bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harnessing Oncolytic Extracellular Vesicles for Tumor Cell‐Preferential Cytoplasmic Delivery of Misfolded Proteins for Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Kim Gi Beom , Kim Seonghyun , Hwang Yeong Ha , Kim Seohyun , Lee Inkyu , Kim Seong A , Goo Jiyoung , Yang Yoosoo , Jeong Cherlhyun , Nam Gi‐Hoon , Kim In‐San 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this study, extracellular vesicles (EVs) are reimagined as more than just a cellular waste disposal system and are repurposed for cancer immunotherapy. Potent oncolytic EVs (bRSVF‐EVs) loaded with misfolded proteins (MPs) are engineered, which are typically considered cellular debris. By impairing lysosomal function using bafilomycin A1 and expressing the respiratory syncytial virus F protein, a viral fusogen, MPs are successfully loaded into the EVs expressing RSVF. bRSVF‐EVs preferentially transplant a xenogeneic antigen onto cancer cell membranes in a nucleolin‐dependent manner, triggering an innate immune response. Furthermore, bRSVF‐EV‐mediated direct delivery of MPs into the cancer cell cytoplasm initiates endoplasmic reticulum stress and immunogenic cell death (ICD). This mechanism of action leads to substantial antitumor immune responses in murine tumor models. Importantly, when combined with PD‐1 blockade, bRSVF‐EV treatment elicits robust antitumor immunity, resulting in prolonged survival and complete remission in some cases. Overall, the findings demonstrate that utilizing tumor‐targeting oncolytic EVs for direct cytoplasmic delivery of MPs to induce ICD in cancer cells represents a promising approach for enhancing durable antitumor immunity.
A General “In Situ Etch‐Adsorption‐Phosphatization” Strategy for the Fabrication of Metal Phosphides/Hollow Carbon Composite for High Performance Liquid/Flexible Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Yang Xiaofan , Wang Fengbo , Jing Zhongxin , Chen Ming , Wang Bin , Wang Lu , Qu Guangmeng , Kong Yueyue , Xu Liqiang 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBenefiting from the admirable energy density (1086 Wh kg−1), overwhelming security, and low environmental impact, rechargeable zinc–air batteries (ZABs) are deemed to be attractive candidates for lithium‐ion batteries. The exploration of novel oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) bifunctional catalysts is the key to promoting the development of zinc–air batteries. Transitional metal phosphides (TMPs) especially Fe‐based TMPs are deemed to be a rational type of catalyst, however, their catalytic performance still needs to be further improved. Considering Fe (heme) and Cu (copper terminal oxidases) are nature's options for ORR catalysis in many forms of life from bacteria to humans. Herein, a general “in situ etch‐adsorption‐phosphatization” strategy is designed for the fabrication of hollow FeP/Fe2P/Cu3P‐N, P codoped carbon (FeP/Cu3P‐NPC) catalyst as the cathode of liquid and flexible ZABs. The liquid ZABs manifest a high peak power density of 158.5 mW cm−2 and outstanding long‐term cycling performance (≈1100 cycles at 2 mA cm−2). Similarly, the flexible ZABs deliver superior cycling stability of 81 h at 2 mA cm−2 without bending and 26 h with different bending angles.
Gerrymandering in the laboratory
Authors: An SunAh , Anderson Michael , Deck Cary 
Published: May 2023

AbstractGerrymandering, the drawing of electoral boundaries for political advantage, is a controversial political topic. Previous theoretical work has treated gerrymandering as a one‐stage strategic game against nature, but this paper treats drawing districts as the first stage in a two stage game where parties subsequently compete for undecided voters within districts. In a laboratory experiment, subjects overwhelmingly engage in gerrymandering, which maximizes their probability of winning a majority of the districts and maximizes their expected payoff. However, the subjects self‐report being opposed to the practice in politics regardless of their own political ideology. When forced to draw the electoral map behind a veil of ignorance, the subjects indicate a clear preference for symmetric maps although not the map with the highest theoretical expected payoff. Additionally, while subjects overspend in second stage competition, average spending is similar across electoral maps.
Acceleration of the EM algorithm
Authors: Kuroda Masahiro , Geng Zhi 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe expectation–maximization (EM) algorithm is a well‐known iterative algorithm for finding maximum likelihood estimates from incomplete data and is used in several statistical models with latent variables and missing data. The algorithm also exhibits a monotonic increase in a likelihood function and satisfies parameter constraints for its convergence. The popularity of the EM algorithm can be attributed to its stable convergence, simple implementation and flexibility in interpreting data incompleteness. Despite these computational advantages, the algorithm is linear convergent and suffers from very slow convergence when a statistical model has many parameters and a high proportion of missing data. Various algorithms have been proposed to accelerate the convergence of the EM algorithm. We introduce the acceleration of the EM algorithm using root‐finding and vector extrapolation algorithms. The root‐finding algorithms include Aitken's method and the Newton–Raphson, quasi‐Newton and conjugate gradient algorithms. These algorithms with faster convergence rates allow the EM algorithm to be sped up. The vector extrapolation algorithms transform the sequence of estimates from the EM algorithm into a fast convergent sequence and can accelerate the convergence without modifying the EM algorithm. We describe the derivation of these acceleration algorithms and attempt to apply them to two examples.This article is categorized under:
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > EM Algorithm
TCC bounds on the static patch of de Sitter space
Authors: Blamart Mattéo , Laliberte Samuel , Brandenberger Robert 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Recently, Pei-Ming Ho and Hikaru Kawai [1] have argued that treating particles as wave packets can lead to a shutdown of Hawking radiation after a scrambling time in the case of Schwarzschild black holes. This shutdown arises from viewing quantum field theory near the black hole horizon as an effective field theory, and imposing an appropriate UV cutoff. We show that this effect is also present in the static patch of de Sitter space, leading to a shutdown of Gibbons-Hawking radiation at late times. Assuming this effect is due to the breakdown of effective field theory, we obtain a bound t ≲ H−1 ln(H−1MP) on the time scale of validity of effective field theory in de Sitter space, which matches with the predictions of the Trans-Planckian Censorship Conjecture.
S3-Leitlinie Depressive Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter: Wo geht es hin?
Authors: Schulte-Körne Gerd , Klingele Cosima , Zsigo Carolin , Kloek Maria 
Published: May 2023

ZusammenfassungIm Juli 2013 wurde die erste deutschsprachige Leitlinie zur Behandlung depressiver Störungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen veröffentlicht. Aktuell befindet sich die Leitlinie in einem Revisionsprozess, in welchem die Empfehlungen erneut betrachtet und aktualisiert werden. In diesem Bericht sollen ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand sowie ein Ausblick auf die zukünftige Entwicklung der Revision gegeben werden.Innerhalb des Revisionsprozesses wurden die Schlüsselfragen der Erstfassung durch neue Schlüsselfragen erweitert, welche unter anderem den Bereich der ergänzenden Therapien, also Therapien, die zusätzlich zur üblichen Behandlung eingesetzt werden können, sowie den Übergangsbereich vom Jugend- ins Erwachsenenalter abdecken. Zu allen Schlüsselfragen wurden aktualisierende systematische Literaturrecherchen durchgeführt, wobei sowohl randomisierte kontrollierte Studien als auch systematische Übersichtsarbeiten und nicht-kontrollierte Interventionsstudien berücksichtigt wurden. Die Studien wurden daraufhin auf Anwendbarkeit und mögliche Biasrisiken geprüft, sodass Evidenzgrade vergeben werden konnten, welche die Qualität und Relevanz der verfügbaren Evidenz widerspiegeln.In diesem Bericht wird ein kurzer Überblick über die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse, die aus der neuen Evidenzlage geschlossen werden können, gegeben. Während sich im Bereich Psychotherapie keine wesentlichen neuen Erkenntnisse ergaben, hat sich die Evidenzlage zu einigen Antidepressiva geändert. Im Bereich der ergänzenden Therapien wurde vor allem neue Evidenz zu sportlicher Aktivität gefunden. Allgemein ist mit Änderungen an den Empfehlungen zu Erst- und Alternativbehandlungen zu rechnen. Ein Abschluss des Revisionsprozesses und die Veröffentlichung der revidierten Leitlinie sind bis Ende 2023 geplant.
Principle of virtual power and drilling degrees of freedom for dynamic modeling of the behavior of liquid crystal elastomer films
Authors: Concas Francesca , Groß Michael 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn this work, we aim to model the reorientation process of mesogens in nematic liquid crystal elastomers within the context of dynamics. We consider a continuum model with separate mappings for the deformation of the monolithic material and the orientation of the nematic director, where the latter describes the inclination of the mesogens. We achieve the inextensibility of the nematic director through the introduction of drilling degrees of freedom. We combine this approach with the application of the principle of virtual power and a mixed finite element formulation, in order to formulate distinct momentum and angular momentum balance laws for the two separate mappings. Furthermore, we include in our continuum model a volume load and a surface load associated only with the orientation mapping. We show in the presented three numerical examples that our formulation enables the fulfillment of all momentum and angular momentum balance laws.
Urban growth in the long term: Belgium, 1880–1970
Authors: González-Val Rafael , Ramos Arturo , Standaert Samuel 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe take advantage of a new data set on Belgian cities to test random growth, that is, Gibrat’s law. This unique data set provides annual population estimates for all Belgian municipalities (2680 cities) from 1880 to 1970. The use of panel data methodology and unit root tests can provide a precise test of Gibrat’s law (a unit root is equivalent to random growth). We run both time series and panel data unit root tests, thus obtaining strong support for random growth in the long term. Results hold when allowing for the presence of one and two structural breaks in the mean, with the timing of the breaks coinciding with some major historical events, such as the World Wars and the economic crisis of 1929–1933.
The internal fragility of representative democracy: was Schumpeter right?
Authors: Egidi Massimo 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIn recent decades, the rapid emergence of new political leaders capturing growing social discontent with populist promises has highlighted elements of the internal fragility of democracy. Schumpeter predicts such fragility in Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, where, in analyzing thse “competitive struggle for the popular vote,” he makes two assumptions that reverse the classical model of rational decision-making: the limited use of “conscious rationality” by voters and the potential unfairness of political leaders. These two elements introduce systematic distortions into the process of collective decision-making in democracy, suggesting a possible explanation for the rise of populism. Based on delegation, representative democracy must function despite the small amount of intellectual effort that most citizens put into forming their political opinions. Ideologies have historically functioned as implicit heuristics, allowing citizens to evaluate political facts, shape their expectations, and simplify political reasoning; as such, they have been the tools used by parties to give credibility to their programs while at the same time affiliating and polarizing the electorate. While they continue to serve as anchors for defining political identity, today's ideologies are fragmented and therefore less effective in supporting long-term programs and retaining voters; thus, keeping voters close to their political affiliation requires massive use of the media, and for emerging parties lacking strong identitarian values, a short-term political offer becomes less risky than formulating long-term political strategies. At the same time, the decline of classical ideologies makes any political commitment to long-term perspectives hardly credible to the electorate. This leads to an adverse selection process in which populist programs have a better chance of success than long-term policy programs. As a result, the role of the political leader as an entrepreneur is severely weakened. The competition for votes becomes unfair (since it is not based on the quality or plausibility of policy results), while at the same time the process of polarization disrupts the elements of mediation. The result is a process of democratic backsliding that can ultimately lead to a loss of trust in democracy.
Alcohol Consumption and Measures of Sarcopenic Muscle Risk: Cross-Sectional and Prospective Associations Within the UK Biobank Study
Authors: Skinner Jane , Shepstone Lee , Hickson Mary , Welch Ailsa A. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAlcohol intake is a major modifiable risk factor for many diseases. Alcohol can also damage skeletal muscle health during ageing which in turn increases risk of sarcopenia, frailty and falls but this relationship is understudied. The aim of this study was to model the relationship between a full range of alcohol consumption and components of sarcopenic risk, skeletal muscle mass and function, in middle-aged and younger older-aged men and women. A cross-sectional analyses was undertaken of 196,561 white participants from the UK Biobank with longitudinal analysis also in 12,298 of these participants, with outcome measures for the latter repeated after around four years. For the cross-sectional analysis fractional polynomial curves were fitted in models of measures of skeletal muscle mass, appendicular lean mass/body mass index (ALM/BMI), fat-free mass as a percentage of body weight (FFM%) and grip strength, all predicted from alcohol consumption with models fitted for men and women separately. Alcohol consumption at baseline was based on the mean of up to five dietary recalls, typically over 16 months. Linear regression was used for longitudinal analyses to model the effects of alcohol consumption groups on these measures. All models were adjusted for covariates. In the cross-sectional analysis, modelled values of the muscle mass measures all showed a peak at medium levels of alcohol consumption and a steep decline with increasing alcohol consumption. Modelled differences in muscle mass from zero consumption of alcohol to 160 g/d ranged from 3.6 to 4.9% for ALM/BMI for men and women, respectively, and 3.6 to 6.1% for FFM%. Grip strength consistently increased with alcohol consumption. No association between alcohol consumption and muscle measures were seen in the longitudinal results. Our results suggest that higher levels of alcohol consumption could have detrimental effects on muscle mass in middle- and older-aged men and women.
Fledgling discrimination in the hoopoe, a potential host species of the great spotted cuckoo
Authors: Arco Laura , Peralta-Sánchez Juan Manuel , Martín-Vivaldi Manuel , Soler Manuel 
Published: May 2023

AbstractObligate brood parasites lay their eggs in nests of other species, with host parents bearing the cost of raising their offspring. These costs imposed on hosts select for the evolution of host defenses against parasitism at all stages of the reproductive cycle. The most effective defense is egg rejection at early stages of the breeding cycle, with later-stage defenses (nestling and fledgling discrimination) being less common. In this study, we tested whether the hoopoe (Upupa epops), a potential host of the great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) without egg rejection ability, presents defenses after the egg stage. We experimentally parasitized hoopoe nests with great spotted cuckoo nestlings creating mixed broods (with hoopoe and cuckoo nestlings) and broods with only cuckoo nestlings and measured parental feeding behavior and survival of nestlings and fledglings of both species. Cuckoo fledglings were fed fewer often than hoopoe fledglings in mixed broods, and adults approached more often to feed hoopoe fledglings than cuckoo fledglings. Consequently, the survival of cuckoo fledglings in both mixed and only-cuckoo-broods, was significantly lower than that of hoopoe fledglings. These results suggest that hoopoes would discriminate great spotted cuckoo fledglings, with or without direct comparison with their own fledglings. However, the survival of some cuckoos suggests that hoopoes have not reached highly efficient defenses so, other life history traits hindering parasitism by cuckoos may explain low parasitism rates and low levels of defenses in this species.Significance statementBrood parasites lay their eggs in nests of other species, tricking hosts into raising their parasitic offspring. However, hosts may fight back impeding successful parasitism by developing defences at any of the stages of their breeding cycle. We investigated why the hoopoe is not parasitized by the great spotted cuckoo despite this potential host apparently does not show such anti-parasitic defenses. We found that hoopoes have evolved the less common host defense: discrimination of parasite fledglings, even in the absence of their own fledgling for comparison. Our study supports the idea that discrimination during the later stages of the nesting cycle (i.e. nestling and fledgling periods) may be more common that previously assumed.
Open versus laparoscopic ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Greuter Ladina , Ruf Linus , Guzman Raphael , Soleman Jehuda 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Background
Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery is the traditional method for treating hydrocephalus, remaining one of the most regularly used procedures in pediatric neurosurgery. The reported revision rate of VPS can reach up to 80% and significantly reduces the quality of life in the affected children and has a high socioeconomic burden. Traditionally, distal VPS placement has been achieved open via a small laparotomy. However, in adults several studies have shown a lower rate of distal dysfunction using laparoscopic insertion. As the data in children are scarce, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare open and laparoscopic VPS placement in children regarding complications.

Methods
PubMed and Embase databases were searched using a systematic search strategy to identify studies comparing open and laparoscopic VPS placement up to July 2022. Two independent researchers assessed the studies for inclusion and quality. Primary outcome measure was distal revision rate. A fixed effects model was used if low heterogeneity (I2 < 50%) was present, otherwise a random effects model was applied.

Results
Out of 115 screened studies we included 8 studies in our qualitative assessment and three of them in our quantitative meta-analysis. All studies were retrospective cohort studies with 590 analyzed children, of which 231 children (39.2%) received laparoscopic, and 359 children (60.8%) open shunt placement. Similar distal revision rates were observed between the laparoscopic and open group (3.75% vs. 4.3%, RR 1.16, [ 95% CI 0.48 to 2.79], I2 = 50%, z = 0.32, p = 0.74). There was no significant difference in postoperative infection rate between the two groups (laparoscopic 5.6% vs. open 7.5%, RR 0.99, (95% CI [0.53 to 1.85]), I2=0%, z = -0.03, p= 0.97). The meta-analysis showed a significantly shorter surgery time in the laparoscopic group (49.22 (±21.46) vs. 64.13 (±8.99) minutes, SMD-3.6, [95% CI -6.9 to -0.28], I2=99%m z= -2.12, p= 0.03) compared to open distal VPS placement.

Conclusion
Few studies are available comparing open and laparoscopic shunt placement in children. Our meta-analysis showed no difference in distal revision rate between laparoscopic and open shunt insertion; however, laparoscopic placement was associated with a significantly shorter surgery time. Further prospective trials are needed to assess possible superiority of one of the techniques.
Moisture sources for precipitation variability over the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Horan Matthew F. , Batibeniz Fulden , Kucharski Fred , Almazroui Mansour , Abid Muhammad Adnan , Fu Joshua S. , Ashfaq Moetasim 
Published: May 2023

AbstractWe apply the Lagrangian-based moisture back trajectory method to two reanalysis datasets to determine the moisture sources for wet season precipitation over the Arabian Peninsula, defined as land on the Asian continent to the south of the Turkish border and west of Iran. To accomplish this, we make use of the evaporative source region between 65°W–120°E and 30°S–60°N, which is divided into twelve sub-regions. Our comparison of reanalyses and multiple observations allows us to validate datasets and highlight broad-scale similarities in characteristics, notwithstanding some inconsistencies in the southwest AP. The results indicate north-to-south spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the characteristics of dominant moisture sources. In the north, moisture for precipitation is mainly sourced from midlatitude land and water bodies, such as the Mediterranean and Caspian Seas. Areas further south are dependent on moisture transport from the Western Indian Ocean and parts of the African continent. The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) exhibits an overall positive but sub-seasonally varying influence on the precipitation variability over the region, with noticeable moisture anomalies from all major source regions. A significant drying trend exists over parts of the Peninsula, which both reanalyses partially attribute to anomalies in the moisture advection from the Congo Basin and South Atlantic Ocean. However, considerable uncertainty in evaporation trends over the terrestrial evaporative sources in observations warrants additional modeling studies to further our understanding of key processes contributing to the negative trends.