bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peyer's Patch Lymphocytes: Demonstration of the Integrity of Afferent and Efferent T-Cell Functions in the Guinea Pig and Rat
Authors: Levin Douglas M. , Rosenstreich David L. , Wahl Sharon M. , Reynolds Herbert Y. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig Peyer's patch cells respond to allogeneic cells in vitro in either the one-way or two-way mixed leukocyte reaction. Guinea pig and rat Peyer's patch cells produce a graft vs host (GVH) reaction in appropriate recipients. Guinea pig Peyer's patch cells liberate a lymphokine lymphocyte-derived chemotactic factor (LDCF) when stimulated by the T-cell mitogen concanavalin A. The presence of both the mixed leukocyte reaction and the GVH support the integrity of the afferent limb of T-cell immunity, since both measure the ability of T cells to recognize and respond to cell surface alloantigens. Both the GVH and the LDCF release to concanavalin A demonstrate that the efferent limb of C-cell immunity is also functional.
These studies reinforce the concept that Peyer's patch lymphocytes have the same immunologic potential as those in other peripheral lymphoid compartments.
The Antibody Response to Myelin Basic Protein in Lewis and Fischer Rats as Followed by a Sodium Sulfate Method of Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Day Eugene D. , Wexler Marjorie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It was found that the sodium sulfate method of radioimmunoassay of 125I-labeled myelin basic protein could be used in the measurement and linear regression analysis of myelin-basic protein-binding activity in Lewis and Fischer rats, and could be adapted to the day-to-day single point measurements of antibody in microliter quantities of serum without untoward loss of statistical precision.
The Distribution of a Rabbit Thymic Antigen and Membrane Immunoglobulins in Lymphoid Tissue, with Special Reference to Mucosal Lymphocytes
Authors: Rudzik O. , Clancy R. L. , Perey D. Y. E. , Bienenstock J. , Singal D. P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have examined rabbit lymphocytes from several tissue sources for membrane immunoglobulins with antisera specific for α, µ and γ heavy chains, as well as with an antiserum specific for a rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen (RTLA). Among lymphocytes from bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT), Peyer's patches, thoracic duct, and gut mucosa exclusive of Peyer's patches, α and µ predominated with roughly equal percentages of each being found. The distribution of cells with γ receptors was approximately half that of either of the two other classes. In splenic lymphocytes, µ predominated, followed, respectively, in numbers by γ and α. Detection of RTLA on almost all thymus lymphocytes (94%), most thoracic duct lymphocytes (72%), and lower numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes (44%), Peyer's patch lymphocytes (17%), and splenic lymphocytes (20%) indicated a similar distribution of this antigen between the lymphoid organs as has been found for the mouse thymus lymphocyte-specific antigens. Low numbers of RTLA-bearing lymphocytes were detected in both the BALT (18%) and the gut mucosa (11%). An unexpected finding was the number of “null” cells among the gut mucosa populations, bearing neither thymic nor heavy chain markers. These results in toto support the view that lymphoid aggregates in lung and gut may both contain precursor populations of B cells destined for IgA production.
Catabolism Physical, and Immunologic Properties of Endocytosed Isologous and Heterologous γ-Globulins by Mouse Macrophages
Authors: Cruchaud André , Berney Monika , Balant Luc 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The catabolism of completely endocytosed isologous and heterologous γ-globulins by mouse macrophages was studied in vitro. Mouse, human, and rabbit 125I-IgG were coupled to mouse, human, or sheep erythrocytes either as antibodies or by covalent binding. They were exposed to macrophages for 1 hr and the non-endocytosed erythrocytes were then removed with a Ficoll gradient centrifugation. Catabolism was evaluated after 2, 5, and 18 hr in culture by measuring the radioactivity released into the culture medium as well as the radioactivity that remained associated with cells. It was found that all γ-globulins were catabolized in a similar fashion, and that the type of carrier erythrocytes (isologous or heterologous) had no influence on catabolism. Some of the material that remained associated with macrophages was on the cell membrane and could be removed by trypsin. Some of the material that was released by macrophages was completely degraded but some was either not degraded or only partially degraded. Sucrose density gradient analysis and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that this material had kept some physical properties of native γ-globulins. It was also found with the antigen-binding inhibition test and incubation with erythrocytes that the released material contained molecules carrying Fab determinants and was able to bind specifically to erythrocytic antigens. Taken together, these observations show that γ-globulins phagocytosed in the form of antigen-antibody complexes are only incompletely degraded and that the material associated with the plasma membrane of macrophages or found in the culture medium is a product of cell catabolism.
In Vitro Detection of Immune Responses to Mtv-Induced Mammary Tumors: Qualitative Differences in Response Detected by Time Studies
Authors: Blair Phyllis B. , Lane Mary Ann 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Both BALB/cfC3H females neonatally infected with mammary tumor virus (MTV) and MTV-free BALB/c females possess spleen cells capable of significant activity against target-MTV-induced mammary tumor cells in in vitro microcytotoxicity tests. The responses of the BALB/cfC3H and BALB/c females are different, however, on the basis of time studies. Further, the reactivity characteristic of virgin BALB/cfC3H females is increased in parous females, and part of this reactivity is subsequently lost in multiparous females bearing large tumors. BALB/cfC3H females possess reactive spleen cells as early as 3 weeks of age, indicating that response to MTV antigens develops soon after birth in these neonatally infected mice.
Differential IgA Repopulation after Transfer of Autologous and Allogeneic Rabbit Peyer's Patch Cells
Authors: Rudzik Oleh , Perey Daniel Y. E. , Bienenstock John 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The distribution and differentiation of rabbit Peyer's patch cells were studied in lethally x-irradiated autologous and allogeneic recipients, 6 days after i.v. transfer. Immunoglobulin Ig-containing cells were detected in both frozen tissue sections and fixed smears of single cell suspensions of spleens using monospecific anti-α, -µ, and -γ antisera in direct immunofluorescence. The tissues of lethally x-irradiated rabbits which had not received any cells were almost devoid of Ig-containing cells whereas the intestinal lamina propria of both autologous and allogeneic Peyer's patch cell recipients had approximately equal numbers of predominantly IgA-containing cells. In the spleen of allogeneic recipients, many large colonies of IgA-containing cells were seen and these cells made up 4.6 to 16.9% (mean 8%) of all spleen cell suspension. The spleens of autologous recipients contained fewer and smaller colonies of IgA cells which made up only 0.5% of all cells in spleen cell suspensions. The numbers of IgM- and IgG-containing spleen cells were small in all animals, however, recipients of allogeneic Peyer's patch cells had four to five times as many as either non-reconstituted lethally irradiated rabbits or autologous recipients. These data confirm that rabbit Peyer's patches are relatively rich in precursors of IgA-producing cells and suggest that histocompatibility differences may either potentiate differentiation of IgA production or lead to trapping of allogeneic Peyer's patch cells in the spleen. Although these experiments did not elucidate the mechanisms of differentiation of IgA-producing cells, the fact that no differences were seen between numbers of IgA cells in gut lamina propria after either autologous or allogeneic cell transfer suggest that different mechanisms may be responsible for appearance of these cells in gut and spleen.
Specific Isolation and Characterization of Antibody Directed to Binding Site Antigenic Determinants
Authors: Claflin J. Latham , Davie Joseph M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The preparation and specificity of antibodies specific for the ligand-binding site of HOPC 8, a phosphorylcholine (PC)-binding mouse myeloma protein, are described. Antiserum to HOPC 8, prepared in rabbits, was adsorbed with an HOPC 8-Sepharose immunoadsorbent and anti-binding site antibodies were eluted with PC. These antibodies reacted with HOPC 8 but not other myeloma proteins, including those with PC-binding specificity different from HOPC 8. The specificity of this anti-HOPC 8 antibody for the combining site region of HOPC 8 was shown by the fact that 1) the interaction of the anti-HOPC 8 antibody preparation with HOPC 8 was completely blocked by PC and 2) the antibody preparation failed to bind TEPC 15 in which the combining sites had been blocked by covalently bound PC groups. Moreover, these anti-binding site antibodies did not react with isolated heavy or light chains, indicating the requirement for a heavy-light chain interaction. By contrast an idiotypic antiserum to HOPC 8 prepared in A/J mice did bind affinity-labeled TEPC 15 and the reaction with HOPC 8 was only marginally hapten inhibitable. Both of the idiotypic determinants detected by these two antisera were present on anti-PC antibody raised in BALB/c mice.
Modulation of in Vivo Antibody Responses by Cholera Toxin
Authors: Kateley John R. , Kasarov Luka , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment of mice with an exotoxin (0.01 µg to 1.0 µg) purified from Vibrio cholerae culture filtrates markedly influenced the immune response to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Simultaneous administration of the toxin (CT) with antigen resulted in a delayed appearance of antibody plaque-forming cells (PFC) during the first few days after immunization, followed by a marked enhancement of both IgM and IgG PFC. The secondary immune response to SRBC was also similarly affected when CT was given together with a second inoculation of SRBC; i.e., a delay in appearance of hemolytic PFC followed by a markedly enhanced IgM and IgG PFC response. Treatment of mice with cholera toxin 1 to 3 days before SRBC or LPS was immunosuppressive. The effect of CT on the level of splenic cyclic AMP appeared related to the effects on antibody formation.
Antibody-Mediated Cytotoxicity after Measles Virus Infection
Authors: Kibler Ruthann , Meulen Volker Ter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody cytotoxicity in the presence of complement to measles virus-infected cells was determined in sera of individuals at various stages of measles virus infection. A measles virus carrier cell line, which possessed viral antigens on the cell membrane, was employed as target cells. The cytotoxic effect was measured by 51Cr release from the measles virus-infected cells. A microtiter method was used to determine the titer of antibody cytotoxicity. Cytotoxic antibodies could be detected in serum specimens from individuals after natural measles virus infection and vaccination. Sera from subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) patients had only slightly higher titers than were found in sera obtained from individuals 1 week to 3 months after measles virus infection. Titers were much lower in sera from individuals more than 1 year after measles virus infection. Sera from children inoculated with measles virus vaccine lost their ability to react in hemagglutination inhibition, neutralization (NT) and cytotoxicity (CT) tests after absorption with the hemagglutinin from measles virus. SSPE sera treated in a similar manner retained their activity in NT and CT tests. Cytotoxic antibody was, therefore, shown to be directed against the hemagglutinin and some other antigen of measles virus.
Studies on the Specificity of Autoantibodies Produced in Systemic Graft-vs-Host Disease
Authors: Streilein J. Wayne , Stone Marvin J. , Duncan William R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-erythrocyte antibodies were found in serum and on RBC of F1 hybrid hamsters afflicted with systemic graft-vs-host (GVH) disease. These antibodies were shown to be reactive with antigenic determinants unique to hamster erythrocytes compared to heterologous erythrocytes and to non-erythrocytic hamster tissues. They fulfilled the criteria for true autoantibodies by failing to discriminate strain specificities among the domestically maintained isogenic hamster lines that were tested. It is suggested that the excessive production of these antibodies results from the allogeneic effect by which donor T lymphocytes attack host B lymphocytes and stimulate heretofore quiescent self-reactive clones. Moreover, it is proposed that these autoantibodies can function as enhancing antibodies and subvert continued progression of GVH disease. In this regard, they resemble antibodies directed at allogeneic transplantation antigens that have been shown to attenuate and abort GVH processes.
An Expression for the Calculation of Relative Affinities of Antibody-Ligand Interactions
Authors: Paul William E. , Elfenbein Gerald J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An expression is derived which allows the calculation of Ka without a value for total binding sites of antibody. The expression yields unambiguous Ka values for homogeneous populations of antibody molecules. When heterogeneous populations are used, the value of calculated Ka rises as the fraction of sites bound falls.
This expression should be useful in the determination of relative affinity with data obtained from Farr assays of the binding of anti-hapten antibody to hapten. Since values for total binding sites are unnecessary, this equation should be especially applicable for the study of heterogeneous populations of relatively low affinity antibodies present at low concentrations.
Effective Immunity to Dental Caries: Protection of Gnotobiotic Rats by Local Immunization with Streptococcus Mutans
Authors: McGhee Jerry R. , Michalek Suzanne M. , Webb Jerry , Navia Juan M. , Rahman A. F. R. , Legler Donald W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gnotobiotic rats injected in the submandibular region with killed, whole Streptococcus mutans cells developed salivary antibodies directed to this microorganism. Increased levels of salivary IgA and inhibition and augmentation of agglutinin titers with anti-rat α-antiglobulin suggested that these antibodies were of the immunoglobulin A class. Furthermore, the rats monoinfected and immunized with homologous organisms always had lower mean caries scores than monoinfected, non-immunized rats. This reduction was evident in carious lesions on the buccal surfaces of molars and in those in sulcal areas. These results suggest that local immunization with whole S. mutans cells stimulates a specific salivary IgA response protective against caries resulting from S. mutans infection.
Mixed Leukocyte Culture Reactivity in Operationally Tolerant Rats: Relationship of Lymphocyte-Mediated Reactivity and Serum-Blocking Activity
Authors: Bernstein I. D. , Hamilton B. L. , Wright P. W. , Burstein R. , Hellstrom K. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance to Brown Norway (BN) allografts was induced in Wistar Furth (W/Fu) rats by neonatal inoculation of BN bone marrow cells or mixtures of (W/Fu × BN)F1 hybrid spleen and bone marrow cells. Lymphoid cells from rats in which operational tolerance had been induced (maintenance of BN skin graft for more than 100 days) were studied for mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 of 25 W/Fu rats operationally tolerant to BN skin grafts showed MLC reactivity when exposed to BN antigens in vitro, implying that some degree of MLC reactivity is compatible with prolonged skin graft survival. These same rats also showed cytotoxic activity to BN fibroblasts in vitro regardless of their MLC status. MLC is quantitatively decreased and possibly qualitatively altered as compared to that of control W/Fu lymphocytes. The decrease was specific for the tolerated antigens. Serum from the tolerant rats inhibited cytotoxic but not normal MLC reactivity of W/Fu cells against BN antigens.
Complement Biosynthesis in Vitro by Rat Hepatoma Cell Strains
Authors: Strunk Robert C. , Tashjian Armen H. , Colten Harvey R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Four separate rat hepatoma strains were examined for their capacity to synthesize complement (C). None of the strains synthesized detectable amounts of the first component (C1), and only one strain (7800C1) produced the fourth component (C4). However, each of the strains synthesized significant amounts of biologically active C2 and C3. Three of the four strains also produced C5 and the natural inhibitor of C1 (C1 INH). Two control rat cell strains (fibroblast and pituitary) did not synthesize any detectable C components. Production of C, studied extensively in 7800C1 and H4, was reversibly inhibited by cycloheximide (2 µg/ml) and [14C] amino acids were incorporated into C2, C3, and C1 INH. As assessed by gel filtration, the elution positions of the C components synthesized by the cells in culture were similar to those of the corresponding proteins in normal rat serum. Hydrocortisone (10-6 to 10-7 M) stimulated the production of C3 by H4, but C2 and C5 production were not affected. These C-producing hepatoma cells may prove useful for studies of the control of C biosynthesis.
Induction of Theta-Positive Lymphocytes and Lymphoblasts in Mouse Bone Marrow by Mitogens
Authors: Cohen J. John , Patterson Connie K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With a sensitive technique for the identification of lymphocytes and lymphoblasts bearing the surface antigens ϑ, TL, and immunoglobulin, the induction of ϑ-positive small lymphocytes in bone marrow could be observed. Dibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and thymosin were both effective in inducing precursor cells to express ϑ antigen. Concanavalin A and bacterial lipopolysaccharide were also shown to be inducers. After treatment with concanavalin A but not with lipopolysaccharide, lymphoblasts developed in marrow cultures which were positive for ϑ and TL antigens; when spleen was cultured with concanavalin A, lymphoblasts were ϑ-positive and TL-negative. It is concluded that the cell responsive to concanavalin A (and phytohemagglutinin) in bone marrow is a ϑ-negative precursor (stem) cell, which is induced first to express ϑ and TL antigens, and then to differentiate to a lymphoblast.
Specificity of Basophils and Lymphocytes in Cutaneous Basophil Hypersensitivity
Authors: Dvorak Harold F. , Colvin Robert B. , Churchill Winthrop H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Using a rosetting technique, it was found that the vast majority of basophils circulating in the blood or accumulating in the skin reactions of guinea pigs primed for cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH) lacked demonstrable specificity for sensitizing antigen, whether sheep erythrocytes, a soluble protein, or tumor cells. By contrast, one-third of cells teased from late skin reactions formed specific rosettes as did nearly 80% of circulating basophils in animals receiving repeated doses of whole sheep blood. Unreactive basophils teased from CBH reactions readily acquired rosetting capacity on exposure to immune serum.
With regard to lymphocyte (and hence reaction) specificity, both CBH and classic delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reactions exhibited a high degree of carrier specificity when dinitrophenyl-conjugates were used. Thus, in the hapten-carrier combinations examined thus far, the antigen skin test requirements for both CBH and DH have been identical and are those required for inducing an active lymphocyte response.
These findings indicate that control mechanisms other than homocytotropic antibodies must be sought to explain the accumulation and behavior of basophils in CBH reactions and, coupled with other data, suggest that lymphocytes and/or their products are likely candidates for this role.
Suppression of Maternal Responsiveness to Paternal Antigens by Maternal Plasma
Authors: Pence Hobart , Petty William M. , Rocklin Ross E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The effect of plasma from multigravida women on the expression of cellular hypersensitivity to paternal antigens was investigated. It was found that autologous, but not homologous, maternal plasma specifically blocked MIF production by maternal lymphocytes using their husbands' cells as an antigenic stimulus. The blocking activity could be absorbed out by repeated incubation with paternal cells. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of maternal plasma showed the blocking activity to be in the IgG fraction. The presence of specific blocking factor(s) in maternal plasma which prevent reactivity to paternal antigens may explain in part the success of the fetus as an allograft.
Competition for Antigen by Cell Populations Having Receptors with the Same Specificity but of Different Idiotype
Authors: Bangasser Susan A. , Kapsalis Andreas A. , Fraker Pamela J. , Nisonoff Alfred 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
All normal A/J mice immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-p-azophenylarsonate (KLH-Ar) produce anti-Ar antibodies, some of which share a cross-reactive idiotype. The present results indicate that the biosynthesis of antibody molecules bearing this idiotype does not occur in mice having an excess of lymphoid cells with receptors for Ar that lack the idiotype. This was shown, first, by introducing into normal, nonirradiated mice lymphoid cells from mice which had been suppressed with respect to production of the idiotype and then immunized with KLH-Ar. The recipients failed to express the idiotype upon immunization. Alternatively, cells from suppressed, mice were transferred into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients, followed 17 days later by normal cells. All recipients expressed the idiotype upon immunization. If, however, the recipients were challenged with antigen between the two cell transfers, antibodies bearing the idiotype were not produced during subsequent immunization. Arguing against active, cell-mediated suppression was the production of the idiotype by normal cells in the presence of cells from a suppressed animal. However, the possibility of active suppression by hyperimmune, suppressed cells was not ruled out. On the basis of the present data, the simplest interpretation is that cells with anti-Ar receptors from immune, suppressed animals, being present in larger numbers, compete successfully for antigen with nonimmune cells and thus prevent the expression of the idiotype. The system may provide a basis for quantitative studies of competition among cells for a limited supply of antigen, particularly if B cell populations are utilized.