bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal trend analysis of climate indices for the European continent
Authors: Doshi Smit Chetan , Lohmann Gerrit , Rimbu Norel , Ionita Monica 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

The objective of this study is to analyze and visualize the spatial distribution of trends for 74 climate indices on a monthly time-scale in direction, magnitude, and significance level at a resolution of 0.1° during the period of 1950–2021 over the European region. The Mann–Kendall and Sen's slope estimators reveal that growing degree days with mean air temperature &gt;4 °C (gd4) and heating degree days with mean air temperature &lt;17 °C (hd17) show the largest increase (0.93 °C August) and decrease (1.03 °C July), respectively. The universal thermal climate index (utci), relative humidity (rh), wind chill index (wci), global radiation (bio20), and potential evapotranspiration (pet) are of significant importance due to higher correlation and magnitude of change. Country-specific zoning shows the highest warmer days during August experienced by Bosnia and Herzegovina (southeastern Europe) and lower colder days during January by Belarus (eastern Europe). High wind and high utci were experienced by Liechtenstein (southeastern Europe) region during July. The highest wci was experienced by San Marino (southern Europe) in June and Portugal (southern Europe) in March. Bio20 and rh decline were experienced by Russia (eastern Europe) and Moldova (southeastern Europe) in May and September, respectively. Results are useful to mitigate the risk associated with each of the climate indices for specific European regions.
Metabolic Changes of Active Components of Important Medicinal Plants on the basis
of Traditional Chinese Medicine under Different Environmental Stresses
Authors: Shahrajabian Mohamad Hesam , Kuang Yue , Cui Haoran , Fu Lan , Sun Wenli 
Published: August 2023

Abstract:
Traditional Chinese medicine is an ancient system of wellness and health that has
been used in almost all countries of the world, specially in Asia for thousands of years.

:
The growth, development, final yield and chemical compounds of medicinal plants can be
negatively influenced by different kinds of biotic and abiotic stresses. Abiotic stress signals
are chemical stress (Mineral salts, heavy metal, aerosols, gaseous toxins, pesticides, and pollutants),
salinity (salt), temperature (Heat, cold), radiation (Ionisation radiation, light and UV),
water (Flooding, drought) and mechanical stress (Submergence, wind, soil movement). Relevant
literature has been obtained using the keywords “Traditional Chinese Medicine”, “Abiotic
Stress”, “Biotic Stress”, “Ginseng”, “Ginger”, “Goji berry”, “Astragalus”, “Ginkgo”, “Artemisia
annua L.”, “LC-MS”, “GC-MS”, and “NMR” in scientific information, namely “Web
of Science”, “PubMed”, “SciFinder”, and “Elsevier”. Some of the plants’ secondary metabolites under different
growth conditions are Camptothecin (Camptotheca acuminata), Capsaicin (Capsicum sp.), Rosmarinic acid (Salvia
miltiorrhiza), Codeine (Papaver somniferum), Resveratrol (Grapes, groundnut), Artemisinin (Artemesia annua),
Allicin (Allium sativum), Rohitukine (Dysoxylum binectariferum), Stevioside (Stevia rebaudiana), Andrographolide
(Andrographis paniculata), Saikosaponins (Bupleurum chinense), Sennosides (Cassia augustifolia),
Rutin (Dimorphandra mollis), Valepotriates (Valeria species), Indole alkaloids (Catharanthus roseous), and
Furanocoumarins (Bituminaria bituminosa).

:
The aim of this article is a survey of active chemical compounds and metabolic changes of some of the most important
medicinal plants in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in both abiotic and biotic stresses.

:
Future research is needed to evaluate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses on chemical compounds and active
metabolites of medicinal plants specially traditional Chinese medicine, and more surveys on the roles of LC-MS,
GC-MS and NMR techniques for a better understanding of chemical components of medicinal plants.
Hair Cortisol Research in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder - 10 Years of
Insights and Open Questions. A Systematic Review
Authors: Schindler-Gmelch Lena , Capito Klara , Steudte-Schmiedgen Susann , Kirschbaum Clemens , Berking Matthias 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Cortisol is one of the most extensively studied biomarkers in the context of
trauma/posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For more than a decade, hair cortisol concentrations
(HCC) have been measured in this context, leading to a two-staged dysregulation model. Specifically,
an elevated secretion during/immediately after trauma exposure eventually reverts to hyposecretion
with increasing time since trauma exposure has been postulated.

Objective:
The aim of our systematic review was to re-evaluate the two-staged secretion model with
regard to the accumulated diagnostic, prognostic, and intervention-related evidence of HCC in lifetime
trauma exposure and PTSD. Further, we provide an overview of open questions, particularly with respect
to reporting standards and quality criteria.

Method:
A systematic literature search yielded 5,046 records, of which 31 studies were included.

Results:
For recent/ongoing (traumatic) stress, the predictions of cortisol hypersecretion could be
largely confirmed. However, for the assumed hyposecretion temporally more distal to trauma exposure,
the results are more ambiguous. As most studies did not report holistic overviews of trauma history
and confounding influences, this may largely be attributable to methodological limitations. Data
on the prognostic and intervention-related benefits of HCC remain sparse.

Conclusion:
Over the last decade, important insights could be gained about long-term cortisol secretion
patterns following lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD. This systematic review integrates these insights
into an updated secretion model for trauma/PTSD. We conclude with recommendations for improving
HCC research in the context of trauma/PTSD in order to answer the remaining open questions.
Strychni Semen Combined with Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz Attenuates
Rheumatoid Arthritis by Regulating Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Xiaoxin , Li Yuling , Lou Huihui , Yang Zidong , Wang Jing , Liang Xiaodong , Bian Yuejuan 
Published: August 2023

Background:
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that can lead to joint pain and disability, and seriously impact patients' quality of life. Strychni Semen combined with Atractylodes Macrocephala koidz (SA) have pronounced curative effect on RA, and there is no poisoning of Strychni Semen (SS). However, its pharmacological mechanisms are still unclear.

Objective:
In this study, we aimed to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of Strychni
Semen combined with Atractylodes Macrocephala Koidz (SA) for the treatment of RA.

Methods:
We used network pharmacology to screen the active components of SA and predict the
targets and pathways involved. Results originating from network pharmacology were then verified
by animal experiments.

Results:
Network pharmacology identified 81 active ingredients and 141 targets of SA; 2640 disease-
related genes were also identified. The core targets of SA for the treatment of RA included
ALB, IL-6, TNF and IL-1β. A total of 354 gene ontology terms were identified by Gene ontology
(GO) enrichment analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment
analysis results showed that SA was closely associated with TNF signaling pathways in the
treatment of RA. Furthermore, according to the predicted results of network pharmacology, we
established a rat model of Adjuvant Arthritis (AA) for in vivo experiments. Analysis showed that
each treatment group led to an improvement in paw swelling, immune organ coefficient and synovial
tissue morphology in AA rats to different degrees, inhibit the expression levels of IL-1β,
TNF-α and IL-6, upregulated the levels of Fas, Bax and Caspase 3, down-regulated the expression
levels of Fas-L, Bcl-2 and p53.

Conclusion:
SA has an anti-RA effect, the mechanism underlying the therapeutic action of SA in
AA rats was related to the regulation of apoptosis signaling pathways
Pengaruh Penggunaan Berbagai Level Onggok Sebagai Perekat Terhadap Karakteristik Fisik Wafer Ransum Komplit Berbasis Jerami Jagung
Authors: Mastur Aria mastur rahmadan , Akmal Akmal , Murni Rasmi 
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui level terbaik penggunaan onggok dalam pembuatan wafer ransum komplit berbasis jerami jagung (WRKJJ) dinilai dari kualitas fisik wafer. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan yaitu: WRKJJ-3 (Ransum komplit menggunakan 3% onggok), WRKJJ-6 (Ransum komplit menggunakan 6% onggok), WRKJJ-9 (Ransum komplit menggunakan 9% onggok), dan WRKJJ-12 (Ransum komplit menggunakan 12% onggok) masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 5 kali. Peubah yang diamati yaitu kadar air, berat jenis, kerapatan bahan, wafer durability indeks, dan daya serap air. Data dianalisis menggunakan Analisis Ragam (ANOVA) dan diuji Polinomial Orthogonal (PO) untuk mengetahui level optimal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan berbagai level onggok sebagai perekat tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap kadar air (38,14%-40,36%), berat jenis (0,75 g/ml-0,77 g/ml), kerapatan wafer (0,22 g/cm3-0,24 g/cm3), dan daya serap air (182%-195%) namun berpengaruh nyata (P<0,005) terhadap wafer durability indeks (38,61%-92,99%) dengan persamaan y = -0.5869x2 + 14.694x + 0.489. Dari hasil penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan level onggok 9% merupakan level terbaik untuk berat jenis dan kadar air wafer, penggunaan level onggok 12% merupakan level terbaik untuk daya serap air wafer dan penggunaan level ongok 12,5% merupakan level terbaik untuk wafer durability indeks.

Kata kunci: Jerami Jagung, Level Onggok, Wafer Ransum Komplit, Sifat Fisik
Subtitusi Ampas Jagung Pada Konsentrat Ayam Pejantan Terhadap Konversi Pakan Dan IOFC
Authors: Hadiani Dimas Pratidina Puriastuti , Kustiyorini Tri Ida Wahyu , Leuwerung Megawati 
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konversi pakan dan IOFC pada penggunaan ampas jagung sebagai bahan subtitusi pada konsentrat ayam pejantan. Materi yang digunakan adalah ayam pejantan sejumlah 30 ekor umur 30 hari dengan rata-rata bobot badan 500 gram. Metode yang digunakan adalah percobaan lapang dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL), terdiri dari 3 perlakuan dengan 5 kali ulangan. Perlakuan yang digunakan adalah PO ( konsentrat 100 % ), P1 ( konsentrat 90 % dan ampas jagung 10 % ) dan P2 ( konsentrat 80 % dan ampas jagung 20 % ). Variabel yang diamati adalah konversi pakan dan Income Over Feed Cost ( IOFC ). Data dianalisis menggunakan analisis ragam, jika menunjukkan pengaruh nyata maka dilanjutkan dengan Uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa subtitusi ampas jagung memberikan pengaruh sangat nyata ( P < 0,01 ) terhadap konversi pakan dan Income Over Feed Cost ( IOFC ) ayam pejantan dengan nilai terbaik pada P1 untuk konversi pakan yaitu 1,67 dan Income Over Cost ( IOFC ) Rp. 16.019. Kesimpulan yang didapat bahwa substitusi ampas jagung pada konsentrat terhadap ayam pejantan dengan ampas jagung 10 % memberikan nilai terbaik pada konversi pakan dan Income Over Feed Cost
Karakteristik Kimia Yoghurt dengan Penambahan Sari Wortel (Daucus carota L.)
Authors: Purba Dina Ayu Theresia Purba , Mega Olfa , Musnandar Endri 
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari kualitas kimia yoghurt dengan penambahan sari wortel. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, Perlakuannya adalah yoghurt dengan penambahan sari wortel (PSW): 0%PSW), 15%PSW, 20%PSW dan 25%PSW. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah pH, asam laktat, kadar protein, lemak, dan air. Data dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam, hasil analisis yang berpengaruh nyata, dilanjutkan dengan uji Jarak Berganda Duncan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa penambahan sari wortel berpengaruh sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap kadar asam laktat dan kadar protein, berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) terhadap nilai pH dan kadar lemak, namun penambahan sari wortel tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap kadar air yoghurt. Kadar asam laktat pada perlakuan 25%PSW (0,39%) sangat nyata lebih tinggi dari 20%PSW (0,35%), 15%PSW (0,33%) dan 0%PSW (0,31%), sedangkan penambahan sari wortel sangat nyata menurunkan kadar protein yoghurt. Kadar protein masing-masing perlakuan adalah 0%PSW (2,45%), 15%PSW (2,29%), 20%PSW (1,77%) dan 25%PSW (1,71%). Nilai pH dan kadar lemak yoghurt juga turun dengan penambahan sari wortel. Nilai pH terendah pada perlakuan 20%PSW yaitu 4,10 dan kadar lemak terendah pada perlakuan 25%PSW (4,28%). Kadar air yoghurt yang diperoleh pada penelitian ini berkisar antara 81,10-81,70%. Penambahan sari wortel sampai 25% pada pembuatan yoghurt menurunkan nilai pH, kadar protein, dan kadar lemak, meningkatkan kadar asam laktat dan tidak berpengaruh terhadap kadar air yoghurt.
STUDENTS’ PERCEPTIONS TOWARD THE DOMINANT USE OF ENGLISH AS A MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION AT A UNIVERSITY IN JAMBI
Authors: Oktavia Eka Rizki , Wulandiri Bunga Ayu , Abrar Mukhlash , Heryanti Reny 
Published: August 2023

The purposes of this qualitative research were to know what the students perceive, difficulties and students' strategies to overcome challenges listening to lecturers who use mainly English as a medium of instruction. In doing this research, the researcher used a basic interpretive approach. There were 10 participants participated in this research. Data collection techniques are by using interviews. The results of the research showed that the researcher found there is some student who agrees with using English and agree with the terms and condition. The result also indicated that two themes of difficulties were identified, including internal (lack of vocabulary and lack of knowledge) and external (lecturer accents, and lecturer's attitude). This result also revealed that there were three identified students’ strategies to overcome challenges listening to lecturers who mainly use English as a medium of instruction, including self-management (practice, reading the material before learning, less noise or distraction), asking for help (asking friends and asking lecturer), and the benefits of technology (listening to music, opening google translate, and opening dictionary)

Keywords: Student, perceptions, Dominant, English, University
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF GOOGLE MAP TO ENHANCE STUDENTS’ SPEAKING SKILL IN LEARNING ENGLISH AT YASIN 9 DARUSSALAM MODERN BOARDING SCHOOL
Authors: Wahyuni Sundari Tri 
Published: August 2023

The presence kinds of applications are paramount ways to enhance students learning of English, particularly students’ enthusiasts. In this case, the researcher used Google Map to improve students' speaking skills in learning English, as well as to describe the students' responses to this application. Google Maps is one of the media that can be used in English learning because it is a collaborative tool, interactive, and innovative way to increase students' visualization of English material. The design method used by the researcher was Classroom Action Research. The information was gathered from the seventh grade and who was learned using Google Maps. There were ten students in total. The study discovered that each cycle made more progress in terms of students’ participation. Students appeared to be excited about putting their existing insights to use. The improvement is significant, particularly in terms of students’ participation and performance. It was possible to see this by comparing the researcher's notes, student interviews, observation sheets, and student tasks from cycle to cycle three. The use of Google Maps as a learning medium contributes to providing an enjoyable learning medium in English teaching and learning. On the other hand, three students were not actively involved, two were redundant to English, and two had difficulty recognizing unfamiliar words. Nevertheless, in each cycle they show improvement; the students are motivated and there was a desire to learn.

Keywords: Speaking Ability, Google Map, Application, Contextually.
An Alternative Explanation for the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE): Weathering of Rocks Containing Minerals with Peroxy Bonds
Authors: Liu Victor , Stolc Viktor , Freund Friedemann 
Published: August 2023

During the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) 2.4 - 2.35 Gyrs ago, Earth
experienced a notable shift in its oxidation state. This has been widely
attributed to cyanobacteria having “invented” oxygenic
photosynthesis. We present a very different view based on the fact that
oxygen is released from rocks during weathering. If so, the GOE must
have been caused by an influx of abiogenic O into
Earth’s surface environment. Minerals forming Earth’s crust contain
impurity hydroxyls such as OSiOH. Pairs of those are
known to undergo a common redox conversion, ubiquitously forming peroxy
defects plus H:
OSiOH-HOSiO ⇌
OSi/\SiO
+ H
Being diffusively mobile, most H2 will be lost, leaving behind bound O
as peroxy. The peroxy defects release O during
weathering:
OSi/\SiO
+ H2O → OSiOH-HOSiO +
12 O
We suggest that this abiogenically generated O was
responsible for the progressive oxidation of the early Earth and that
this abiotic process drove the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE).
Pengembangan Instrumen Tes Berbasis Media Adobe Flash Professional CS6 di MAN 2 Model Medan
Authors: Sari Henny Puspita , - Sabani - 
Published: August 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan instrumen tes berbasis media Adobe Flash Professional CS6 yang memenuhi kualifikasi baik meliputi tingkat validitas, reliabilitas, indeks kesukaran, tingkat daya beda, dan pengecoh soal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian pengembangan dengan mengacu pada model Borg dan Gall yaitu : 1) tahap identifikasi masalah, (2) tahap pengumpulan data, (3) tahap desain instrumen tes dan media adobe flash, (4) tahap validasi desain, (5) tahap revisi desain (6) tahap uji kelompok terbatas, (7) tahap revisi produk, (8) tahap uji coba operasional, (9) tahap perbaikan produk akhir. Instrumen tes yang dikembangkan berjumlah 15 butir pilihan berganda. Hasil uji validasi isi diperoleh instrumen tes valid dengan revisi aspek materi, konstruksi, dan bahasa. Hasil uji lapangan diperoleh 60% valid, reliabilitas rendah, 45% indeks rata-rata tingkat kesukaran, 60% daya beda berkategori tinggi, 92% pengecoh soal diterima.
تأثير تنفيذ برنامج المحاضرة على تحسين مهارة الكلام لدى الطالبات للمدرسة الثانوية بمعهد السلطان حسن الدين
Authors: Rinikmawati  , Rappe  , Hakim Azizul 
Published: August 2023

الغرض لهذا البحث العلمي هو تحليل تأثير تنفيذ برنامج المحاضرة على تحسين مهارة الكلام لدى الطالبات للمدرسة الثانوية بمعهد السلطان حسن الدين. استخدم الباحثون منهج البحث الكمي. أما مجتمع البحث هو جميع طالبات الفصل الثامن للمدرسة الثانوية بمعهد السلطان حسن الدين. وفي جمع البيانات استخدموا طريقة التوثيق، والاستبانة، والاختبار. وفي تحليل البيانات استخدموا التحليل الإحصائي الوصفي وطريقة الوصفي الكمي. ويستفاد من نتائج البحث أن تنفيذ برنامج المحاضرة له تأثير على تحسين مهارة الكلام لدى الطالبات للمدرسة الثانوية بمعهد السلطان حسن الدين حيث أن تحصيل اختبارهن في مرتبة "جيد جدا" وكان تنفيذ برنامج المحاضرة مؤثر على تحسين مهارة الكلام بقدر %17,7.
Tujuan dari penelitian ilmiah ini adalah menganalisis pengaruh program muhadharah dalam meningkatkan maharah kalam santriwati Madrasah Tsanawiyah Pondok Pesantren Sultan Hasanuddin. Peneliti meggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif. Sumber datanya adalah dari seluruh santriwati kelas VIII Mts Sultan Hasanuddin. Dalam mengumpulkan data, peneliti menggunakan metode dokumentasi, kuesioner dan tes. Dalam menganalisis data, peneliti menggunakan metode statistik deskriptif dan regresi linear sederhana. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa program muhadharah berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan maharah kalam santriwati Madrasah Tsanawiyah Pondok Pesantren Sultan Hasanuddin di mana hasil ujian mereka yang mendapat predikat baik sekali. Maka pelaksanaan program muhadharah berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan maharah kalam santriwati sebesar 17,7%.
Problematika Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Berbahasa Arab Via daring di Masa Pandemi covid-19 (Studi pada Mahasiswa Pendidikan Bahasa Arab (PBA-FAI) UMI Makassar)
Authors: Hafid Wahyudin , Ilyas Thahir  
Published: August 2023

Pembelajaran daring menjadi sebuah pilihan yang tidak terelakkan bagi lembaga pendidikan manapun selama merebaknya Covid-19 agar proses belajar mengajar tetap dapat berlangsung dimana guru dan siswa tetap dapat menunaikan kewajibannya. Namun dalam realitasnya, pembelajaran daring yang memanfaatkan teknologi internet menyisakan banyak problematika bagi dosen dan peserta didik dan sangat berpengaruh pada hasil pembelajaran.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan problematika yang dihadapi oleh dosen dan mahasiswa selama pembelajaran online pada mata kuliah berbahasa Arab pada prodi Pendidikan Bahasa Arab Fakultas Agama Islam UMI Makassar.
Secara metodologi, penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif yang berupaya menggambarkan fenomena yang terjadi di lapangan apa adanya dengan menggunakan instrumen penelitian berupa; observasi, wawancara terstruktur dan dokumentasi dengan populasi dosen sebanyak 9 orang dan mahasiswa PBA UMI Makassar sebanyak 213 orang dengan Simple Random Sampling dari populasi. Data penelitian diolah dengan menggunakan metode Miles dan Huberman berupa data collecting, data reduction, data display, dan verification lalu menarik kesimpulan (conclution).
Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dosen dan mahasiswa PBA UMI Makassar mengalami berbagai kendala dan hambatan pembelajaran selama kuliah online berlangsung. Problem dan hambatan itu terbagi dua yaitu: (1) kendala teknis berupa rumitnya aplikasi yang sering digunakan, ketersediaan jaringan dan perangkat elektonik yang tidak memadai serta kemampuan mahasiswa dalam mempersiapkan kouta data dan faktor ekonomi keluarga.(2) kendala non teknis atau problem pembelajaran itu sendiri yang meliputi; kesulitan memahami materi perkuliahan, tidak tersedianya materi ajar online, metode pengajaran yang tidak variatif, hambatan komunikasi dan interaksi antara dosen dan mahasiswa serta persoalan kedisiplian, kehadiran dan penguasaan kelas. Meski diakui bahwa pembelajaran daring juga memberikan beberapa keuntungan dan kelebihan terutama dalam hal efesiensi waktu dan biaya baik bagi dosen maupun bagi mahasiswa.
Penelitian ini merekomendasikan beberapa hal yaitu; perbaikan sistim jaringan yang merata di semua wilayah Indonesia agar memudahkan akses internet, penyediaan perangkat pembelajaran berupa sarana dan materi pembelajaran yang lebih aktual, bantuan dan penyediaan kouta internet yang lebih murah bagi mahasiswa.
Fenomena Demotivasi Siswa MAN 2 Kuningan dalam Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab sebagai Bahasa Asing
Authors: Syukur Hasan , Nurdiana  , Darul  , Wildana  
Published: August 2023

Kurangnya minat serta dorongan atau motivasi dalam belajar masih menjadi tantangan tersendiri dalam upaya mengembangkan Pembelajaran bahasa Arab saat ini. Tentunya ketika mempelajari sesuatu terutama bahasa, akan ada motivasi serta minta yang berbeda-beda dalam diri masing-masing siswa.. Fokus penelitian dilaksanakan di MAN 2 Kuningan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menggambarkan bagaimana Fenomena demotivasi siswa dalam pembelajaran bahasa Arab di MAN 2 Kuningan, guna mengungkap faktor apa saja yang menyebabkan terjadinya demotivasi siswa bersama dengan bagaimana bentuk demotivasi yang terjadi mempelajari Bahasa Arab. Dari penelitian ini didapati bahwa adanya faktor-faktor menyebabkan terjadinya demotivasi terhadap siswa baik faktor eksternal maupun internal. Adapun faktor Internal yang dapat menyebabkan demotivasi adalah karena kemampuan dasar dan pengalaman belajar siswa. Sedangkan Faktor Ekternal terjadinya demotivasi terhadap siswa adalah karena Kompleksifitas bahasa Arab, Bahan ajar dan metodologi pembelajaran. Terkait dengan bentuk-bentuk demotivasi yang terjadi pada siswa peneliti mendapati bahwa Dari 10 benruk demotivasi sebagaimana yang di sampaikan oleh Sibhan Harmer, terdapat 3 bentuk demotivasi yang ditemui pada siswa MAN 2 Kota Kuningan.