bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waning of Antibody Response Among Vaccinees who Received Two Doses of Covishield Vaccine
Authors: Haritay Shivani , Patil Rithia , Maldar Arif , Kumar Anil , Reddy Vikrama , Oswal Deshna , Tahashildar Masood Ahmed , Kolakar Akshay , Kabbur Satish , Prasad Jang Bahadur , Shivaswamy M. S. , Paranjape Ramesh , Angolkar Mubashir 
Published: February 2023

Introduction:
There are limited data available on the long-term presence of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in circulation among the elderly population. This study aims to examine levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccines who have completed at least 6 months since the second vaccine dose. A cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2021 to January 2022 among 199 vaccines aged 60 years and above residing in Belagavi city, who received two doses of the Covishield vaccine.

Methods:
Antibody response to SARS-COV-2 virus whole cell antigen was measured by a kit COVID KAWACH IgG Micro LISA (J Mitra and Company, India) in 199 participants who had completed at least 6 months after receiving the second dose of Covishield vaccine. The antibody response was measured as a ratio of optical density (OD) in the participant’s sample to the mean OD in negative control test by normal (T/N). Independent Kruskal–Wallis test was applied to test the difference between the T/N ratio by months of vaccination since the second dose and by the age group strata.

Results:
The median T/N values among participants who completed 6, 7, 8, and 9 months since the second vaccine dose were 14.17, 10.46, 7.93, and 5.11, respectively, and this decline in T/N values was statistically significant. Antibody response values showed a decline with increasing age for participants in the age strata 60–69, 70–79, and 80 and above, respectively.

Conclusions:
A significant decline was observed in antibody response over 9 months supporting the administration of booster dose of vaccine.
Immune thrombocytopenia in infants: a retrospective study with comparison to toddlers
Authors: Lee Anselm Chi-wai 
Published: February 2023

Abstract

Introduction:
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common cause of acquired bleeding in childhood, but little is known about the clinical course and outcomes in infants with ITP.

Methods:
This is a retrospective study of all infants (1–12 months of age) and toddlers (13–47 months of age) diagnosed with ITP from a single centre during a 13-year period. The following data were compared between the two patients groups: demographics, severity of bleeding, platelet counts, duration of illness, development of chronic ITP, treatment and association with recent vaccination.

Results:
Twenty-two infants and 30 toddlers were diagnosed and followed up for ITP during the study period. Infants with ITP generally had minor or mild bleeding (19, 86.4%) and seldom required treatment (7, 31.8%), and their thrombocytopenia resolved at a mean of 1.90 months after diagnosis. Besides age, the sex ratio, severity of bleeding, platelet counts and proportion that required treatment were comparable between infants and toddlers. Fewer infants developed chronic ITP (1/22 vs. 9/30, P = 0.032), but more infants had a history of vaccination in the preceding 6 weeks prior to diagnosis of ITP (13/22 vs. 1/30, P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
ITP in infants is almost always a self-limiting and transient illness, and the majority of cases do not require treatment.
Alexander, Samuel (1859–1938)
Authors: Fisher A.R.J. 
Published: February 2023

Samuel Alexander was a leading British philosopher of the early twentieth century. Along with G.E. Moore and Bertrand Russell, he is responsible for the rise of realism in England against idealism, which was the dominant philosophy at the time. Alexander’s realism is put forth as a comprehensive metaphysical system most famously in Space, Time and Deity (1920). Alexander’s work was at the forefront of debate during his lifetime, but after his death his influence fell suddenly, mostly due to the rise of positivism and linguisticism.
Alexander posits spacetime as the fundamental stuff of things. Spacetime as a whole is one unified totality – consisting of motions – that encompasses all else. From this spatiotemporal basis he provides a theory of categories according to which categorial properties are features of spacetime. Variable, empirical qualities are emergent features that arise from complexities in groupings of motions having categorial properties. These empirical qualities form an emergent order: spacetime, matter, secondary qualities, vegetative life, mind, tertiary qualities such as truth, beauty, goodness, and eventually deity. God is spacetime as a whole driving towards the emergent quality of deity.
History of materialism
Authors: Brown Robin Gordon , Ladyman James 
Published: February 2023

Materialism is an ontological theory, that is, a theory about the kind of things that exist. In its simplest form, it can be understood to be making one claim that has two aspects. The claim is that only material things exist; this has, first, the positive aspect that material things exist, and second, the negative aspect that nothing else exists apart from material things. Thus existence is granted to sticks and stones, and denied to souls, spirits, heaven and hell, and the possibility of an afterlife.
Materialism, then, has a close connection with atheism, but it is important to distinguish materialism from atheism, for two different kinds of reason. First, many of the materialists in the ancient world believed in gods, which were for them not spiritual entities but rather constituted by matter like everything else. Second, there were philosophical traditions that denied the existence of any gods but which did believe in other spiritual entities like souls.
Materialism emerged in the first millennium bce in various parts of the world. In that period there were no sharp divisions between philosophy, science, and religion. Materialism was the principle alternative to religious conceptions of reality, its negative aspect having primary significance in this context.
From the difference between materialist and religious conceptions of reality there arose different approaches to epistemology and methodology. Whereas the religious worldview incorporated supernatural explanations of natural phenomena, materialism always looked for naturalistic explanations rather than, for example, those that referred to the supposed emotional states of the locally popular supernatural beings. Religious traditions commonly held sacred texts to be sources of knowledge, both about the world and about how people should live their lives. In contrast, materialist thinkers believed in the primary importance of the observation of nature through our sense organs in the search for knowledge of the world. With regard to morality, the early materialists such as Democritus and Epicurus thought people should seek pleasure and happiness in life, and that there were no grounds to fear retribution or punishment after death, and no reason to obey injunctions about behaviour based on religious beliefs (other than the often realistic fear of worldly retribution or punishment). Later materialist thought was not directly associated with any specific ethical perspective.
The ethics of war
Authors: Frowe Helen 
Published: February 2023

Philosophical work on the ethics of war is often labelled ‘just war theory’. Despite the label, there is no single accepted theory of when and how one can justifiably wage war. Rather, there is substantial disagreement amongst just war theorists about when and how wars may be fought. And, despite talk of ‘just’ wars, actual wars are, at best, justified rather than just. Many of the people who suffer harms in war have done nothing to lose their usual rights against being harmed. Whilst a person’s rights against harm can be justifiably infringed when doing so is necessary for avoiding a greater evil, it is still unjust that they suffer this harm (unlike, for example, if a person suffers a punishment that they deserve). When someone is justifiably made to suffer an unjust harm, they are plausibly owed compensation.
Most work on the ethics of war distinguishes between moral principles governing the justice of the war overall (jus ad bellum) and moral principles governing the conduct of war (jus in bello). Whilst there is broad consensus on at least some of the formal ad bellum and in bello criteria, there is considerable disagreement about their substantive content. For example, it is widely agreed that, to be justified, war must be a proportionate means of pursuing a just cause, but there is little disagreement about what counts as a just cause, and how to judge whether a degree of force is proportionate to that just cause.
Other disagreements concern our theoretical approaches to war – in particular, whether war is morally extraordinary, and thus cannot be judged by the moral rules that govern the use of force in other, more domestic contexts. Further key debates concern the relationship between jus ad bellum and jus in bello – for example, whether those whose war is ad bellum unjustified can satisfy the in bello conditions. This in turn bears on the moral standing of combatants who are fighting an ad bellum unjust war. There is also significant disagreement about the extent to which civilians are liable to attack in war.
Ethical issues that arise in the aftermath of war, such as reparations and punishment, fall within the scope of jus post bellum. Jus post bellum has three central concerns: (i) constraining the wrongdoing of victors, (ii) facilitating post-war reconstruction, and (iii) securing lasting peace.
Abortion, the ethics of
Authors: Manninen Bertha Alvarez 
Published: February 2023

Is abortion – the ending of a pregnancy via the termination of foetal life – morally permissible? Philosophers, as well as non-philosophers, are torn. One pro-life argument is that taking any human life, including nascent human life, is morally wrong because all human life is sacred from its inception to its natural death. Some philosophers argue that fetuses are persons (see Persons), with the same moral and legal rights we, as persons, enjoy, because they are members of our kind – the species Homo sapiens. Some argue that it is morally relevant that fetuses have the potential to grow into humans with robust and morally significant cognitive traits, and that this potential grounds an interest in continued existence. Other philosophers argue that, regardless of where one stands on the issue of whether fetuses are persons, abortion is still morally wrong because it deprives the fetus of their valuable future.
Many pro-choice philosophers disagree. Some argue that fetuses are not persons, given their complete lack of cognition, and that their potential for personhood alone is not sufficient for bestowing upon them legal or moral rights. Yet even if we grant, for the sake of argument, that fetuses are persons with the same right to life as any other person, some philosophers argue that this alone is not sufficient for grounding a pro-life stance. This is because no person has a right to compel another to use their body for sustenance, even if their very lives depended on it. As such, fetuses, even if they are persons, have no right to use a woman’s body without her consent. All of these arguments will be explored in this entry.
Ethics of policing
Authors: Nathan Christopher 
Published: February 2023

Policing is, historically, relatively new. Accordingly, the study of the proper norms governing the police is also a novel endeavour, especially in comparison with the study of the norms relating to other coercive practices like war and law. The ethics of policing can be disaggregated into two subcategories. The first concerns the conceptualisation and justification of policing. How are police properly understood? What are they for? On what terms is the institution of the police a justified institution? The second concerns specific issues. Should police be armed, and if so, on what terms are they to use their weapons? How should political protests be policed? What are the proper limits on the actions of undercover police? In what circumstances can police legitimately permit, cause, or commit crime with the goal of preventing further crime? When is it permissible for police to lie?
Clearly, one cannot attend to one of these two subcategories without touching upon the other. A theory of the function or justification of policing will have implications for matters of practical policy, and a view on practical matters will draw upon, reveal, or support a broader theory. In this article we will first look at the justification of policing in general before moving on to two more specific police practices: profiling and entrapment.
Depiction
Authors: Hopkins Robert 
Published: February 2023

Article summary
How do pictures work? How are they able to represent what they do? A picture of a horse, for example, is a flat surface covered with marks, depicting a horse, perhaps chewing straw and standing on a hillock. The puzzle of depiction is to understand how the flat marks can do this.
Language poses a similar problem. A written description of a horse will also be a collection of marks on a flat surface, which nonetheless represent that animal. In the case of language the solution clearly has something to do with the arbitrary way we use those marks. The word ‘leg’, for example, is applied to legs, but any other mark would do as well, providing we all use it in the same way. In the case of pictures, however, something different seems to be going on. There is not the same freedom in producing a picture of a horse on a hillock chewing straw – the surface must be marked in the right way, a way we are not free to choose. So what is the right way?
A helpful thought is that the surface must be marked so as to let us experience it in a special way. With the description, we merely need to know what the words it contains are used to stand for. With the picture, we must instead be able to see a horse in it. However, although this does seem right, it is difficult to make clear. After all, we do not see a horse in the same way that we see a horse in a view from a window. For one thing, there is no horse there to be seen. For another, it is not even true that looking at the picture is like looking at a horse. It is partly because of the differences that, as we look at the picture, we are always aware that it is merely a collection of marks on a flat surface. So what is this special experience, seeing a horse in the picture? Answering this question is not the only way to offer a philosophical account of depiction, but it is perhaps the most promising.
Feminist epistemology
Authors: Janack Marianne 
Published: February 2023

Feminist epistemology can take many forms: as a specialisation in the field of philosophy it addresses the question of how gender and the identity of knowers may be relevant to knowledge: to what counts as knowledge, justification, or true belief. In this guise, it can take the form of standpoint theory, coherentism, new versions of reliablism, epistemic virtue theory, or inquiries into epistemic injustice, the epistemology of testimony, or ignorance. But even as a subfield in philosophy, necessary (though maybe not sufficient) conditions for characterising particular approaches to epistemology as ‘feminist’ are: a) that it take into account the identity of knowers and b) that it challenge or reject the assumption that inquiries that begin with an abstract human subject in an abstract epistemic situation can be generalised to provide either norms for or descriptions of knowledge, justification, and belief formation.
But feminist epistemology is not simply a specialty in professional philosophy; it is a big tent inquiry. It knows no disciplinary boundaries, and reaches outside the academy, addressing concerns that arise not only as intellectual puzzles, but also in the lives of people who are not academics. Work (both theoretical and practical) done by people who are outside the field of professional philosophy draws on and addresses issues that relate to identity, knowledge, justice, persuasion, and social theory, which means that most feminist epistemology is not done as armchair investigations of abstract epistemic puzzles. It is more of an orientation to these areas of human experience than it is a set of theoretical commitments.
Feminist epistemology is a multidisciplinary orientation toward both feminist theory and theories of knowledge which takes as its starting point a commitment to investigating the realms of knowledge, gender, identity, and social hierarchies with a view to an analysis of how they might inform or reinforce each other. Like social epistemologies, feminist epistemologies attend to the ways in which social factors (such as judgments about the reliability or trustworthiness of others) enter into epistemic deliberations, but feminist approaches focus specifically on the ways in which identity categories and gender hierarchies underwrite, and are underwritten by, knowledge and knowing.
Epistemic defeaters
Authors: Piazza Tommaso 
Published: February 2023

You reach for the bowl with ‘sugar’ written on it only to discover, from the bad taste of your coffee, that it contained salt. Mundane experiences like these show that epistemic justification does not necessarily hold stable across possible changes of information. One can be justified in believing a proposition at a certain time (that the bowl contains sugar) and cease to be justified at a later time, as one enlarges one’s epistemic perspective (as one drinks a salty coffee). When this happens, one’s justification has been defeated. An epistemic defeater, broadly speaking, is that in terms of which the defeat of justification proceeds.
The notion of an epistemic defeater is mostly associated with J. Pollock’s work on reasoning and inference. Pollock has provided the canonical definition of an epistemic defeater and proposed an influential taxonomy in terms of the way different types of defeaters induce their characteristic effects. The notion of an epistemic defeater has acquired a broader meaning in current epistemology, and several distinctions have been introduced that have contributed to a more nuanced understanding of the phenomenon of defeat as well as to complement Pollock’s original taxonomy.
The correlated notion of a propositional defeater, defined in terms of would-be defeat of justification, is appealed to by the proponents of the defeasibility theory in the parallel debate about knowledge to explain what prevents a justified true belief from constituting knowledge in Gettier cases.
An Ethnographic Case Study of Secondary School’s Moral Education in a Mainland City of the Greater Bay Area
Authors: Wang Leihu 
Published: February 2023

Chinese moral education is a much broader concept and is heavily criticized for being overly politicized and indoctrinated. The Greater Bay Area (GBA) initiative upholds the people-centered development philosophy in education. This study aims to investigate the school-level implementation in Shenzhen, one of the GBA cities, and teachers' perspectives to determine the facilitating and inhibiting factors across different layers in the student-centered ecological systems of students’ moral development. A two-year-long ethnographic case study was conducted in the case school based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory. The study participants consisted of 18 teachers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to examine the participants' perceptions. The study findings revealed that the facilitating factors include clear guidelines on the national level, cooperative teachers, and ambitious principals with a consciousness of visions and responsibilities for moral education. Meanwhile, Shenzhen has the potential to be the pioneer of moral education reformation. However, the rigid content in the textbooks and the stuffy school culture hinder the success of moral education at the school level. The lack of communication and mutual understanding contributes to the splintered and emotionally exhaustive experience of moral education teachers. More efficient and measurable strategies should be used to uphold a tight alliance across different layers. Future research should examine alternative moral education models, decision-making processes, Chinese school management style, and the specific appliance of the ecological systems theory in the unique Chinese educational context.
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION FOR MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
Authors: Duarte Fernando Barroso , Karine Sampaio Nunes Barroso  , Roberto Luiz da Silva  , Lívia Andrade Gurgel  , João Paulo de Vasconcelos Leitão  , Beatriz Stela Gomes de Souza Pitombeira  , Rodolfo Daniel de Almeida Soares  , Leandro de Pádua  , Gustavo Betarello  
Published: February 2023

The document discuss key points in the management of patients with Myelodysplastic Disease, including therapeutic strategies, the role of new drugs available as well the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Other issues evaluated were importance of molecular alterations since diagnosis to prognosis, use of comprehensive geriatric assessment for patient's selection, individualization of treatment, donor selection for HSCT and the role of blasts % and molecular mutations for the appropriate diagnosis.
STUDYING OF THE STS-MARKERS POLYMORPHISM IN HETEROBASIDION ISOLATES INFECTING NORWAY SPRUCE (PICEA ABIES (L.) H.KARST.) IN BELARUS
Authors: Nestyuk A. M. , Panteleev S. V. , Yarmolovich V. A. , Baranov O. Yu. 
Published: February 2023

The article presents the results of studying the genetic polymorphism of Heterobasidion (root rot agent) isolates that
infect Norway spruce (Picea abies) in various regions of Belarus. Based on the data obtained, a comparative assessment of the suitability of STS markers for species diagnostics of fungal isolates (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref. sensu stricto (s. s.) and Heterobasidion parviporum Niemelä & Korhonen) was carried out. Samples of the sporocarp and infected wood were collected in Norway spruce stands on the territory of three geobotanical subzones — in seven forestry enterprises of the Ministry of Forestry of the Republic of Belarus, on the territory of the Negorelsky educational and experimental forestry and the National Park "Belovezhskaya Pushcha". Based on the comprehensive analysis of the samples, markers for specific molecular genetic diagnosis of H. annosum and H. parviporum were recommended.
ANALYSIS OF ITS REGION SEQUENCES OF RIBOSOMAL DNA FOR
THE IDENTIFICATION OF RARE RANUNCULACEAE SPECIES
Authors: Savina N. V. , Kubrak S. V. , Milko L. V. , Kilchevsky A. V. 
Published: February 2023

The effectiveness of using of the ITS region as a DNA barcode for the genetic identification of plants of rare and
protected species of Ranunculaceae included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus was demonstrated. The DNA
barcoding technique allowed, using both the ITS region and a more compact intergenic spacer ITS2, demonstrating that
11 Ranunculaceae species belonging to two subfamilies and seven genera are clearly distinguishable at the molecular
level. The phylogenetic relationship between eleven studied species built on the basis of the nucleotide variability of
the ITS region is fully consistent with the existing taxonomy of this family based on morphological and cytological
features. The results obtained make it possible to consider the ITS2 region as a mini barcode for rapid or additional
identification.