bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gamifying requirements: An empirical analysis of game‐based technique for novices
Authors: Yasin Affan , Fatima Rubia , JiangBin Zheng , Ali Khan Javed , Ali Khan Arif 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRequirements elicitation is a process that involves gathering requirements for a given project. Several studies have been published suggesting strategies to improve the requirements gathering process. Using game‐based and crowd‐based approaches, researchers are extracting requirements that are useful for product development today. This study follows the same line of research. This research study aims to improve the understanding of the requirements gathering process by novices or students through different activities: (I) knowledge of requirements gathering method and (II) techniques or activities viable for software requirements (education). Important methods used to address the above objectives are as follows: (I) a comprehensive review of the literature to understand requirements gathering; (II) designing an activity to embed RE challenges and RE sub‐activities; and (III) experiment, survey, and observation to collect data and to assess the proposed methods' effectiveness. The suggested activity for requirement gathering is based on the game tic‐tac‐toe. The participants suggest that the design of the activity is helpful in brainstorming and is also valuable for identifying requirements; moreover, a post questionnaire has been designed to determine the learning of the participants regarding the proposed activity. We can observe simply from the coefficients that both skills and challenges (as perceived by the participants) have positive impacts on engagement, immersion, and perceived learning. The proposed activity helps novices or students gain (basic) knowledge of the requirements gathering process/technique; the outlined activity can be a way of learning requirements and gathering knowledge (basic). From this study, we conclude that the proposed activity has positive results and is helpful for participants to get a better understanding of the requirements engineering method(s).
Evolutionary process of extremely twisted heteromorph ammonites from the Upper Cretaceous of Japan
Authors: Misaki Akihiro , Okamoto Takashi , Maeda Haruyoshi 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe heteromorph ammonitePravitoceras sigmoidalewith extremely twisted retroversal hook and its probable ancestors,Didymoceras awajienseandD. morozumii, occur mainly in the Upper Cretaceous Izumi and Sotoizumi groups in southwest Japan. Their morphological characteristics were investigated in this study. Morphotypes I–II were recognized inD. morozumii. Morphotypes III–V were recognized in D. awajiense. Morphotypes VI–VIII were recognized inP. sigmoidale. Moreover, all morphotypes were recognized in both the dextral and sinistral forms of these three species. Based on the morphological and stratigraphic relationships, it is considered that the evolutionary process of these species is divided into three steps: (1) shift from morphotypes I–II to III; (2) increase in variation from morphotypes III to III–V; and (3) shift from morphotypes III–V to VI–VIII. By comparing these morphotypes based on the ‘growing tube model’ belonging to the moving frame analysis, it is seen that there are no significant gaps of coiling patterns in the evolutionary processes of this lineage. Meanwhile, morphotypes III–V ofD. awajiensehave a larger morphological variation than morphotypes I–II ofD. morozumiiand morphotypes VI–VIII ofP. sigmoidale. These results, and the radiometric ages from previous studies, suggest thatD. awajiense, with considerable variation between ancestor and descendant species, existed in a short interval. It seems thatP. sigmoidaleoccurred after the continuous but rapid and drastic morphological evolution fromD. morozumiiviaD. awajiense.
Using qualitative behavior assessment to investigate the effect of tourist presence on the welfare in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in three tourism facilities in Thailand
Authors: Erzinçlioğlu Tanya S. , Rutherford Kenny M. D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNumerous facilities around the world offer tourists interactive experiences with captive tigers. Yet, the animal welfare implications of this practice have not been widely studied. This study aimed to investigate whether qualitative behavioral assessment (QBA) could: (i) provide a valid indicator of tiger's emotional state and (ii) be applied to assess whether unfamiliar human presence with hand‐raised captive tigers had an impact on the emotional state of those tigers. To investigate this, QBA was applied to video clips of hand‐raised captive tigers from three sites (two offering unfamiliar human interaction, Sites A and C, and one retirement site with no direct interactions, Site B) in Thailand. QBA allows inferences to be made about animal emotion on the basis of descriptions of behavioral expression. Analysis, using a free choice profiling methodology, was provided by observers (N = 38) split between three groups; tiger keepers and vets from the Thai venues (n = 12), UK‐based animal behavior MSc and vet students (n = 16), and international tiger keepers (n = 10). Tigers (N = 35) were split between Sites A (n = 7), B (n = 18), and C (n = 10) and filmed at three time points; morning (0800–0930 h); midday, (1130–1230 h); and evening, (1630–1830h) totaling 105 clips. Using generalized procrustes analysis, a consensus profile was calculated for each observer group. Two meaningful dimensions of behavioral expression, explaining 75.0% of the variation, were observed across these groups: Dimension 1 (D1: “active”/“interested”/“agitated” to “relaxed”/“calm”/“chilled‐out”) and Dimension 2 (D2: “bored”/“stressed”/“frustrated” to “relaxed”/“curious”/“interested”). There was clear agreement between the three observer groups in terms of tiger emotional expression along D1. However, agreement was more variable on D2. The behavioral expression on D1 was not significantly affected by site but was significantly affected by an interaction between age and time of day. Time of day also affected scores on D2, with the Thai observer group also showing an effect of site. During the midday period, when unfamiliar humans were present, all tiger age groups showed more positive behavioral expressions on D1 (lower scores: “relaxed”/“calm”/“chilled‐out”) and more negative behavioral expressions on D2 (higher scores: “bored”/“stressed”/“frustrated”), which could indicate that the presence of unfamiliar humans was a stressor. However, tigers in the retirement Site C also displayed similar behavioral expressions, which could indicate a deeper welfare issue. With further development, QBA could be used as part of a valid tool for long‐term measurement of behavioral expression in captive tigers.
Sex and Behavior
Authors: Würsig Bernd , Rich Jacquline , Orbach Dara N. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWe provide a conceptual primer for sexual selection and conflict, mating systems, and socio-sexual behaviors and patterns among animals, largely with mammalian and cetacean examples. The important roles of mate choice are discussed (including female choice) and the occasional fluidity of sexual roles. An overview of topics pertinent to sex and behavior is described, including evolutionary drivers (the concept of “why sex after all?”) followed by general mammalian and cetacean mating strategies and tactics. We describe mating systems (monogamy, polygyny, polyandry, polygynandry) with the present understanding that most cetaceans do not have monogamous or polyandrous mating systems. The primer includes brief introductions to historical knowledge and highlights emerging areas of research within the field of sex in cetaceans, with context for other chapters of this book. As part of overall sexual behavior, alloparental care, female reproductive senescence, and non-procreative behaviors including homosexual and necrocoital mating are also introduced.
Sperm Whale Reproductive Strategies: Current Knowledge and Future Directions
Authors: Eguiguren Ana , Konrad Clarke Christine M. , Cantor Mauricio 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSperm whales’ reproductive strategies are centered around their extreme sexual dimorphism, both in morphology and behavior. Females are much smaller than males and are highly social. Females live in stable, matrilineally based social units with communal care of calves, including cooperative defense and allonursing. In contrast, male sperm whales are large nearly solitary nomads. Males disperse from their natal social unit and move toward the poles, where they eat and grow almost three times larger than females. Males’ great ranges span across and between ocean basins, allowing global genetic connectivity. As they rove the warm waters where females concentrate, mature males avoid each other; physical aggression on the breeding grounds is rarely observed. Instead, males may rely on powerful acoustic displays to establish dominance over potential competitors and provide females with an honest quality signal. Associations between sexually mature males and groups of females tend to be transitory. Disproportionate mating success of some males is suggested by evidence of paternal relatedness within female social units. Sperm whale mothers provide a substantial investment of time and energy to calves, resulting in the slowest reproductive rate among cetaceans. The peculiar characteristics of sperm whale mating systems reflect the evolutionary interplay between habitat structure, predation risk, sociality, and reproduction. A convergence of reproductive biology between sperm whales and African elephants likely results from similarities in these ecological pressures. Despite sperm whales being one of the most studied cetaceans, much remains unknown about their reproductive strategies. Most of what we know comes from whaling data and long-term observational and modeling studies. The rapid advances in technology for behavioral and physiological studies at sea can refine our understanding of these elusive deep-diving animals’ social, mating, and caring systems and the extent to which these vary across oceans.
Gray Whale Sex, Reproductive Behavior, and Social Strategies
Authors: Swartz Steven L. , Lang Aimee , Burdin Alexander , Calambokidis John , Frouin-Mouy Héloïse , Martínez-Aguilar Sergio , Rodríguez-González Fabian , Tenorio-Hallé Ludovic , Thode Aaron , Urbán-Ramírez Jorge , Weller David W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractGray whale sexual behavior and copulation are observed throughout their range. The most prominent period for reproductive behavior is during the southward migration from summer feeding areas to wintering areas where some breeding occurs and calves of the year are reared. The seasonal migrations of gray whales are believed to function, in part, to bring together individuals that are otherwise widely distributed during the period of estrus to facilitate mating and reproduction. Sexual behaviors and sexual strategies for this species appear to align closely with those of balaenid (not rorqual) whales, although such comparisons need further investigation. Gray whales are polygynandrous (multi-mate) breeders. There does not appear to be female choice of mates, as groups of numerous females and males aggregate, and multiple copulations occur. Female estrus begins in mid-November and continues to early December; females may undergo a second estrus, extending into February, if they fail to conceive during their first cycle. Male gray whales have large testes and concomitantly produce large volumes of sperm, so they are believed to be sperm competitors; that is, they rely on multiple copulations (and sperm volume) to produce offspring. Multiple copulations with different males during the female estrus period may increase the likelihood that the timing of conception results in the birth of a calf approximately 13 months later near or in the wintering area(s). Mating bouts can last for minutes to hours, interspersed with surface-active-social-sexual behavior. Some all-male groups have been observed with erect penises engaged in social-sexual behavior in the absence of any females. Instances of male aggression toward postpartum females with calves of the year, sometimes resulting in injury or death, have been reported. As a result of dedicated long-term research in the past several decades, the state of knowledge on gray whale reproduction has greatly expanded and updated information on this topic is summarized in this chapter.
Cetacean Sociality, Reproduction, and Conservation
Authors: Mesnick Sarah L. , Reeves Randall R. , Wade Paul R. , Brakes Philippa , Hersh Taylor A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe world’s cetaceans (like most of biodiversity) are in crisis, and the need for well-informed conservation action has never been greater. Scientific advancements over the last few decades have provided much insight on the reproductive anatomy, physiology, and behavior of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Our goal in this chapter is to link scientific findings to practical actions that will improve resilience and conservation prospects of cetaceans. We provide an overview of human activities and their impacts on cetacean reproduction and review the progress (or lack thereof) toward conserving species, with a particular focus on those for which sociality and culture may be important to population recovery. For all cetaceans, it is important to preserve or, where necessary and feasible, reestablish the ecological, demographic, and social conditions that allow the animals to reproduce successfully in their natural environment. The better we understand and integrate knowledge concerning cetacean reproductive health into conservation strategies, the better the chances of achieving species recovery, protecting biodiversity, and preventing future extinctions.
Play, Sexual Display, or Just Boredom Relief?
Authors: da Silva Vera M. F. , Spinelli Lucas G. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractCetaceans use objects and interact with conspecifics for play and socializing, often exhibiting complex behaviors that we do not understand. A few seconds of activity on the water’s surface rarely indicates intraspecific behaviors and interactions. What has already been described chiefly for common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) has been extrapolated to other species, with little information on river dolphins despite their accessibility. In this chapter, we review what is known about sexually related behaviors in different contexts, such as learning, play, sexual display, aggression, and boredom (weariness and restlessness through a lack of interest) among cetacean species, especially the Amazon river dolphin (Inia geoffrensis).
SSMB Radiation
Authors: Deng Xiujie 
Published: September 2023

AbstractHaving discussed the methods to form and preserve microbunching in the last two chapters, now we present the theoretical and numerical study of the average and statistical property of coherent radiation from SSMB. Our results show that a kW-level average power quasi-continuous-wave EUV radiation can be obtained from an SSMB ring, provided that an average current of 1 A and bunch length of 3 nm microbunch train can be formed at the radiator which is assumed to be an undulator. Together with its narrowband feature, the EUV photon flux can reach$$10^{15}\sim 10^{16}$$1015∼1016phs/s within a 0.1 meV energy bandwidth, which is three orders of magnitude higher than that in a conventional synchrotron source, allowing sub-meV resolution in angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) and providing new opportunities for fundamental physics research. In the theoretical investigation, we have generalized the definition and derivation of the transverse form factor of an electron beam which can quantify the impact of its transverse size on coherent radiation.
Interactions between diurnal winds and floodplain mosaics control the insect boundary layer in a river corridor
Authors: Sukhodolov Alexander N. , Manfrin Alessandro , Larsen Stefano , Shumilova Oleksandra O. , Monaghan Michael T. , Tockner Klement 
Published: September 2023

AbstractInsect flight along river corridors is a fundamental process that facilitates sustainable succession and diversity of aquatic and terrestrial insect communities in highly dynamic fluvial environments. This study examines variations in the thickness of the insect boundary layer (i.e., the pre-surface atmosphere layer in which air velocity does not exceed the sustained speed of flying insects) caused by interactions between diurnal winds and the heterogenous habitat mosaics in the floodplain of a braided river. Based on advective–diffusive theory, we develop and test a semi-empirical model that relates vertical flux of flying insects to vertical profiles of diurnal winds. Our model suggests that, in the logarithmic layer of wind, the density of insect fluxes decreases exponentially with the altitude due to the strong physical forcing. Inside the insect boundary layer, the insect fluxes can increase with the altitude while the winds speed remains nearly constant. We suggest a hypothesis that there is a close correspondence between the height of discontinuity points in the insect profiles (e.g. points with abrupt changes of the insect flux) and the displacement heights of the wind profiles (e.g. points above which the wind profile is logarithmic). Vertical profiles were sampled during three time-intervals at three different habitat locations in the river corridor: a bare gravel bar, a gravel bar with shrubs, and an island with trees and shrubs. Insects and wind speed were sampled and measured simultaneously over each location at 1.5-m intervals up to approximately 17 m elevation. The results support our working hypothesis on close correspondence between discontinuity and displacement points. The thickness of the insect boundary layer matches the height of the discontinuity points and was about 5 m above the bare gravel bar and the gravel bar with shrubs. Above the island, the structure of the insect boundary layer was more complex and consisted of two discontinuity points, one at the mean height of the trees’ crowns (ca. 15 m), and a second, internal boundary layer at the top of the shrubs (ca. 5 m). Our findings improve the understanding of how vegetation can influence longitudinal and lateral dispersal patterns of flying insects in river corridors and floodplain systems. It also highlights the importance of preserving terrestrial habitat diversity in river floodplains as an important driver of both biotic and abiotic (i.e., morphology and airscape) heterogeneity.
Korrelation zwischen Komorbiditäten und Veränderungen des Lungenparenchyms im CT des Thorax bei Patienten mit COVID-19-Pneumonie
Authors: Nadem Boueini Nima , Haage Patrick , Abanador-Kamper Nadine , Kamper Lars 
Published: September 2023

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund und Ziel der Arbeit
Die pulmonale Manifestation von COVID-19 wird anhand standardisierter CT-morphologischer Kriterien beschrieben. In dieser Studie untersuchten wir mögliche Assoziationen zwischen dem CT-morphologischen Infiltratmuster bei COVID-19-Pneumonie und typischen Komorbiditäten sowie dem klinischen Verlauf.

Methoden
Wir analysierten klinische Daten und pulmonale Bildgebung von 61 Patienten mit positivem PCR-Test. Die pulmonalen Veränderungen wurden kategorisiert und auf Zusammenhänge mit vorbestehenden Komorbiditäten und dem klinischen Verlauf überprüft.

Ergebnisse
Im Vergleich zu Patienten mit untypischen Infiltratmustern (2/19, 10,5 %) wurden 25 Patienten mit typischen Infiltratmustern (25/42, 59,5 %) signifikant häufiger intensivmedizinisch behandelt (p < 0,001). Außerdem erhielten Patienten mit typischen Infiltratmustern im Vergleich zu Patienten mit untypischen Infiltratmustern häufiger eine nichtinvasive Beatmung (12/42, 28,6 %, p = ,040) und High-flow-Therapie (8/42, 19 %, p = 0,041). Die Mortalität war ebenfalls höher bei Patienten mit typischen Infiltratmustern, wobei 15 Patienten (15/42, 35,7 %) im Verlauf verstarben verglichen mit nur einem Patienten mit untypischem Infiltratmuster (1/19, 10,5 %, p = 0,012). Es konnte kein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen spezifischen Komorbiditäten und dem resultierenden Infiltratmuster nachgewiesen werden.

Diskussion
Patienten mit einem typischen COVID-19-Infiltratmuster werden häufiger intensivmedizinisch behandelt und weisen eine höhere Mortalität auf. Weitere Analysen mit größeren Patientenkollektiven sind notwendig, um spezifische Risikofaktoren für eine typische COVID-19-Pneumonie zu identifizieren.
Aging effects on the viscoelastic behaviour of products by fused deposition modelling (FDM) made from recycled and wood-filled polymer resins
Authors: Patti Antonella , Acierno Stefano , Cicala Gianluca , Acierno Domenico 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn this work, we analyse the thermal aging effects on the thermo-mechanical properties of bio-based specimens realized using fused deposition modelling technology. For the investigations, three commercial filaments made of polylactide acid (PLA) were used. The first filament was a pure virgin PLA (B-PLA); the second one was made from recycled waste production, PLA (R-PLA), and the third one was wood-filled PLA (W-PLA). Such materials were extruded under pre-optimized conditions and thermally aged in an oven at 70 °C. The as-prepared specimens were subjected to dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). The experimental results are presented in terms of storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E"), tan delta, and absorption spectra at different aging periods (0, 50, 70, 130, 175 days). For B-PLA and R-PLA, the thermal aging results in a decrease in both storage and loss moduli and in an increase in the glass transition temperature (Tg). On the contrary, for the W-PLA the storage modulus increases with the aging time, while the Tg remains constant. The IR spectra support the hypothesis of a degradation mechanism involving hydrolysis and/or hydrogen atom transfer. Based on these observations, we conclude that heat treatments always lead, through polymer degradation and structural changes, to more stable structures. The presence of wood particles slows down the aging process and makes the final products more durable.
Epidemiologie, Diagnostik und Therapie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Störung (ADHS) im höheren Lebensalter
Authors: Praus Peter , Moldavski Alexander , Alm Barbara , Hennig Oliver , Rösler Michael , Retz Wolfgang 
Published: September 2023

ZusammenfassungAktuelle Studien belegen eine vergleichsweise hohe Prävalenz der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-Hyperaktivitäts-Störung (ADHS) bis ins höhere Lebensalter. Ältere Betroffene leiden unter einer hohen Belastung mit psychiatrischer und somatischer Komorbidität sowie erheblichen Einschränkungen ihres psychosozialen Funktionsniveaus und subjektiven Wohlbefindens. Die differenzialdiagnostische Abgrenzung gegenüber neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen ist besonders in dieser Altersgruppe schwierig. Die vorliegende narrative Übersichtsarbeit will den aktuellen Wissensstand zur Epidemiologie der ADHS im höheren Lebensalter und zu möglichen Zusammenhängen zwischen ADHS und dem Risiko für Neurodegeneration zusammenfassen. Darüber hinaus werden Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik der ADHS im höheren Lebensalter und Behandlungsoptionen dargestellt.