bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deletion of antigen-specific activity from leukocyte dialysates containing transfer factor by antigen-coated polystyrene.
Authors: Borkowsky W , Lawrence H S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have reported finding antigen-specific activity in human leukocyte dialysates (DLE) containing TF in the leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assay. To analyze this activity further, we have used polystyrene bound to antibody or to antigen as immunoadsorbent for DLE before pulsing nonimmune cells in the LMI assay. Candida-(CAN) immune or diphtheria toxoid-(TOX) immune DLE were depleted of all antigen-specific activity after absorption with specific antigen but not affected by absorption with specific antibody, respectively, and depletion of activity with antigen was abrogated by coating bound antigen with specific antibody before absorption of DLE. CAN-immune, TOX-immune DLE was selectively depleted for either CAN activity or TOX activity after absorption with CAN- or TOX-coated polystryrene, respectively, retaining its CAN-activity when absorbed with TOX and conversely retaining its TOX activity when absorbed with CAN; thus the antigen-specific activity binds to related but not unrelated antigen. The polystyrene-bound antigen-specific activity could be recovered by treatment with 8 M urea. We interpret these findings to suggest that such antigen-specific activity may be either a dialysable fragment of a T cell antigen receptor site, or a portion of the V-region, or a unique Ir gene product that assists in antigen presentation to other T cells.
Cell cycle related heterogeneity of Ia antigen expression on a murine B lymphoma cell line:analysis by flow cytometry.
Authors: Lanier L L , Warner N L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In this investigation we have used quantitative flow cytometry to study the expression of I region antigens on an established B lymphoma cell line, WEHI-231. Although a majority of the WEHI-231 cells do not react with antisera against the Ia.7 (I-E/C) or Ia.8 (IaA) antigens, a distinct subpopulation of cells, comprising 20 to 30% of the total population, reacts strongly with these alloantisera. Several mechanisms were proposed to explain this intratumor Ia antigen heterogeneity: 1) the effect of volume (surface area) heterogeneity on antigen expression; 2) the existence of a stable variant of Ia+ cells in the cell line; 3) cell cycle regulation of Ia antigen expression. The first possibility was excluded on the basis of FCM analysis, which failed to detect any relationship between cell volume and fluorescence intensity of anti-Ia stained cells. Additionally, the rapid reappearance of Ia antigen heterogeneity within Ia- and Ia+ lines, sorted by the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, argued against the presence of a stable variant population of Ia+ cells. Rather, our data suggest that cell cycle related events are responsible for the Ia antigen heterogeneity. The Ia.7+ sorted cells were shown to be significantly enriched in the G0/G1 phase of the growth cycle. In contrast, it was the Ia.8- cells that were enriched in this phase of the cell cycle. These results suggest that the I-A and I-E/C region gene products are independently regulated in this cell line and imply that similar controls may possibly influence Ia antigen expression on normal B lymphocytes.
Activation of murine B lymphocytes. III. Stimulation of B lymphocyte clonal growth with lipopolysaccharide and dextran sulfate.
Authors: Wetzel G D , Kettman J R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Proliferation of single B cells was observed in response to the combination of LPS and DXS when spleen cells were placed into Terasaki plates at dilutions where the majority of wells containing cells contained one cell. Clones derived from a single cell exhibited varying morphologies and growth characteristics. Neither filler cells nor conditioned medium was required for these responses. Since isolated cells were stimulated, we conclude that B cells can be activated to clonal growth in the absence of accessory cells. Limiting dilution analysis showed that the frequency of cells responding to the combination of LPS + DXS was about 80% of the frequency of input B cells. When only LPS or DXS was present, the frequency of response was less than 25% and less than 5% of the input B cell frequency, respectively. This synergy in mitogenesis is consistent with previous kinetic and cytofluorometric analyses of mitogen-stimulated growth which have indicated that the combination of LPS + DXS removes requirements for cell interaction in growth induction and that B lymphocytes can be stimulated to growth directly.
Requirement of T cells for the development of spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis in obese strain (OS) chickens.
Authors: de Carvalho L C , Wick G , Roitt I M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A combination of neonatal thymectomy and intensive treatment with a highly specific turkey anti-chicken T cell serum effectively abrogates the spontaneous development of thyroiditis and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in the Obese strain chicken. Thus, in addition to a restraining influence of suppressor T cells on the disease process indicated by earlier studies, it would appear that T cells also make a positive contribution to pathogenesis.
Antigen-presenting function of alveolar macrophages: uptake and presentation of Listeria monocytogenes.
Authors: Weinberg D S , Unanue E R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse alveolar macrophages were characterized and compared to resident peritoneal macrophages for their ability to take up and present to immune T cells the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. Both macrophage populations contained a similar proportion of Ia-positive macrophages (approximately 5%). However, alveolar macrophages showed a deficiency in the uptake of Listeria monocytogenes. Macrophage, antigen-presenting function was studied by measuring the proliferative response of Listeria-immune T cells to Listeria-pulsed macrophages. The alveolar macrophages were capable of presenting Listeria, although less effectively than the peritoneal macrophages. Listeria presentation by alveolar macrophages was dose dependent, antigen specific, and genetically restricted, and required the presence of Ia-positive macrophages. The differences in antigen-presenting function between alveolar and peritoneal macrophages appeared to be due solely to their differences in Listeria uptake. Thus, opsonizing Listeria resulted in marked enhancement of both Listeria uptake and presentation by alveolar macrophages. These findings demonstrate that alveolar macrophages possess I-region-dependent antigen-presenting function and emphasize the importance of bacterial binding by macrophages in generating effective immune stimulation.
Relationship of idiotypes of the anti-p-azophenylarsonate antibodies of A/J and BALB/c mice.
Authors: Brown A R , Lamoyi E , Nisonoff A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
It has previously been shown that A/J anti-Ar antibodies contain 2 different families of cross-reactive idiotypes, referred to as the major and minor idiotypes populations. The present report shows that the minor A/J idiotype is related to a major idiotype of BALB/c anti-Ar antibodies. Anti-idiotype directed against the minor A/J idiotype binds 5 to 10% of A/J anti-Ar but an average of about 40% of BALB/c anti-Ar. This BALB/c population corresponds to the major BALB/c anti-Ar idiotype. For individual BALB/c anti-Ar preparations the maximum percentages of antibody bound by anti-id directed to A/J or BALB/c anti-Ar are very similar. Anti-id reactive with the minor A/J idiotypic population suppressed the formation of the BALB/c major idiotype when injected into BALB/c mice. Adsorption experiments showed that only about one-third of the minor A/J population is related to the BALB/c idiotype and that the expression of this idiotype is highly variable in individual A/J sera. Several types of evidence, obtained with hybridoma products expressing the major A/J idiotype, revealed no detectable relationship between the major A/J and BALB/c anti-Ar idiotypes.
Human lymphocyte markers defined by antibodies derived from somatic cell hybrids. IV. A monoclonal antibody reacting specifically with a subpopulation of human B lymphocytes.
Authors: Brooks D A , Beckman I G , Bradley J , McNamara P J , Thomas M E , Zola H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The technique of somatic cell hybridization has been used to produce a monoclonal antibody (designated FMC7) against the human B lymphoblastoid cell line HRIK. By indirect immunofluorescence FMC7 reacted with a total of 3 out of 10 B cell lines, but failed to bind T and Null cell lines. On normal peripheral blood, FMC7 bound between 3 and 6% of mononuclear cells. When normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells were fractionated, FMC7 reacted with only the B-enriched fraction, staining some but not all cells expressing SMIg. Double marker analysis indicated that the antigen detected by FMC7 is not identical with any of the conventional B cell markers, including surface membrane IgM, C3 receptors, Fc receptors, and the binding site for mouse erythrocytes. Another monoclonal antibody, FMC1, which reacts specifically with B lymphocytes, binds a separate antigenic determinant. Thus, FMC7 appears to recognize a previously undetected marker present specifically on a subpopulation of human B lymphocytes. FMC7 reacts with some but not all B cell leukemias and may have diagnostic applications in leukemia.
Oxidation of n-formyl methionyl chemotactic peptide by human neutrophils.
Authors: Tsan M F , Denison R C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human neutrophils during phagocytosis oxidized the synthetic chemotactic peptide, n-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (n-FMLP), to its sulfoxide derivative (n-FMsLP). The oxidation of n-FMLP by phagocytosing neutrophils was inhibited by methionine, but not by methionine sulfoxide, leucine, or phenylalanine, confirming that it was the methionine moiety of n-FMLP that was oxidized. The oxidation of n-FMLP was also inhibited by myeloperoxidase inhibitors or catalase, but not by SOD or mannitol, suggesting the involvement of the myeloperoxidase system. Since n-FMsLP does not have chemotactic activity, the oxidation of n-FMLP by phagocytosing neutrophils may be one mechanism by which neutrophils modulate the inflammatory process.
Mouse c1q: light and electron microscopic immunohistochemical localization.
Authors: McManus L M , Nakane P K 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The localization of mouse C1q in various mouse tissues was assessed by immunohistochemistry. In all mouse strains examined, C1q was associated with cells in small focal areas of lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, and spleens often near germinal centers. Ultrastructural studies of these foci demonstrated that C1q was present in the endoplasmic reticulum of mononucleated cells that had an extensive cytoplasmic network. Occasionally, small deposits of C1q were observed in the perinuclear space of mononucleated cells that had scanty cytoplasm with few organelles. Extracellular C1q was found at the surface of interdigitating cell processes in these lymphatic foci. In addition to the presence of C1q within lympho-reticular tissues, C1q frequently was detected in renal glomeruli but not in urinary tract epithelium or intestinal epithelium of adult mice; in contrast, C1q was localized in the intestinal epithelium of neonatal mice. C1q was not detected in tissue fibroblasts nor in cultured fibroblasts; however, a subpopulation of mouse adherent peritoneal cells maintained in vitro did contain C1q. The results of these studies provide new information regarding the distribution and, thus, the possible sites of C1q biosynthesis in normal mouse tissues.
Antigens on human monocytes identified by monoclonal antibodies.
Authors: Todd R F , Nadler L M , Schlossman S F 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two antigens (Mo1 and Mo2) present on human peripheral blood monocytes have been defined by lytic IgM monoclonal antibodies. Both antigens are present on greater than 70% of adherent mononuclear cells (predominantly monocytes). Mo1 is expressed by monocytes, granulocytes, and Null cells, but is absent from T and B lymphocytes. Mo2, on the other hand, appears specific for peripheral blood monocytes. Neither antigen is present on Ia-positive B cell lines or on tumor cells from patients with B cell lymphoproliferative malignancies, further excluding the possibility that Mo1 and Mo2 are Ia antigens. Mo1 and Mo2 are, however, present on a significant number of blast cells from patients with monocytic leukemia (both myelomonocytic and pure monocytic variants), but relatively infrequently expressed by cells from patients with acute granulocytic leukemia. These results indicate that Mo1 and Mo2 are unique antigens that may represent distinct stages of late monocyte-granulocyte differentiation.
Genetics of natural antitumor antibody production: antibodies to MHC-linked determinants detected in the serum of unstimulated mice.
Authors: Wolosin L B , Greenberg A H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The genetics of natural antitumor antibodies was studied in several murine strains with 4 target tumors. We found that the levels of NAb detected depended on the strain-tumor combination and that high levels of NAb were inherited recessively. These observations suggested that NAb specificities are selectively regulated. Studies of backcross progeny and of H-2 congenic mice provided evidence for the genetic linkage between NAb levels and the MHC. From studies in which it was demonstrated that allogeneic NAb were absorbed with splenocytes bearing the haplotype of the target cell but not by other splenocytes, it was concluded that allo-NAb were recognizing H-2 antigenic determinants, or an antigen(s) whose expression is closely linked to the MHC. It is suggested, therefore, that low levels of NAb against the DBA/2 tumors studied in mice of the d haplotype were due to self tolerance.
The complement system in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). II. Purification and characterization of the fifth component (C5).
Authors: Nonaka M , Natsuume-Sakai S , Takahashi M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The fifth component of rainbow trout complement was purified to homogeneity using a 4-step purification procedure: 1) 5 to 15% polyethylene glycol precipitation; 2) DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography; 3) gel filtration on Sephadex G-200; and 4) CM-Sepharose column chromatography. A 175-fold purification was attained with 20 to 30% yield of C5 antigen and hemolytic activity. The rainbow trout C5 thus purified was homogeneous as judged by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Rainbow trout C5 was composed of 2 polypeptide chains with m.w. of 133,000 daltons and 86,000 daltons linked by disulfide bonds. The highly purified C5 retained its functional activity. It fully reconstituted the hemolytic titer to C5-depleted rainbow trout serum. Upon activation, this protein was incorporated into a macromolecular complex that closely resembles a membrane attack complex (MAC) of human and guinea pig complement. On the basis of physico-chemical and functional characteristics, we identified this protein as the rainbow trout counterpart of mammalian C5. The identification of C5 in rainbow trout serum strengthened our previous conclusion that the complement system is in a highly developed state already at the phylogenetic level of teleost fish.
Platelet-serotonin release by C3a and C5a: two independent pathways of activation.
Authors: Meuer S , Ecker U , Hadding U , Bitter-Suermann D 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
C3a and C5a were investigated for their ability to induce secretion of serotonin from platelets in a homologous guinea pig system. Platelets respond to either anaphylatoxin with a dose-dependent release that does not exceed a plateau at the 70% level. On a molar basis. C5a is about 50-fold more active than the C3 fragment. The C5a effects in the platelet system can be clearly distinguished from the activity of C3a and vice versa by a phenomenon of specific desensitization of the platelets to either stimulus. Our observations lead to the postulation of distinct receptors for C3a and C5a on guinea pig platelets as well as 2 independent pathways of platelet activation, which both lead to a specific release.
Stimulation of nonlymphoid mesenchymal cell proliferation by a macrophage-derived growth factor.
Authors: Martin B M , Gimbrone M A , Unanue E R , Cotran R S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cultured mouse peritoneal macrophages secrete a growth-promoting activity that stimulates 3 types of nonlymphoid mesenchymal cells in vitro: fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle, and vascular endothelium. Production of this macrophage-derived growth factor (MDGF) is directly related to the number of viable macrophages and their time in culture, and is independent of platelet- or plasma-derived serum growth factors. Treatment of cultured macrophages with latex, bacterial lipopolysaccharide, or phorbol myristate acetate results in increased growth factor activity. Preliminary biochemical characterization of MDGF indicates that it is a heat labile (100 degrees C, 2 min), non-dialyzable protein, which contains at least 1 essential disulfide bond. Growth-promoting activity is not adsorbed by CM-Sephadex chromatography, under conditions that effectively remove platelet-derived growth factor(s). Serine protease activity is not required for the action of MDGF. Secretion of macrophage-derived growth factor may be relevant to the function of mononuclear phagocytes in several pathologic processes, including the neovascularization and fibroplasia of wound healing, smooth muscle hyperplasia in atherosclerosis, and proliferative glomerulonephritis.
The immunologic response in mice unresponsive to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.
Authors: Lando Z , Teitelbaum D , Arnon R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The suppressor cells that are involved in antigen-induced protection against EAE in mice were investigated with respect to their effect on the immune response. The cellular immune response to the basic encephalitogenic protein (BE) and to PPD were studied in mice with either actively induced or adoptively transferred unresponsiveness to EAE. The results demonstrate that the DTH response to BE, as assayed in the radiometric ear skin test, was suppressed in mice protected against EAE. Moreover, the passive transfer of DTH response to BE by effector lymphocytes was also inhibited by the preinjection of suppressor cells. On the other hand, the suppressor cells did not affect the response to PPD in all these experiments. The results indicate that suppressor cells that mediate unresponsiveness to EAE regulate also the cellular immune response to BE in a specific manner. These suppressor cells are probably active both at the induction and the effector phase of the immune response.
Inhibition of human natural cytotoxicity by macromolecular antiproteases.
Authors: Hudig D , Haverty T , Fulcher C , Redelman D , Mendelsohn J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity is inhibited by macromolecular protease inhibitors. Human plasma alpha 1 antiproteases are more effective than the plant antiproteases lima bean trypsin inhibitor and soybean trypsin inhibitor for reduction of cytotoxicity to the "slow" targets T24 human bladder carcinoma and NKI-1 melanoma. This inhibition of natural cytotoxicity is more readily demonstrable in serum-free medium containing crystalline bovine serum albumin than in medium containing fetal calf serum. Although electrophoretically homogeneous plasma alpha 1 antitrypsin inhibits natural cytotoxicity, partially purified alpha 1 antitrypsin preparations that contain several apha 1 proteins are more inhibitory at equivalent trypsin inhibitory capacities. Partially purified alpha 1 antichymotrypsin with no antitrypsin activity is an extremely potent inhibitor. Thus, it seems likely that several of the plasma antiproteases, including alpha 1 antitrypsin and alpha 1 antichymotrypsin, are capable of influencing natural cytotoxicity. These data indicate that serine-dependent proteases hae a critical role in triggering and/or effecting cell-mediated cytolysis. Furthermore, since alpha 1 antichymotrypsin and alpha 1 antitrypsin are acute phase proteins, the increase in plasma concentration or turnover rates of the proteins could influence natural killer cell activity in vivo.
Immunosuppression in a murine B cell leukemia (BCL1): role of an adherent cell in the suppression of primary in vitro antibody responses.
Authors: Anderson S A , Isakson P C , Puré E , Muirhead M , Uhr J W , Vitetta E S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of lymph node cells from mice bearing the BCL1 tumor to respond in vitro to mitogens, allogeneic cells, and both TI and TD antigens was investigated. The lymph nodes of such mice are not invaded with tumor cells and contain normal numbers of T and B cells. Nevertheless, at the peak of tumor burden in the spleen and blood (approximately 8 to 12 wk after injection with tumor cells), the lymph node cells from the tumor-bearing mice display markedly decreased responsiveness both to allogeneic cells and to antigens. In addition, small numbers of lymph node cells from the tumor-bearing mice suppress primary antibody responses of normal lymph node cells. This nonspecific suppression of antibody responses is mediated by a G-10 Sephadex adherent, non-T, non-B cell present in the nodes of the tumor-bearing mice. Since the BCL1 tumor model is in many respects similar to the prolymphocytic type of human chronic lymphocytic leukemia, the present results may be helpful in elucidating the mechanisms underlying the in vivo immunosuppression associated with lymphocytic neoplasms in humans.
Antibody to staphylococcal enterotoxin A-induced human immune interferon (IFN gamma).
Authors: Langford M P , Weigent D A , Georgiades J A , Johnson H M , Stanton G J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antiserum to human gamma interferon (IFN gamma) was produced in rabbits immunized with partially purified (10(4.8) to 10(6.2) antiviral U/mg protein) staphylococcal enterotoxin A-induced IFN gamma. Staphylococcal enterotoxins, phytohemagglutinin M, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen-induced antiviral activity in human leukocyte cultures was neutralized to undetectable levels by the antiserum. However, human leukocyte interferon (IFN alpha), human fibroblast interferon (IFN beta), and mouse interferons were not neutralized by the antiserum. After determining the antiserum was specific for IFN gamma and did not neutralize other known types of interferon, it was used with antibody to human IFN alpha to demonstrate the type(s) of interferon stimulated by some new inducers and antigens. Galactose oxidase- and calcium ionophore-induced interferons were neutralized to undetectable levels by the antiserum to IFN gamma. Interferon produced in leukocyte cultures from tuberculin-negative individuals stimulated with tuberculin-purified protein derivative or old tuberculin was IFN alpha, whereas interferon from tuberculin-positive individuals was a combination of alpha and gamma IFN. In addition, the antiserum neutralized the anticellular and natural killer cell enhancement activities of IFN gamma preparations. The specificity of this antiserum for IFN gamma indicates that it is an additional, powerful tool for identifying and classifying known and new interferons produced in vitro or in vivo and for investigating the role(s) of IFN gamma during the course of infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune diseases.