bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrophil Aggregation and Swelling Induced by Chemotactic Agents
Authors: O'Flaherty J. T. , Kreutzer D. L. , Ward P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An assay is described for measuring neutrophil aggregation and cell size with a Coulter Counter equipped with a mean cell volume computer and volume channalyzer. With this assay, it was found that several chemotactically active agents rapidly induce rabbit peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils in suspension to aggregate reversibly. The aggregating activities of these chemotactic agents paralleled their in vitro chemotactic- and in vivo neutropenia-inducing potencies. Neutrophil aggregation may underlie the neutropenia which follows the infusion of these agents into rabbits.
Chemotactic agents may also induce polymorphonuclear neutrophils to increase in volume; this effect appears to be independent of aggregation. The volume change develops more slowly and does not appear reversible under the conditions employed. The volume increase may be an expression of pseudopodia formation and membrane ruffling known to develop in neutrophils exposed to chemotactic agents.
Immunologic Tolerance to Heterologous Immunoglobulin: Its Relation to In Vitro Filtration by Macrophages
Authors: Cowing Carol , Harris Dorothy , Garabedian Charles , Lukic Miodrag , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cellular and molecular basis for the difference in ability of BGG to induce tolerance in BALB/c and DBA/2 mice has been examined by in vitro biofiltration. It was found that incubation with the adherent cells from BALB/c but not DBA/2 spleens could remove the material from BGG which inhibited tolerance induction in BALB/c mice. This material was shown to represent only a trace component in BGG, was present in only certain commercial batches of BGG, and was apparently unrelated to the presence of aggregates or endotoxin.
Studies of Tolerance to DNA in NZB/NZW F1 Mice
Authors: Tanphaichitr Kongsak , Hahn Bevra H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Administration of sDNA-poly-D-lysine (DNA-PDL) to newborn NZB/NZW F1 mice (B/W) was previously shown to prolong survival and to decrease nephritis and DNA antibodies. In this study, B/W mice treated from birth with DNA-PDL were found to be tolerant to immunization with sDNA on PDL or mBSA carriers in adjuvants. Tolerance to sDNA was present and was hapten-specific carrier-dependent. IgG and IgM anti-nDNA circulating antibodies were suppressed. Continuous tolerization was necessary to maintain tolerance. Tolerance to sDNA could be transferred by spleen cells, by tolerized thymus cells, and by tolerized bone marrow cells, suggesting that both T and B cells participated in this phenomenon.
Enhancement of the DNA Synthetic Response of Antigen-Primed Lymph Node Cells by Splenic Promoter Cells: Characterization of the Splenic Promoter Cells
Authors: Shek Pang N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbits were immunized in the footpad with diphtheria toxoid in complete Freund's adjuvant. At various times after immunization, cells harvested from the spleen, the draining (immune) and the opposing (control) lymph nodes (LN) were assayed for their proliferative response to incorporate tritiated thymidine upon exposure to the priming antigen. Although the immune LN cells responded by a substantial incorporation of thymidine, cells from the control LN and the spleen either did not respond or responded feebly. An enhancement in the response of the immune LN cells was observed when they were cultured in the presence of nonresponsive spleen cells. Pretreatment of spleen cells with mitomycin C did not abolish the enhancement. This suggests that the target cells which respond to the antigen are derived from the immune LN whereas the promoter cells which enhance the response are present in the spleen. The removal of adhering cells by glass wool columns and of Ig-bearing cells by anti-Ig immunoabsorbent columns from the spleen did not reduce the enhancing capacity of the nonadhering cells. Conversely, the killing of splenic T cells by specific heterologous antiserum directed against rabbit thymus lymphocyte antigen abolished the enahncement. Thus, the promoter cell which facilitates the enhancement has been characterized as a nonadherent, splenic T cell.
Variation in DNA and RNA Synthetic Responses during Activation of Lymphocytes from Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Buckley Patrick J. , Wedner H. James 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that interstrain variations in the mitogenic response of murine lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are genetically controlled. DNA and RNA synthesis in splenic lymphocytes from six inbred strains of mice were examined in response to PHA, Con A, and LPS along with other measures of lymphocyte activation. Marked variations in nucleic acid synthesis in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from these strains were noted when assessed by the incorporation of radiolabeled precursors into DNA or RNA. Cells from PL/J incorporated two to four times more radiolabel into DNA and RNA in response to PHA and Con A than cells from the other strains whereas cells from CBA/J, AKR/J and C57BL/6J exhibited the highest response to LPS. Variation in optimum mitogen concentration, time of peak response in culture, proportion of B and T lymphocytes, extent of the S-phase of the cell cycle, or differences in mitogen receptor affinity and number could not account for these experimental observations. There was, however, no correlation between the increases in nucleic acid synthesis and the actual number of activated lymphocytes when mitotic indices, lymphoblast numbers or number of S-phase cells were measured. Little strain variation in the number of lymphocytes activated in response to each mitogen was observed with the exception of the low response of C3H/HeJ to LPS. These studies suggest that some of the genetic variation in the incorporation of labeled precursors into nucleic acid does not reflect the number of lymphocytes activated. Measurement of DNA and RNA synthetic responses alone may not be an accurate assessment of the activation process.
Effects of α-Fetoprotein on Murine Immune Responses
Authors: Sheppard H. W. , Sell S. , Trefts P. , Bahu R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Because of the current interest in the possible “immunosuppressive” effects of α-fetoprotein a systematic study of the effect of normal sera, amniotic fluid (AmF), sera from hepatoma-bearing animals (Tu sera), and AFP isolated by immunoabsorption from AmF or Tu sera on various models of the immune response of the mouse was carried out. Whereas some in vitro reactions were inhibited by AFP, other in vitro systems were only weakly inhibited, unaffected, or even enhanced by the addition of AFP. AFP by itself was mitogenic for murine lymphoid cells, inhibited the LPS mitogenic response 3-fold, but did not affect the response to Con A. Very high concentrations of AFP partially inhibited primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) responses to sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The secondary in vitro PFC response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) conjugated to trinitrophenol (TNP) was inhibited 2- to 4-fold. The induction of cytotoxic effector cells directed against P815 mastocytoma cells was increased 9-fold in the presence of AFP. There was no significant difference between the effect of AmFAFP and TuAFP on any of the in vitro reactions studied. Normal and tumor sera produced a similar reduction in secondary PFC responses in spite of a 6000-fold difference in AFP concentration. The in vivo PFC response to SRBC in mice bearing a transplantable hepatoma was greater than that of normal mice even though the serum AFP concentration of the tumor-bearing mice was 1000 times normal. In addition, no AFP synthesis or coating of lymphocytes was observed during the course of a graft-vs-host or mixed lymphocyte reactions. Therefore, although some effects on immune phenomena occur upon addition of serum proteins and AFP, these data do not support a general immunosuppressive role for AFP in the mouse.
Antibodies from Healthy Cats Exposed to Feline Leukemia Virus Lyse Feline Lymphoma Cells Slowly with Cat Complement
Authors: Grant Chris K. , DeBoer D. J. , Essex M. , Worley M. B. , Higgins Joanne 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera from cats naturally exposed and resistant to feline leukemia virus lysed feline lymphoma cells in vitro with cat complement. Lymphoma cell lysis was detected by 51Cr release and by viable cell counts with phase-contrast microscopy. The rate of target cell lysis varied according to the nature of the antiserum and the origin of the complement used. Cat alloantisera, raised by immunization with target cells, lysed lymphoma cells rapidly with cat complement, but immune sera from cats naturally infected with feline leukemia virus caused slow lysis requiring up to 20 hr to reach maximum effect. Slow lysis of lymphoma cells in homologous serum mixtures was complement dependent, specific for leukemia virus-infected cells, and was found to occur in cat-immune whole serum. When 143 cat sera were examined for presence or absence of lytic antibody by 51Cr release and for antibody to feline oncornavirus-associated cell membrane antigen by immunofluorescence, the qualitative correlation obtained varied according to the complement used in the 51Cr release assay. With heterologous absorbed complement sources the correlation was 79% with guinea pig and 65% with rabbit; with homologous complement the correlation was 92%. The close association seen between high antibody levels and tumor resistance in this outbred species under natural conditions serves to emphasize the potential significance of these observations.
Studies on Receptors for IgG on Epithelial Cells of the Rat Intestine
Authors: Borthistle Bruce K. , Kubo Ralph T. , Brown William R. , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been previously shown that immunoglobulins of the IgG class are absorbed and transported across the proximal small intestine of neonatal rats during the first 18 to 21 days of life. In the present work, we examined the binding of mouse immunoglobulins to the intestinal epithelium of neonatal rats. Radioiodinated mouse immunoglobulins of various classes and IgG subclasses, Fab and Fc fragments of IgG, and monomeric and heat-aggregated forms of IgG were instilled into loops of intestine prepared from rats of various ages. The specificity of the radiolabeled immunoglobulin binding was evaluated by competitive inhibition with unlabeled proteins. Monomeric IgG bound specifically to the apical regions of villi in the proximal jejunum. Specific binding progressively decreased from the 12th day of life and could not be demonstrated after about the 21st day of life. Mouse IgA and IgM did not bind specifically. Radioiodinated Fc fragments of IgG bound specifically, whereas radioiodinated Fab fragments did not. Treatment of 14-day-old rats with cortisone acetate caused binding of monomeric IgG to cease prematurely by day 16. Intestinal loops treated with trypsin no longer bound radioiodinated IgG.
Heat-aggregated IgG also bound specifically to jejunal epithelium. In contrast to the binding of monomeric immunoglobulin, this binding continued into adulthood and increased in response to cortisone treatment. Aggregated immunoglobulin did not inhibit the binding of monomeric immunoglobulin, but did inhibit the binding of aggregates.
These studies: 1) confirm the presence of receptors for the Fc region of monomeric IgG on absorptive epithelial cells of the rat jejunum; 2) demonstrate that the receptors disappear at the time when immunoglobulin transport is known to cease, and therefore appear to be critically involved in transport of monomeric IgG; 3) demonstrate that the receptors for monomeric IgG are sensitive to trypsin and disappear prematurely after cortisone treatment; 4) demonstrate specific binding of aggregated IgG, perhaps by receptor mechanisms different from those involved in the binding of monomeric IgG.
Similarity of the Carbohydrate Structures of H-2 and Ia Glycoproteins
Authors: Freed John H. , Nathenson Stanley G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The glycopeptides produced by pronase digestion of two H-2K, two H-2D, and three Ia glycoprotein antigens were examined for size and charge. The glycopeptides derived from all of the antigens examined were found to have m.w. of 3250 ± 200 daltons with a similar and variable composition of sialic acid residues. These data, when combined with the similarity in monosaccharide incorporation, suggest that the general parameters of the carbohydrate structure of the Ia glycoproteins from different I subregions and H-2 glycoproteins are highly similar if not identical.
Induction of Unresponsiveness to Bone Marrow Grafts
Authors: Lotzová Eva 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Unresponsiveness to Hh incompatible bone marrow grafts was induced in mice by single or multiple injections of various tissues from a prospective donor before irradiation and bone marrow grafting. The results show that lymph node cells and splenocytes (both adherent and nonadherent) were the most effective in inducing unresponsiveness; thymocytes showed only a marginal effect in female and no effect in male mice, and hepatocytes had no effect. There was a direct relationship between the number of cells required for unresponsiveness induction and the strength of incompatibility between donor and recipient, i.e., the stronger the donor-recipient incompatibility, the more cells were required to induce unresponsiveness. The rapidity of unresponsiveness induction and its duration were also dependent on the number of cells in the “immunizing” inoculum. In general, unresponsiveness was induced sooner and persisted longer when larger cell doses were used. The unresponsiveness was highly specific with regard to donor antigens.
Hereditary C5 Deficiency in Man: Genetic Linkage Studies
Authors: Rosenfeld Stephen I. , Weitkamp Lowell R. , Ward Frances 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Genetic linkage studies were performed on the only reported kindred with genetic deficiency of the fifth component of complement (C5). Thirty family members in four generations were studied for C5 deficiency and 32 genetic marker systems. Of these marker loci, 13 were informative in this pedigree. Most importantly, C5 deficiency was excluded (lod score &lt; -2.0) from linkage with the major histocompatibility locus (HLA) for a recombination frequency of &lt;15% (in females). Other marker systems excluded from linkage with C5 deficiency included the ceruloplasmin and Duffy loci at a recombination frequency of &lt;15%, and the erythrocyte glyoxalase, MN, and Lewis loci at a recombination frequency of &lt;5%. The most positive lod score (1.07, ϑ=0.05) was for linkage between C5 and haptoglobin, but this score does not reach statistical significance.
Thus, among the genes for complement components which can be mapped because of deficiency states or polymorphic gene products, C5 joins C1r, C3 and C6 in not being closely linked to HLA. In contrast, close HLA linkage has been demonstrated for C2, C4, properdin factor B and, in one of two families, C8.
In Vitro Lysis of Target Cells by Rat Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes Isolated from Acute Pyelonephritic Exudates
Authors: Williams Terry W. , Lyons Joseph M. , Braude Abraham I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes from acute pyelonephritic exudates of rats were examined for cytoxicity against various target cells. Pyelonephritic PMN leukocytes caused lysis in vitro of syngeneic renal epithelial cells in 24 to 48 hr. They also caused lysis of allogeneic and xenogeneic target cells. The susceptibility to PMN-induced cytolysis was different among various target cell lines. Cell lysis proceeded at low ratios of effector to target cells and was not dependent on the addition of antibody or lectins. PMN isolated from peritoneal exudates (starch or endotoxin induced) were also cytoxic for the target cells. Cell-free supernatants from pyelonephritic PMN-target cell mixtures, or pyelonephritic PMN leukocytes cultured alone contained cytolytic substances which were nondialyzable and heat stable Finally, the urine of pyelonephritic rats was cytotoxic. These results suggest that PMN leukocytes and their cytotoxic mediators are directly involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in pyelonephritis.
Hapten-Specific IgE Antibody Responses in Mice
Authors: Chiorazzi Nicholas , Tung Amar S. , Eshhar Nomi , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Administration of an appropriate dose of anti-lymphocyte serum (ALS) results in a selective enhancement of the primary, secondary, and adoptive secondary IgE anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody responses of mice to DNP-key-hole limpet hemocyanin (KLH); in contrast, responses of the IgG class were not similarly affected under the conditions employed. The enhancing activity of ALS could be completely absorbed with mouse thymocytes, but not with erythrocytes, plasma cells, or brain cells; in fact, preabsorption with brain cells consistently increased the enhancing activity of ALS.
Although the initial interpretation of such findings was the ALS enhanced IgE antibody production by preferential elimination of suppressor cells, further analysis revealed that such an interpretation is inadequate to explain the phenomenon. Thus, lymphoid cells from otherwise unprimed donors that had been pretreated with various forms of ALS were found to be consistently capable of exerting some type of enhancing activity on the IgE responses of syngeneic DNP-KLH-primed spleen cells when the two populations were adoptively transferred concomitantly into irradiated recipients. Such observations indicate that ALS may facilitate antibody production not only by possible elimination of suppressor T cell activity, as heretofore concluded, but also by induction of lymphoid cells capable of actively potentiating the IgE response. Such ALS-induced “potentiator” cells were not readily susceptible to depletion by anti-ϑ serum plus complement treatment and do not appear to act directly on DNP-specific IgE B lymphocytes in the primed cell population.
Expression and Function of I Region Products on Immunocompetent Cells
Authors: Henry Claudia , Chan Eva L. , Kodlin Dankward 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The anti-Lac B precursor cells from BALB/c (H-2)d mice which survive cytotoxic treatment with anti-Iak and complement will respond to Lac-KLH in culture, but require more KLH helper T cells than unselected B cell populations or B cells surviving anti-Ig killing. These findings are not explainable by the classical Poisson assumption of a constant target of T-B ionteraction. We propose a T-B interaction theory with variable Ia target on the B cell surface. The theory quantitatively predicts the observed dose response relationships, and implies that Ia molecules on B cells are cell interaction structures.
An in vitro Model of Lymphocyte Homing
Authors: Stamper Hugh B. , Woodruff Judith J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro system was used to study lymphocyte interaction with high-endothelial venules (HEV) in rat lymph nodes. The results show that thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) are capable of selective adherence to the endothelium of HEV when overlaid onto glutaraldehyde-fixed sections of lymph nodes. At optimal TDL concentration (30 × 106/ml) and incubation temperature (7°C) binding occurs rapidly and the majority of HEV in each section usually shows adherent lymphocytes, the number attaching to each vessel being proportional to the endothelial area. TDL do not bind to other vascular structures in the node and ordinarily there is little adherence to other cells in the section. The results indicate therefore that TDL have surface membrane structures specific for HEV recognition.
Although TDL adhere to glutaraldehyde-fixed HEV, lymphocytes pretreated with fixative lose their capacity to bind. Also incubation performed at 1°C produces a fairly marked reduction in binding capacity of normal TDL. These observations indicate that endothelium of HEV are passive participants in the in vitro reaction whereas metabolic activity is important on the part of lymphocytes. In addition, when incubation is performed at 24°C, binding is severely reduced and at 37°C few, if any, HEV exhibit adherent TDL. It is suggested that lymphocytes that adhere to HEV are capable of rapid dissociation under physiologic conditions, a property that could facilitate entry of lymphocytes into the lymph node after their interaction with the specialized endothelium in vivo.
Mitogen-Stimulated Lymphoid Cells from Human Newborns Suppress the Proliferation of Maternal Lymphocytes across a Cell-Impermeable Membrane
Authors: Olding Lars B. , Murgita Robert A. , Wigzell Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunologic consequences of the interaction between lymphocytes from human newborns and their mothers were investigated in vitro. Maternal and male baby lymphocytes were cocultured in the presence or absence of PHA, and the resulting cellular proliferation was assessed by a) the fluorescent chromosome technique with the Y chromosome as a marker for dividing male baby cells, and by b) measuring the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in one- and two-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). In confirmation of previous reports, we found that approximately 90 to 100% of the dividing cells in two-way MLC were of baby origin, indicating that lymphocytes from human newborns effectively inhibit the proliferative capacity of maternal lymphocytes in 6-day MLC. The simultaneous measurement of 3H-thymidine uptake in the co-cultures revealed that the maternal cells with an inhibited proliferative capacity did cause a strong allogeneic stimulation in the newborn cell population. The suppressor activity associated with newborn lymphocytes was completely abrogated by irradiation with 6000 rads, showing a requirement for cell division in the in vitro development of the anti-proliferative effect on maternal cells. In contrast to the suppressive effect mediated by actively dividing newborn lymphocytes, irradiated cells from newborns exerted a strong stimulating effect on maternal lymphocyte proliferation in one-way MLC. Experiments using a double chamber culture system showed that mitogen-stimulated cells from newborns could effectively suppress the proliferation of lymphocytes from recently delivered mothers and nonpregnant adult females across a cell-impermeable membrane. PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from nonrelated adults did not, however, inhibit the division of maternal lymphocytes or lymphocytes from another nonpregnant woman when physically separated in double chamber cultures. Furthermore, mitogen-stimulated cells from one newborn failed to inhibit the proliferation of cells from another newborn. These findings suggest that proliferating newborn cells inhibit maternal lymphocyte proliferation by releasing a low m.w.-soluble suppressive factor(s). The characterization of the inhibitory substance released from mitogen- or alloantigen-activated human newborn suppressor cells is in progress.