bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Dixon Marion W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 begins with the promise of arid lands for feeding the world that was voiced in the wake of the food-energy-financial crisis of 2007–2009. The book’s thesis is re-stated of the importance of reclaimed, arid lands for the development of a corporate agri-food system in Egypt. More generally, land reclamation is significant world-historically as a set of practices commensurate with capital formation and development in land. A longue durée analysis highlights the role of this type of commodity frontier in historical capitalism. Lastly, the concluding chapter reviews key developments concerning the corporate agri-food system following the time period covered in this book, since the beginning of the Sisi administration in 2014. Highlighted are mega projects in the desert frontier, the Grand Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia, industrial food growth, the COVID-19 pandemic, the latest on food subsidies and the Right to Food article in the 2014 constitution, and mounting sovereign debts.
Epilogue
Authors: Dixon Marion W. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While finishing this book, world food prices began to rise, first gradually in 2021 and then rapidly in the beginning of 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine. This epilogue offers a preliminary analysis of the 2021-2022 food price shock—the third in just fifteen years. Outlined are the conjunctural forces behind the shock—the invasion and war, COVID-19, extreme weather events, among others—and the structural weaknesses of the corporate food regime, including especially the diversion of grains for animal feed and agrofuels. Both conjunctural forces and structural weaknesses help explain this latest crisis. The preliminary argument is that this ongoing crisis—what some are calling a polycrisis—signals more clearly a protracted and uneven retreat from corporate globalization.
The Rise and Fall of the People's Parties
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The decline of the centre-left and centre-right people’s parties is arguably the most poignant feature of the crisis of democracy in Western Europe today. To understand why, this book explores the striking parallels between the life of democracy and that of the people’s parties over the course of the past century. It offers a transnational window on the history of democracy since 1918 by weaving together three epochs which are often studied apart: democracy’s troubled history in the Interwar era; the trente glorieuses after the Second World War; and the period since the 1970s. The book shows that democracy was only stabilized and legitimized when people’s parties emerged that managed to balance between facilitating popular participation from below, bridging divisions between social groups, and practising the politics of compromise. Ideas for such parties existed already in the first decades of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, Socialist and Catholic mass parties failed to transform into people’s parties, which was essential for the crisis (and breakdown) of democracy in the Interwar era. This was a traumatic experience which contributed to the unexpected stabilization of democracy after 1945 as party leaders transformed their organizations into broad-based people’s parties that embraced compromise and responsibility. However, this stability did not last, and paradoxically their transformation also harboured the seeds of democracy’s more recent problems. Over the past decades, people’s parties have struggled to connect to an individualizing society while having become increasingly absorbed by their governing responsibilities.
Introduction The People’s Parties and Democracy in Past and Present
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The end of the Cold War came with great optimism about the future of democracy. However, today, little of this optimism has remained. Democracy is believed to be in a deep crisis. In Western Europe, the decline of what this book calls the people’s parties is a poignant feature of this crisis. This introductory chapter introduces the concept of the people’s party and explains why adopting its perspective can help us to explain the twisted pathways of democracy throughout the last century. The term has a long history and has been used in different ways, but in the way it is adopted in this study it can help us to understand how the fortunes of democracy and the people’s parties were closely related, and can help to explain the growing uniformity of political regimes across Western Europe over the course of the century. The introduction closes by assessing alternative explanations for the twisted turns of democracy in historiography and by providing an outline of the book.
The End of the War
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The end of the First World War was a major watershed in the history of democracy. Universal (male) suffrage and responsibility of governments before parliament became the norm. But it was a particular form of democracy which emerged out of the War: party democracy. In contrast to the situation before 1914, the leaders of the confessional and Socialist mass parties across Europe had now at their disposal enormous powers. They not only won elections, but the institutional reforms of the postwar era also explicitly empowered them in the organization of elections, in parliamentary orders and the formation of government. Democracy thus took shape in the form of what contemporaries called a ‘party-state’. However, the legacies of the pre-war era ensured that this empowerment of parties also harboured major risks and challenges. A strong anti-party political culture was not suddenly erased. But at least as important was the fact that the Socialist and Catholic mass parties were rooted in a tradition of anti-system opposition and built their identities on the representation of single groups alone. As this chapter shows, these legacies together with the fact that democracy took shape in the form of a party-state greatly complicated the stabilization of democracy and the transformation of mass parties into people’s parties.
Blueprints of the People’s Party and the Challenge of Polarization in the 1920s
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In the late 1910s and early 1920s, the Socialist and Catholic mass parties confirmed their growing power and support at the ballot boot. Some political observers warned that their pivotal position in the political system required a rethinking of the purpose of these parties, with more emphasis on compromise, the general interest, and the common good. This was also the message that was articulated by a few pioneers of the people’s party ideal inside party ranks. They argued that the institutional reforms of the postwar era required internal party reform. This chapter traces their efforts to fight political polarization and violence by advocating the virtues of compromise and a larger and more broad support base in the 1920s. This included the writing and actions of people like Luigi Sturzo in Italy, Hjalmar Branting in Sweden, and Adam Stegerwald, and Wilhelm Sollmann in Germany. However, their efforts were ultimately largely in vain, as they were both resisted by the rank and file and by party elites who feared the electoral and political costs of such moderation and instead spent their resources on further building mass organizations. This fed into the growing polarization and instability of the time.
Rethinking Party Politics after the War
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The end of the War opened enormous possibilities for political and social reform. At the time, many radical and revolutionary solutions were on offer. However, by the end of the 1940s, it was the more moderate people’s party model of democracy which reigned supreme, ideologically, electorally, and institutionally. This chapter shows why this was the case, looking at all these three aspects where the ideal of the people’s party that had been articulated before now made its definite breakthrough. Of course, the defeat of Nazism and fascism as well as the coming of the Cold War delegitimized radical political alternatives. But the breakthrough of the people’s party was also an endogenous process, in which political leaders analysed the problems of Interwar democracy and reformed democracy accordingly. They translated their ideas into internal party reforms, but also in the constitutions of France, Italy, and Germany. The ideal of the people’s party also transpired in all kinds of social partnerships which actively managed social and political relations to foster badly needed social peace and political stability.
The Christian Democrat Decade
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Christian democracy was the most successful political formula of postwar Europe. It was also the clearest example of the ideal of the people’s party brought into practice across the Western halve of the continent. This chapter turns to its success and explores why Christian Democracy played such a vital role in the stabilization of democracy that occurred from the late 1940s onwards. Christian Democrats managed to unite the three components of the people’s party inside their movements. They had a large social base covering city and countryside, peasants, workers, middle-classes, and landowners as well as men and women. This laid the basis for continued government responsibility, a task they took up with fervour. And after some initial reluctance they also invested heavily in their own party organization, which should be able to reach out to broad social groups. By the end of the 1950s, the Christian Democrat conception of the people’s party was a model for others to emulate. This was most obviously the case in France, where De Gaulle returned to power and the previously intransigent Gaullist movement transformed into a people’s party.
Socialists from Class to People’s Parties
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
While the previous chapter traced the pioneering efforts of Christian Democrats to translate the ideal of the people’s party into political practice, this chapter turns to their Socialist counterparts. Over the course of the 1950s, they ever more clearly turned away from the mass and class party model and endorsed the model of the people’s party instead. Before they arrived at this conclusion, however, many Socialist parties went through a crisis of identity, in which both their ideological assumptions and their model of mass organization were showing signs of strain. The chapter traces how the model of the people’s party that reached beyond their working-class base and endorsed government responsibilities came to serve as a compass during this crisis and how, just as with the Christian Democrats before, their motivation to give postwar democracy a solid and broad base was essential in their thinking.
The Challenge of 1968 and the Aim to Reaffirm the Primacy of the People’s Parties
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces the response of party leaders to the challenges that 1968 (and all it stood for in the years that followed) posed to how the people’s parties organized and represented. The postwar economic boom had given rise to increasingly fluid, affluent, secular, and individualized societies. While the people’s parties claimed credit for this boom, it also undermined the social bases of their own support. It became increasingly difficult to represent people politically on a structural basis. Moreover, the various social movements that came out of the 1968 protests asked for new forms of political participation. As this chapter shows, the leaders of the people’s parties struggled to react to these trends and to accommodate these demands. While they ultimately paid tribute rhetorically to many of the themes of the social movements, they did not fundamentally adapt their organizations so that these could connect to changing forms of participation and relate to changing demographics and social structures of societies in the 1970s. They most of all chose to re-emphasize the characteristics of the people’s party model and its alleged superiority over other understandings of democracy.
Varieties of non-interrogative subordinatewh-clauses
Authors: Jędrzejowski Łukasz , Umbach Carla 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIn the introductory chapter we provide an overview over non-interrogative (and subordinate) uses of wh-clauses introduced by manner, temporal, and locative expressions—English how, when, and where. We focus, in particular, on wh-clauses in which the meaning of the wh-word appears to deviate from its standard meaning. These include subordinate manner wh-clauses that have a declarative-like meaning as well as locative wh-clauses expressing kinds, and headed relatives that serve as recognitional cues, to name just a few. While regular interrogative embedding has been widely studied in recent years, less is known about the circumstances under which non-interrogative (subordinate) wh-clauses are licensed. We point towards striking cross-linguistic variations setting the stage for the individual studies presented in the chapters to follow.
Depictive manner complements
Authors: Umbach Carla , Hinterwimmer Stefan , Ebert Cornelia 
Published: August 2023

AbstractComplement clauses introduced by manner wh-words like English how and German wie exhibit, next to their regular manner reading, a declarative-like reading called depictive in this chapter. For both German and English, speakers attest that depictive readings are not fully equivalent to declarative that/dass clauses because they include a pictorial meaning component inviting recipients to imagine scenes depicting the complement's content. The chapter proposes a semantic analysis according to which manner wh-words uniformly denote manners, which we reconstruct via similarity. The depictive reading is traced back to the high syntactic position of the wh-word, which is the reason why manner modification affects the situation/event token instead of its type and the content of the complement is understood as being wrapped in a "cloud" of similar situations. The pictorial add-on is explained by assuming that similarity clouds serve as cues for the addressee to think of ways picturing the complement's content—ways it could have been. This interpretation establishes a link to the use of manner wh-words as quotation markers.
Perceptive evidentialwie-clauses in German
Authors: Hinterhölzl Roland 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThe chapter is concerned with investigating the formal properties and the semantic interpretation of non-manner wie-clauses in German. The properties of these clauses, analysed as perceptive evidential relatives, will be compared to pseudo-relatives in Italian and a common analysis of them is proposed. The core insight of the proposal is that perceptive evidential wie-clauses in German and Italian are depictive relatives that not only express an aspectual relation between the matrix event and the embedded event but indicate that the matrix subject has direct (perceptual) evidence for the described event by way of witnessing (or having witnessed) a concrete scene of the embedded event. The crucial ingredient of this account is the role that the reference situation (introduced by Tense) plays in referring to the witnessed scene.
Asking about the reason for an effect, and some consequences for the analysis ofwh-interrogatives
Authors: Tovena Lucia M. 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims to contribute to the discussion on reason questions by looking at the specific case of interrogatives with the wh-item comment (‘how’) in French in this type of interpretation. The restriction of the domain of wh-expressions of reason is addressed, and the question of what a reason is, is approached by taking into account the relational nature of this notion. The proposed relation of ‘enabling’ between a reason and the prejacent - the proposition that captures the situation described by the sentence - is formalised as holding between propositions in a partition on the set of possible worlds defined on the speaker’s expectations. The comment question conveys the speaker’s surprise and allows her to seek a reason with which to potentially update her expectations. The effect of the reason results in the inclusion of at least one world compatible with the prejacent, into the cell corresponding to the speaker’s expectations. Semantic consequences of the syntactic claims in the literature according to which reason wh-expressions are base generated in the CP layer are also examined. We explore a way to capture the specificity of reason-comment questions while preserving their interpretation as operator-variable dependencies, common to wh-questions within a semantic theory of interrogatives as denoting sets of propositions.
‘Why’ without asking in Romanian
Authors: Caponigro Ivano , Fălăuş Anamaria 
Published: August 2023

AbstractThis chapter offers the first description and semantic analysis for a previously unexplored kind of non-interrogative wh-clause, namely free relative clauses introduced by de ce ‘why’ in Romanian (why-FRs). We argue that the semantic contribution of the adjunct wh-expression de ce is identical to that of complex reason-PPs (‘for the reason’ …) and provide the corresponding compositional semantics as well as its implications for the meaning switch from de ce in interrogative clauses to de ce in a why-FR in Romanian. We also briefly discuss the behaviour of de ce in other non-interrogative wh-constructions in Romanian and consider the challenges raised by the attempt to develop a unified analysis of de ce across wh-clauses. These findings in Romanian show that the unacceptability of why-FRs in most other Indo-European languages cannot be an absolute ban, suggesting that the syntax/semantic interface must allow for language variation in this area.
Introduction
Authors: de Boer Nik 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The introduction sets out the main issues discussed in the book and provides an outline of the argument. It explains why the national constitutional courts’ review of European law is of such significance and why it raises a democratic problem. In addition, the introduction shows how the tension between democratic legitimacy and the role of constitutional courts in the EU context is an underexplored topic. A significant body of EU constitutional scholarship puts the national constitutional courts’ review of European law in a positive light, the idea being that the national constitutional courts’ EU-related case law can benefit the EU’s legitimacy. The book challenges this scholarship for being too court-centred. The book instead systematically explores the tension between democratic legitimacy and the role of constitutional courts and enquires whether it is not more democratically legitimate to leave decisions on issues of major constitutional importance for the EU to political institutions.
Judicial Review and Democratic Legitimacy
Authors: de Boer Nik 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 serves as the starting point for assessing the democratically legitimate role of national constitutional courts within the EU and discusses the ongoing debate on the democratic legitimacy of judicial review within the domestic context. The chapter analyses the chief normative problems with judicial review and critically discusses the main positions in the field. Building on Habermas’ democratic theory, the chapter offers an account of the conditions under which judicial review can be considered democratically legitimate. In particular, the chapter points out that empirically informed comparative institutional assessments of legislatures and constitutional courts are pivotal to fully understand the legitimacy of judicial review.
Conclusion
Authors: de Boer Nik 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The conclusion discusses the book’s main findings. First, it recaps the book’s main theoretical argument on the democratic legitimacy of the national constitutional courts’ review of European law. Secondly, it draws two key conclusions from the case study. On the one hand, the GFCC’s rulings on European integration raise several democratic problems. That is essentially the case because the Court has adopted a contested understanding of democracy according to which democracy is tied to the nation-state. On the other hand, the GFCC strengthened the position of the German parliament in EU affairs, which countered executive dominance. Such more limited review, focused on the relationship between the executive and national parliaments, promotes democratic politics instead of constraining it. Thirdly, the study suggests that more deferential and weak review by constitutional courts would be more democratically legitimate and help promote, rather than limit, democratic deliberation on constitutional questions relating to European integration.
Physics at the microscale
Authors: Tabeling Patrick 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter is about the physics of miniaturization, in natural, MEMS(microelectromechanical systems) and microfluidic systems. Several entities of different sizes, from the molecule, to the cell, are presented. A description of basic physical laws, starting with intermolecular forces, including Van der Waals and electrostatic forces is given. The definitions of the three main domains of fluidics at small scales (sub nanofluidic, nanofluidics, microfluidics and millifluidics) are discussed. Then, we switch to scaling laws, a fundamental concept in the physics of small scale fluidics. We start with Kleiber law, discussing its numerous consequences, concerning animal running of animals, such as tyranosaurus or mouse, or lifespans from the pygmee shrew to the elephant. Then, we discuss various facets of miniaturization, that are currently harnessed in the MEMS field, leading the realisation of valuable devices, thermal, mechanical or electrical.
Hydrodynamics of microfluidics 1: channels
Authors: Tabeling Patrick 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This concerns the hydrodynamics of small systems, without free interface, i.e. with rigid boundaries. The foundations of the governing equations are discussed: the notion of fluid particle, introduced by GK Batchelor, the case of nanofluidics and sub-nanofluidics, the mean free path in gases. Then the notion of slippage at walls are presented for the cases of liquids and gases. Sections are devoted to the notions of hydrodynamic resistances and capaticances. Finally, inertial microfluidics, i.e. microfluidics or millifluidics at moderate Reynolds numbers, is presented.
Transport in microfluidics
Authors: Tabeling Patrick 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter develops descriptions of transport phenomena in microfluidics, including matter, solutes, and thermal fluxes. Basics on transport phenomena are given: diffusion equation, statiscial interpretation, normal and anomalous diffusion processes, dispersion phenomena. Particular attention is brought to micromixing: diffusive mixing, chaotic mixing. A review of major micromixers is given. Other transport phenomena are presented: across interfaces (extracation and purification), separation leading to chromatography, which is explained in some detail. Finally, a chapter dedicated to thermal transfers is presented, with a discussion of the effect of miniaturisation, basic laws, governing equations, evaporation of microdroplets. A number of examples are discussed, such as heat transfer along a channel. Finally, applications to thermal cooling, in particular in microprocessors, areshown.