bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fintech and banks as complements in microentrepreneurship
Authors: Adbi Arzi , Natarajan Siddharth 
Published: May 2023

AbstractResearch SummaryThis article studies fintech targeted to the base of the pyramid and its role in encouraging savings for microenterprises. We argue that the impact of fintech adoption on savings for microenterprises by the poor and by women is moderated by their access to banks—specifically, that fintech is more impactful with bank accounts, and this complementarity between fintech and banks is amplified for poor women. We develop hypotheses in the context of mobile money, a popular fintech across the developing world. Our arguments are supported by a sample of 81,345 individuals across 74 low‐ and middle‐income countries. Overall, the paper suggests that, although fintech can be a promising tool for the poor, it is equally important to improve inclusivity in formal banking institutions.Managerial SummaryWe offer an alternative to the popular narrative that fintech replaces the need for formal banks. In an analysis of 74 low‐ and middle‐income countries, we find that fintech is more useful in encouraging marginalized individuals to save for microenterprises when it is complemented by banks. Our finding of complementarity between fintech and banks, especially for poor women, suggests the need to rethink the notion that fintech is a substitute for banks. We suggest caution in drawing definitive conclusions about the unconditional positive impact of fintech. We recommend that policymakers continue driving financial inclusion with formal banking. Strategic entrepreneurs seeking to tackle grand societal challenges can utilize digital technology to capitalize on the strengths of established institutions.
Insight note: X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) peak fitting of the Al 2p peak from electrically isolated aluminum foil with an oxide layer
Authors: Lizarbe Alvaro J. , Major George H. , Fernandez Vincent , Fairley Neal , Linford Matthew R. 
Published: May 2023

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is the most widely used and important method for chemically analyzing and speciating surfaces. XPS has surface sensitivity (5–10 nm), is quantitative, and is able to probe the oxidation states of the elements at surfaces. However, during the past few years, a great deal of incorrect XPS data analysis has entered the scientific literature. Accordingly, efforts, including this Insight Note, are being made to provide tutorial information to the scientific community. Aluminum is a scientifically and technologically important element. Here we discuss approaches for fitting the Al 2p peak envelope from a sample of aluminum foil with a thin layer of oxide on it. Signals from the metal and oxide are present. We discuss methods for electrically isolating (or not isolating) the sample during data acquisition, the choice of the baseline, fitting the oxide peak with one or two synthetic peaks, and fitting the metal signal with two symmetric or two asymmetric peaks. The thickness of the oxide is calculated based on the areas of the oxide and metal signals.
Developing prediction models to estimate the risk of two survival outcomes both occurring: A comparison of techniques
Authors: Pate Alexander , Sperrin Matthew , Riley Richard D. , Sergeant Jamie C. , Van Staa Tjeerd , Peek Niels , Mamas Mamas A. , Lip Gregory Y. H. , O'Flaherty Martin , Buchan Iain , Martin Glen P. 
Published: May 2023

IntroductionThis study considers the prediction of the time until two survival outcomes have both occurred. We compared a variety of analytical methods motivated by a typical clinical problem of multimorbidity prognosis.MethodsWe considered five methods: product (multiply marginal risks), dual‐outcome (directly model the time until both events occur), multistate models (msm), and a range of copula and frailty models. We assessed calibration and discrimination under a variety of simulated data scenarios, varying outcome prevalence, and the amount of residual correlation. The simulation focused on model misspecification and statistical power. Using data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, we compared model performance when predicting the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes both occurring.ResultsDiscrimination was similar for all methods. The product method was poorly calibrated in the presence of residual correlation. The msm and dual‐outcome models were the most robust to model misspecification but suffered a drop in performance at small sample sizes due to overfitting, which the copula and frailty model were less susceptible to. The copula and frailty model's performance were highly dependent on the underlying data structure. In the clinical example, the product method was poorly calibrated when adjusting for 8 major cardiovascular risk factors.DiscussionWe recommend the dual‐outcome method for predicting the risk of two survival outcomes both occurring. It was the most robust to model misspecification, although was also the most prone to overfitting. The clinical example motivates the use of the methods considered in this study.
Dye‐linked Upconverting Nanophosphor‐based Ratiometric Chemosensor for NIR‐excited and FRET‐mediated Ultrasensitive Detection of Sulfide Ions
Authors: Kumar Jitender , Roy Indrajit 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this article, a NIR‐excited ratiometric method for selective and ultrasensitive detection of sulfide (S2−) ions in an aqueous environment is presented, which is reliant on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The chemosensor‐design is based on an upconverting nanophosphor (UCNP)‐linked coloured complex between a rhodamine‐B derivative and stannous ions (RBD‐Sn2+). Under the excitation of NIR light, the green emission of UCNP (at 542 nm) is reabsorbed by the linked RBD‐Sn2+ complex via FRET, which in turn emits in the orange (at 582 nm). S2− ions specifically interact with the linked RBD‐Sn2+ complex and quantitatively bleach its colour, leading to reduction in FRET and consequent recovery of the green emission of UCNP. We investigated the quantitative and ratiometric detection of S2− ions in aqueous phase using this NIR‐excited FRET‐based approach. The concentration of S2− ions is quantitatively connected to the ratiometric emission signal under NIR excitation. We have found that the detection limit for S2− ions using our FRET‐based nanoprobe is around ten times lower than that of colorimetric or fluorescence‐based approaches. Owing to the use of NIR‐light as excitation source, our proposed sensor can demonstrate background‐free sensing of S2− in complex environmental and biological samples.
Optimization of Catalytic Bromination of Acetophenones Using Taguchi's Method
Authors: Jangir Nidhi , Sohu Saneha , Bagaria Surendra Kumar , Kumar Kartik , Pareek Kapil , Jangid Dinesh Kumar 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA new, efficient and environmental benign one‐pot protocol for the synthesis of α‐bromoacetophenones has been designed via the regioselective monobromination of aromatic carbonyl compounds with Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide (BDMS) in catalytic environment of MgO nanoparticles and products were obtained in moderate to superior yields. Structure of synthesized compounds were elucidated by their 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, further Taguchi based optimization is utilized to maximize the product yield using L27 Orthogonal Array (OA) constructed by five control factors including acetophenones (AP), BDMS, Temperature, Time and MgO with their three levels. The optimal level of AP, BDMS, Temperature, Time and MgO are found up to 1.0 mmol, 2.0 mmol, 60 °C, 50 Min and 10 mol%, respectively.
Single‐step conversion of levulinic acid to valeric acid over bimetallic Ni‐Co/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts
Authors: Nagu Ajmeera , Raju Ajmira , Vennela Aluvala , Varkolu Mohan , Raju Burri David , Rao Kamaraju Seetha Rama 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSingle‐step conversion of levulinic acid (LA) to valeric biofuel is extremely promising for the development of bio‐refineries. Direct conversion of LA to valeric acid (VA) was investigated over H‐ZSM‐5 supported Ni, Co, and Ni−Co (different Ni/Co wt. % ratios) catalysts under ambient reaction conditions (543 K and atmospheric pressure) in the gas phase. Compared with supported monometallic catalysts, bimetallic Ni−Co catalysts exhibited more activity and selectivity toward VA production. Among Ni−Co/H‐ZSM‐5 catalysts, 15Ni‐5Co/H‐ZSM‐5 catalyst is optimum with 97.5 % conversion of LA and 63 % selectivity to valeric acid even after 6 h time‐on‐stream (TOS). The active metallic sites are responsible for the hydrogenation of LA to γ‐valerolactone (GVL), and acidic sites catalyze the conversion of GVL to VA. All the catalysts were characterized using the XRD, H2‐TPR, N2‐adsorption‐desorption isotherms, NH3‐TPD, Py‐IR, SEM, HR‐TEM and XPS techniques.
Study of ZnO‐coated Modified Hollow Microsphere Insulation Coated Fabrics
Authors: Zhao Tiantian , Zhang Xiandong , Chang Guangtao , Li Ruoxin 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this study, new ZnO/TEMs composites were prepared using the electrostatic gravitational method, which combines the high reflectivity of ZnO with the low thermal conductivity of TEMs to create materials with excellent thermal insulation and heat preservation properties. The initial test results indicate that the ZnO‐coated TEMs are effective in blocking thermal radiation from sunlight, with thermal conductivity of 0.0523 W/m ⋅ K for the ZnO/TEMs microsphere coating. In addition, the internal and external temperature difference of ZnO/TEM‐C 1200 is 7 °C lower than that of cotton fabric under an optical power of 350 mW/cm2. Moreover, the ZnO/TEM‐C 1200 has a UPF value of up to 1894 and a total solar reflectance of 81.40 % in the 200–2500 nm wavelength range. These findings demonstrate the potential of ZnO/TEMs composites for use in thermal insulation and UV protection applications.
Synthesis, Reactivity, and Anticancer Activity Evaluation of 4‐Amino‐3‐Mercapto‐6‐Methyl‐1,2,4‐Triazin‐5(4H)‐One Derivatives
Authors: Alshammari Nawaa Ali H. , Bakhotmah Dina A. , Gardiner Michael G. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract1,2,4‐Triazine and its derivatives occupy a fundamental position in the field of medicinal chemistry because of their diverse biological applications, such as anticancer. To search for promising anticancer agents, a new series of 4‐amino‐3‐mercapto‐6‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(4H)‐one derivatives was prepared. Straightforward synthetic methodologies were employed, such as condensation, cyclization, hydrazinolysis, alkylation, and condensation‐addition reactions. All of the new compounds were characterized by a combination of spectral data and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of several compounds on a single crystal X‐ray provided confirmation. The anticancer activity was evaluated against three cancer cell lines, which are hepatocellular carcinoma (HEPG‐2), colorectal carcinoma (HCT‐116) and mammary gland breast cancer (MCF‐7). The results revealed that a representative number of compounds have potent cytotoxicity against HEPG‐2, HCT‐116 and MCF‐7 cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 6.71 to 31.25 μg/mL.
Fluorosolvatochromic Behavior of 2,3‐Naphthalimides Expanded by Double Fusion with Benzothiophene and Benzofuran Units
Authors: Miyazaki Takaaki , Tsutsumi Taiyou , Hayashida Osamu 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAs new polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) containing an imide group, we designed and synthesized 2,3‐naphthalimide fused with benzothiophene 1 or benzofuran 2. 1 and 2 have a push‐pull structure attributed to the imide group and the electron‐donating heterocyclic moieties, indicated that 1 and 2 play as a fluorosolvatochromic dye. 1 and 2 were synthesized in 3‐steps. The absorption and fluorescence spectra were measured in twelve different solvents. The absorption spectra of 1 and 2 showed a slight solvent dependence. On the other hand, a strong solvent dependence was observed in the fluorescence spectra of 1 and 2, that is, fluorosolvatochromism. The plots of the emission maximum versus the solvent polarity parameter ET(30) for 1 and 2 exhibited a good linear correlation. Multiple linear regression analysis using Catalán scale suggested that the fluorescence behavior of 1 and 2 is influenced by the acidity and dipolarity of the solvents. The changes in the dipole moment between the ground and excited states estimated by the Lippert‐Mataga equation were 7.6 D for 1 and 7.2 D for 2.
Tragopogon pratensis: Multiple introductions to North America, circumscription, and the formation of the allotetraploid T. miscellus
Authors: Soltis Douglas E. , Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Brukhin Vladimir , Roalson Eric H. , Albach Dirk C. , Godden Grant T. , Alexeev Yuri E. , Gitzendanner Matthew A. , Freeman Craig C. , Suárez‐Santiago Víctor N. , Soltis Pamela S. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTragopogon (Asteraceae) includes two recently and repeatedly formed allopolyploids, T. mirus and T. miscellus, both of which formed in western North America following the human‐mediated introduction of three diploids from Europe: T. dubius, T. porrifolius, and T. pratensis. We recently investigated the genetics of the introduction history to North America of T. dubius, the shared parent of both allopolyploids. Here, we investigate the introduction of T. pratensis into North America, the second diploid parent of T. miscellus. Using ITS sequence data, we found that T. pratensis as currently defined in the narrow sense is polyphyletic and comprises at least four different major ITS types in its native range. Of these native range ITS patterns, two have been introduced from Europe into North America and now occur widely across Canada and the U.S.A. Although the allotetraploid T. miscellus formed multiple times in western North America, only one of these ITS types was involved in the recurrent formations. These results for T. pratensis parallel our findings for T. dubius and further suggest that not all genotypes of these two species may be able to participate in the formation of allopolyploids. Our phylogenetic analyses reveal that several entities traditionally considered part of T. pratensis in the narrow sense are genetically distinct and mark unique lineages that may ultimately merit recognition as separate species. This proclivity for genetically distinct entities (potential cryptic species) within species recognized based on morphology appears common in Tragopogon. To unravel the complexities of what is referred to as “T. pratensis”, more intensive phylogenetic analyses involving many more samples from across the geographic range of the species are required, as are detailed assessments of taxonomy, morphology, and cytology.
Post‐Ugi Cyclizations Towards Polycyclic N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Tang Xiao , Song Liangliang , Van der Eycken Erik V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe Ugi reaction has become one of the highly explored reactions for the formation of multifunctional adducts, due to the mild reaction conditions, wide scope and high variability. By carefully selecting the starting four components, Ugi‐adducts could undergo different kinds of post‐transformations for the synthesis of bioactive heterocycles, natural products and macrocycles. Considering the significance of polycycles, diverse post‐Ugi transformations have been developed over the years for constructing structurally novel polycycles. In this account, we summarize important efforts for the synthesis of polycyclic N‐heterocycles via post‐Ugi cyclizations from the Van der Eycken laboratory onwards 2016. With the aid of transition metal catalysis from gold, rhodium, silver and palladium, as well as metal‐free strategies, versatile polyheterocycles are prepared with high efficiency and step‐economy.
“I Promised Growing up I Would Not Become a Teacher”: Exploring the Career Trajectory of a Language Teacher through Social Cognitive Career Theory
Authors: Moodie Ian , Greenier Vincent 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDespite some research attention given to expatriate native‐English‐speaking teachers' (NESTs) identities and the national educational ideologies that have led to their international recruitment, surprisingly little research has addressed their career trajectories as TESOL professionals. To address this gap, this case study explores the career of a long‐serving expatriate TESOL professional through the lens of Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT), which was designed to understand how people develop interest in, make decisions about, and commit to a particular career. The methods are qualitative, involving a deductive analysis of interview data and a career timeline according to constructs from SCCT. Despite an initial reluctance to enter the profession, the participant's interest in language teaching began after teaching part‐time as a young adult. After this experience, he changed his career interests and continued his educational pursuits in Korea. His background contextual affordances, predispositions, learning experiences, and Korean language proficiency provided new opportunities and outcome expectations as he advanced his career. Although we focus on a single case, the SCCT model is further explored for its potential to better understand the factors involved in the development and commitment to a career in TESOL and for illustrating the career trajectories of TESOL professionals at scale.
Introduction
Authors: Haapala Pertti , Harjula Minna , Kokko Heikki 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe introductory chapter presents the history of experiences as a new, conceptually explicit approach to the welfare state. The concept experiencing society crystallizes our approach to how a particular relationship between individual and society is lived. The chapter introduces the lived welfare state both as a methodological concept and as the empirical focus of the book. Haapala, Harjula and Kokko summarize how the new theoretical and methodological insights with a long-term perspective and case studies from three continents enrich the analysis of the welfare state. By recognizing the aim to protect citizens against extreme experiences as the basic experiential idea of a democratic welfare state, the chapter points out the everyday complexities for the legitimacy and resilience of a welfare state.
Lived, Material and Planned Welfare: Mass-Produced Suburbanity in 1960s and 1970s Metropolitan Finland
Authors: Saarikangas Kirsi , Moll Veera , Hannikainen Matti O. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter provides much-needed novel perspectives on the mass-produced suburbs of the 1960s and 1970s in Finland. By analyzing how first-generation suburbanites perceived and enacted their new environment, the chapter points out the multidimensionality of these seemingly monotonous environments. With their up-to-date apartments and environments built from scratch, the suburbs were key places where modernizing welfare Finland was lived. The discussion demonstrates that their thus far largely unrecognized experiential and aesthetic qualities emerged in the reciprocity of no-nonsense architecture, developed and undeveloped natural settings, and inhabitants. It shows the importance of undefined land beyond the reach of planning for the wellbeing of suburbanites. Finally, the chapter shows that in addition to designers, by their actions inhabitants shaped and made meaningful suburban environments.
The Making of the Western Affluent Working Class: Class and Affluence Through Postwar Public Discussions and Academic Interpretations
Authors: Lahtinen Jussi 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this chapter I provide an analytic overview of the academic and public discussions on postwar Western affluence among the blue-collar working class. Using popular sociological interpretations, widespread media narratives, and influential political rhetoric as empirical evidence, I highlight how impactful public narratives of the working class are constructed, deconstructed, or reconstructed during the period of the so-called affluent society (1950s to early 1970s) and the age of deindustrialization (from the mid-1970s onwards). Focusing on the Western experience, the study draws parallels between different nations, from North America and France to the Nordic countries. I argue that even though societal and cultural realities change drastically throughout the West, portrayals and interpretations of the working class are constructed with analogous structural narrative materials.
From Survival Mode to Utopian Dreams: Conceptions of Society, Social Planning, and Historical Time in 1950s and 1960s Finland
Authors: Bergenheim Sophy 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, I examine conceptions of social planning, the role and interrelations of social and economic policy, and the part played by the empirical social sciences in public policy. I illustrate experiences of society by looking at ideational discourses in the Finnish Social Policy Association during the 1950s and 1960s, distinguishing three distinct societal conceptions that range from conservative policies and aversion to state intervention to societal utopias spurred by planning optimism. I contextualize and analyze them as three “historical presents,” each with its specific situational relationships to the past and the future. These notions of historical time were crucial elements in how society and its future were perceived.
Stories of Initiates: The Lived Experience of Female Social Workers in the Implementation of the Welfare State in Chile, 1925–1950
Authors: González Maricela , Caffarena Paula 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter opens a new perspective on the emergence of the Chilean welfare state by analysing the professional development of social workers in 1925–1950. The chapter explores the lived experiences—thoughts, emotions, problems and hierarchies—social workers faced as the first-hand implementers of the new social policy. The focus on experiences shows state-building as a dynamic, gendered and negotiated action carried out by the interaction of individuals. As the “female face of the state”, the social workers brought the state closer to families. The chapter indicates how the social workers’ commitment that was entailed in their professionalization carried a new experience of society and how their fieldwork aimed to build trust and membership in society, until the Pinochet dictatorship (1973) ended the development.
Previdência Social as an Experience of Society: A Case Study of Civil Servants in the Portuguese New State, 1933–1974
Authors: Azevedo Ana Carina 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the special system of social protection called Previdência Social in the Portuguese dictatorship (1933–1974). Azevedo offers a novel view by focusing on social support for civil servants as the only case where the state had the duties of an employer. The chapter analyzes the impact of social benefits in the daily life of the social class, and its significance in the definition of the relationship between the individual and the state. Azevedo indicates how social benefits were used both as a legitimizing tool of the New State and as a means of guaranteeing social control. The chapter concludes with a glimpse at the transformation of the idea of Previdência Social, from a product of state generosity to a personal right.