bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intralesional granulocyte‐monocyte colony‐stimulating factor followed by subcutaneous interleukin‐2 in metastatic melanoma: a pilot study in elderly patients
Authors: Ridolfi L , Ridolfi R , Ascari‐Raccagni A , Fabbri M , Casadei S , Gatti A , Trevisan G , Righini MG 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAim and backgroundRecent data in the literature indicate that antigen‐presenting cells (APC) are inactive in tumour tissue because of local immunosuppression. Tumour‐infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) signal activation transducing mechanisms are also seriously impaired. Administration of granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) may lead to APC recovery and interleukin (IL)‐2 may restore local TIL activation. Moreover, IL‐2 increases the systemic lymphocyte population, an event that seems to correlate with a better prognosis.Study designThe present phase I–II study was carried out to examine whether intralesional injection of GM‐CSF followed by subcutaneous IL‐2 would induce a clinical response in advanced, pretreated elderly melanoma patients.MethodsSixteen patients over 60 years of age received intralesional GM‐CSF (150 ng per lesion on day 1), generally divided between the two largest cutaneous lesions, followed by perilesional subcutaneous IL‐2 (3 000 000 IU) for 5 days (days 3–7 inclusive) every 3 weeks.ResultsFour clinical responses [two partial (PR) and two minimal (MR)] (25%), which also involved lesions that had not been directly treated, and nine cases of stable disease were observed. The response duration for PR and MR was 9, 4, 4 and 2.5+ months, respectively. Stable disease (56%) recorded in the nine patients was short‐term (3–6 months). Three patients rapidly progressed after two, two and one therapy cycles, respectively. The patient who reached the best PR had a fairly high absolute lymphocyte count (1600–2400/mm3). The second one, who reached complete remission after subsequent locoregional chemotherapy and hyperthermia, however, had a low absolute lymphocyte count that had doubled by the end of treatment. Blood lymphocyte values in the other patients were too varied to allow any correlation with clinical response. Therapy was well tolerated and only mild fever was observed, with the exception of one patient who had grade 3 fever, with muscle pain and arthralgia.ConclusionsConsidering the very low toxicity observed, this treatment might be indicated in elderly patients for whom systemic therapy is no longer a viable option. Improved scheduling and timing could result from further studies.
Risk Factors for Hospitalized Gastrointestinal Bleeding Among Older Persons
Authors: Kaplan Robert C. , Heckbert Susan R. , Koepsell Thomas D. , Furberg Curt D. , Polak Joseph F. , Schoen Robert E. , Psaty Bruce M. , For The Cardiovascular Health Study Investigators  
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVES: We sought to estimate the incidence of hospitalization for upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding among older persons and to identify independent risk factors.DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.SETTING: The Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS).PARTICIPANTS: 5888 noninstitutionalized men and women age 65 years or older in four U.S. communities enrolled in the CHS.MEASUREMENTS: Gastrointestinal bleeding events during the period 1989 through 1998 were identified using hospital discharge diagnosis codes and confirmed by medical records review. Risk‐factor information was collected in a standardized fashion at study baseline and annually during follow‐up.RESULTS: Among CHS participants (mean baseline age 73.3 years, 42% male), the incidence of hospitalized gastrointestinal bleeding was 6.8/1000 person‐years. In multivariate analyses, advanced age, male sex, unmarried status, cardiovascular disease, difficulty with daily activities, use of multiple medications, and use of oral anticoagulants were independent risk factors. Compared with nonsmokers, subjects who smoked more than half a pack per day had a multivariate‐adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of 2.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.22–3.75) for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and a multivariate‐adjusted HR of 0.21 (95% CI = 0.03–1.54) for lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Aspirin users did not have an elevated risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.52–1.11), and users of other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs had a HR of 1.54 (95 % CI = 0.99–2.36). Low ankle‐arm systolic blood pressure index was associated with higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding among subjects with clinical cardiovascular disease but not among those without clinical cardiovascular disease.CONCLUSION: This study identifies risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding, such as disability, that may be amenable to modification. The findings will help clinicians to identify older persons who are at high risk for gastrointestinal bleeding.
High-resolution triple-crystal x-ray-diffraction experiments performed at the Australian National Beamline Facility in Japan (abstract)
Authors: Nikulin A. Yu. , Stevenson A. W. , Hashizume H. , Wilkins S. W. , Cookson D. , Foran G. , Garrett R. F. 
Published: July 2002

The x-ray-diffraction results reported here are from the first high-resolution triple-crystal experiments to be performed at the Australian National Beamline Facility at the Photon Factory. The heart of the facility is a multipurpose two-axis high-resolution vacuum diffractometer (BIGDIFF) Z. Barnea et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 63, 1069 (1992) capable of use for high-resolution powder diffraction (using both conventional scintillation detectors and imaging plates), protein crystallography, reflectometry, as well as single-crystal diffractometry. The present experiments were conducted on BIGDIFF in triple-crystal diffraction mode with a monolithic channel-cut Si monochromator (supplied by Professor M. Hart), a single-crystal Si sample, and a four-reflection monolithic channel-cut Si analyzer crystal. The Si(111) sample is a part of a wafer which had been implanted with 100 keV B+ ions (doses 1×1015 and 5×1015 cm−2) through a one-dimensional 0.5 μm thick oxide strip pattern with a 5.83 μm period and 4 μm open region. The triple-crystal data were collected in the form of two-dimensional intensity maps in the vicinity of the 111 Bragg peak, varying the sample rotation (ω) and the analyzer/scintillation detector rotation (2θ). The first results were collected in air both with the as-described sample and after the oxide layer had been removed. Certain slice scans (one-dimensional sections of the two-dimensional intensity maps) were also collected with a vacuum of 1 Torr and reveal considerable improvement in signal to background.
The data will be compared with a recent similar study A. Yu. Nikulin et al., J. Appl. Cryst. 27, 338 (1994) performed on BL-14B at the Photon Factory. The new data collected in air indicate that lattice distortion may be mapped with a resolution of approximately 160 Å, to a depth of approximately 1.0 μm, providing valuable quantitative information on ion diffusion in such implanted materials. The slice scans collected in vacuum indicate that a depth resolution of 50 Å is certainly achievable using BIGDIFF. The data show the excellent potential of BIGDIFF for extremely good signal to noise and very high resolution in such experiments, and the advantages of working entirely in vacuum.
Characterization of high-purity Si-doped molecular beam epitaxial GaAs
Authors: Skromme B. J. , Bose S. S. , Lee B. , Low T. S. , Lepkowski T. R. , DeJule R. Y. , Stillman G. E. , Hwang J. C. M. 
Published: July 2002

High-purity, lightly Si-doped (μ77∼70 000–126 000 cm2/V s and n77∼2–8×1014 cm−3) molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) GaAs layers have been characterized using variable-temperature Hall effect and C-V measurements, photothermal ionization spectroscopy, low-temperature photoluminescence (PL), and deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). The spectroscopic measurements of the residual donors and acceptors indicate that the pronounced increase in carrier concentration which is observed with increasing As flux (for a constant Ga flux) results from incorporation of additional residual S donors from the As source material, and not from reductions in the Si acceptor concentration or residual C acceptor concentration. The increase in carrier concentration with As flux is considerably more pronounced when using an alternative source of As, which introduces both S and 3 additional donor species. The C acceptor concentration increases with As flux using either As source, although the increase is much stronger with the alternative source. The dependence of C concentration on the As source implies that the As source itself contributes at least part of the C background. The Si acceptor concentration is negligible for the range of growth conditions that were used. Close compensation between the residual S donors and C acceptors may account for the high resistivity previously observed in undoped samples grown in this system using the purer As source. The PL data exhibit very weak ‘‘defect’’-related emissions in the 1.504–1.512 and 1.466–1.482 eV ranges; evidence is presented supporting the existence of a correlation between these two sets of peaks, in agreement with the work of Briones and Collins.
Temperature and excitation intensity-dependent PL measurements are used to demonstrate conclusively that the peaks in the 1.466–1.482 eV range are donor-to-acceptor and band-to-acceptor in nature, involving normal shallow donors and at least four different acceptor levels whose exact origin is unknown. The ‘‘defect’’ peak intensity is larger in the less pure material which contains more C, implying that the ‘‘defects’’ may be C related. Several electron traps including M1, M3, and M4 are observed in the DLTS spectra, and the C-V measurements give a total trap concentration of ∼3×1013 cm−3.
Equilibrium and nonequilibrium solvation and solute electronic structure. III. Quantum theory
Authors: Kim Hyung J. , Hynes James T. 
Published: July 2002

The electronic structure of a solute in a polar and polarizable solvent depends on the nonequilibrium (or equilibrium) state of the solvent. Here we present a theory for this phenomenon, at the level of a dielectric continuum description of the solvent, characterized by an orientational polarization Por and an electronic polarization Pel. The entire range of electronic coupling between solute electronic states is considered. The present theory supersedes, in important respects, our earlier work [H. J. Kim and J. T. Hynes, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 2737 (1990); J. Chem. Phys. 93, 5194 (1990); 93, 5211 (1990)] by including a full quantization of Pel; this is a feature recently shown in a model study for weak electronic coupling [J. N. Gehlen, D. Chandler, H. J. Kim, and J. T. Hynes, J. Phys. Chem. (to be published)] to be necessary for, e.g., a correct description of electron transfer activation free energies and transition states. The quantization of Pel is effected via a coherent state formulation, coupled with a multiconfiguration self-consistent representation of the solute-Pel wave function. Nonequilibrium free energies and solute electronic structure are found and depend explicitly on the comparative time scales of a transferring electron in the solute and of Pel. The corresponding equilibrium relations are also found.
For activated electron transfer, the current theory recovers (and generalizes) the conventional expression for the activation free energy, in both the electronically nonadiabatic and adiabatic regimes, for small electronic coupling. For larger electronic coupling—but still within the regime of activated electron transfer—the theory predicts an increased activation free energy compared to conventional results, associated with the (partial) solvation by the electronic polarization of delocalized solute electronic structure of the transition state. This trend is the same as that previously reported by us, but is smaller in magnitude due to the finite time scale of the transferring electron. The same is true for even stronger electronic coupling, characteristic of delocalized complexes, SN1, SN2, and proton transfers. Our previous predictions of novel spectroscopic aspects for delocalized complexes are confirmed.
The crisis of ‘identity’ in high modernity
Authors: Bendle Mervyn F. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe concept of ‘identity’ is central to much contemporary sociology, reflecting a crisis that manifests itself in two ways. Firstly, there is a view that identity is both vital and problematic in this period of high modernity. Secondly, while this awareness is reflected in sociology, its accounts of identity are inconsistent, under‐theorized and incapable of bearing the analytical load required. As a result, there is an inherent contradiction between a valuing of identity as so fundamental as to be crucial to personal well‐being, and a theorization of ‘identity’ that sees it as something constructed, fluid, multiple, impermanent and fragmentary. The contemporary crisis of identity thus expresses itself as both a crisis of society, and a crisis of theory. This paper explores the diverse ways in which ‘identity’ is deployed before turning to case‐studies of its use by Anthony Giddens and Manuel Castells. This strategy demonstrates the widespread and diverse concern with identity before exploring how problematic it has become, even in the work of two of the world's leading sociologists.
Petrol sniffing in Aboriginal communities: a review of interventions
Authors: MACLEAN SARAH J. , D'ABBS PETER H. N. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPetrol sniffing (and other forms of inhalant misuse) occur within some Aboriginal communities across Australia. However, there is little documented information about the nature and combination of interventions that are most effective in addressing it. This article reviews published and unpublished literature relevant to petrol sniffing in Australian Aboriginal communities. A range of strategies which have been trialled previously are discussed under the categories of primary, secondary and tertiary intervention. We have adopted Zinberg's schema of ‘drug’, ‘set’ and ‘setting’ in theorizing the mix of interventions most likely to reduce petrol sniffing. We argue that interventions should address as many as possible of these factors. Further, while no strategy is likely to succeed without strong support from local community members, governments also have an important role in addressing petrol sniffing. Consistent funding for strategies directly addressing petrol sniffing and co‐ordinated government responses to the broader needs of Aboriginal young people and their communities are critical.
Non‐specific nature of specific language impairment: a review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments
Authors: Hill Elisabeth L. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIn the light of emerging suggestions that language and motor deficits may co‐occur, the literature on specific language impairment (SLI) was reviewed to investigate the prevalence of co‐morbidity between SLI and poor limb motor skill in children diagnosed with language impairments. An extensive literature search was undertaken and the subsequent findings evaluated with particular reference to issues surrounding symptom co‐occurrence, as well as to theoretical and aetiological accounts of SLI. Clearly substantial co‐morbidity exists between SLI and poor motor skill, suggesting that SLI is not a specific disorder of language, but rather that children with SLI experience a broader range of difficulties, of which motor incoordination is one. Current theoretical explanations of SLI do not account fully for such wide‐ranging difficulties and it may be useful in the future to focus on a more detailed explanation in terms of shared cognitive processes or neuromaturational delay to understand further the nature of the disorder, to explain it theoretically and to deal with it practically.
PDMP Blocks Brefeldin A–induced Retrograde Membrane Transport from Golgi to ER: Evidence for Involvement of Calcium Homeostasis and Dissociation from Sphingolipid Metabolism
Authors: Kok Jan Willem , Babia Teresa , Filipeanu Catalin M. , Nelemans Adriaan , Egea Gustavo , Hoekstra Dick 
Published: July 2002

In this study, we show that an inhibitor of sphingolipid biosynthesis, d,l-threo-1-phenyl-2- decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (PDMP), inhibits brefeldin A (BFA)-induced retrograde membrane transport from Golgi to endoplasmic reticulum (ER). If BFA treatment was combined with or preceded by PDMP administration to cells, disappearance of discrete Golgi structures did not occur. However, when BFA was allowed to exert its effect before PDMP addition, PDMP could not “rescue” the Golgi compartment.
Evidence is presented showing that this action of PDMP is indirect, which means that the direct target is not sphingolipid metabolism at the Golgi apparatus. A fluorescent analogue of PDMP, 6-(N-[7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl]amino)hexanoyl-PDMP (C6-NBD-PDMP), did not localize in the Golgi apparatus. Moreover, the effect of PDMP on membrane flow did not correlate with impaired C6-NBD-sphingomyelin biosynthesis and was not mimicked by exogenous C6-ceramide addition or counteracted by exogenous C6-glucosylceramide addition. On the other hand, the PDMP effect was mimicked by the multidrug resistance protein inhibitor MK571.
The effect of PDMP on membrane transport correlated with modulation of calcium homeostasis, which occurred in a similar concentration range. PDMP released calcium from at least two independent calcium stores and blocked calcium influx induced by either extracellular ATP or thapsigargin. Thus, the biological effects of PDMP revealed a relation between three important physiological processes of multidrug resistance, calcium homeostasis, and membrane flow in the ER/ Golgi system.
A critical examination of the peer review process
Authors: van Rooyen Susan 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the process of peer review in scientific publication. It outlines the background to Locknet (the international network for research into the preparation, publication and dissemination of health research). It looks at the objectives of the peer review process, ethical and quality issues raised, and the problems of improving the quality of peer review. It also briefly explores some of the research recently undertaken into peer review.
Maximal subgroups in finite and profinite groups
Authors: Borovik Alexandre , Pyber Laszlo , Shalev Aner 
Published: July 2002

We prove that if a finitely generated profinite group

G
G

is not generated with positive probability by finitely many random elements, then every finite group

F
F

is obtained as a quotient of an open subgroup of

G
G

. The proof involves the study of maximal subgroups of profinite groups, as well as techniques from finite permutation groups and finite Chevalley groups. Confirming a conjecture from Ann. of Math. 137 (1993), 203–220, we then prove that a finite group

G
G

has at most

|

G

|

c

|G|^c

maximal soluble subgroups, and show that this result is rather useful in various enumeration problems.
VISTA : visualizing global DNA sequence alignments of
arbitrary length
Authors: Mayor Chris , Brudno Michael , Schwartz Jody R. , Poliakov Alexander , Rubin Edward M. , Frazer Kelly A. , Pachter Lior S. , Dubchak Inna 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Summary: VISTA is a program for visualizing global DNA sequence alignments of arbitrary length. It has a clean output, allowing for easy identification of similarity, and is easily configurable, enabling the visualization of alignments of various lengths at different levels of resolution. It is currently available on the web, thus allowing for easy access by all researchers.
Availability: VISTA server is available on the web at http://www-gsd.lbl.gov/vista. The source code is available upon request.
Contact: vista@lbl.gov
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Prediction whether a human cDNA sequence contains initiation
codon by combining statistical information and similarity with
protein sequences
Authors: Nishikawa Tetsuo , Ota Toshio , Isogai Takao 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: In the previous works, we developed ATGpr, a computer program for predicting the fullness of a cDNA, i.e. whether it contains an initiation codon or not. Statistical information of short nucleotide fragments was fully exploited in the prediction algorithm. However, sequence similarities to known proteins, which are becoming increasingly available due to recent rapid growth of protein database, were not used in the prediction. In this work, we present a new prediction algorithm based on both statistical and similarity information, which provides better performance in sensitivity and specificity.
Results: We evaluated the accuracy of ATGpr for predicting fullness of cDNA sequences from human clustered ESTs of UniGene, and we obtained specificity, sensitivity, and correlation coefficient of this prediction. Specificity and sensitivity crossed at 46% over the ATGpr score threshold of 0.33 and the maximum correlation coefficient of 0.34 was obtained at this threshold. Without ATGpr we found it effective to use alignments with known proteins for predicting the fullness of cDNA sequences. That is, specificity increased monotonously as similarity (identity of the alignments) increased. Specificity was achieved greater than 80% if identity was greater than 40%. For more effective prediction of fullness of cDNA sequences we combined the similarity (identity of query sequence) with known proteins and ATGpr score. As a result, specificity became greater than 80% if identity was greater than 20%.
Availability: The prediction program, called ATGpr_ sim, is available at http://www.hri.co.jp/atgpr/ATGpr˙sim.html
Contact: nisikawa@crl.hitachi.co.jp
To whom correspondence should be addressed.
** Present address: Biosystems Research Department, Central Research Laboratory, Hitachi Ltd, 1-280 Higashi-Koigakubo, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo, 185-8601, Japan.
*** Present address: Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co. Ltd, Tokyo Research Laboratories, 3-6-6 Asahi-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-8533, Japan.
A graph layout algorithm for drawing metabolic pathways
Authors: Becker Moritz Y. , Rojas Isabel 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Motivation: A large amount of data on metabolic pathways is available in databases. The ability to visualise the complex data dynamically would be useful for building more powerful research tools to access the databases. Metabolic pathways are typically modelled as graphs in which nodes represent chemical compounds, and edges represent chemical reactions between compounds. Thus, the problem of visualising pathways can be formulated as a graph layout problem. Currently available visual interfaces to biochemical databases either use static images or cannot cope well with more complex, non-standard pathways.
Results: This paper presents a new algorithm for drawing pathways which uses a combination of circular, hierarchic and force-directed graph layout algorithms to compute positions of the graph elements representing main compounds and reactions. The algorithm is particularly designed for cyclic or partially cyclic pathways or for combinations of complex pathways. It has been tested on five sample pathways with promising results.
Availability: On request from the authors.
Contact: mywyb2@cam.ac.uk
* To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Trinity College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TQ, UK.