bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clonal expansion of CD8+ T cells in Kawasaki disease.
Authors: Choi I H , Chwae Y J , Shim W S , Kim D S , Kwon D H , Kim J D , Kim S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Kawasaki disease (KD) is the major cause of acquired heart disease in children. KD is suspected of being an infectious disease, but the etiology has not yet been clarified. Immunologically, the disease is associated with the activation of T cells, monocytes, and macrophages resulting in highly elevated levels of several cytokines. Recently, expansions of T cells expressing TCRBV2 and TCRBV8 chains have been reported, and this suggests the involvement of a superantigen in the pathogenesis of KD. To address the role of a superantigen in KD, we investigated clonal expansion of T cells by estimating the complementarity-determining region 3 size profile among T cells expressing TCRBV1, TCRBV2, TCRBV4, TCRBV5, TCRBV8, TCRBV14, TCRBV16, TCRBV17, TCRBV18, and TCRBV20 chains during acute KD, during subacute KD, and during the long term follow-up period. During the acute phase of KD, several clonal expansions were found mainly in the CD8+ T cells that disappeared during the long term follow-up period. Our data suggest that the conventional Ags rather than a superantigen were involved in the pathogenesis of acute KD.
Triggers of autoimmune disease in a murine TCR-transgenic model for multiple sclerosis.
Authors: Brabb T , Goldrath A W , von Dassow P , Paez A , Liggitt H D , Goverman J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The combination of genetic and environmental factors that contribute to human autoimmune responses has made potential triggers of these diseases difficult to identify. We examined how experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis, is triggered using TCR-transgenic mice specific for myelin basic protein (MBP). In these TCR-transgenic mice, EAE can be actively induced and also occurs spontaneously. The incidence of spontaneous EAE in this model is largely confined to adolescence and early adulthood and is more prevalent among males than females, indicating that hormonal influences may contribute to triggering central nervous system autoimmune disease. Disease induction studies show that not all stimuli that activate MBP-specific T cells in vivo also induce EAE. Immunization with MBP peptide stimulates the transgenic T cells to produce Th1 cytokines; however, the activated T cells do not accumulate in the central nervous system and induce EAE unless pertussis toxin is also administered. EAE can be induced by intrathecal injection of either stimulated or nonstimulated transgenic T cells into nontransgenic or transgenic recipients. Therefore, gaining access to the central nervous system appears to be the critical step in this model for the induction of EAE, regardless of the activation state of the T cells.
Immunodominant CD4+ T cell receptor Vbeta repertoires involved in graft-versus-host disease responses to minor histocompatibility antigens.
Authors: Berger M A , Korngold R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In vitro CTL responses to multiple minor histocompatibility Ags (miHA) are governed by immunodominance as demonstrated in the C57BL/6By (B6) anti-BALB.B strain combination. Immunodominance was also demonstrated to be operative in graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) responses against BALB.B-derived miHA following transplantation of B6 T cells into irradiated recipients of both the BALB.B and CXB recombinant inbred strains. The hierarchy of in vivo and in vitro T cell responses to miHA differed. GVHD did not develop in CXBG and CXBK mice, which express immunodominant miHA for CTL generation, whereas disease occurred in the BALB.B, CXBE, CXBI, and CXBJ mouse strains. Previous results demonstrated that B6 CD4+ T cells provide helper function for CD8+ T cells involved in GVHD responses in the BALB.B, CXBE, and CXBI strains. CD4+ T cells alone were mediators of GVHD in all strains except CXBE. This study analyzed the TCR Vbeta repertoires of CD4+ thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL) collected during the initial stages of GVHD in the B6--&gt;BALB.B and B6--&gt;CXBE strain combinations. Positively selected CD4+ TDL from the B6--&gt;BALB.B (B6(+BALB.B)) combination exhibited marked expansion in the TCR Vbeta6+ and Vbeta8.1/8.2+ families, as well as smaller increases in the Vbeta7 and Vbeta9 families. CD4+ TDL from the B6--&gt;CXBE (B6(+CXBE)) combination displayed expansions in only the Vbeta7+ and Vbeta9+ families. These data suggest that B6 CD4+ T cells can recognize a limited number of immunodominant miHA during GVHD induction and that in both BALB.B and CXBE recipients, the TCR Vbeta repertoires partially overlap.
Selective expansion of Vgamma2-Vdelta7 TCR gammadelta cells in C57BL/6 mice is postnatal and extrathymic.
Authors: Sperling A I , Decker D C , DiPaolo R J , Stern D A , Shum A , Bluestone J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that TCR-gammadelta cells expressing Vgamma2 region elements are selectively expanded in vivo in C57BL/6 (B6), but not DBA/2, mice. Genetic analysis demonstrated that the expansion of Vgamma2+ was linked to the TCR alphadelta loci, suggesting that a particular Vgamma-Vdelta pair may be necessary for the expansion. In the studies presented here, we find that the expanding TCR gammadelta cells in B6 mice express a Vgamma2+/Vdelta7+ TCR. The Vgamma2-Jgamma and Vdelta7-Ddelta-Jdelta junctional amino acid sequences of these cells display wide variation in length, suggesting that expansion is based on variable region usage and not junctional diversity. The kinetics and dynamics of Vgamma2+/Vdelta7+ T cell expression were studied to determine the biological basis of clonal expansion. Although expression of the Vgamma2+ cells in B6 and DBA/2 neonates was similar, Vgamma2+ cells in the B6 mice expanded fourfold by 4 wk of age, while the expression in DBA/2 mice remained constant. In addition, expansion of the Vgamma2+ cells occurred in athymic nude mice, suggesting that expansion was driven by extrathymic stimuli. Finally, B6 mice housed under germfree conditions expressed expanded levels of Vgamma2+ gammadelta T cells similar to their normally housed counterparts. Thus, expansion and diversification of Vgamma2+/Vdelta7+ T cells are postnatal extrathymic events that do not require microbial antigenic exposure.
T cells from Jak3-deficient mice have intact TCR signaling, but increased apoptosis.
Authors: Thomis D C , Lee W , Berg L J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Jak family tyrosine kinase, Jak3, is involved in signaling through cytokine receptors utilizing the common gamma-chain (gamma(c)). Mice and humans lacking Jak3 have severe immune deficiencies, including defects in B and T lymphocyte development and function. In particular, Jak3-deficient mice have mature T cells with an activated phenotype, yet these cells are functionally nonresponsive. In this work, we show that Jak3-deficient T cells have no gross defects in early T cell signaling, as measured by TCR-induced tyrosine phosphorylation and calcium mobilization responses. Furthermore, we find that Jak3-deficient mice expressing a transgenic TCR have extremely low numbers of peripheral T cells with a naive phenotype, indicating that both peripheral activation and expansion of Jak3-/- T cells are driven by antigenic signals. We show that, similar to gamma(c)-deficient mice, T cells from Jak3-deficient mice have an increased susceptibility to apoptosis. Previously, we showed that when stimulated in vitro by CD3 plus CD28 cross-linking, Jak3-/- T cells secrete greatly reduced amounts of IL-2, and fail to proliferate. However, by measuring intracellular IL-2 levels, we find that Jak3-/- T cells produce amounts of IL-2 similar to activated T cells from control mice, further supporting the notion that there is no defect in TCR signaling in Jak3-/- T cells.
Beta 2-microglobulin-deficient mice are protected from hypergammaglobulinemia and have defective antibody responses because of increased IgG catabolism.
Authors: Christianson G J , Brooks W , Vekasi S , Manolfi E A , Niles J , Roopenian S L , Roths J B , Rothlein R , Roopenian D C 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine whether class I proteins play an important role in the regulation of Ig and to elucidate the mechanism(s) involved. We analyzed the phenotype imposed by a null allele of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m). Serum Ig levels of several mouse strains showed a beta 2m dependence that was most evident in mice genetically predisposed to develop chronic systemic lupus erythematosus, was preferential to IgG isotypes, and was greatly exaggerated in aging mice that normally develop hypergammaglobulinemia. Beta 2m-deficient mice, regardless of genetic background, also displayed a substantial reduction of specific Ab in response to a prototypic T cell-dependent Ag and a prototypic T cell-independent 2 Ag. This reduction could be accounted for by a selective diminution of Abs of the IgG class. Therefore, class I proteins play a considerable role in the regulation of Ig. The beta 2m dependence could not be explained by class I-dependent immunoregulatory cells (CD8+ cells, NK1.1+ T cells, or conventional NK+ cells) or by the transfer of maternal IgG into the prenatal/neonatal mouse made possible by the beta 2m-dependent Fc receptor (FcRn). However, a beta 2m-dependent increase in the half-lives of IgG, presumably conferred by lifelong FcRn expression, was observed in all mice regardless of genetic background and age. We conclude that FcRn-mediated protection of IgG from catabolism is a generic mechanism that best explains the lifelong beta 2m dependence of Ig in both normal and pathologic situations.
Alpha 4 beta 1 integrin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation in human T cells: characterization of Crk- and Fyn-associated substrates (pp105, pp115, and human enhancer of filamentation-1) and integrin-dependent activation of p59fyn1.
Authors: Hunter A J , Shimizu Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Integrin adhesion receptors transduce signals that transmit information from the extracellular environment to the cell interior. Although integrins lack intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, stimulation of the alpha 4 beta 1 integrin on human H9 T cells results in rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of proteins in the 105 to 115 kDa range. In this study, we report that alpha 4 integrin stimulation of H9 T cells results in tyrosine phosphorylation of three distinct proteins: pp105, pp115, and human enhancer of filamentation 1 (HEF1), all of which associate with the adapter protein c-Crk. However, pp115 can be distinguished from pp105 and HEF1 by its ability to associate with the SH2 domain of the tyrosine kinase p59fyn. Both pp105 and pp115 are antigenically distinct from HEF1, p130Cas, pp125FAK, Pyk2, p120cbl, and the p110 subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. The functional significance of pp115 association with p59fyn is suggested by the ability of alpha 4 integrin stimulation to activate Fyn tyrosine kinase activity. These studies show that alpha 4 integrin stimulation of T cells results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of several distinct substrates. The association of these substrates with intracellular signaling intermediates, such as Crk and Fyn, may play a critical role in integrin-mediated regulation of T cell function.
A gain of novel tissue specificity in the human Ly-6 gene E48.
Authors: Brakenhoff R H , van Dijk M , Rood-Knippels E M , Snow G B 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Ly-6 Ag family consists of glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-anchored surface proteins with a molecular mass of about 15 kDa. Seven members of the murine family have been characterized, and from five of these the genes have been cloned. Three members of the human family have been characterized: CD59, Ag E48, and the RIG-E or TSA-1/Sca-2 Ag. Most of the genes are expressed on lymphocytes, but some are expressed on other tissues as well. The mapped genes of the murine Ly-6 Ags, as well as of CD59, were shown to have a highly conserved structure, each consisting of four exons. The human E48 Ag was originally identified as a target Ag for radioimmunotherapy of patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The Ag is expressed on keratinocytes, but evidently not on lymphocytes. Molecular cloning of the cDNA encoding the Ag revealed that this Ag is most likely the human homologue of the murine Ly-6 Ag, ThB. In this paper, we describe that, in contrast to all other Ly-6 genes, the gene encoding the human E48 Ag consists of only three exons. Sequences at the 5' end of the transcription start site were shown to drive keratinocyte-associated expression. These data suggest that the functional elimination of an ancestral Ly-6 exon 1 switched the expression from lymphocytes toward keratinocytes.
Evidence that Tmevd2 and eae3 may represent either a common locus or members of a gene complex controlling susceptibility to immunologically mediated demyelination in mice.
Authors: Teuscher C , Rhein D M , Livingstone K D , Paynter R A , Doerge R W , Nicholson S M , Melvold R W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelination and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis are the principal immunologically mediated, genetically controlled models of multiple sclerosis. Previous studies using different mapping techniques identified susceptibility loci for both diseases on chromosomes 3, 6, and 17. To more precisely map these TMEV and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis loci relative to each other, linkage analysis using microsatellite markers and a (BALB/cByJ x DBA/2J) x BALB/cByJ backcross population segregating for TMEV-induced disease was conducted. Comparisonwise and chromosomewise critical values based on permutation theory were estimated for each chromosome. Evidence for linkage to markers on chromosome 17 was not seen. Chromosomewise linkage (p = 0.13) was detected with D6 Mit36 and D6 Mit149 (marker-specific chromosomewise p values = 0.02) at 40.4 cM on chromosome 6. Chromosomewise linkage (p &lt; 0.01) (marker-specific chromosomewise p value = 0.0) and comparisonwise linkage (p &lt; &lt; 0.0001) to D3 Mit156 at 33.9 cM on chromosome 3 were observed along with chromosomewise linkage (p &lt; 0.05) and comparisonwise linkage (p &lt; &lt; 0.0001) to D3 Mit29, D3 Mit311, D3 Mit28, and D3 Mit11 from 33.9 to 37.2 cM, respectively. Significant linkage to D3 Mit156 places Tmevd2 1.1 cM proximal of D3 Mit101 (35 cM), the maximally linked marker to the eae3 susceptibility gene. Maximum likelihood estimates conducted by multilocus linkage analysis localized Tmevd2 within a 95% confidence interval bordered by D3 Mit29 and D3 Mit10, at 33.9 and 37.2 cM, respectively. Taken together these results suggest that Tmevd2 and eae3 may represent either a single, common susceptibility gene or members of a gene complex involved in central nervous system immunopathology.
Treatment of a newly established transgenic model of chronic arthritis with nondepleting anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody.
Authors: Mauri C , Chu C Q , Woodrow D , Mori L , Londei M 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We established a novel animal model for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by following backcrossing to DBA/1 of (SWR/J x DBA/1)F1 TCR-beta Tg mice, previously reported to be highly susceptible to collagen-induced arthritis. These mice evolved, upon collagen type II immunization, into a chronic arthritis that histopathologically resembles RA. The availability of such a model prompted us to study the role of CD4+ T cells throughout the evolution of disease. Here, we show that administration of nondepleting anti-CD4 not only prevented the evolution of disease but also treated established arthritis. Moreover, functional analyses of T cells isolated from anti-CD4-treated mice demonstrated that the mechanism of protection is not achieved by suppression of the Th1 population but is mediated by induction of collagen type II-specific T cell anergy. Our study suggests that: 1) CD4+ T cells have a fundamental role both in the induction and in the perpetuation of disease; 2) targeting T cells may be an appropriate therapeutic option; and 3) a suitable and well-balanced anti-CD4 treatment may be a valid approach to the control of RA.
Recombinant T cell receptor molecules can prevent and reverse experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: dose effects and involvement of both CD4 and CD8 T cells.
Authors: Kumar V , Coulsell E , Ober B , Hubbard G , Sercarz E , Ward E S 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are often characterized by spontaneous remission followed by relapses. Although the mechanism(s) controlling pathogenic self-reactive T cells are not fully understood, recent data in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a prototype for CD4 T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, indicate that spontaneous recovery is mediated by regulatory T cells (Treg) specific for peptides derived from the beta-chain of the TCR. Here we have tested whether recombinant single-chain TCRs (scTCRs) containing Vbeta domains can be used as vaccines for efficient priming of Treg. A single injection of mice with these recombinant proteins leads to efficient in vivo priming of Treg and almost complete protection from Ag-induced EAE. Significantly, administration of scTCRs during ongoing disease at a 10-fold lower dose than that required for prophylactic treatment also reverses established EAE. However, if a higher dose of scTCR is administered during ongoing disease, paralytic symptoms become exacerbated and the majority of treated animals die from severe and chronic EAE. Furthermore, we demonstrate that regulatory determinants are processed and presented from scTCRs resulting in the recruitment of both CD4 and CD8 regulatory T cells which are required for efficient regulation induced by scTCR. Reversal of established disease following an optimum dose of recombinant TCRs suggests that proteins expressing appropriate Vbeta domains could be used for the treatment of a variety of T cell-mediated pathologic conditions.
Inhibition of IL-12 production by thalidomide.
Authors: Moller D R , Wysocka M , Greenlee B M , Ma X , Wahl L , Flockhart D A , Trinchieri G , Karp C L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of thalidomide are currently being exploited therapeutically in conditions as diverse as erythema nodosum leprosum, chronic graft-vs-host disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and sarcoidosis. The relevant mechanism of action of thalidomide in these diseases remains unclear. The important role recently ascribed to IL-12, a cytokine critical to the development of cellular immune responses, in the pathogenesis of several of these conditions led us to examine whether thalidomide affects the production of IL-12. Thalidomide potently suppressed the production of IL-12 from human PBMC and primary human monocytes in a concentration-dependent manner. Thalidomide-induced inhibition of IL-12 production was additive to that induced by suboptimal inhibiting doses of dexamethasone, and occurred by a mechanism independent of known endogenous inhibitors of IL-12 production. These results suggest that thalidomide may have therapeutic utility in a wide range of immunologic disorders that are characterized by inappropriate cellular immune responses.
Spectratyping of TCRs expressed by CTL-infiltrating minor histocompatibility antigen-disparate allografts.
Authors: Johnston S L , Borson N D , Wettstein P J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Minor histocompatibility Ags (HA) play prominent roles in stimulating allograft rejection and are recognized by CTLs that mediate this process. However, there is no information on the diversity of TCRs that are specific for single minor histocompatibility Ag peptides and expressed by CTLs in vivo. We have used the technique of spectratyping to study the diversity of Vbeta usage and beta complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) length of TCRs expressed by CTL-infiltrating skin allografts expressing the immunogenic H4 peptide during the process of rejection. Spectratyping revealed overall reduction in diversity of both Vbeta usage and CDR3 length, with sequential application of primary, second-set, and third-set H4-incompatible grafts. This dissection of the array of beta-chains expressed by graft-infiltrating CTLs allowed the direct sequencing of individual beta-chain PCR products. Beta CDR3s were characterized by a net negative charge, as we have observed previously with CDR3s expressed by H4-specific CTL clones selected in vitro. Identical and closely related CDR3 amino acid sequences could be identified that were shared by TCRs that 1) utilized different Vbeta genes, 2) derived from different mice, or 3) derived from different sequential sets of allografts on individual mice. Furthermore, a number of CDR3 sequences expressed by graft-infiltrating CTLs were identical or closely related to sequences we have identified previously in in vitro selected CTL clones that were specific for the H4 peptide.
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase is activated by ligation of the T or B lymphocyte antigen receptors, Fas or CD40, but suppression of kinase activity does not inhibit apoptosis induced by antigen receptors.
Authors: Salmon R A , Foltz I N , Young P R , Schrader J W 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have investigated the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in normal mouse T and B cells and its role in apoptosis. Cross-linking of the CD3 chains of the TCR complex on proliferating T cells resulted in activation of p38 MAPK and MAPKAP kinase-2. Cross-linking of CD28 failed to activate p38 MAPK or MAPKAP kinase-2, but synergized strongly with low doses of anti-CD3. Cross-linking of Fas on T cells also induced rapid activation of p38 MAPK and MAPKAP kinase-2. The in vivo activation of MAPKAP kinase-2 in response to cross-linking of CD3, Fas, or CD3 and CD28 was shown to be dependent on p38 MAPK activity using a specific inhibitor, SB 203580. SB 203580 did not inhibit activation-induced cell death in T cells when used at concentrations that suppressed activation of MAPKAP kinase-2 in vivo. Cross-linking of the B cell Ag receptor (BCR) or CD40 on freshly isolated or LPS-activated splenic B cells or the immature B lymphoma, WEHI 231, resulted in activation of p38 MAPK and MAPKAP kinase-2. In vivo inhibition of p38 MAPK activity in WEHI 231 cells by SB 203580 had no effect on either BCR-induced apoptosis or anti-CD40-mediated suppression of apoptosis. We conclude that the activation of p38 MAPK and MAPKAP kinase-2 by cross-linking of the TCR, BCR, Fas, or CD40 was not correlated with their roles in regulating lymphocyte survival, and that suppression of kinase activity did not inhibit the induction of apoptosis.