bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Race in Research on Migration
Authors: Smith Patriann , Joel Warrican S. , Kumi-Yeboah, Alex , Esperat Tala Karkar 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the dialectic of racialization that is explained based on immigrants’ post-migration experience, highlighting the racialization and corresponding sense of agency in the pre-migration experience that is often overlooked. The chapter argues that this dialectic can be better understood in migration research by equally examining racialization and agency in the pre-migration experiences of immigrants. Specifically, the chapter proposes transnational literacy as a tool for nation-states to identify and address language as a proxy for systemic forms of racism against non-White immigrants. It argues that xenophobia and racism have been significantly made visible and escalated in and beyond the United States in recent years, and that, despite the agency afforded to immigrants by autonomy of migration perspectives, many immigrants are daily racialized while attempting to exercise their self-determination in response to the restrictions imposed by nation-states during border crossing.
“Do We Really Belong Here?”
Authors: Shizha Edward 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines literature on the temporality of naturalized citizenship and questions whether citizenship, for immigrants, is a protected human right or a privilege. The chapter argues that citizenship in a host country is a well-sought-after status by immigrants. The question is whether immigrants’ citizenship is permanent or temporary, and whether it is treated in the same way as that of non-immigrants. It is further argued that, despite citizenship having generally been considered an irrevocable status in most Western countries, in practice if not in law, for immigrants, citizenship comes with strings attached because of policies and laws that control naturalized citizenship. These laws can be used to denationalize naturalized citizens through revocations for those stigmatized as “undesirables” and threatened with deportation. The chapter argues for equity in the treatment of all citizens despite how they acquired their citizenship.
“Irregular” Migration, Intersectionality, and Race
Authors: Bolger Dawn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines successive Australian governments’ immigration policies that have inflamed racially driven fears of migrants based on a historical concern of “invasion.” The chapter argues that migrants seeking to enter Australia are frequently dichotomized as either “desirable” or “undesirable,” with asylum seekers and refugees being portrayed as culturally and innately incompatible with Australian societal expectations. It further posits that debates on asylum seekers and refugees have increasingly centered on incompatibility, deviancy, and the need for “border protection,” resulting in refugees—especially those arriving by boat—being frequently presented in polemical terms as an “influx” of “aliens” or “back-door” entry seekers. It observes that such polemical language facilitates a binary opposition where refugees are understood as genuine or bogus, legal or illegal, and law-abiding or criminal, thus exposing them to practices and forms of injustice.
The Windrush Generation and British Citizenship Policy
Authors: Gomes Shelene , Torrington Arthur 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the post-World War II period when West Indians/Caribbeans moved from British colonies to the “mother country” to fill labor demands of the imperial state and pursue better lives. It narrates the arrival of Black and Brown West Indians on the Empire Windrush in 1948 as evidence of the entanglements of the colonies and the metropole. The chapter describes how the migrants felt as “settlers” within the British Empire to which they thought they belonged. They were reminded of their subordinate status within the Empire and categorized as immigrants, additionally confronting structural racism and xenophobia. The chapter further explores alternative conceptualizations of citizenship for those affected by racecraft in the UK’s “hostile environment” by drawing upon the narratives of the “Windrush Generation” and British-born immigrant children. It concludes that reconceptualization positively reimagines citizenship and belonging rather than marginalizing racialized migrants.
Transnational Lives and the Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Immigrants and Refugees
Authors: Shizha Edward 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines literature on how migration, transnationalism, and transnational social spaces, fields, and formations have been affected by the advent of coronavirus (COVID-19). The chapter utilizes intersectionality and the ecological systems theory to examine racialized socioeconomic inequalities in the everyday practices of immigrants, their engagement in the segmented dual labor market, and how these impact on their health and well-being. It argues that the pandemic brought significant challenges and uncertainty for immigrants who experienced racialized inequalities in their personal, work, and professional lives. It further argues that COVID-19 disrupted their social, cultural, political, and economic relations with friends and relatives in both their home and host countries. This chapter concludes that the socioeconomic and sociocultural impacts of COVID-19 on racialized immigrants was an opportunity for policymakers to reconsider and address racialized inequities revealed by the pandemic experience.
The Self in Relationships
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
According to “social-psychological” personality theories, individuals’ everyday experience of anxiety is largely interpersonal in nature, originating in childhood and persistent throughout individuals’ lives. At least one of those theories—specifically, Harry Stack Sullivan’s interpersonal theory of personality—proposes that all individuals possess a “self-system” that ideally enables individuals to manage interpersonal anxiety. But what, exactly, is the self that presumably gives rise to the self-system, and which aspects of the self are especially likely to be manifested in individuals’ behavior toward significant others? The present book addresses these questions (and others) regarding the self in relationships. Grounded within Wiggins’s interpersonal circumplex theory of personality and social behavior (which was influenced greatly by Sullivan’s theory), the present book offers extensive coverage of various interpersonal aspects of personality—especially the agentic trait of dominance and the communal trait of nurturance—that may be expressed in certain interdependence processes, such as accommodation following partners’ expressions of anger or criticism toward individuals. The book ends with a call for future researchers to integrate perspectives that often are depicted as mutually exclusive (e.g., trait and cognitive schools within personality psychology), in order to attain deeper understanding of the self in relationships than currently exists.
Conceptualization of Dominance and Nurturance as Interpersonal Traits
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses geometric and psychometric tests conducted concerning the circumplexity of lower-order traits as measured by the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circle (IPIP-IPC). In three separate studies, results of circulant correlation analyses consistently indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. Moreover, results of confirmatory factor analyses consistently indicate that a two-factor model (i.e., circumplex factors of dominance and nurturance) provides satisfactory fit. Unlike the Interpersonal Adjective Scales-Revised Version (IAS-R), the IPIP-IPC never requires the addition of a third, noncircumplex (i.e., “acquiescence”) factor to account adequately for patterns among lower-order trait correlations. The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 6, in which interpersonal traits as predictors of accommodation in close relationships are examined.
Measurement of Dominance and Nurturance as Interpersonal Traits II
Authors: Gaines Stanley O. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the interpersonal motives of power and intimacy, as measured by the Circumplex Scales of Interpersonal Values (CSIV). Using previously unpublished data, results of a circulant correlation analysis indicate that an “equal-spacing, equal-communality” model yields satisfactory fit. However, results of structural equation analyses reveal that (1) exclusion of noncircumplex, “acquiescence” factors for the International Personality Item Pool-Interpersonal Circle (IPIP-IPC) and the CSIV leads to an ill-fitting model, whereas (2) inclusion of “acquiescence” factors alongside the circumplex trait and motive factors leads to a well-fitting model (with nurturance as a significant positive predictor, dominance as a significant negative predictor, and intimacy as a marginal positive predictor of accommodation; power is nonsignificant). The chapter ends by previewing Chapter 8, (re)conceptualizing attachment styles/orientations as interpersonal attitudes.
“Voodoo” and U.S. Imperialism in Cuba in the 1890s–1920s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines an underexplored aspect of how tales of “voodoo” were used in U.S. imperialism in the Caribbean. The United States intervened in the government of Cuba several times during the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century by sending troops and government officials. During the years of U.S. “occupation,” tales of child sacrifice, orgies, and other forms of “voodoo” practices in Cuba were prevalent in U.S. newspapers and were used to defend U.S. presence on the island. This chapter argues that these mini-occupations laid the foundations for the relationship between U.S. intervention and “voodooism,” and created patterns that would be repeated in the U.S. occupation of Haiti (1915–1934).
“Sacrifices at Sea” and Haitian Refugees in the 1980s
Authors: Boaz Danielle N. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The United States made significant changes to its immigration policies in the early 1980s. These policies drastically and negatively impacted Haitian refugees who were attempting to reach the United States in small, rickety boats and who were then held in horrible conditions in detention centers while waiting for asylum hearings. Simultaneously, a series of fateful voyages took place where Haitian smugglers allegedly sacrificed passengers as part of “voodoo” rituals to ensure safe passage to the United States. Stories of these supposed sacrifices featured prominently in news reports on Haitian asylum seekers in the 1980s. This chapter explores the role that narratives about the threat of “voodoo” practices played in immigration cases and debates in the United States.
Space Biology
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses space biology. All terrestrial life is based on the same carbon chemistry, for example, the twenty amino acids used to build proteins; organic molecules could be left-handed or right-handed, but terrestrial life prefers left-handed amino acids and right-handed sugars. A different extraterrestrial life might offer clues about the evolution of Earth life; if similar, it might reveal some organic inevitability. Sciences like biology and medicine would grow and benefit. Studying evolution on another world would be of extraordinary value. Exploration is serendipitous even if we find no other life: structures that looked like bacteria in a Martian meteorite led to the discovery of ultra-small bacteria on Earth. Experimenting with terrestrial life in space may lead to medical advances. However, altering humans genetically or medically to overcome space problems is not justified when the serendipity of physical science may provide better alternatives.
Survival and Wisdom
Authors: Munévar Gonzalo 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses survival and wisdom. A dynamic science allows adaptation to a variety of changing environments. If we choose the universe, we hedge our bets against extinction. This is strong justification for the exploration and colonization of space. But some claim human survival is a value relative to our species, not objective. We need not show that human survival is an absolute value, only that it is in the strong interest of humanity (e.g., preventing the destruction of Earth by a giant asteroid). Our actions today may affect that interest tomorrow. Critics argue that we better protect the Earth by nurturing respect toward it than by hoping we can always move onto another nest. Space exploration presumably disrupts the natural balance. Evolution of the universe and of life has always changed the balance of nature. Wise interference requires science. A bit of knowledge can be dangerous, but there is no future in ignorance.
Split Brains, Doubled Minds
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the first modern attempts to describe the functional specialization of the brain via its bicameral structure in order to trace the effect of “dual mind” concepts in the second wave of the literary Gothic. Because the dual hemispheres of the brain provide an intuitively persuasive anatomical argument for subconsciousness, advocates of these concepts (most notably Henry Holland and Arthur Wigan) ascribed opposing mental states to each hemisphere, with Wigan going so far as proposing a completely separate but suppressed mind to inhabit an anatomically inferior side of the brain. This chapter begins by tracing the prehistory of Wigan’s ideas in the popular fascination with sleepwalking and its cranial underpinnings through the work of Benjamin Rush, Charles Brockden Brown, Alfred Tennyson, and Edgar Allan Poe, before turning to echoes of Wigan’s theories in the mirrored protagonists of Emily Brontë’s Wuthering Heights or the cranial doppelgängers in Herman Melville’s “Benito Cereno.”
Skulls and Society
Authors: Schöberlein Stefan 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the literary effects of phrenology, one of the first modern theories of brain localization, which asserted that the brain is a multi-organ entity and behavioral traits can be mapped onto its different regions. This theory of mental stasis could only explain radical behavior change, as embodied by the famous case of Phineas Gage, through brain damage. Consequently, many literary (proto-)Realists and ardent believers in phrenology began exploiting the trope of “blows upon the head” for literary effect. The chapter then branches out from the conundrum of free will in phrenology to discuss its societal visions, from the sociology of class belonging of George Combe in the works of Charles Dickens to the celebration of American (cranial) exceptionalism in the Fowler brothers via their literary customer, Walt Whitman.
Mapping and Measuring
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Scientists studied the Moon through telescopes that they built themselves, though these were not powerful enough to dispel the notion of life on the Moon. They became firmer in the belief that lunar craters were volcanoes. They continued to measure the height of lunar mountains, and in 1848, two German scientists, Wilhelm Beer and Johann Heinrich Mädler, published an amazingly detailed map of the Moon. As others began to publish their own maps, Mary Blagg took up the task of reconciling the disparate names applied to the same lunar feature. Franz von Paula Gruithuisen considered the question of the Moon’s origin, saying that all the planets and moons had grown by the aggregation of smaller bodies. Unfortunately, the credibility of this prescient notion was undercut by Gruithuisen’s report of people, animals, and crops on the Moon—even a fortress, a city, and a temple at which the “Lunites” worshiped the stars.
Colliding Moonlets
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the 1890s, one of the greatest geologists of the nineteenth century, G. K. Gilbert, spent eighteen nights viewing the Moon through a large telescope. He was a skilled topographer and saw no evidence of volcanism on the Moon, leading him to the firm conclusion that lunar craters were to the result of meteorite impact. However, since meteorites would have arrived at a variety of angles, some would have struck a glancing blow and left oval-shaped craters, but all those he saw on the Moon were circular. This led him to invent the theory that a ring of moonlets had surrounded the Moon. The moonlets fell vertically onto the Moon’s surface, leaving circular craters. Gilbert went on to study the best example of an impact crater on the Earth, Meteor Crater in Arizona. Showing that even great scientists can err, he declared it to be of volcanic origin even though there were meteorite fragments scattered around the surface of the crater. This put impact cratering off limits for the US Geological Survey, where he worked, for sixty years. Mining engineer Daniel Moreau Barringer disagreed and developed a lifelong obsession with mining the iron meteorite that he believed must underlie Meteor Crater. But scientists would soon realize that an impacting meteorite would cause an explosion that would blast it to pieces, leaving nothing worth mining. These would also leave circular craters, explaining why no craters on the Moon are oval.
Simulating Giant Impact
Authors: Powell James Lawrence 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As computers became ever more powerful, the simulations of giant impact became ever more sophisticated. This allowed scientists to test giant impact to see if it could account for the geochemistry of the Moon and the Earth, especially their isotope ratios. A successful model also had to explain the spin momentum of the two bodies, a problem that had bedeviled the three classic theories of the Moon’s origin. Finally, nearly five decades after Apollo, the computer modelers were able to come up with a process that could explain both the isotope ratios and the spin. As one summed up for lunar scientists generally, “Earth formed in a series of giant impacts, and the last one made the Moon.” Scientists are busy filling in the details and have begun to test the giant impact theory against other bodies in the solar system, such as the moons of Mars and Charon, a moon of Pluto. Some have used it to explain the origin of the faraway planets that astronomers have found around other suns.
Reason, Preference, and Freedom
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Reason may influence preference. The preferences of others may influence my preference. These influences may dominate us. If reason dominates our preferences, we may be in bondage to reason and lack freedom. But if reason has no purpose, we are in bondage to desire. This is the paradox of reason. The answer to the paradox is contained in the formulation of a power preference that is the primary explanation of choice, an ultimate preference. The power preference must be a preference that a person has because he or she prefers to have that preference. When that preference is the primary explanation of choice, the power of preference becomes the source of our free agency as our preferred response to reason.
Freedom of Choice and Conflict Resolution
Authors: Lehrer Keith 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The formation of preferences from lines of reasoning depends on the resolution of conflict between lines of reasoning in the individual. An ideally rational model for understanding conflict resolution finds an equilibrium in the weights assigned from various perspectives within an individual that depends on the weight that he or she assigns to various lines of reasoning. A useful way of viewing these perspectives is to idealize them as though they were perspectives of diverse individuals. This implies that the weight given to various perspectives within an individual to resolve conflict is an ideally rational model of the weights given to a variety of individuals. The chapter offers a model of social conflict resolution developed with Carl Wagner as an ideal theory of rational internal conflict resolution based on a fixed-point vector of weights that is self-explanatory.
Precarious Ties
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Capitalists in most authoritarian regimes have been described as “cronies” of political elites, but why do some crony relationships produce growth, while others produce stagnation or even destructive economic crisis? And if business actors are “co-opted” by authoritarian regimes, as China’s entrepreneurs have been said to be, what explains why business and the state turn on one another? Precarious Ties offers a novel account of relationships between business and political elites in three authoritarian regimes in developing Asia: Indonesia under Suharto’s New Order, Malaysia under the Barisan Nasional, and China under the Chinese Communist Party. All three regimes enjoyed periods of high growth and supposed alliances between autocrats and capitalists, but state-business relations in Indonesia and China became destructive and dangerous when those countries undertook efforts at financial liberalization. This book characterizes this destructive form of state-business relations as mutual endangerment, in which vulnerable business elites are entwined with political elites in ways that imperil both sides, manifest in asset expatriation, weaponized information, and rampant economic looting. Indonesia and China experienced mutual endangerment because of fundamental distrust between business elites and the state combined with financial opening. In contrast, Malaysia’s business elites expected cooperation from the regime, and state-business relations have cycled through mutual alignment and competitive clientelism, but never became destructive. Precarious Ties examines how conflict during regime formation affects political trust and dynamics of financial development in authoritarian regimes. The experiences of these three dynamic countries in authoritarian Asia ultimately reveal the inherent instability of state-business ties.
Conclusion
Authors: Rithmire Meg 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
State-business relations in authoritarian regimes are inherently unstable. This concluding chapter draws lessons for economic policymaking and scholarly analysis of authoritarian political economy from the experiences of Suharto’s New Order, Malaysia under the Barisan Nasional, and China under the Chinese Communist Party. The book concludes that cronyism is an insufficiently descriptive of state-business relations because it fails to account for whether closeness contains trust or is evidence of its absence. Instead, the conclusion argues that scholars must understand the moral economy of authoritarian regimes to understand economic behavior, that vulnerable capitalists enjoy a “disruptive power” over the regimes that try to govern them, and that financial systems without the rule of law are fundamentally prone to fraud and mismanagement.
Objections and Replies
Authors: Capes Justin A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses eight objections to the fine-grained analysis of Frankfurt cases. Some of these objections take the form of arguments for the conclusion that agents in Frankfurt cases are morally responsible for behavior they couldn’t have avoided (contrary to what the fine-grained analysis entails). Others purport to identify various difficulties with the analysis itself. Still others argue that the analysis can be circumvented. It is argued that none of these objections are successful.