bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Examination of Soil Crusts on the Floor of Jezero Crater, Mars
Authors: Hausrath E. M. , Adcock C. T. , Bechtold A. , Beck P. , Benison K. , Brown A. , Cardarelli E. L. , Carman N. A. , Chide B. , Christian J. , Clark B. C. , Cloutis E. , Cousin A. , Forni O. , Gabriel T. S. J. , Gasnault O. , Golombek M. , Gómez F. , Hecht M. H. , Henley T. L. J. , Huidobro J. , Johnson J. , Jones M. W. M. , Kelemen P. , Knight A. , Lasue J. A. , Le Mouélic S. , Madariaga J. M. , Maki J. , Mandon L. , Martinez G. , Martínez‐Frías J. , McConnochie T. H. , Meslin P.‐Y. , Zorzano M.‐P. , Newsom H. , Paar G. , Randazzo N. , Royer C. , Siljeström S. , Schmidt M. E. , Schröder S. , Sephton M. A. , Sullivan R. , Turenne N. , Udry A. , VanBommel S. , Vaughan A. , Wiens R. C. , Williams N. ,   the SuperCam team and the Regolith working group
Published: February 2023

AbstractMartian soils are critically important for understanding the history of Mars, past potentially habitable environments, returned samples, and future human exploration. This study examines soil crusts on the floor of Jezero crater encountered during initial phases of the Mars 2020 mission. Soil surface crusts have been observed on Mars at other locations, starting with the two Viking Lander missions. Rover observations show that soil crusts are also common across the floor of Jezero crater, revealed in 45 of 101 locations where rover wheels disturbed the soil surface, two out of seven helicopter flights that crossed the wheel tracks, and four of eight abrasion/drilling sites. Most soils measured by the SuperCam laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) instrument show high hydrogen content at the surface, and fine‐grained soils also show a visible/near infrared (VISIR) 1.9 μm H2O absorption feature. The Planetary Instrument for X‐ray Lithochemistry (PIXL) and SuperCam observations suggest the presence of salts at the surface of rocks and soils. The correlation of S and Cl contents with H contents in SuperCam LIBS measurements suggests that the salts present are likely hydrated. On the “Naltsos” target, magnesium and sulfur are correlated in PIXL measurements, and Mg is tightly correlated with H at the SuperCam points, suggesting hydrated Mg‐sulfates. Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) observations indicate possible frost events and potential changes in the hydration of Mg‐sulfate salts. Jezero crater soil crusts may therefore form by salts that are hydrated by changes in relative humidity and frost events, cementing the soil surface together.
Effects of Storm Surge Barrier Closures on Estuary Saltwater Intrusion and Stratification
Authors: Chen Ziyu , Orton Philip M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGated storm surge barriers have been constructed or proposed in many estuaries worldwide for coastal flood risk reduction. Past studies have shown that, even when open, a barrier system's fixed infrastructure can increase estuary stratification and salt intrusion, potentially affecting water quality and ecological processes. However, surge barrier closures could have a much stronger influence on estuary conditions by temporarily blocking the tidal exchange. In this project, we use an existing regional three‐dimensional hydrodynamic model, with modifications to simulate surge barrier closure and reopening, to study the effects on estuarine salt intrusion and stratification of the Hudson River. Across a range of modeled scenarios of gate closure frequencies, durations and river streamflows, we evaluate the changes caused by gate closures, as well as the recovery time to normal conditions. Our results for the Hudson show long‐duration gate closures (three or more days) with low streamflows temporarily lead to salt intrusion and stratification beyond recent historical extremes. Moreover, monthly frequency closures, which could occur as soon as 2070 under realistic scenarios of sea‐level rise and barrier management, do not allow for recovery under low streamflow conditions and could lead to durable changes to estuary physical conditions. As a result, long duration closures and high‐frequency closures both constitute a threat to municipal water supplies. This study demonstrates a framework for understanding the potential impacts of any proposed surge barrier system and can help improve our understanding of corresponding ecological impacts.
Grain for Green Project May Not Threaten Ecosystem Sustainability by Degrading Water Availability in Humid Karst Landscapes
Authors: Yi Ruzhou , Xu Xianli , Zhang Yaohua , Ye Zongda , Wang Kelin 
Published: February 2023

AbstractGrain for Green project could result in high evapotranspiration (ET), exacerbate water shortage, and intensify conflicts in water demand between ecosystems and humans in many water‐limited areas. However, it is still unclear how vegetation restoration would influence ET in humid karst regions where abundant precipitation but quick leakage. Particularly, it is challenging that existing ET measurement methods are not applicable simultaneously for various ecosystems in such highly heterogeneous and fragmented landscapes. To solve this issue, this study, for the first time, develops a new ET measurement system, by integrating multi‐techniques, to quantify ET for multiple vegetation restoration types and identify their controlling factors in a humid karst region for three consecutive years. The results show that (a) for different succession stages during natural restoration, the ET of secondary forest (680 ± 7 mm yr−1) > shrub (564 ± 16 mm yr−1) > grass (546 ± 12 mm yr−1) > cropland (513 ± 8 mm yr−1) (P < 0.05); (b) ET of all ecosystems are far less than that of precipitation (1,059 ± 63 mm yr−1) but closer to potential ET (849 ± 11 mm yr−1), and soil moisture has been maintained at >0.20 cm3cm−3 in the growing season; (c) solar radiation and vapor pressure deficit are the two predominant factors on the ET (P < 0.01), while there is no significant relationship between ET and soil moisture (P > 0.05). The results suggest that vegetation restoration returned from cropland in humid karst regions increased ET but may not induce water scarcity for vegetation sustainability, at least under normal climatic conditions.
Urban Flood Modeling: Uncertainty Quantification and Physics‐Informed Gaussian Processes Regression Forecasting
Authors: Kohanpur Amir H. , Saksena Siddharth , Dey Sayan , Johnson J. Michael , Riasi M. Sadegh , Yeghiazarian Lilit , Tartakovsky Alexandre M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEstimating uncertainty in flood model predictions is important for many applications, including risk assessment and flood forecasting. We focus on uncertainty in physics‐based urban flooding models. We consider the effects of the model's complexity and uncertainty in key input parameters. The effect of rainfall intensity on the uncertainty in water depth predictions is also studied. As a test study, we choose the Interconnected Channel and Pond Routing (ICPR) model of a part of the city of Minneapolis. The uncertainty in the ICPR model's predictions of the floodwater depth is quantified in terms of the ensemble variance using the multilevel Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. Our results show that uncertainties in the studied domain are highly localized. Model simplifications, such as disregarding the groundwater flow, lead to overly confident predictions, that is, predictions that are both less accurate and uncertain than those of the more complex model. We find that for the same number of uncertain parameters, increasing the model resolution reduces uncertainty in the model predictions (and increases the MC method's computational cost). We employ the multilevel MC method to reduce the cost of estimating uncertainty in a high‐resolution ICPR model. Finally, we use the ensemble estimates of the mean and covariance of the flood depth for real‐time flood depth forecasting using the physics‐informed Gaussian process regression method. We show that even with few measurements, the proposed framework results in a more accurate forecast than that provided by the mean prediction of the ICPR model.
Nonrandomised controlled trial in recurrent glioblastoma patients: the promise of autologous tumour lysate-loaded dendritic cell vaccination
Authors: Pasqualetti Francesco , Zanotti Sofia 
Published: February 2023

SummaryRecently, Liau et al. reported the results of Phase 3 clinical trial testing DCVax-L vaccines on patients with glioblastoma. Despite the promising and significant results obtained, the study design and the long-lasting period of recruitment of this work deserve some reflection.
Melatonin-mediated FKBP4 downregulation protects against stress-induced neuronal mitochondria dysfunctions by blocking nuclear translocation of GR
Authors: Kim Min Jeong , Choi Gee Euhn , Chae Chang Woo , Lim Jae Ryong , Jung Young Hyun , Yoon Jee Hyeon , Park Ji Yong , Han Ho Jae 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe physiological crosstalk between glucocorticoid and melatonin maintains neuronal homeostasis in regulating circadian rhythms. However, the stress-inducing level of glucocorticoid triggers mitochondrial dysfunction including defective mitophagy by increasing the activity of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), leading to neuronal cell death. Melatonin then suppresses glucocorticoid-induced stress-responsive neurodegeneration; however, the regulatory mechanism of melatonin, i.e., associated proteins involved in GR activity, has not been elucidated. Therefore, we investigated how melatonin regulates chaperone proteins related to GR trafficking into the nucleus to suppress glucocorticoid action. In this study, the effects of glucocorticoid on suppressing NIX-mediated mitophagy, followed by mitochondrial dysfunction, neuronal cell apoptosis, and cognitive deficits were reversed by melatonin treatment by inhibiting the nuclear translocation of GRs in both SH-SY5Y cells and mouse hippocampal tissue. Moreover, melatonin selectively suppressed the expression of FKBP prolyl isomerase 4 (FKBP4), which is a co-chaperone protein that works with dynein, to reduce the nuclear translocation of GRs among the chaperone proteins and nuclear trafficking proteins. In both cells and hippocampal tissue, melatonin upregulated melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) bound to Gαq, which triggered the phosphorylation of ERK1. The activated ERK then enhanced DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1)-mediated hypermethylation ofFKBP52promoter, reducing GR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and cell apoptosis, the effects of which were reversed by knocking downDNMT1. Taken together, melatonin has a protective effect against glucocorticoid-induced defective mitophagy and neurodegeneration by enhancing DNMT1-mediated FKBP4 downregulation that reduced the nuclear translocation of GRs.
The malignancy of chordomas is enhanced via a circTLK1/miR-16-5p/Smad3 positive feedback axis
Authors: Lou Jingbing , Zhang Hongliang , Huang Qingshan , Chen Chenglong , Wang Wei , Niu Jianfang , Xu Jiuhui , Ren Tingting , Huang Yi , Tang Xiaodong , Guo Wei 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCircRNAs play crucial roles in various malignancies via an increasing number of reported regulatory mechanisms, including the classic sponging mechanism between circRNAs and micro RNAs (miRNAs). We performed bioinformatic analyses and identified circTLK1 as a regulator of malignant chordoma progression. Moreover, we observed that circTLK1 showed high expression in chordoma cells and tissues, while circTLK1 interference suppressed chordoma cell proliferation and invasion. In addition, circTLK1 directly interacted with miR-16-5p, which has previously been shown to repress chordoma, and circTLK1 knockdown suppressed Smad3 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing further demonstrated that Smad3 acts as a positive regulator by interacting with TLK1, thereby mediating the circTLK1/miR-16-5p/Smad3 positive feedback axis. Taken together, our findings suggested that the disruption of the circTLK1/miR-16-5p/Smad3 positive feedback pathway, particularly via the Smad3 inhibitor SIS3, could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
Customized reaction route for ruthenium oxide towards stabilized water oxidation in high-performance PEM electrolyzers
Authors: Shi Zhaoping , Li Ji , Wang Yibo , Liu Shiwei , Zhu Jianbing , Yang Jiahao , Wang Xian , Ni Jing , Jiang Zheng , Zhang Lijuan , Wang Ying , Liu Changpeng , Xing Wei , Ge Junjie 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe poor stability of Ru-based acidic oxygen evolution (OER) electrocatalysts has greatly hampered their application in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolyzers (PEMWEs). Traditional understanding of performance degradation centered on influence of bias fails in describing the stability trend, calling for deep dive into the essential origin of inactivation. Here we uncover the decisive role of reaction route (including catalytic mechanism and intermediates binding strength) on operational stability of Ru-based catalysts. Using MRuOx (M = Ce4+, Sn4+, Ru4+, Cr4+) solid solution as structure model, we find the reaction route, thereby stability, can be customized by controlling the Ru charge. The screened SnRuOx thus exhibits orders of magnitude lifespan extension. A scalable PEMWE single cell using SnRuOx anode conveys an ever-smallest degradation rate of 53 μV h−1 during a 1300 h operation at 1 A cm−2.
Rhodobacter capsulatus forms a compact crescent-shaped LH1–RC photocomplex
Authors: Tani Kazutoshi , Kanno Ryo , Ji Xuan-Cheng , Satoh Itsusei , Kobayashi Yuki , Hall Malgorzata , Yu Long-Jiang , Kimura Yukihiro , Mizoguchi Akira , Humbel Bruno M. , Madigan Michael T. , Wang-Otomo Zheng-Yu 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRhodobacter (Rba.) capsulatus has been a favored model for studies of all aspects of bacterial photosynthesis. This purple phototroph contains PufX, a polypeptide crucial for dimerization of the light-harvesting 1–reaction center (LH1–RC) complex, but lacks protein-U, a U-shaped polypeptide in the LH1–RC of its close relative Rba. sphaeroides. Here we present a cryo-EM structure of the Rba. capsulatus LH1–RC purified by DEAE chromatography. The crescent-shaped LH1–RC exhibits a compact structure containing only 10 LH1 αβ-subunits. Four αβ-subunits corresponding to those adjacent to protein-U in Rba. sphaeroides were absent. PufX in Rba. capsulatus exhibits a unique conformation in its N-terminus that self-associates with amino acids in its own transmembrane domain and interacts with nearby polypeptides, preventing it from interacting with proteins in other complexes and forming dimeric structures. These features are discussed in relation to the minimal requirements for the formation of LH1–RC monomers and dimers, the spectroscopic behavior of both the LH1 and RC, and the bioenergetics of energy transfer from LH1 to the RC.
Steering carbon dioxide reduction toward C–C coupling using copper electrodes modified with porous molecular films
Authors: Zhao Siqi , Christensen Oliver , Sun Zhaozong , Liang Hongqing , Bagger Alexander , Torbensen Kristian , Nazari Pegah , Lauritsen Jeppe Vang , Pedersen Steen Uttrup , Rossmeisl Jan , Daasbjerg Kim 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCopper offers unique capability as catalyst for multicarbon compounds production in the electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction reaction. In lieu of conventional catalysis alloying with other elements, copper can be modified with organic molecules to regulate product distribution. Here, we systematically study to which extent the carbon dioxide reduction is affected by film thickness and porosity. On a polycrystalline copper electrode, immobilization of porous bipyridine-based films of varying thicknesses is shown to result in almost an order of magnitude enhancement of the intrinsic current density pertaining to ethylene formation while multicarbon products selectivity increases from 9.7 to 61.9%. In contrast, the total current density remains mostly unaffected by the modification once it is normalized with respect to the electrochemical active surface area. Supported by a microkinetic model, we propose that porous and thick films increase both local carbon monoxide partial pressure and the carbon monoxide surface coverage by retaining in situ generated carbon monoxide. This reroutes the reaction pathway toward multicarbon products by enhancing carbon–carbon coupling. Our study highlights the significance of customizing the molecular film structure to improve the selectivity of copper catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction reaction.
A molecular atlas reveals the tri-sectional spinning mechanism of spider dragline silk
Authors: Hu Wenbo , Jia Anqiang , Ma Sanyuan , Zhang Guoqing , Wei Zhaoyuan , Lu Fang , Luo Yongjiang , Zhang Zhisheng , Sun Jiahe , Yang Tianfang , Xia TingTing , Li Qinhui , Yao Ting , Zheng Jiangyu , Jiang Zijie , Xu Zehui , Xia Qingyou , Wang Yi 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe process of natural silk production in the spider major ampullate (Ma) gland endows dragline silk with extraordinary mechanical properties and the potential for biomimetic applications. However, the precise genetic roles of the Ma gland during this process remain unknown. Here, we performed a systematic molecular atlas of dragline silk production through a high-quality genome assembly for the golden orb-weaving spider Trichonephila clavata and a multiomics approach to defining the Ma gland tri-sectional architecture: Tail, Sac, and Duct. We uncovered a hierarchical biosynthesis of spidroins, organic acids, lipids, and chitin in the sectionalized Ma gland dedicated to fine silk constitution. The ordered secretion of spidroins was achieved by the synergetic regulation of epigenetic and ceRNA signatures for genomic group-distributed spidroin genes. Single-cellular and spatial RNA profiling identified ten cell types with partitioned functional division determining the tri-sectional organization of the Ma gland. Convergence analysis and genetic manipulation further validated that this tri-sectional architecture of the silk gland was analogous across Arthropoda and inextricably linked with silk formation. Collectively, our study provides multidimensional data that significantly expand the knowledge of spider dragline silk generation and ultimately benefit innovation in spider-inspired fibers.
LSM1-mediated Major Satellite RNA decay is required for nonequilibrium histone H3.3 incorporation into parental pronuclei
Authors: Zhu Jiang , Chen Kang , Sun Yu H. , Ye Wen , Liu Juntao , Zhang Dandan , Su Nan , Wu Li , Kou Xiaochen , Zhao Yanhong , Wang Hong , Gao Shaorong , Kang Lan 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEpigenetic reprogramming of the parental genome is essential for zygotic genome activation and subsequent embryo development in mammals. Asymmetric incorporation of histone H3 variants into the parental genome has been observed previously, but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we discover that RNA-binding protein LSM1-mediated major satellite RNA decay plays a central role in the preferential incorporation of histone variant H3.3 into the male pronucleus. Knockdown of Lsm1 disrupts nonequilibrium pronucleus histone incorporation and asymmetric H3K9me3 modification. Subsequently, we find that LSM1 mainly targets major satellite repeat RNA (MajSat RNA) for decay and that accumulated MajSat RNA in Lsm1-depleted oocytes leads to abnormal incorporation of H3.1 into the male pronucleus. Knockdown of MajSat RNA reverses the anomalous histone incorporation and modifications in Lsm1-knockdown zygotes. Our study therefore reveals that accurate histone variant incorporation and incidental modifications in parental pronuclei are specified by LSM1-dependent pericentromeric RNA decay.
Parabrachial tachykinin1-expressing neurons involved in state-dependent breathing control
Authors: Arthurs Joseph W. , Bowen Anna J. , Palmiter Richard D. , Baertsch Nathan A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBreathing is regulated automatically by neural circuits in the medulla to maintain homeostasis, but breathing is also modified by behavior and emotion. Mice have rapid breathing patterns that are unique to the awake state and distinct from those driven by automatic reflexes. Activation of medullary neurons that control automatic breathing does not reproduce these rapid breathing patterns. By manipulating transcriptionally defined neurons in the parabrachial nucleus, we identify a subset of neurons that express theTac1, but notCalca, gene that exerts potent and precise conditional control of breathing in the awake, but not anesthetized, state via projections to the ventral intermediate reticular zone of the medulla. Activating these neurons drives breathing to frequencies that match the physiological maximum through mechanisms that differ from those that underlie the automatic control of breathing. We postulate that this circuit is important for the integration of breathing with state-dependent behaviors and emotions.
Mutation in Smek2 regulating hepatic glucose metabolism causes hypersarcosinemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in rats
Authors: Tanaka Yasutake , Kawano Michio , Nakashima Sawako , Yamaguchi Chisato , Asahina Makoto , Sakamoto Mai , Shirouchi Bungo , Tashiro Kousuke , Imaizumi Katsumi , Sato Masao 
Published: February 2023

AbstractSuppressor of mek1 (Dictyostelium) homolog 2 (Smek2), was identified as one of the responsible genes for diet-induced hypercholesterolemia (DIHC) of exogenously hypercholesterolemic (ExHC) rats. A deletion mutation in Smek2 leads to DIHC via impaired glycolysis in the livers of ExHC rats. The intracellular role of Smek2 remains obscure. We used microarrays to investigate Smek2 functions with ExHC and ExHC.BN-Dihc2BN congenic rats that harbor a non-pathological Smek2 allele from Brown-Norway rats on an ExHC background. Microarray analysis revealed that Smek2 dysfunction leads to extremely low sarcosine dehydrogenase (Sardh) expression in the liver of ExHC rats. Sarcosine dehydrogenase demethylates sarcosine, a byproduct of homocysteine metabolism. The ExHC rats with dysfunctional Sardh developed hypersarcosinemia and homocysteinemia, a risk factor for atherosclerosis, with or without dietary cholesterol. The mRNA expression of Bhmt, a homocysteine metabolic enzyme and the hepatic content of betaine (trimethylglycine), a methyl donor for homocysteine methylation were low in ExHC rats. Results suggest that homocysteine metabolism rendered fragile by a shortage of betaine results in homocysteinemia, and that Smek2 dysfunction causes abnormalities in sarcosine and homocysteine metabolism.
Passive flow control via tip grooving and stall fencing mechanisms of a marine energy harvesting turbine
Authors: Das Tapas K. , Islam Nazrul , Samad Abdus , Pasha Amjad Ali 
Published: February 2023

AbstractRemarkable advancement in wave energy conversion technology has taken place in recent years. Due to its simplicity, the Wells turbine has been one of the most widely used power take-off mechanisms in an oscillating water column type wave-energy conversion device. However, the turbine suffers from several challenges due to its narrow operating range, which hinders the commercial feasibility of the system. Several aerodynamic applications have successfully used passive control methods to modify the flow conditions. This work applied a combination of stall fences and casing grooves for passive flow control of a Wells turbine. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) technique is used to analyze the modified turbine numerically. The casing groove modified the tip-leakage vortices, interacted with local vortices created by the stall fences, and helped reattach the flow at higher flow coefficients. As a result, the modified turbine increases the operating range up to 33.3%. In addition, the peak-to-average (PTA) power ratio decreased by up to 27.7%.