bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Case for Collective Defined Contribution
Authors: Otsuka Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1—‘The Case for Collective Defined Contribution’—shows how the tontine provides an elegant theoretical basis for increasingly collective solutions—involving the pooling of risks associated with longevity and investment returns—to the ‘nastiest, hardest problem in finance’. In a typical defined contribution (DC) retirement savings plan involving the drawing down of income, one bears the risk of living so long that one spends one’s last years on earth in poverty because one has outlived the savings in one’s own private pension pot that have been invested for one’s retirement. This predicament has famously been described by a Nobel laureate in economics as the aforementioned ‘nastiest, hardest problem’. This risk can be mitigated through an arrangement known as a tontine, whereby the assets of those who die earlier are redistributed to those who manage to outlive them. Although tontines have become historical relics that now survive mainly as fictional murder plots in film and cartoon, they provide the theoretical underpinnings for a promising form of pension provision known as ‘collective defined contribution’ (CDC). In one variant of CDC, the risks are collectively pooled only among the members of each age cohort. In another form, they are collectively pooled across different cohorts. This chapter explicates the innovative design of a version of the latter that Royal Mail is introducing for its members.
Introduction
Authors: Clift Aaron 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of anticommunism in postwar France. It demonstrates the importance of anticommunism to French politics between 1945 and 1953. It overviews the historiography of anticommunism in France, highlighting a general lack of attention to its social ramifications. It also discusses the relationship between French anticommunism and the international context of the Cold War, arguing that while external developments were important, anticommunism also had domestic roots and was not merely an American import or a carbon copy of anticommunism elsewhere. The structure and methodology of the monograph are set out. Finally, common themes of French anticommunism are summarized, noting the relationship of anticommunism to wider anxieties about social change.
Marx vs. La Fontaine
Authors: Clift Aaron 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the role of anticommunism in France’s developing middle-class politics. The ‘classes moyennes’ rather than the older concept of the bourgeoisie became important to a wide range of activists. Anticommunism played a fundamental role in this process, as Marxism operated as the foil against which the ‘classes moyennes’ defined themselves. Since they resisted an ‘objective’ definition of class based on economic or material conditions, a cultural and civilizational conception juxtaposed the ‘classes moyennes’ with the communist barbarians who threatened their heritage. Therefore, this chapter highlights the importance of the concept of ‘Western civilization’ to anticommunism, as well as links to class anxiety, anti-statism, and anti-Americanism.
Conclusion
Authors: Clift Aaron 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This conclusion summarizes the findings of the study, briefly discusses post-1953 developments, highlights similarities and differences between French anticommunism and that of other countries, and demonstrates the wider significance of anticommunism to French and global history. It explains the decision to conclude the study in 1953. The common discourses, aims, and tactics of French anticommunists identified by the case studies are summarized, and a final conceptualization of anticommunism’s relationship to French society is provided. The significance of anticommunism for the development of French politics generally and particular issues such as decolonization, agricultural politics, feminism, and the labour movement is highlighted.
Power struggles: Police and crime commissioners, chief constables, and the battle over operational policing
Authors: Derfoufi Zin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper reviews the challenges that directly-elected Police and Crime Commissioners (PCCs) face in reforming controversial police tactics that are favoured by chief constables, but generate significant concerns among the electorate. Focusing on reforms to police-initiated stops, namely ‘stop and account’ and ‘stop and search’, the results suggest PCCs tend to achieve incremental changes, at best, as they struggle to overcome resistance from their chief constables and the legal constraints of ‘operational independence’. The results have significant implications because it suggests PCCs are not as powerful as has been assumed. However, PCCs can enhance the prospects of reform and better navigate resistance by exercising their rarely used soft powers, such as commissioning national regulatory bodies to review areas of concern or appealing to their local Police and Crime Panel for support in scrutiny. The results of this study are based on interviews with PCCs and chief constables, their deputies and assistants, local campaign groups and staff from national regulatory bodies, as well as participant observations across several police forces.
Effects of a Physical Therapist Intervention on GPS Indicators of Community Mobility in Older Adults: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Dunlap Pamela M , Crane Breanna M , Perera Subashan , Moored Kyle D , Carlson Michelle C , Brach Jennifer S , Klatt Brooke N , Rosso Andrea L 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
The authors compared the effects of a standard strength and endurance intervention with a standard plus timing and coordination training intervention on community mobility measured using global positioning systems (GPS) among community-dwelling older adults in this secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial.

Methods
Participants were randomized to a standard or a standard plus timing and coordination training program. Community mobility was measured using the Life Space Assessment (LSA) and GPS indicators of community mobility at baseline, as well as at 12 (immediately after the intervention), 24, and 36 weeks. Linear mixed models were used for analysis.

Results
There were 166 participants with GPS data at baseline, including 81 in the standard plus group and 85 in the standard group. The groups did not differ in participant characteristics or GPS measures at baseline. There were no significant within-group changes in GPS indicators of community mobility or LSA score over time, nor between-group differences of the same.

Conclusion
There were no significant changes in community mobility with either intervention or between-intervention differences. These findings suggest that interventions targeting physical function alone may not be sufficient to improve community mobility or participation in older adults. Future research should focus on the development of multifaceted interventions targeted to improve real-world participation.

Impact
The studied interventions did not significantly change community mobility measured using GPS-derived community mobility measures or self-report measures in older adults, suggesting that more comprehensive interventions may be needed to target improvements in community mobility.
The Effect of Different Types of Exercise on Sleep Quality and Architecture in Parkinson Disease: A Single-Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial Protocol
Authors: Cristini Jacopo , Potvin-Desrochers Alexandra , Seo Freddie , Dagher Alain , Postuma Ronald B , Rosa-Neto Pedro , Carrier Julie , Amara Amy W , Steib Simon , Paquette Caroline , Roig Marc 
Published: June 2023

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this trial is to (1) determine the best exercise modality to improve sleep quality and sleep architecture in people with Parkinson disease (PD); (2) investigate whether exercise-induced improvements in sleep mediate enhancements in motor and cognitive function as well as other non-motor symptoms of PD; and (3) explore if changes in systemic inflammation after exercise mediate improvements in sleep.MethodsThis is a multi-site, superiority, single-blinded randomized controlled trial. One hundred fifty persons with PD and sleep problems will be recruited and randomly allocated into 4 intervention arms. Participants will be allocated into 12 weeks of either cardiovascular training, resistance training, multimodal training, or a waiting list control intervention. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, immediately after each intervention, and 8 weeks after each intervention by blinded assessors. Objective sleep quality and sleep architecture will be measured with polysomnography and electroencephalography. Motor and cognitive function will be assessed with the Unified PD Rating Scale and the Scale for Outcomes in PD-Cognition, respectively. Subjective sleep quality, fatigue, psychosocial functioning, and quality of life will be assessed with questionnaires. The concentration of inflammatory biomarkers in blood serum will be assessed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.ImpactThis study will investigate the effect of different types of exercise on sleep quality and architecture in PD, exploring interactions between changes in sleep quality and architecture with motor and cognitive function and other non-motor symptoms of the disease as well as mechanistic interactions between systemic inflammation and sleep. The results will provide important practical information to guide physical therapists and other rehabilitation professionals in the selection of exercise and the design of more personalized exercise–based treatments aimed at optimizing sleep, motor, and cognitive function in people with PD.
Kinesiophobia Is Associated With Poor Function and Modifiable Through Interventions in People With Patellofemoral Pain: A Systematic Review With Individual Participant Data Correlation Meta-Analysis
Authors: Rethman Katherine K , Mansfield Cody J , Moeller Josh , De Oliveira Silva Danilo , Stephens Julie A , Di Stasi Stephanie , Briggs Matthew S 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this systematic review and correlation meta-analysis was to identify factors associated with kinesiophobia in individuals with patellofemoral pain (PFP) and to identify interventions that may reduce kinesiophobia in individuals with PFP.

Methods
Seven databases were searched for articles including clinical factors associated with kinesiophobia or interventions that may reduce kinesiophobia in individuals with PFP. Two reviewers screened articles for inclusion, assessed risk of bias and quality, and extracted data from each study. A mixed-effects model was used to calculate correlations of function and pain with kinesiophobia using individual participant data. Meta-analyses were performed on interventional articles; Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation was used to evaluate certainty of evidence. Results were reported narratively when pooling was not possible.

Results
Forty-one articles involving 2712 individuals were included. Correlation meta-analyses using individual participant data indicated a moderate association between self-reported function and kinesiophobia (n = 499; r = −0.440) and a weak association between pain and kinesiophobia (n = 644; r = 0.162). Low-certainty evidence from 2 articles indicated that passive treatment techniques were more effective than minimal intervention in reducing kinesiophobia (standardized mean difference = 1.11; 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.49). Very low-certainty evidence from 5 articles indicated that interventions to target kinesiophobia (psychobehavioral interventions, education, and self-managed exercise) were better in reducing kinesiophobia than physical therapist treatment approaches not specifically targeting kinesiophobia (standardized mean difference = 1.64; 95% CI = 0.14 to 3.15).

Conclusion
Higher levels of kinesiophobia were moderately associated with poorer function and weakly associated with higher pain in individuals with PFP. Taping and bracing may reduce kinesiophobia immediately after use, and specific kinesiophobia-targeted interventions may reduce kinesiophobia following the full intervention; however, the certainty of evidence is very low.

Impact
Assessment of kinesiophobia in clinical practice is recommended, on the basis of the relationships identified between kinesiophobia and other important factors that predict outcomes in individuals with PFP.
Cigarette smoking and risk of severe infectious respiratory diseases in UK adults: 12-year follow-up of UK biobank
Authors: McGeoch Luke J , Ross Stephanie , Massa M Sofia , Lewington Sarah , Clarke Robert 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background
The relevance of tobacco smoking for infectious respiratory diseases (IRD) is uncertain. We investigated the associations of cigarette smoking with severe IRD resulting in hospitalization or death in UK adults.

Methods
We conducted a prospective study of cigarette smoking and risk of severe IRD in UK Biobank. The outcomes included pneumonia, other acute lower respiratory tract infections (OA-LRTI) and influenza. Multivariable Cox regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) of severe IRD associated with smoking habits after adjusting for confounding factors.

Results
Among 341 352 participants with no prior history of major chronic diseases, there were 12 384 incident cases with pneumonia, 7054 with OA-LRTI and 795 with influenza during a 12-year follow-up. Compared with non-smokers, current smoking was associated with ⁓2-fold higher rates of severe IRD (HR 2.40 [2.27–2.53] for pneumonia, 1.99 [1.84–2.14] for OA-LRTI and 1.82 [95% confidence interval: 1.47–2.24] for influenza). Incidence of all severe IRDs were positively associated with amount of cigarettes smoked. The HRs for each IRD (except influenza) also declined with increasing duration since quitting.

Conclusions
Current cigarette smoking was positively associated with higher rates of IRD and the findings extend indications for tobacco control measures and vaccination of current smokers for prevention of severe IRD.
Phenomenological and Cognitive Features Associated With Auditory Hallucinations in Clinical and Nonclinical Voice Hearers
Authors: Gold James M , Corlett Philip R , Erickson Molly , Waltz James A , August Sharon , Dutterer Jenna , Bansal Sonia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypotheses
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are central features of schizophrenia (SZ). However, AVH also occur in a small percentage of the general population who do not have a need for care, termed nonclinical voice hearers (NCVH). We sought to determine the degree to which the experience of AVH was similar in NCVH and in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) and evaluate the degree to which NCVH shared other features of SZ such as delusional beliefs, cognitive impairment, and negative symptoms.

Study Design
We recruited 76 people with a DSM-V diagnosis of SZ/schizoaffective disorder (PSZ; 49 with current AVH, 27 without), 48 NCVH, and 51 healthy controls. Participants received a broad battery of clinician-administered and self-report symptom assessments and a focused cognitive assessment.

Study Results
The AVH of NCVH and PSZ shared very similar sensory features. NCVH experienced less distress, had greater control over their AVH, and, unlike PSZ, rarely heard 2 voices speaking to each other. NCVH demonstrated a wide range of deeply held unusual beliefs, but reported less paranoia, and fewer first-rank symptoms such as passivity and alterations in self-experience. NCVH showed no evidence of cognitive deficits or negative symptoms.

Conclusions
The AVH in NCVH and PSZ demonstrate important similarities as well as clear differences. Specific features, rather than the presence, of AVH appear to determine the need for care. NCVH do not share the cognitive and motivational deficits seen in PSZ. These results suggest that AVH and unusual beliefs can be separated from the broader phenotype of SZ.
Long-Acting Injectable Second-Generation Antipsychotics vs Placebo and Their Oral Formulations in Acute Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized-Controlled-Trials
Authors: Wang Dongfang , Schneider-Thoma Johannes , Siafis Spyridon , Burschinski Angelika , Dong Shimeng , Wu Hui , Zhu Yikang , Davis John M , Priller Josef , Leucht Stefan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Long-acting injectable antipsychotic drugs (LAIs) are mainly used for relapse prevention but could also be advantageous for acutely ill patients with schizophrenia.

Study Design
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled-trials (RCTs) comparing the second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics (SGA-LAIs) olanzapine, risperidone, paliperidone, and aripiprazole with placebo or their oral counterparts in acutely ill patients with schizophrenia. We analyzed 23 efficacy and tolerability outcomes, with the primary outcome being overall symptoms of schizophrenia. The results were obtained through random effects, pairwise meta-analyses, and subgroup tests. The study quality was assessed using the Cochrane-Risk-of-Bias-Tool version-1.

Study Results
Sixty-six studies with 16 457 participants were included in the analysis. Eleven studies compared second-generation long-acting injectable antipsychotics (SGA-LAIs) with a placebo, 54 compared second-generation oral antipsychotics (SGA-orals) with a placebo, and one compared an SGA-LAI (aripiprazole) with its oral formulation. All 4 SGA-LAIs reduced overall symptoms more than placebo, with mean standardized differences of −0.66 (95% CI: −0.90; −0.43) for olanzapine, −0.64 (−0.80; −0.48) for aripiprazole, −0.62 (−0.76; −0.48) for risperidone and −0.42 (−0.53; −0.31) for paliperidone. The side-effect profiles of the LAIs corresponded to the patterns known from the oral formulations. In subgroup tests compared to placebo, some side effects were less pronounced under LAIs than under their oral formulations.

Conclusions
SGA-LAIs effectively treat acute schizophrenia. Some side effects may be less frequent than under oral drugs, but due to the indirect nature of the comparisons, this finding must be confirmed by RCTs comparing LAIs and orals head-to-head.
CE: Overcoming Movement-Evoked Pain to Facilitate Postoperative Recovery
Authors: Arnstein Paul , van Boekel Rianne , Booker Staja Q. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Severe postoperative movement-evoked pain (MEP) can be immobilizing, instilling in patients the fear that further activity will produce unbearable pain. This impedes healing and restoration of function while also extending time to recovery. Therefore, it is critical to manage MEP effectively through timely evaluation and comprehensive care planning. This article builds on recent calls to standardize testing of MEP to inform care planning in a way that both reduces pain and improves functioning. Subsequent reassessment of MEP can guide the refinement of therapy. Although this approach may seem intuitive, it challenges common practices that focus too heavily on pain intensity, resulting in overtreating, undertreating, or not treating pain, while ignoring the risks of immobility and the importance of movement for improving functional capacity. The authors propose a multifaceted approach to overcoming MEP that nurse clinicians, educators, researchers, and compliance professionals can use to enhance the quality and safety of nursing practice.
Direct Anterior versus Posterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty Performed for Displaced Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Shah Ishan D. , Piple Amit S. , Schlauch Adam M. , Crawford Benjamin D. , Tamer Pierre , Prentice Heather A. , Grimsrud Christopher D. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Objectives:
To compare perioperative, 90-day, and 1-year postoperative complications and outcomes between the direct anterior approach (DAA) and posterior approach (PA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) in geriatric patients with displaced femoral neck fractures (FNF).

Design:
Retrospective Cohort Study

Setting:
Multicenter Healthcare Consortium

Patients:
709 patients > 60 years of age with acute displaced FNF between 2009 and 2021

Intervention:
THA using either DAA or PA

Main Outcome Measurements:
Rates of postoperative complications including dislocations, reoperations, and mortality at 90 days and 1 year postoperatively. Secondary outcome measures included ambulation capacity at discharge, ambulation distance with inpatient physical therapy, discharge disposition, and narcotic prescription quantities (morphine milligram equivalents [MME]).

Results:
Through a multivariable regression analysis, DAA was associated with significantly shorter operative time ​​(B = -6.89 minutes; 95% CI, -12.84 to -0.93; P = 0.024), lower likelihood of blood transfusion during the index hospital stay (aOR = 0.54; 95% CI, 0.27 to 0.96; P = 0.045), and decreased average narcotic prescription amounts at 90 days (B = -230.45 MME; 95% CI, -440.24 to -78.66; P = 0.035) postoperatively. There were no significant differences in medical complications, dislocations, reoperations, and mortality at 90 days and 1 year postoperatively.

Conclusion:
When comparing the DAA versus PA for THA performed for displaced FNF, DAA was associated with shorter operative time, a lower likelihood of blood transfusion, and lower 90-day postoperative narcotic prescription amounts.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Identifying Reasons for Non-Medical Delays in Fixation of Femur, Pelvis and Acetabular Fractures at a Level One Trauma Center
Authors: Strage Katya E , Hadeed Michael M , Mauffrey Cyril , Parry Joshua A 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To identify reasons for non-medical delays in femur, pelvis, and acetabular fracture fixation at an institution with a dedicated orthopaedic trauma room (DOTR) and an early appropriate care (EAC) practice model.

Design:
Retrospective review of a prospective registry

Setting:
Urban level one trauma center
Patients/Participants: 294 patients undergoing 313 procedures for 226 femur, 63 pelvis, and 42 acetabular fractures

Intervention:
Definitive fixation

Main Outcome Measurements:
Reasons for delays in fixation after hospital day 2

Results:
Delays occurred in 12.5% of procedures (39/313), with 7.7% (24/313) having medical delays and 4.8% (15/313) having non-medical delays. Non-medical delays were most commonly due to the operating room being at-capacity (n=6) and non-pelvic trauma specialists taking weekend call (n=5). Procedures with non-medical delays were associated with younger age (median difference (MD) -16.0 years, 95% confidence interval (CI) -28 to -5.0; p=0.006), high-energy mechanisms (proportional difference (PD) 58.5%, CI 37.0 to 69.7%; p<0.0001), Thursday through Saturday hospital admission (PD 30.3%, CI 5.0 to 50.0%; p<0.0001), pelvis/acetabular fractures (PD 51.8%, CI 26.7 to 71.0%; p<0.0001), and external fixation (PD 33.0%, CI 11.8 to 57.3%; p<0.0001).

Conclusion:
Only 4.8% of procedures experienced non-medical delays utilizing an EAC model and a DOTR. Non-medical delays were most commonly due to two modifiable factors – the DOTR being at-capacity and non-pelvis trauma specialists taking weekend call. Patients with non-medical delays were more likely to be younger, with pelvis/acetabular fractures, high-energy mechanisms, external fixation, and to be admitted between Thursday and Saturday.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.