bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of Ferrets to Mumps Virus
Authors: Gordon Irving , Pavri Khorshed , Cohen Sophia M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Ferrets inoculated intranasally with large doses of infectious egg-adapted mumps virus developed bronchiolitis and pneumonitis resembling that caused by some influenza virus strains. This was followed by the appearance of specific antibodies in high titer. The immunologic response evoked by noninfectious virus by this route and by subcutaneous inoculation of either infectious or noninfectious virus was relatively low. Mumps virus was recovered from nasal washings, lungs, or turbinates several days after inoculation, but proof of propagation of the virus in the ferret respiratory tissues was not obtained. The data provide additional analogies between mumps virus and the other members of the Myxovirus group.
The Serology of Newcastle Virus Infection
Authors: Bang F. B. , Foard M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Neutralization of Newcastle virus by 3 different types of antisera (chicken, rabbit, and human) was studied in several ways.
When embryos were inoculated with the mixture of virus and serum on the chorio-allantoic membrane, there was a direct, roughly 1:1 relationship between the amount of virus neutralized and the dilution of serum used. When the mixtures were inoculated into the allantoic sac, the loss of neutralizing activity by the diluted sera exceeded the amount of dilution, i.e., the slope was 2 or more. These results were obtained with all 3 sera. The steeper slope obtained with allantoic inoculation in the case of chicken and rabbit sera seemed to depend on a greater neutralization following allantoic inoculation with undiluted serum. This difference in effective neutralization brought about by different routes of inoculation was not apparent with diluted sera. Incubation of serum and virus for periods up to 2 hr at 35°C had no effect on the amount of virus neutralized by convalescent chicken sera but did increase the neutralization brought about by immune human sera. Incubation of serum and virus before adding red cells increased the amount of inhibition of red cell agglutination caused by all 3 types of sera. Chicken antisera delayed the death of embryos beyond the 6-day period during which embryos inoculated even with minimal infectious doses do not survive. This delay in virus effect was not produced by rabbit or human sera.
Studies on the Relationship of Potassium to Influenza Virus Multiplication
Authors: Levine Alvin S. , Bond Phyllis H. , Scala A. R. , Eaton Monroe D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Potassium deficiency was found to suppress in tissue culture: Growth of chorioallantoic epithelium and fibroblasts.Multiplication of the PR8 strain of influenza virus.Respiration of normal or virus-infected tissue by about 10%.
Addition of K+ reversed these suppressive effects.
The results indicate that K+ deficiency affects host-virus interactions in 2 ways: Accessibility of virus attached to tissue to neutralization by immune serum.Intracellular synthesis of new virus.
Inhibition of viral multiplication by α-amino-p-methoxyphenylmethanesulfonic acid was reversed by excess K+. Hypotheses for the relationship of viral synthesis to K+ metabolism are discussed.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Witebsky Ernest , Rose Noel R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Crude saline extracts of rabbit thyroids proved to be antigenic for rabbits. The technique of immunization consisted of the intradermal injection of 0.05 ml of a mixture of tissue extract plus Freund adjuvants into each of the 4 footpads in the rabbit. The percentage of rabbits showing circulating antibodies varied from experiment to experiment. Rabbit thyroid antibodies were demonstrated by complement fixation and precipitation techniques. In addition, erythrocytes tanned according to Boyden's procedure and coated with thyroid extracts provided a sensitive tool for the demonstration of rabbit thyroid antibodies in high antiserum dilution. The thyroid antibodies are tissue-specific rather than group-specific, reacting with the thyroid extracts of any rabbit tested regardless of whether the rabbit itself produced thyroid antibodies or failed to do so. Thyroidectomized, or partially thyroidectomized, rabbits injected with extracts of their own thyroid glands produced antibodies reacting with their own thyroid extracts as well as with thyroid extracts of any other rabbit tested.
Use of Vinyl Plastic Containers in Tissue Cultures for Virus Assays
Authors: Rightsel W. A. , Schultz P. , Muething D. , McLean I. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A simple, rapid, and inexpensive method for the performance of virus and drug assays in tissue culture systems has been described using a molded vinyl plastic panel containing a series of depressions. The plate is available commercially and, when sterilized with alcohol, is devoid of toxicity to trypsin-dispersed monkey kidney cells and HeLa cells. The multi-purpose plastic container is inexpensive, requires little preliminary processing so that it may be rapidly prepared for use, and then is autoclaved and discarded at the termination of tests.
The Relationship Between the Dose of Taiwan Cobra (Naja Atra) and Taiwan Habu (Trimeresurus Mucrosquamatus) Venom and Time of Death in Mice
Authors: Lin Chau-Ching 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The relationships between dosage of Naja atra venom and of Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus venom and the death-times of mice have been examined from experiments using intravenous injection. The observations were found to be well represented by the equation.

The parameters of the dose-death time equation for both Naja atra and Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus were different from those found by Christensen and Finney (9) for Naja flava in mice. The weight of mice can be disregarded when weighing between 15 to 21 g for Naja atra and 15 to 20 g for Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus.
Serum Agar Measuring Aid (Sama)
Authors: Glenn W. G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The Serum Agar Measuring Aid (SAMA) is an accessory device for the Photronreflectometer. The combination permits photometric quantitation of serum agar column reactions.
Results and evaluation indicated that accurate measurement of the density and diffusion of zones of precipitation can be made by beginning laboratory technicians. SAMA can also be used to quantitatively determine antibody response, follow protein fractionation, and identify unknown participants in precipitin reactions.
Purification of Kidney Components Capable of Neutralizing Kidney Localizing Anti-Rat Kidney Antibodies
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Korngold Leonhard , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A soluble material capable of inhibiting the localization of kidney localizing anti-kidney antibodies was isolated from a trypsin digest of rat kidney. Further digestion with ribonuclease and desoxyribonuclease removed all phosphorus and nucleic acid components, leaving material whose specific activity was 25 to 50 times that of the original trypsin digest and which contained protein and some carbohydrate.
The material can neutralize only about 75% of the kidney localizing antibodies. Therefore, there must be localizing anti-kidney antibodies present in the anti-RK sera which are directed against other antigens than those studied here.
The J Substance of Cattle
Authors: Stone W. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the titers of naturally occurring anti-J sera in two groups of cows, one consisting of 8 and the other of 23 animals, have shown that the concentration of anti-J varies considerably among individuals and for the same individual from one time to another. The rise and fall of anti-J levels among the first group of individuals studied during a 28-month period and among the second group studied during a 19-month period was correlated with the season of the year. In both groups of animals, the highest titers were found during the late summer and early autumn (August to October), and the lowest titers were found during the late autumn and winter (December to March). The physiologic basis for this striking seasonal variation is unknown at present.
Studies on Newcastle Disease Virus (Miyadera Strain)
Authors: Tokuda Masao 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Newcastle disease virus (Miyadera strain) can be successfully transmitted to suckling mice by the intracerebral route. Although the incubation period of Newcastle disease in mice is longest in the 1st mouse passage generation and becomes shorter with additional passage, the LD50 of virus in mice is highest when egg-adapted Newcastle disease virus is inoculated and lowest in the 1st mouse passage generation, and then it becomes higher again and constant. After passage in mice, infectivity of the virus for the chick becomes weaker; but immunization with this live virus protects chicks from infection with egg-adapted Newcastle disease virus, and their sera are positive in the hemagglutination-inhibition test and indirect complement-fixation test with egg-adapted Newcastle disease virus. The hemagglutinins from mice infected with Newcastle disease virus are demonstrated at pH 6.1, and their activities are inhibited not only by hyperimmune sera against mouse-adapted Newcastle disease virus but also by sera against the egg-adapted virus. For preparation of hyperimmune serum for use in the complement-fixation test, it is best that guinea pigs be immunized intracerebrally with allantoic fluids infected with the Newcastle disease virus. The allantoic membranes of the embryos are best suited as complement-fixing antigen. Newcastle disease virus can be transmitted in brains of guinea pigs through only a few passages. Cats also develop cerebral symptoms when they are inoculated with the virus intracerebrally.
The Effect of Cobalt-60 Gamma Radiation on Tetanus Antitoxin Formation in Mice
Authors: Hale William M. , Stoner Richard D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Cobalt-60 γ whole body irradiation markedly depresses tetanus antitoxin in mice when given 6 hr, 1 day, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days before a primary injection of fluid tetanus toxoid. The animals irradiated 14 and 21 days before the primary stimulus recovered sufficiently from radiation to react to the primary injection, since they later produced considerable amounts of antitoxin when given a secondary antigenic stimulus. The inhibitory effect of 650 rep γ radiation on the primary antibody response was as effective when alum precipitated toxoid was used for the primary stimulus. A radiation dose of 350 rep given 1 hr before the secondary stimulus had little effect on depressing antitoxin formation. γ Radiation doses of 450 to 750 rep effectively inhibited the secondary antitoxin response. The depressing effect was more marked with increased amounts of radiation. γ Radiation of 650 rep severely inhibited the secondary antitoxin response when radiation was given 6 hr to 30 min before the secondary antigenic stimulus. A total dose of 1,000 rep given in 4 doses of 250 rep at 5-day intervals depressed the secondary response by only 40%. When 650 rep whole body radiation was given in a single exposure the depressing effect on antitoxin formation was much greater than when the radiation was given in 10, 5, 3, or 2 divided doses. When radiation exposure was given at the peak of the antitoxin level (10th day after the secondary stimulus) and the mice were bled 10 days later, the antitoxin level was slightly reduced. There was no appreciable effect on the antitoxin level when mice were given 650 rep 21 days after the secondary stimulus and bled 5 days later. If the radiation was given 21 days after the second injection and the animals were bled 10 and 21 days later, the depressing effect was more pronounced than when radiation was given 10 days after the second injection. The depressing effect on the antitoxin level was greater when serum was obtained 21 days after exposure to radiation than on the 10th day post-radiation.
The Nature of the Formalin Inactivation of Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Timm E. A. , McLean I. W. , Kupsky C. H. , Hook A. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies of the formalin inactivation of poliomyelitis virus have shown that the reaction, under the conditions studied, does not follow first order rate laws. Inactivation rate curves plotted in accordance with the first order rate laws show that during the first few hours of the reaction there is a disproportionately great drop in infectious titer which appears on the curve as a sharp deviation from the theoretical straight line. This pattern of the reaction was apparent under varying conditions of pH, temperature, and formalin concentration. Similarly, the pattern was not affected by varying concentrations of protein and amino acids in the virus-suspending media or by subjecting virus suspensions to varying clarification procedures. Tests also indicated that the pattern of the reaction was not an artifact resulting from technical errors in sampling. The rate of the reaction varied with formalin concentration, temperature, pH, and amino acid and protein concentration of the suspending media. Practical implications of the results are presented in the discussion.
Systemic and Local Anaphylaxis in the Albino Rat
Authors: Lipton Murray M. , Stone Sanford H. , Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Lethal anaphylactic shock has been elicited in rats sensitized with bovine serum albumin combined with adjuvants. Of 10 rats sensitized with bovine serum albumin combined with paraffin oil adjuvants containing mycobacteria, 6 died after intravenous injection of the antigen. Of 9 rats sensitized with bovine serum albumin combined with adjuvants without mycobacteria, 1 died after intravenous injection of the antigen. Skin reactions were elicited in rats sensitized with bovine serum albumin or egg albumin in paraffin oil emulsions. The reactions in animals receiving tubercle bacilli in the emulsion were more extensive and of longer duration than in rats sensitized without mycobacteria. The histologic changes in the sites of intense skin reactions were similar to those in the Arthus reaction in the rabbit. Rats immunized with bovine serum albumin with adjuvant emulsions produced relatively large amounts of precipitating antibody. The high incidence of anaphylactic death and the intense skin reactions in rats so immunized are probably referable to the high antibody titers. Relatively large amounts of antigen used in skin tests frequently did not elicit skin reactions in sensitized rats; the injection of more dilute antigen solutions caused reactions. When several skin tests were made simultaneously, a high dose at one site inhibited the reactions at the sites of injection of lower doses of antigen. In rats similarly sensitized, tests made with only the lower dosages showed intense skin reactions. This may be due to desensitization caused by antigen entering the general circulation and combining with the available antibodies.
Concerning the Mechanism of Complement Action
Authors: Becker Elmer L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Cells containing the 1st, 2nd, and 4th components (EA C′1,4,2) of guinea pig complement are capable of hydrolyzing p-toluene sulfonyl l arginine methyl ester (TAMe). Unsensitized cells treated with complement, or sensitized cells not so treated, do not have this capability. The action of EA C′1,4,2 on TAMe was shown to have the characteristics of an enzyme reaction. A quantitative correlation between changes in the C′1 and TAMe esterase activity of EA C′1,4,2 has been found, whether the changes have been caused by variations in source and concentration of hemolysin, source of sheep red cells, amount of C′1 used to form the cells, incubation with different diisopropyl fluophosphate concentrations, or incubation with various concentrations of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid. TAMe has been shown to protect the C′1 activity on sensitized cells against inhibition by diisopropyl fluophosphate.
It is concluded that C′1 is a TAMe esterase. It is further suggested that C′1 is another example of a protease with TAMe esterase activity.
Intracellular Localization of Tobacco Mosaic Virus in Mouse Liver
Authors: Erickson John O. , Hensley Thomas J. , Fields Max , Libby Raymond L. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Localization of intravenously injected radioactive TMV in mouse liver has been studied by cellular fractionation and electron microscopy.
TMV uptake by the mitochondria as measured by radioactivity has been confirmed by electron microscopy of the isolated fractions.
No evidence was obtained for the localization of TMV in the nuclei of any cell types.
Electron microscopy of thin sections revealed aggregates of TMV only within vacuoles of Kupffer cells. Failure to detect TMV in sections of mitochondria is explained in terms of lack of sensitivity of the method.
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Plescia O. J. , Amiraian K. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The composition of C′ was altered in three independent ways: 1) by heating serum at 56°C for a few minutes, 2) indirectly by varying the degree of sensitization of erythrocytes, and 3) by adding to whole C′ reagents used for component titrations. In each case differences in concentration dependence were evident, as shown by changes in the shapes of the curves and the concentration of cells at which the extent of hemolysis tended to become constant. The composition of C′ seems to play an important part in determining the nature of the dependence of the extent of hemolysis on the concentration of erythrocytes.
In Vitro Bactericidal Activity of Blood for Pasteurella Tularensis
Authors: Stanziale William G. 
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary
The bactericidal activity of various species of mammalian whole blood for P. tularensis was determined under controlled conditions, and was found to vary among the species tested. The whole blood of the cow, dog, and sheep were found to exhibit a significant amount of bactericidal activity resulting in a decrease of 1 log in the number of bacteria inoculated; the whole blood of the other species tested showed much smaller amounts of activity. The bactericidal activity of dog blood was equally effective against concentrations of bacteria ranging from 101 to 107 organisms per ml of final test mixture.
The bactericidal activity of the species tested correlated to some degree with the resistance of these animals to experimental infections with P. tularensis.
The bactericidal complex in the blood in the case of the dog resides in the plasma fraction. The experimental results do not suggest that the complex resides in the cells and diffuses into the plasma, where its effect is demonstrated.
Studies on the Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
Authors: Liu Oscar C. , Carter Joseph E. , Malsberger Richard G. , DeSanctis Armand N. , Hampil Bettylee 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of caprochlorone on influenza virus infection in mice has been studied. The titers of virus in the lungs of the treated mice were on the average 10-fold lower than that found in the lungs of the control group. The efficacy of such treatment, however, decreased when the infectious dose was greater than 10 MLD50.
The possibility of a combined therapy using both caprochlorone and antiserum was investigated. Human γ globulin was used as the source of antiserum. A definite synergistic effect was demonstrated with the combined therapy in that mice infected with 3000 MLD50 were saved, whereas infections with 3 and 30 MLD50 were prevented by caprochlorone alone and γ globulin alone, respectively. It has been shown also that mice infected with the virus 3 days previously were cured by the combined therapy. The significance of this is discussed.
Observations on a Qualitative Difference Between the Antibody of Primary and Secondary Response
Authors: Foster W. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibodies, produced in rabbits against human erythrocytes, of the primary and secondary response have been studied with reference to the possibility of their being qualitatively different. In agglutinating activity no difference was detected and no “incomplete” agglutinin was demonstrated. However, primary and secondary response antibody appeared to differ in their hemolytic activity in that primary response sera were more weakly hemolytic with rabbit complement and with low concentrations of guinea pig complement than were secondary response sera, even when the hemagglutinin content was comparable.
The Preparation and Properties of Purified Anti-Hapten Antibody
Authors: Karush Fred , Marks Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A general procedure has been developed for the specific purification of anti-hapten antibody. It takes advantage of the low solubility of fibrinogen and involves the precipitation of the antibody with azofibrinogen. The antibody is separated from the antigen at neutral pH by addition of a weakly bound hapten, and is freed of the hapten by repeated precipitation with a mixture of dibasic and monobasic potassium phosphates. This method has been applied to the purification of antibody specific for the optically isomeric forms of the haptenic group, phenyl(p-azobenzoylamino)acetate. The yield of purified antibody is in the neighborhood of 50% of that initially precipitated from the antiserum. Some properties of the purified antibody preparations are described. The superiority of this method over those previously published by other authors lies mainly in the maintenance of a constant neutral pH (7.4) throughout the procedure.