bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Lymphocyte Subpopulations: Giant Srbc Rosettes
Authors: Yu David Tak Yan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human thymus-derived lymphocytes have the ability to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) in vitro. In the investigation of rosettes of peripheral blood lymphocytes of 10 normal subjects, the number of SRBC adhering to the lymphocyte in each of 100 rosettes was assessed. The percentage of rosettes with SRBC ≥ 36 per rosette was only 1.2 ± 0.5. These were defined as giant SRBC rosettes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro by four mitogens: sodium periodate, neuraminidase plus galactose oxidase, pokeweed mitogen, and concanavalin A. The lymphocytes were then cultured at 37°C. The giant rosette-forming lymphocytes became significantly increased 4 to 24 hr after stimulation, prior to the appearance of lymphoblasts or increased incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The giant rosettes were not caused by the hemagglutinating properties of pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A that were adsorbed on the lymphocyte surfaces. This was shown by the fact that, on removal of the receptors by trypsinization, they were regenerated on culture in vitro in the absence of the mitogens. It was concluded that giant SRBC rosettes constituted a marker for some of the activated lymphocytes. Their appearance was independent of the increase in size of the cells or of DNA synthesis. These receptors were intrinsic to lymphocytes and not caused by mitogens adsorbed on their surfaces.
The Humoral Response of Mouse Spleen Cells to Two Types of Sheep Erythrocytes. IV. the in Vivo Response to H and L Srbc and the Genetic Control of the Production of IgM and IgG Antibodies in Discriminator Mice
Authors: McCarthy Margaret M. , Bowman Cecile , Butler Alison , Dutton Richard W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has been shown previously that the in vitro response of mouse spleen cells to two types of sheep erythrocytes (high-H SRBC; low- L SRBC)2 is under multi-gene control (1). We have concluded that there are common or shared antigen(s) (C) found on both types of SRBC and extra antigen(s) (E) unique to H SRBC. The responses of spleen cell suspensions from various strains of mice to H SRBC have been divided into three categories: non-discriminator (ND), low-discriminator (LD), and high-discriminator (HD) based on the ratios of the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) seen with H and L SRBC when the response is assayed after 4 days of culture (1). Only LD and HD mice are able to respond to the extra antigens on H SRBC. The in vitro response of discriminator mice to the C antigens is normal in LD and low in HD mice. This concept is illustrated in Table I.
Activation of Complement (C) in Human or Animal Serum by Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines Derived from Patients with Burkitt's Lymphoma (BL) and Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)
Authors: Budzko Delia B. , Lachmann P. J. , McConnell I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Several lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients with BL or IM were tested for C3b receptors by the rosette-forming technique using EAC3b. When the cells which possessed C3b receptors (Raji and IM) were incubated in normal human serum (NHS) the C receptor activity was inhibited. This was not found with other C3-rosetting cells such as peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal donors (PBL) or from patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) or macroglobulinemia (MG). The blocking of the C receptor did not appear to be caused by native C3 since neither EDTA-plasma nor purified human C3 inhibited rosette formation (RF). Instead, inhibition was accomplished with C3b and with EDTA-plasma supplemented with Mg++ (EGTA-Mg-plasma).
Deposition of C3 on membranes, assayed by direct immunofluorescence using F(ab′)2 anti-human C3, was seen on all the cells tested except PBL, CLL, or MG cells, only after incubation with NHS, suggesting that positive cells activated C. Staining was also observed when the prior incubation was performed with EGTA-Mg-plasma but not when purified C3 or EDTA-plasma were used.
Biosynthesis of the Second Component of Complement by Human Monocytes
Authors: Einstein L. P. , Schneeberger E. E. , Colten H. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method has been developed for preparation of confluent monolayers of human monocytes from small volumes of blood and for routine maintenance of the pure monocyte cultures for up to 16 weeks in vitro. These cells synthesized and secreted functionally active C2 at maximal rates of approximately 30 molecules/min/cell, after the first 6 days in culture. Occasionally, cultures were maintained for as long as 6.5 months, during which time they continued to produce C2. The rate of C2 production during the 1st week in culture was significantly less than that in cells sampled later, and this change in rate of synthesis was coincident with morphologic evidence of monocyte maturation (increase in cell size, appearance of multinucleated cells, loss of peroxidase-positive granules).
Incubation of monocytes in medium containing 14C-labeled amino acids resulted in apparent incorporation of label into C3 and C4 protein as well as C2. However, no hemolytically active C3 or C4 was detectable.
Subunit Structure and Properties of the Soluble Intermediate Complex C5b-7
Authors: Podack E. R. , Kolb W. P. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The C5b-9 complex contains, in addition to the five terminal complement components, an unidentified serum protein, termed band V protein. This protein is defined by its position on SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a molecular weight of 88,000 and an unusually high carbohydrate content as revealed by periodic acid Schiff stain. To determine at which phase of the assembly of C5b-9 complex band V protein is incorporated, the subunit composition of soluble intermediate complexes was examined. The C5b-7 complex was formed by inulin activation of C8-deficient human serum and was isolated by gel filtration, Pevikon block electrophoresis, and CsC1 isopycinic density gradient ultracentrifugation. The complex has a molecular weight of 668,000 compared to 413,000, which is the sum of the molecular weights of C5b, C6, and C7. It reacts with antisera to C5, C6, and C7, but not with antisera to C8 and C9.
Demonstration of C9 at Complement Induced Membrane “Holes” by Immunoferritin Electron Microscopy
Authors: Rauterberg E. W. , Gebest H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement-mediated lysis of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) induces membrane alterations, which appear as electron lucent rings surrounding electron opaque condensations after negative staining in the electron microscope. The molecular structure and function of these “holes” or “lesions” are still unknown.
The present report describes a close association of the complement factor C9 with the “lesion.” SRBC were lysed by incubation with a fresh human serum containing an antibody against SRBC. After several washings in low ionic strength buffer, the ghosts were treated with an antiserum against human C9 produced in rabbits (Behringwerke, Germany). Subsequently the washed membranes were incubated with a ferritin-labeled goat anti-rabbit IgG antibody, mounted on carbon coated electron microscope grids with or without previous negative staining, and examined by direct transmission electron microscopy. The two-dimensional distribution of binding sites for anti-C9 antibodies was determined on unstained membrane preparations. The pattern of distribution was found to be identical with that of the “C-holes.”
The Initiating Factor of the Alternative Pathway and the Assembly of the Properdin (P) Receptor Forming Enzyme
Authors: Schreiber R. D. , Götze O. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A trace protein of normal human serum (NHS) has been detected by its reaction with antisera to nephritic factor (NF). It appears to be an essential early acting component of the alternative pathway. C4-depleted NHS adsorbed with solid phase anti-NF failed to sustain C3 consumption upon incubation with inulin or zymosan (Z) despite undiminished levels of P, B, and C3. Addition of NF, P̄, or cobra venom factor, however, caused consumption of C3 in the adsorbed serum. Addition of the glycine-HCl eluate (pH 2.2) of the immune adsorbent reconstituted the depleted serum. When C4 and P depleted serum (NHS s̄ C4,P) was incubated with Z for 60 min at 37°, 15 to 25% C3 consumption was consistently observed. The low magnitude C3 consumption was abolished by prior treatment of NHS s̄ C4,P with solid anti-NF. By use of various immunochemically depleted sera and fluoresceinated antisera to C3 and P̄, it was found that C3 could be deposited on Z from NHS s̄ C4,P, but not from serum depleted of B, D̄, or the NF analogue.
Stabilization of C3 and C3b by a New Serum Factor: A Mechanism for Regulation of Complement Action
Authors: Spitzer R. E. , Stitzel A. E. , Kalwinsky D. K. , Urmson J. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies on patients with renal transplant rejection have revealed the presence of a circulating factor which stabilizes C3 and C3b. Thus, serum containing this material, in a concentration of 10%, will prevent C3 consumption when CoF, preformed C3b, or zymosan is added to normal serum or EAC is mixed with EDTA normal serum. The responsible material has been isolated from a rejected graft by elution, G-150 column chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel separation. It is an α-globulin with an approximate m.w. of 60,000. When the isolated material is added to mixtures of preformed CoF- and C3, EAC and C3 or C3b- and C3, C3 consumption is prevented. The isolated material will also prevent the conversion of factor B as well as C3 when added to a mixture of zymosan and serum. If the purified material is added to preformed EAC cells and then removed, lysis of these cells occurs normally on the addition of C5–C9.
Histocompatibility Requirements for Cellular Cooperation in the Chicken: Generation of Germinal Centers
Authors: Toivanen Auli , Toivanen Paavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclophosphamide-treated newly hatched chicks were transplanted with histocompatible, semiallogeneic and allogeneic combinations of B (bursa) and T (thymus) cells from newly hatched donors. At the age of 5 weeks the birds were studied for an anti-SRBC response and for the generation of germinal centers in the spleen. The results of these experiments are summarized as follows. i) Allogeneic bursal stem cells have the capacity to restore the bursal structures of CY-treated recipients, but not the germinal center or anti-SRBC formation. ii) When allogeneic B cells are combined with T cells histocompatible or semiallogeneic with them, a restoration of the germinal center formation is achieved, but not to the same level as observed in normal birds or in CY-treated birds transplanted with histocompatible or semiallogeneic B cells. iii) Allogeneic B cells, even when complemented with T cells histocompatible with them, fail to restore the antibody production against SRBC; this is achieved only after transplantation of B cells histocompatible or semiallogeneic with the recipient. These findings indicate that germinal center formation is dependent on cooperation of histocompatible or semiallogeneic B and T cells, and furthermore, that an additional factor provided by the host is involved. Studies with transplantation of histocompatible and histoincompatible ‘empty’ splenic stromata revealed that the additional factor is not related to the splenic stroma.
Differential Effects of Alloimmunization on T Cells Mediating Graft-vs-Host Splenomegaly or the Allogeneic Effect in F1 Mice
Authors: Morse Herbert C. , Pasanen Vilho J. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice or mice immunized 10 or 30 days previously with C57BL/6 spleen cells were tested for a) their capacity to produce graft-vs-host (GVH) reactions in newborn F1 mice and b) their capacity to produce an allogeneic effect in adult F1 mice immunized with Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide. GVH reactivity of alloimmune spleen cells obtained 10 or 30 days after immunization was significantly increased as compared to the reactivity of normal spleen cells in that a) at comparable cell doses, higher spleen indices were obtained with alloimmune cells than normal cells, and b) alloimmune cells produced severe runting at lower cell doses than normal cells. By comparison, the capacity of alloimmune spleen cells to produce an allogeneic effect was reduced 50% on a per cell basis as compared to normal spleen cells at both 10 and 30 days after immunization. These results give further evidence that T cells producing the allogeneic effect are distinct from the T cell populations which interact to produce GVH splenomegaly.
The Direct Antiviral Cytotoxicity by Bovine Lymphocytes Is Not Restricted by Genetic Incompatibility of Lymphocytes and Target Cells
Authors: Rouse Barry T. , Babiuk Lorne A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments were designed to determine if in the ox a requirement for genetic compatibility between antiviral cytotoxic cells and target cells was needed for cytotoxicity to occur. Unrelated bovine animals were immunized with vaccinia or IBR virus (a herpesvirus), and PBL were collected at various times for measurement of their cytotoxicity against autologous or heterologous uninfected or virus-infected fibroblasts. In all instances, cytotoxicity was expressed against heterologous as well as autologous targets and in most cases there was no evidence of enhanced killing of autologous cells. The cytotoxicity was shown to be direct, presumably T cell mediated, and was not attributable to ADCC. The likelihood of the animals under investigation sharing histocompatibility antigens was considered extremely remote but was not formally excluded.
Human Transfer Factor: Fractionation by Electrofocusing and High Pressure, Reverse Phase Chromatography
Authors: Vandenbark Arthur A. , Burger Denis R. , Dreyer David L. , Daves G. Doyle , Vetto R. Mark 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The biologically active fraction of human transfer factor (Sephadex G-25, fraction III) has been separated by exclusion chromatography into two component fractions (IIIa and IIIb). Fraction IIIa transferred donor reactivities to PPD or KLH into 9 of 9 recipients. Fraction IIIb did not transfer donor reactivities (0 of 8 transfers) but did produce both antigen-independent and antigen-dependent dermal reactions in recipients.
Fractionation by electrofocusing and high pressure reverse phase chromatography revealed that IIIa has a major UV254 absorbing component and that fraction IIIb has at least three major and three minor UV absorbing components. The major component of IIIa was isolated by preparative electrofocusing, had an isoelectric point of 1.6, and transferred KLH reactivity to four of five recipients.
In Vivo Suppression of the Primary Immune Response by a Species of Low Density Serum Lipoprotein
Authors: Curtiss Linda K. , DeHeer David H. , Edgington Thomas S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An apparent subspecies of normal human serum low density lipoprotein (LDL-In) has been identified with suppressive activity for early or facilitating events of human lymphocyte mitogen and allogenic cell stimulation in vitro. This report describes the effects of in vivo administration of LDL-In on the mouse anti-SRBC immune response. Human LDL-In is not species specific and was capable of suppressing the in vivo mouse anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) hemagglutination response by 88% after the administration of 500 to 600 µg LDL-In IV, whereas human serum high density lipoproteins and fibrinogen had no effect. Maximal suppression occurred only when LDL-In was injected 24 to 48 hr before antigen administration. Simultaneous or subsequent injection of LDL-In had no effect. The activity of LDL-In was influenced by antigen dose and maximal at low antigen doses. The number of splenic plaque-forming cells was also reduced indicating a suppression of the clonal expansion of primary B cells to antibody-secreting cells rather than only suppression of antibody synthesis by differentiated B cells and their progeny. These observations suggest the hypothesis that endogenous LDL-In could play an important immunoregulatory role in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and the “natural” suppression of nonproductive lymphocyte proliferation.
On the Biochemical Racial-Index of the Japanese in the Hokuriku District (Northern Part of Middle Japan)
Authors: Furuhata Tanemoto , Kishi Takayoshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1919 L. and H. Hirschfeld (30) studied a number of soldiers belonging to the Allied Armies in Macedonia, and showed that agglutinogen A predominates greatly over agglutinogen B in the population of northern Europe, and that agglutinogen B predominates in Asia and Africa.
Finding a remarkable difference in the percentage distribution of the blood groups in the different races, they classified the races in three types examined on the basis of what they called the “Biochemical Racial-Index,” that is the ratio of the percentage of A to the percentage of B or , in the population.
Those races, having a racial-index of more than 2, were called of “European Type,” and those with an index less than 1, of “Asio-African Type,” and those from 2.0 to 1 of “Intermediate Type.” Since the work of Hirschfeld, a large amount of additional information has accumulated in several countries.
Partial Characterization and the Distribution of Chicken Mononuclear Cells Bearing the Fc Receptor
Authors: Duncan Robert L. , McArthur William P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Erythrocyte-antibody (EA) complexes made with chicken antibody (IgY) and sheep erythrocytes (SE) were used to detect antigen-antibody complex-binding cells in the chicken. Nonadherent mononuclear cells, adherent mononuclear cells, and heterophils were found to have a subpopulation of EA complex-binding cells. The binding of the EA complexes was dependent on the Fc portion of IgY since F(ab′)2 anti SE-SE complexes did not form rosettes with chicken mononuclear cells. Cells binding EA complexes were therefore referred to as Fc+ cells.
The percentage of Fc+ cells in the spleen, bursa, and bone marrow varied considerably in birds of different ages. No Fc+ cells were detected in the thymus until birds were 8 weeks old. No significant difference was seen in the percentage of Fc+ cells detected in spleens of bursectomized agammaglobulinemic birds and normal birds the same age. Over 80% of the Fc+ cells in a normal adult spleen stained with a nonspecific esterase stain and less than 5% carried a thymic cell antigen. Most (95%) of the Fc+ cells from bursectomized birds stained with a nonspecific esterase stain.
Rabbit anti-SE (IgG)-SE complexes did not bind to chicken mononuclear cells and the converse, chicken antibody (IgY)-SE complexes did not bind to mouse or rabbit mononuclear cells. A population of chicken mononuclear spleen cells was also identified which had a receptor for activated C in the form of erythrocyte-antibody (IgM)-C (EAC) complex. As with Fc binding, the binding of components of activated C was also homocytotrophic.
Effect of Selective T Cell Priming on Anti-Sheep and Anti-Hapten Humoral Responses
Authors: Trizio Domenico , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Subimmunogenic numbers of sheep erythrocytes (2 × 106 SRBC) were injected into young adult (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 and (C57BL/6 × C3H/He)F1 mice 4 days before the transfer of 2 or 1.25 × 106 spleen cells into irradiated syngeneic recipients. This procedure greatly enhanced the anti-sheep or anti-TNP antibody responsiveness of spleen cells to rechallenge with fully immunogenic numbers (5 × 108) of SRBC or TNP-conjugated SRBC, respectively. The anti-sheep response was accelerated, prolonged, and augmented in terms of the numbers of plaque-forming cells (PFC) generated in recipient spleens. Since the augmentation was considerably greater for IgG than for IgM PFC, the value of IgG:IgM ratios became &gt;1. Low-dose priming caused the number of detectable antigen-sensitive units (ASU) to rise in the spleen: on day 4, the augmentation factors were 2.2 for IgM and 7.5 to 8.4 for IgG ASU, but the numbers of PFC generated by each unit remained the same.
Of the cell types constituting splenic ASU (T and B cells, macrophages), peripheral T lymphocytes were the most likely candidates for mediating the effect of priming. The reasons are: a) low doses of antigen preferentially activate T cells (11–15); b) low-dose carrier priming with SRBC augmented both the anti-sheep and the anti-S-TNP responses; c) addition of thymocytes to unprimed spleen cells moderately augmented anti-sheep responses; d) antigens cross-reactive with SRBC at the level of T but not of B cells were effective in priming for anti-S-TNP responses; e) Bordetella pertussis, an adjuvant requiring T cells, was also effective in this system. The possibility that low-dose priming induced quantitative as well as qualitative changes in the T subpopulations required for helper activity (helper and amplifier cells) was discussed.
Macrophage Activation for Tumor Cytotoxicity: Increased Lymphokine Responsiveness of Peritoneal Macrophages During Acute Inflammation
Authors: Ruco Luigi P. , Meltzer Monte S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Peritoneal inflammation induced by sterile irritants led to accumulation of macrophages that were more responsive to lymphokines than macrophages from resident cell populations of untreated mice. Lymphokine responsiveness was quantitated by measurement of macrophage-mediated tumor cytotoxicity induced by supernatants from antigen-stimulated immune spleen cell cultures. Tumor cytotoxicity by lymphokine-activated inflammatory macrophages was about 10-fold greater than that by equal numbers of lymphokine-treated resident cells. Analysis of the time course of activation and of lymphokine dose-response demonstrated that the increased responsiveness of inflammatory cells was a consequence of quantitative changes. Lymphokine-responsive cells in both resident and inflammatory populations were identical; the numbers of responsive cells increased with inflammation. Changes in numbers of lymphokine-responsive cells during acute inflammation were coincident with similar changes in numbers of peroxidase-positive macrophages. This finding suggested that the increased lymphokine responsiveness of inflammatory cells was dependent upon influx of young peroxidase-positive mononuclear phagocytes rather than stimulation of resident macrophages. This concept was further strengthened by the finding that whole body x-irradiation diminished the numbers of both peroxidase-positive and of lymphokine-responsive macrophages in inflammatory and resident cell populations. These data suggest that the lymphokine-responsive precursor for the activated tumoricidal macrophage during both steady-state and acute inflammatory conditions was the newly formed blood-derived mononuclear phagocyte. The 10-fold increase in numbers of lymphokine responsive macrophages in peritoneal exudate over resident cell populations reflected a similar increase in macrophage turnover induced by inflammation.