bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
War and city size: The asymmetric effects of the Spanish Civil War
Authors: González‐Val Rafael , Silvestre Javier 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPopulations are affected by shocks of different kinds, and wars, a priori, may be among the most prominent. This article studies the effect of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) shock on the distribution of population, especially on cities. One of the main contributions of this study is that it underlines the importance of distinguishing between winning and losing sides, an aspect which until now has been largely overlooked. While previous research on war shocks has also tended to be concerned with inter‐state wars, this paper concentrates on a civil war. We take advantage of a new, long‐term, annual data set. Our results show that, overall, the Spanish Civil War did not have a significant effect on city growth. However, we also find a significant and negative effect in the growth of cities that aligned themselves with the losing side. These results are robust to heterogeneity in the effect of the war shock, measured as war severity and duration. Although short lived, the temporary effect on growth results in a permanent effect on the size of cities on the losing side.
Twenty‐five years of the Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility Program: The past as prologue
Authors: Gale John A. 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPurposeThe Medicare Rural Hospital Flexibility (Flex) Program and the Critical Access Hospital (CAH) provider type are now 25 years old. Since the inception of the program, the needs of CAHs have evolved greatly. This article describes the history of the limited‐service hospital model that led to the creation of CAHs, the evolution and impact of the Flex Program on CAHs, and the trends likely to impact CAHs and rural healthcare in the future. It concludes with recommendations to address these future needs.MethodsThis review of the 25‐year history of the Flex Program and CAHs is based on a detailed analysis of the literature on the limited‐service hospital model and CAHs, the evaluation reports of the Flex Tracking and Flex Monitoring Teams, and the author's 25‐year history with the program.FindingsThe Flex Program has made important contributions to the viability of rural hospitals through the conversion of 1,360 CAHs. The program has encouraged attention on CAH quality of care and the role of CAHs in addressing the population health needs of their communities. It has further encouraged the development of a robust rural health policy and advocacy infrastructure that has heightened attention on the needs of rural providers and communities.ConclusionsThe needs of CAHs and rural delivery systems have evolved greatly since the implementation of the Flex Program. The 25th anniversary of the program is an ideal time to re‐evaluate and update the program to support CAHs in adapting to the fast‐changing healthcare environment.
Prognostic value of genotyping in hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review
Authors: Bodard Sylvain , Liu Yan , Guinebert Sylvain , Yousra Kherabi , Asselah Tarik 
Published: March 2023

AbstractPrimary liver cancer is the sixth most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death. Advances in sequencing technology are opening genomics to widespread application for diagnosis and research. The poor prognosis of advanced HCC warrants a personalized approach. The objective was to assess the value of genotyping for risk stratification and prognostication of HCC. We performed a systematic review of manuscripts published on MEDLINE from 1 January 2009 to 1 January 2022, addressing the value of genotyping for HCC risk stratification and prognostication. Publication information for each has been collected using a standardized data extraction form. Twenty‐five articles were analysed. This study showed that various genomics approaches (i.e., NGS, SNP, CASP or polymorphisms in circadian genes' association) provided predictive and prognostic information, such as disease control rate, median progression‐free survival, and shorter median overall survival. Genotyping, which advances in understanding the molecular origin, could be a solution to predict prognosis or treatment response in patients with HCC.
Tobacco for the flower garden: Plant collecting and plantation crops in nineteenth‐century Britain
Authors: Wells Lindsay 
Published: March 2023

AbstractThis essay analyzes the understudied practice of collecting, marketing, and displaying colonial plant commodities as garden ornaments in nineteenth‐century Britain. From the early modern period onward, British garden writers discussed tobacco, sugarcane, coffee, tea, and other colonial crops in their books and magazines, often citing colonial agriculture as a point of interest to curious gardeners. As I will argue, this mode of collecting and aestheticizing plants discloses the deep ambivalence of the British horticultural press toward the realities of plantation agriculture. Building on previous analyses of plants and empire, I show how the cultivation of tobacco in nineteenth‐century flower gardens contributed to a broader mediation of Britain's colonial past in horticultural literature. Paying attention to this collecting trend will not only recover an overlooked chapter in the history of British horticulture, but also show how nineteenth‐century garden writing operated as a space for transmitting (and manipulating) narratives about colonial agriculture.
Charisma, populism, and the formation of national identity: Sheikh Mujib and Bengali nationalism
Authors: Hajjaj Bobby 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIdentity formation is a complex process and has been discussed by post‐structuralist discourse theorist Ernesto Laclau. This paper focuses on Laclau's proposed ideas on the means of identity production and populism and studies the popular independence movement for Bangladesh under that rubric. It locates charismatic leadership as a necessary condition for populism and identifies Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman as the charismat suturing the various chains of equivalence that rose to become the populist movement that resulted in the nation's struggle for independence in 1971. This paper also looks at the transformational leadership of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and acknowledges it as a necessary condition for the patterns of identity creation in East Bengal in the late 1960s.
Screening genome‐editing knockouts reveals the receptor‐like kinase ASX role in regulations of secondary xylem development in Populus
Authors: Xie Zhi , Gui Jinshan , Zhong Yu , Li Bo , Sun Jiayan , Shen Junhui , Li Laigeng 
Published: March 2023

Summary
In trees, secondary xylem development is essential for the growth of perennial stem increments. Many signals regulate the process of development, but our knowledge of the molecular components involved in signal transduction is still limited.
In this study, we identified Attenuation of Secondary Xylem (ASX) knockouts by screening genome‐editing knockouts of xylem‐expressed receptor‐like kinases (RLKs) in Populus. The ASX role in secondary xylem development in Populus was discovered using biochemical, cellular, and genomic analyses.
The ASX knockout plants had abnormal secondary stem growth but had little effect on shoot apical primary growth. ASX and SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS RECEPTOR KINASE (SERK)2/4 were co‐precipitated in developing xylem. Through their interaction, ASX is phosphorylated by SERK. Transcriptome analysis of developing xylem revealed that ASX deficiency inhibited the transcriptional activity of genes involved in xylem differentiation and secondary cell wall formation. By forming a complex, ASX and SERK may function as a signaling module for signal transduction required in the regulation of secondary xylem development in trees.
This study shows that ASX, which encodes a RLKs, is required for secondary xylem development and sheds light on regulatory signals found in tree stem secondary growth.
A comparison of resting‐state eyes‐closed and dark‐room alpha‐band activity in children
Authors: Edgar J. Christopher , Franzen Rose E. , McNamee Marybeth , Green Heather L. , Shen Guannan , DiPiero Marissa , Liu Song , Airey Megan , Goldin Sophia , Blaskey Lisa , Kuschner Emily S. , Kim Mina , Konka Kimberly , Roberts Timothy P. L. , Chen Yuhan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn a relaxed and awake state with the eyes closed, 8–12 Hz neural oscillations are the dominant rhythm, most prominent in parietal‐occipital regions. Resting‐state (RS) alpha is associated with processing speed and is also thought to be central to how networks process information. Unfortunately, the RS eyes‐closed (EC) exam can only be used with individuals who can remain awake with their eyes closed for an extended period. As such, infants, toddlers, and individuals with intellectual disabilities are usually excluded from RS alpha studies. Previous research suggests obtaining RS alpha measures in a dark room with the eyes open as a viable alternative to the traditional RS EC exam. To further explore this, RS EC and RS dark room (DR) eyes‐open alpha activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography in children with typical development (TD; N = 37) and children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; N = 30) 6.9–12.6 years old. Findings showed good reliability for the RS EC and DR peak alpha frequency (frequency with strongest alpha power; interclass correlation (ICC) = 0.83). ICCs for posterior alpha power were slightly lower (ICCs in the 0.70 s), with an ~ 5% reduction in posterior alpha power in the DR than EC condition. No differences in the EC and DR associations were observed between the TD and ASD groups. Finally, age was associated with both EC and DR peak alpha frequency. Findings thus indicate the DR exam as a viable way to obtain RS alpha measures in populations frequently excluded from electrophysiology RS studies.
The ‘bitcoin judgements’ in China: Promoting climate awareness by judicial reasoning?
Authors: Zhu Mingzhe 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn 2021 and 2022, Beijing courts annulled three contracts for cryptocurrency mining, holding that they were contrary to the public interest. The judges based their decisions on Chinese law provisions concerning contractual validity and supported their arguments by citing various policy documents warning of the risks of cryptocurrency‐related activities to financial market stability and energy consumption. Although the provisions that the courts cited were recently reformed, the courts' line of reasoning and approach may set an example for future cases concerning carbon‐intensive activities. This note therefore considers these judgements in the broader context of climate change litigation, reflecting on the role of courts in implementing industrial and microeconomic policy in the interpretation of contract law.
Leader selection and why it matters: Education and the endogeneity of favouritism in 11 African countries
Authors: Maravall Laura , Baten Jörg , Fourie Johan 
Published: March 2023

AbstractA large literature on favouritism argues that leaders favour their own ethnicity or administrative birthplace. We question the assumption that these leaders are exogenously selected for office. Using historical censuses from 11 African countries, we show that leaders are selected from more advanced regions. In other words, our sample shows that African leaders were created by colonial (and pre‐colonial) institutions, which often meant large educational differences between regions. Our paper's historical perspective shows that these often‐overlooked institutions can account for much of the variation in post‐colonial outcomes. Favouritism was at least partially endogenous.
Hegelian restorative justice
Authors: Hogan Brandon 
Published: March 2023

AbstractIn the Philosophy of Right, Hegel claims that crime is a negation of right and punishment is the “negation of the negation.” Punishment, for Hegel, “annuls” the criminal act. Many take it that Hegel endorses a form of retributivism—the theory that criminal offenders should be subject to harsh treatment in response and in proportion to their wrongdoing. Here I argue that restorative criminal justice is consistent with Hegel's remarks on punishment and his overall philosophical system. This is true, in part, because restorative justice integrates Hegel's instructive discussion of confession and forgiveness in the Phenomenology of Spirit. Hegel claims that true moral relationships allow space for persons to confess their moral shortcomings and forgive the shortcomings of others. Restorative criminal justice brings the perpetrators and victims of crime together to offer confessions and forgiveness and to work to heal the various wounds caused by crime. I do not claim that Hegel must be read as advocating restorative justice. While Hegel tells us what punishment does, he does not commit himself to any form of punishment. What I offer here is a rational, progressive reconstruction and extension of Hegel's conception of crime and punishment.
Progressive Miocene unroofing of the Big Maria and Riverside Mountains (southeastern California, USA) along the southwestern margin of the Colorado River extensional corridor
Authors: Flansburg Megan E. , Stockli Daniel F. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The Colorado River extensional corridor (CREC) consists of Miocene metamorphic core complexes exhumed along top- to- the-NE low-angle detachment faults. The Big Maria and Riverside Mountains of southeastern California (USA) are located on the southwestern margin of the CREC, where little is known about the nature and timing of large-magnitude extension. We present the first detailed (U-Th)/He thermochronometric data from these ranges, elucidating the geometry and timing of upper-crustal extensional unroofing and exhumation. The Riverside Mountains yielded ca. 72–50 Ma zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) ages in the hanging wall of the Riverside detachment fault, and the corrugated footwall yielded ca. 50–18 Ma ZHe ages, indicating the preservation of an exhumed ZHe partial retention zone. Apatite (U-Th)/He data further indicate a potential secondary Miocene breakaway in the northeastern end of the range. Although the Big Maria Mountains have been thought to lie outside of the CREC, our new zircon and apatite (U-Th)/He data show that the entirety of the Big Maria Mountains was tectonically exhumed in the footwall of a detachment fault and cooled from &gt;6 km depth between 22 and 15 Ma. ZHe data from both ranges suggest the Big Maria Mountains are part of the CREC and were exhumed from underneath the Riverside Mountains by a contemporaneous but structurally lower detachment—the Big Maria detachment—that is regionally correlative with the breakaway zone that delimits the western CREC margin. This detachment is temporally coeval with the structurally higher detachment system that forms the Whipple-Buckskin-Rawhide-Harcuvar-Harquahala meta morphic core complex belt to the northeast.
Association between preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis and risk of postoperative ankle valgus in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia
Authors: Yu Hui , Li Zhuoyang , Tan Qian , Liu Kun , Zhu Guanghui , Mei Haibo , Yang Ge 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundThis study evaluated the correlation of preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis with the risk of ankle valgus deformity in patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) who underwent successful surgical treatment.MethodThe children with CPT who were treated at our institution between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The independent variable was preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis, and the dependent variable was postoperative ankle valgus. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed after adjusting for variables that might affect the risk of ankle valgus. Subgroup analyses with stratified multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess this association.ResultsOf the 319 children who underwent successful surgical treatment, 140 (43.89%) developed ankle valgus deformity. Moreover, 104 (50.24%) of 207 patients with preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis developed an ankle valgus deformity compared with 36 (32.14%) of 112 patients without preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis (p=0.002). After adjusting for sex, body mass index, fracture age, age of patient undergoing surgery, surgery method, type 1 neurofibromatosis (NF-1), limb-length discrepancy (LLD), CPT location and fibular cystic change, patients with concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis presented a higher risk of ankle valgus than those without concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis (OR 2.326, 95% CI 1.345 to 4.022). This risk further increased with CPT location at the distal one-third of the tibia (OR 2.195, 95% CI 1.154 to 4.175), age <3 years of patient undergoing surgery (OR 2.485, 95% CI 1.188 to 5.200), LLD <2 cm (OR 2.478, 95% CI 1.225 to 5.015) and occurrence of NF-1 disorder (OR 2.836, 95% CI 1.517 to 5.303).ConclusionOur results indicate that patients with CPT and preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis have a significantly increased risk of ankle valgus compared with those without preoperative concurrent fibular pseudarthrosis, particularly in those with CPT location at the distal third, age <3 years at surgery, LLD <2 cm and NF-1 disorder.
Risk factors for early language delay in children within a minority ethnic, bilingual, deprived environment (Born in Bradford’s Better Start): a UK community birth cohort study
Authors: Cheung Rachael W , Willan Kathryn , Dickerson Josie , Bowyer-Crane Claudine 
Published: March 2023

BackgroundPreschool language skills and language delay predict academic and socioemotional outcomes. Children from deprived environments are at a higher risk of language delay, and both minority ethnic and bilingual children can experience a gap in language skills at school entry. However, research that examines late talking (preschool language delay) in an ethnically diverse, bilingual, deprived environment at age 2 is scarce.MethodsData from Born in Bradford’s Better Start birth cohort were used to identify rates of late talking (≤10th percentile on the Oxford-Communicative Development Inventory: Short) in 2-year-old children within an ethnically diverse, predominantly bilingual, deprived UK region (N=712). The relations between known demographic, maternal, distal and proximal child risk factors, and language skills and language delay were tested using hierarchical linear and logistic regression.ResultsA total of 24.86% of children were classified as late talkers. Maternal demographic factors (ethnicity, born in UK, education, financial security, employment, household size, age) predicted 3.12% of the variance in children’s expressive vocabulary. Adding maternal language factors (maternal native language, home languages) and perinatal factors (birth weight, gestation) to the model predicted 3.76% of the variance. Adding distal child factors (child sex, child age) predicted 11.06%, and adding proximal child factors (receptive vocabulary, hearing concerns) predicted 49.51%. Significant risk factors for late talking were male sex (OR 2.07, 95% CI 1.38 to 3.09), receptive vocabulary delay (OR 8.40, 95% CI 4.99 to 14.11) and parent-reported hearing concerns (OR 7.85, 95% CI 1.90 to 32.47). Protective factors were increased household size (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.77 to 0.95) and age (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.96).ConclusionsAlmost one in four children living in an ethnically diverse and deprived UK area have early language delay. Demographic factors explained little variance in early vocabulary, whereas proximal child factors held more predictive value. The results indicate further research on early language delay is warranted for vulnerable groups.
SARS-CoV-2 infection in newborn infants: descriptive epidemiological analysis of cases reported to the Colombian national surveillance system during the first pandemic year, March 2020–February 2021
Authors: Avila Greace A , Daza Marcela , Forero-Motta Diana , Rozo-Gutierrez Nathaly , Osorio Johana , Walteros Diana M , Ballesteros Adriana , Ovalle Oscar , Rojas-Devia Mario Augusto , Baez Martha , Martinez-De la Barrera Leslie Ivonne , Beltrán-Higuera Sandra Jaqueline , Galvis Clara , Mercado Marcela , Prieto Franklyn 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveTo describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of newborn infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection notified in the Colombian Public Health Surveillance System.DesignThis epidemiological descriptive analysis was conducted using the data of all cases of newborn infants with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection notified in the surveillance system. Absolute frequencies and central tendency measures were calculated and a bivariate analysis comparing variables of interest with symptomatic and asymptomatic disease was performed.SettingPopulation-based descriptive analysis.PatientsLaboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases in newborn infants (aged ≤28 days of life) reported to the surveillance system from 1 March 2020 to 28 February 2021.Results879 newborns were identified, corresponding to 0.04% of all reported cases in the country. The mean age at diagnosis was 13 days (range 0–28 days), 55.1% were male and most (57.6%) were classified as symptomatic. Preterm birth and low birth weight were identified in 24.0% and 24.4% of the cases, respectively. Common symptoms were fever (58.3%), cough (48.3%) and respiratory distress (34.9%). A higher prevalence of symptomatic newborns was seen in individuals with low birth weight for gestational age (prevalence ratio (PR): 1.51, 95% CI: 1.44 to 1.59) and newborns with underlying conditions (PR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.55).ConclusionsThere were a low proportion of confirmed COVID-19 cases in the newborn population. A substantial number of newborns were classified as symptomatic, having low birth weight and being preterm. Clinicians caring for COVID-19-infected newborns should be aware of population characteristics that potentially contribute to disease manifestations and severity.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in trauma patients: a study using the Trauma Quality Program Participant User File
Authors: Jones Tyler J , Bhattacharya Bishwajit , Schuster Kevin M , Becher Robert D , Kodadek Lisa M , Davis Kimberly A , Maung Adrian A 
Published: March 2023

ObjectiveTo identify the rates and possible predictors of alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) among adult trauma patients.MethodsThis is a retrospective review of all adult patients (18 years or older) included in the 2017 and 2018 American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Program Participant User File (PUF). The main outcomes were rates and predictors of AWS.Results1 677 351 adult patients were included in the analysis. AWS was reported in 11 056 (0.7%). The rate increased to 0.9% in patients admitted for more than 2 days and 1.1% in those admitted for more than 3 days. Patients with AWS were more likely to be male (82.7% vs. 60.7%, p<0.001), have a history of alcohol use disorder (AUD) (70.3% vs. 5.6%, p<0.001) and have a positive blood alcohol concentration (BAC) on admission (68.2% vs. 28.6%, p<0.001). In a multivariable logistic regression, history of AUD (OR 12.9, 95% CI 12.1 to 13.7), cirrhosis (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.9 to 2.3), positive toxicology screen for barbiturates (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.6 to 2.7), tricyclic antidepressants (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5 to 3.1) or alcohol (OR 2.5, 95% CI 2.4 to 2.7), and Abbreviated Injury Scale head score of ≥3 (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.6 to 1.8) were the strongest predictors for AWS. Conversely, only 2.7% of patients with a positive BAC on admission, 7.6% with a history of AUD and 4.9% with cirrhosis developed AWS.ConclusionAWS after trauma was an uncommon occurrence in the patients in the PUF, even in higher-risk patient populations.Level of evidenceIV: retrospective study with more than one negative criterion.