bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relation of Structure to Function in Bacterial Endotoxins
Authors: Nowotny Alois , Behling Ulrich H. , Chang Helena L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
This is the first report describing in vivo biologic activities elicited by a non-toxic, polysaccharide-rich, water soluble fraction obtained by partial acidic hydrolysis from endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. The two activities present in this preparation were a) mouse bone marrow cell colony formation stimulation (CSF) and b) protection of mice against lethal irradiation. With polysaccharide-deficient rough mutants of Salmonella minnesota, the CSF-inducing activity could be restricted to the “core” region of the LPS structure. Sixty-minute hydrolysis with 1 N HCl at 100°C or 0.1 M sodium metaperiodate oxidation at cold room temperature completely abolished CSF-inducing activity of the preparation, whereas it showed considerable resistance to mild alkaline hydrolysis. These findings indicate that the active component in this preparation is carbohydrate in nature.
Lipid preparations from smooth LPS or from Re rough mutants are either much less active or completely inactive in the above two assays. The fully active polysaccharide-rich preparation was found to be inert in seven other characteristic endotoxicity parameters.
Syngeneic Adoptive Immunotherapy and Chemoimmuno-therapy of a Friend Leukemia: Requirement for T cells
Authors: Berenson James R. , Einstein Albert B. , Fefer Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine which cell mediates adoptive immunotherapy and chemoimmunotherapy of a syngeneic transplantable Friend virus-induced leukemia (FBL-3). An adoptive immunotherapy model was developed in which adult C57BL/6 mice given a lethal dose (104) of FBL-3 on day 0 were saved by treatment on day 1 with C57BL/6 spleen cells or peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) immune to FBL-3. Cells passed through a nylon wool column to remove B cells and macrophages or treated with carbonyl iron to remove phagocytic cells remained effective, whereas cells treated with anti-ϑ serum and complement were far less effective. For adoptive chemoimmunotherapy, mice inoculated with 107 FBL-3 were treated 5 days later with cyclophosphamide (CY) plus immune spleen cells. CY, with or without non-immune cells, prolonged survival but all mice died with leukemia, whereas mice given CY plus immune cells survived tumor-free. As an adjunct to CY, immune cells passed through nylon wool or treated with carbonyl iron remained quite effective whereas cells treated with anti-ϑ serum and complement were far less effective. Thus, immune thymus-derived lymphocytes were required for the adoptive immunotherapy of an early leukemia or chemoimmunotherapy of a disseminated leukemia.
Identification of the Cell Population Involved in Viral-Specific Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Man: Evidence for T Cell Specificity
Authors: Rola-Pleszczynski Marek , Hurtado Rodrigo C. , Woody James N. , Sell Kenneth W. , Vincent Monroe M. , Hensen Sally A. , Bellanti Joseph A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The nature of the cell population involved in lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to baby-hamster-kidney (BHK-21) target cells persistently infected with rubella virus was investigated by a 51Cr-release microassay. After depletion of the T cell population with an antiserum to human-thymus-lymphoid tissue antigen (HTLA), the purified B cell population showed a decrease in E-rosette formation (9.0 ± 2.2% compared to 69.6 ± 9.1% before treatment) and an insignificant degree of cytotoxic activity against rubella-infected target cells (specific immune release of 51Cr was 0.9 ± 2.6% compared to 24.2 ± 3.8 before treatment). A purified T cell population, prepared by depletion of B cells with an anti-human immunoglobulin serum and complement, was found to show no alteration in E-rosette formation (85.2 ± 6.2%) or cytotoxicity (30.3 ± 4.4% SIR) but showed decreased EA- and EAC-rosette formation (2.7 ± 1.5% and 10.5 ± 3.2%, respectively, compared to 19.4 ± 2.9% and 28.0 ± 4.1% before treatment). A monocyte-depleted population prepared by removal of the plastic adherent mononuclear cells showed no significant alteration of rosette formation or cytotoxicity.
These experiments suggest that the predominant lymphoid population responsible for direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity to virus infected target cells in the 51Cr-release microassay appears to be effected by a thymus-dependent lymphocyte population.
Enhanced Destruction of Lymphoid Cell Lines by Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Taken from Patients with Acute Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Hutt Lindsey M. , Huang Yung Tsun , Dascomb Harry E. , Pagano Joseph S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cytotoxicity of peripheral blood leukocytes from normal human donors and from patients with EBV-as-sociated infectious mononucleosis (IM) has been determined for human lymphoid cell lines (LCL) containing Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA. In a 51Cr release assay, mononuclear leukocytes from all donors are spontaneously cytotoxic. Leukocytes taken from patients within the first 2 weeks of overt IM are significantly more cytotoxic. This increased cytotoxicity declines to the spontaneous level as the disease progresses. The increase shows no correlation with the degree of lymphocytosis but a positive correlation with numbers of circulating atypical cells. The reaction is apparently not directed against histocompatability antigens, known EBV membrane antigens, or other characteristics of fresh human lymphoid cells. Susceptibility to damage is shared by bone marrow-derived (B) cell lines but not thymus derived (T) cell lines. EBV-gene products cannot be solely responsible for expression of the unknown characteristic. Transformation of B cells with EBV in vivo or in vitro, however, may trigger its expression.
Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Humans
Authors: Trinchieri Giorgio , de Marchi Mario 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by human peripheral lymphocytes is an active energy-requiring phenomenon. In this study the relative importance of glycolysis and respiration was analyzed, by measuring the effect of various metabolic inhibitors (sodium azide, antimycin A, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, iodoacetate), alone or in combination, on effector cell efficiency and intracellular ATP level. The inhibition of both aerobic and anaerobic energy production in the effector cells completely abolished cytotoxicity. An inhibition of 50% was observed when the intracellular ATP concentration was decreased to levels corresponding to 30 to 50% of those in the untreated controls.
Induction of T Lymphocyte Responses to a Small Molecular Weight Antigen
Authors: Bullock Wesley W. , Katz David H. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
2,4-Dinitrophenyl (DNP) coupled to the copolymer D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL) induces B cell tolerance but not T cell tolerance. This implies either a lack of DNP determinant recognition by T cells or a substantial difference in tolerance mechanisms for the two cell types. In the present study D-GL was conjugated with the well-defined determinant azobenzenearsonate (ABA) coupled to single amino acids shown here and previously by others to trigger effectively T lymphocytes. The experiments presented here demonstrate that these ABA conjugates of D-GL, although capable of diminishing anti-ABA antibody production, completely fail to render ABA-specific T lymphocytes tolerant thus drawing us to conclude that there are significant operational differences in the mechanisms of tolerance induction in T and B lymphocytes, respectively.
The Expression of ϑ-Like Antigen by Rat Peripheral Lymphocytes: Serologic and Functional Studies
Authors: Douglas Tommy C. , Dowsett Andrew P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
AKR/Cum mice (Thy-1b = ϑC3H) immunized with nucleated cells from WF rat thymus, Peyer's patches, peritoneal exudate, mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, bone marrow, or spleen produced antibodies cytotoxic for AKR/J (Thy-1a = ϑAKR) but not for AKR/Cum thymocytes. The specificity of these antibodies for the Thy-1.1 (ϑ-AKR) antigen was confirmed by tests using thymocytes from backcross mice segregating at the Thy-1 locus. This result suggested that the rat lymphocyte antigen cross-reactive with Thy-1.1 was expressed by at least some members of each of the rat lymphoid cell populations tested. AKR/Cum mice immunized with killed rat cells also produced anti-Thy-1.1 antibodies; thus indicating that further differentiation of the injected cells was not a prerequisite for the anti-Thy-1.1 response.
Unexpectedly, about 9% of unimmunized adult AKR/Cum males were found to be producing antibodies against Thy-1.1. To our knowledge, natural antibodies of this specificity have not been previously reported.
Finally, it was found that peritoneal exudate cells taken from WF rats previously immunized with EL4 mouse leukemia cells were neither killed nor functionally inactivated by treatment with anti-Thy-1.1 antibodies and complement.
An Antigenic Determinant Unique to the Hinge of γ3 Heavy Chains
Authors: Franklin Edward C. , Frangione Blas , Adlersberg Jay B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The heavy (H)2 chain (γ3) of the IgG3 subclass of human immunoglobulins has a molecular weight of 60,000, in contrast to the 50,000 value reported for the γ1, γ2 and γ4 H chains. The γ3 hinge (interdomain) region is unusual in containing approximately 100 amino acid residues of which almost half consist of proline and cysteine in a series of repetitive sequences (1). This repetition creates an extra fragment which accounts for the extended size of the γ3 H chain. The availability of a γ3 heavy chain disease (HCD) protein Omm-s, which lacked the VH and CH1 domains but appeared to contain virtually the entire hinge region, permitted the ready isolation of an extended hinge fragment.
Antisera prepared against this protein could be made specific for a determinant associated with this interdomain region by appropriate absorptions.
Effects of Intravenous Silica on Immune and Non-Immune Functions of the Murine Host
Authors: Levy Michael H. , Wheelock E. Frederick 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Silica, an agent toxic for macrophages, administered i.v. to DBA/2 mice rapidly depresses the clearance of colloidal carbon by the reticuloendothelial system and reduces the in vitro phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages harvested 3 days after silica injection. Silica blocks the humoral immune response to sheep erythrocytes and the cell-mediated immune response to allogeneic fibroblasts when given before antigen. Silica also induces complex alterations in spleen cell responsiveness to concanavalin A involving both local and serum factors. Silica had no significant effect on the induction of interferon by statolon or Newcastle disease virus. No unequivocal evidence was obtained that silica has a direct depressive effect on cells other than macrophages, but indirect effects on lymphocytes were produced most likely by factors released from silica-lysed macrophages. Intravenous silica may prove useful for the separation of interferon induction and immune response stimulation in studies of host resistance to infection and oncogenesis. Considerable variation exists in the immunodepressive effects of different preparations of silica.
The Primary Structure of a Rat κ Bence Jones Protein: Phylogenetic Relationships of V- and C-Region Genes
Authors: Starace Vincenzo , Querinjean Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of a LOU rat κ Bence Jones protein, S211, is presented. The availability of such a sequence makes it possible to re-evaluate the phylogenetic relationships of V- and C-region genes.
The data suggest that V- and C-genes, and also V-genes between themselves, have evolved at different rates.
The Vκ1-gene seems to have been preserved during evolution and its products could be identified in three other species. The differences between these Vκ1 like sequences and a human Vκ1 representative sequence are similar and fall inside the range of inter-subgroup differences. On the other hand, the comparison of Cκ-regions from four different species agrees with their recognized phylogenetic relationships.
Evidence is presented which suggests that two substitutions within the C-region of the S211 κ-chain are unrelated to allotypes and presumably represent somatic events or are evidence for multiple isotypes of rat Cκ-region.
The Expression on Mouse Lymphoid Cells of Th-B, an Antigen Common to Mouse B Cells and Thymus Cells
Authors: Yutoku Masamichi , Grossberg Allan L. , Pressman David 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new cell-surface antigen of mouse lymphocytes, which was found earlier on normal and malignant plasma cells and about half the normal thymus cell population, has been shown to be on mature B cells and on the least immunocompetent subpopulation of cells of the thymus. The antigen was first detected by the cytotoxic effect on relevant cells of an in vivo purified rabbit antiserum raised against cells of the mouse IgM-producing plasma cell tumor MOPC-104E. We have now used a cell-transfer method to examine the effect of this antiserum (RantiM104E) on immunocompetent lymphocytes of spleen, including separated splenic B and T cells and thymus and bone marrow cells. We have found the antigen on the immunocompetent B lymphocytes of the spleen, but not on any other of the immunocompetent cells examined. The method involves determining the effect of the antiserum on the development of plaque-forming cells in the spleens of irradiated mice that have received lymphocytes from immune or non-immune donors by treating the lymphocytes with RantiM104E antiserum before transfer. Plaque-forming cells are suppressed when antiserum-treated spleen cells are transferred to the irradiated mice. This suppression was found to be due to action on only the splenic B cells. The helper activity of splenic T cells was not reduced significantly by antiserum treatment. Neither was the helper activity of thymus cells similarly treated reduced by the antiserum. We found, in fact, that the subpopulation of the thymus cells which is resistant to the antiserum was more immunocompetent than the total thymus cell population. In addition, the hydrocortisone-resistant thymus cells were also found to be resistant to the cytotoxic action of the antiserum. The antiserum had no effect on bone marrow cells in the cell-transfer procedure. The antigen involved, which we are designating “Th-B” appears to be a B cell line marker which appears relatively early during the differentiation of mouse B cells from precursor cells and is lost during maturation of T cells.
Immunologic Activity of Myelin Basic Protein in Strain 2 and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs
Authors: Kies Marian W. , Driscoll Bernard F. , Lisak Robert P. , Alvord Ellsworth C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The resistance of Strain 2 guinea pigs to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with whole CNS tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) has been confirmed. This resistance is even more pronounced when myelin basic protein (BP) is used in attempts to induce EAE. Strain 2 guinea pigs are also resistant to an immunization schedule (multiple injections with BP in IFA followed by a single injection of BP in CFA) known to induce significant levels of antibody in susceptible strains. The poor response of Strain 2 guinea pigs to BP is not the result of lack of specific B cells—antibody equivalent to that produced by Strain 13 animals is obtained when the inoculum contains 0.5 mg BP and 2.5 mg mycobacteria.
Activation of Alveolar Macrophages after Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Authors: Johnson James D. , Hand W. Lee , King Neva L. , Hughes Carl G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Alveolar macrophage function has been studied in relation to bacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract. First, LRT macrophages were examined after exposure of rabbits to Listeria monocytogenes aerosols. Macrophages obtained from the LRT of animals 10 to 48 days after infection were activated, as evidenced by greater adherence to culture dishes and increased ability to ingest and kill both the original infecting organism and unrelated organisms, when compared to normal alveolar macrophages. Next, the in vitro effects on normal alveolar macrophages of incubation supernatants of control and antigen-stimulated lymphocytes (LRT and lymph node) from animals infected with L. monocytogenes or Streptococcus pneumoniae were evaluated. As manifested by increased adherence and phagocytosis, and an enhanced nonspecific bactericidal activity, alveolar macrophages were activated by the antigen-stimulated supernatants. These stimulated lymphocyte supernatants contain lymphokines (MIF), but the exact nature of the alveolar macrophage activating factor(s) remains to be determined. These observations, together with recent evidence that alveolar macrophages respond to lymphokines (MIF), suggest that the effector mechanism for cell-mediated immunity in the LRT is intact.
Antagonism of B Lymphocyte Mitogenesis by Anti-Immunoglobulin Antibody
Authors: Schrader John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-mouse-immunoglobulin-antibodies (AMIg) were shown to suppress mitogenesis in B lymphocytes that were cultured with lipopolysaccharide, (LPS), or polymerized-flagellin, (POL). Preincubation of spleen cells with AMIg plus LPS had a greater suppressive effect on a subsequent mitogenic response to LPS than did preincubation with AMIg alone. Preincubation with LPS alone had, if anything, a slight enhancing effect. These experiments suggested that AMIg did not suppress mitogenesis by interference with the initial binding of the mitogen, but rather exerted a separate negative effect that occurred subsequent to, or in the process of, B cell-stimulation.
Thymus Influence on the Conversion of 19S to 7S Antibody Formation in the Response to TNP-Brucella
Authors: Romano Thomas J. , Thorbecke G. Jeanette 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serially transferred LAF1 spleen cells show a deficient 7S PFC response to TNP-Brucella when Tx as compared to normal irradiated intermediate hosts are used. This defect can be corrected by combining the spleen cells with lymph node cells from the Tx intermediate hosts. It is concluded that T helper cells, residing primarily in lymph node, are needed for efficient 19S→7S conversion in the immune response.
Pretreatment of Murine Thymocytes by Phytohemagglutinin Inhibits the Binding of 3H-Concanavalin A
Authors: Ozato Keiko , Ebert James D. , Adler William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The binding of 3H-concanavalin A (Con A) to cortisone-resistant and normal mouse thymocytes, which greatly differ in mitogenic responsiveness, was compared. Almost equal numbers of 3H-Con A molecules (7 × 105 molecules per cell) were found to bind to both cell types, and the rates of 3H-Con A binding were nearly identical.
The binding capacity of thymocytes for 3H-Con A decreased rapidly after removal from the thymus and incubation in protein free synthetic medium. Similarly, mitogenic responsiveness dropped rapidly after cells were exposed to this medium. 3H-Con A molecules bound to cells were dissociated from them after a brief incubation, about 30% of radioactivity being lost in 2 hr with increasing radioactivity being found in the supernatant.
When cells were pretreated with PHA-P, which is a T cell mitogen, their mitogenic responsiveness to Con A was suppressed along with 3H-Con A binding to the cells. In contrast, a B cell mitogen, LPS, that has a synergistic effect on the Con A mitogenic response in thymocytes had no effect on binding of 3H-Con A to thymocytes.
A Method for Detection of Ia Antigens in the Absence of Appropriate H-2 Recombinants
Authors: Hauptfeld Miroslav , Hauptfeld Věra , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described which obviates the use of H-2 recombinant strains for production and detection of Ia antibodies. The antibodies are produced by immunization with spleen cells in a strain combination in which the donor differs from the recipient either in the K end of the H-2 complex or in the whole complex. If the right schedule is used, this immunization produces antibodies against both H-2 and Ia antigens. The H-2 antibodies are absorbed out with erythrocytes or T lymphocytes rendering the antiserum specific for Ia antigens. The presence of Ia antibodies is asserted by determining the tissue distribution of the antigens detected with the absorbed antiserum. Another antiserum is then prepared in the same strain combination by immunization with tissue that does not contain Ia but does contain H-2 antigens (e.g., a sarcoma of the proper genotype). The second antiserum contains only H-2 antibodies and the presence of these antibodies is again asserted by determining the tissue distribution of the corresponding antigens. The molecular distinctiveness of the putative Ia and H-2 antigens is then demonstrated by the newly developed technique of antibody-mediated induction of resistance to cytotoxicity (lysis). If the antigens detected with the two antisera move independently in the cell membrane, and if the antigens detected with the first antiserum do indeed have Ia-like properties, it is concluded that the antiserum detects Ia antigens. This method should prove to be useful for detection of Ia antigens in H-2 haplotypes for which no intra-H-2 recombinants are known, and for detection of Ia-like antigens in other mammalian species, particularly in man.
Generation of Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Engers Howard D. , Thomas Karl , Cerottini Jean-Charles , Brunner K. Theodor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subcellular particulate membrane fragments prepared from murine lymphoid or tumor cells were used as a cell-free antigen source in order to stimulate the generation of cytolytic thymus-derived effector cells (CTL) in vitro. When cultivated with normal spleen cells as a source of responding lymphocytes, particulate antigen preparations induced only low CTL activities; in contrast, virtually normal responses were observed when immune spleens were used as a source of responding cells. In both cases, results were compared to those responses obtained with intact irradiated (1000 rads) normal spleen cells as stimulating antigen. The effector cells generated with particulate antigen preparations (obtained either by hypotonic shock or by sonication) were shown to be T cells and were characterized with regard to the kinetics of their response and their dose-activity relationship. It was also shown that the responses observed were specific, both at the level of initiation and at the effector level. The results obtained suggest that there exists a fundamental difference between normal and alloimmune spleen cells in their ability to respond in vitro to stimulation by subcellular antigen preparations.
Peyer's Patches, Gut IgA Plasma Cells and Thymic Function: Study in Nude Mice Bearing Thymic Grafts
Authors: Guy-Grand Delphine , Griscelli Claude , Vassalli Pierre 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nude mice have poorly developed Peyer's patches with very small or no germinal centers and little lymphoid cell proliferation, and a marked decrease in the number of gut-IgA plasma cells. Thymus grafts, which restore the T lymphocyte population of their lymphoid organs to nearly normal levels, lead to a considerable development of the Peyer's patches and of their germinal centers, associated with a considerable increase in gut IgA plasma cells, and in the serum IgA level. These findings are consistent with the postulated relationship between the Peyer's patches germinal center cells and the gut IgA plasma cells, and might help to explain the association of thymic defects, low serum IgA, and lack of intestinal IgA plasma cells observed in some immunodeficiency syndromes of man. Nude mice also have a marked decrease in the number of lymphocytes present within the intestinal epithelium. These intraepithelial lymphocytes, which have been shown to be of T nature, are restored to normal numbers after thymus grafting.