bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Maturation of Immune Responsiveness in the Mouse
Authors: Landahl Carol A. , Chakravarty Ashim , Sulman Miriam , Kubai Louis , Auerbach Robert 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were designed to investigate the role of the spleen in the development of the murine immune system. By using mice splenectomized within 24 hr of birth, as well as mice with a hereditary, congenital absence of the spleen, the primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes was examined. The immunocompetence of lymph node cells from spleenless or control mice was assessed in vitro, in organ and in cell suspension cultures, and in vivo, by transfer into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients followed by antigenic stimulation. The immunologic capacities of thymus and bone marrow cells were similarly tested by injection separately or in combination into irradiated syngeneic mice. Lymph node cells from spleenless animals appeared fully competent both in vitro and in transfer experiments. Neither neonatal splenectomy nor congenital absence of the spleen significantly reduced the capacity of bone marrow or thymus cells to participate in the immune response to sheep erythrocytes.
Detection of Antibodies to Bacterial Cell Wall Peptidoglycan in Human Sera
Authors: Heymer Berno , Schleifer Karl-Heinz , Read Stanley , Zabriskie John B. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay has been developed for the measurement of antibodies to peptidoglycan in human sera including patients with rheumatic fever and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The assay is based on the percentage of binding of the hapten 125I-L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala, the major peptide determinant of peptidoglycan. Because of differences in the avidity of the antibodies in different sera, the amount of antibody was expressed as pentapeptide hapten-binding capacity (pentapeptide-HBC in ng/ml of serum).
Fourteen out of 105 normal blood donors had a pentapeptide-HBC value ≥ 75 ng/ml serum. Values in healthy children 5 to 18 years of age were ≤ 50 ng/ml. Sixty-eight percent of the individuals with rheumatic fever had values ≥ 75 ng/ml, an indication that streptococcal infections can stimulate an immune response to peptidoglycan. Thirty-five percent of the patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis had values ≥ 75 ng/ml. Such a finding points to a possible association between bacterial infections and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis.
Induction of Specific Suppressor T Cells in Vitro
Authors: Eardley Diane D. , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We describe conditions for generating sheep red blood cell-specific suppressor T cells in Mishell-Dutton cultures. The production of specific suppressor cells is favored by increasing antigen dose in the initial culture but can be produced by transferring more cells when lower doses of antigen are used. Transfer of small numbers of cells cultured with low doses of antigen leads to a specific helper effect. Transfer of large numbers of educated cells leads to nonspecific suppression.
Suppression can be effected by the effluent cells from nylon wool columns which do not make detectable PFC. A fraction of these cells become resistant to treatment with anti-T cell sera and complement after culture. The suppressor cells are radiation sensitive and must be able to synthesize protein to suppress. They take 2 to 3 days of education to reach maximum suppressive efficiency and will not suppress cultures if added 2 to 3 days after culture initiation. Their production is favored by the absence of mercaptoethanol, suggesting that the observed suppression is not “too much help”. The ability to generate specific suppressor cells in vitro should be of great benefit in determining the factors that regulate their appearance in vivo.
Suppressor Cells in Spleens from “Nude” Mice: Their Effect on the Mitogenic Response of B Lymphocytes
Authors: Smith J. Bruce , Eaton Gordon J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A cell population recovered after velocity sedimentation fractionation of “nude” but not haired mouse spleen cells suppressed the response of spleen cells from both “nude” and haired mice to the B cell mitogen, LPS. The suppressor activity of these cells was abrogated by treatment with anti-ϑ antiserum and complement but not by treatment with the same antiserum preabsorbed with mouse brain. It is possible that these suppressor cells come from the pool of T cell precursors known to be present in “nude” bone marrow and spleen, and that they do not require thymic influence in order to perform the suppressor function.
Interaction of Soluble C3 Fragments with Guinea Pig Lymphocytes. Comparison of Effects of C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d on Lymphokine Production and Lymphocyte Proliferation
Authors: Koopman W. J. , Sandberg A. L. , Wahl S. M. , Mergenhagen S. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3a, C3b, C3c, and C3d were generated from purified guinea pig C3 by trypsin treatment. These fragments were characterized immunochemically and functionally by rosette inhibition. C3b is capable of binding to both C3b and C3d receptors on lymphocytes whereas C3d binds only to C3d receptors. C3b stimulates guinea pig spleen cells to elaborate a macrophage chemotactic factor which is similar in m.w. to that generated in response to PHA or LPS and is antigenically unrelated to C3 or C5. In contrast, neither C3a, C3c, or C3d stimulate guinea pig lymphocytes. Neither C3 nor any of its major fragments induce cellular proliferation. These data are compatible with the hypothesis that C3b triggers spleen cells to release a macrophage chemotactic factor by cross-linking C3b and C3d receptors.
Antibody-Dependent, Lymphoid Cell-Independent Plaques
Authors: Hanna Edgar E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The report by Muchmore et al. (1) of artifactual sheep erythrocyte (SE) hemolytic plaques occurring in their assays of human lymphocyte cultures confirms and extends our observations to a human system. We reported (2–4) that background anti-SE antibody contained in the normal rabbit serum, a supplement of the medium for our rabbit spleen cell cultures, generated numerous lymphoid cell-independent plaques (LCIP). These artifactual plaques were generated by complement-mediated local lysis of the preformed anti-SE antibody-sensitized agglutinates of SE which formed after addition of SE as antigen to our cultures. Muchmore et al. have reached the same conclusions on the origin of artifactual plaques in their cultures of human lymphocytes (1). The source of preformed anti-SE antibody in their cultures was human plasma used as a supplement in their culture medium (1). Another type of artifactual plaque formation was observed by Roseman and co-workers (5), who suggested that passive carry over of antibody on several particulate vehicles may predispose PFC assays to “pseudo-plaques”.
Characterization of Effector Lymphocytes Associated with Immunity to Murine Sarcoma Virus (MSV) Induced Tumors
Authors: Plata Fernando , MacDonald H. Robson , Engers Howard D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) were generated in secondary mixed leukocyte-tumor cell cultures (MLTC) with syngeneic RB1-5 tumor cells as stimulating cells and with responding spleen cells from regressor mice that had rejected a murine sarcoma virus (MSV)-induced tumor. CTL precursor cells were found to be exclusively of thymic origin and non-T cells were apparently not required for CTL generation. When the size variations of CTL from syngeneic MLTC were analyzed by velocity sedimentation it appeared that a transition from small precursor cells to larger effector cells occurred during the first 5 days in culture; this change in cell size was then followed by a shift toward small-sized cells. Furthermore, the CTL generated in syngeneic MLTC in the MSV tumor immune system were compared with those CTL obtained in allogeneic mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) and were shown to exhibit fundamental similarities.
Measurement of H-2 and Non-H-2 Antigens in the Mouse with the Footpad Swelling Test
Authors: Kon Neal D. , Klein Paul A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The footpad swelling (FPS) test for delayed-type hypersensitivity in the mouse was evaluated for its ability to measure histocompatibility (H) antigens present on intact spleen cells or solubilized from a methylcholanthrene-(MCA) induced fibrosarcoma.
Mice were immunized to H-antigens (H-2 or non-H-2) with skin allografts and challenged 14 days later with test antigens. Spleen cell-bound and solubilized H-antigens elicited strong and specific FPS reactions in allograftimmunized but not in unimmunized mice. The test could distinguish H-2 from non-H-2 antigens as well as D from KI region specificities of the H-2 gene complex.
These experiments suggest that the FPS test is a reliable in vivo method for measuring both cell-bound and solubilized H-antigens in the mouse.
Immunogen Structure and Cell Selection
Authors: Trump Gary N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular requirements for the in vitro response to DNP-O-Bio-Gel-P were determined. Results of these experiments indicate that: 1) splenic adherent cells are required for generation of anti-hapten PFC to the solid phase immunogen; and 2) cultured nude-mouse spleen cells have far less capacity to respond to the immunogen than do cells from wild type mice. These experiments suggest that both T and B cells are required for responsiveness to the moderately haptenated form of DNP-O-Bio-Gel-P.
Lymphokine-Like Factors Produced by Human Lymphoid Cell Lines with B or T Cell Surface Markers
Authors: Yoshida Takeshi , Kuratsuji Tadatoshi , Takada Akikazu , Takada Yumiko , Minowada Jun , Cohen Stanley 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the present series of experiments we examined the ability of eight continuous cell lines derived from human lymphocytes to release lymphokines into their culture media. We have demonstrated that all could produce a macrophage migration inhibitory factor and a neutrophil chemotactic factor. This ability was independent of the B or T cell origin of the cell lines. As a further extension of previous reports, we report that the migration inhibitory effect does not seem to be due to cytotoxic effects as judged by trypan blue exclusion studies, and more important by the demonstration that the inhibition is reversible.
The demonstration that neutrophil chemotactic activity is removable by treatment with a previously described and characterized anti-lymphokine antiserum suggests that this factor may be chemically similar to some of the lymphokines (migration inhibitory factor or chemotactic factor for macrophages) produced by antigen-activated guinea pig lymphocyte cultures. The failure to effect similar removal or inactivation of the macrophage migration inhibitory factor may simply reflect greater interspecies heterogeneity in this factor, or more interestingly, that this does not correspond to “classic” MIF.
These results extend previous observations by defining further the capacity of lymphoid cell lines in continuous culture to produce mediators and by characterizing their relationship to conventional lymphokines produced by antigen or mitogen-activated lymphocytes.
Specificity of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Cell Recognition in the Fetal Lamb
Authors: Asantila Tuula , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cells prepared from liver, thymus, and spleen of fetal lambs at different stages of gestation were confronted with allogeneic and xenogeneic cells in MLC. Specific elimination of the responding cells with BUdR and UV light together with a subsequent restimulation was used to study the specificity of the reaction. The response of fetal liver cells was not based on the existence of specifically recognizing cellular subpopulations; the response was concluded to be due either to stimulatory products released by the stimulating cells or to the multipotentiality of the responding cells. Specifically recognizing cells first appeared in the thymus at 58 days postconception and in the spleen at 70 days.
In the response of sheep lymphocytes against allogeneic and xenogeneic (mouse, human) cells, a cross-reactivity occurred. Fetal lamb lymphocytes were also capable of recognizing intraspecies differences on the xenogeneic cells. This capacity developed simultaneously with the specific recognition of allogeneic cells. No clear difference was observed in the reactivity of fetal thymus cells and spleen cells when compared to that of adult peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate that immunologically specific recognition of foreign cells is created in the sheep during the early intrauterine development.
Control of Fc and C3 Receptors on Myeloid Leukemic Cells
Authors: Lotem Joseph , Sachs Leo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An experimental system has been developed to study in cloned lines of cells the control of Fc and C3 receptors by different compounds. The cells used were clones of mouse myeloid leukemic cells and the compounds used were the protein MGI2 (macrophage and granulocyte inducer) in serum from mice injected with bacterial endotoxin and the steroid inducer (SI) dexamethasone. Eight clones were isolated which could be divided into three groups. One group (MGI+SI+) was induced to form EA and EAC rosettes by MGI and only EAC rosettes by SI, the second group (MGI-SI+) was not inducible by MGI but was induced by SI to form EA or EA and EAC rosettes, and the third group (MGI-SI-) was not inducible for EA or EAC by MGI or SI. There were two types of MGI+SI+ clones, one type (D+) could be induced by MGI to differentiate to mature macrophages and granulocytes, and the other type (D-) could not be induced to differentiate to mature cells. The MGI-SI+ and MGI-SI- clones were all D-. The results indicate that there are different cellular sites for MGI and SI and that induction of EA and EAC rosettes did not seem to be mediated by cyclic AMP.
Experiments with specifically bound 3H-BSA-anti-BSA complexes have indicated that there was an increase in the amount of 3H-BSA-anti-BSA bound per rosette-forming cell following induction by MGI or SI, and there were differences in the amount of 3H-BSA-anti-BSA bound per rosette-forming cell in different clones. These clones also showed differences in the shape of the curve for the number of EA rosette-forming cells obtained with erythrocytes coated with decreasing concentrations of antibody. The results suggest that such curves and those obtained with EAC rosettes can be used to determine the relative abundance of EA and EAC receptors on rosette-forming cells. EA rosettes on the myeloid leukemic cells, like those on normal macrophages and granulocytes, were specifically inhibited by IgG2α and by the Fc but not the Fab fragment of IgG. The EAC rosettes were inhibited by destroying the C3 component of complement. The different clones maintained their specific properties for at least 6 months in culture. The present system should, therefore, also be useful for studies on the genetic control of the regulation of Fc and C3 receptors.
Recruitment of Effector Lymphocytes by Initiator Lymphocytes
Authors: Livnat Shmuel , Cohen Irun R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In previous studies, we have shown that initiator T lymphocytes (ITL) sensitized in vitro recruit effector T lymphocytes in vivo. When ITL were sensitized against fibroblast antigens in vitro and injected into footpads of syngeneic recipients, they induced enlargement of the draining popliteal lymph node (PLN) and the development there of specific effector lymphocytes of recipient origin. To study the basis of this lymph node response in recruitment, we injected 51Cr-labeled spleen cells i.v. into recipients of sensitized ITL and found that the labeled circulating lymphocytes were trapped in the reacting PLN. The trapping depended on surface properties of the labeled circulating lymphocytes, as revealed by various enzymatic treatments. The trapping process was radiosensitive, both on the part of the trapped lymphocytes and the lymph nodetrapping mechanism. Thus, sensitized ITL injected into the hind footpads migrate to the PLN and induce the trapping of circulating recruitable lymphocytes, which either differentiate into or regulate the differentiation of effector T lymphocytes.
Recruitment of Effector Lymphocytes by Initiator Lymphocytes
Authors: Livnat Shmuel , Cohen Irun R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have shown previously that initiator T lymphocytes (ITL), sensitized in vitro against fibroblast antigens, recruit effector T cells in vivo. After injection into hind footpads of syngeneic recipients, sensitized ITL migrated to the draining popliteal lymph nodes (PLN) and activated a trapping mechanism by which circulating lymphocytes were recruited in the PLN. This paper reports experiments designed to test the immunospecificity of these recruited T lymphocytes (RTL). We found that immunospecific RTL were depleted from other lymphoid organs during recruitment in the PLN. However, immunospecific ITL were not depleted from spleens during PLN recruitment. Thus ITL and RTL are functionally distinguishable.
We show that specific GVH reactive lymphocytes were also lost from spleens and distal lymph nodes during trapping of RTL in the PLN. Thus, the trapping phase of the recruitment response is immunospecific, as are the sensitization and effector phases. The trapped RTL are antigen-specific, and include the pool of GVH-reactive-lymphocytes committed to the same alloantigen. Thus, it appears that GVH-reactive cells respond to syngeneic ITL sensitized against allogeneic fibroblasts.
Demonstration of Binding Sites for IgG Fc and the Third Complement Component (C3) on Isolated Hepatocytes
Authors: Hopf Uwe , Büschenfelde Karl-Hermann Meyer zum , Dierich Manfred P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes from rabbits with experimental acute serum sickness showed immune complexes bound to the hepatocellular membrane with a coarse granular fluorescent pattern. Also in vitro preformed immune complexes (BSA-anti-BSA) or aggregated γ-globulin from human and rabbit could be bound to the surface of isolated hepatocytes. In contrast, immune complexes with F(ab′)2 anti-BSA were not fixed on the membranes. Hepatocytes incubated in fresh serum showed membrane-fixed C3 in a coarse granular pattern. This deposition could be abolished by heating (56°C, 30 min) the serum or by adding EDTA (0.02 M). Also, purified human or guinea pig C3 could be bound to the hepatocellular membrane but in a linear fluorescent pattern. Thus, fixation of immune complexes on hepatocytes appears to operate through binding sites for IgG Fc and, possibly, also through binding sites for C3. It is suggested that these hepatocellular-binding sites may have a physiologic clearance function. In vivo fixed IgA could be detected on the membranes of isolated hepatocytes from healthy persons. It is assumed that the membrane-fixed IgA has a carrier function for antigens from the gut.
Radioimmunoassay for Thymopoietin
Authors: Goldstein Gideon 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay for thymopoietin was developed that detects thymopoietin concentrations greater than 5 ng/ml. A critical point in development of the radioimmunoassay was preparation of 125I-labeled thymopoietin by the Bolton-Hunter method, since direct iodination of tyrosyl residues impaired the immunoreactivity of thymopoietin.
Histamine Release from Cultured Human Basophils: Lack of Histamine Resynthesis After Antigenic Release
Authors: Drobis Jeffrey D. , Siraganian Reuben P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral basophils can be maintained in culture for up to 72 hr. These cells retain their functional integrity as judged by total histamine content and by their ability to release histamine by an IgE-mediated reaction in response to a specific antigen challenge. Cells cultured after suboptimal antigenic challenge could be activated to release histamine upon the addition of antigen. In contrast, cells cultured after supra-optimal antigenic challenge did not fully recover their ability to release histamine even after 24 hr.
With a variety of culture conditions, it was impossible to demonstrate any net synthesis of histamine in cells. Cells cultured after depletion of their stores by reaction with antigen did not show any net histamine formation. The experiments suggest that the basophil in peripheral blood is functionally an end-stage cell and can participate in the histamine release reaction only once.
Modulation of Cyclic AMP in Purified Rat Mast Cells
Authors: Sullivan Timothy J. , Parker Keith L. , Kulczycki Anthony , Parker Charles W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Changes in rat mast cell cyclic adenosine 3′,5′ monophosphate (cAMP) concentrations during stimulation of histamine release by concanavalin A (con A) and anti-IgE were studied. Con A caused an increase in cAMP with a mean peak level at 20 sec of 232% of control (range 164% to 365%). Con A-stimulated cells demonstrated falls toward control levels after 20 sec, but generally remained above control for at least 5 min. By 10 min cAMP had returned to control values. The con A effect on cAMP occurred in the absence of phosphatidyl serine but was markedly inhibited by 5 mM α-methyl-D-mannose. Anti-IgE induced a less marked increase in cAMP (157% of control, range 110% to 540% of control) which reached a peak at 20 sec. Two monospecific goat anti-rat myeloma IgE antisera induced similar changes in cAMP whereas normal goat IgG had no effect. These peak values were followed by a rapid decrease in cAMP. Within 2 min the cAMP content of anti-IgE stimulated cells had fallen to levels well below control and remained below control levels from 45 sec to over 15 min. Histamine release in both systems began after the peak cAMP levels, during the period of rapid destruction of cAMP.
Antibody-Induced Killing in Vivo of L1210/MTX-R Cells Quantitated in Passively Immunized Mice with 131I-Iododeoxyuridine-Labeled Cells and Whole-Body Measurement of Retained Radioactivity
Authors: Carlson George A. , Terres Geronimo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The killing of the LR subline of the DBA/2J leukemia L1210/MTX by passive antibody was followed in vivo with 131I-iododeoxyuridine-labeled cells and whole-body measurement of retained radioactivity. The in vivo killing of LR cells was proportional to the in vitro 2-mercaptoethanol resistant titer, independent of the complement system, and radioresistant. Although a large percentage of the leukemic cells was killed in passively immunized mice, the protective effect of the passive antiserum was dependent on the active immune response of the host.
Immune Response in the Hamster
Authors: Portis J. L. , Coe J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A hemolytic plaque assay was used to quantitate the antibody response of the Syrian hamster after immunization with hen egg albumin (HEA). Whereas HEA in complete Freund's adjuvant (HEA-CF) induced a prolonged heterogeneous (IgM, IgG1 and IgG2) antibody response, the response to soluble HEA in saline (HEA-S) differed in that: 1) both the primary and secondary responses were restricted to the IgG1 class; 2) the IgG1 primary response was cyclical with PFC peaks on days 9 and 16; 3) although an anamnestic secondary response was demonstrated, no further augmentation was noted after tertiary and quaternary boosters; 4) the booster response was transient reaching a peak after 48 hr and declining to low levels within 7 days. Adoptive transfer of lymph node cells to irradiated recipients followed by challenge with HEA-CF revealed: 1) that HEA-S-treated donor cells were primed for an IgG1 response because anamnesis was seen 7 days after challenge, yet on day 21, IgG1 PFC were 20-fold less than that of controls; 2) recipients of HEA-S treated cells showed profound suppression of both IgM and IgG2 PFC on days 14 and 21. These studies indicate that soluble antigen induced in hamsters a state of complete tolerance of IgM and IgG2 classes whereas the anamnestic response of the IgG1 class remained intact.