bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Production of Antibody by Patients with Acute Viral Hepatitis
Authors: Eichman Peter L. , Miller Ruth W. , Havens W. Paul 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The amounts of antitoxin produced by 34 Schick-negative patients with acute viral hepatitis and 31 Schick-negative, essentially normal controls following the intramuscular injection of 50 Lf purified diphtheria toxoid were measured by titration in the skin of rabbits. The pre-Schick levels of circulating antitoxin were, on the average, significantly greater in the patients with acute hepatitis, but there was no significant difference between the subsequent qualitative pattern of production of antibody or the intensity of immunologic response of the two groups. There was no apparent relationship between the amounts of antitoxin produced and the age, severity of disease, or stage of disease in which toxoid was injected.
Evaluation of Prolonged Antibiotic Therapy in Mice with Chronic Brucella Infection Due to Brucella Melitensis
Authors: Shaffer James M. , Kucera Carrell J. , Spink Wesley W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A chronic, sublethal Brucella melitensis infection was established in mice. Therapy with aureomycin, terramycin, sulfadiazine, or streptomycin, alone and in combinations, was started 4 weeks after establishment of the infection, and continued for 3 or 6 weeks. The results of therapy were evaluated by spleen cultures for brucella at the completion of treatment and 4 weeks after stopping therapy. The experimental results showed that any of the combined types of therapy with streptomycin plus aureomycin, terramycin, or sulfadiazine were definitely superior to any one of the drugs when used alone. Such combined therapy completely eradicated brucella from the spleens of all but 1 of 100 mice treated with any of these combinations. Therapy with aureomycin or terramycin alone in doses of 60 mg per kg per day for 3 weeks resulted in the eradication of brucella from the spleens in only 20 to 30% of the animals, as determined by spleen cultures at the completion of treatment. However, the final result of this therapy, determined by spleen cultures 4 weeks after stopping treatment, was eradication of the organisms in 70 to 80% of the animals. This observation emphasized the significant role of the host's immune mechanisms in the final eradication of brucella infections. Therapy with aureomycin alone in doses of 30 to 60 mg per kg per day for 6 weeks produced, as an immediate result, eradication of brucella from the spleens in 75 to 100% of the animals. However, the final results of this prolonged therapy, as determined 4 weeks after stopping treatment, were no better than the final results with only 3 weeks of treatment.
Studies on the Bactericidal Reaction
Authors: Adler Frank L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Data have been presented which support the view that specific bactericidal sensitization of Salmonella typhosa O 901 cells is impeded by the action of a second antibody directed against a widely distributed antigen (R-antigen). This inhibiting antibody has been shown to mediate the bactericidal sensitization of S. typhosa O 901 cells which had been coated with an antigenic extract obtained from R-state cells. The presence of some R-receptors on the surface of unmodified S. typhosa O 901 cells has been demonstrated, and it has been suggested that other apparently S-state Salmonella strains also possess on their cell surface a small number of exposed R-receptors. The possibly intimate spatial association of R-receptors with receptors of the characteristic somatic (0) antigens has been discussed. It has been concluded that probably less than 2 × 103 molecules of antibody are required to sensitize the average S. typhosa O 901 cell to the bactericidal action of complement, and evidence has been presented which shows that this amount of antibody is probably less than one per cent of the total amount of antibody that can be taken up by cells of this strain.
Formation of the Particles of Influenza Virus
Authors: Wyckoff Ralph W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electron micrographs of chorioallantoic membranes of chicken embryos infected with influenza virus show particles having the dimensions of the particles seen in purified viral suspensions. These particles develop from, and are continuous with, the cytoplasm of the infected cells; they have not been observed forming within the bodies of intact cells.
Some particles of similar dimensions have been seen developing from certain cells of tissues inoculated with vaccinia and the Rous virus. This suggests that the cytoplasmic “fragmentation” that produces the virus particles of influenza may be in itself a nonspecific cellular response to an unfavorable environment. The bearing of these observations on the probable nature of the virus of influenza is discussed.
Effect of Thiosemicarbazones and Dichlorophenoxy Thiouracil on Multiplication of a Recently Isolated Strain of Variola-Vaccinia Virus in the Brain of the Mouse
Authors: Minton S. A. , Officer J. E. , Thompson R. L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antigenic and biological properties of the Williamsport virus place it in the variola-vaccinia group. It is highly infectious for mice and rabbits. Intracerebral injection in mice is followed by a gradual increase in the concentration of virus in the brain. After reaching a maximal value, the titer decreases. The limiting concentration of virus in the brain is independent of the amount injected. The rate of multiplication varies indirectly with the size of the inoculum. Death usually takes place when the viral content of the brain is greatest but may occur during the next 48 hours.
Thiosemicarbazones with antivaccinal activity protect mice against the Williamsport virus following intracerebral injection of the virus. The response is similar whether materials are fed in the diet or administered by the peritoneal route. Isatin and 5-nitro-2-thenaldehyde thiosemicarbazones protected the majority of mice when injected intraperitoneally within a period of 48 hours immediately after the inoculation of virus.
Protection of mice against Williamsport virus by treatment with isatin and other thiosemicarbazones is not associated with inhibition of viral proliferation in the brain. Dichlorophenoxy thiouracil may act in part by suppression of viral growth.
Effect of Heterocyclic and Other Thiosemicarbazones on Vaccinia Infection in the Mouse
Authors: Thompson R. L. , Minton S. A. , Officer J. E. , Hitchings G. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Thiosemicarbazones containing benzene, thiophene, pyridine, quinoline or isatin groups have been demonstrated to protect mice against vaccinia virus. Protection is obtained when the virus is given by the cerebral route and compounds fed in the diet.
The =N-NH-CS-NH2 group, as such, appears to be essential for antivaccinal activity. Semicarbazones of benzaldehyde, 2-thenaldehyde, cinchoninaldehyde and isatin were devoid of protective capacity.
The presence of an aldehyde structure with attachment of the thiosemicarbazone moiety to the aldehyde carbon atom contributes to antiviral capacity but is not essential for this property.
Substitutions on the aldehyde carbon atom reduced or abolished protective action of compounds. Substitution in the ring protion of the molecule produced the same result except in p-nitro and o-methoxy benzaldehyde and 5-chloro, 5-bromo and 3-methyl-2-thenaldehyde derivatives.
Thiosemicarbazones with high antivaccinal activity in mouse embryonic tissues may fail to protect mice against the virus.
Fractional Dilution Procedure for Precise Titration of Hemagglutinating Viruses and Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Antibodies
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Tamm Igor 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A precise but relatively simple procedure for carrying out hemagglutination and hemagglutination-inhibition titrations with 5 viruses is described. In brief, the procedure is based on the use of a series of fractional dilutions of material under test in steps of 0.1 log unit. The method does not require any special equipment and yields titration endpoints which are closely reproducible. An analysis of the precision of the procedure relative to replicate titrations and the reproduction of absolute titers is presented. Both in hemagglutination and in hemagglutination-inhibition titrations, the precision of the results obtained with this technique is comparable to that yielded by photometric procedures.
A Note on the Use of the Antigen Excess Zone to Reveal the Existence of Certain Types of Cross Reactions in Unidentified Mixtures of Antigens
Authors: Cohn Melvin 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Most single protein-antiprotein reactions are characterized by the marked solubility of the antigen-antibody complex in excess antigen (1) and the quantitative precipitin curves describing such a reaction decrease rapidly to zero in this region. There are a number of situations, however, in which the precipitation of specific complexes persists even far into antigen excess. For example, this situation may prevail when several unrelated systems react simultaneously (2, 3) or when a given antibody reacts with a mixture of homologous and heterologous antigens (4). It is the latter case which will concern us in the present paper.3
The reaction under consideration involves the β galactosidase (Gz) and a structurally similar protein (Pz) found in extracts of Escherichia coli. Active extracts from cells grown in the presence of an inducer, e.g., lactose, β-methyl-galactoside, contain both Gz and Pz while inactive extracts, from cells grown in the absence of an inducer of β-galactosidase contain Pz but not Gz.
Specific White Cell Lysis Produced by Combination of Rabbit Antiserum to Purified Protein (Ovalbumin, Bovine Gamma Globulin) with Homologous Antigen. The Role of Non-Precipitating Antibody
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Gaulitz Donald 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Specific white cell lysis is produced by the addition of homologous antigen to fresh heparinized blood of certain rabbits immunized with crystalline hen ovalbumin or with bovine gamma globulin (Armour's Fraction II). Specific lysis may be produced in white cells of fresh normal rabbit blood by the addition of antigen and the serum of a sensitized animal. There is an optimum concentration of antigen or range of antigen concentrations giving maximal lysis when the amount of antibody is constant. Dilution of antiserum results in a corresponding reduction in the amount of antigen producing maximal lysis and in a reduction of its lytic potency. Heating at 55–58 C for 4 hours failed to destroy the lytic capacity in 3 of 4 antisera tested. The cells affected by specific lysis were polymorphonuclear leukocytes in tests of 5 different antisera (platelets were not studied). The specific lytic capacity of an antiserum is not related to its content of precipitable antibody N or to its equivalence ratio R. No loss of lytic power results from removal of the precipitable antibody by small successive additions of antigen. Removal of all precipitable antibody by a single addition of antigen removed all lytic power from one of 2 sera so studied. Certain specifically lytic anti-ovalbumin sera showed lysis with an immunochemically uniform ovalbumin preparation and not with the common ovalbumin contaminants. These also showed a single band of precipitate by the Oudin agar diffusion technic, whereas certain nonlytic sera showed more than one band. White cell lytic power was moderately well correlated with the ability to give passively transferred urticarial reactions in human or guinea pig skin, but not with the ability to cause passive anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. Development of specifically lytic antibody was more evident in rabbits immunized by single intraperitoneal or intravenous doses of antigen in solution or repeated subcutaneous doses of alum-precipitated antigen than in rabbits receiving repeated subcutaneous or intravenous doses of antigen in solution.
The Comparative Retention of Antigen in the Skin of Immune and Normal Rabbits as Determined with Egg Albumin Labelled with Radioactive Iodine
Authors: Korngold Leonhard , Stahly Grant L. , Dodd Matt C. , Myers William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A radioactive antigen which emitted gamma rays was prepared by chemical attachment of radioactive iodine, I131, to crystallized hen egg albumin. The rates of disappearance of radioactivity from sites of injection were determined with a Geiger-Mueller counter shielded with lead to give directional collimation. The labelled antigen was specifically precipitated with antiiodinated ovalbumin serum as well as with anti-ovalbumin serum. An increased retention of radioactivity after intradermal injection of the iodinated ovalbumin persisted only in those rabbits which were sufficiently immune to iodinated ovalbumin to respond with a pronounced inflammatory (Arthus) reaction. Tracer radioactive albumin was also retained to a greater degree than in normal skin when injected into a site undergoing an Arthus reaction produced by the simultaneous injections of bovine gamma globulin into animals sensitized to this antigen. This increased retention of ovalbumin was interpreted as a non-specific effect of inflammation since no antiovalbumin was present.
Immunological Studies of Egg White Proteins
Authors: Wetter L. R. , Cohn Melvin , Deutsch H. F. 
Published: January 2023

Conclusions and Summary
Evidence has been presented that many components of the egg whites of turkey, guinea hen, pheasant, duck and goose cross-react with antisera to chicken ovalbumin, conalbumin, ovomucoid, lysozyme and certain uncharacterized minor components.
Since Landsteiner and others (5) have clearly shown that the phenomenon of cross-reaction is due to the structural similarity of the combinants involved, a phylogenetic relationship between the various species possessing similar proteins is implied. Most studies based on this idea have been carried out using qualitative methods (19). The data presented here point out the type of results which can be expected from quantitative methods.
The Separation of Alpha Toxin (Lecithinase) from Filtrates of Clostridium Welchii
Authors: Roth Florence B. , Pillemer Louis 
Published: January 2023

Discussion and Summary
Alpha toxin has been separated from filtrates of Cl. welchii type A by fractionation in methanol-water mixtures under controlled pH, ionic strength and temperature. By means of four fractionation steps, the toxin was purified 130 fold on the basis of Lb activity per mg of non-dialysable nitrogen.
Lecithinase combining activity, lethal activity, and alpha (hot-cold) hemolysin were found to be proportional in the four fractions, indicating that one substance may be responsible for all these activities. However, a homogeneous protein has not been isolated as yet, and conclusive proof that the three activities are functions of a single agent is still lacking.
The major contribution of the present study was the effective chemical separation of alpha from theta toxin. Earlier attempts to separate alpha from theta toxin by ultrafiltration (13) and ammonium sulfate fractionation (6) were unsuccessful. PIV #253 was highly lethal and the ratio of Lb to M.L.D. per mg N remained constant in both the filtrate and in PIV. This is additional evidence that alpha toxin and not theta is the lethal component of Cl. welchii type A infections.
It should be mentioned that purification studies were greatly retarded by low potency parent filtrates. It appears that much work remains to be done to produce filtrates rich in alpha toxin on a defined medium, if further progress is to be made in purification of the biologically and immunologically active components in Cl. welchii culture filtrates.
The In-Vitro Purification of Tissue Localizing Antibodies
Authors: Korngold Leonhard , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The purification of antibodies in vitro was carried out by adsorbing radioiodinated anti-liver, anti-kidney, anti-lung and anti-spleen sera with a blood vessel fraction or cellular fraction of an organ and then eluting the adsorbed radio-activity by heat at 60°C.
It was found that the eluates obtained from blood vessel fractions of liver, kidney and lung had different localizing properties from the eluates of the cellular fractions of the same organs. It was also found that eluates could be prepared which would localize preferentially in either liver, kidney, lung or spleen by purifying the proper anti-tissue serum with a homologous tissue fraction. Antibodies from anti-lung, anti-liver and anti-spleen sera localized to the greatest concentration in the homologous organ when the purification was carried out with the cellular fractions of lung, liver and spleen respectively. With the anti-kidney serum the best results were obtained with the kidney blood vessel fraction.
Influence of Non-Specific Inhibitor on the Diagnostic Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Influenza
Authors: Hilleman M. R. , Werner Jacqueline H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Human sera contained heat stable (56 C) nonspecific inhibitor for influenza A and B hemagglutinin but not for influenza C. This inhibitor appeared to be of the alpha type and was destroyed by treating with filtrate from cultures of Vibrio cholerae which were rich in Burnet's receptor destroying enzyme. This procedure did not have a demonstrable effect on antibody.
The PR8, FM1 and Lee strains of virus used in the Standard Hemagglutination-Inhibition Reference Test in Influenza Studies were highly sensitive to the alpha inhibitor. The inhibitor content for these and other strains often exceeded the amount of antibody. The reliability and sensitivity of the hemagglutination-inhibition technique for demonstrating antibody increase in paired serum specimens from cases of influenza and from vaccinated persons using the PR8, FM1, Lee and IB1 viruses was markedly improved by treating to remove inhibitor. This resulted primarily from the marked reduction in titer of the first serum specimen. The sensitivity of the test also depended on test virus; thus, the type A prime strains FM1 (1947) and FW-1-50 (1950) were superior to the 1934 PR8 agent for detecting infection with the A prime viruses of contemporary prevalence. The FW-1-50 virus was especially useful for diagnosis since it was essentially unaffected by the alpha inhibitor in human serum and the need for treatment with cholera filtrate was obviated.
The importance of removing non-specific inhibitor from sera tested to determine the basic antibody levels in the human population for the various influenza strains was discussed.
Chemical and Immunological Studies on a Heterophile Fraction Isolated from Bovine Erythrocyte Stroma
Authors: Markowitz Abraham , Simmonds Wayne L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Chemical analysis of an extract obtained from bovine erythrocyte stroma revealed it to be of a proteinaceous nature. Nine amino acids were identified as lysine, glutamic acid, serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, aspartic acid, leucine and isoleucine from acid hydrolysates of the extract via paper chromatography. Electrophoretic determinations indicated the extract to contain four discernible portions, three of which carried a portion of the immunologic activity. Enzymatic hydrolysis of the extract with proteinases destroyed all immunologic activity.
Studies on Autoantibodies in Human Sera
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Gordon Eve B. , Gallop Carol 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Evidence is presented for the existence in human sera of autoantibodies of different specificities. It is shown that cold autoantibodies parallel in their behavior the natural isoagglutinins, and therefore are probably directed against the nucleus of the A-B-O substance. The autoantibodies found in typical cases of acquired hemolytic anemia parallel the behavior of Rh-Hr antibodies, and are presumably directed against the nucleus of the Rh-Hr substance. A serum is also described containing an autoantibody which mimics the behavior of M-N antibodies, and therefore is presumably directed against the M-N-S substance. The possibility of the existence of autoantibodies of still other specificities must also be considered. The hypothesis presented here, while not fully established, is useful since it suggests new avenues of approach to the problem of autosensitization.
Allergic Encephalomyelitis in the Rat Induced by the Intracutaneous Injection of Central Nervous System Tissue and Adjuvants
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Allergic meningo-encephalomyelitis can be induced in the white rat by the intracutaneous injection of a suspension of brain or spinal cord combined with paraffin oil and killed mycobacteria. Constant symptoms are flaccid paralysis of the hind legs, urinary incontinence and fecal impaction. Remissions are frequent. Constant lesions are mild, focal, mononuclear meningitis, mononuclear cuffing of venules and capillaries of the brain and spinal cord. Glial nodules may occur. Compared on the basis of weight, spinal cord from the rat or guinea pig is about equally effective; rat brain and rabbit spinal cord are less effective. The presence of killed mycobacteria or Nocardia asteroides in the emulsion is essential for the production of the experimental disease. The intracutaneous injection of a suspension of 120 mg rat spinal cord and adjuvants induced encephalitis regularly, whereas the subcutaneous injection of the same material was without effect. Rat spinal cord combined with adjuvants injected intracutaneously causes encephalitis in the guinea pig.
The Effect of Antibiotics Upon the Immune Response
Authors: Stevens Kingsley M. , Lichter Raymond J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The rate of loss of labelled antigen (I131 bovine gamma globulin) from blood has been used as a measure of the primary immune response in rabbits.
Using this method, standard curves have been set up for normal rabbits and for rabbits in which the immune response has been eliminated by prior x-irradiation. The results agreed with those published by other workers.
Rabbits were given daily injections of one of the following antibiotics: crystalline penicillin G (28,000 units/kg), dihydrostreptomycin (50 mg/kg), aureomycin (30 mg/kg), terramycin (29 mg/kg). The loss of I*BGG from the blood of these animals was followed.
The mean values for the control vs. the experimental groups were subjected to statistical analysis, using the “F” test. All antibiotics tested produced a depression. For aureomycin, this depression was significant at the 98% confidence level, for dihydrostreptomycin at the 99% level, for terramycin at the 99.8 % level, and for penicillin at the 99.9% level.
All rabbits were not affected: some showed no depression, some showed partial depression, while others were completely depressed.
The Ability of Trypsin to Restore Specific Agglutinating Capacity of Erythrocytes Treated with Periodate
Authors: Coffin S. Farnum , Pickles Margaret M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Treatment of human erythrocytes—group O, CD (Rh) positive, or group O, S positive—with dilute saline solutions of periodic acid at varying concentrations and pH, for varying periods of time, will diminish or abolish the capacity of these cells to agglutinate in the presence of the specific anti-serum (saline-agglutinating anti-D or anti-S). Subsequent exposure of aliquots of these periodate-treated cells to buffered solutions of crystalline trypsin restores this specific agglutinating ability. If cells are first trypsinated and then periodated, the loss of agglutinating properties is somewhat slower and less marked than when previously untreated cells are periodated. The specificity of these changes is shown by the lack of agglutination of negative control cells, similarly treated, and by the results of the absorption tests. This restoration of agglutination is presumed to occur by the action of trypsin in unmasking previously unavailable erythrocyte antigen sites.