bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Classifying cuneiform symbols using machine learning algorithms with unigram features on a balanced dataset
Authors: Mahmood Maha , Jasem Farah Maath , Mukhlif Abdulrahman Abbas , AL-Khateeb Belal 
Published: September 2023

AbstractProblemRecognizing written languages using symbols written in cuneiform is a tough endeavor due to the lack of information and the challenge of the process of tokenization. The Cuneiform Language Identification (CLI) dataset attempts to understand seven cuneiform languages and dialects, including Sumerian and six dialects of the Akkadian language: Old Babylonian, Middle Babylonian Peripheral, Standard Babylonian, Neo-Babylonian, Late Babylonian, and Neo-Assyrian. However, this dataset suffers from the problem of imbalanced categories.AimTherefore, this article aims to build a system capable of distinguishing between several cuneiform languages and solving the problem of unbalanced categories in the CLI dataset.MethodsOversampling technique was used to balance the dataset, and the performance of machine learning algorithms such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Decision Tree (DT), Random Forest (RF), and deep learning such as deep neural networks (DNNs) using the unigram feature extraction method was investigated.ResultsThe proposed method using machine learning algorithms (SVM, KNN, DT, and RF) on a balanced dataset obtained an accuracy of 88.15, 88.14, 94.13, and 95.46%, respectively, while the DNN model got an accuracy of 93%. This proves improved performance compared to related works.ConclusionThis proves the improvement of classifiers when working on a balanced dataset. The use of unigram features also showed an improvement in the performance of the classifier as it reduced the size of the data and accelerated the processing process.
Comparative analysis of techniques in long reach passive optical networks: overview and design
Authors: Sachdeva Shippu , Shukla Manoj Kumar , Sindhwani Manoj , Kumar Abhishek , Adhikari Manoj Singh 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Long reach PON is an attractive option for addressing the growing bandwidth needs of internet applications and also serving multiple ONUs. Due to newly augmented technologies such as 4K/8K television, video meetings/conferencing, and online gaming, end-user bandwidth demands are exponentially rising day by day. Wavelength division multiplexing–based passive optical network (WDM-PON), which can deliver high data rates over long distances, is the ultimate solution to the growing bandwidth demand. It is possible to reduce the number of active cabinets and central offices while increasing the number of optical network units (ONUs) with the use of passive optical networks (PONs). At higher bit rates, researchers faced lot of issues like increased pulse width due to increased distance, burst loss, fault detection, etc. In this paper, we have discussed few challenges faced in passive optical networks. Also, we have discussed about the methodology to overcome these issues.
Analyzing the effect of notch geometry on the impact strength of 3D-printed specimens
Authors: Solouki Ali , Aliha Mohammad Reza Mohammad , Makui Ahmad , Choupani Naghdali 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) using 3D printing techniques such as fused deposition modeling (FDM) has now found much attention, not only in prototyping but also in industrial production. Indeed, the 3D-printed components are now widely used as structural elements in many applications such as biomechanical engineering (dentistry, orthopedics, bio implants, etc.) and therefore, full understanding of their strength, load carrying capacity, improving the mechanical behaviors, and manufacturing process is an important issue. Charpy impact experiments offer information on the strength of a material to sudden failure where a sharp stress raiser or notch is present. In addition to providing information not available from any other simple mechanical experiments, the impact resistance tests are quick and inexpensive, so they are often used. In this research, impact strength experiments were conducted at room temperatures on rectangular samples containing three different notches including V-notch, U-notch, and Keyhole-notch to determine impact resistance of the 3D-printed polylactic acid (PLA) components. The capability of multiple comparison tests for analysis of variance like ANOVA, Tukey, and Fisher methods for prediction of impact resistance in the tested specimens were also investigated. The samples containing Keyhole notch showed highest Charpy impact resistance. In contrary, V-notched sample provided the lowest impact energy. All the employed statistical analyses reveal that the notch type has meaningful influence on the impact energy of 3D-printed parts.
Effect of cellulose nanofibril concentration and diameter on the quality of bicomponent yarns
Authors: Alves Fernando , De Oliveira Picanço Michel , Rogerio Colares Neto Jair , de Fátima Martins Pires Tatiana , Ygor Correia Pedro , Wisky Silva Danillo , Moulin Jordão Cabral 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The industrial sector is increasingly interested in the production of yarns based on renewable, efficient, innovative, and ecological resources. Among these precursors, cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) have gained attention due to their interesting characteristics for the development of new products. However, their dimensions pose challenges in their use. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the influence of NFC concentrations and dimensions on the quality of bicomponent yarns. The bicomponent yarns were produced using a coaxial needle and the dry–wet-spinning method. The outer layer was made of guar gum (3 % w/v) and the inner layer of NFC bleached at two different degrees of refining (NFC A and NFC B). Yarn production involved varying concentrations of NFC (4.5 %, 3.5 % and 2.5 % w/v) NFC, which were characterized by real density analyses, tensile strength, water absorption, thermogravimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Guar gum showed more hydrophilic characteristics, and its delay in hardening caused a less circular section and flaps on the side of the yarn. NFC B exhibited the smallest average diameter, and higher concentrations resulted in yarns with greater mechanical strength, more circular cross-sections, and fewer microstructural defects.
Low-temperature small-angle electron-electron scattering rate in Fermi metals
Authors: Arulsamy Andrew Das 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Low-temperature elementary conductivity formula in Fermi metals is reviewed starting from Ohm’s law. This provides the background needed to understand why and how the equations exploited are complicated due to effective mass effect and complex scattering rate even in the presence of small-angle electron-electron scattering at low temperatures. Using the mathematical conditions and physical arguments exploited to derive the Drude conductivity formula, we arrive at our main result—the analytic scattering rate formula at low temperatures that gives rise to the famous T
2 dependence without any ad hoc constants. Our derivation formally proves that the formula,

1
/
τ
=

(

A
/
ℏ

)

(

k

B

T

)

2

/

E

F

$1/\tau =\left(A/\hslash \right){\left({k}_{\text{B}}T\right)}^{2}/{E}_{\text{F}}$

first guessed by Ashcroft and Mermin to be correct where A = N
impurity/4π
2 and N
impurity is the number of impurities (or scattering centers) present in a given sample. We also highlight the discovery of a new fundamental physical constant,

λ

Arulsamy

=

3

ℏ

2

(

4
π

ϵ

0

)

2

/

m

el

e

4

${\lambda }_{\text{Arulsamy}}=\left[3{\hslash }^{2}{\left(4\pi {{\epsilon}}_{0}\right)}^{2}\right]/\left[{m}_{\text{el}}{e}^{4}\right]$

that associates quantum mechanical energy with that of thermal energy, and is also related to Rydberg constant.
On the limitations of the complex wave velocity for the heterogeneous swirling flows
Authors: Shanmugam Prakash 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The hydrodynamic instability of variable density swirling flows under gravity between two infinite coaxial cylinders is investigated for axisymmetric disturbances. It is shown that the complex wave velocity of any arbitrary unstable axisymmetric mode must lie within the semi-elliptical region whose minor axis depends on the density stratification parameter J(r). The stabilizing effect of density stratification is shown by reducing the semi-circular instability region of [G. K. Batchelor and A. E. Gill, “Analysis of the stability of axisymmetric jets,” J. Fluid Mech., vol. 14, p. 529, 1962]. Furthermore, we have obtained two parabolic instability regions which intersect and reduce the semi-elliptical instability region for density-stratified flows. These parabolic instability regions are uniformly valid for both variable density and density homogeneous flows also.
Transformation of Educational Work in State-established Galleries in the Czech Republic – situation in Moravian Gallery
Authors: Rozbořil Blahoslav , Kaňkovská Andrea 
Published: September 2023

The paper deals with the transformation of educational activities in relation to other activities and strategies towards the public in state-established galleries in the Czech Republic. The case study of the Moravian Gallery in Brno highlights the opening up of the gallery to the public and the introduction of new formats for working with the public. It is a mono-layered process that may not be perceived very positively by the art theoretical community.
The professional community perceives new promotion formats such as the extension of animation activities to elements of gamification in the case of institutions with long traditions and ties to high culture, as an invasion of low-culture elements.
Economic considerations are also a target of criticism: the criterion for the success of a gallery for the founder is the growth or retention of visitors. However, the innovation of educational programmes and the audience development plan do not generate growth in attendance, but above all bring the a transformation of the spectrum and the structure of the visitor base.
The solution to the dilemma of elitist versus egalitarian orientation seems obvious: if a museum institution is to be visible and attractive, it must necessarily be in the egalitarian pole in the competition between attractive media and social networks, otherwise it will become an exclusively academic institution. It is questionable to what extent the new strategies for working with audiences are functional in the Czech environment as a manifestation of the democratisation of art in cultural institutions.
TRANSFORMANDO LA EDUCACIÓN PARA LA POBLACIÓN VULNERABLE
Authors: Torres Hernández Jorge Wilson 
Published: September 2023

El presente estudio se efectuó en un colegio colombiano que atiende niños en condiciones de vulnerabilidad educativa. Allí, se creó una novela gráfica digital fundamentada en el aprendizaje cooperativo cuyo propósito radicó en fortalecer las habilidades lingüísticas del inglés. La investigación es cualitativa bajo la modalidad investigación-acción. Se seleccionó un grupo de grado undécimo (16 estudiantes) cuyas características socio-culturales se enmarcan dentro de la vulnerabilidad social. Se llevaron a cabo 4 fases para la realización de la investigación (Diagnóstico, Diseño e intervención y Evaluación). Primero, se realizó un cuestionario de necesidades hacia el aprendizaje para determinar las preferencias en términos pedagógicos y didácticos. Luego, se exploran diversos motores para la creación novelas graficas digitales teniendo en cuenta las teorías propuestas en el presente estudio. Posteriormente, se socializa el motor grafico Ren´ Py a los participantes. Por último, con la ayuda de un cuestionario de percepción de los estudiantes respecto a la adquisición de habilidades lingüísticas en inglés generado con base en un motor grafico para la creación de novelas visuales, se valora la experiencia para proponer acciones de mejoramiento. En conclusión, se transformó la realidad educativa de una institución que atiende población vulnerable, concretamente, en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje del -ingles- que conllevó al fortalecimiento de las cuatro habilidades lingüísticas alcanzando cambios significativos mediante la interacción social los cuales enriquecieron la experiencia, asimismo, se expandió la propia idea de trabajo en equipo al proponer un trabajo intergrupal y una evaluación intergrupal los cuales fueron apoyados por una retroalimentación efectiva.
AS METODOLOGIAS E AS PRÁTICAS DE ENSINO DE LÍNGUA ADICIONAL NA FRONTEIRA SUL DO BRASIL E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A PROPOSTA DO EXAME CELPE-BRAS
Authors: Mussi Escobar Patrícia 
Published: September 2023

O presente trabalho explora o ensino de línguas adicionais para um grupo de alunos constituído por uruguaios e brasileiros, de um curso binacional, de um instituto federal, localizado na fronteira sul do país. O estudo apresenta como objeto de análise o recorte de uma sequência didática, e a participação dos alunos a partir dessa proposta, os resultados apresentados são de natureza qualitativa e de interpretação descritivista Bogdan e Biklen (1994, p. 59), com orientação de análise voltada à etnografia virtual (HINE, 2004). O objetivo do trabalho é a verificação do efeito retroativo (backwash ou washback) (SHOHAMY, DONITSA-SCHMIDT & FERMAM, 1996), do exame Celpe-Bras, com relação à compatibilidade desse exame com as didáticas de ensino de língua adicional na fronteira, especialmente para hispanofalantes. Contudo, como o grupo em observação é fronteiriço, optou-se por considerar o ensino de línguas adicionais e não apenas o ensino de Português como Língua Adicional (PLA). A sequência didática apresenta um conjunto híbrido de aulas (Blended Learning), em formato virtual síncrono, assíncrono e presencial para observação e descrição. A metodologia de ensino utiliza aula invertida (Flipped Classroom), design instrucional contextualizado- DIC (FILATRO, 2008), com referencial sociointeracionista. A didática utilizada inspirou-se no mesmo marco teórico pedagógico de Michelena (2016), que uniu Freire (1970; 1987), Soler (2009) e Figari (2011) em sua obra.
JESUS ENSINOU A DIVIDIR O PÃO, MAS E OS LUCROS?
Authors: da Silva Viana Dener Matheus , Silva dos Santos Allisson 
Published: September 2023

Este caso de ensino retrata uma decisão corporativa relacionada à política de remuneração dos acionistas pela empresa Petrobras. Tal decisão estabelece um condicionamento dos pagamentos de dividendos à redução da dívida, sendo aprovada em reunião do Conselho de Administração no ano de 2019. O objetivo deste caso é fomentar o debate e difundir a importância da reflexão de questões sobre os impactos da política de dividendos dentro da empresa, e como essa decisão pode estar relacionada aos investimentos e financiamentos. A ênfase didática é voltada à alteração da política de remuneração dos acionistas, considerando a posição financeira da empresa, bem como sua proposta atrelada ao nível de endividamento. O caso apresentado não é fictício e os dados utilizados para sua construção estão disponíveis para consulta. As fontes para a produção do caso foram o site da Petrobras S.A., da Brasil, Bolsa, Balcão ([B]³) e de notícias. O caso pode ser utilizado em aulas de graduação, como em cursos de Administração, Ciências Contábeis, Ciências Atuarias, entre outros, como também, em cursos de pós-graduação com a temática atrelada a negócios. É possível utilizar este caso em disciplinas como: Finanças Corporativas, Governança Corporativa, Mercado de Capitais, entre outras.
ALS-Associated KIF5A Mutation Causes Locomotor Deficits Associated with Cytoplasmic Inclusions, Alterations of Neuromuscular Junctions, and Motor Neuron Loss
Authors: Soustelle Laurent , Aimond Franck , López-Andrés Cristina , Brugioti Véronique , Raoul Cédric , Layalle Sophie 
Published: September 2023

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Recently, genome-wide association studies identified KIF5A as a new ALS-causing gene. KIF5A encodes a protein of the kinesin-1 family, allowing the anterograde transport of cargos along the microtubule rails in neurons. In ALS patients, mutations in the KIF5A gene induce exon 27 skipping, resulting in a mutated protein with a new C-terminal region (KIF5A Δ27). To understand how KIF5A Δ27 underpins the disease, we developed an ALS-associated KIF5ADrosophilamodel. When selectively expressed in motor neurons, KIF5A Δ27 alters larval locomotion as well as morphology and synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions in both males and females. We show that the distribution of mitochondria and synaptic vesicles is profoundly disturbed by KIF5A Δ27 expression. That is consistent with the numerous KIF5A Δ27-containing inclusions observed in motor neuron soma and axons. Moreover, KIF5A Δ27 expression leads to motor neuron death and reduces life expectancy. Ourin vivomodel reveals that a toxic gain of function underlies the pathogenicity of ALS-linked KIF5A mutant.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding how a mutation identified in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) causes the disease and the loss of motor neurons is crucial to fight against this disease. To this end, we have created aDrosophilamodel based on the motor neuron expression of the KIF5A mutant gene, recently identified in ALS patients. KIF5A encodes a kinesin that allows the anterograde transport of cargos. This model recapitulates the main features of ALS, including alterations of locomotion, synaptic neurotransmission, and morphology at neuromuscular junctions, as well as motor neuron death. KIF5A mutant is found in cytoplasmic inclusions, and its pathogenicity is because of a toxic gain of function.
Anatomical Diversity of the Adult Corticospinal Tract Revealed by Single-Cell Transcriptional Profiling
Authors: Golan Noa , Ehrlich Daniel , Bonanno James , O'Brien Rory F. , Murillo Matias , Kauer Sierra D. , Ravindra Neal , Van Dijk David , Cafferty William B. 
Published: September 2023

The corticospinal tract (CST) forms a central part of the voluntary motor apparatus in all mammals. Thus, injury, disease, and subsequent degeneration within this pathway result in chronic irreversible functional deficits. Current strategies to repair the damaged CST are suboptimal in part because of underexplored molecular heterogeneity within the adult tract. Here, we combine spinal retrograde CST tracing with single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) in adult male and female mice to index corticospinal neuron (CSN) subtypes that differentially innervate the forelimb and hindlimb. We exploit publicly available datasets to confer anatomic specialization among CSNs and show that CSNs segregate not only along the forelimb and hindlimb axis but also by supraspinal axon collateralization. These anatomically defined transcriptional data allow us to use machine learning tools to build classifiers that discriminate between CSNs and cortical layer 2/3 and nonspinally terminating layer 5 neurons in M1 and separately identify limb-specific CSNs. Using these tools, CSN subtypes can be differentially identified to study postnatal patterning of the CSTin vivo, leveraged to screen for novel limb-specific axon growth survival and growth activatorsin vitro, and ultimately exploited to repair the damaged CST after injury and disease.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTherapeutic interventions designed to repair the damaged CST after spinal cord injury have remained functionally suboptimal in part because of an incomplete understanding of the molecular heterogeneity among subclasses of CSNs. Here, we combine spinal retrograde labeling with scRNAseq and annotate a CSN index by the termination pattern of their primary axon in the cervical or lumbar spinal cord and supraspinal collateral terminal fields. Using machine learning we have confirmed the veracity of our CSN gene lists to train classifiers to identify CSNs among all classes of neurons in primary motor cortex to study the development, patterning, homeostasis, and response to injury and disease, and ultimately target streamlined repair strategies to this critical motor pathway.
Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccines: Recommendations for Immunization With Recently and Previously Licensed Vaccines
Authors:   Committee on Infectious Diseases
Published: September 2023

This Policy Statement was retired May 1997.
This updated statement on Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines includes recommendations for use of a newly licensed Haemophilus conjugate vaccine, and a newly licensed combination vaccine that combines one of the Haemophilus conjugate vaccines and diphtheria, tetanus toxoids, and pertussis (DTP). The statement also includes revised guidelines for the use of all conjugate vaccines. The changes concern use of different vaccine products in children younger than 15 months of age; timing for booster doses for completion of the immunization schedule in children 12 months of age and older; schedules for children in whom vaccination has been delayed in initiation, or has lapsed; choice of vaccine in children in whom vaccination against DTP or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DT) is deferred; number of doses for children with immunologic impairment associated with increased risk of H influenzae type b disease; and indications for rifampin prophylaxis in households where contacts have been vaccinated. Related information on the basis for these new recommendations also is given.
As of 1993, four H influenzae type b conjugate vaccines, and a combination vaccine that combines one of these vaccines with DTP, are licensed in the United States. The newly licensed conjugate vaccine consists of polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) conjugated to tetanus toxoid (PRP-T; ActHIB/OmniHib, prepared by Institut Merieux and distributed in the United States by Connaught Laboratories and SmithKline Beecham). The combination vaccine consists of a licensed conjugate of PRP oligomers covalently linked to diphtheria-CRM197 protein (HbOC; HIBTITER) with DTP (TRI-IMMUNOL), and is referred to as HbOC-DTP (TETRAMUNE; manufactured by Lederle-Praxis).
Minimalist revision of Mesochorus Gravenhorst, 1829 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae) from Área de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, with 158 new species and host records for 129 species
Authors: Sharkey Michael J.  , Baker Austin , McCluskey Kathryn  , Smith Alex , Naik Suresh , Ratnasingham Sujeevan , Manjunath Ramya , Perez Kate , Sones Jayme , D’Souza Michelle , St. Jacques Brianne , Hajibabaei Mehrdad , Whitfield Jim , Arias Diana , Solis Alma , Metz Mark , Burns John , Zuñiga Ronald , Phillips-Rodriguez Eugenie , Espinoza Bernardo , Chacon Isidro , Hebert Paul , Hallwachs Winnie , Janzen Daniel 
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Species of Mesochorus are found worldwide and members of this genus are primarily hyperparasitoids of Ichneumonoidea and Tachinidae.
Objectives: To describe species of Costa Rican Mesochorus reared from caterpillars and to a lesser extent Malaise-trapped.
Methods: The species are diagnosed by COI mtDNA barcodes, morphological inspection, and host data. A suite of images and host data (plant, caterpillar, and primary parasitoid) are provided for each species.
Results: A total of 158 new species of Mesochorus. Sharkey is the taxonomic authority for all.
Conclusions: This demonstrates a practical application of DNA barcoding that can be applied to the masses of undescribed neotropical insect species in hyperdiverse groups.