bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation to improve the antifouling properties of the Sharklet topography using computation fluid dynamics
Authors: Felicia Wong Yen Myan , Lee Yi Heng 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Biofouling is an undesirable phenomenon that occurs on the surface that is submerged underwater for a long time. With the adhesion of microorganisms, it will defect indsutrie especially the marine industry. By having biofouling on the submerged surface of vessels, it larger the drag force and friction that are experienced by the vessels while travelling and thus increase the cost on fuel consumption. To deal with this issue, mechanical approach and chemical approach were firstly developed which were then attempting significance success on decreasing the occurrence of biofouling. However, these approaches are not a sustainable solution. Hence, surface modification is then proposed and developed by the researchers to control the biofouling. Currently, Sharklet topography is one of the popular micro-structures antifouling technology. Few studies have presented successful results of Sharklet topography on the antifouling performance, but lack of research is relevant to the way on improving the antifouling properties of Sharklet topography. Thus, this project is mainly on modifying the Sharklet topography and make comparison with the initial design by studying the hydrodynamic characteristics around the surface through Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis. To carry out this experiment, three-dimensional (3D) models for the non-patterned surface and Sharklet micro-structured surfaces will be created in different channels of flow but with similar settings. The data to be identified and compared from both models are flow velocity, shear strain rate and wall shear stress. From this study, it is observed that as varying the sizes of width between the effective range of microtopography sizes (64 μm – 264 μm) under constant height and spacing, the bigger the size of width, the better the performance of antifouling since the wall shear aspect appears the sharp fluctuation for the geometry with aspect ratio of 1.5 as compared 2.0 and 3.0. With the sharply fluctuating shear stress, it will be an unfavorable environment for the microorganisms to settle down.
Design and development of an automated glove inspection machine
Authors: Chua Yue Le , Choo Hui Leng , Nazimudin Kasoo Raheel , Lim Eng Wei 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Gloves are commonly used as personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect humans from contact of contamination of chemical substances and infection of disease such as Covid-19. The gloves markets including household gloves upsurged exponentially during the Covid-19 outbreak as the concern and awareness of safety and hygiene rises in the community. Hence, to ensure the safety and reliability of the product, quality control of the gloves must be efficient and accurate. However, most of the household glove manufacturers are still using manual visual inspection for quality control, which is unreliable and expensive as cost of labor are gradually increasing too. Therefore, the aim of the project is to develop an automated machine that can inspect varied sizes of household gloves and segregate the defective with non-defective gloves. With the implementation of automated glove inspection machine, the efficiency and return-of-investment for the glove inspection process can be increased. Throughout the project, the 3D model of the inspection device was developed and fabricated using 3D printing technology. Automated system of glove inspection and segregation was implemented on the inspection device. Then, the inspection device was tested on industrial defective gloves and self-made defective gloves with different diameters of pinholes. Results show that the inspection device was able to segregate all defective gloves from the non-defective gloves. The inspection device was duplicated with four more sets and mounted onto the rotating platform to complete the automated glove inspection machine. The final automated glove inspection machine can inspect and segregate five household gloves consecutively on each cycle to increase the efficiency and ROI of the quality control.
The Application of Image Processing for Conversion of Handwritten Mathematical Expression
Authors: Iskandar Nasuha , Chew Wei Jen , Phang Swee King 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Optical character recognition (OCR) is the conversion of printed or written text from a scanned document or image file into a machine-readable form to be used for data processing like editing. Handwriting has been a way of communication for centuries, but modern technology has made it easier with the introduction of modern computers. While people have adapted to typing out words using a keyboard, formulas and mathematical expressions requires additional add-ons installed in the word processor. The process can be time consuming and tedious. Therefore, an alternative method is proposed in this paper in which handwritten mathematical formulas are converted into computer readable text. Horizontal and vertical projection is used for segmentation while convolutional neural network for character recognition is used to increase the recognition accuracy. The proposed method was able to segment out handwritten mathematical equations from lined papers as well as extract out and identify each character written. The handwritten equation was then successfully converted to a digital format.
Angular Stability Enhancement of Grid Integrated Wind Energy Using PSO to Optimize PSS
Authors: Alhinai Ahmed Mohammad Salim , Vaithilingam Chockalingam Aravind , Alsakati Ahmad Adel , Rajendran Gowthamraj , Raja Venkatesh Krishna , Kamalakkannan S. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The majority of nations are making efforts to protect our planet by reducing emissions caused by the combustion of fossil fuels to create energy and increasing the production of green power from renewable energy sources. Wind energy is one of the renewable energy sources that is the least destructive to the environment and an efficient approach to reducing carbon emissions. Wind power is also one of the renewable energy sources that are the most cost-effective. However, even though wind energy has been employed for quite some time, there are still some challenges that this form of renewable energy must overcome, such as maintaining the stability of the power grid. The primary objective of this research is to enhance the transient stability of the power system by utilizing an optimized power system stabilizer (PSS) that has been improved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect that wind power has on the reliability of power systems that are outfitted with PSS and also to optimize the parameters of the PSS to increase the network’s reliability in two different domains. While PSS with the ST1A excitation system is utilized to reduce the transient period and peak value, oscillations of the generator’s speed deviation can be dampened. Through the management of the relative power angle stability of the network, the major objective of PSS is to enhance the performance of the system.
Influence of the Formulated Surfactant on the Characterization of the Base Oil
Authors: Leng Lai Yee , Anisa Nor Ilia , Nour Abdurahman Hamid 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
An emulsion is defined as a phase containing two immiscible liquids consisting of water and oil. In the oil and gas industry, the presence of emulsions results in high costs for pumping equipment, reduced performance and increased corrosion rates in pipelines and other equipment. Numerous studies have been conducted for crude oil emulsions, but are still lacking for emulsions present in base oil. Therefore, the research focuses on characterising the emulsified base oil by comparing the physical and thermophysical properties of the emulsified base oil with and without a formulated surfactant and using the base oil as a control sample to observe the stabilisation of the samples. Physical properties include material composition, particle size and distribution, density, viscosity and shear stress; thermophysical properties include thermal stability. Samples were prepared using a homogeniser (2 hours) followed by ultrasonic treatment (2 hours) with 10 mL of water and 190 mL of base oil at room temperature. About 10 mL of the formulated surfactant was added to characterise the emulsified base oil with surfactant. The samples were further analysed for molecular compounds, particle distribution, physical properties (density and viscosity) and thermal stability using DSC and TGA. The results showed that the emulsified base oil with formulated surfactant has higher viscosity and lower density than the emulsified base oil without formulated surfactant.
Fast 3D Mapping Solution with UAV
Authors: Shahid Ismail Ghalif , Phang Swee King , Chew Wei Jen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The photogrammetric method of 3D mapping uses Structure from Motion (SfM) algorithm, where 3D structures of a scene are created from 2D sets of data taken from multiple angles. This 3D mapping process is used in many advanced and important applications in the digital and robotics industry. The use of omnidirectional camera along with UAV for this photogrammetric process allows faster data acquisition and data processing to construct 3D structures compared to traditional method. However, the metric accuracy of spherical photogrammetry is relatively less compared to traditional framed camera photogrammetry. Hence, this research will focus on improving metric accuracy of spherical photogrammetry by enhancing SfM algorithm for the purpose of providing an enhanced and value-added fast 3D mapping solution using UAV. The research was conducted at 4 main levels. 1) Data acquisition phase, where the 360-degree camera with GPS tracker are attached to a UAV, and it is used to collect different sets of images at different heights and angles. 2) Camera calibration, for the purpose of identifying the camera intrinsic and extrinsic. These 2 parameters are crucial in feature detection and camera position estimation. 3) Data processing phase, where the collected data would be processed through the enhanced SfM algorithm to create the 3D structures. 4) Data analysis phase, where the 3D model created from enhanced SfM algorithm would be compared against a reference 3D model created by commercial software. However, the results attained were not as expected due to undesired feature detection process. This research is expected to help geographical and land surveyors to conduct surveys at a faster, more efficient and at a higher accuracy. A practical use case of this solution is to survey the terrain of an area under natural disaster, accurately and faster for search and rescue missions.
The Investigation Of The Synthesis Cooking Oil As A New Power Transformer Oil
Authors: Subramaniam Sarrvish , Ahmad Hafisoh , Bakar Nurfarhanim Abu , Haris Faranadia Abdul , Rahman Rahisham Abdul 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background: The mineral oil has been widely used in a power transformer for the purpose of insulation and suppression of corona and arcing. But due to its extremely low flashpoint, this can also cause an explosion in the case of a fire and the mineral oil has been found to be non-biodegradable. In this research, an alternative of mineral oil is proposed, which is the usage of used cooking oil which will undergo chemical modification via transesterification in order to achieve its expected properties which fits into the requirements of the power transformer according to the IEEE standard of IEEE C57.147
Methods: the synthesis of oil process will begin by the selection of the most suitable vegetable oil, in this case the palm oil in which, the water content and acidity were taken into consideration. The oil will then undergo transesterification process for the removal of free fatty acids and water content, before being tested for its acidity, water content and the breakdown down voltage in the high voltage lab to evaluate the electrical properties of the oil.
Results: The results obtained during testing is that the breakdown voltage and water content is 6 kV and 125 ppm and the acidity 0.13 mg KOH/g.
Conclusion: It is expected that the potential synthesized oil which has undergone transesterification process and the removal of all water content and free fatty acids in the oil, can be able to replicate the values replace the mineral oil in a power transformer despite having a higher acidity than the mineral oil.
The Application of Image Processing to Determine Lift Occupancy
Authors: Nasir Nur Asyiqin Mohamad , Chew Wei Jen 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Lifts have become an essential device to move people up and down tall buildings every day. However, sometimes the lift still stops even though it is already fully occupied, either with people or objects, and is not able to take in more passengers. This makes the amount of time used to get to a floor longer due to all the unnecessary delays. As a result, the primary emphasis of this research endeavour is placed on the application of image processing techniques, namely those that make use of the tracking system that uses Kalman filter, to track moving people and objects, to determine the occupancy of a lift. Kalman filter is applied to accurately track and determine whether it is a person or an object that is located within the bounding boxes. If it is a person, an estimate of the amount of space that an average human occupies in a given environment is determined. In contrast, if it is not a human, then the usage of the polygon function will be incorporated to estimate the percentage of space that is occupied by the items. This will be done in order to figure out how much space the objects take up. Through the use of the proposed system, the occupancy of the lift is determined by analyzing still images taken from a video that was recorded by a camera located within the lift. As a consequence of this, the average travel time for a lift user can be reduced with the reduction of unnecessary stops while it is fully occupied.
Alula Effect on Aerodynamic Performance of Small UAVs Wing Configuration
Authors: Eftekhari Shahrooz , Al-Obaidi Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi , Mari Tamil Salvi 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
The application range of small UAVs for civil purposes such as aerial imaging, agricultural pest control and, corps management as well as drone delivery has been increasing throughout recent years. Promising results are observed from recent studies which support the effectiveness of the bio-inspired approach in improving the aerodynamic efficiency of small UAVs. However, very limited studies have investigated the effect of Alula on the aerodynamic performance of wing geometries. This research investigates the effects of employing Alula on the aerodynamic efficiency of the wing to overcome the challenge of small UAVs efficiency degradation. Numerical and experimental investigations are conducted on 6 different Alula configurations. The findings of the investigations shows a reduction in drag for wings and an increase in aerodynamic efficiency by 9% for wings with Alula compared to the conventional wing. It is observed that using Alula configuration helps in delaying flow separation by adding momentum into the flow which resulted in total drag reduction without having a significant effect on the lift. Consequently, the aerodynamic efficiency is increased, and this can be utilized in drone industry to increase the endurance of the flight.
Greenwall Filtration System for Lakewater Treatment: A Case Study on Cocopeat/Perlite Filter Media
Authors: Gan Chloe Vera Li Yi , Tee Lee Hong , Oh Kai Siang , Lam Weng Hoong , Yoon Li Wan , Phang Eunice Siew Wei 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Anthropogenic activities often result in varying degrees of lakewater contamination. Conventional lakewater treatment processes require expansive space allocation which could be challenging under certain topographical situations. A greenwall filtration system is a vertical wall that consists of plants or greenery. In this system, greenery is planted in a growing medium made up of a combination of soil, stone, or water. A robust greenwall filtration system could serve as a potential solution for lakewater treatment. However, the efficacy of various filtering media in eliminating contaminants and various water quality indicators such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from lakewater remains unknown. Previous research has demonstrated that coir and perlite are suitable filter media for a greenwall system. In this study, the effects of various height ratios of the filter media and different lakewater flowrates were investigated. The treatment performance was assessed using various lakewater flowrates: low flowrate (13.10 L/h), medium flowrate (26.57 L/h) and high flowrate (45.18 L/h). The mixed media ratio of 3:1 cocopeat-to-perlite during low flowrate (13.10 L/h) attained the highest removal of COD with an overall removal of 71.00%. It was further discovered that the Langmuir isotherm model could better explain the adsorption process than the Freundlich isotherm model as it possesses an overall high coefficient of determination, R2
where the value of R2
for cocopeat to perlite ratio at 1:1, 1:3, and 3:1; are 0.9397, 0.9823, and 0.5348, respectively.
Finite Element Analysis of Sn-58Bi Shear Test
Authors: Leong Michelle Mei Kit , Amares S 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Finite element analysis (FEA) of quasi-static single lap shear test was conducted to study the mechanical properties of Sn-58Bi in terms of deformation, strain, stress, yield strength and ultimate strength. The study generated results of simulated behaviour of low temperature Sn-Bi solder alloy to address the demand of low temperature solder alloys in the electronic industry. The geometry was constructed in SolidWorks based on ASTM D1002 standard before being imported to ANSYS. The simulation was conducted at shear velocity of 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 1.27 mm/min and temperature of 138, 178, 208 and 238 °C using ANSYS. The simulation results were compared with the corresponding experimental results. Simulation results showed that an increase in shear velocity caused a decrease in ultimate strength and an increase in ductility of Sn-58Bi. As the velocity increased from 0.5 to 1.27 mm/min, the ultimate strength decreased from 339.87 to 291.24 MPa. This is predicted due to the Bi-rich layer within the lamellar structure of Sn-Bi alloy. An increase in temperature caused an increase in ultimate strength and brittleness in Sn-58Bi due to the trans-granular propagation of brittle failures along the weak Bi-abundant phase. As the temperature increased from 138 to 238°C, ultimate strength increased from 290.46 to 298.93 MPa.
The geometrical and Möbius-invariant properties of parabolic cycles
Authors: Gupta Sneha , Biswas Debapriya 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
We have studied parabolic cycles and given their equivalent matrix representations. Invariant properties of matrices under similarity have contributed to the Möbius-invariant properties in cycles. We have further discussed the inner product in the cycle space. Also, the geometrical properties of orthogonality and reflection have been studied to obtain the irregular points in the cycle space.
Mathematical Modeling of pedestrian flow through the obstacle bottleneck
Authors: Jia Xiaolu , Yanagisawa Daichi , Feliciani Claudio , Nishinari Katsuhiro 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
For pedestrians in walking facilities, their movements are often obstructed by bottlenecks where the walkable widths are geometrically reduced. In previous research, to reproduce the influence of bottlenecks on pedestrian movements, agent-based simulation models have been widely applied. However, their high reliability on modeling rules and parameters requires calibration at the microscopic level, which makes them difficult to apply from an engineering perspective. Here, we applied a mathematical approach, which estimates the egress efficiency based on the density-flow rate fundamental diagram, to reproduce the egress time of pedestrians in our field experiments. Both the obstacle and the exit were considered bottlenecks in our experiments. It was indicated that with the same width, the obstacle bottleneck acted as an ‘ineffective’ bottleneck that did not affect the egress time when it was near the exit bottleneck, whereas acted as an ‘effective’ bottleneck when it was distant from the exit bottleneck. To reproduce this phenomenon, we applied a mathematical approach that abstracts the walking scenario as a scheme with the bottlenecks as links and different regions as nodes. As a result, the egress times under different layouts were reproduced successfully by introducing the density-flow rate fundamental diagram into the scheme. Furthermore, a reasonable range of the obstacle size and obstacle-exit width, under which condition the egress time is constant, was estimated. This study can be applied to estimate the egress time of the walking facilities by considering the fundamentals of pedestrian flows from a mathematical perspective, thus helping in the actual design of bottlenecks that could ensure efficient and safe pedestrian egress in walking facilities.
Utilizing GOES-16 instruments to forecast geomagnetic storm during Solar Cycle 25
Authors: Rossdee Anis , Hamidi Z S , Shariff N N M 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on the study of active region AR12891 in conjunction with geostorm from space weather data. A flare of magnitude M1.7 occurred in this active region, resulting in a geomagnetic storm of magnitude 3. By observing solar activity, x-ray flux, and radiation particle monitoring, GOES-16 instruments were used to forecast these events. A python program was used to analyze data collected from the online database of solar monitor and space weather live provided by the NOAA. Solar flare events can be studied and monitored through GOES-16 instruments to forecast geomagnetic storms. This allows less impacts towards satellite navigations and power sources if geomagnetic storm was detected early.
Atomic hydrogen adsorption on freestanding α-borophene nanoribbons for hydrogen spillover applications: Insights from density functional theory calculations
Authors: Santos-Putungan A B , Herrera M U , Putungan D B 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this work, we probed the applicability of α-borophene nanoribbon as a spillover hydrogen host material using density functional theory (DFT) calculations. It is found that all top sites, along the edges and on the planar surface, are appropriate for hydrogen physisorption. On the other hand, the hollow site which is a defining feature of the α-borophene nanoribbon, was found to be an unstable adsorption site for hydrogen, and does not act as a trap site for hydrogen atom. Density of states calculations show that the broadening of the hydrogen 1s states made it possible for a good hybridization with the boron 2p states, allowing for such a moderate hydrogen physisorption. The resulting moderate adsorption energies indicate good hydrogen migration properties, making α-borophene nanoribbon a very good candidate material for spillover hydrogen applications and could be utilized as a key material for overall hydrogen storage.