bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Region and Nation in Bhasha Poetry
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter provides an analysis of the conflicted relationship between the nation and the region as it appears in selected bhasha poems from the languages of the Northeast as well as from Bengali, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam. As literature originating from the geographical area lying outside the boundaries of the Hindi heartland, the conflict in the relationship could certainly be seen as related to the political tension existing between diverse bhasha communities on the question of the idea of India. In one sense, it is modernity’s schism that surfaces as the rift between the local and the national in the poetry reviewed. However, the discussion also demonstrates that the democratic and egalitarian spirit that underlies bhasha literatures is strong enough to thwart attempts at cultural tyranny by the advocates of hyper-nationalism.
M.T. Vasudevan Nair
Authors: Raveendran PP 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on M.T. Vasudevan Nair, novelist, short story writer, literary journalist, and filmmaker, who is one of the most popular fiction writers in India today. The chapter looks upon Vasudevan Nair as a typical representative of the expressive realist mode of fiction writing, which is another way of saying that he considers fiction to be a representation of the reality of experience truthfully expressed through a skilful arrangement of words. While this simple but effective approach to fictional representation links him up with modernity, he is critical of the formalism of the modernists of his own day who according to him are greatly limited in their resources.
Brains at War
Authors: Edgerton David 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter assesses the importance of expertise, invention and technical novelty in the conduct and outcome of the war. Experts from a wide range of backgrounds in engineering and the sciences were needed for everything from the development of weapons to improvements in medicines and medical care. Research and development expanded only in key areas, and the major areas for wartime development, from radar to aero-engines were common across the warring powers. Many breakthrough developments were of limited use, while the reliance on standard weapons and equipment remained important as well. Rockets, nerve gases and biological weapons were developed but little used, except for the strategically unimportant V2.
From World War to Cold War
Authors: Roberts Geoffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter considers the post-war geopolitical order produced by the defeat of the three Axis powers and the new global dominance of the United States and the Soviet Union. Some co-operation was possible between the former wartime Allies, particularly over the Nuremberg Trial. The disagreements over the future of Germany, and the subsequent blockade of Berlin, and the communist takeover across Eastern Europe opened up the Cold War. The Korean war showed that the world was now divided between a communist Europe and Asia, and the ‘free world’ of Western Europe, the United States and the British Dominions. A major war was avoided because neither side wanted to risk it with the advent of nuclear weapons on both sides.
Iron Age
Authors: Grabbe Lester L. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The biblical text gives us a story of the Judges and Kings Saul, David, and Solomon. The question is, to what extent can the historian rely on this? The texts were written much later than the events they describe, but critical analysis of the text by generations of Hebrew Bible scholars, together with archaeology, inscriptions, and social science considerations allows us to write a plausible history of this period. Many of the details of the text are not credible, but the general outline of the beginning of a kingdom of Israel and its first kings emerges. It is not the mighty and gold-encrusted kingdom ascribed to Solomon, but it shows a collection of tribes coalescing into a chiefdom and then a small but developing kingdom with interesting potential.
Israel and Judah
Authors: Lemaire André 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Evidence from contemporary epigraphy, from archaeology, and from a critically informed reading of biblical sources is combined to present an outline of the history of the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Israel, with its changing dynastic leadership (including the Omrides and the dynasty of Jehu), eventually fell to the Assyrians with the capture of its capital Samaria in 722 bce. Judah in the south, with its capital in Jerusalem, survived for about a further 135 years under such kings as Hezekiah, Manasseh, and Josiah. It eventually fell to the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar and much of the elite population was exiled to Babylon.
Babylonian Exile and Restoration
Authors: Williamson H. G. M. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
During the short period of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, the community of Judean exiles was the principal centre of religious and intellectual development. Under the Persians, some returned to Jerusalem and for the following decades the leadership (Zerubbabel, Ezra, Nehemiah, and others) was consistently of Babylonian origin. Our knowledge of events during those two centuries is extremely limited, and for many decades non-existent. With Judah now as a minor province in the empire rather than a sovereign state, this was nevertheless a period of crucial importance in the development of the religion of Israel to what later became Judaism. The development in the northern province of Samaria into what later became the religion of the Samaritans is a closely related phenomenon.
The Hellenistic and Roman Era
Authors: Collins John J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The history of the Holy Land in the Hellenistic and early Roman periods (332 bce – 135 ce) is outlined. Highlights include the Maccabean revolt, the reign and building activity of Herod the Great, and the fall of Jerusalem after the great revolt (66–73 ce). Particular attention is paid to the impact of political developments on religion and to the variety within Judaism during those centuries—Sadducees, Pharisees, Essenes (with discussion of the Dead Sea Scrolls), Jesus, and the rise of later Rabbinic Judaism.
The Coming of Islam
Authors: Levy-Rubin Milka 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the changes which took place following the rapid conquest of the Holy Land, ruled previously for over 300 years by the Christian Byzantine Empire, by the followers of Muhammad’s newly founded religion (634‒640). It discusses the nature of the conquest (peaceful vs. violent), the establishment of Umayyad rule, and the construction of immediate symbols of Muslim power represented by monumental building projects such as the Dome of the Rock and the al-Aqsa mosque, the renovated road network, and the caliphal palaces. It then continues to survey the upheavals in the following centuries with the rise of the Abbasids, the Tulunids, and other dynasties, as well as the effects of the relationships of the Muslim rulers with the Byzantine Empire. The chapter reviews the significant impact the conquest had on various aspects of the lives of the local population. These include the creation of a special status of Ahl al-Dhimma (the protected people) or Ahl al-Kitab (people of the book) for the non-Muslim inhabitants, as well as various processes such as emigration, the rise of Arabic language and culture, conversion to Islam, and spatial Islamization of the Holy Land, and the impact these had on the life and culture of Christians, Jews, and Samaritans. All of these processes were greatly affected throughout the early Muslim period by various political conflicts both within the Muslim caliphate, as well as outside it.
The Holy Land in the Crusader and Ayyubid Periods
Authors: Hillenbrand Carole 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter covers the recurring antagonism and interplay between the Muslims living in the Holy Land and the Crusaders (Franks) who arrived from Europe to ‘liberate’ Jerusalem; they had chosen a perfect moment of Muslim political weakness to attack a disunited Syria, Iraq, and Egypt. The discussion also focuses on certain prominent personalities on both sides, such as Baldwin of Jerusalem and Zengi, who recaptured Edessa, the first of the Crusader states to be restored to Muslim control. During the initial years of the Crusader presence in the Levant military engagements against the Muslims were a regular feature. These were often followed by treaties and alliances across the religious divide. Coexistence was also an important aspect of life between the two political entities. Medieval Arabic sources, above all the contemporary memoirs of Usama b. Munqidh, reveal that there were often close relations between Crusaders who met Muslims not only on the battlefield but also in everyday life, for example on the domestic scene, on the hunt, in the bathhouse and even in places of worship. They also learned from each other in the sphere of material culture, for example in the building of castles.
Pilgrimage
Authors: Walker Peter , Hoyland Robert G. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter tells the long story of pilgrimage to the Holy Land—as practised in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam—starting with Abraham, moving through the pages of the Old and New Testaments, through the Byzantine and early Islamic periods, and then through the era of the Crusades to the rediscovery of pilgrimage in the nineteenth century. The major focus in the post-biblical period is upon the practice and theology of pilgrimage within the Christian church—highlighting how, after a predominantly negative view towards such practice in the first three centuries ce, pilgrimage came into its own in the Constantinian period. Once the Holy Land came under Muslim rule, the impulse towards pilgrimage took a softer form; but this was powerfully re-awakened by the Crusaders and again in the nineteenth century as archaeologists, Protestants, Catholics, and Orthodox—as well as Western political powers—all found themselves lured to the Holy Land for a variety of potentially conflicting reasons. Pilgrimage has thus been a vital part of the Holy Land’s unique history, causing it to be a much-trodden as well as a much-contested one. Yet despite all the differences of belief and practice—both amongst Christians and between them and Jewish or Muslim pilgrims—there has been much that united them: a real attachment to the Land, a highlighting of the particular historical reasons for their own particular attachment, and a common emphasis on the importance within religious faith of setting out on a journey.
Sacred Spaces and Holy Places
Authors: Hess Richard S. , Pringle Denys 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys sacred places in the Holy Land from pre-historic times down to the end of the Ottoman Empire. They are mostly attested either in archaeological remains or as structures which still stand today. Particular attention is paid to pre-biblical ‘Canaanite’ shrines with altars and standing stones, high places that continued into the Israelite period, synagogues from antiquity and more recently, churches throughout the centuries, including the Crusader period, and mosques.
Scripture and the Holy Land
Authors: Silverstein Adam 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the idea of the Holy Land, focusing on the scriptural bases for it. Jewish, Samaritan, Christian, and Muslim attitudes to the Holy Land, as reflected in their respective scriptures, are surveyed. A number of debates surrounding ‘scripture’ within and between these religious communities are highlighted: Which book(s) make up the scriptures? How are these scriptures to be read? And with what consequences? It is shown that the answers to these questions bear directly on each tradition’s attitude to the Holy Land, with Christians tending towards a spiritualization of the Holy Land and Muslims tending towards a transferal of the temporal Holy Land to the Arabian Peninsula.
Medieval and Early Modern East Asia
Authors: Brokaw Cynthia 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The countries of East Asia shared several different print technologies before the introduction of mechanized printing in the nineteenth century: xylography and wooden moveable type, inventions of the Chinese, in the seventh and fourteenth centuries respectively; and metal moveable type, developed by the Korean state in the thirteenth century. China first developed a full-fledged book culture, supplied, over the course of the ninth and thirteenth centuries, with publications from religious (primarily Buddhist) institutions, the imperial state, individual literati, and commercial houses. Trade and diplomatic relations between China, Korea, and Japan—and the fact that Chinese was the written lingua franca of East Asia—eased the transmission of technologies and texts from China to Korea and Japan and back. Cultures associated with and resulting from printing, however, took different forms in each country. In China, an aesthetic ‘golden age’ of high-end publishing in the late medieval period gradually gave way, in the early modern period, to the rise of commercial publishing and (not coincidentally) a rapid expansion in the reading public. The result was an explosion in the production of popular texts, designed for a broad audience even if aesthetic quality was sacrificed. In Korea, the state maintained control over publishing, and approved texts in metal type were sent to outlying provinces for xylographic reproduction and controlled distribution to local elites. Japan, after a half-century experimentation with moveable type, re-embraced xylography in the late sixteenth century, and, like China, enjoyed an exuberant commercial publishing boom that both signalled and stimulated expansion in the reading audience.
South Asia
Authors: Shaw Graham 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The history of textual transmission in South Asia extends back almost 4,000 years through traditions of orality and public performance, manuscript production, and print. Oral transmission and public performance have persisted from 1750 bce to the present day, while manuscripts were widely produced from the fifth century bce to the nineteenth century. Print as a major cultural carrier came to prominence only from the nineteenth century onwards. In Hinduism, oral transmission maintained the Brahmin’s monopoly on sacred knowledge. The breakaway movements of Buddhism and Jainism ushered in the manuscript era to record the teachings of their founders. Xylography did not permeate the subcontinent but Buddhist Sanskrit texts were woodblock-printed in Central Asia. Typography, from its introduction by the Portuguese in the sixteenth century, remained the preserve of European evangelists and colonialists until 1800. Indian-owned presses proliferated only after the liberal Press Act of 1835, leading to an explosion of print in all the regional languages. At the same time, lithography became popular among Muslim communities. Paper as a writing medium was only introduced in the thirteenth century by Muslims, replacing the indigenous surfaces of palm-leaf and birch-bark.
Industrialization
Authors: Cachin Marie-Françoise 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter reveals how the development of new technologies and the industrializing economies of Europe and North America transformed publishing and the market for books in the nineteenth century. Innovations in printing, paper-making, typesetting, binding, and illustration, including photographic replication, led technical changes that hugely reduced costs and dramatically increased production. The printed book became a much cheaper, more popular, and more diverse product, a history traced in this chapter through the development of numerous new processes, organizations, and activities, from new iron presses, lithography, stereotyping processes, and steam-driven cylinder presses, to the creation of new kinds of large publishing firms, many international in reach, and using new developments in faster and more capacious transportation. An important aspect of this development was also the advance of public, private, charitable and national libraries, book clubs, and educational reforms that supported new levels of literacy, all contributing to the flourishing of a variety of literary forms, including newspapers, magazines, serials, novels, children’s books, guide books and other educational and practical publications. The buoyancy of the new mass reading public further reflected changed relationships between authors, agents, publishers, and printers in all parts of the West.
Modern China, Japan, and Korea
Authors: Reed Christopher A. , Steele M. William 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the modernization of book production, publishing, and literary content across the three East Asian countries of China, Japan, and Korea from about 1800 to the present. For over 1,000 years, cultural and political elites in China, Korea, and Japan had maintained a strong respect for the knowledge, power, and authority gained from reading books, especially the Confucian Classics. In the nineteenth century, all three nations began the transition from woodblock printing of books to their production via lithography, moveable type, and letterpress, and, today, Internet and digitally made books. To traditional genres have been added many new categories adapted from the rest of the industrialized world. Each country has emerged as an active participant in the information explosion that characterizes our world today. China, which has been connected to the Internet since the mid-1990s, prints many of the books consumed around the globe, and is itself today the world’s second-largest book marketplace after the United States. And, as part of Japan Cool and the Korean Wave, Japanese and Korean literature, manga, and other publications are eagerly consumed at home and abroad, especially in Asia, sometimes altering notions of what constitutes a book.
Books Transformed
Authors: Schnapp Jeffrey T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the long transition from page to screen (and then back again, from screen to page) and its impact on the notion of the book and expressions of bookishness in twentieth- and twenty-first-century culture. It argues that the dream of bridging the gap between print artefacts and electronic books is not a creation of the television or the Internet eras. Rather, its lineage extends back to the aspirationally electrified avant-garde experimental books of the 1920s, forward through the electric information age paperbacks of the 1960s, as well as experiments with new CRT page architectures carried out by the Architecture Machine Group and the Visual Language Workshop, and forward again into today’s proliferation of reading devices and Web-inspired forms and formats. The chapter argues that at each of the stages of this century-long evolution there are significant shifts in the ways that books are understood, read, performed, produced, experienced, shared, and disseminated.
The Trump Phenomenon and Right-wing Extremism
Authors: Mizruchi Mark S. , Gălan Raul 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Drawing on the history of populism in the US, we examine the extent to which Donald Trump exhibited populist characteristics as both a candidate in 2016 and as president. Although American populism in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries was primarily a left-wing movement (at least in terms of economic policy), it became associated with the far-right of the political spectrum after World War II. Distinguishing between economic and cultural populism, we argue that Trump, in his 2016 campaign, drew on both versions, speaking for the average American against privileged elites, but also demonizing immigrants, Muslims, and (less overtly) certain racial and ethnic minorities. Once in office, however, Trump abandoned his economic populism, governing as a conventional contemporary Republican by supporting tax cuts for corporations and the wealthy, businesses and banks at the expense of consumers, and employers at the expense of workers. We conclude with a discussion of the role of big business in Trump’s rise, and the role of business in analogous situations in the UK and Germany.
Threats and Opportunities
Authors: Baltz Matthew J. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Trump’s populism was seen as challenge not only to the ‘liberal international order’ that preceded it but also to the business elites that Trump routinely castigated in public pronouncements. But to whom or what did Trump and his administration actually mount a challenge against? This chapter examines this question, arguing that Trump’s populist style of leadership and his willingness to invoke the powerful imagery of the nation on the campaign trail and in office presented both threats and opportunities to business elites. It further argues that Trump’s populism created space within his administration for nationalists that sought to use state power in pursuit of normative priorities and military objectives quite distinct from Trump’s populist nationalism. These too presented distinct sets of challenges to business elites. It concludes with a brief discussion of prospects beyond Trump’s term in office.
Populist ‘Order and Progress’
Authors: Doering Heike , Barros Amon , Gomes Marcus , Silva Caroline Rodrigues 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In 2018, a little-known ex-military man with authoritarian leanings won the presidential elections in Brazil. He seemed to upend previously held ideas about inclusive populisms in Latin America. There is a consensus that a perfect storm of economic crisis, corruption allegations and rising crime helped Bolsonaro secure victory. We, however, focus our attention on how business elites became part of Bolsonaro’s electoral coalition. We are interested in how ‘loyalty’ to a populist candidate becomes an active choice for business. Complementing Feldmann and Morgan’s analysis of the conditions for business ‘voice’ in the context of noisy politics, we examine the conditions for ‘loyalty’. In the case of Brazil, a conservative exclusionary agenda, anti-PT sentiment and the credentials of an ultra-liberal as prospective super-minister provided legitimacy, incentives and the promise of space for business. Ultimately, the separation of economic and socio-cultural policy arenas during the campaign offered conditions of quiet politics for business despite populists’ aim of raising the volume of politics for other constituencies.
Right-wing Populism vs. Climate Capitalism
Authors: Gomes Marcus , Böhm Steffen 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we critically investigate the threat of right-wing populism to rapid climate change action and governance and highlight its role in undermining the global co-operation necessary to tackle the carbon lock-in of the global economic system. This chapter contributes to the scant literature on climate change governance and populism by arguing that right-wing populism’s ‘critique’ of climate capitalism is an integral part of the capitalist system that sustains market approaches and inequalities that emerge from it to tackle climate change. While right-wing populists focus on climate denial and the negative impact of environmental regulation on the those ‘left behind’, supporters of climate capitalism consolidate neoliberal climate change governance (CCG) as the only politically viable option to tackle the climate emergency. Both approaches are essentially elitist, in the sense that they have a clear track record of supporting extractive and financial business elites, while creating historically unprecedented inequalities and injustices around the world. While right-wing populism focuses on climate denial discourses, posing CCG as a threat to national sovereignty and the economy, the marketization of climate change is in denial of the need for deep transformations within capitalism. Consequently, this double movement enables the extractive and financial businesses elites to thrive, posing a continued and real danger to the climate crisis.