bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Immunological Study of the Effects of Intense Sound Vibrations on Egg Albumin
Authors: Flosdorf Earl W. , Chambers Leslie A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The coagulum produced by sonic radiation of egg albumin solution has a much decreased antigenic activity and an altered specificity. The altered specificity of the coagulum is similar to the specificity of albumin denatured in other ways. The soluble fraction remaining after sonic radiation is unaltered immunologically. Prolonged radiation increases the amount of coagulum produced and then redisperses it into an opalescent sol of the same altered serological specificity. Very prolonged radiation decreases the amounts of both serologically native and altered proteins. Excellent agreement, both with respect to antigenic activity and specificity, was observed in the results with the Arthus phenomenon, the intradermal tests and in the precipitin reactions. In some cases the intradermal test was somewhat more delicate than the precipitin reaction.
The Flaring up of Injection Sites in Allergic Guinea Pigs
Authors: Dienes L. , Simon F. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In guinea pigs injected intracutaneously with human serum or turtle egg, a flare-up of the injection site can often be observed after an interval of a few days. This occurs at the time when skin sensitiveness begins to develop usually on the fourth to sixth day. Both the flare at the original site and the skin test at this time are purely of the delayed type and anaphylactic shock cannot be produced in the guinea pigs.
In the reacting flare about the original site of inoculation the tissues show infiltration with mononuclear cells which is characteristic also of the delayed type of skin reaction. It is pointed out that the developing allergy probably plays a rôle in the development of specific tissue reactions in the lesions of certain infectious diseases.
The Antigenic Action of Cholesterol
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Maltaner Elizabeth , Maltaner Frank 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From seven of the ten rabbits inoculated with mixtures of cholesterol and swine serum, antisera were obtained which reacted to a definite degree with a suspension of cholesterol as antigen in the usual form of complement-fixation test.
With special methods of comparative titration, these reactions differed from those of known specificity on the one hand and, on the other, appeared similar to the nonspecific reactions of normal serum. In the reactions of known specificity which have been studied, the amount of complement fixed was directly proportional to the amount of immune serum used, whereas, in the reaction of cholesterol and cholesterol antisera, it was not directly proportional—quite the contrary. Furthermore, reactions of known specificity were not appreciably affected when the concentration of serum constituents in the dilutions of serum tested was maintained constant by the use of normal serum instead of physiological salt solution as diluent, whereas, under similar conditions, the reactions with cholesterol that were observed when dilutions were made with salt solution did not develop when normal serum was substituted.
Studies on the Venoms of North American Pit Vipers
Authors: Githens Thomas S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study of the venoms of North American pit vipers brings out the following points: The amount of venom secreted by each species varies directly with the size of the species.There are great differences in the toxicity of venoms from closely related species.The more primitive forms have venoms more toxic to the nerve centers.Species secreting a small amount of venom tend to have more active venoms, while those yielding large amounts have weaker venoms, so that the number of fatal doses in one extraction is more constant than are other factors.The larger species of viper give the largest number of fatal doses per extraction.The danger to man from the bites of pit vipers, varies almost directly with the size of the species.
Hemorrhagic Reaction at the Site of Injection of Toxins After Intravenous Injection of Starch in Young and Adult Rabbits
Authors: Freund Jules , Hosmer Elizabeth Page 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
When certain bacteria or their products are injected into the skin of rabbits and on the following day the same material is injected into the blood stream, hemorrhage or hemorrhagic necrosis results in the skin at the site of the first injection (Shwartzman (1), Hanger (2)). The nature of this reaction, called the Shwartzman phenomenon, is not understood.
It seems to be significant from the point of view of the mechanism of the reaction that Sickles (3) was able to show that the bacterial toxins of the second (intravenous) injection can be replaced by a suspension of agar. Shwartzman (4) found that when a mixture of precipitinogen and serum containing homologous precipitin is injected into a vein hemorrhage follows in the skin in an area prepared by bacterial filtrates. It was reported recently (5) that the introduction of 10 cc. of a 10 per cent starch solution into the blood stream causes hemorrhage in the skin at the site of injection of bacterial filtrates or eelserum.
Studies of Anaphylaxis in the Albino Rat with Reference to Diet and Histamine
Authors: Pratt Henry N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
In 42 albino rats sensitized to horse serum or egg albumen by large multiple doses, only 2 failed to show some observable signs or pathological changes of anaphylactic shock. However, the individual variation in susceptibility was great. In general, shock was clinically more striking in small or malnourished rats, while in adults the in vivo signs might be entirely lacking and yet the pathological changes be typical. A bread diet did not increase the susceptibility to shock. The pathological changes of anaphylactic shock in the rat consist of venous congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and eosinophilia, being most extensive in the upper intestinal tract. In some instances at least, the typical pathology of experimental asthma was produced. Specific Dale uterine reactions could not be obtained, although occasional non-specific contractions were noted. Histamine in a dilution of 1:7500 caused a good, sustained contraction of the excised uterus, whereas a dilution of 1:1,000,000 produced relaxation of tone and inhibition of rhythmicity as reported by others. Rats uniformly produce precipitins when large, multiple doses of horse serum or egg albumen are administered. The measurable weight of the rat's adrenal gland is unaffected by shock or bread diet.
An Immunological Study in Laboratory Animals of Thirteen Different Strains of Equine Encephalomyelitic Virus
Authors: Howitt Beatrice F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Eleven strains of equine encephalomyelitic virus isolated from different localities of the United States could be divided serologically into 2 groups, one from the West (California, Nevada, Utah (Nos. 1 and 5), Colorado, South Dakota and Minnesota) and one from the East (New Jersey (Nos. 1, 2 and 3), Maryland (Md. 1) and Delaware). The strain of virus obtained from the Argentine was classified with the western series, while that from Russia was immunologically distinct from the others and varied in a few characteristics. There was no in vitro cross neutralization nor in vivo cross protection between serums of any group when tested against the heterologous viruses. Protection occurred, however, between homologous serums and viruses of each type. Animals immunized to each member of the 3 divisions showed a constant tissue immunity within their own groups when tested intracerebrally, but cross injection experiments were not conclusive, except for the Russian virus which was differentiated from the others. A certain percentage of guinea pigs immune to the western American strains showed immunity when tested with the eastern and vice versa. The numbers of animals succumbing or surviving after injection with heterologous strains was approximately proportional for both eastern and western American varieties. Young guinea pigs born of immune parents and immune to their respective American viruses were more susceptible to injections of the heterologous strains than older animals hyperimmunized with massive doses of live virus. The American eastern strains of virus were found to be far more invasive and potent than the western, both by intracerebral and by intradermal inoculation of guinea pigs, although the virulence of both could be enhanced by repeated animal passage. Rabbits were found to be more susceptible to the eastern american strains than to any of the others and could even be infected intravenously. The Russian virus was also invasive for rabbits when given intracerebrally but not when into the veins. Comparison of potency was best demonstrated by titration methods. Although 3 serological groups of equine encephalomyelitic virus may be differentiated, there is a probability that the strains isolated from horses in the various localities have sprung from a common root stock and should therefore be considered as varieties or subvarieties of the identical virus causing the same clinical disease.
Blood Grouping of Rwala Bedouin
Authors: Shanklin William M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The racial purity and antiquity of these Arabs is deduced from the high percentage of group O in the 320 Rwala Arabs examined. The results of this examination seem to indicate that the Rwala are in some way related to the American Indians on account of the close resemblance between their blood-typings, while it would appear that no such relation exists between them and the other Asiatic races previously typed. It is suggested that both the Rwala and the American Indians separated from the rest of the human race before the appearance of factors A and B.
Purification of Diphtheria Toxin and Anatoxin
Authors: Ando K. , Komiyama T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Calcium-phosphate formed at a certain range of pH absorbs diphtheria toxin or anatoxin. The largest percentage yield was obtained between pH 5.3 and 6.0 for the toxin used and between pH 5.6 and 6.3 for the anatoxin studied, whereas the purest product was obtained between 6.7 and 6.9 for the toxin and in pH 5.3 for the anatoxin so far as the Lf-unit was concerned. For this purpose the use of H3PO4 and NaOH were found convenient. By combining this method and the ZnCl2 method (Hosoya) it was possible to obtain anatoxin of high purity. Anatoxins purified by these methods, after the addition of 0.5 per cent phenol, were found quite stable in storage at room temperature or in the cold. Animal experiments with these purified anatoxins showed the same degree of antigenicity as that of the original anatoxin irrespective of their degree of purification, but in accordance with their Lf-units. The anatoxin purified by the ZnCl2 method often showed no flocculation, as pointed out by Hosoya, yet its Lf-units could be determined by the blending method so that it is no exception to Ramon's conception that the antigenicity of anatoxin could be determined by the Lf-unit in vitro-test. Contrary to the finding by Schmidt and Kjaer that the anatoxin purified by acid was less antigenic than that expected from its Lf-units, the antigenicity of the acid-purified anatoxin was found by the animal test to correlate with its Lf-units in vitro-test. Highly purified anatoxins were compared with their original anatoxins by the Moloney test and it was found that the big difference in the N-content finds no expression in that test.
Limited Observations on the Antistreptolysin Titer in Relation to Latitude
Authors: Coburn Alvin F. , Pauli Ruth H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
From the data presented in this paper it is seen that the median antistreptolysin value is lower in latitudes south of 35° than in latitudes north of 40°.
This method of study is suitable for detecting an environment in which the rheumatic subject may expect minimal exposure to hemolytic streptococcus infection of the respiratory tract.
On Von Dungern's Indigo Test for Syphilis
Authors: Fujimoto B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Von Dungern's indigo test for syphilis is practically unavailable for the serum diagnosis of syphilis, because we can not find any difference as to this test between syphilitic and nonsyphilitic sera. Among the substances that the reagent contains neither indigo nor salts play any part in the inhibition of the coagulation, as von Dungern formerly thought. The coagulation of sera in this reaction is prevented only by the alkali, as Flood proved. The degree of alkalinity that can prevent the coagulation of serum, varies according to the individual, not according to the presence or absence of syphilis. On the other hand, the alkalinity that prevents the coagulation of sera varies according to the concentration of the sera; that is, the more diluted the serum, the more easily may its heat coagulation be prevented by alkali.
Studies on the Antitrypsin of Serum
Authors: Fujimoto B. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction. As to the nature of the antitrypsin of serum, a great deal has been written, and even at the present day various views are held in regard to it. In our laboratory several tests were performed in order to see how it can be inactivated and which part of the serum exerts the antitryptic action.
Preparation and Method of Our Tests. In our experiments von Bergmann's casein method was modified a little to make the reaction finer. Namely: Solution of casein: 0.5 gram of casein was dissolved in 50 cc. of N/10 NaOH solution and the solution was warmed a while. Then the solution was neutralized with N/10 muriatic acid and finally diluted to 500 cc. with normal salt solution. This solution of casein in our case is, therefore, less concentrated than that usually employed; i.e., it is of 0.1 per cent instead of 0.2 per cent.
The Influence of Active Normal Serum (Complement) upon Meningococci
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Toyama Ikuzo , Matsunami Toitsu 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Introduction It is generally true that the antibacterial properties of both normal and immune sera are greater when perfectly fresh than after being heated or allowed to stand for weeks or months with the addition of a preservative as shown in chart 7 with the opsonins in antimeningitis serum. This is probably due not only to deterioration of specific antibodies in immune serum but also to the loss of certain labile substances in normal and immune sera alike and particularly those substances generally designated as complements and normal opsonins. Antibacterial sera are especially likely to show differences in activity in their fresh state as compared with the same sera after being heated or after standing, and particularly when examined by test tube methods, whereas the antitoxic sera are usually more stabile; these differences in the case of the antibacterial sera may be ascribed in part to the loss of the labile complementary substances regarded as essential or important in the mechanism of their antibacterial activity.
The Influence of Active Normal Serum (Complement) upon Meningococci
Authors: Matsunami Toitsu , Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal activity in vitro of different antimeningitis sera was found to be quite low. Fresh or active antimeningitis sera was somewhat more bactericidal than the same sera after inactivation by heating at 60°C. for thirty minutes. Active normal human and guinea-pig sera are generally slightly bactericidal for meningococci. The bactericidal activity of horse-antimeningitis and normal human and guinea-pig serum, is largely independent of complemental bacteriolysis. The bactericidal activity in vitro of normal and immune sera was best shown by a pipet method employing small numbers of cocci and relatively large volumes of serum. The addition of active normal human and guinea-pig serum to antimeningitis serum sometimes increased the bactericidal activity of the latter. Whole human and guinea-pig blood was found slightly more bactericidal than the sera alone. Normal human and guinea-pig sera frequently agglutinates meningococci in final dilutions up to 1:4, but not in higher dilutions. Antimeningitis sera containing the largest amounts of agglutinin were found to possess most opsonin and apt to prove most bactericidal in vitro. The mouse test of Hitchens and Robinson was found under certain technical conditions to be of value as a means for determining and measuring approximately the protective and curative value of antimeningitis serum. Normal active human and guinea-pig sera were practically without demonstrable protective value in mice infected with virulent meningococci, although the addition of these normal sera to antimeningitis serum appeared in some experiments to slightly increase the protective power of the latter. The addition of active normal human or guinea-pig serum (complement) to antimeningitis serum cannot be expected on the basis of our experiments, to greatly augment bactericidal activity because complemental bacteriolysis exerts but a minor rôle in the relatively feeble bactericidal activity of antimeningitis serum, but the addition of normal sera definitely increases opsonic activity (10) and since it would appear that a large part of the curative properties of antimeningitis serum is to be ascribed to the presence of opsonin, it is suggested as worthy of clinical trial to complement the antimeningitis serum by the addition of active human or guinea-pig serum prior to intraspinal injection and particularly in the treatment of severe and serum-resistant infections.
For this purpose human serum is superior to guinea-pig serum and may be obtained from the patient or a volunteer with the usual precautions for asepsis.
The Study of Problems of Immunity by the Tissue Culture Method
Authors: Burrows Montrose T. , Suzuki Yoshio 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In a previous paper Suzuki (1) has shown the value of the tissue culture as a means for a more detailed study of the nature of the conditions of natural immunity in animals. The present paper describes other experiments outlined for the purpose of studying more carefully the general distribution and action of antitoxic substances. It has been shown by Suzuki that chickens' tissues are sensitive in the tissue culture to the action of diphtheria toxin when this is added to the medium. Antitoxin when injected into chickens protects the chickens against lethal doses of toxin. The distribution of the antitoxin within these animals became of interest for analysis. Again, it seemed evident that the tissue culture method would be of use for the quantitative standardization of toxins. It thus became of interest to test the neutralizing power of antitoxin for toxin by this method.
The Influence of Arsphenamine and Mercuric Chlorid Upon Complement and Antibody Production
Authors: Toyama Ikuzo , Kolmer John A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Numerous studies indicate that several drugs and particularly arsenic compounds, may stimulate antibody production and that their curative effect in the treatment of disease and particularly syphilis and experimental trypanosomiasis, may be ascribed to this influence upon antibody production in addition to their direct parasiticidal influence. In our experiments, the intravenous administration of arsphenamine to normal rabbits in doses varying from 0.01 gram to 0.004 gram per kilogram of body weight (equivalent to 0.6 to 0.24 gram per 60 kilos), did not result in an increased output of immune hemolysin to sheep cells, but rather suppressed hemolysin production; smaller doses did not appear to retard hemolysin production to sheep's and human cells but likewise they did not result in an increase. The smaller doses, however, generally produced a slight increase of agglutinin for sheep's and human cells. Similar results were observed with mercuric chloride; large doses appeared to suppress hemolysin and agglutinin production while smaller doses tended to increase the production of hemagglutinins but not that of the hemolysins. A single large dose of arsphenamine (0.06 gram per kilo) administered intravenously to rabbits reduced the hemolytic activity of their sera within a period of twenty-four hours after injection, probably by an influence upon the hemolytic complement; the administration of a smaller dose (0.6 gram) to syphilitic persons as part of the treatment of their infection, was found generally to produce a depression in the hemolytic activity of the serum as tested one hour after injection followed by a general increase within eighteen hours. Large doses of arsphenamine and mercuric chlorid to rabbits tended to limit agglutinin production for typhoid bacilli; single doses of arsphenamine (0.6 gram) in adults did not influence the amount of normal typhoid agglutinin in their sera. The general result of these experiments indicates that while massive doses of arsphenamine and mercuric chlorid tend to suppress antibody production and cause a decrease in hemolytic complement, smaller doses tend to increase the production of antibody (agglutinins) and augment the complement content after a primary decrease. It is probable that both drugs administered in the treatment of syphilis, owe part of their therapeutic efficacy to their influence upon increasing antibody production and complement.3
A Contribution to the Study of the Complement Fixation Reaction in Tuberculosis
Authors: Wilson M. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
I. On the Standardization of Complement. In our study of complement fixation in tuberculosis we have found a point of technique that has increased the efficiency of the test. It has to do with the standardization of the guineapig's serum to determine the value of the complement. In this preliminary report, we shall descn'be the method or standardizing the complement, the preparation of our tuberculosis antigen,and the diagnostic test, with such results as we have obtained thus far in our study.
Technique. All reagents are used in one tenth the classic Wassermann volumes. Fixation period, one hour, 37°C.
Serum. The patient's serum is inactivated for thirty minutes at 56°C. 0.02 cc. and 0.01 cc. of the undiluted serum are used in the test, and 0.04 cc. for control of anticomplementary action.
Antigen. Two antigens have been used. One was made from 12 stock cultures of human tubercle bacilli, the other from strain 305 (used for tuberculin production.)
On the Mode of Action in Vitro and the Preparation of Hemolytic Antibodies
Authors: Balls A. K. , Korns John H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In vitro, as hemolysis proceeds, the total amount of amboceptor is constant but the stroma of the laked red cells increasing in amount, they become less and less saturated with amboceptor, and so split off less of it by dissociation, thus causing the velocity of hemolysis to decrease. In vivo the stroma produce specific hemolytic and agglutinative bodies of high titer. Since little protein is injected the toxicity seems to be nil. Alcohol and ether extracts, as well as 0.85 and 5 per cent salt solution extracts, of the stroma do not bind amboceptor in vitro. The extract of stroma with alkaline physiological salt solution, as described above, does bind amboceptor in vitro and on injection causes the development of specific hemolysins but not of agglutinins. This alkaline extract contains nucleo-protein, but not simple albumin or globulin. It also contains lipoids but these probably are not essential to its antigenic function. The presence or absence of the anaphylactic reaction is not a certain criterion for specificity when nucleo-protei nsare used as antigens. In our work, hemolysins, showing species specificity, were present in the absence of anaphylaxis.