bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constitutivity, Freedom, and Normativity—The Case of Logic
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
If for a rule to be normative the relevant agent must be free to act otherwise, if a rule being constitutive of an act entails that every execution of such an act necessarily accords with the rule, and if logical rules are constitutive of thinking, can these rules be normative? This question, thanks to Clinton Tolley’s work, is unavoidable for anyone who still wishes to defend a normative reading of Kant’s logic. This chapter continues my previous response to Tolley’s challenge, now focusing on the supposed connection between (imperatival) normativity and freedom (not as liberty of indifference, but as rational self-determination). It emphasizes that, for Kant, the question is whether/how the specific rules presented in his logic are normative. The chapter uses historical as well as textual materials to reconstruct his answer to this question and to explain why it is inevitably bound up with the issue of freedom.
Re-curating the Portrait Gallery of International Law
Authors: Tallgren Immi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the objectives of the volume and its experimental setting—a new exhibition in an imaginary ‘Portrait Gallery of International Law’, a metaphor for international law’s collective self-portrait with ancestors. It presents the interrogations: whose lives, which accomplishments, and what kind of events continue to matter in international law (histories), are worthy of attention, and why? Which histories remain absent, whose portraits are not commissioned, and why? Discussing how international law histories have addressed (or not) ‘women’ and their contributions, the chapter introduces the genres of women’s feminist and gender histories and their delayed emergence in international law. It addresses ‘portraiture’ both as a visual culture and in the broader discourses of historiographical, biographical, and literary creation and representation. It highlights the volume’s key query: why do histories of international law continue to tacitly reproduce the gendered, racialized, and classed discriminations? Why is so little attention of researchers accorded to social contexts and consequences of international lawyering? Could the silences and professed ‘epistemological impossibilities’ serve in obscuring uncomfortable continuities and complicities? Instead of a mere issue of research methodology or approach, the invisibility of women (and others marginalized) is also a consequence of the continuously restricted access to power and knowledge, the inherited capital of international law and its knowledge production. The chapter describes the volume’s ‘making of’ and tentatively situates that process as an alternative, multidisciplinary, pluralist but intimately situated authorship of critical history. It concludes with a floorplan of the exhibition, the portraits, and their contributors.
Olympe de Gouges
Authors: Lagerwall Anne , Verdebout Agatha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Olympe de Gouges (1748–1793) was a French playwright and political essayist. She is mostly remembered for her pledges in favour of gender equality and against slavery. Guillotined as a result of her opposition to Robespierre’s Reign of Terror after being condemned by the Criminal Revolutionary Tribunal, she has become a symbol of feminist resistance in France and beyond. Yet, her legacy is rarely acknowledged in international law. This chapter intends to underline her precursory role in feminist re-writing, through an analysis of her Déclaration des droits de la femme et de la citoyenne (1791) whose style and substance remain remarkable after more than two centuries. It also seeks to understand why de Gouges is scarcely remembered by international lawyers past the symbol that she has become and suggests that this can be partly explained by the way in which her work is rooted in theory and culture.
Homelands of Mary Ann Shadd
Authors: Case Sarah Riley 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This portrait of Mary Ann Shadd (1823–1893) is a photographic image of a bronze bust commemorating her life. The bust was created by Artis Lane, an artist and descendant of the Shadd family, and can be found in the BME (British Methodist Episcopal) Freedom Park of Chatham, Ontario, where generations of the Shadd family have lived. Mary Ann Shadd was a Black abolitionist who moved between the United States and British colonies to the north during the nineteenth century, including Chatham. The transatlantic slave trade was abolished during her lifetime. Before and after abolition, she and other African diasporic peoples crossed borders erected by states and empires in search of a homeland, safe from the oppression they faced. Shadd believed Chatham was one such homeland, although her community would not escape racial oppression there. The author of the chapter portraying Shadd’s life took this photograph during a pilgrimage to Chatham—as the author is herself an African descendant whose ancestors were enslaved in the British Caribbean, and she is inspired by Mary Ann Shadd’s contributions to a long-lasting, transnational Black radical tradition.
Ghénia Avril de Sainte-Croix
Authors: Mégret Frédéric 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ghénia Avril de Sainte Croix is a forgotten figure today and was certainly no international lawyer. Yet as an early French feminist, pacifist, and member of the International Abolitionist Federation and the International Council of Women, she was involved in the League’s burgeoning efforts to deal with women’s trafficking. As such, she evolved in inter-war circles that were crucial in crafting a certain humanitarian and social sensitivity for international law. Her emphasis on abolishing prostitution had begun in France but continued internationally in ways that show the potential continuity of domestic and international social struggles. That legacy continues to manifest itself with us, even as it needs to be reassessed critically.
Canonizing the Memory of Annie Ruth Jiagge in the Global Efforts towards Gender Equality
Authors: Addaney Michael 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
An influential lawyer, judge, and women’s rights activist, from Ghana, who served her generation through over half a century of dedicated public service. Mrs Jiagge is remembered at the United Nations for the significant role she played in advancing the rights, status, and role of women over a period of three decades from 1962 to 1996. As a leading member of the bar in Ghana, she was selected in 1962 to serve on the United Nations Commission on the Status of Women and later elected as Rapporteur of the Commission in 1966 and became its President in 1968. For a decade, she was a driving force on the Commission employing her vision of full equal rights for all women globally in the shaping of the draft Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Forgotten Female Actors in Private International Law
Authors: Banu Roxana 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The International Social Service (ISS) is an international NGO comprising of a network of national entities throughout the world and a General Secretariat in Geneva. Since 1924 the ISS has helped millions of families navigate complex socio-legal problems as a result of migration. Women were the lifeblood of this organization from the very beginning: setting the vision, raising funds across all branches, lobbying a male-dominated international scene in Geneva, London, and New York, and leading transnational research teams at the intersection of private international law and international social work. The conventional historiographies of public and private international law (PrIL) fail to record both the ISS’s unique perspective in the international law arena as a social work organization and the pioneering work of its female actors in many transnational socio-legal projects. This chapter starts to fill that void.
Lea Meriggi
Authors: Forlati Serena 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the life and work of Lea Meriggi, the first woman to become Full Professor of International Law in Italy. While providing an account of her professional career in Germany and Italy and of her scientific work, the chapter also discusses her challenging personal life, as a single mother in the 1940s, her links to Nazism, and the role she played in the attempt of the University of Ferrara to confer Hans Frank a honorary degree in 1943. The chapter may also provide the opportunity for a broader reflection on the relationship between (international) law, academia, and power.
Gezina van der Molen
Authors: Nouwen Sarah MH , Werner Wouter 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In many of her roles she was the first woman in a man’s world: the first woman to obtain a doctorate at the Free University of Amsterdam; the first female professor at that university; the first woman to be appointed as a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration. Gezina van der Molen was also a prominent figure in the Dutch resistance and controversial for her work as Chairwoman of the ‘Committee for War Foster Children’. Initially heavily inspired by the religious and moral principles of Neo-Calvinism, but through her increasing encounter with plurality Van der Molen faced a dilemma that still confronts international lawyers today: given that there are many different readings of what justice requires, who should be able to determine its meaning in concrete circumstances?
Kalliopi Koufa
Authors: Papadaki Marilena 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Kalliopi Koufa (1936–) was the first Greek woman Professor of International Law (1989) at the Law Faculty of Aristotle University of Thessaloniki with an active involvement in both national and international juridical and political institutions of her time. Having dealt with a wide spectrum of contemporary theoretical and practical international legal problems, her life and multiple engagement can be considered an example of the expansion and diversification of international law, as a result of the intensification and complexity of international relations after the Second World War. Koufa defines herself as an apolitical person ‘interested only in the science of international law’ to which—in multiple male-dominated environments—she has made a significant academic and practical contribution, as this portrait reveals.
Zheng Yuxiu and the Diplomacy of Nationalism and Feminism
Authors: Kuo Margaret 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Zheng Yuxiu (1896–1959) is best remembered as China’s first woman lawyer and judge. Her pioneering career in international law and diplomacy encompassed important developments in Chinese feminism, nationalism, and constitutionalism. After graduating from the Sorbonne in 1924, Zheng practiced law in Shanghai and was appointed to be a judge. In 1929–1930, she served as a member of the Legislative Yuan in Nanjing, where her work in drafting the Chinese Civil Code helped bring about gender equality under law for Chinese women. In the 1930s and 1940s, she dedicated her work to restoring China’s sovereignty and to abrogating its unequal treaties under international law.
The Role of International Law in Paulina Luisi’s Activism
Authors: Mamolea Andrei 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Considered the ‘mother’ of Latin American feminism, Paulina Luisi (1875–1950) is well known for her efforts to build a more inclusive international feminism after the First World War. Less well known, is the role that domestic and international law played in this project. Very early in her activism, Luisi identified knowledge acquired through lived experience as indispensable for good government and consequently advocated for greater representation of women, social workers, and marginalized peoples, in the making of domestic and international law. To this end, she constructed a transatlantic network of activists and amplified its voice as an expert at the League of Nations, while, simultaneously, she criticized international organizations that blocked reform and provided cover for authoritarianism, attributes she associated with Pan-American organizations. During the 1930s, Luisi’s dissatisfaction with Pan-Americanism led her to emphasize the need for a constant transnational grassroots mobilization.
Political Cognitivism
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, I argued that fact-based conceptions of political legitimacy run into an accessibility problem. But what if it’s possible to establish, with sufficient robustness, what the right political decision is in a given situation? Is such epistemic access significant for political legitimacy? Belief-based conceptions answer yes. Belief-based conceptions of political legitimacy take political decisions to be legitimate in virtue of according with cognitive political authority. Cognitive political authority is the permission to make binding political decisions that arises from a superior grasp of what the right political decision is in a given situation. I explain that cognitive political authority can be a ground of political legitimacy because of what I call our epistemic accountability. But I also argue that belief-based conceptions run into an important objection. I call it the epistemic underdetermination objection.
Epistemic Norms of Political Deliberation
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The epistemic accountability conception highlights that epistemic considerations matter for political legitimacy. The validity of contributions to political deliberation doesn’t just depend on whether someone has standing to contribute and on purely practical considerations. It also depends on the epistemic status of those contributions. This means that well-ordered political deliberation is subject to some epistemic norms. In this chapter, I first introduce the general idea. I then discuss candidate epistemic norms. I argue that political deliberation shouldn’t be subject to a truth norm or a knowledge norm. But it should be subject to a justified belief norm. I also discuss procedural epistemic norms: a responsiveness norm and an epistemic justice norm.
Translation Theories
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the various translation theories and methodologies that inform our readings of the reception of this Sanskrit examined in this volume. It looks at how these theories permitted seemingly contradictory messages. It also asks a more general hermeneutical question regarding translation itself. How much transformation can a text undergo before it becomes interpretation? Translation here is understood as a fundamental hermeneutical event. This chapter outlines the history of translation theory, focusing on issues of equivalence, accuracy, fidelity, commensurability, and falsification. It summarizes the thoughts on translation by major theorists on translation in both India and the West.
European Linguists, Philosophers, and Intellectual Rabble-Rousers
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
To guide us in our understanding of the significant role the Gītā played in the development of Western philosophical thought, we examine the Gītā’s discovery in the West at the hands of European philosophers and Sanskritists (W. Humboldt, A.W. Schlegel, Hegel, Cousin). Schlegel’s 1823 Latin translation of Gītā and the commentary it engendered was caught up in nineteenth-century debates regarding the nature of language. Schlegel’s Latin translation inspired conflicting approaches to the idea of translation as a means of abetting European political trends and hegemonic designs. Humboldt defended Schlegel and the various attacks made upon his translation. Hegel’s response was particularly virulent; it was constructed to prioritize his own philosophy and offer a critique of the Romantic fascination with India. Hegel also refused to accept India as a source of philosophical force and orientation. Through his distortion of Schlegel’s Latin translation, Hegel successfully brought about a general dismissal of Indian philosophy from the history of philosophy. Cousin, his disciple, followed suit, relegating the Gītā to the realm of mysticism, and thereby marginalizing it. Both Hegel and Cousin manipulated the translation of the Gītā to build a and fatalist vision of Indian thought. Their critical detour from Enlightenment universalism within the hermeneutic tradition had the effect of opening up a revivalism of Romantic irrationalism legitimated by philosophical and philological discourse.
The Nazi Kṣatriya Ethos
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines German Gītā scholarship surrounding the two World Wars. It examines how nineteenth- and twentieth-century German historians of religion and Indologists (Holtzmann, Garbe, Jacobi, Oldenberg, Otto) used the methodology of biblical scholarship to strip away the accretions and discover the original Gītā, believed to be tied to their joint Indo-Aryan identity. In the process, they discovered in the Gītā a kṣatriya ethos that became the focus of subsequent scholarship, culminating in the work of J.W. Hauer, the chief Nazi Indologist whose glorification of the kṣatriya would find an avid reader in Himmler who cited the Gītā to legitimize SS atrocities.
Is This What Krishna Meant?
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the exoticism of two significant twentieth-century figures, T.S. Eliot and J. Robert Oppenheimer, during World War II. Eliot, who had been a serious student of Sanskrit, addressed key themes of the Gītā in The Waste Land, his plays, and in a poem on Indian soldiers written during the war. This chapter juxtaposes Eliot’s reception of the Gītā to that of his contemporary Oppenheimer, who was devoted to the Sanskrit poem as a guide to life and specifically as an inspiration for him during his directorship of the Manhattan Project. The Gītā was instrumental in helping Oppenheimer bring the Atomic Bomb implementation to completion.
What Disability Is Not
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
How should disability be understood? I outline central features of accounts of disability on which there is a broad philosophical consensus. I reject both medical and social models, and adopt a hybrid account, according to which disability involves a restriction in our abilities resulting from anomalous physical or cognitive functioning (impairment), in combination with external contextual factors. In other words, we should take account of both physical and cognitive difference itself, and what it means to function atypically in a particular context. Yet this leaves an important question unanswered: which inabilities are disabilities? Here I consider and reject various competing answers to this question. Thus, disabling opportunity losses are not those entailed by ‘normal’ species functioning, those that undermine well-being, or those considered relevant by disability activists. These approaches lead to accounts of disability that are either underspecified or ubiquitous, and so prove inadequate in the context of justice.
Extensions of the Syllogism in Medieval Logic
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Although during the Middle Ages attempts to employ syllogisms to prove theorems in geometry yielded uninteresting results, there are aspects of medieval logic that are important for the development of the relationship between logic and mathematics. According to Latin grammarians, ‘oblique’ terms were those that were in cases other than the nominative. Often oblique terms refer to relations. Several medieval logicians attempt to fit relational propositions into the patterns of traditional syllogisms. Ockham, Buridan, and Albert of Saxony, for example, extend the syllogism to include relations. Another type of extension is the inclusion of the so-called ‘expository syllogism,’ that is, an analogue of the principle of existential generalization in contemporary logic. Despite these attempts, however, medieval logicians tried to bring inferences containing relations back to applications of the dictum de omni, limiting themselves to exploiting the monotonicity properties of the quantifiers ‘all’ and ‘some.’
Conclusion
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The problem of the relation between syllogistic arguments and mathematical proofs spills over into the twentieth century. For instance, Moritz Schlick in his Allgemeine Erkenntnislehre (1918, 1925) continued to defend the idea that all of mathematics can be presented using syllogisms in Barbara. The conclusion raises the inevitable question: Why did it take so long to realize that syllogisms are insufficient to account for the logic of mathematics? Among the causes highlighted in this chapter is the fact that in the Western world from antiquity to the Renaissance, logic and mathematics developed as two quite independent disciplines. It is only with the seventeenth century that things began to change and the renewed interaction between logic and mathematics led to a more profound understating of the logic of relations.
Recalling Rome
Authors: Story Joanna 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The chapter reviews the evidence for collections of verse inscriptions from Rome, known as syllogae, that circulated in Anglo-Saxon England and in Francia in the seventh, eighth, and ninth centuries, and discusses the ways in which these collections could act as itineraries for readers who had never travelled to Rome. It discusses the importance of inscriptions for imparting knowledge of the city of Rome and its churches, and as exemplars for verses for local buildings, and for reinforcing the importance of Rome in the minds of the faithful in distant places. Sylloges found in a manuscript written in Francia in the second quarter of the ninth century and later associated with Lorsch are analysed, especially the fourth Lorsch sylloge that records numerous inscriptions from St Peter’s, including one quoted by Hadrian in a letter to Charlemagne written in 793. Two epigrams in that collection are shown to have special resonance for Charlemagne and his queen, Hildegard, and can probably be dated to the king’s visits to Rome in 774 and 781. Another closely contemporary Frankish manuscript, made for Archbishop Arn of Salzburg, c.800, contains an itinerary of St Peter’s basilica concentrating on the oratories and transept on the south side. The itineraries contained in a similarly dated manuscript from Einseideln likewise reveal a contemporary Frankish vision of Rome.