A power Doppler ultrasound method for improving intraoperative tip localization for visually obstructed needles in interstitial prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Orlando Nathan , Snir Jonatan , Barker Kevin , D'Souza David , Velker Vikram , Mendez Lucas C. , Fenster Aaron , Hoover Douglas A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPurposeHigh‐dose‐rate (HDR) interstitial brachytherapy (BT) is a common treatment technique for localized intermediate to high‐risk prostate cancer. Transrectal ultrasound (US) imaging is typically used for guiding needle insertion, including localization of the needle tip which is critical for treatment planning. However, image artifacts can limit needle tip visibility in standard brightness (B)‐mode US, potentially leading to dose delivery that deviates from the planned dose. To improve intraoperative tip visualization in visually obstructed needles, we propose a power Doppler (PD) US method which utilizes a novel wireless mechanical oscillator, validated in phantom experiments and clinical HDR‐BT cases as part of a feasibility clinical trial.MethodsOur wireless oscillator contains a DC motor housed in a 3D printed case and is powered by rechargeable battery allowing the device to be operated by one person with no additional equipment required in the operating room. The oscillator end‐piece features a cylindrical shape designed for BT applications to fit on top of the commonly used cylindrical needle mandrins. Phantom validation was completed using tissue‐equivalent agar phantoms with the clinical US system and both plastic and metal needles. Our PD method was tested using a needle implant pattern matching a standard HDR‐BT procedure as well as an implant pattern designed to maximize needle shadowing artifacts. Needle tip localization accuracy was assessed using the clinical method based on ideal reference needles as well as a comparison to computed tomography (CT) as a gold standard. Clinical validation was completed in five patients who underwent standard HDR‐BT as part of a feasibility clinical trial. Needle tips positions were identified using B‐mode US and PD US with perturbation from our wireless oscillator.ResultsAbsolute mean ± standard deviation tip error for B‐mode alone, PD alone, and B‐mode combined with PD was respectively: 0.3 ± 0.3 mm, 0.6 ± 0.5 mm, and 0.4 ± 0.2 mm for the mock HDR‐BT needle implant; 0.8 ± 1.7 mm, 0.4 ± 0.6 mm, and 0.3 ± 0.5 mm for the explicit shadowing implant with plastic needles; and 0.5 ± 0.2 mm, 0.5 ± 0.3 mm, and 0.6 ± 0.2 mm for the explicit shadowing implant with metal needles. The total mean absolute tip error for all five patients in the feasibility clinical trial was 0.9 ± 0.7 mm using B‐mode US alone and 0.8 ± 0.5 mm when including PD US, with increased benefit observed for needles classified as visually obstructed.ConclusionsOur proposed PD needle tip localization method is easy to implement and requires no modifications or additions to the standard clinical equipment or workflow. We have demonstrated decreased tip localization error and variation for visually obstructed needles in both phantom and clinical cases, including providing the ability to visualize needles previously not visible using B‐mode US alone. This method has the potential to improve needle visualization in challenging cases without burdening the clinical workflow, potentially improving treatment accuracy in HDR‐BT and more broadly in any minimally invasive needle‐based procedure.