bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Linear Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates under General Out-Of-Plane Loading
Authors: Wasmi Hatem Rahem , Sadiq Ibtehal Abbas , Lafta Mohsin Asfoor 
Published: July 2023

The theoretical analysis depends on the Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) that is based on the Von-K ráman Theory and Kirchhov Hypothesis in the deflection analysis during elastic limit as well as the Hooke's laws of calculation the stresses. New function for boundary condition is used to solve the forth degree of differential equations which depends on variety sources of advanced engineering mathematics. The behavior of composite laminated plates, symmetric and anti-symmetric of cross-ply angle, under out-of-plane loads (uniform distributed loads) with two different boundary conditions are investigated to obtain the central deflection for mid-plane by using the Ritz method. The computer programs is built using Mat lab(R2011a), to solve non-linearity effects on the central deflection values of rectangular cross-ply composite laminated plates, aspect ratio, stresses, orthotropic factor (E/G) and orientations of fiber. The non-linear analysis results of (4.74%) for SSSS of / / cross-ply angle plate, (8.77%) for CCCC of / cross-ply angle plate and (10.83%) for CCCC of / / cross-ply angle plate showed a good agreement with Reddy, 1997 results.
Comparing between the analytical linear, non-linear and experimental results gave a big difference between linear and non-linear results, while, non-linear showed close results with experimental results.
Retrofitting of Reinforced Concrete Damaged Short Column Exposed to High Temperature
Authors: Izzat Amer Farouk 
Published: July 2023

Experimental research was carried out to investigate the performance of CFRP wrapping jackets used for retrofitting twelve square reinforced concrete (CR) column specimens damaged by exposure to fire flame, at different temperatures of 300, 500 and 700ºC, except for two specimens that were not burned. The specimens were then loaded axially till failure after gradual or sudden cooling. The specimens were divided into two groups containing two main reinforcement ratios, ρ= 0.0314 and ρ= 0.0542. This was followed by the retrofitting procedure that included wrapping all the specimens with two layers of CFRP fabric sheets. The test results of the retrofitted specimens showed that the fire damaged RC column specimens can be retrofitted efficiently by using CFRP wrap jackets, as they provided good confinement of the damaged concrete core. Also, the ultimate load capacity of each retrofitted specimen was increased compared to that before retrofitting by about 16, 34 and 44% for the specimens burned at 300, 500 and 700ºC respectively, and cooled gradually, whereas this increase was 44% and 111% for the specimens subjected to burning temperatures of 500 and 700ºC, respectively, but cooled suddenly. This ability of each column specimen to absorb energy before and after retrofitting was also improved. The average improvement in modulus of toughness before and after retrofitting was 8% for the specimens not exposed to fire flame and 10, 100, 250% for the specimens exposed to 300, 500 and 700ºC respectively.
Effect of Initial Water Content on the Properties of Compacted Expansive Unsaturated Soil
Authors: Fattah Mohammed Yousif , Al-Lami Aysar Hassan , Ahmed Mahmood D. 
Published: July 2023

Unsaturated soil can raise many geotechnical problems upon wetting and drying resulting in swelling upon wetting and collapsing (shrinkage) in drying and changing in the soil shear strength. The classical principles of saturated soil are often not suitable in explaining these phenomena. In this study, expansive soil (bentonite and sand) were tested in different water contents and dry unit weight chosen from the compaction curve to examine the effect of water content change on soil properties (swelling pressure, expansion index, shear strength (soil cohesion) and soil suction by the filter paper method). The physical properties of these soils were studied by conducting series of tests in laboratory. Fitting methods were applied to obtain the whole curve of the SWRC measured by the filter paper method with the aid of the (Soil Vision) program. The study reveals that the initial soil conditions (water content and dry unit weight) affect the soil cohesion, soil suction and soil swelling, where all these parameters marginally decrease with the increase in soil water content especially on the wet side of optimum.
Data Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Modified Voronoi Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Shiltagh Nadia Adnan , Hussein Maab Alaa 
Published: July 2023

Data centric techniques, like data aggregation via modified algorithm based on fuzzy clustering algorithm with voronoi diagram which is called modified Voronoi Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm (VFCA) is presented in this paper. In the modified algorithm, the sensed area divided into number of voronoi cells by applying voronoi diagram, these cells are clustered by a fuzzy C-means method (FCM) to reduce the transmission distance. Then an appropriate cluster head (CH) for each cluster is elected. Three parameters are used for this election process, the energy, distance between CH and its neighbor sensors and packet loss values. Furthermore, data aggregation is employed in each CH to reduce the amount of data transmission which lead to extend the network lifetime and reduce the traffic that may be accrue in the buffer of sink node. Each cluster head collected data from its members and forwards it to the sink node. A comparative study between modified VFCA and LEACH protocol is implemented in this paper and shows that the modified VFCA is more efficient than LEACH protocol in terms of network lifetime and average energy consumption. Another comparative study between modified VFCA and K-Means clustering algorithm is presented and shows that the modified VFCA is more efficient than K-Means clustering algorithm in terms of packets transmitted to sink node, buffer utilization, packet loss values and running time. A simulation process is developed and tested using Matlab R2010a program in a computer having the following properties: windows 7 (32-bit operating system), core i7, RAM 4GB, hard 1TB.
Coagulation - Flotation Process for Removing Oil from wastewater using Sawdust+ Bentonite
Authors: Alwared Abeer Ibrahim , Faraj Noora Saad 
Published: July 2023

In many industries especially oil companies in Iraq consumed large quantities of water which will produce oil-contaminated water which can cause major pollution in agricultural lands and rivers. The aim of the present work is to enhance the efficiency of dispersed air flotation technique by using highly effective and cost-efficient coagulant to treating gas oil emulsion. The experimental work was carried out using bubble column made of Perspex glass (5cm I.D, 120cm height). A liquid was at depth of 60cm. Different dosage of sawdust +bentonite at ratio 2:1 (0.5+ 0.25; 1+ 0.5 and 2+1) gm and alum at concentration (10,20and30mg/l) at different pH ( 4 and 7) were used to determine optimum dosages of coagulant. Jar test experiment has showed that optimum dosage of (sawdust +bentonite) was (1+0.5gm) and alum concentration was 30 mg/l at pH=4.
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various parameters pH (3, 4,7and 9); air flow rate (300, 500, 1000, and 1500 cc/min); initial oil concentration (300 up to 1000 ppm); concentration of Sodium dodecylsulphat surfactants ,SDS (25, 75and 150mg/l); and the effect of the addition coagulant (sawdust + bentonite at ratio 2:1) and alum (30mg/l) in the removal efficiency of oil from wastewater by coagulation –flotation process.
The study has showed that the removal efficiency of COD, oil content and turbidity were related to the initial oil concentration; additive concentration of SDS and dosage of coagulants. It was found that the flotation rate increases when using coagulants, the fastest removal rate was obtained when pH 4 and also the higher removal efficiency achieved was for flotation (87%) and (95.7%) sawdust +bentonite; (97%) for alum in coagulation – flotation process.
Laboratory Preparation of Simulated Sludge for Anaerobic Digestion Experimentation
Authors: Al-mashhadani Mahmood K. H. , Wilkinson Stephen J. , Zimmerman William B. 
Published: July 2023

Health and environmental factors as well as operational difficulties are major challenges facing the development of an anaerobic digestion process. Some of these problems relate to the use of sludge collected from primary and secondary clarifier units in wastewater treatment plants for laboratory purposes.
The present study addresses the preparation of sludge for laboratory purposes by using a mixture that consists of the digested sludge, which is less pathogenic, compared to the collected sludge from the primary or secondary clarifier, and food wastes. The sludge has been tested experimentally for 19 and 32 days under mesophilic conditions. The results show a steady methane production rate from the anaerobic digester which used sludge with a rate of 1.5 l/day and concentration around 60%, with comparatively low H2S gas content (10 ppm). The methane produced from the digester that used only digested sludge decreases during the experimental period.
Spiking Neural Network in Precision Agriculture
Authors: Shiltagh Nadia Adnan , Abas Hasnaa Ahmed 
Published: July 2023

In this paper, precision agriculture system is introduced based on Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Soil moisture considered one of environment factors that effect on crop. The period of irrigation must be monitored. Neural network capable of learning the behavior of the agricultural soil in absence of mathematical model. This paper introduced modified type of neural network that is known as Spiking Neural Network (SNN). In this work, the precision agriculture system is modeled, contains two SNNs which have been identified off-line based on logged data, one of these SNNs represents the monitor that located at sink where the period of irrigation is calculated and the other represents the soil. In addition, to reduce power consumption of sensor nodes Modified Chain-Cluster based Mixed (MCCM) routing algorithm is used. According to MCCM, the sensors will send their packets that are less than threshold moisture level to the sink. The SNN with Modified Spike-Prop (MSP) training algorithm is capable of identifying soil, irrigation periods and monitoring the soil moisture level, this means that SNN has the ability to be an identifier and monitor. By applying this system the particular agriculture area reaches to the desired moisture level.
A comparative Isothermal and Kinetic Study of the Adsorption of Lead (II) from Solution by Activated Carbon and Bentonite
Authors: Abd Ali Ziad Tark 
Published: July 2023

This work is aiming to study and compare the removal of lead (II) from simulated wastewater by activated carbon and bentonite as adsorbents with particle size of 0.32-0.5 mm. A mathematical model was applied to describe the mass transfer kinetic.
The batch experiments were carried out to determine the adsorption isotherm constants for each adsorbent, and five isotherm models were tested to choose the best fit model for the experimental data. The pore, surface diffusion coefficients and mass transfer coefficient were found by fitting the experimental data to a theoretical model. Partial differential equations were used to describe the adsorption in the bulk and solid phases. These equations were simplified and then solved using a technique with finite elements and orthogonal collection method for the bulk fluid and intraparticle phases, respectively. The results obtained from this work show that the equilibrium adsorption isotherms are favorable, and fitted well using the Freundlich model for activated carbon and bentonite. The activated carbon has a high value of pore diffusion coefficient, Dp, while bentonite has a high value of surface diffusion coefficient, Ds. This indicates that the pore diffusion controls the adsorption process for activated carbon, and the surface diffusion controls the adsorption process for bentonite. The activated carbon was more efficient than bentonite in removing of lead (II) from simulated industrial wastewater.
Studying of Some Mechanical Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete Using Local Materials
Authors: Kadhum Mohammed Mansour 
Published: July 2023

This research aims to investigate and evaluate a reactive powder concrete (RPC) cast using economical materials. Its mechanical properties were investigated and evaluated by studying the effects of using different cement and silica fume contents and locally steel fibers aspect ratios as reinforcement for this concrete. A compressive strength of about 155.2MPa, indirect tensile strength of 16.0MPa, modulus of elasticity of 48.7GPa, flexural strength of 43.5MPa, impact energy of 3294.4kN.m and abrasion loss 0.59% have been achieved for reinforced RPC contains 910 kg/m3 cement content, silica fume content 185 kg/m3 of cement weight and fiber volume fraction 2%. The water absorption values were 1.5 times higher for the normal strength concrete in comparison with the reactive powder concrete.
A Real-Time Fuzzy Load Flow and Contingency Analysis Based on Gaussian Distribution System
Authors: Kubba Hassan Abdullah , Hassan Yasser Falah 
Published: July 2023

Fuzzy logic is used to solve the load flow and contingency analysis problems, so decreasing computing time and its the best selection instead of the traditional methods. The proposed method is very accurate with outstanding computation time, which made the fuzzy load flow (FLF) suitable for real time application for small- as well as large-scale power systems. In addition that, the FLF efficiently able to solve load flow problem of ill-conditioned power systems and contingency analysis. The FLF method using Gaussian membership function requires less number of iterations and less computing time than that required in the FLF method using triangular membership function. Using sparsity technique for the input Ybus sparse matrix data gives reduction in overall computation time and storage requirements. The performance of the used methods had been tested on two typical test systems being the IEEE 14-bus and 30-bus systems in addition to the 362-bus Iraqi National Grid. All the obtained results under normal operating conditions show that the computation time of the fuzzy Load Flow (FLF) is less than the fast decoupled load flow (FDLF).
Choosing Appropriate Distribution ‏‎by Minitab’s 17 Software to Analysis System Reliability
Authors: Ahmed Ahmed Abdulrasool , Jadwa Layla khudheir 
Published: July 2023

This research aims to choose the appropriate probability ‎ distribution ‎‏‎ to the reliability‎ analysis‎ for an item through ‎ collected data for operating and stoppage time of the case study.
Appropriate choice for .probability distribution is when the data look to be on or close the form fitting line for probability plot and test the data for goodness of fit .
Minitab’s 17 software was used ‎ for this purpose after arranging collected data and setting it in the the program‎.
The program results gave the‎ best or well-fitting distribution among four of default probability distributions, that will use in order to estimate the distribution parameters values,‎ for reliability determination and analysis. From probability plot can estimate time that designates the percent of the item's failure.
Mechanical Properties of High Performance Concrete Containing Waste Plastic as Aggregate
Authors: Al-Hadithi Abdulkader Ismail , Alani Mahmood Fawzi Ahmed 
Published: July 2023

The world's population growth and the increasing demand for new infrastructure facilities and buildings , present us with the vision of a higher resources consumption, specially in the form of more durable concrete such as High Performance Concrete (HPC) . Moreover , the growth of the world pollution by plastic waste has been tremendous. The aim of this research is to investigate the change in mechanical properties of HPC with added waste plastics in concrete. For this purpose 2.5%, 5% and 7.5% in volume of natural fine aggregate in the HPC mixes were replaced by an equal volume of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) waste , got by shredded PET bottles. The mechanical properties (compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength ) evaluated at the ages of (7 ,28, 56 and 91) days while the static modulus of elasticity tested at (28 and 91) days . The results indicated that HPC containing PET-aggregate presented lower compressive strength and static elasticity . The splitting strength displayed an arising trend at the initial stages, however, they have a tendency to decrease after a while. On the other hand, flexural strength results gave better modulus of rapture at all ages of curing , as compared with reference concrete specimens.
Values and technology in architecture - the impact and vulnerability
Authors: Al Salaq Gadah M. , Abood Oday Abbas 
Published: July 2023

Technology is an important factor for achieving architecture as an impact and vulnerability. It represents one of the significant elements in creating the intellectual framework, as well as having its own intellectual breakdown, while values constitute the most important and obviously factor of the community's intellectual. Research aims was determined accordingly by: investigating the role and impact of values and their relationship to technology in architecture.
In this context, the research investigated values and technology in architecture, through discussing their aspects and dimensions in architecture. In the context of values, the research discussed their concept and the related ones to have a concrete definition, and discussed manifestations in terms intellectual and social system represented by value's judgment and value's system, that creating the most important factor for the differentiation communities, which were leading to the study of values in architecture. In this context, the research identifies trends of values in architecture to determine and adopt the private values-oriented in architecture.
In the other hand, the research discussed the concept of technology, its impact on the architecture through dealing with architectural technology and its dimensions according to the context. A focus was made on the intellectual dimension, which lies under the physical aspect of the technology. Then a convergence technology utilization and the expressive aspects was made within an input and output of architectural practice which implemented on selected projects. A set of conclusions was achieved regarding the theoretical research framework and the case study as well.
Cost of Optimum Design of Trunk Mains Network Using Geographical Information System and Support Programs
Authors: Zainal Abdul Kareem x Zainal , Abbas Layla kais 
Published: July 2023

Sewer network is one of the important utilities in modern cities which discharge the sewage from all facilities. The increase of population numbers consequently leads to the increase in water consumption; hence waste water generation. Sewer networks work is very expensive and need to be designed accurately. Thus construction effective sewer network system with minimum cost is very necessary to handle waste water generation.
In this study trunk mains networks design was applied which connect the pump stations together by underground pipes for too long distances. They usually have large diameters with varying depths which consequently need excavations and gathering from pump stations and transport the sewage to final waste water treatment plant. This situation urges to decrease the cost to minimum with efficient design of its performance. The aim of this research is minimizing the cost of all sewer components of trunk mains which are lengths, diameters, and volume of excavation with maintaining its performance.
In this research, the utilization of GIS (Geographical Information System) software and VBA (Visual Basic for Application) which is integrated with GIS was used to implement the MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) algorithm to create a visual basic computer program that was used to find the minimum total lengths of the trunk mains in a sewer network.
This method was applied on selected areas in Al-Mansour municipality where there is an existing sewer system containing trunk mains and pump stations. Total lengths of the existing trunk mains are calculated and later, the proposed method was implemented to find the minimum total lengths, with a difference in total lengths of (12601 m).
The new network used to design a proposed sewer system using the computer program SewerGemsV8i, which can be integrated with GIS. New pipes diameters and slopes were calculated by supplying the necessary information that is needed by the computer program.
New sewer system was designed which gave more reliable and economical aspects than the existing one. These results clearly show that when comparing the costs.
Reduction of Noise and Vibration of Spur Gear by Using Asymmetric Teeth Profiles with Tip Relief
Authors: Abdullah Mohammad Qasim , Jameel Adnan Naji , Hasan Husam Saad 
Published: July 2023

Reduction of noise and vibration in spur gear experimentally by using asymmetric teeth profiles with tip relief was presented. Both of classical (symmetric) and asymmetric (with and without tip relief) spur gears are used in this work. Gear test rig was constructed to achieve torsional vibration measuring, and two modified cutters are designed and manufactured to achieve tooth profile modifications. First to cut asymmetric gear tooth with pressure angles (14.5o/25 o) without tip relief for loaded and unloaded tooth sides respectively, and second to cut asymmetric gear tooth with pressure angles (14.5o/25 o) for loaded and unloaded tooth sides respectively with tip relief to achieve best dynamic performance. Dynamic load factor, transmission error and noise level are carried out in this work. Final results showed improvement in dynamic load factor and noise level for asymmetric gear (with and without tip relief) compared with classical spur gear .
Application of Box-Behnken Method Based ANN-GA to Prediction of wt.% of Doping Elements for Incoloy 800H Coated by Aluminizing-Chromizing
Authors: Hussein Abbas Khammas 
Published: July 2023

In this work , an effective procedure of Box-Behnken based-ANN (Artificial Neural Network) and GA (Genetic Algorithm) has been utilized for finding the optimum conditions of wt.% of doping elements (Ce,Y, and Ge) doped-aluminizing-chromizing of Incoloy 800H . ANN and Box-Behnken design method have been implanted for minimizing hot corrosion rate kp (10-12g2.cm-4.s-1) in Incoloy 800H at 900oC . ANN was used for estimating the predicted values of hot corrosion rate kp (10-12g2.cm-4.s-1) . The optimal wt.% of doping elements combination to obtain minimum hot corrosion rate was calculated using genetic algorithm approach . The predicted optimal values for minimizing hot corrosion rate for Incoloy 800H coated by (Ce-Y-Ge) doped-aluminizing-chromizing are (3wt.%Ce, 3wt.%Y, and 3wt.%Ge) , the hot corrosion rate kp (10-12g2.cm-4.s-1) value at these conditions was found to be 71.701 . The results have been verified by confirmation experiment , results obtained by GA method match closely with experimental values (R2=98.30) . EDS and XRD results show that the formation of protective layers Al2O3 and Cr2O3 during hot corrosion tests.