bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biblical Paraphrase and Poems of Religious Instruction
Authors: Matsuda Takami 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines categories of religious verse. Verse biblical paraphrases played a major role in promulgating both biblical and catechetical knowledge among the laity. These range from the lengthy Middle English Metrical Paraphrase of the Old Testament, to the narrative of Asneth, an apocryphal spin-off of the story of Joseph. The Pety Job and two verse paraphrases of the Penitential Psalms by Carmelite Richard Maidstone and Franciscan Thomas Brampton respectively offer models for private devotional practice. Verse lives of Christ include the Stanzaic and Metrical Lives of Christ, and Walter Kennedy’s Passioun of Christ. John Mirk’s Instructions for Parish Priests is a pedagogic work on the duties of parish priests. Two translations of Robert Grosseteste’s Chateau d’amour combine a biblical narrative and the exposition of catechesis. The Desert of Religion, a devotional poem of Carthusian origin, juxtaposes illustration and text in its exposition of catechism.
Saints’ Lives and Miracles of The Virgin
Authors: Turner Camp Cynthia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe fifteenth century saw a marked increase in the number of saints’ lives, both of those written in older literary forms as well as of those written in newer styles. Many fifteenth-century legends, by anonymous writers, continued the narrative forms of an earlier period. At the same time, monastic poets like John Capgrave, Henry Bradshaw, and Laurence Wade composed lengthy works modelled on earlier Latin hagiographic traditions. Other writers, such as John Lydgate and Osbern Bokenham, chose to write in a post-Chaucerian ‘high style’, and engaged in ambitious new metrical, rhetorical, and stylistic projects. Other poets composed hagiographic works from a different literary tradition, employing rhymed alliterative verse to achieve their effects.
Religious Lyrics and Carols
Authors: Whitehead Christiania 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the range of fifteenth-century religious lyrics and carols in relation to some of their most noteworthy authors and manuscript settings. It opens by reviewing the collection of poems in Oxford, BodL MS Digby 102. It then turns to the Benedictine lyrics of John Lydgate, and their appropriation of Chaucerian forms to more devotional ends, their interaction with material images, and their commitment to providing metrical translations of the psalms and other liturgical hymns and prayers. Like Lydgate, John Audelay’s corpus of religious poetry, contained in Oxford, BodL MS Douce 302, is also heavily inflected towards translation. There follows a general discussion of the carol, surveying its major manuscripts, its use of macaronics, and its poetic form, in particular the relation between the burden and stanza. The final sections focus on the interaction between religious lyrics and images in London, British Library, Additional MS 37049.
The Poetry of Religious and Moral Drama
Authors: Atkin Tamara 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThe religious and moral drama of the fifteenth century includes, but is not limited to, biblical drama, saint and miracle plays, moralities, and secular interludes. This chapter seeks to assess the poetic achievement of the drama of the period as poetry through a series of case studies that compares and contrasts the treatment of similar episodes and themes as they appear in different plays. It shows how a range of writers and communities used drama to respond to political, economic, and social change. These comparative readings show how fifteenth-century dramatists drew on a rich and often shared heritage to create new and at times surprising forms.
Love Visions and Love Poetry
Authors: Critten Rory G. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys developments in fifteenth-century love poetry. It shows how poetry in this form invites contemplation of women’s experiences of love, evinces frustration with traditional expressions of male desire, and seeks to develop new modes of writing that are capable of encompassing women’s wants, including the possibility of women’s same-sex desire. It assesses the influence of Gower’s Confessio amantis on the development of these attitudes, and examines Lydgate’s Complaint of a Black Knight and Temple of Glass; the Kingis Quair; Richard Roos’s translation of Alain Chartier’s Belle dame sans merci; the Isle of Ladies; the Flower and the Leaf; and the Assembly of Ladies. The final part of the chapter considers the variety of shorter love lyrics and the invention of the amorous verse sequence in Charles d’Orléans’s English Book of Love and the Fairfax Sequence. Throughout the innovative aspects, fifteenth-century love poetry are stressed.
Fictions of Antiquity
Authors: Bridges Venetia 
Published: May 2023

AbstractThis chapter surveys the significant yet frequently overlooked body of poetic material from the fifteenth century that focuses on antique narratives. It considers them through their approach to their inherited narratives. This approach allows a unified and contextually sensitive comparison to be made across a diverse corpus, including alliterative poetry, Scots works, long retellings of classical narratives, and shorter comic episodes, and it also enables lengthy works to be succinctly analysed. Particular kinds of works discussed are the narratives of Alexander (The Wars of Alexander and The Buik of King Alexander the Conquerour), narratives of Troy (Gest hystoriale/Destruction of Troy, Laud Troy Book), accounts drawn from Ovid and Virgil (John Metham, Amoryus and Cleopes), Charlemagne histories (The Sowdon of Babylon), and tales influenced by Chaucer (the Tale of Beryn).
Popular Tales
Authors: Parsons Ben 
Published: May 2023

AbstractFifteenth-century English preserves a number of comic narratives in verse. These texts constitute a significant strand of demotic literature in the period. Many of these works remained staples of popular reading for several centuries. But in spite of their enduring appeal such texts have attracted only limited critical attention. This chapter examines these verse forms as a distinct corpus, one that articulates a common set of meanings and functions. It further explores what social and cultural needs particular texts might have fulfilled, before going on to consider their special appeal to a middle-class, urban readership, by looking to the manuscript records and other traces of ownership.
FROM COPY TO CANCELS
Authors: Grafton Anthony 
Published: May 2023

AbstractMatthew Parker published the Bible as well as liturgical, polemical, and historical works and medieval texts. He tried hard to purge them of errors of every kind — conceptual, aesthetic, factual, technical — at every stage of the process, including initial research, copy preparation, and while reading both his own and others’ texts. Despite his best efforts, he usually failed, even when his printer worked in Lambeth Palace. But his richly documented efforts reveal the many faces of error — everything from deliberate alterations in the copy to clumsy formatting — and the many practices of correction in early modern printing.
Maria van Reigersberch
Authors: Nellen Henk 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Maria van Reigersberch (1589–1653) owes her lasting fame to the services she rendered to her husband Hugo Grotius, a famous jurist and statesman. Although much of Grotius’ scholarly work remained a closed book to her, she played a crucial role in his personal life and contributed largely to his celebrity: she took care of the household’s financial affairs, solved all problems regarding the education of her five children, supported her husband in his political endeavours, and functioned as his intermediary to the extent that he was able to overcome the problems of a life in exile and the multiple setbacks in his career.
Marguerite Frick-Cramer
Authors: Dijk Boyd van 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The history of the Geneva Conventions—the most important treaties concerning armed conflict ever formulated—is populated by ‘great men’. The archetypical drafter remains a white bourgeois man from Geneva, such as Jean Pictet. What this obscures, however, is the significant role played by women in the formulation of this body of international law. In seeking to remedy this oversight, my contribution recovers the legal life of Marguerite Frick-Cramer, the first female drafter of the Conventions and the first woman to accede to the highest governing body of the International Committee of the Red Cross, and her international thought, emphasizing how she shaped key legal principles and practice on the global stage.
‘If only they listened to Simone Weil’
Authors: Korhonen Outi 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Simon/e Weil worked closely with the drafters of what was to become the Universal Declaration of Human Rights as what could be called the resident critic. Even before the seminal declaration took shape, Weil showed the blindspots of the liberal tradition and proposed an in-depth concrete alternative for humanity. Unfortunately, as Weil lived their philosophy in practice, they perished before they were heard. However, Weil’s legend still intrigues at least as many disciplines as they engaged with and much beyond international law. Although seen as peripheral to international law at best by many, Weil is at the core of the critique of the liberal international, which is yet far from spent, and Weil’s legacy for international justice and human rights should not be underestimated.
The Political Will
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
According to a longstanding tradition of political thought, political legitimacy ultimately derives from the political will. In this chapter, my first aim is to shed light on the richness of this important tradition of thinking about political legitimacy. I then discuss the normative significance of the political will. Why have so many thought that the political will is the ground of political legitimacy? I trace this back to the assumption that citizens are equally politically authoritative. In the final section of this chapter, I push back against the idea that citizens are always equally politically authoritative, which leads me to conclude that the political will can’t be the only ground of political legitimacy. The problem that all will-based conceptions face, and which current historical developments make vivid, is that they are at risk of supporting undue arbitrariness in political decisions.
A Hybrid Account of the Grounds of Legitimacy
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
I introduce and defend a hybrid account of the grounds of political legitimacy. On a hybrid account, there is more than one attribute of political decision-making in virtue of which political decisions may be legitimate. I argue for a hybrid account that involves two grounds of political legitimacy: cognitive political authority and the political will. Such hybrid accounts are not uncommon. But one question that has been overlooked is: what should be the order of priority between the two grounds? I argue that cognitive political authority has lexical priority over the political will. This hybrid account supports a plausible conception of political legitimacy—I call this the epistemic accountability conception. An attractive feature of this conception is that it avoids both the arbitrariness and the epistemic underdetermination objections.
Responding to Political Disagreements
Authors: Peter Fabienne 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the normal epistemic circumstances of politics, there can only be a very limited requirement for political deference because well-founded political disagreements remain. This chapter examines the implications of political disagreements for legitimate political decision-making. I focus on political disagreements that persist even in well-ordered political deliberation. I argue that such political disagreements are normatively significant. They necessitate a shift away from justification on the basis of cognitive political authority and towards a more voluntarist mode of political justification. While other solutions are also possible, one option that I discuss in this chapter is democratic justification.
The Afterlives of the Bhagavad Gita
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This volume stems from the understanding that historiographical analyses of the Gītā’s reception overlook the element of its translation. It posits translation as fundamental to any understanding of the Gītā’s reception. It examines in depth and comparatively how translations of the Gītā do not seek the same aims in all places and at all times and recognizes that translation theories and methodologies are not uniform across nations and eras. In translation practice, there is often consistency with fixed equivalents in the guest language that allows one to build on philological analysis and textual specificity. But there is also the translation’s intent (dynamic equivalence) to give the appearance of modern relevance. Our analysis grapples with issues of translational non-neutrality, distortion, and the afterlife of distortion in the text’s subsequent shadow book. In particular, this volume looks at insolites (unusual, strange) readings of the Gītā and how they seek to fill the hermeneutical gap between readings tied to its canonical and scriptural status and those readings distant from the text’s tradition. Translation and its reception or rejection here become metaphors for the general problems involved in cross-cultural understanding, a timely topic in literary studies today where both theory and pedagogy seek to engage the Other in responsive and responsible ways. This volume looks at translation within this larger context, not merely as linguistic errors in the act of translation, but as indicative of conceptual, cultural, and ethical dimensions.
Introduction
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The Introduction points out that a number of scholars have specifically examined the reception of the Bhagavad Gītā with regard to how it ‘defined’ Hinduism, acknowledging how its translations and interpretations coloured the understanding of Indian religion in given periods and among different populations. This chapter gives a broad view of how translation, as a site of textual analysis, along with its theories and methodologies, has informed the initial renditions and subsequent interpretations of the Gītā, which is ambiguous enough to justify good, bad, and dangerous actions. Past and present readers and translators seek to reconcile these possible meanings, but this is unnecessary if we accept that the Gītā’s seemingly ambiguous or contradictory messages concurrently serve different purposes, such as to proselytize a reformed or Christianized Hinduism, as a propitious exotic model to Western questers, or an alibi (an ‘elsewhere’) to dismiss the Other, reify the Self, promote false constructs, and explore darker purlieus of being. It provided a good reading for the Americans Transcendentalists against the confines of evangelical Christianity. In India, it could also support racialist arguments as well as offer a mystical worldview. For some Westerners, particularly in the Second World War, the Gītā provided inspiration in its call to duty or justification for violence. In India, it serves as a text for non-violence and counter-revolution. In the late twentieth century, it was adopted by Western ecumenical thinkers and counter-cultural poets and artists. Finally, countercultural America, fascinated with India, reinterpreted the Gītā for self-consciously ‘enlightened’ audiences.
Ambedkar’s Counter-Revolutionary Gītā
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ambedkar took on Gandhi, his discourse on caste and his notion of trusteeship that evolved from his reading of the Gītā. He saw the Gītā as a counter-revolutionary text created to protect Hinduism from the onslaught of Buddhism. He recognized that the nationalists had co-opted the text to produce a binding ethics and mobilize the population. Gandhi, with his idiosyncratic view of translation as his lived experience not tied to textuality, had transformed the Gītā into a political treatise on non-violence. Ambedkar saw in Gandhi’s unique translation process a ploy to retain caste restrictions. Ambedkar viewed Gandhi’s theory of translation and the ensuing message of non-violence as a ploy that enabled the Gītā’s to impose further textual violence on his community.
The Beats, the Monk, and Multicultural Artists
Authors: Figueira Dorothy M. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
In the late twentieth century and up to the present, translation concerns are still at issue in the Western reception of the Gītā. Beginning with the Transcendental Meditation Movement and Aldous Huxley’s introduction to their translation of the Sanskrit poem, moving onto the Hare Krishna Movement and its translation of the Gītā with introductory commentary by Allen Ginsberg, Denise Levertov, and Thomas Merton, this 1960s’ reception reaches a figurative extension in the exoticism of postmodern opera (Philip Glass, John Adams), proving in the last instance how translation can be inter-semiotic, and that it is ultimately a form of performance, sometimes more Orientalist, hysterical and histrionic than others.
Christianity without the Historical Jesus
Authors: Løgstrup K. E. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The first part of the book deals with the historical Jesus. While Kierkegaard focuses on the paradox that God became human and then died, Løgstrup objects that this renders the life, words and works of Jesus—as found in the Gospels—unimportant. Therefore, Løgstrup seeks to establish Christianity on what happened between the birth and death of Jesus rather than on his death and resurrection alone. What we learn from this life, Løgstrup argues, is that the goodness of life itself should be understood in ontological terms, as fundamental to existence. This goodness is not a result of our own achievements, but rather is given to us as part of the structure of life, which the Gospel of Jesus’s life, words and works enables us to recognize, perhaps for the first time. Other important issues in Løgstrup’s discussion are the occasion for faith (what makes faith possible) and the understanding of what it means to be a follower of Christ.
Disability: A Justice-Based Account
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
I defend a new account of disability as restriction in the ability to perform tasks human beings are entitled to be able to perform as a matter of justice. Adopting this view implies that identifying disability requires an account of our entitlements. However, even before this is provided, its revisionary implications are clear: individuals with paradigmatic impairments may not be disabled; individuals with minor or invisible impairments may be disabled; and individuals’ status as disabled may change across time and context. What matters is not impairment per se but its impact on access to entitlements. Whilst potentially counterintuitive, these implications are a key advantage of my approach. By distinguishing disability as necessarily disadvantageous (lacking opportunities all are entitled to) from a normatively neutral account of impairment (capturing the heterogeneity of human capacities) we can shift the focus from eliminating impairment to removing the disadvantages that can be associated with them.
Capabilities for Control
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
What does it mean for an individual to have a capability, and why is this valuable? Capabilities are standardly understood as opportunities to perform (or not) particular ‘valuable’ functionings. This can exclude individuals with impairments, who often cannot perform or do not value functionings assumed to be essential to any human life. Capabilities should, therefore, be understood instead as the ability to control central domains of our life. Thus, rather than attempting to identify valuable functionings and ensure everyone has identical access to them, we should focus on ensuring individuals have an acceptable range of options and the ability to choose between them. Rather than endorsing a hierarchy of functioning, inevitably grounded in the functioning capacities of the able-bodied, we should accept that different modes of functioning can be interchangeable and equally valuable. This theory of justice can accommodate individuals with a variety of needs, preferences, and abilities.
Disambiguating Adaptive Preferences
Authors: Begon Jessica 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Who should we trust to determine whether disability is disadvantageous? Pervasive mistrust of already underrepresented groups constitutes a serious epistemic injustice. Yet individuals routinely adapt to deprivation and claim to be satisfied. If we take such ‘adaptive preferences’ at face value, then injustice and oppression may not be recognised or rectified. Thus, we must achieve a balance between taking individuals’ preferences and self-assessment as definitive and ignoring them entirely. Current accounts of adaptive preferences also suffer from ambiguity: are they an unreliable guide to individuals’ interests or just policy? We should distinguish between those unreliable in the former sense (‘well-being adaptive preferences), and the latter (‘justice adaptive preferences’). Individuals’ preferences may be adaptive in one sense but not the other. Using my framework to determine when this is so avoids the blanket exclusion of individuals’ voices based on their unreliability in some narrower domain, allowing for greater inclusion and better-informed policy.
Aristotelian Syllogism and Mathematics in Antiquity and the Medieval Period
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The theory of the syllogism was developed in Aristotle’s Organon. Mathematical proof reached a high standard of presentation in Euclid’s Elements. However, when one looks carefully at the relation between logical demonstration and mathematical proof in the Greeks and the medieval world, the results are dismal. This is surprising in light of Aristotle’s programmatic statements which indicate that mathematics was supposed to be a prime example of scientific knowledge, that is, a discipline that could be presented according to “demonstrative” syllogisms. That mathematical proofs could be recast according to syllogistic logical proof was basically accepted as dogma and only a few authors in antiquity, such as Galen, raised doubts as to whether this could be done. This chapter also discusses some medieval authors who present syllogistic reconstructions of Euclidean theorems (Avicenna, Algazel, Kilwardby, Albert the Great).
Bernard Bolzano on Non-Syllogistic Reasoning
Authors: Mancosu Paolo , Mugnai Massimo 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Bernard Bolzano, in his Theory of Science, discusses the ground-consequence relation and within that context he analyzes forms of valid reasoning which he argues cannot be reduced to syllogisms. In section 262 of the Theory of Science, titled “The syllogism in the received logic,” Bolzano provides a rigorous argument aimed at showing that proofs (including mathematical proofs) cannot all be captured by chains of syllogistic inference rules. Bolzano expresses astonishment that Aristotle, having started with a broad definition of syllogism, restricted its range quite narrowly. A possible justification for the restriction consists in two claims, made by Aristotle at I.25 and I.23 of Prior Analytics, to the effect that every inference can be reduced to a sequence of syllogistic arguments, each of which consisting of two premises and one conclusion. Bolzano objects that it is questionable whether Aristotle ever gave such a proof. The chapter reconstructs Aristotle’s argument and Bolzano’s objections to it.