bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Bones Made by Synbone: A Review
Authors: Zdero Radovan , Djuricic Aleksandar , Schemitsch Emil H. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBiomechanical engineers and physicists commonly employ biological bone for biomechanics studies, since they are good representations of living bone. Yet, there are challenges to using biological bone, such as cost, degradation, disease, ethics, shipping, sourcing, storage, variability, etc. Therefore, the Synbone® company has developed a series of synthetic bones that have been used by biomechanical investigators to offset some drawbacks of biological bone. There have been a number of published biomechanical reports using these bone surrogates for dental, injury, orthopedic, and other applications. But, there is no prior review paper that has summarized the mechanical properties of these synthetic bones in order to understand their general performance or how well they represent biological bone. Thus, the goal of this article was to survey the English-language literature on the mechanical properties of these synthetic bones. Studies were included if they quantitatively (a) characterized previously unknown values for synthetic bone, (b) validated synthetic versus biological bone, and/or (c) optimized synthetic bone performance by varying geometric or material parameters. This review of data, pros, cons, and future work will hopefully assist biomechanical engineers and physicists that use these synthetic bones as they develop experimental testing regimes and computational models.
Spray Ignition and Combustion Modes and Their Time Scales Studies in an Optical Rapid Compression Machine
Authors: Mai Zhaoming , Tang Chenglong , Li Yu , Wu Yingtao , Huang Zuohua 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Spray auto-ignition is a complex physical and chemical process whose mechanism is still not well understood. This paper explores the contribution of physical and chemical mechanisms to spray auto-ignition and combustion behaviors over a wide range of ambient temperature and pressure conditions in an optical rapid compression machine. Specifically, the spray development and ignition process are first visualized and the spray ignition delay times (IDTI) are measured through high-speed imaging. IDTI is then compared with gas phase chemical ignition delay times (IDTC) calculated by 0D homogeneous reactor simulation. Subsequently, different combustion modes are recognized by analyzing the mixture status at the instant of ignition, the spray flame behavior, and the pressure evolution history. Finally, a regime diagram of combustion modes is proposed to illustrate the dominant mechanisms for different spray combustion modes. Results show that the measured spray IDTI is longer than the 0D calculated IDTC due to the physical delay caused by spray development, evaporation, and mixing. At higher temperatures and pressures, the difference between IDTI and IDTC is increased because the evaporation and mixing become progressively important, compared to the chemical reaction mechanism. Scrutinization on the pressure and the apparent heat release rate evolution curve reveals that with the increase of the temperature and pressure, the chemical-controlled combustion time accounts for less and less of the total combustion duration. This further indicates that spray ignition and combustion behaviors transit from chemical-dominated mode to mixing-dominated mode.
Can a variation of fine structure constant influence the fate of gravitational collapse?
Authors: Chakrabarti Soumya 
Published: August 2023

AbstractWe show that it is possible to steer clear of a spacetime singularity during gravitational collapse by considering time-variation of a fundamental coupling, in this case, the fine structure constant $$\alpha $$
α
. We study a spherical distribution of cold dark matter coexisting with other fluid elements, collapsing under its own gravity. The dark matter is written as a scalar field interacting with electrically charged matter. This leads to a time variation of $$\alpha $$
α
and as a consequence, a breakdown of local charge conservation within the sphere. The exterior has no such field and therefore, Einstein’s GR and standard equivalence principles remain valid. We derive the lowest possible bound on the collapse of this sphere beyond which there is a bounce and dispersal of most of the accumulated matter. We discuss the critical behavior of the system around this point and show that the bound is connected to a length scale of the order of Planck, introduced in the theory for dimensional requirements.
The Relationship between Bullying and Emotional State among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Correlation Study
Authors: AbuAlula Nada A. , Almarwani Abdulaziz Mofdy , Mamanao Daniel Mon , Altarawneh Naif Salem , Alharbi Mohammed R. , Ebeid Inas A. 
Published: August 2023

Introduction. Bullying behavior by nursing students is a serious problem that has contributed to the drop in numbers in the nursing profession. Aim. The study investigated the relationship between bullying and the emotional state of undergraduate nursing students. Methods. The study used a cross-sectional correlation design with a sample of 286 undergraduate nursing students from multiple nursing colleges located in the western region of Saudi Arabia. The 21-item depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used to measure the study outcomes. A revised version of the Bullying Assessment Questionnaire was used to assess bullying experiences. Statistical analyses, including a t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and a one-way between-subjects ANOVA, determined the significance of the relationship between study variables. Results. There was a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms among Saudi nursing students. Most of the respondents reported mild to extremely severe symptoms of depression (58.7%), anxiety (58%), and stress (44.8%). Around 90.1% of the nursing students reported exposure to a form of bullying over the previous 12 months. The most common items reported as part of this behavior included continually being assigned tasks beyond their capacity. Family members were the most frequently reported source of bullying (29.8%), followed by nursing faculties (20.9%). Bullying behavior was positively correlated with students’ scores for depression, r (284) = 0.49, n = 286,

p

< 0.01; anxiety, r (284) = 0.54,

p

< 0.01; and stress, r (284) = 0.56,

p

< 0.01. Conclusion. The study’s findings raise concerns and highlight the importance of decreasing the risk of depression, anxiety, and stress among undergraduate nursing students. Nurse educators must ensure that students receive psychological support to decrease these psychological outcomes. Regularly monitoring bullying behavior is essential to maintain students’ psychological stability, which could eventually reduce professional dropout rates.
Tool-assisted water scooping in Balinese long-tailed macaques
Authors: Cenni Camilla , Thierry Bernard , Wandia I Nengah , Leca Jean-Baptiste 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While tool use has been widely reported in non-human animals for food acquisition, the use of tools for drinking has been largely overlooked, with primates being a notable exception. We documented tool-assisted water scooping and drinking in several Balinese long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis), living in Ubud, Indonesia, over a period of four years. We observed repeated tool-assisted water scooping using leaves, nuts, pits, and stones. Our results indicate that this behaviour is associated with manual drinking and can be performed in a playful context. This population habitually engages in a cultural form of stone-assisted object play known as stone handling, and it has an overall propensity to manipulate objects in water. We discuss the relationship between instrumental and non-instrumental object-assisted actions, as well as the possibility for this behaviour to be a tradition in this population. This report offers new insights into the limited literature on tool-assisted drinking in monkeys.
In the Shadow of the Great Powers: Freedom of the Sea and Neutrality in the Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Cattelan Stefano 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This note announces the launch of a research project at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel with the generous support of the Carlsberg Foundation and guidance from Prof. dr. Frederik Dhondt. The project explores the early steps of one of the most dynamic and debated branches of international law, namely the law of the sea. It focuses on the interactions between the principle of the freedom of the sea, maritime neutrality and small powers’ diplomacy in the long eighteenth century. Analysing the rich archival material conserved in the French Ministry for Foreign Affairs – series Mémoires et documents, Correspondance politique – as well as the Danish National Archives, or Rigsarkivet, the project aims at the construction of a rich narrative of multiple uses of the law of the sea as an argumentative political-legal framework to express state and private interest. By a close reading of largely unexplored sources, the project contributes to the broader turn to state practice in the history of international law, a booming field of interdisciplinary research.
Nuremberg and Grotius’s Scholarship as Non-Grotian Moments: On Novelty-Bolstering in International Law
Authors: Bohrer Ziv 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Since its 1980s coining by Richard Falk, the ‘Grotian Moment’ concept has garnered popularity in international law discourse, denoting a rapid, paradigm-shifting development in international law. This concept builds upon a prevalent recollection of two past events as such paradigm-shifts. The first is, obviously, the ‘original’ Grotian Moment, anointing Grotius as the Father of International Law, mainly for publishing, in 1625, his ground-breaking treatise, De Jure Belli ac Pacis, which is said to had brought about a momentous paradigm-shift that gave rise to modern (statist and secular), or even the first-ever-effective, international law. The second event is the post-ww2 Nuremberg international trial. Presumably, from its mid-seventeenth-century birth to Nuremberg, international law was starkly statist, and so individuals had generally not been its subjects. This, among other things, meant that international criminal law (icl) was not acceptable. Nuremberg is, therefore, celebrated as the first-ever international criminal tribunal, as icl’s birthplace and even more generally as the turning-point in international law’s attitude towards the individual. Simply put, Nuremberg is considered the prototype of a modern Grotian Moment. However, this paper shows that neither 1625 nor 1945 were truly Grotian Moments (their significance notwithstanding) and present’s likely causes for those myths. The paper further reveals that these myths, as well as the current embrace of the ‘Grotian Moment’ concept, are all manifestations of a larger, understudied phenomenon: that internationalists, evermore obsessed with perceiving themselves as cutting-edge, too often satisfy that fix by erasing the past.
Hugo Grotius’s De Iure Belli ac Pacis: A Report on the Worldwide Census of the Seventh Edition (1646)
Authors: Cleary Matthew , Corredera Edward Jones , Dufour Pablo Nicolas , Nathan Jonathan , Salerno Emanuele , Somos Mark 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This research note offers a contextual overview of the printing history of Johann Blaeu’s 1646 octavo edition of Hugo Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis (ibp). The note examines the printing process of the last edition that was prepared while Grotius was still alive, though it was published after his death. The note also sheds light on the theological dimension of some readers’ annotations, and concludes by discussing the impact this edition had on the modern versions of the text.
Grotian Moments and Appeals to Authority in Law and History
Authors: Cleary Matthew , Dufour Pablo Nicolas , Salerno Emanuele , Somos Mark 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This article examines whether the publication of Hugo Grotius’s De iure belli ac pacis (ibp) constitutes a Grotian Moment. After a brief sketch of ibp’s early reception, we focus on the book’s uses in teaching, identifying and creating international law in the twenty-first century, and that ibp’s authority looms large in State practice, in opinio iuris, and in both scholarly and applied understandings of customary international law. While the publication of ibp meets the technical definition of a Grotian Moment, unquestioned invocations of ibp’s authority and contents are anachronistic and should be discontinued.
On the “Plateau Silk Road” Jointly Created by Ancient People of Various Ethnic Groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
Authors: Wei Huo , Qiang Zeng 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The “Silk Road” has referred to the roads or the road networks that facilitated East–West communication, with ancient China as the starting point in the East. For a long time, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, known as the “roof of the world,” has not been included in discussions of the Silk Road, as it has been generally understood as dangerous for overland passage due to its location in the alpine snow region, challenging natural environment, and sparse population. As a result, few references on East–West passage through the plateau have been found in the historical records, in both the Chinese and Tibetan languages. However, archaeological discoveries in recent years have shown that from prehistoric times the early people on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau began their communication and exchanges with the outside world in various ways. No later than the Han and the Jin dynasties, the traditional “Land Silk Road” had extended its trunk routes into the plateau. During the Tang dynasty, as the Tubo kingdom expanded continuously, it built a relatively stable transportation and road network that connected it with South, Central, and East Asia, which this article terms the “Plateau Silk Road.” The formation of the Plateau Silk Road was of great significance, as it not only connected the “Land Silk Road” and the “Steppe Silk Road” in North China as well as the “Maritime Silk Road” and the “Southwest Silk Road” in South China as a whole, but also played an irreplaceable role in integrating the western territories of China and the ethnic groups inhabiting these territories into the Chinese national community. In this process, the ancient people of all ethnic groups on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau made important historical contributions.
Current practice and recommendations for managing transgender patient data in clinical laboratories in the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland
Authors: Hepburn Sophie , Buchanan Devon , Costelloe Seán J 
Published: August 2023

Background Transgender people may avoid seeking medical care due to previous negative experiences and fear of discrimination. Clinical laboratories can contribute to a poor patient experience and clinical outcome when the design and functionality of laboratory information management systems (LIMS) do not consider the needs of transgender patients. This survey aimed to capture current practices in United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland clinical laboratories concerning how transgender patient data and test requests are managed throughout the total testing process. Methods An anonymous survey was distributed to clinical laboratory professionals in November 2021. Thirty-three questions covered how gender variables are recorded for transgender patients and used to inform gender-specific calculations, test access, and reference intervals (RIs). Results Of the 66 respondents, 70% were based in laboratories in England, with a majority of laboratories having ISO 15189 accreditation and processing 1000–10,000 blood samples daily. Eighty-five percent stated that their LIMS had a single field recording sex or gender information. Forty-three percent did not limit test access based on gender, but 68% did not append RIs for patients with unknown or indeterminate gender. Conclusions This survey was the first to quantify how clinical laboratories manage sex and gender information and report results for transgender and non-binary patients, and details several key recommendations based on the survey responses.
Different serum sodium assay, different model for end stage liver disease - sodium scores in patients awaiting liver transplant: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Rodriguez-Alvarez Fatima , Moctezuma-Velázquez Paulina , Mota-Ayala Blanca Zuleyma , Pamila-Tecuautzin Paul Alonso , García-Juárez Ignacio , Moctezuma-Velázquez Carlos 
Published: August 2023

Introduction and aims Sodium can be measured with direct or indirect methods; abnormal plasma total protein concentration can impact on sodium measured by indirect ion-selective electrodes (ISE). Serum sodium is an important item to determine the Model for End Stage Liver Disease Sodium (MELD-Na) score, commonly used for liver graft allocation. Patients with cirrhosis usually have hypoproteinemia. The aim of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference between the MELD-Na scores calculated based on the results of two different serum sodium ISE: indirect and direct. Methods This was a retrospective study; we included 166 patients that underwent liver transplant assessment, and that had paired ( i.e. same date and time) direct and indirect sodium determinations. We calculated the MELD-Na scores with both sodium determinations, and we compared them. Results There was a significant difference between MELD-Na scores; the mean difference was 0.4±1.3. If MELD-Na score had been determined by the sodium measured by the direct ISE, 69 patients (42%) would have stayed in the same place on the waiting list, 67 patients (40%) would have moved up, and 30 patients (18%) would have moved down. Conclusions There was a statistically significant difference between the MELD-Na scores calculated based on the two different sodium concentrations, which would theoretically result in changes in the order of the waiting list. This finding should prompt studies to assess if MELD-Na calculated based on direct methods has a better performance to predict clinically relevant outcomes.
Modified sphenoidotomy for isolated sphenoid sinus disease: A series of 117 cases
Authors: Duan Hong-Gang , Ji Fang , Yuan Hui , Wang Hua-Lin , Chen Ming , Ma Di-Jiang 
Published: August 2023

Background: The atresia rate of sphenoid ostium after endoscopic sphenoidotomy for isolated sphenoid disease is 9.4%–10.2%. Aims: To reduce sphenoid sinus ostium atresia rate after sphenoidotomy surgery. Materials and Methods: The data of patients with isolated sphenoid sinus disease at our hospital between 2015 and 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. The age, gender, disease course, pathology, postoperative follow-up time, anatomy data of sphenoid sinus and postoperative sinus ostium atresia rate were compared between the two groups of patients with traditional sphenoidotomy and modified sphenoidotomy. Results: A total of 117 patients with isolated sphenoid sinus disease underwent endoscopic sphenoidotomy. There were 76 cases in the traditional sphenoidotomy group, fungus ball in 59.2% of patients, the postoperative sinus ostium atresia rate was 14.5%. There were 41 cases in the modified sphenoidotomy group, fungus ball in 53.6% of patients, and 0 case of sinus ostium atresia. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in postoperative sinus ostium atresia rate. There was no significant difference in age, pathology, postoperative follow-up time, anatomy data of sphenoid, and other data. Conclusions and Significance: The modified endoscopic sphenoidotomy may reduce the rate of postoperative sinus ostium atresia.
Investigating Associations Between Physical Activity and Presenteeism – A Scoping Review
Authors: Hervieux Valérie , Biron Caroline , Dima Justine 
Published: August 2023

Objective The aim of this study is to scope the literature on what is currently known between physical activity and presenteeism. Data Source A search strategy was conducting in six scientific databases. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria Studies written in English about the relation between physical activity and presenteeism were considered for inclusion. Data Extraction Data on definitions and measurement of presenteeism and physical activity were extracted. Data Synthesis The data is categorized according to the understanding of presenteeism of the studies to give a better idea of how this phenomenon is studied in relation to physical activity. Results After screening 9773 titles and abstracts and 269 full-text articles, 57 unique articles fulfilled our eligibility criteria. The majority of the articles were published since 2010 and originated predominantly in the United States. Most studies (70%) define presenteeism as lost productivity due to health problems, according to the American line of research, whereas 19% of the studies define it as “working while ill” which refers to the European line of research. The studies that reflected the American school of thought tends to report more results that supported their hypothesis (i.e., that more physical activity is associated with less presenteeism). Conclusion This review has highlighted the homogeneity in how presenteeism is conceptualized and measured in studies included in our sample. Research on physical activity and presenteeism should be expanded across various disciplines in social sciences to respond to the needs that many researchers have expressed to promote healthier organizations.
Minor Phenomena in Parkinson’s Disease–Prevalence, Associations, and Risk of Developing Psychosis
Authors: Schneider Ruth B. , Auinger Peggy , Dobkin Roseanne D. , Mills Kelly A. , Kulick-Soper Catherine V. , Myers Taylor L. , Korell Monica , Pontone Gregory M. , Nirenberg Melissa J. 
Published: August 2023

Background Minor phenomena, including passage phenomena, feeling of presence, and illusions, are common and may represent a prodromal form of psychosis in Parkinson’s disease (PD). We examined the prevalence and clinical correlates of minor phenomena, and their potential role as a risk factor for PD psychosis. Methods A novel questionnaire, the Psychosis and Mild Perceptual Disturbances Questionnaire for PD (PMPDQ), was completed by Fox Insight cohort participants with and without PD. Additional assessments included the Non-Motor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMSQuest), REM Sleep Behavior Disorder Single Question Screen (RBD1Q), Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale Part II, demographic features, and medication usage. For participants with PD, we used regression models to identify clinical associations and predictors of incident psychosis over one year of follow-up. Results Among participants with PD (n = 5950) and without PD (n = 1879), the prevalence of minor phenomena was 43.1% and 31.7% ( P < .001). Of the 3760 participants with PD and no baseline psychosis, independent correlates of minor phenomena included positive responses on the NMSQuest apathy/attention/memory (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.1, P < .001) or sexual function domain (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6, P = .01) and positive RBD1Q (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.05-1.5, P = .01). Independent risk factors for incident PD psychosis included the presence of minor phenomena (HR 3.0, 95% CI 2.4-3.9, P < .001), positive response on the NMSQuest apathy/attention/memory domain (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-2.6, P < .001), and positive RBD1Q (HR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1-1.9, P = .004). Conclusions Minor phenomena are common, associated with specific non-motor symptoms, and an independent predictor of incident psychosis in PD.