bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inventing Authors, Imagining Books
Authors: Premat Julio 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter studies three stories from El jardín de senderos que se bifurcan [The Garden of Forking Paths]—“El acercamiento a Almotásim” [The Approach to Al-Mu’tasim], “Pierre Menard, autor del Quijote” [Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote], and “Examen de la obra de Herbert Quain” [A Survey of the Works of Herbert Quain]—as a way to consider the dynamics of both inventing a book and inventing an author as a figure in literary history. Through an examination of these texts, this chapter proposes a detailed reading of the construction of the stories from their frames and narrative voices to their argumentation and ideological elements. The chapter then shows how these stories encapsulate the evolution of Borges’s writing, from essays and biographies to the creation of imaginary writers and futuristic reviews. As a way of concluding, the chapter highlights how the function of literary history is akin to the rewriting and recuperation of histories.
The 1920s Poetry of Jorge Luis Borges
Authors: Hernaiz Sebastián 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Ever guided by the spirit of experimentation, between 1919 and 1929 Borges published a number of varied prose collaborations and more than one hundred poems, many of which were collected in his first three books of poetry: Fervor de Buenos Aires, Luna de enfrente, and Cuaderno San Martín. Yet critics are frequently in the habit of reading Borges’s poetic works published between 1919 and 1929 as a unified whole, often explicating texts from 1921 with ideas published in essays in 1926 or juxtaposing verses from 1922 and 1929 to support a hypothesis, when change was perhaps the most constant aspect of this period. This chapter offers an excursion through some of the ceaseless variations found among the texts published during those ten years, taking into account how they were received at the time and the kinds of dialogues they sought to engage in in their present.
Copyright as an Engine for Creativity
Authors: Burri Mira 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The original goal of copyright, as embedded in international and national legal frameworks, has been to foster creativity and the arts by providing a temporary monopoly for the creator over her works, as well as certain conditions for access to these works that permit follow-up innovation and the distribution of knowledge and culture. The balance of rights has always been precarious, and there have been doubts about the proper functioning of copyright systems as a true engine for creativity. The digital age, with its incredible technological affordances and low threshold of participation, has triggered both concerns for massive copyright infringement and unprecedented opportunities for creative work. Legal systems have adapted over time to reflect this technological change, yet the jury is still out on whether these adjustments were appropriate and in line with copyright’s original goal. This chapter discusses these newer developments in copyright law by looking in particular at the role of digital intermediaries as critical actors in the new creative space. The chapter takes the case study of EU copyright reform and exposes the dangers that these recent legal initiatives may pose to creativity through the private power of platforms, the use of algorithms, and possible limitations to access to and use of creative and artistic works. While such a change in the regulatory environment may appear somewhat distant from the domain of arts and cultural management, the chapter argues that this indeed is not the case and the implications are of a real and immediate nature.
Parasocial Relationship Dissolution and Deterioration
Authors: Hu Mu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how media users cope with challenges to their parasocial relationships (PSRs) and PSR termination. One of the most striking characteristics of modern mass media is the formation of PSRs, the relationships between audiences and media characters and figures. Researchers from a variety of disciplines have devoted substantial efforts to understanding its initiation, development, and maintenance. First, the chapter discusses how individuals cope with the termination of a PSR, particularly making sense of a celebrity’s death and coping with loss. Next, the chapter examines ways in which individuals can reconcile their feelings toward the celebrity and disapproval of the celebrity’s behavior, discussing parasocial forgiveness, denial, or parasocial breakup (PSB).
Amharic
Authors: Amberber Mengistu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers Amharic, which is the working language of the Federal Government of Ethiopia. Amharic belongs to the Transversal branch of South Ethiosemitic within the Ethiosemitic language family. It is one of the best studied Ethiosemitic languages with a rich body of grammatical description going back to the 17th century. Furthermore, due to its role as a medium of instruction in schools, it has a number of traditional and pedagogical grammars including monolingual dictionaries going back to the 1930s. The Amharic writing system, known as Fidel, is an alpha-syllabary or abugida. Diachronically, there is evidence to suggest that Modern Amharic is distinct from Old Amharic both in terms of phonology and morphosyntax. Amharic has a root-and-pattern morphology which is more prevalent with verbs rather than with other word classes. There are two clearly open lexical classes: verbs and nouns. There is no obvious morphological distinction between common nouns and adjectives nor between common nouns and adverbs. The closed lexical classes are adpositions, conjunctions, copulas, demonstratives, interjections, and pronouns. Amharic is a nominative-accusative language with differential case marking properties: the nominative is unmarked while the accusative is marked typically if the noun is definite/specific. Verbs are marked for agreement: obligatorily for subject agreement but often optionally for object/oblique agreement. There are valency-decreasing and valency-increasing derivations. The former includes the passive, reflexive, anticausative and reciprocal, while the latter includes the causative and applicative. The unmarked constituent order in Amharic is SOV.
Argobba
Authors: Wetter Andreas 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the grammar of Argobba, an Ethiosemitic minority language closely related to Amharic. The grammatical sketch comprises the outline of the phoneme inventory and the explanation of morphophonological processes, a description of the verbal and the nominal systems, as well as an introduction in to the syntax of the language. Argobba is an understudied language with several regional varieties which seem not be mutual intelligible. This chapter provides the first grammatical description of the most northerly Argobba variety spoken in the two villages of Shonke and T’ollaħa. It is characterized by many archaic features such as retention of pharyngal consonants, a much more complex verb morphology and allomorphy in object indexes.
Chaha group
Authors: Menuta Fekede , Völlmin Sascha 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the Chaha group, which consists of the Gurage varieties Chaha, Ezha, Gumer, and Gura. Labialization and palatalization abound across the Chaha group’s varieties both in lexicon and morphology. The depalatalization happens in the jussive base of verbs with palatal elements and weak verbs with final vocoid consonants I and U. Unlike Chaha, Gura, and Gumer, Ezha preserved gemination. Plural references of the language also manifest through pronominal means of verb agreement, possessive suffixes, and over pronouns.
Kistane
Authors: Wakjira Bedilu 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the Kistane language. It discusses similar morphological features of Kistane and Gunnän Gurage languages. The major morphological processes in Kistane are deletion, insertion, assimilation, and palatalization. Nouns inflect for gender, number, definiteness and case, and are derived through templates, affixation, relativization, and compounding. Verbal morphology involves triconsonantal roots bearing the lexical semantics of a verb and a vowel pattern. Kistane also has a set of morphemes suffixed to affirmative indicative verbs in the main clause.
General overview of Nilo-Saharan
Authors: Dimmendaal Gerrit J. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the expanse of the Nilo-Saharan region, the language family that spread across Central and Eastern Africa. It lists the range of languages and language groups within the region such as Kunama, Eastern Sudanic, Nara, Berta, Nilotic, and Surmic. The geographical spread probably reflects the chronological and historical diffusion of the ancestral languages from the west. The chapter also notes how scholars often argue the specificity of groups and subgroups included within the Nilo-Saharan phylum, as well as their genetic grouping.
Berta
Authors: Andersen Torben 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a description of Berta, a Nilo-Saharan language spoken in Benishangul-Gumuz Region. The description is based on the Mayu dialect. Berta is a tone language with tones having both lexical and grammatical functions. There are two major word classes, nouns and verbs, while adjectival concepts are expressed by verbs. Nouns are inflected for number, state and case, and verbs are inflected for mood and tense, and they may be marked as being applicative. There are several verbal derivational categories, including centripetal, reciprocal, and causative. In noun phrases, modifiers follow the head, which is in a construct state. Berta has both prepositions and postpositions. Independent declarative clauses have an obligatory preverbal topic position that may be occupied by a noun phrase unmarked for case, whether a subject, and object, or an adverbial, while a postverbal subject has a marked nominative case. There are two types of sequential clauses, which are syntactically dependent on the preceding discourse, but which are not subordinate clauses.
Mursi
Authors: Mütze Bettina , Ahland Colleen 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the language spoken by the Mursi, who live in southwest Ethiopia between the Omo and the Mago river. Mursi belongs within the Chai-Tirmaga-Mursi dialect cluster within the South-East subgroup of Surmic. Mursi consists of 21 consonants and 7 vowels for its phoneme inventory but lacks the palatal and velar implosives found in Tirmaga and Chai. Polarity is recognized as a prominent Mursi tonal behaviour found in verbs as well as nouns, Polar tones are assigned to toneless syllables or syllables that have competing unassociated tones. The chapter discusses word classes and verb morphology including aspect and valence-increasing as well as valence-decreasing operations. The nominal morphology includes several nominalizers as well as the presentation of noun modification constructions in Mursi. Finally, basic clause types as well as coordination of phrases are covered.
Ethiopian Sign Language
Authors: Hailu Eyasu , Kassu Pawlos 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores information revolving around the Ethiopian Sign Language (EthSL). It defines sign language as a visual-gestural modality expressed by hands and perceived through sight. The history of EthSL is closely connected to deaf education prominent even before or after the arrival of foreign missionaries, who only used Nordic Sign Language and American Sign Language. The users of EthSL developed their own community with cultural profiles and became fully part of the larger Ethiopian society. The chapter clarifies that EthSL is not a replica of Amharic as it became obvious that it is independent of any spoken Ethiopian languages.
Linguistic avoidance and taboo in Ethiopian languages
Authors: Teferra Anbessa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the status of linguistic avoidance in the languages of Ethiopia. It offers a brief introduction regarding linguistic taboo and addresses topics related to them with examples from Ethiopian languages. The chapter also discusses the linguistic avoidance of in-laws, noting that it is widespread among speakers of Highland East Cushitic (HEC) languages—e.g. Sidaama, Kambaata, Hadiyya—and also in the nearby Arsi Oromo variety. It details the linguistic avoidance of in-laws in three Ethiopian languages: Sidaama, Kambaata, and Oromo. This chapter also reviews the less strict form of avoidance language in a few Semitic languages. Ultimately, the chapter elaborates on the avoidance of animal names and names of older kin (whether consanguine or not) in many Ethiopian languages. It also studies the taboo of body parts, sexual activity, and effluvia.
Language and music
Authors: Morand Katell 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers language and music in Ethiopia and looks at the state of the art from the point of view of an ethnomusicologist. This chapter first emphasizes that Ethiopia’s well-acknowledged linguistic and cultural diversity poses significant challenges to the present review, as only a fraction of Ethiopia’s musical styles is known in significant detail. Studies in linguistic and oral literature have also generally shown little concern for the description of voice, timbre, or melodic contour in instances of formalized speech. Given the lack of information on language and instrumental music, the chapter focuses on the singing voice, first raising issues of scale and comparison (do linguistic families and musical areas overlap?), then of pragmatics (why sing when one can speak?) and formal relationships, before offering a few suggestions for future research.
Henrich, Heyes, and Tomasello on the Cognitive Foundations of Cultural Evolution
Authors: Heyes Cecilia , Moore Richard 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter gives a brief overview of three accounts of the socio-cognitive abilities that facilitated the emergence and transmission of cumulative culture in the recent hominin lineage. These accounts have been developed and defended by Joseph Henrich (e.g. 2015), Cecilia Heyes (e.g. 2018), and Michael Tomasello (e.g. 1999, 2008, 2014) in collaboration with others. The chapter pays particular attention to the different abilities that these authors think are foundational to human cultural evolution – abilities that include imitation, theory of mind, norm cognition, shared intentionality, and metacognition; and to questions about whether these abilities first arose as products of genetic or cultural evolution. By clarifying the similarities and differences between these accounts, the authors identify points of disagreement that could be tested empirically, and areas where further conceptual clarification is required. Thus it is hoped this chapter might serve as prelude to a more sustained critical engagement with the details of the discussed views.
Fishes
Authors: Brown Culum 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Social learning is widespread among vertebrates and perhaps even invertebrates. It provides a method to discover new information or adopt novel behaviour patterns rapidly without the need to explore the possibilities for one’s self. Social learning enables information to travel rapidly between peers but it can also transcend generations, leading to the establishment of novel behavioural patterns at the population scale, otherwise known as culture. As such it provides a means for information and or behaviour to be passed on between generations that is independent from genetic inheritance. Fishes have repeatedly proven to be a fantastic model to study the mechanisms of social learning and the development of behavioural traditions because they are relatively cheap to maintain in large numbers affording the opportunity to greatly enhance statistical power and detailed experimental design. This chapter explores the evidence of social learning and culture in fishes, the most diverse group of vertebrates on the planet. It reveals that social learning plays a vital role in nearly all aspect of fish behaviour and examples of fish traditions most often arise in the context of movement and migration. The chapter concludes with examples of practical applications and implications of social learning and culture in fisheries and aquaculture.
Cultural Responses to Total War, 1930s–1945
Authors: Culver Annika A. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses comparative responses to total war and the arts by states and cultural producers in countries affected by World War II’s global reach throughout Europe and Asia from the 1930s until the end of the war in 1945. In comparing the responses of artists and intellectuals at a time when culture became an important component of wartime mobilization, it examines how national governments co-opted the arts, literature, and film in waging total war and considers the legacies of collaboration by intellectuals in occupied nations. It also includes descriptions of the arts in imperial Japan and occupied northeast China (Manchukuo), whose wartime cultural legacies remain understudied and reveal the intersections between politics and cultural production.
The Humanitarian Impulse
Authors: Sebeny Hillary 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the role of humanitarian relief and international law in alleviating suffering among civilians, combatants, and POWs. The humanitarian impulse that animated the Geneva and Hague Conventions and the League of Nations evolved and attempted to meet global crises of an unprecedented scale during World War II. The global demand for refugee rescue, famine relief, disease prevention, and humane treatment of POWs existed in every theater of the war; however, competing military objectives and colonial hierarchies created disparities in the distribution of relief. Additionally, the smaller religious organizations and charitable groups that had led relief efforts during World War I and the interwar years were unable to match the catastrophic effects of World War II alone, leading to the creation of modern organizations, such as the United Nations and the World Health Organization.
Postwar Settlements and Internationalism
Authors: Gramer Regina , Sasaki Yutaka 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
Due to the unprecedented upheavals of World War II, a total war, the postwar settlements, devised by the wartime diplomacy of the Allied Powers from the Atlantic Charter to the Potsdam Conference, became a rare historical moment in which a new world order was painstakingly envisioned and put into practice. At the heart of the Allied postwar order was liberal internationalism, a vision of an open, rule-based, multilateral, cooperative political, economic and security system. Such an order came to be embodied in the Bretton Woods system and the United Nations. While American-led liberal internationalism, as limited as it was, survived the Cold War, it has been increasingly challenged by social and political crises triggered by the accelerating multi-polar globalized world after 1945 and especially in the post-Cold War Era.
Ideological values are parametrically associated with empathy neural response to vicarious suffering
Authors: Zebarjadi Niloufar , Adler Eliyahu , Kluge Annika , Sams Mikko , Levy Jonathan 
Published: May 2023

AbstractSeveral studies in political psychology reported higher levels of empathy among political leftists (i.e. liberals) as compared to political rightists (i.e. conservatives). Yet, all those studies lean on self-reports, which are often limited by subjective bias and conformity to social norms. Here, we tested this putative asymmetry using neuroimaging: we recorded oscillatory neural activity using magnetoencephalography while 55 participants completed a well-validated neuroimaging paradigm for empathy to vicarious suffering. The findings revealed a typical rhythmic alpha-band ‘empathy response’ in the temporal–parietal junction. This neural empathy response was significantly stronger in the leftist than in the rightist group. In addition to this dichotomous division, the neural response was parametrically associated with both self-reported political inclination and right-wing ideological values. This is the first study to reveal an asymmetry in the neural empathy response as a function of political ideology. The findings reported in this study are in line with the current literature in political psychology and provide a novel neural perspective to support the ideological asymmetry in empathy. This study opens new vistas for addressing questions in political psychology by using neuroimaging.
The therapeutic benefit of antioxidants on the outcome of acute aluminum phosphide poisoning: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sobh Zahraa K , Abd-Elhameed Asmaa 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis pool evidence available from clinical trials to verify the effect of antioxidants on the outcome of acute aluminum phosphide (AlP) poisoning. A systematic review complied with “Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses” (PRISMA) Protocols. Meta-analysis was conducted on 10 studies that fulfill eligibility criteria. Four antioxidants were implemented: N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC), L-Carnitine, Vitamin E, and Co-enzyme Q10 (Co Q10). Risk of bias, publication bias, and heterogeneity were assessed to ensure the results’ reliability. Antioxidants significantly decrease mortality of acute AlP poisoning around three folds (OR = 2.684, 95% CI: 1.764–4.083; P &lt; .001) and decrease the need for intubation and mechanical ventilation by two folds (OR = 2.391, 95% CI 1.480–3.863; P &lt; .001) compared with control. Subgroup analysis revealed that NAC significantly decreases mortality by nearly three folds (OR = 2.752, 95% CI: 1.580–4.792; P &lt; .001), and vitamin E significantly decreases mortality by nearly six folds (OR = 5.667, 95% CI: 1.178–27.254; P = .03) compared with control. L-Carnitine showed a borderline significance (P = .050). Co Q10 decreased the mortality compared with the control; however, the difference was not statistically significant (P = .263). This meta-analysis provides solid evidence regarding the efficacy of antioxidants in improving the outcome of acute AlP poisoning with reference to NAC. Wide confidence interval and small relative weight affect reliability regarding vitamin E efficacy. Future clinical trials and meta-analyses are recommended. To our knowledge, no previous meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the efficacy of treatment modalities for acute AlP poisoning.