bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Novel Ground Test Facility for Aircraft Environmental Control System
Authors: Chowdhury Shafayat Hasan , Ali Fakhre , Jennions Ian K. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In this article, the development and experimental investigation of a Boeing 737 aircraft environmental control system (ECS) passenger air conditioner (PACK) has been reported. The PACK is the heart of the ECS that conditions bleed air prior to supplying it to the cabin and avionics bay. Its capability to mask fault occurrences has resulted in increased unscheduled maintenance of the system. As such it has been a key research topic to understand PACK performance characteristics in order to support an accurate diagnostic solution. This article is a continuation of the authors’ work on the development of a systematically derived PACK simulation model and reports the overall development and qualification of a novel in situ ground test facility (GTF) for the experimental investigation of a B737-400 aircraft PACK under various operating modes, including the effect of trim air system. The developed GTF enables the acquisition of the temperature, pressure, and mass flow data throughout the PACK. The overall process of instrumentation selection, installation, sensor uncertainty, and testing in terms of data repeatability and consistency has been reported. The acquired data are then employed to conduct verification and validation of the SESAC (simscape ECS simulation under all conditions) simulation framework. The reported research work therefore enables the advancement in the level of scientific understanding corresponding to the ECS PACK operation under real operating conditions, and therefore supports the development of a robust simulation framework for ECS fault diagnostics at the system level.
Thermal Management System of Vapor Compression for Downhole Instrument
Authors: Tao Qiuyang , Wei Minghui , Chen Hongjun , Deng Aihua , He Yilin 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
As the depth of oil and gas exploration increases, downhole electronics face the threat of high-temperature failure. At present, passive cooling technology has the problem of short working time, while active cooling technology has low energy utilization. This paper presents a thermal management system of vapor compression with a combination of active and passive cooling. The system uses insulation materials to isolate the high-temperature environment, thermally conductive silicone grease to strengthen the heat exchange in the evaporator, and vapor compression refrigeration cycles to absorb internal heat. The coefficient of performance (COP), exergy destruction and exergy efficiency of octane, nonane, and cyclohexane as refrigerants were examined, and the effects of different insulation materials on refrigeration performance were studied from both theoretical and numerical perspectives. The results showed that cyclohexane exhibited the best cooling capacity with a COP of 1.296 and a exergy efficiency of 49.21%. The thermal management system cooling performance is optimal when the insulation material is a vacuum flask, with an effective cooling capacity of 121.7 W.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of an Automobile Hybrid Ejector Refrigeration System Utilizing Its Exhaust Waste Heat
Authors: Abbady Karim , Al-Mutawa Nawaf , Almutairi Abdulrahman 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
A major current focus of refrigeration and air-conditioning research is energy usage and environmental impact (e.g., the influence of refrigerants and air-conditioning systems on ozone layer depletion and global warming). The ejector-based refrigeration system is a technology that, it is hoped, can save power while using environment-friendly refrigerants to reduce any adverse effects on nature. The reduction of compressor dependency is the first and essential aim of this study; the second is to demonstrate the replacement of R134a with the new refrigerant R1234yf in motor vehicle air-conditioning systems, establishing the benefits of employing R1234yf in conjunction with a hybrid air-conditioning system. In such a system, the engine's exhaust gases are used to operate the ejector. A numerical model has been developed which estimates the ejector entrainment ratio at a specified spindle and primary nozzle exit position. A theoretical model using energy and exergy analysis illustrates the impact of hybrid systems on performance under different operating conditions (i.e., engine exhaust, ambient air, and evaporator temperatures). At a specified exhaust temperature, a detailed comparison has been conducted between a current air-conditioning system with R134a and the hybrid system with R1234yf. It was found that the R1234yf hybrid system reduced compressor energy consumption by 44.43% and operating exhaust heat levels by 12.79%. The coefficient of performance increased by 41.42%, while the exergetic efficiency reduced from 37.14% to 13.85%. Cooling capacity dropped by 12.73%. The hybrid air-conditioning system based on R1234yf demonstrated tremendous potential for improving vehicle air-conditioning system efficiency.
The Unprecedented Duration of the 2020 Ozone Depletion in the Antarctic
Authors: Zuev V. V. , Savelieva E. S. , Pavlinsky A. V. , Sidorovski E. A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
An increase in the duration of the period of high stability of the Antarctic polar vortex in late spring and early summer (November–December), which has been observed over the past 30 years, is observed. This trend is manifested both in the dynamics of the main characteristics of the polar vortex (vortex area and wind speed along the vortex boundary) and in the area of the Antarctic ozone hole. The dynamics of the polar vortex of 2020 is clear evidence of this phenomenon. During that time, unusually high wind speeds along the vortex boundary were recorded throughout the entire period of its existence; anomalous areas of the vortex and the ozone hole were observed from mid-November to December. In addition, the polar vortex existed until the last week of December, which is unprecedented. To analyze the dynamics of the Antarctic polar vortex, we used the method of vortex delineation on the basis of geopotential values, which were determined from the maximum temperature gradient and the maximum wind speed characterizing the boundaries of the vortex.
Retrieving the Angular Distribution of Sea Wave Energy according to Satellite Imagery Spectra
Authors: Bondur V. G. , Dulov V. A. , Kozub V. A. , Murynin A. B. , Yurovskaya M. V. , Yurovsky Yu. Yu. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The development of a method of retrieval of two-dimensional spatial spectra of sea wave elevations is proposed on the basis of high-resolution satellite imagery, which permits estimation of the angular distributions of wind wave energy. The method is validated by the results of a comprehensive experiment that involved satellite imaging of the Black Sea water area using optical instruments and sea truth measurements under controlled conditions from a stationary oceanographic platform. The angular distribution of sea wave energy retrieved by spatial spectra of satellite imagery fragments was compared with the results of measurements of the frequency-angular spectra collected using an array of string wave recorders. It is shown that the results of remote and in situ measurements are consistent in the range of sea wavelengths from 2.8 to 30 m and that the average absolute error is 0.3.
A Variety of Transformations of Nonlinear Internal Tidal Waves of the Northwestern Shelf of Australia
Authors: Holloway P. E. , Serebryany A. N. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Highly nonlinear internal waves at the continental margin on the northwestern shelf of Australia are discussed using detailed velocity and temperature time series recorded from moored current meters over 67 days. The region is characterized by a vigorous semidiurnal inland tide that propagates towards the shore along the shelf. In this area, an increase in the internal tide and the formation of bore-like formations, often accompanied by internal solitary waves, are observed. The frequency spectrum of the internal waves is presented, calculated from the records of the current component directed along the normal to the coast. Within the framework of this work, we have focused on analysis of the shape and properties of the internal tide. As a result, five different types of waves are distinguished. They consist of bores on the front or back sides of the wave, “square” waveforms with bores on both the front and back sides of the wave simultaneously, as well as small- and large-amplitude linear waves. The statistics of transformations of the types of internal tides during their propagation along the route section from the slope to the shelf is given. The main types of waves propagating without transformation and short-lived waves, which include “square” tidal waves and waves with bores on the back slope of the wave, are revealed. In general, the analysis provided an accurate account of the present-day nonlinear transformations of tidal internal waves on the Northwestern Australian Shelf.
U–Pb (ID-TIMS) Age of Garnet from Aillikites of the Kola Alkali Province
Authors: Stifeeva M. V. , Salnikova E. B. , Nosova A. A. , Kotov A. B. , Voznyak A. A. , Dimitrova D. A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The U–Pb (ID-TIMS) geochronological studies of garnet from aillikites of the Kandalaksha dike swarm (Kola alkali province) were carried out. The estimated U–Pb age of garnet (374 ± 3 Ma) coincides with the major stage (373–377 Ma) of alkali magmatism in the Kola Province (LIP). Hence, it can be concluded that rocks of the dike complex of Kandalaksha Bay and foidolite-range rocks of alkali–ultrabasic massifs of this province were formed synchronously.
Changes in the care of acute cerebrovascular and cardiovascular conditions during the first year of the covid-19 pandemic in 746 hospitals in the USA: retrospective analysis
Authors: Nogueira Raul G , Etter Katherine , Nguyen Thanh N , Ikeme Shelly , Wong Charlene , Frankel Michael , Haussen Diogo C , Del Rio Carlos , McDaniel Michael , Sachdeva Rajesh , Devireddy Chandan M , Al-Bayati Alhamza R , Mohammaden Mahmoud H , Doheim Mohamed F , Pinheiro Agostinho C , Liberato Bernardo , Jillella Dinesh V , Bhatt Nirav R , Khanna Rahul 
Published: May 2023

ObjectiveTo measure the impact of the covid-19 pandemic on admissions to hospital and interventions for acute ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction.DesignA retrospective analysis.Setting746 qualifying hospitals in the USA from the Premier Healthcare Database.ParticipantsPatients aged 18 years and older who were admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke or acute myocardial infarction between 1 March 2019 and 28 February 2021.Main outcome measuresRelative changes in volumes were assessed for acute ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction hospital admissions as well as intravenous thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy, and percutaneous coronary intervention (overall and for acute myocardial infarction only) across the first year of the pandemic versus the prior year. Mortality in hospital and length of stay in hospital were also compared across the first year of the pandemic versus the corresponding period the year prior. These metrics were explored across the different pandemic waves.ResultsAmong 746 qualifying hospitals, admissions to hospital were significantly reduced after the covid-19 pandemic compared with before the pandemic for acute ischemic stroke (−13.59% (95% confidence interval−13.77% to −13.41%) and acute myocardial infarction (−17.20% (−17.39% to −17.01%)), as well as intravenous thrombolysis (−9.47% (−9.99% to −9.02%)), any percutaneous coronary intervention (−17.89% (−18.06% to −17.71%)), and percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (−14.36% (−14.59% to −14.12%)). During the first year of the pandemic versus the previous year, the odds of mortality in hospital for acute ischemic stroke were 9.00% higher (3.51%v3.16%; ratio of the means 1.09 (95% confidence interval (1.03 to 1.15); P=0.0013) and for acute myocardial infarction were 18.00% higher (4.81%v4.29%; ratio of the means 1.18 (1.13 to 1.23); P<0.0001).ConclusionsWe observed substantial decreases in admissions to hospital with acute ischemic stroke and acute myocardial infarction, but an increase in mortality in hospital throughout the first year of the pandemic. Public health interventions are needed to prevent these reductions in future pandemics.
Effect of early directed implementation of family-integrated care measures on colonisation withEnterobacteriaceaein preterm neonates in NICU
Authors: Parm Ülle , Tiit-Vesingi Annika , Soeorg Hiie , Štšepetova Jelena , Truusalu Kai , Vorobjov Sigrid , Lutsar Irja , Metsvaht Tuuli 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundHospital-acquired strains (HASs) and multiresistant strains in neonatal intensive care unit often harbour virulence and resistance mechanisms, carrying the risk of invasive infections. We describe colonisation withEnterobacteriaceaein neonates receiving early directed versus routine family-integrated care (FIC) within the first month of life.MethodsA prospective cohort study included neonates with a gestational age below 34 weeks. During the first period, neonates were admitted to an open bay unit with transfer to the single-family room if available; feeding with the mother’s own breast milk (MOBM) was introduced within 24 hours, and skin-to-skin contact (SSC) within 5 days of life (the routine care group). During the second period, following a wash-in of 2 months, care in a single-family room within 48 hours, the introduction of MOBM within two and SSC in 48 hours were applied (the intervention group).Enterobacteriaceaeisolated from neonatal stool, breast milk and parental skin swabs were genotyped, Simpson’s Index of Diversity (SID) calculated, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) detected.ResultsIn 64 neonate-parents’ groups, 176Enterobacteriaceae, 87 in routine care and 89 in the intervention group were isolated; 26 vs 18 were HAS and one vs three ESBL positive, respectively. In the intervention group compared with the routine care group, SSC and MOBM feeding was started significantly earlier (p<0.001); during the first week of life, time spent in SSC was longer (median hours per day 4.8 (4–5.1) vs 1.9 (1.4–2.6), p<0.001) and the proportion of MOBM in enteral feeds was higher (median (IQR) 97.8% (95.1–100) vs 95.1% (87.2–97.4), p=0.011). Compared with the routine care group, the intervention group had higher SID and a reduction of HAS by 33.1% (95% CI 24.4% to 42.4%) in time series analysis.ConclusionsEarly implementation of FIC measures may hold the potential to increase diversity and reduce colonisation with HASEnterobacteriaceae.
Untangling risk factors including discipline-specific exposure for injuries in preprofessional and professional circus artists in the USA
Authors: Greenspan Stephanie , Stuckey Melanie I 
Published: May 2023

ObjectiveThis prospective cohort study quantified injury patterns related to specific circus discipline exposure in preprofessional and professional circus artists.MethodsCircus artists (n=201; ages 13–69; 172 female, 29 male assigned sex at birth) were enrolled in 10 cities across the USA. Participants were followed for 1 year from enrolment, completing a weekly training log and undergoing a physical therapist evaluation for injuries. The circus-specific extension of the International Olympic Committee 2020 consensus on recording injury and illness in sports was used to analyse injury patterns.ResultsThe study completion rate was 77% (n=155). Data were analysed by participant subgroup (age, professional status, sex at birth). The highest injury rates in participant subgroups were for males (5.69/1000 exposures) and related to discipline subgroups, were in aerial with ground elements (5.93/1000 exposures) and aerial (4.26/1000 exposures). Adults had more injuries related to aerial, whereas adolescents had more related to ground disciplines (χ2(2)=10.62, p=0.005) and non-time loss injuries (χ2(1)=5.45, p=0.02). Females had a higher proportion of repetitive injuries (70% vs 55%) than males (χ2(1) = 4.43, p=0.035). Individuals with an eating disorder history had more (p<0.004) injuries (mean 2.27±2.29) than those without (mean=1.48±0.96).ConclusionsThis study showed that intrinsic factors (age, sex at birth and history of eating disorder) and extrinsic factors (circus discipline exposure) affect injury risk. We need to account for the intersectionality of these factors to address risk management at an individual and group level.
Veterans’ experiences of moral injury, treatment and recommendations for future support
Authors: Bonson Amanda , Murphy D , Aldridge V , Greenberg N , Williamson V 
Published: May 2023

IntroductionMoral injury (MI) significantly impacts the lives of many UK military veterans however, there is a lack of manualised treatment to address the needs of this population. To develop future treatments that are acceptable and well tolerated, veterans should be consulted on their experiences of existing psychological treatments and suggestions for future treatments.Methods10 UK military veterans were interviewed about their experiences of receiving treatment for psychological difficulties after MI, and beliefs about core components of future treatments. Thematic analysis of these interviews were conducted.Results2 superordinate themes were identified: experiences of previous mental health treatment and perceptions of the proposed treatments. Reflections on cognitive behavioural therapy were mixed, with some describing that it did not ameliorate their guilt or shame. In future treatments, focusing on values, using written letters and including therapy sessions with close companions were considered beneficial. Veterans reported that a strong rapport with therapist was key for MI treatment.ConclusionFindings provide a useful account of how current post-trauma treatments may be experienced by patients with MI. Although limited by sample size, the results highlight therapeutic approaches that may be helpful in future and provide important considerations for therapists treating MI.
Continuous erector spinae plane catheters leading to unwanted neuraxial spread after spinal fusion surgery: a report of two cases from a terminated prospective randomized clinical trial
Authors: Amoroso Krizia , Hughes Alexander P , Sama Andrew A , Cammisa Frank P , Shue Jennifer , Soffin Ellen M 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundErector spinae plane blocks are used to improve outcomes after spine surgery, but pain frequently outlasts the duration of single injection blocks. We hypothesized continuous erector spinae plane (cESP) catheters would provide superior analgesia. We terminated a prospective double-blinded randomized clinical trial (RCT) comparing outcomes after multilevel spine surgery among patients randomized to saline versus ropivacaine cESP catheters. We present two cases of undesired epidural spread of ropivacaine and discuss etiology, management, and future research directions.Case presentationNine out of 44 patients (planned) enrolled in the RCT; 6/9 were randomized to receive ropivacaine infusions via bilateral cESP catheters. Two patients underwent uncomplicated posterior lumbar fusion and were recovering well with minimal pain and opioid requirements through postoperative day 1. Both had new-onset urinary retention and bilateral lower extremity numbness, weakness and paresthesias (24 and 30 hours after infusion-start time, respectively). One patient underwent MRI, which was remarkable for an epidural fluid collection compressing the thecal sac. Infusions were stopped, cESP catheters were removed and symptoms fully resolved over the next 3–5 hours.ConclusionsUnwanted neuraxial spread of local anesthetic from cESP catheters may be a unique consideration after spine surgery, accounted for by unpredictable local anesthetic distribution within disrupted surgical planes. Future studies are indicated to determine optimal catheter regimens together with guidance for extended monitoring in parallel with further studies of efficacy in spine surgery cohorts.Trial registration numberNCT05494125.
Effects of hemodilution on coagulation function during prolonged hypotensive resuscitation in a porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock
Authors: Neidert Leslie E , Morgan Clifford G , Hathaway Emily N , Hemond Peter J , Tiller Michael M , Cardin Sylvain , Glaser Jacob J 
Published: May 2023

BackgroundAlthough hemorrhage remains the leading cause of survivable death in casualties, modern conflicts are becoming more austere limiting available resources to include resuscitation products. With limited resources also comes prolonged evacuation time, leaving suboptimal prehospital field care conditions. When blood products are limited or unavailable, crystalloid becomes the resuscitation fluid of choice. However, there is concern of continuous crystalloid infusion during a prolonged period to achieve hemodynamic stability for a patient. This study evaluates the effect of hemodilution from a 6-hour prehospital hypotensive phase on coagulation in a porcine model of severe hemorrhagic shock.MethodsAdult male swine (n=5/group) were randomized into three experimental groups. Non-shock (NS)/normotensive did not undergo injury and were controls. NS/permissive hypotensive (PH) was bled to the PH target of systolic blood pressure (SBP) 85±5 mm Hg for 6 hours of prolonged field care (PFC) with SBP maintained via crystalloid, then recovered. Experimental group underwent controlled hemorrhage to mean arterial pressure 30 mm Hg until decompensation (Decomp/PH), followed by PH resuscitation with crystalloid for 6 hours. Hemorrhaged animals were then resuscitated with whole blood and recovered. Blood samples were collected at certain time points for analysis of complete blood counts, coagulation function, and inflammation.ResultsThroughout the 6-hour PFC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets showed significant decreases over time in the Decomp/PH group, indicating hemodilution, compared with the other groups. However, this was corrected with whole blood resuscitation. Despite the appearance of hemodilution, coagulation and perfusion parameters were not severely compromised.ConclusionsAlthough significant hemodilution occurred, there was minimal impact on coagulation and endothelial function. This suggests that it is possible to maintain the SBP target to preserve perfusion of vital organs at a hemodilution threshold in resource-constrained environments. Future studies should address therapeutics that can mitigate potential hemodilutional effects such as lack of fibrinogen or platelets.Level of evidenceNot applicable—Basic Animal Research.