bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Destruction of Rabbit Platelets in the Allergic Response of Sensitized Leukocytes
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction of antigen with sensitized rabbit leukocytes results in histamine release and is cytotoxic for platelets in the reaction mixtures. The destruction of the platelets requires no exogenous serum factors and is proportional to the number of sensitized leukocytes in the reaction mixtures. Destruction of the platelets follows the release of one or more soluble intermediate(s) when the sensitized leukocytes react with antigen. The release of this factor(s) from leukocytes requires Ca2+ (optimal at 3 × 10-4 M) and is inhibited by Mg2+. The action of this factor on platelets is temperature sensitive and is essentially complete in 5 min. The activity required for platelet destruction is also mediated by Ca2+ and is not inhibited by Mg2+. These observations suggest that the histamine release from sensitized rabbit leukocytes is associated with extracellular appearance of other, as yet unidentified substances whose activity is both temperature and calcium dependent.
Primate Respiratory Mast Cells
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mast cells were obtained from the bronchi of a group of monkeys with varying degrees of cutaneous and respiratory hypersensitivity to purified ascaris antigen. The respiratory tissue biopsies were repeated many times on the same subjects. The mast cells were identified in both fixed and living preparations of respiratory mucosa which were maintained under short-term tissue culture conditions. The living mast cells in respiratory tissue exposed to rabbit anti-human IgE and Compound 48/80 underwent morphologic changes of degranulation. Respiratory mast cells from rhesus monkeys with a sufficient degree of in vivo respiratory and cutaneous reactivity to ascaris antigen had similar loss of granules after exposure to antigen in vitro. The loss of granules resulted from their intracellular disappearance rather than extrusion from the mast cells. Treatment of the cells with anti-IgG caused some degranulation of mast cells, but to a lesser extent than was observed with anti-IgE, ascaris antigen or Compound 48/80.
Regain of Homogeneous Binding Activity after Recombination of Chains of “Monofocal” Antibody
Authors: Klinman Norman R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Chain recombination studies were carried out with two purified “monofocal” anti-DNP antibody preparations and purified serum anti-DNP antibody. The results indicated that after separation and recombination of H and L chains the “monofocal” antibodies completely regained their hapten-binding capacity whereas serum antibody showed a 10-fold decrease in the association constant of its binding with hapten. The regain in activity of “monofocal” antibodies is attributed to their homogeneity, and the loss of activity upon separating and recombinating chains of serum antibody is the result of chain mispairing rather than of denaturation. These results serve as further evidence for the homogeneous nature of “monofocal” antibodies and their probable monoclonal origin.
The Stimulation of Splenic Foci in Vitro
Authors: Klinman Norman R. , Aschinazi Gila 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The “splenic focus” technique has been extended to an analysis of the focal response in vitro to both carrier and haptenic determinants of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhemocyanin (DNP-Hy) molecule. The response was shown to depend on the use of previously immunized donor cells and was directly related to the number of such cells injected. While anti-DNP foci could be stimulated with the hapten on heterologous carriers, the number of foci was maximized by the use of DNP-Hy, the complex used for primary immunization of the donor cells. Foci producing anti-DNP antibody were detected in fragments producing no detectable anti-Hy antibody; however, more fragments were found with foci producing both anti-DNP and anti-Hy antibody than would have been expected if stimulation were by two determinants which were independent of one another.
The Effect of Acute Radiation Exposure Rates on Formation of Hemagglutinating Antibody in Mice
Authors: Carlson Donald E. , Gengozian Nazareth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The acute radiation exposure rate is a critical determinant for suppression of the hemagglutinin response in irradiated mice. It was found that this exposure-rate dependence of the immune response varied with: a) the total radiation dose, b) the time of radiation exposure relative to antigen injection, and c) the antigenic challenge, either as antigen dosage or species (red blood cell) of antigen. Maximum radiation-rate antibody sensitivity occurred 12 hr after antigen injection. Under these conditions, 700 R at either 40 R/min or 72 R/min suppressed the response by a factor of 68 below the same total dose at 8 R/min. This highly significant difference in the exposure-rate-dependent period together with the kinetics of killing curves for transferred spleen cells suggested that one or more populations of immunocytes may be differentially inactivated. The absence of a correlation between mortality rate and the hemagglutinin response as a function of exposure rate suggested that radiation-death itself is not a measure of immune incompetence.
Immunoglobulins on the Surface of Lymphocytes. III. Bursal Origin of Surface Immunoglobulins on Chicken Lymphocytes
Authors: Rabellino Enrique , Grey Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunoglobulins (Ig) have recently been found to be present on the surface of small lymphocytes in the peripheral organs of mouse, human and rabbit by autoradiographic and immunofluorescence techniques using radiolabeled or fluorescein-labeled anti-immunoglobulin antisera (1–3). However, not all lymphocytes contain detectable amounts of immunoglobulins. Whereas approximately 50% of spleen cells and the majority of bone marrow lymphocytes contain surface immunoglobulins in the mouse, only 10% to 20% of the lymphocytes in peripheral blood and lymph nodes, and less than 1% of thymic lymphocytes contain detectable immunoglobulin (3). The lowest concentrations of lymphocytes with surface immunoglobulin were found in areas in which thymic-derived cells are thought to predominate (4). This suggested that the Ig positive cells were of bone marrow origin and that the negative cells were thymus-derived.
Restriction of Surface Immunoglobulin Determinants to Lymphocytes of the Plasma Cell Line
Authors: Kincade Paul W. , Lawton Alexander R. , Cooper Max D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With widespread acceptance of selective theories for antibody formation, intense interest has focused on the identification and characterization of antigen recognition sites on immunocompetent cells. Immunoglobulin determinants have been demonstrated on the surface of lymphoid cells by a variety of techniques (1–5); these determinants have been related to the antigen-binding properties of the cells (5–7). Since the relative proportion of lymphocytes bearing detectable surface Ig determinants is lowest in the thymus, it has been suggested that these cells belong exclusively to the thymus-independent population of lymphocytes (8, 9).
This hypothesis can be readily tested in the chicken because of the feasibility of eliminating selectively either the thymus-dependent or the plasma cell lines of differentiation (10). In this report evidence is presented that heavy chain determinants of immunoglobulins which are detectable on a large percentage of lymphocytes in normal chickens are absent from the lymphocytes of birds in which the plasma cell line has been selectively eliminated.
Studies on the Secretory Immunologic System of Fowl
Authors: Leslie Gerrie A. , Wilson H. R. , Clem L. William 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of immunoglobulins was investigated in the secretions of chickens. IgY was present in seminal plasma, tracheobronchial washes, alimentary tract washes and feces. In no case was it possible to demonstrate the presence of more antigenic determinants on these molecules than those present on serum IgY. Seminal plasma contained a 10.8S component that may represent a unique secretory molecule. IgM was not found in appreciable quantity in any of the secretions although trace amounts were detected in seminal plasma, feces, crop washes and duodenal washes. Intravenous administration of 125I-labeled IgY resulted in transfer of trichloracetic acid-precipitable radioactivity into seminal plasma, upper alimentary tract and feces. On the basis of these and other data it was concluded that the chicken has a secretory immunologic system wherein the secretory immunoglobulin is of the same class as the predominant serum immunoglobulin.
Partial Dissociation of Rheumatoid Synovial Fluid Cryoprotein: Micro-Complement Fixation by IgG- or IgG and IgM-Containing Fractions and Denatured Calf Thymus Dan
Authors: Marcus Robert L. , Townes Alexander S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement-fixing cryoproteins from rheumatoid synovial fluid were partially dissociated using preparative ultracentrifugation in a 15% sodium chloride, sorbitol gradient. Heavy-sedimenting fractions retained capacity to fix human complement and contained variable amounts of DNA. Using a modified micro-complement fixation procedure, additional complement fixation was obtained upon addition of denatured calf thymus DNA to fractions containing IgG or mixed IgG and IgM. There was little fixation with native DNA. Interaction of heat-aggregated human γG globulin with denatured DNA under assay conditions failed to give micro-complement fixation in excess of that by γG globulin alone, reducing the likelihood that a nonspecific reaction occurs between denatured DNA and γG globulin aggregates. These findings demonstrated the presence in rheumatoid synovial fluid cryoproteins of immunoglobulin with determinants specific for a site or sites on denatured DNA.
Induction of Antigenic Competition with Thymus-Dependent Antigens: Effect on DNA Synthesis in Spleen Cells
Authors: Möller Göran 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thymus-dependent heterologous red cell antigens induced antigenic competition more efficiently than did thymus-independent lipolysaccharide antigens from Escherichia coli. The bacterial antigens responded to antigenic competition induced by other antigens to the same extent as red cell antigens. Mice subjected to antigenic competition exhibited a decreased level of DNA synthesis in spleen lymphocytes in comparison with normal mice.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Lundblad Arne , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunochemical potency of the blood group A and B specific urinary difucosyl pentasaccharides was compared with that of mono- and difucosyl type 2 reduced oligosaccharides of soluble blood group A and B substances. The urinary difucosyl oligosaccharides were as active as the corresponding difucosyl compounds from blood group substance but were less effective inhibitors than the reduced monofucosyl blood group oligosaccharides in most sera and lectin systems used. With one A anti-A system, however, the urinary A difucosyl pentasaccharide was more active. The difucosyl B oligosaccharides gave slight inhibition in a Leb anti-Leb system whereas the difucosyl A pentasaccharide from urine was inactive.
Immunochemical Studies on Blood Groups
Authors: Feizi Ten , Kabat Elvin A. , Vicari Giuseppe , Anderson Byron , Marsh W. Laurence 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Quantitative precipitin studies with three anti-I sera show them to be distinctly different in specificity as revealed by their reactions with milk fractions, with Lea substances, with precursor and with cow blood group substances and with the various stages of periodate oxidation and Smith degradation of A, B and H substances. The various I specificities are concealed in interior structures of the blood group A, B, H, Lea and Leb substances and may be exposed by stepwise periodate oxidation and Smith degradation of A, B and H substances or by mild acid hydrolysis of B substance. Oligosaccharide inhibition assays showed one anti-I serum (Ma) to be inhibited best by a terminal nonreducing β-D-Gal-(1 → 4)-β-D-GNAc-(1 → 6)-structure present in a precursor blood group substance. From quantitative precipitin studies, the specificity of another anti-I serum was entirely different. Evidence suggesting that certain anti-I sera may not contain homogeneous populations of anti-I molecules is presented. The genetic implications of the findings are discussed. Anti-I eluted from OI erythrocytes behaved similarly to the anti-I in the original antiserum. I-anti-I specific precipitates dissolve readily at 37°C and reprecipitate rapidly on colling. The definition of the human I-anti-I system based on hemagglutination reactions in the cold may not have revealed its ture complexity especially with respect to its genetics.
Deficient IgA Antibody Responses to Arsanilic Acid Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in Neonatally Thymectomized Rabbits
Authors: Clough John D. , Mims Linda H. , Strober Warren 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The anti-hapten antibody response to intravenously injected arsanilic acid-bovine serum albumin was studied in neonatally thymectomized, 8-week-old rabbits using the Cla fixation and transfer test. This test allows quantitation of antibody in individual immunoglobulin classes. The IgG antibody response of thymectomized rabbits was not significantly different from the response of intact rabbits and the IgM antibody response of thymectomized rabbits was only slightly diminished. In contrast, the IgA antibody response of thymectomized rabbits was absent or strikingly diminished. This depressed IgA antibody response was also observed when animals were stimulated with a dose of antigen 10-fold greater than the original dose. It is proposed that for at least certain antigens, serum IgA antibody responses are more dependent on the thymus-derived cell system than are antibody responses in other immunoglobulin classes.
The Direct Hemolytic Plaque Response to Hemocyanin in the Rabbit
Authors: Kotoulas Angeliki O. , Moroz Leonard A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-forming cells can be detected in the spleen and lymph nodes of rabbits immunized with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) by a direct plaque assay incorporating sheep red cells, coated with KLH by a chromic chloride method, as the target cell layer. After a single intravenous injection of associated KLH, direct plaque responses were observed in the spleen, with a peak at day 3, whereas no significant response was detectable in peripheral lymph nodes. When KLH in complete Freund's adjuvant was injected into hind footpads, the plaque response in regional lymph nodes was greater than that observed in the spleen. Numerically, the direct plaque response of rabbits to KLH was of the same order of magnitude as the response to bovine serum albumin reported by others.
Cellular Events during Induction of Immunologic Unresponsiveness in Adult Mice
Authors: Chiller Jacques M. , Weigle William O. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A specific and completely unresponsive state in adult mice was induced at the cellular level with ultracentrifuged human γ globulin (HGG). The cellular kinetics of induction of unresponsiveness were quantitated using a cell transfer system and the hemolytic plaque assay to detect plaque-forming cells to HGG. The results demonstrated that although 100% of the cells were not unresponsive until the 4th or 5th day after injection of tolerogen, 75% of the cells were unresponsive 6 hr following tolerogen. The kinetic curve did not reflect sequential induction to determinants located on the Fc and Fab fragments of HGG. Furthermore, the process of inducing unresponsiveness to HGG did not demonstrate antibody-forming cells detectable by the hemolytic plaque assay in the spleens of tolerogen-treated mice.
Immunologic Assays for Identifying Single Components in Protein Mixtures after Isoelectric Focusing in Urea-Containing Acrylamide Gels
Authors: Good Anne H. , Ceverha Barry B. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Procedures are described for locating either a specific antigen or a specific antibody in a mixture of proteins after isoelectric focusing in 5% acrylamide gels containing 8 M urea. The gels are frozen, cut into segments, and extracted with buffer. Complement fixation, passive hemolysis, or passive hemagglutination can then be performed to locate the gel segments that contain the desired material without prior removal of urea or ampholytes. Location of the desired component in a mixture by immunologic assay agrees well with the location of stained bands of that purified component when focused alone.
The Evolution of the Immune Response
Authors: Chartrand S. L. , Litman G. W. , Lapointe N. , Good R. A. , Frommel D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunglobulins of two different sizes and classes that had antibody activity were purified from immune turtle serum. The characteristics of the IgM molecules did not deviate from those of molecules of this immunoglobulin class in other Placoderm-derived species. The low molecular weight immunoglobulin differed from mammalian IgG in that it had a sedimentation coefficient of 5.7, a shortened heavy chain with a molecular weight of 38,000, and low carbohydrate content with almost undetectable levels of hexosamine. This immunoglobulin had agglutinin activity, bound homologous and heterologous complement, and was transferred to the turtle egg. On the basis of the structural and biologic properties of this immunoglobulin, it was hypothesized that the C-terminal constant region of the heavy chains present in mammalian IgG was lacking. The implications of the molecular requirements for expression of the biologic function assigned to the Fc fragment were discussed in relation to diversification in function of immunoglobulins during evolution.
Further Characterization of Purified Fractions of M Protein from A Strain of Group A, Type 12 Streptococcus
Authors: Vosti Kenneth L. , Johnson Rudolph H. , Dillon Michael F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Two purified fractions of M protein of type 12 streptococci were further characterized. Only one of the fractions, “b,” continued to meet additional physical, chemical and immunologic requirements for homogeneity. The protein in this fraction had a molecular weight of 32,000, contained N-terminal alanine and C-terminal leucine, stimulated formation of bactericidal antibodies and did not contain the nontype-specific determinants found in the “a” fraction. The differences in molecular weights and antigenic complexity disclosed by comparisons of the proteins of the “a” and “b” fractions suggested certain structural relationships among the molecules of M protein of type 12 streptococci.
Experimental Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of Adults
Authors: Mills V John , Van Kirk John E. , Wright Peter F. , Chanock Robert M. , Fishburne Isaac E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Volunteers were inoculated with a low (102.7 pfu), or 200-fold higher dose (105.0 pfu) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). The low dose infected 100% of the men but did not produce illness; the level of virus replication and the magnitude of the subsequent antibody response were inversely correlated with the level of nasal secretory neutralizing antibody prior to infection. The high dose infected only 53% of the men (9 of 17); five of the infected men became ill. Two of the men who excreted virus apparently resisted experimental inoculation and acquired infection secondarily by contact with infected men. The differences in rates of infection between the two studies were minimized if only those men who had extensive infection (virus excretion τ; 102.5 pfu or significant antibody responses) were considered. Resistance to extensive infection in both studies, and resistance to illness in the second study, appeared to be correlated with high levels of nasal wash antibody, but not with the level of serum antibody.
Comparison of Lymphocyte Transformation, Inhibition of Macrophage Migration and Skin Tests Using Dialyzable and Nondialyzable Tuberculin Fractions from Mycobacterium Bovis (BCG)
Authors: Chaparas Sotiros D. , Thor Daniel E. , Hedrick Sally R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nondialyzable and dialyzable fractions prepared from BCG culture filtrates were compared in in vitro and in vivo tests for delayed hypersensitivity. With the non-dialyzable fractions in vivo lymphocyte transformation did not correlate with in vitro inhibition of macrophage migration or skin reactivity. The degree of lymphocyte transformation was correlated with the protein content of the fractions. A carbohydrate-rich fraction did not induce lymphocyte transformation but did induce skin reactivity and inhibition of macrophage migration. Activity of the dialyzable fractions in each of the three tests was dependent on molecular size.
In Vitro Response of Human Leukocytes to Associated and Dissociated Hemocyanin
Authors: Green Alexander A. , Borella Luis 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Associated (98S) and dissociated (18S) KLH were prepared by rate zonal centrifugation. Peripheral blood leukocytes from unimmunized individuals were cultured with associated or dissociated KLH and the incorporation of 3H-TdR was determined after 6 days of culture. Associated KLH stimulated 3H-TdR incorporation 9 to 93 times (mean 38) more than that observed in control cultures without KLH. In contrast the mean incorporation of cultures incubated with dissociated KLH was only 1.3 times that in the controls. Leukocytes obtained from an immunized donor also responded to associated but not to dissociated KLH. We conclude that stimulation of DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes following in vitro exposure to KLH does not require prior in vivo exposure to this antigen, and that this stimulation depends on the molecular size of KLH.
An In Vitro Immune Response to Penicillin
Authors: Naor David , Henry Claudia , Fudenberg H. Hugh 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The use of the in vitro system of Mishell and Dutton (1), originally described for the immune response of dissociated mouse spleen cells to red cells, has contributed valuable information to our understanding of the primary immune response. However, since the red cell is a complex and possibly atypical antigen, there are obvious advantages to extending the system with chemically defined haptens as antigens. Kettman and Dutton (2) have demonstrated a primary in vitro response to the determinant trinitrophenyl (TNP) using TNP-coupled sheep red cells as immunogen, and have also shown that the response is greatly enhanced when the spleen cells were taken from mice which had been immunized with the carrier, sheep red cells (3). Trowbridge et al. (4) obtained similar results using the hapten, hydroxy-nitroiodophenyl (NIP). Segal et al. (5) observed a primary in vitro response to the dinitrophenyl group (DNP) in spleen and lymph node explants.