bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epimeric vitamin D and cardiovascular structure and function in advanced CKD and after kidney transplantation
Authors: Arroyo Eliott , Leber Cecilia A , Burney Heather N , Li Yang , Li Xiaochun , Lu Tzong-shi , Jones Glenville , Kaufmann Martin , Ting Stephen M S , Hiemstra Thomas F , Zehnder Daniel , Lim Kenneth 
Published: July 2023

ABSTRACT

Background
25-hydroxyvitamin D can undergo C-3 epimerization to produce 3-epi-25(OH)D3. 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels decline in chronic kidney disease (CKD), but its role in regulating the cardiovascular system is unknown. Herein, we examined the relationship between 3-epi-25(OH)D3, and cardiovascular functional and structural endpoints in patients with CKD.

Methods
We examined n = 165 patients with advanced CKD from the Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Renal Failure and After Kidney Transplantation (CAPER) study cohort, including those who underwent kidney transplant (KTR, n = 76) and waitlisted patients who did not (NTWC, n = 89). All patients underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing and echocardiography at baseline, 2 months and 12 months. Serum 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Results
Patients were stratified into quartiles of baseline 3-epi-25(OH)D3 (Q1: &lt;0.4 ng/mL, n = 51; Q2: 0.4 ng/mL, n = 26; Q3: 0.5–0.7 ng/mL, n = 47; Q4: ≥0.8 ng/mL, n = 41). Patients in Q1 exhibited lower peak oxygen uptake [VO2Peak = 18.4 (16.2–20.8) mL/min/kg] compared with Q4 [20.8 (18.6–23.2) mL/min/kg; P = .009]. Linear mixed regression model showed that 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels increased in KTR [from 0.47 (0.30) ng/mL to 0.90 (0.45) ng/mL] and declined in NTWC [from 0.61 (0.32) ng/mL to 0.45 (0.29) ng/mL; P &lt; .001]. Serum 3-epi-25(OH)D3 was associated with VO2Peak longitudinally in both groups [KTR: β (standard error) = 2.53 (0.56), P &lt; .001; NTWC: 2.73 (0.70), P &lt; .001], but was not with left ventricular mass or arterial stiffness. Non-epimeric 25(OH)D3, 24,25(OH)2D3 and the 25(OH)D3:24,25(OH)2D3 ratio were not associated with any cardiovascular outcome (all P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
Changes in 3-epi-25(OH)D3 levels may regulate cardiovascular functional capacity in patients with advanced CKD.
Integrated molecular analysis reveals hypermethylation and overexpression of HOX genes to be poor prognosticators in isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant glioma
Authors: Mamatjan Yasin , Voisin Mathew R , Nassiri Farshad , Moraes Fabio Y , Bunda Severa , So Jonathan , Salih Mira , Shirahata Mitsuaki , Ono Takahiro , Shimizu Hiroaki , Schrimpf Daniel , von Deimling Andreas , Aldape Kenneth D , Zadeh Gelareh 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

Background
Diffuse gliomas represent over 80% of malignant brain tumors ranging from low-grade to aggressive high-grade lesions. Within isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant gliomas, there is a high variability in survival and a need to more accurately predict outcome.

Methods
To identify and characterize a predictive signature of outcome in gliomas, we utilized an integrative molecular analysis (using methylation, mRNA, copy number variation (CNV), and mutation data), analyzing a total of 729 IDH-mutant samples including a test set of 99 from University Health Network (UHN) and 2 validation cohorts including the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).

Results
Cox regression analysis of methylation data from the UHN cohort identified CpG-based signatures that split the glioma cohort into 2 prognostic groups strongly predicting survival that were validated using 2 independent cohorts from TCGA and DKFZ (all P-values &lt; .0001). The methylation signatures that predicted poor outcomes also exhibited high CNV instability and hypermethylation of HOX gene probes. Integrated multi-platform analyses using mRNA and methylation (iRM) showed that parallel HOX gene overexpression and simultaneous hypermethylation were significantly associated with increased mutational load, high aneuploidy, and worse survival (P-value &lt; .0001). A 7-HOX gene signature was developed and validated using the most significantly associated HOX genes with patient outcome in both 1p/19q codeleted and non-codeleted IDHmut gliomas.

Conclusions
HOX gene methylation and expression provide important prognostic information in IDH-mutant gliomas that are not captured by current molecular diagnostics. A 7-HOX gene signature of outcome shows significant survival differences in both 1p/19q codeleted and non-codeleted IDH-mutant gliomas.
Evolution of the G-matrix on a Stationary Adaptive Landscape
Authors: Arnold Stevan J. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Existing analytical theory reveals little about the dynamics of G, because the problem is regarded to be too complex to be mathematically tractable. Computer simulations and empirical comparisons of G-matrices, however, provide useful guidelines. Simulations show that the G-matrix tends to evolve towards alignment with the M-matrix and the adaptive landscape. Simulations also show that the orientation of the G-matrix is stabilized by large population size and between-trait correlations in mutation and stabilizing selection. An evolving M-matrix promotes the evolution of a triple alignment between the matrices that characterize mutation, inheritance, and selection. Empirical comparisons of G-matrices often reveal common principal components, suggesting that G-matrices have been shaped by a shared orientation of adaptive landscapes.
What's Wrong with Lookism?
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
People are treated differently as a result of their looks. But when is appearance discrimination, or ‘lookism’ as it is often called, morally objectionable? This issue is important for at least two reasons. First, the benefits that flow to people who are regarded as visually attractive are sizeable and are enjoyed in a number of contexts, including employment, personal relationships, education, politics, and the criminal justice system. Second, appearance discrimination is of moral interest not only in its own right, but also in terms of its connection to other forms of discrimination. Appearance norms, that is, norms concerning how we should look, often place greater burdens on disadvantaged groups. As a result, discrimination on the basis of appearance, when it rewards people who conform to these norms, may involve, or interact with, the effects of, wrongful discrimination on the basis of features other than appearance, in a way that aggravates existing injustices. This book examines the morality of appearance discrimination in three contexts: employment decisions; the choice of friends or romantic partners; and the everyday practice of judging and commenting upon people’s looks. It develops a pluralist theory of what makes discrimination wrong that identifies three wrong-making features, namely, disrespect, deliberative unfairness, and contributing to unjust consequences, and demonstrates how the presence of one or more of these features in each of these contexts problematises the lookism that takes place in it.
Hierarchies of Idiocy
Authors: Parkes Adam 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers how hereditary and intellectual forms of aristocracy become associated with stupidity in the inter-war fiction of D.H. Lawrence and Aldous Huxley. These authors satirize what they see as the intellectual vacancy of the rich and titled and the vaunted expertise of the modern expert. They satirize each other in the process. But they also resist the idealization of stupidity in romantic and post-romantic poetry and philosophy. Dissolving some of the expected distinctions between rich and poor, high and low, stupid and intelligent, Lawrence and Huxley work in their distinctive ways against entrenched notions of social and intellectual hierarchy. Consequently, the chapter argues, these writers unravel some of the hierarchical thinking with which they are often identified in modernist studies.
Contract
Authors: Liau Timothy 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the doctrinal plausibility and justifiability of the reform alternative introduced in the previous chapter—third-party standing—the road not taken by English law. It is shown how third-party standing would have elegantly solved the main problem cases motivating enactment of the Contract (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999: (i) debts; (ii) exemption clauses; and (iii) damages. In each these of cases, simply giving the third party a power to enforce the promisee’s rights would have sufficed. So, if one party to a contract has agreed to pay a third party a sum of money, simply giving them a power of enforcement will enable them to compel payment of this sum to them. Similarly, if one party has promised not to sue a third party or has promised to limit their liability to suit to a specified sum, all the third party needs to stop or limit that suit is a power to enforce that promise. Upon breach of contract, a third-party beneficiary might suffer consequential losses. To recover a sum representing that loss, all the third party needs is a power to enforce the promisee’s right to damages for the third-party’s consequential loss under the doctrine of ‘transferred loss’, which he can simultaneously enforce alongside the promisee’s duty to account to him in respect of its proceeds. It is also argued that the justifications raised for privity reform are better treated as justifications for extending standing, rather than rights, to third parties.
That Difference is Different From Being
Authors: Wiitala Michael 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The argument by which the Eleatic Stranger differentiates the kinds being and different (255 c 9–e 2) is one of the most controversial in Plato’s Sophist. In it the Stranger introduces the vexed distinction between beings that are auta kath’ hauta, ‘themselves according to themselves’, and those that are pros alla, ‘relative to others’ (255 c 13–14). Although commentators have developed many interpretations of the argument, there is a key, yet hitherto unrecognized ambiguity in the syntax of the counterfactual conditional at 255 d 4–6 concerning whether the adjunct comparative clause, hōsper to on, should be adjoined to the protasis or apodosis. Editors from Heindorf to Robinson adjoin hōsper to on to the protasis. This paper argues that this construal is mistaken. Adjoining hōsper to on to the apodosis instead allows for a more straightforward interpretation of the argument and offers a resolution to the controversies over the ‘according to themselves’/‘relative to others’ distinction.
Women in Translation
Authors: Orr Leah 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Through a survey of women writers published in translation, this chapter begins by showing that some of the most popular and prominent women writers in England in this period were French women published in translation. There were legal and commercial advantages to publishing translations over original new works in English in genres like fiction and poetry. Some women writers, such as Haywood and Behn, also translated texts by other writers, and they tended to select works in genres similar to their own published works. This chapter concludes with a case study of the marketing of Marie-Catherine d’Aulnoy in England. One of the most popular and prominent fiction writers from the late seventeenth century, Aulnoy was marketed by her publishers first as a young, aristocratic writer of key novels about European courts and later as a matronly writer of fairy tales when readers’ tastes changed.
Money and Revolution—the Case of England
Authors: Blaazer David 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that England underwent a monetary revolution during the 1690s. The foundation of the Bank of England (1694) and the silver recoinage (1696) jointly transformed the nature of money and transferred significant monetary power from the state to mercantile interests, in particular the government’s creditors. The revolution also cemented monetary ideas and myths that were to endure for centuries. That some of these were imposed by force on an unwilling population is shown by the government’s aggressive judicial attack on currency crime at the height of the crisis, which failed because male juries refused to convict, and plebeian ‘juries of matrons’ effectively secured pardons for those women who had been capitally convicted. The outcome of the monetary revolution cemented more strongly than ever the belief that an unchanging monetary standard was essential to England’s prestige and honour. At the same time, it brought economic misery to the masses and further widened the gulf between the monetary worlds of the elite and the rest of society.
Wrestling with Ghosts
Authors: Ross Stephen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In stark contrast to Conrad and Forster, spectrality in Mary Butts’s works surrounds the fear of a utopian alternative to tradition. It turns inward, away from both history and futurity. Butts’s use of myth provides the escape route here, affording her a means by which to short-circuit history itself, leaping out of the present, bypassing profane temporality, and going directly to the sacred. And yet, apparently despite Butts’s own intentions, the ghosts return. They proliferate and subvert her reactionary project. The Taverner novels instantiate this tension in large part by embedding symptoms of various historical traumas upon whose repression Butts’s magisterial ethics depends, and by which it is ultimately exposed as a grand abdication of responsibility. Those traumas range from the relatively punctual and specific (World War I, the 1917 Russian Revolution) to the extended and diffuse (the Atlantic slave trade and global capitalism’s increasing displacement of the old imperialist order). The end result, it is argued, is a record of Butts’s attempted flight from history itself, accompanied by a hybrid ethico-politics that depends completely upon abdicating any sense of responsibility for the other. The political side of this hybrid is profoundly anti-progressive and the ethics what can only be described as magisterial: noblesse without the oblige.
George Eliot’s Biological Media
Authors: Hildebrand Jayne 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the notion of an all-encompassing biological “medium” that emerged in the writings of George Eliot, Auguste Comte, G.H. Lewes, and Herbert Spencer in the mid-nineteenth century. Examining The Mill on the Floss (1860) and Middlemarch (1872), this chapter argues that Eliot’s descriptions of landscapes and weather imagine the physical environment or “medium” as a dynamic entity that plays a vital role in the ethical and emotional lives of her characters. In The Mill on the Floss, Eliot’s descriptions of landscape evoke what this chapter terms “environmental desire”—a diffuse longing for a formative environment that competes with erotic attachments to particular objects and persons. In Middlemarch, Eliot’s evocative descriptions of weather and atmospherics provide the basis for a new environmental model of sympathy, in which a person’s ability to connect sympathetically with another depends on a recognition of a shared medium or environment.
Humean Disillusion
Authors: Ismael Jenann 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The great divide in the metaphysics of scientific modality is that between Humean and anti-Humean accounts. Pragmatists tend to like the anti-metaphysical character of Humeanism, but there is a tension at the heart of Humeanism. The tension is that between the Humean account of what laws and chances are and what they do. According to the Humean account, laws and chances are distributed patterns in the Humean mosaic, knowable fully only from a God’s-eye view, i.e. from the perspective of one who sees the full mosaic. But what laws and chances are supposed to do is guide action and belief for situated observers who only have very incomplete knowledge of those patterns, and for whom that knowledge is always limited to the past. Someone who knows what the laws and chances are, on a Humean account, wouldn’t need them to do what the laws and chances do. And someone that needs them to do what the laws and chance do wouldn’t know what the laws and chances are. This chapter argues that the tension can be resolved, but not without giving up the reductive ambitions of Humeanism and the metaphysical commitment to recombination at the level of local matters of particular fact.
Knowing the Powers
Authors: Schwarz Wolfgang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
If the world contains primitive modal elements—irreducible laws, powers, potentialities, or propensities—how could we know about them? Humeans have long worried that we could not. If modal phenomena are reducible to facts about occurrent events, then it is no surprise that observing occurrent events can give us information about modality. By contrast, knowledge of primitive modality seems to require an inexplicable leap from observations of one kind of fact to conclusions about an entirely different kind of fact. Let’s call this the access problem for non-Humean accounts of (natural) modality. In its blunt formulation, the access problem is easy to resist. Arguably, some modal facts can be directly observed. In other cases, inference to the best explanation might be hoped to get us from, say, an observation of frequencies to hypotheses about chance. Like many Humeans, this chapter’s author is not convinced by these replies, thinking they do not get to the heart of the access problem. The aim of the chapter is to explain why.
Best-System Laws, Explanation, and Unification
Authors: Blanchard Thomas 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In recent years, an active research program has emerged that aims to develop a Humean Best Systems Account (BSA) of laws of nature that improves on Lewis’s canonical articulation of the view. Its guiding idea is that the laws are cognitive tools tailored to the specific needs and limitations of creatures like us. While current versions of this “pragmatic Humean” research program fare much better than Lewis’s account along many dimensions, this chapter argues that they have trouble making sense of certain key features of the practice of fundamental physics. In the author’s view, Humeans can address these issues by paying more attention to the explanatory role of laws. Following this idea, the chapter proposes an account on which what makes a systematization the best is a kind of explanatory power, understood along the lines of the unificationist theory of explanation.
Social Media and Mental Health
Authors: Meier Adrian , Reinecke Leonard 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Considerable research investigates effects of social media use on hedonic well-being (e.g., affect, life satisfaction), psychopathology (e.g., depressive symptoms), or psychosocial risk/resilience factors (e.g., loneliness, self-esteem). Yet, the public is often more concerned with social media’s long-term outcomes, which may be better captured by eudaimonic well-being. Eudaimonia is both conceptually and empirically distinct and may be uniquely affected by social media. However, a synthesis of how social media use relates to eudaimonia is currently missing. The authors fill this gap with a narrative review, synthesizing both theoretical and empirical links between three social media uses (active, passive, screen time) and three indicators of eudaimonic well-being (meaningfulness, authenticity, self-actualization). The results suggest plausible theoretical links yet scarce and inconsistent evidence, allowing no definitive conclusion. The authors discuss how future research can investigate whether social media afford or constrain opportunities to find meaning, live authentically, and grow as a person.
Introduction
Authors: Nedecky Jason 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a definition for lyric diction and outlines the important role it plays in the effective interpretation of French vocal music. Background information is provided on the elevated style of the French language heard in opera and in mélodie. The style soutenu is examined, identifying its roots in the Comédie-Française. Comparisons and contrasts between the style soutenu of sung French and everyday spoken French, or ‘parler courant’, are drawn. Several evolving French pronunciation trends not typically considered part of the singing style are enumerated.
The International Phonetic Alphabet in French
Authors: Nedecky Jason 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes in detail the phonemic inventory of the French language. The style soutenu as it is heard in French opera and mélodie provides the basis for International Phonetic Association (IPA) transcription in lyric diction. Phonetic representation as it is encountered throughout the text is listed and described. Tables are provided with the IPA representations for vowel, semiconsonant, and consonant phonemes, plus diacritics, additional and foreign phonemes, and extra markings, along with explanations for each character or symbol.
French Vowel Sounds
Authors: Nedecky Jason 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
French vowel sounds and semiconsonants are studied in detail in this chapter. With an inventory of sixteen distinct vocalic phonemes, the French language contains more vowel sounds than English, Italian, or German. The most commonly encountered French spellings for the eight primary cardinal vowels, four nasal vowels, three mixed vowels, three semiconsonants, and the mute e are provided alongside remarks about key characteristics for each phoneme. The well-known vowel diagram is used to show tongue and lip positions, as well as front, back, open, and closed vowel designations. The formations for mixed vowels are broken down into front tongue positions and back vowel lip-rounding. Explanations and tips are provided for the nasal vowels that are unique to French, and present specific challenges in terms of formation and correct execution. The all-important French schwa—the so-called mute e—is introduced in this chapter, with several musical examples, and indications about when the vowel should be elided in singing. The description of semiconsonants includes an account of the /j/ glide, which can follow a vowel in certain spellings. A treatment of vocalic aperture in the French language and an examination of ‘in-between’ vowels are included.
French Consonant Sounds
Authors: Nedecky Jason 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
A consonant is classified in linguistic terms by three criteria: place of articulation (dental, velar, etc.), manner of articulation (plosive, fricative, affricate, etc.), and whether it is voiced or unvoiced. In this chapter, each French consonant phoneme is examined by these criteria. Remarks are given for all French consonant phonemes, and include comparisons between English, Italian, and German near-equivalents. The regular French spellings of each consonant sound are listed, as well as details about the phonemes, which include narrow transcriptions using diacritics. Three particularly challenging concepts are treated: mute h vs. aspirated h, pronounced vs. silent consonants, and how to handle the French r: the flipped/rolled apical variant vs. the uvular variant (known in French as r grasseyé).