may be considered a generalization of Chandrasekhar’s theory of two body relaxation to the case when the density fluctuations do not arise from white noise; it presents a simple characterization of the effects of complex hydrodynamics and ‘subgrid physics’. The power spectrum of gaseous fluctuations is found to follow a power law over a range of scales, appropriate for a fully turbulent compressible medium. The potential fluctuations leading to core formation are nearly normally distributed, which allows for the energy transfer leading to core formation to be described as a standard diffusion process, initially increasing the velocity dispersion of test particles as in Chandrasekhar’s theory. We calculate the energy transfer from the fluctuating gas to the halo and find it consistent with theoretical expectations. We also examine how the initial kinetic energy input to halo particles is redistributed to form a core. The temporal mass decrease inside the forming core may be fit by an exponential form; a simple prescription based on our model associates the characteristic time-scale with an energy relaxation time. We compare the resulting theoretical density distribution with that in the simulation.
Contrasting Patterns of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Structural Variation Across Multiple Invasions
Authors: Stuart Katarina C , Edwards Richard J , Sherwin William B , Rollins Lee A 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGenetic divergence is the fundamental process that drives evolution and ultimately speciation. Structural variants (SVs) are large-scale genomic differences within a species or population and can cause functionally important phenotypic differences. Characterizing SVs across invasive species will fill knowledge gaps regarding how patterns of genetic diversity and genetic architecture shape rapid adaptation under new selection regimes. Here, we seek to understand patterns in genetic diversity within the globally invasive European starling, Sturnus vulgaris. Using whole genome sequencing of eight native United Kingdom (UK), eight invasive North America (NA), and 33 invasive Australian (AU) starlings, we examine patterns in genome-wide SNPs and SVs between populations and within Australia. Our findings detail the landscape of standing genetic variation across recently diverged continental populations of this invasive avian. We demonstrate that patterns of genetic diversity estimated from SVs do not necessarily reflect relative patterns from SNP data, either when considering patterns of diversity along the length of the organism's chromosomes (owing to enrichment of SVs in subtelomeric repeat regions), or interpopulation diversity patterns (possibly a result of altered selection regimes or introduction history). Finally, we find that levels of balancing selection within the native range differ across SNP and SV of different classes and outlier classifications. Overall, our results demonstrate that the processes that shape allelic diversity within populations is complex and support the need for further investigation of SVs across a range of taxa to better understand correlations between often well-studied SNP diversity and that of SVs.
Primary nephrotic syndrome relapse within 1 year after glucocorticoid therapy in children is associated with gut microbiota composition at syndrome onset
Authors: Wang Chenwei , Qu Wei , Chen Qiurong , Huang Wen-yan , Kang Yulin , Shen Jian 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
Children with primary nephrotic syndrome (PNS) who relapse after glucocorticoid therapy are shown to have a decreased total proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria in the gut at onset. Glucocorticoid treatment changes the gut microbiota composition. It is unclear whether gut microbiota at remission right after therapy and gut bacteria other than butyrate-producing bacteria are associated with PNS relapse.

Methods
PNS relapse of paediatric patients within 1 year after glucocorticoid therapy was recorded. The gut microbiota composition, profiled with 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 region sequencing, was compared between relapsing and non-relapsing PNS children at onset before glucocorticoid treatment (preT group) and in PNS children at remission right after treatment (postT group), respectively.

Results
The gut microbiota composition of postT children significantly differed from that of preT children by having lower levels of Bacteroides, Lachnoclostridium, Flavonifractor, Ruminococcaceae UBA1819, Oscillibacter, Hungatella and Coprobacillus and higher levels of Ruminococcaceae UCG-013 and Clostridium sensu stricto 1 group. In the preT group, compared with non-relapsing patients, relapsing patients showed decreased Blautia, Dialister and total proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria and increased Oscillibacter, Anaerotruncus and Ruminococcaceae UBA1819. However, relapsing and non-relapsing postT children showed no difference in gut microbiota composition.

Conclusions
PNS relapse–associated gut microbiota dysbiosis at onset, which includes alterations of both butyrate-producing and non-butyrate-producing bacteria, disappeared right after glucocorticoid therapy. It is necessary to study the association of the longitudinal changes in the complete profiles of gut microbiota after glucocorticoid treatment with later PNS relapse.
Introduction
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Introduction begins with a description of an occurrence that confronted the author in August 2008—that is, thousands of low-caste Hindus worshipping Jesus at Mātṛ Dhām Āśram in Varanasi, the purported heart of Hindu civilization. The text returns to this initial image throughout, as the author interprets this community of Khrist Bhaktas, or “Christ Devotees,” in relation to those who minister them. The author argues that to do the community justice, one must interpret them from multiple vantages: as a unique Hindu bhakti movement exhibiting many of the attributes of so-called popular Hinduism, albeit with an unexpected chosen deity; as the surprising result of indigenizing Catholic mission following the Second Vatican Council; as evidence of the significance of Charismatic Catholicism and Pentecostalism in the new millennium; as an emancipatory religious movement overlapping with Dalit and low-caste sociopolitical uplift; and as the latest chapter of Hindu-Christian interaction and exchange. The Introduction further outlines theoretical, historical, and sociopolitical underpinnings of the study and explicates the methods used for telling the Khrist Bhakta story.
Ādi Kahāniyāṅ (Origin Stories)
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores the stories of Khrist Bhakta origins, oral histories compiled during the author’s first years of fieldwork. The chapter aims to reveal the actors involved in the healings that took place in the early 1990s, early precipitating incidents, whence the community formed, and generally, the movement’s conditions of possibility. It further shows the piecemeal way the Āśram grew to accommodate devotees. Significantly, though not surprisingly, not everyone recalls or understands the birth of the movement in the same way, pointing to the epistemological challenges attending to understanding the birth of even recent religious movements, a fact which should at least temper one’s certainties when dealing with devotional movements of earlier eras.
An Encounter with the Light of Truth
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 introduces Satya Prakash, a figure identified by several informants as “the first Khrist Bhakta.” He tells his own story, and special attention is paid to the particular Hindu-Christian hybrid vocabulary used to tell it, one that demonstrates a developing worldview, the unique challenges faced by subaltern communities in contemporary India, the vicissitudes that bring Banārasīs (literally) to their knees, and the experiences that keep bhaktas returning to Yesu and Mātṛ Dhām Āśram. He shares how a miracle led him into the orbit of Yesu and the Catholic pantheon, and he explains how Khrist Bhaktas interpret insiders and outsiders, a kind of hierarchy of commitment, wherein the truest devotee is the one whose devotion is most exclusive. Satya Prakash provides a window into contemporary Indian society, its perceived failures and frailties, taking the reader well beyond Varanasi.
The Shape of Things to Come
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines issues evoked by the existence of Khrist Bhaktas, the Indian Catholic Church’s role in India, and the current state of the inculturation movement within Indian Catholicism. It explores the discontent that Catholic priests and nuns have with the Catholic Church and its post-Independence niche as a religious minority in the Indian Republic. The chapter examines the reasons behind the waning of what one might call “official inculturation” efforts in spite of the ongoing reality of inculturation “on the ground.” Yet as official inculturation ebbs, Charismatic Catholicism flows, a fact which provides some with hope for the future—but no little danger. With regard to that future, the author offers three possibilities for the Khrist Bhaktas, situated within the religious history of South Asia. To further these dangerous prognostications, the author has recourse to Bruce Lincoln’s understanding of the anomaly, as well as to a famous devotee who likewise cut across religious boundaries.
Conclusion
Authors: San Chirico Kerry P. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In the Conclusion the author briefly updates the reader on the political and religious situation in India in general and in the state of Uttar Pradesh in particular, where Hindu nationalism is ascendant—to the detriment of religious minorities and to secular, pluralistic democracy. This sociopolitical reality will shape much of the North Indian Hindu-Christian encounter into the foreseeable future. In this study’s denouement, the author focuses on mutual Hindu-Christian understandings of the other, paying special attention to abiding fears—not without basis—deserving brutal honesty and moral courage. The Khrist Bhaktas are situated between, within, and across these religious complexes and sociopolitical complexities. The author argues that, as religious categories are never fixed, and relational identities are the norm, the Khrist Bhaktas can legitimately be “read” in a number of ways. Whether they will be is another matter given the current context.
Bentham’s Chapter IX
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham’s chapter is devoted to states of an agent’s “consciousness,” which can be treated as states of belief (including a lack of a belief). Bentham’s distinction between the will, or volition, and the understanding, or cognition, is explained. An agent can have various belief states regarding a circumstance of her action: she can correctly believe one to exist, falsely believe it doesn’t exist, or have no belief about it. Bentham’s conceptions of heedless and rash acts are explained. His definitions of them anticipate a concept of Anglo-American criminal law, namely, the “reasonable person,” which is used as a standard to characterize criminal negligence.
Bentham’s Chapter XIV
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham emphasizes how punishment can deter potential offenders. He uses his Rule 1 to argue that every potential offender who is deterrable should be deterred. Rule 1 is, in effect, a final refinement to Bentham’s causal theory of action: his account of decision-making. Some of the other rules, which embody considerations implied by the principle of utility, entail that it would sometimes be wrong to deter every deterrable potential offender. The issue here is, again, that severe punishments may be unprofitable. Bentham’s Motivation Argument is revisited. It states that, given his theory of motivation, he can show that every person has motives available to her for performing the acts that the principle of utility declares are right. Two difficulties are presented. Bentham’s theory of motivation may not be true. Second, because of profitability considerations, utilitarian penal law may not be designed to deter every deterrable offender.
Bentham’s Chapter XV
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In Chapter XV Bentham considers which kinds of punishment are best suited for each offense and offender. The kinds are practices like fines and capital punishment. Bentham treats the problem abstractly: he discusses eleven desirable properties that most kinds of punishment have to some degree. Each property is explained. Bentham emphasizes the importance of “exemplarity.” Punishment provides an “example” when it’s performed in public, and Bentham seemed to envision many punishments occurring in public. His attitude to “retaliation” is interesting, since retaliatory punishments were endorsed by Kant. Bentham recognizes that utilitarian punishments can reduce offending by processes other than deterrence, for example, by “disablement,” that is, incapacitation.
Bentham’s Chapter XVI
Authors: Sverdlik Steven 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Bentham presents a “division” or classification of offenses. An act should only be made an offense if it’s mischievous (that is, wrong), and if punishing it is profitable. Hence, not all of the types of acts in the classification will pass both tests. The main features of the acts in each of his five classes of offense are described. Bentham’s thinking about which parts of morality and utilitarian law would be universally shared, and which parts would only be true or applicable in certain places and times are described. The connection of civil law and penal law is described. The Formal Argument is revisited. All of the psychological material Bentham intended to present has been presented. But much of the material about acts to be made into offenses, and the specific directives about the punishment of offenders, isn’t in IPML. It was to appear in the penal code.
Perspectives on Poverty
Authors: Rank Mark Robert 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 reviews various perspectives for understanding poverty. The traditional American ideology for understanding success and poverty is first reviewed. From this perspective, poverty is viewed as the result of individual failure. In particular, individuals in poverty are seen as not having the necessary motivation to get ahead, having made bad decisions in their life, or lacking in ability and talent. The condition of poverty is viewed by the general public as carrying considerable shame and stigma. The second half of the chapter reviews several social science perspectives explaining why poverty exists. These include the Marxist critique of capitalism, human capital theory, dual labor market theory, functionalism, distribution of welfare state resources, the culture of poverty, and the role of social isolation.
Transformations I
Authors: Hook Julian 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Mappings defined on the set of major and minor triads lie at the heart of neo-Riemannian theory and have been among the most extensively studied musical transformations. Many triadic transformations may be formalized as uniform triadic transformations (UTTs), which form a group of order 288 with a wreath product structure. The transformations of neo-Riemannian theory form a subgroup, the Riemann group, a dihedral group of order 24 that formalizes Hugo Riemann’s notion of harmonic dualism. Certain families of triads, familiar from the work of Richard Cohn and others, arise as orbits of subgroups of the Riemann group; these families highlight hexatonic or octatonic structure and take distinctive forms when mapped in the tonnetz. Some groups of interest contain non-Riemannian UTTs such as the mediant transformation, useful in modeling some diatonic relationships. Inversion operators and some other useful transformations are not UTTs, but the UTT formalism may be extended to account for them; other extensions to the theory accommodate seventh chords.