bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case Histories of Clostridium Hemolyticum Infection
Authors: Plummer Ben 
Published: March 2023

My topic today is case histories of clostridium hemolyticum infection. We call this disease "red water" down in our part of the country. It is also knows as bacillary hemoglobinuria.
In Florida, red water is a relatively new disease. So far as I can find out, it was first suspected as the cause of several deaths in a Brahman herd in the Kissimmee River Valley area around 1957 or 1958. Five years later, in 1962, it was positively diagnosed by laboratory confirmation some 75 to 80 miles to the south in a herd located on the northwest shore of Lake Okeechobee, where the Kissimmee River runs into the lake. Since then, it has spread to just about every area in southern Florida.
I mention where the disease was first found because I feel that it has something to do with the spread of the disease in our area. But first, let me say something about the causitive organism, how it affects cattle, and its diagnosis.
Red water is caused by one of the clostridial organisms, clostridium hemolyticum. Bovine Medicine and Surgery describes the organism as a noncapsulated, sluggishly motile spore forming, obligate anaerobic rod. They also state that culture requirements are most exacting and that it closely resembles Cl novyi and Cl sardellie in culture features, but is an immunologically distinct species. On cultural media, atoxin is produced that has a twofold affect on body tissue. One causes hemolysis of erythrocytes and the other, tissue necrosis. Hemolysis and liver necrosis is also found in natural infection. It is gram positive for the first 24 hours of growth on culture, then becomes gram negative.
Association of the "Rat Tail" Syndrome with Bovine Papular Stomatitis in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Bechtol David T. 
Published: March 2023

A problem designated as the "rat tail" syndrome was widespread in high plains feedlots in the late summer of 1975 and in 1976 and has become a matter of economic importance to the cattle feeder.
The "rat tail" steer is one that has lost the switch in his tail, a warning that the animal should be culled from a pen of feedlot cattle as a potentially poor performer. "Rat tail" is an external sign of disturbed digestive function. Chronics that fail to recover from an acute infection such as bovine viral diarrhea may develop rat tails; however, such incidence seldom exceeds one percent of a pen. When five to ten percent of the cattle in a feedlot develop rat tails, the situation presents a different problem called the "rat tail syndrome."
Rumen Acidosis and Related Complications
Authors: Vestweber Jerry 
Published: March 2023

Milk and meat production have become more dependent on the increased use of concentrates in the ration and whether these practices will continue with the known problems that exist and altered rumen fermentation that occurs, is dependent upon the continued advantage of use and solutions to modify the problems of high-concentrate rations.
Rations that consist of primarily roughage provide enough energy to maintain the average annual milk production of approximately 10,000 lbs. per cow in the United States, but most cows have a genetic potential for more milk production and this can be obtained by increased use of grain. Kansas Dairy Herd Improvement records indicate the advantage of concentrate feedings for increased milk production.
When dairy cows are fed high levels of concentrates, major changes in the rumen environment occur. Some of these changes are detrimental as described in the previous disease conditions. Numerous attempts have been made to use rumen buffers to counteract some of these negative effects (15,16,17,31).
The effects of these buffers on volatile fatty acids, lactate production, and metabolism have been variable. If appropriate levels of supplementation can be determined, they may be useful in combating the negative effects of high-concentrate feeding.
Blood Levels of Oxytetracycline After the Use of a Long-Acting Formulation to Eliminate the Carrier State of Bovine Anaplasmosis
Authors: Roby T. O. 
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this paper is to present data on the blood plasma levels of oxytetracycline which resulted when cattle were injected intramuscularly (IM) once a week with a strengthened and improved formulation of oxytetracycline containing 200 mg/ml of base drug. One injection of this formulation has been reported to have an inhibitory effect on the parasitemia in acute anaplasmosis equivalent to three daily injections of oxytetracycline containing 50 mg/ml (2). Also, the former formulation has been recently reported to effect the elimination of the carrier state of bovine anaplasmosis when administered IM at seven-day intervals (3).
The use of tetracycline drugs at relatively high dosage levels for varying periods of time has been an accepted procedure for eliminating A. marginale infection. Either prolonged feeding of chlortetracycline or daily injection of oxytetracycline have been used for this purpose in a number of earlier studies. The present study suggests that the use of a long-acting oxytetracycline will effectively eliminate the carrier state of sensitive strains of A. marginale. Also, the present study shows that in a limited ·number of cattle, detectable blood levels were present in 10 of 12 cattle seven days after one treatment with the long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline. It will be necessary to further evaluate the use of this treatment regimen to determine if similar results can be achieved under field conditions.
What Are Animal Welfare People Telling Us?
Authors: Black Neal 
Published: March 2023

In brief, the animal welfarists are telling us that the most popular systems for producing meat, milk and eggs in the U.S. constitute abuse and deprivation of the animals involved. One of the major lessons of that trial and of other experience regarding this issue is that there are very good reasons why livestock producers have adopted the practices and systems they use. We've sometimes forgotten why these systems were adopted, but we're reminded quickly when we test some of the alternatives suggested by the welfarists.
Review of Bovine Bluetongue
Authors: Osburn B. I. , MacLachlan N. J. , Anderson G. A. , Scott J. L. 
Published: March 2023

Bluetongue (BT) is an insect-transmitted, virus disease of domestic and wild ruminants. The disease was first described in South Africa, but has subsequently been recognized in a number of other countries, including the United States. 1,2 The best means of controlling infection in cattle is through control of the culicoides vector. This can be accomplished by frequent application of larvicides to water sources such as ponds, lagoons, etc. Variation oflagoon or pond water levels at weekly intervals will reduce the breeding sites of the culicoides. Application of insecticides at weekly intervals to cattle may reduce an insect population sufficiently so that the infection rate is reduced.
Panel Discussion
Authors: Hancock Dr. , Miller Dr. 
Published: March 2023

Panel discussion about using a TS meter to check serum protein as a comparison against the zinc sulphate turbidity test, what disinfectants or type of chemicals can be used to disinfect equipment that is being used on multiple animals, use of vaccine to keep herds intact, culling procedure of the herds in Europe, importance of insect vectors, percent of fetal calves developing lymphosarcoma.
Use of Microcomputers for Consultation
Authors: Leverett Gene 
Published: March 2023

Microcomputer programs are real great tools for storing, tabulation, and analysing information. The proper use of this tool requires a well developed rational philosophy of livestock production to benefit the producer, which I hope I have given a good idea of in my explanation of the cow-calf program. The other problem with the computer is the inadequacy of available software. There is a lot of junk software available that just isn't worth the powder to blow it up. To make your own software is a very time consuming project that most people will not be able to accomplish to their satisfaction.
A Realistic Herd Health Program
Authors: Clark, Jr. Hubert C. 
Published: March 2023

Since the goal of the cattlemen is to maintain and improve a profit margin, a workable herd health program is a must for beef producers in the l 980's. Our herd health program was developed with major emphasis on preventive medicine.
Your goals as a veterinarian might be:l. All cattle vaccinated against common disease each year.2. All cattle wormed twice a year.3. A brucellosis free and certified herd.4. All adult cows and bulls have Ectrin ear tags for fly control and ear tags for identification.5. All animals treated with delice and grub kill in the fall.6. All bull calves castrated and implanted each year.7. All cows pregnancy tested and open ones culled each fall.8. All cattle dehorned in the herd.9. All bulls soundness examined each winter.
I feel if the veterinarian has communication with the cattlemen in the area, then a profitable and meaningful herd health program can be established.
Bovine Leptospirosis and Infertility
Authors: Hanson Lyle E. 
Published: March 2023

Bovine leptospirosis was first identified as a disease of cattle in 1935 in Russia (Mikhin and Azhinov, 1935). Although bovine leptospirosis has been in the U.S. for many years, it was primarily associated with the pomona serovar (Baker and Little, 1948). Prevalence studies based on serolgic surveys indicate hardjo is the most widespread serovar with reactor rates varying from a low of 6% for the midwest to a high of 62% for Florida cattle (Stoenner, 1975; Rubin, 1977). Clinical signs of leptospirosis in cattle vary with the serovars involved, the herd susceptibility, and between acute and chronic infections.
Ostertagia Ostertagi
Authors: Williams J. C. , Marbury K. S. , Scheide S. W. , Luther D. G. , Knox J. W. , Kimball M. D. , Snider, III T. G. 
Published: March 2023

Ostertagia ostertagi is the most important parasites of cattle and occurs in all major cattle raising sections of the United States. Recognition, diagnosis, management and treatment for ostertagiasis are often misunderstood because of the complex epidemiology of the parasite in northern and southern regions of the country. It has become evident that the different disease phases of 0. ostertagi, i.e., type I, pre-type II, and type 11, as described from other parts of the world, do occur in this country. Innorthern temperate regions inhibition-prone larvae are acquired in autumn, persist through winter, with type II disease being a threat from late winter into spring. Larval inhibition occurs during spring in southern temperate regions such as Louisiana, the larvae remain in the inhibited state through summer and type II disease outbreaks may occur from late summer through autumn. Based on research in other parts of the world in which integrated forms of parasite control have been developed and implemented, there is an increasing interest in such control programs in this country. Appropriatelytimed anthelmintic treatment, tied in with some alteration of pasture management which provides safe pasture or pasture of reduced infection potential for younger, susceptible cattle is based on parasite epidemiological data. Such data is available for some sections of the country. Some aspects of research into parasite epidemiology and integrated control conducted in Louisiana are discussed.
Effects of Premilking Udder Hygiene on Environmental Bacterial Contamination, Sediment, and Iodine Residue in Milk
Authors: Galton David M. 
Published: March 2023

Premilking hygiene is an essential component of effective milking programs. The objective of our work was to determine the effects ofvarious udder preparation and disinfectants (udder wash sanitizer and postmilking teat dips used as premilking disinfectants dip) on reducing bacterial populations, sediment, and iodine residue in milk.
Dairy Herd Management Update: Pest Management
Authors: Surgeoner G. A. 
Published: March 2023

Integrated pest management simply defined is the use of all potential control strategies to reduce pest populations below economic levels while minimizing undesirable effects to animals and the environment. In order to do so we must identify the pest, know its economic thresholds, integrate control strategies and understand the impact of these strategies especially when using insecticides. In my presentation I have dealt with five pests common to the dairy producer; 1) house fly, 2) horn fly, 3) face fly, 4) lice, and 5) cattle grubs. These constitute summertime pasture and stable problems and wintertime parasites. For each pest I will cover their biology (briefly and only as it relates to control), the economic threshold and finally the best control options available to us.
Residue Avoidance in the Veal Industry
Authors: Grover Wayne M. 
Published: March 2023

The right to use drugs in an extra label fashion, concurrent with a valid veterinarian-client-patient relationship, has given veterinarians an awesome responsibility. Veterinarian must not take that responsibility lightly. Each individual practitioner must establish his or her own guidelines to determine what circumstances necessitate the Extra Label Use (ELU) of drugs. The primary challenge of ELU is determining the withdrawal times necessary to avoid residue problems.
Rear Leg Lameness in Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Perino Louis 
Published: March 2023

Feedyard lameness has an economic impact on both the producer and the packer. Rear leg disorders can be particularly troublesome. In cases not amenable to treatment, or those that fail to respond, salvage is a viable economic alternative. However, drug and vaccine withdrawals can preclude this option for a period of time during which the animal continues to lose weight and value. If the discomfort associated with the lameness can be reduced the animal will continue to eat and weight loss will be minimized or a weight gain can be realized. With this in mind we have attempted to develop some different strategies to reduce the discomfort and stay within certain economic limits.
Trace Minerals
Authors: Johnson J. L. , Schneider N. R. , Anderson G. A. , Carlson M. P. 
Published: March 2023

Gastrointestinal irritation is a common entity in trace mineral toxicosis. To determine the extent of trace mineral involvement in west-central Nebraska beef calves, trace elements analyses were performed on 144 livers from perinatal calves submitted to the Veterinary Science Laboratory, North Platte, Nebraska during 1983 and 1984. All calves originated from herds in west-central Nebraska and ranged in age from eight months of gestation up to six-week-old neonates. Perinates were subjected to complete gross and microscopic, bacteriologic, virologic and toxicologic examinations. The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine if trace mineral problems existed in west-central Nebraska, and if any relationship existed with potential disease syndromes. No single element appears responsible for neonatal calf diarrhea, but the variety of fluctuations indicate that trace elements play a role in many enteric syndromes. Supplementation of necessary elements in a proper protein and energy diet has improved production and lessened disease effects by reduced morbidity and mortality. Liver concentrations indicated above normal iron content as the most common trace mineral finding in calves with diarrhea. Hematology values were within normal ranges except for hemoglobin (Hgb) and hematocrit (Hct), which were above normal in both groups of CU cows and non CU cows. Other problems attributed to trace minerals include sudden death in calves, white muscle disease, poor nursing and unthriftiness in calves, retained placentas, infertility, achromotrichia and downer cows.
New Concepts in Bovine Anesthesia
Authors: Tranquil William J. 
Published: March 2023

The importance of inducing anesthesia and analgesia to ensure the humane treatment of cattle destined to undergo surgical procedure has been overlooked by some members of the veterinary profession. The reasons for this appear to be diverse. The ability to effectively mechanically restrain cattle has also had a significant influence upon the direction of investigation into newanesthetic / analgesic techniques for the bovine species by veterinary anesthesiologists and other investigators. Two new concepts, "electroanesthesia" and "electroacupuncture anesthesia," have been advanced or reintroduced in recent years to implement restraint, anesthesia, and analgesia of the bovine. Assessment of electroanesthesia for dehorning of cattle has been recently reported. Results from this trial indicated that the application of an electroimmobilizing stimulus may be painful and should not be considered as capable of inducing analgesia. In contrast to the questionable results observed with electroimmobilization techniques, data showing the effectiveness of acupuncture techniques in achieving analgesia and even anesthesia in the bovine are more positive.
Botulism in Cattle
Authors: Whitlock R. H. , Messick J. , Divers T. , Ott J. , Oliver A. , Bartholomew R. 
Published: March 2023

Botulism in cattle has been associated with the ingestion of contaminated carrion or forages. This report describes the clinical signs and diagnostic approaches in three outbreaks of botulism in cattle where Clostridium botulinum Type B organisms were identified in each herd and specific toxin detected in the forage of one herd. In each of these outbreaks Type B organisms wereisolated from the silage which may have been improperly fermented. The key factor may be the lack of adequate fermentation to reach a low pH, thus inhibiting sporulation and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum. Botulinum organisms were also isolated from the rumen contents and feces of affected cattle which help confirm the diagnosis because normal cattle do not have botulinum organisms in the gastrointestinal contents. Mouse toxicity and neutralization testing was performed on a supernatant for the testing of serum. All the mice injected intraperitoneally with botulism toxin containing supernatant died within the 96 hour test period. Those mice receiving a mixture of the trypsinized tissue extract containing the monovalent antitoxin corresponding to the type of toxin present in the tissue survived the 96 hour test period.
Comparison of Oral and Intravenous Fluid Therapy in Neonatal Calves with Experimental Colibacillosis
Authors: Guard C. L. , Tennant B. C. 
Published: March 2023

Oral fluid therapy and intravenous fluid therapy have been appled to treat severe diarrhea in calves. In terms of severity of cases, calves that are dehydrated and depressed but not yet shocky represent a grey area. Will oral fluids be utilized adequately or must therapy be more aggressive? These questions prompted our study comparing oral and intravenous therapy in experimentally produced diarrhea.
Our experimental results indicate that severe, acute diarrhea was produced in 22 of 25 calves by oral inoculation of a broth culture of E. coli. Those calves receiving IV fluid therapy at the onset of diarrhea had the least deviations from normal blood chemistry values and all survived. Those receiving delayed IV therapy had minor abnormalities in blood chemistry values and also all survived. Those calves receiving oral therapy beginning at the onset of diarrhea developed moderate acidosis, hyperkalemia and hyponatremia; they had a cumulative 57% mortality by the end of the maintenance period. Calves orally rehydrated when 8% of body weight had been lost as diarrheic stool developed severe acidosis, hemoconcentration and hyperkalemia; all calves in this group died within 18 hr of the onset of diarrhea.
Chloride Requirements of Lactating Dairy Cattle
Authors: Chase L. E. , Fettman M. J. 
Published: March 2023

Chloride is the third most abundant mineral element in milk and the most common anion in the extracellular body fluids of mammals (Coppock and Fettman, 1977). An early study at Cornell found that cows fed a low chloride diet, containing .18% chloride, had lower chloride excretion in urine and feces (Coppock et al., 1979). Significant reductions in chloride concentrations of blood plasma, urine, saliva and synovial fluids were reported in young calves fed a diet containing .038% chloride (Burkhalter et al., 1979; Burkhalter et al., 1980; and Neathery et al., 1981). A trial was designed to examine the potential affects of a chloride deficiency in dairy cows (Fettman et al., 1984b, I 984c). Diets were formulated containing either . 1 (low), .27 (medium) or .45 (high) % chloride on a dry matter basis. No differences in dry matter intake, milk production or body weight changes were detected between the medium and high diets (Fettman et al., 1984b, 1984c). However, significant decreases in these three measures were noted for cows on the low chloride diet. Cows on the medium and high chloride diets did not differ in the metabolic parameters monitored. The results of this study indicate that a dietary chloride content of . l % is too low for early lactation dairy cows. It would appear that a dietary chloride level of .25 to .3% on a dry matter basis should be used in practical ration formulation.
Use of an Elisa Milk Progesterone Test as an Aid to Oestrus Prediction in Dairy Cows
Authors: Eddy R. G. 
Published: March 2023

Oestrus detection in dairy cows has been the subject of many studies and various methods of improving oestrus detection have been investigated and reviewed by Boyd ( 1984). Poor oestrus detection will extend the calving to conception interval by prolonging both the calving to first service and first service to conception intervals (Eddy 1980). The availability of a commercially produced enzyme immunoassay (EIA) test kit (Ovucheck; Cambridge Veterinary Sciences) stimulated the setting up of trials to study oestrus detection rates and detection efficiency after first service. This paper reports the results of these trials. Trial 1 demonstrated that the E.I.A. for progesterone could be readily performed in the practice laboratory and Trial 2 demonstrated that similar improvements in accuracy and detection rates could be achieved by alternate day sampling. Oestrus detection remains a problem in many large dairy herds using artificial insemination and these trials demonstrate a place for oestrus prediction using E.I.A.
Dairy Industry Economics
Authors: Hamm Larry G. 
Published: March 2023

In 1985 the U.S. dairy industry generated cash receipts of $18.1 billion. When the receipts associated with the dairy cattle marketed through the beef system are included, the dairy industry generated almost $26 billion, or about 17 percent of the 1985 total cash receipts of U.S. agriculture. Thus, the dairy industry is a major component of the U.S. farm economy which generates demands for many products and services. The purpose of this paper is to provide the reader with some indication about the current condition of the U.S. dairy and milk markets and to relate those changes to veterinarians practicing in large animal and dairy businesses.
This paper briefly explores four propositions about the nature of the U.S. dairy sector. These include:• Fundamental market and technological change will continue.• Government involvement in the dairy industry is assured.• The direction of government policy will be known shortly.• The role of the bovine practitioner will change.