bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serologic Reactivity of Certain Antigens Obtained by Fractionation of Coxsackie Viruses in Cesium Chloride Density Gradients
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Frommhagen Laurence H. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation of certain Coxsackie viral types has served to separate the precipitating antigens possessing “specific” and “group” reactivity with human sera, and has also separated two complement-fixing (CF) antigens. One of the CF antigens (in the same fraction as the “specific” precipitating antigen) fixes complement with homotypic monkey immune serum, but not with human sera. The other CF antigen (in the same fractions as the “group” precipitating antigen) fixes complement with homotypic monkey immune serum and also with human sera from both homotypic and heterotypic Coxsackie virus infections. Heating at 56°C for 30 min converted the serologic activity of the fraction with “specific” precipitating activity and no CF activity with human sera to that of the fractions containing “group” precipitating activity and CF activity with homotypic and heterotypic human sera.
The Role of Antigen Dosage in Drug-Induced Immunologic Tolerance
Authors: Schwartz Robert S. , Dameshek William 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of varying the dosage of antigen (bovine serum albumin (BSA)) on the induction of immunologic tolerance in adult rabbits by the administration of a constant amount (10 mg/kg) of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) was studied. The doses of BSA employed ranged from 0.066 mg/kg to 66.0 mg/kg. Tolerance was not regularly achieved at doses of BSA below 66.0 mg/kg. The specificity of the tolerant state was demonstrated by normal responses to BGG, which was administered after the cessation of 6-MP treatment. It is proposed that the induction of immunologic tolerance by 6-MP is due to a state of relative antigen excess brought about by the administration of antigen to an animal whose lymphoid system has been depleted by the cytotoxic drug. The states defined as immunologic tolerance induced in young animals, immunologic paralysis and immunologic unresponsiveness may all depend on an increase in antigen relative to the number of available antibody-forming cells.
Tuberculostatic Activity of Normal Human Sera
Authors: Kochan Ivan , Patton Charlotte , Ishak Kamel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
This study demonstrated that normal human sera possess an inhibitory activity for growth of tubercle bacilli. This tuberculostasis could not be shown upon dilution of the serum in various media devised for growth of tubercle bacilli. The analyses of the constitutents of these media with respect to their antituberculostatic activity showed that phosphate and citrate act as antagonists in the antimycobacterial activity. Investigation of the tuberculostatic factor showed the following: It is heat-stable at 56°C but loses its activity at 65°C or higher temperatures.It is composed of two parts, one which is heat-sensitive and nondialyzable and a second which is heat-stable and dialyzable; both parts are required for tuberculostatic activity.Both parts of the tuberculostatic factor are organic and their molecular weight may be higher than 30,000.The factor or its one part can be adsorbed from serum by heavy emulsions of tubercle bacilli.
Study of the distribution of tuberculostatic factor showed that it is present in tuberculinnegative and tuberculin-positive people. The analysis of “racial sera,” as to the level of tuberculostatic activity suggested no difference among the races. Out of 92 sera investigated, 7 demonstrated low degree of tuberculostatic activity. Because of equal distribution of these “weak” sera among the racial groups, this might indicate an individual rather than a racial characteristic.
Ribonucleoprotein-Bound Antibody to the Enzyme Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Wust Carl J. , Novelli G. David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Microsomes prepared from the spleens and livers of mice immunized to the enzyme triose phosphate dehydrogenase have been found to possess inhibiting activity to enzymic function. Deoxycholate-treated microsomes had the same specific activity as intact microsomes, indicating that inhibiting activity was associated with the protein of ribonucleoprotein particles.
Serum-neutralizing antibody was adsorbed onto microsomes both in vitro and in vivo. Such adsorption could account for some of the inhibiting activity associated with microsomes. Treatment of the microsomes with deoxycholate, however, removed the artificially bound, neutralizing antibody.
Studies with β-mercaptoethanol indicated that this sulfhydryl compound protected the enzyme from neutralizing activity of antisera or microsomal fractions but did not inhibit precipitate formation.
Micromethods for the Study of Proteins and Antibodies
Authors: Daniel Thomas M. , Weyand James G. M. , Stavitsky Abram B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The instability of fresh erythrocytes sensitized for use in hemagglutination reactions prompted the use of formalinized erythrocytes. In the course of attempts to avoid nonspecific agglutination, the variables affecting sensitization of formalinized erythrocytes were explored extensively. Uptake of antigen by cells increased as the concentration of tannic acid and the time of exposure to tannic acid were increased. Increasing the concentration of antigen to which tanned cells were exposed as well as increasing the temperature and time of reaction resulted in greater uptake of antigen by the cells. The sensitization reaction was pH dependent, with pH optima varying for different antigens. Optimal sensitization of cells for use in the hemagglutination reaction did not correspond with maximal uptake of antigen by the cells. The optimal conditions for sensitizing cells for use in hemagglutination were determined for a number of protein antigens. Under these conditions cell preparations of great stability were produced which were comparable in sensitivity to those made with fresh erythrocytes. The mechanism by which antigens are tightly bound to the erythrocyte surface remains unknown.
Immunological Studies with Partially Purified Bovine and Human TSH
Authors: Arquilla Edward R. , Catz Boris , Finn Jack 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Methods are presented for the production of antibodies to partially purified bovine thyroid stimulating hormone (BTSH) and human thyroid stimulating hormone (HTSH) in rabbits. Hemagglutination methods for the estimation of antibodies using human O-negative erythrocytes coated with TSH are presented. Hemagglutination inhibition methods were used to detect contaminants in and possible cross reaction between the BTSH and HTSH used as the antigens. With the use of these methods no measurable immunologic similarity between bovine and human thyroid stimulating hormones was noted. The possible cross-reaction between various antierior pituitary hormones and homologous antiserum is discussed.
Studies on Fragments of Rabbit γ-Globulin
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Gross Dale 
Published: January 2023

Summary
No new antigenic determinants were exposed by the enzymatic digestion of rabbit γ-globulin on testing with goat antisera to Fractions I and III of the papain-digested molecules.
Fractions I and II derived from papain-digested γ-globulin were antigenically indistinguishable and very similar but not identical to the analogous fragments resulting from digestion with pepsin, using reaction with a goat antiserum to FI (papain) as a criterion.
Antigenic determinants characteristic of rabbit γ-globulin were found on FI as well as on FIII.
Alanine was found to be the principal NH2-terminal amino acid of PI and PII as well as of FI and FII.
The Effect of Acute Radiation Injury on Phagocytic Mechanisms of Antibacterial Defense
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Fleming Diane O. , Wood W. Barry 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A systematic study of the effect of acute radiation injury upon the natural resistance of mice to experimental pneumococcal myositis has revealed that the principal factor involved in the lowered resistance of the irradiated host is a marked depression in the mobilization of phagocytic cells at the site of the primary lesion. The delayed and diminished inflammatory response, which coincides with the postirradiation leukopenia, permits the pneumococci to reach a population density in the lesion approximately a thousand times greater than that observed in unirradiated mice. The relatively few leukocytes, which in these circumstances manage to reach the lesion, exhibit no demonstrable impairment of phagocytic activity and show only an equivocal change in their capacity to kill the pneumococci which they ingest.
Biologic Activities of Aggregated γ-Globulin
Authors: Sugahara Takao , Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit α-globulin, β1-globulin and subfractions of γ-globulin were aggregated by coupling with bis-diazotized benzidine and the aggregated products were studies for skin reactivity in normal guinea pigs and for C′-fixing properties. Induction of these biological activities upon nonspecific aggregation was characteristic of γ-globulin only. Aggregated products of neither α-globulin nor β1-globulin had either activity. Evidence was presented that only γ-globulin had affinity for guinea pig tissues to which antibody combines upon passive sensitization. All three of these properties, namely skin reactivity and C′-fixing activity upon aggregation, and affinity for guinea pig tissue were present approximately equally in all the chromatographic subfractions of γ-globulin.
All γ-globulin subfractions of rabbit anti-ovalbumin sera contained antibody. Soluble antigen-antibody complexes prepared with these fractions gave skin reactions in normal guinea pigs and inactivated C′. On a weight basis, the soluble complexes and nonspecifically aggregated γ-globulin were comparable with respect to these biologic activities.
Biologic Properties of Two Plaque Variants of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (Indiana Serotype)
Authors: Wagner Robert R. , Levy Allan H. , Snyder Ruth M. , Ratcliff Gilbert A. , Hyatt David F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Large plaque (LP) and small plaque (SP) variants were cloned from stock cultures of Indiana serotype, San Juan strain of vesicular stomatitis (VS) virus. Both variants bred true in cultures of chick embryo (CE) and L cells. Differences in infectivity, cytopathogenicity and growth potential were more pronounced when the two variants were compared in cultures of L cells. The LP and SP variants did not appear to differ significantly in the following properties: adsorption on CE or L cells, release from infected L cells, thermostability, growth in the presence of agar extracts, plaque size and growth under conditions of reduced bicarbonate concentrations, inactivation of infectivity by ultraviolet irradiation and cytotoxicity. Slight variations could be detected in neutralization by antibody and buoyant density in a cesium chloride density gradient.
The LP variant was not conclusively inferior in its capacity to induce formation of interferon during the course of infection. However, definite evidence was obtained that the SP variant is more susceptible to the action of an exogenous interferon produced by infected L cells.
Persistent infection of L cells could be established only with the SP variant. During an observation period of 5 months, carrier L cell cultures underwent periodic cycles of SP virus multiplication and cell destruction alternating with cycles of virus quiescence and slow repopulation of cultures by surviving L cells. No interferon could be detected in SP carrier cultures, but the L cells became more resistant to superinfection with the LP variant.
Studies on Systemic Reactivity to Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) and Endotoxin
Authors: Trakatellis Anthony C. , Stinebring Warren R. , Axelrod A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pigs immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and rendered pyridoxine-deficient by dietary means or by treatment with deoxy-pyridoxine (DB6) showed severely depressed systemic reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) although in vitro sensitivity of certain spleen cells could be demonstrated. This is in agreement with the results on skin sensitivity. The use of killed BCG to sensitize a group of these animals demonstrates that interference with proliferation of this organism by pyridoxine deficiency of the host is not a dominant factor in depression of reactivity. The deficient animals showed no change in anaphylactic reactivity. Vitamin C deficiency and inanition due to low food intake did not result in depression of reactivity. It appears that pyridoxine deficiency may interfere with a step in the reaction between sensitized cells and the allergen.
Studies on Systemic Reactivity to Purified Protein Derivative (PPD) and Endotoxin
Authors: Stinebring Warren R. , Trakatellis Anthony C. , Axelrod A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Pyridoxine-deficient guinea pigs, immunized with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) or nonimmunized, showed unaltered reactivity to endotoxin when compared to guinea pigs fed diets adequate in pyridoxine. A comparison between this unaltered reactivity to endotoxin and the depressed reactivity to purified protein derivative (PPD) in this deficiency state reported previously (1, 2) allows the conclusion that differences in basic mechanisms must be involved.
The Influence of Hemolysis or Blood Loss on Susceptibility to Infection
Authors: Kaye Donald , Hook Edward W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice injected with anti-mouse-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride were more susceptible to infection caused by Salmonella typhimurium than normal mice or mice injected with normal rabbit serum or saline solution. The increase in susceptibility was observed over a wide range of inoculum sizes and for infection initiated by the intravenous, intraperitoneal or intragastric route. Injection of anti-mouse-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride also resulted in increased susceptibility to infection caused by Escherichia coli or Staphylococcus aureus, but not by Diplococcus pneumoniae.
The increase in susceptibility to infection was not related to anemia per se as anemia of an equivalent degree resulting from acute blood loss did not increase susceptibility to salmonella infection. The infection-enhancing effect of antimouse-erythrocyte serum could be removed by absorption with mouse erythrocyte stroma but not with mouse liver. Transfusion of antibodycoated mouse erythrocytes or heterologous erythrocytes also resulted in a marked increase in susceptibility of mice to S. typhimurium infection whereas infusion of normal mouse erythrocytes or injection of hemoglobin solution and erythrocyte stroma from homologous or heterologous erythrocytes did not appreciably alter susceptibility.
The hypothesis is offered that phagocytosis of heterologous or altered homologous erythrocytes by reticuloendothelial cells impairs the capacity of these cells to kill ingested bacteria.
Humoral Factors in Cellular Resistance
Authors: Wu William G. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A study was designed to determine the effects of heated and unheated human, calf, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse serum on rates of phagocytosis and digestion of P-32 labeled Histoplasma capsulatum by peritoneal macrophages obtained from control and immunized mice. The results obtained were as follows: Ingestion rates by macrophages from normal and immune mice were not significantly different in the presence of heated or unheated heterologous and homologous sera.Macrophages from immunized mice digested H. capsulatum more rapidly than those from normal mice in the presence of heated and unheated human, rabbit, guinea pig and mouse serum and unheated calf serum, but not in the presence of heated calf serum.Heat labile factors in unheated sera induced transitory increases in rates of cytopepsis of H. capsulatum ingested by both normal and “immune” phagocytes.Cytopeptic rates of both cell populations were highest in the presence of heated and unheated mouse or guinea pig serum, whereas the rates in the presence of heated human, rabbit, or calf serum were not significantly different. Unheated rabbit and calf sera induced intermediate rates of digestion by the phagocytes.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A. , Seastone C. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Normal mice and mice immunologically paralyzed with type I pneumococcal polysaccharide were adoptively immunized by transfer of splenic cells from immune mice. In contrast, splenic cells from paralyzed mice were incapable of adoptively immunizing normal mice.
Specificity of Reaction to Antigenic Stimulation in Lymph Nodes of Immature Rabbits
Authors: Pernis B. , Cohen M. W. , Thorbecke G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were conducted to test whether antigenic substances rather than nonspecific stimuli are necessary for induction of γ-globulin formation and associated morphologic changes in lymphoid tissue. Diphtheria toxoid was used as the antigen, crystalline silica as the nonantigenic adjuvant. Neonatal rabbits were used as the experimental animals because of their lack of preexisting stimulation.
Stimulated lymph nodes were studied with regard to secondary nodule and plasma cell formation, and, in addition, γ-globulin production in vitro by means of autoradiography of immunoelectrophoretic patterns. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to determine presence of antibody and γ-globulin in lymph node cells.
Results indicate that antigenic stimulation is needed for the induction of the specific histologic changes associated with γ-globulin formation. γ-Globulin synthesis was more readily demonstrable than antibody formation in immature rabbits. Several possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed.
Quantitative Determination of 6.6 S γ-Globulins, β2A-Globulins and γ1-Macroglobulins in Human Serum
Authors: Fahey John L. , Lawrence Mary E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum levels of 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins and γ1-macroglobulins were determined by quantitative immune inhibition techniques. The 6.6 S γ-globulins, with an average serum level of 12.63 mg/ml, were found to constitute about 71% of the total serum γ-globulins. The β2A-globulins comprise about 22% of the γ-globulins (average serum level of 3.94 mg/ml). The γ1-macroglobulins account for about 7% of the serum γ-globulins (average value 1.16 mg/ml). The relative electrophoretic mobility of the γ-globulin groups was determined. The electrophoretic heterogeneity of each group was confirmed. Most of the 6.6 S γ-globulins were in the γ-globulin region, although some migrated more rapidly. The γ1-macroglobulins were intermediate in mobility and the β2A-globulins, as a group, migrated most rapidly.
Differential Effects of Specific Antisera on the Rejection of Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Skin Grafts by Sublethally X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Cole Leonard J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Data are presented indicating that the first-set response to an allogeneic skin graft can be significantly inhibited in sublethally irradiated mice by passively transferred specific antisera, whereas, in contrast, the first-set response to a xenogeneic skin graft remains resistant to similar treatment. Specific antisera had no effect upon a pre-existing second-set response.
Immunochemical Studies on Dextrans
Authors: Mage Rose G. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antidextrans produced by rabbits resemble corresponding human antidextrans. Inhibition data indicate that most of the combining regions of antibody in the rabbit sera studied are complementary to chains of not more than five or six hexose units. Dextrans known to contain a high proportion of 1,2-linkages cross-react 85 to 100% with human and rabbit antibodies to dextran 1424, which has an unknown content of 1,2-linkages, thus confirming previous immunochemical inferences that this dextran is also highly 1,2-linked. Inhibition data also support this conclusion.
The Immunologic Behavior of Baby Pigs
Authors: Myers Walter L. , Segre Diego 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Using newborn and 3-week-old colostrum-deprived pigs from actively immunized sows, both indirect and direct evidence for transplacental transfer of antibodies was obtained. In addition, the finding of specific antibodies in the sera of newborn colostrum-deprived pigs from a passively immunized sow is offered as conclusive proof of transplacental transfer of antibodies in swine.
Sheep Erythrocyte Agglutinins and Beef Erythrocyte Hemolysins in Infectious Mononucleosis Serum
Authors: Lee C. L. , Takahashi T. , Davidsohn I. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
In serum of patients with active infectious mononucleosis, the titers of sheep agglutinins and beef hemolysins were consistently elevated, while those of sheep hemolysins and beef agglutinins were within normal levels. In general, sera with higher titers of sheep agglutinin had also more beef hemolysin. In the course of illness, the change in titers was parallel. The absorption patterns of sheep agglutinins and beef hemolysins were generally similar. Both antibodies were demonstrated in the same serum fractions after separation by electrophoresis and by column chromatography. The ultracentrifugal data and the results of treatment with sulfhydryl compounds pointed to their association with macroglobulins. Beef hemolysin was more sensitive to temperature changes than sheep agglutinin.
Our results indicate that sheep agglutinins and beef hemolysins are physically inseparable but may possess different combining sites responsible for agglutination and hemolysis.
Inhibition of Complement Fixation by Human Serum
Authors: Heimer Ralph , Levin Francoise M. , Kahn M. F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Kinetic and static analyses of complement fixation (CF) reactions were carried out using EA, EA (human), solutions of human thyroglobulin-rabbit anti-thyroglobulin and latex particles coated with human γ-globulin (LPF II). Heated rheumatoid arthritis (RA) sera and N sera, rheumatoid factor (RF) and inhibitor (Ag-Ab)—a γ1M-globulin isolated from RA sera—were tested for their effect on CF reactions.
Addition of RA serum and N serum to EA and gpC′ delayed immune hemolysis. Preabsorption of the sera with solid heat denatured γ-globulin did not affect their inhibitory activity.
Inhibitor (Ag-Ab) was shown to delay lysis of EA by gpC′. The substance also inhibited CF by soluble antigen-antibody complexes, but CF reactions involving LPF II remained unaffected.
RF did not interfere with the lysis of EA by gpC′. This substance was also inactive in CF reactions involving soluble antigen-antibody complexes. RF, however, inhibited CF by LPF II, especially when preincubated with LPF II for 90 min at 56°C.
There was also a decrease in the latex fixation titer of RA sera when LPF II was preincubated with gp serum, suggesting some competition between RF and gpC′ for sites of attachment on the γ-globulin molecule.