bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Much Do Language Models Copy From Their Training Data? Evaluating Linguistic Novelty in Text Generation Using RAVEN
Authors: McCoy R. Thomas , Smolensky Paul , Linzen Tal , Gao Jianfeng , Celikyilmaz Asli 
Published: July 2023

AbstractCurrent language models can generate high-quality text. Are they simply copying text they have seen before, or have they learned generalizable linguistic abstractions? To tease apart these possibilities, we introduce RAVEN, a suite of analyses for assessing the novelty of generated text, focusing on sequential structure (n-grams) and syntactic structure. We apply these analyses to four neural language models trained on English (an LSTM, a Transformer, Transformer-XL, and GPT-2). For local structure—e.g., individual dependencies—text generated with a standard sampling scheme is substantially less novel than our baseline of human-generated text from each model’s test set. For larger-scale structure—e.g., overall sentence structure—model-generated text is as novel or even more novel than the human-generated baseline, but models still sometimes copy substantially, in some cases duplicating passages over 1,000 words long from the training set. We also perform extensive manual analysis, finding evidence that GPT-2 uses both compositional and analogical generalization mechanisms and showing that GPT-2’s novel text is usually well-formed morphologically and syntactically but has reasonably frequent semantic issues (e.g., being self-contradictory).
Supervised Gradual Machine Learning for Aspect-Term Sentiment Analysis
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Chen Qun , Ahmed Murtadha H.M. , Chen Zhaoqiang , Su Jing , Pan Wei , Li Zhanhuai 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Recent work has shown that Aspect-Term Sentiment Analysis (ATSA) can be effectively performed by Gradual Machine Learning (GML). However, the performance of the current unsupervised solution is limited by inaccurate and insufficient knowledge conveyance. In this paper, we propose a supervised GML approach for ATSA, which can effectively exploit labeled training data to improve knowledge conveyance. It leverages binary polarity relations between instances, which can be either similar or opposite, to enable supervised knowledge conveyance. Besides the explicit polarity relations indicated by discourse structures, it also separately supervises a polarity classification DNN and a binary Siamese network to extract implicit polarity relations. The proposed approach fulfills knowledge conveyance by modeling detected relations as binary features in a factor graph. Our extensive experiments on real benchmark data show that it achieves the state-of-the-art performance across all the test workloads. Our work demonstrates clearly that, in collaboration with DNN for feature extraction, GML outperforms pure DNN solutions.
Disabilities in Higher Education: Beyond ‘Accommodation’
Authors: Zhou Ziqian 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Institutions of higher learning have seen considerable improvements in opportunities for students with disabilities to participate and learn. Despite these improvements, challenges remain within this movement. Students with disabilities continue to face disadvantages as a result of ‘attitudinal barriers’ or discriminatory perceptions. This paper offers a diagnosis of such attitudinal barriers and proposes a correction in the form of what disability scholars christen the ‘social model’ of disability. This research ends with several implications that will be relevant to university administrators, staff and teaching faculty in their attempt to promote greater inclusion.
How do mobility device users integrate their devices into occupational performance? A narrative literature review
Authors: Helle Tina , Brandt Åse , Larsen Stina Meyer 
Published: July 2023

Introduction: Knowledge about how mobility devices are integrated into occupational performance is important to improve participation in daily life among users and assistive technology provision. This study aimed to identify and synthesise literature on how mobility device users integrate their devices into occupational performance. Methods: A narrative review was conducted with a systematic search in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SocINDEX for scientific, original, peer-reviewed journal publications in the English or Scandinavian languages. Following search terms were used: mobility devices, occupational performance and synonyms. Publications were screened and read, and data were extracted by two authors independently. Results: A total of 4088 hits led to the identification of six publications. Two categories were identified: (1) how mobility devices are integrated into occupational performance and (2) for what types of occupations beyond mobility are mobility devices used for; seven types were revealed. Conclusion: Mobility devices are integrated into occupations in unique ways to the individual users, shaping how occupations are performed and are used for different types of occupations beyond mobility. Since mobility device use is situational, it is suggested to investigate assistive technology use, applying a transactional perspective to improve assistive technology provision to increase fulfilment of users’ needs and preferences.
Social Determinants of Health in Early Otologic and Audiologic Evaluation in an Interdisciplinary Cleft-Craniofacial Clinic
Authors: Awad Daniel R. , Jabbour Noel , Ford Matthew , McCoy Jennifer L. , Goldstein Jesse A. , Losee Joseph E. , Shaffer Amber D. 
Published: July 2023

Objective Investigate associations between socioeconomic indicators of healthcare access with family compliance with cleft-related otologic and audiologic care within an interdisciplinary model. Design Retrospective case series. Subjects and Setting Children born 2005–2015 who presented to the Cleft-Craniofacial Clinic (CCC) at a quaternary care children's hospital. Interventions Associations between main outcome measures and Area Deprivation Index (ADI), median household income for zip code, distance from hospital, and insurance status were evaluated. Main Outcome Measures Cleft types, ages at presentation to outpatient clinic (cleft, otolaryngology, and audiology), and ages at procedures (first tympanostomy tube insertion (TTI), lip repair, and palatoplasty) were measured. Results Most patients were male (147/230, 64%) with cleft lip and palate (157/230, 68%). Median age at first cleft, otolaryngology, and audiology visits were 7 days, 86 days, and 5.9 months, respectively. Private insurance predicted lower no-show rates (p = .04). Age at first CCC visit was younger for patients with private insurance (p = .04) and older for those who lived further from the hospital (p = .002). Age at lip repair was positively correlated with national ADI (p = .03). However, no socioeconomic status (SES) proxy or proximity to hospital was associated with delays in first otolaryngology or audiology examination or TTI. Conclusion Once children become established within an interdisciplinary CCC, SES appears to bear little influence on cleft-related otologic and audiologic care. Future efforts should aim to elucidate which aspects of the interdisciplinary model maximize multisystem cleft care coordination and increase access for higher risk populations.
Somatic mutational landscape of hereditary hematopoietic malignancies caused by germline variants in RUNX1, GATA2, and DDX41
Authors: Homan Claire C. , Drazer Michael W. , Yu Kai , Lawrence David M. , Feng Jinghua , Arriola-Martinez Luis , Pozsgai Matthew J. , McNeely Kelsey E. , Ha Thuong , Venugopal Parvathy , Arts Peer , King-Smith Sarah L. , Cheah Jesse , Armstrong Mark , Wang Paul , Bödör Csaba , Cantor Alan B. , Cazzola Mario , Degelman Erin , DiNardo Courtney D. , Duployez Nicolas , Favier Remi , Fröhling Stefan , Rio-Machin Ana , Klco Jeffery M. , Krämer Alwin , Kurokawa Mineo , Lee Joanne , Malcovati Luca , Morgan Neil V. , Natsoulis Georges , Owen Carolyn , Patel Keyur P. , Preudhomme Claude , Raslova Hana , Rienhoff Hugh , Ripperger Tim , Schulte Rachael , Tawana Kiran , Velloso Elvira , Yan Benedict , Kim Erika , Sood Raman , Hsu Amy P. , Holland Steven M. , Phillips Kerry , Poplawski Nicola K. , Babic Milena , Wei Andrew H. , Forsyth Cecily , Mar Fan Helen , Lewis Ian D. , Cooney Julian , Susman Rachel , Fox Lucy C. , Blombery Piers , Singhal Deepak , Hiwase Devendra , Phipson Belinda , Schreiber Andreas W. , Hahn Christopher N. , Scott Hamish S. , Liu Paul , Godley Lucy A. , Brown Anna L. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Individuals with germ line variants associated with hereditary hematopoietic malignancies (HHMs) have a highly variable risk for leukemogenesis. Gaps in our understanding of premalignant states in HHMs have hampered efforts to design effective clinical surveillance programs, provide personalized preemptive treatments, and inform appropriate counseling for patients. We used the largest known comparative international cohort of germline RUNX1, GATA2, or DDX41 variant carriers without and with hematopoietic malignancies (HMs) to identify patterns of genetic drivers that are unique to each HHM syndrome before and after leukemogenesis. These patterns included striking heterogeneity in rates of early-onset clonal hematopoiesis (CH), with a high prevalence of CH in RUNX1 and GATA2 variant carriers who did not have malignancies (carriers-without HM). We observed a paucity of CH in DDX41 carriers-without HM. In RUNX1 carriers-without HM with CH, we detected variants in TET2, PHF6, and, most frequently, BCOR. These genes were recurrently mutated in RUNX1-driven malignancies, suggesting CH is a direct precursor to malignancy in RUNX1-driven HHMs. Leukemogenesis in RUNX1 and DDX41 carriers was often driven by second hits in RUNX1 and DDX41, respectively. This study may inform the development of HHM-specific clinical trials and gene-specific approaches to clinical monitoring. For example, trials investigating the potential benefits of monitoring DDX41 carriers-without HM for low-frequency second hits in DDX41 may now be beneficial. Similarly, trials monitoring carriers-without HM with RUNX1 germ line variants for the acquisition of somatic variants in BCOR, PHF6, and TET2 and second hits in RUNX1 are warranted.
Causal association between JAK2 and erectile dysfunction: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Xi Yu-Jia , Wen Rui , Zhang Ran , Dong Qi-Rui , Zhang He-yi , Su Qin-yi , Zhang Sheng-Xiao 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
As one of the most critical proteins in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) is involved in many biological processes and diseases. Several observational studies have reported the role of JAK2 in erectile dysfunction. However, the causal relationship between JAK2 and erectile dysfunction remains unclear. Here we investigated the causal relationship between JAK2 and erectile dysfunction.

Results
Genetically predicted JAK2 was causally associated with erectile dysfunction in inverse variance weighting (OR = 1.109, 95% CI = 1.029–1.196, p = 0.007) and weighted median method (OR = 1.117, 95% CI = 1.003-1.245, p = 0.044). No heterogeneity was observed in Cochran Q-test (p = 0.855) and MR-PRESSO (p = 0.866). Pleiotropy was not observed in our study (p = 0.617).

Conclusions
These findings highlighted JAK2 as a risk factor for erectile dysfunction and proved the causal relationship between JAK2 and erectile dysfunction, suggesting that targeting JAK2 signaling might be a novel and promising therapeutic candidate in the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
The role of walnut bZIP genes in explant browning
Authors: Wang Hui , Peng Jiali , Li Yaoling , Xu Lishan , Dai Wenqiang , Zhao Shugang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Basic leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins are important transcription factors in plants. To study the role of bZIP transcription factors in walnut explant browning, this study used bioinformatics software to analyze walnut bZIP gene family members, along with their transcript levels in different walnut tissues, to evaluate the transcriptional expression of this gene family during the primary culture of walnut explants and to reveal the mechanism of action of walnut bZIP genes in walnut explant browning.

Results
The results identified 65 JrbZIP genes in the walnut genome, which were divided into 8 subfamilies and distributed on 16 chromosomes. The results of transcriptome data analysis showed that there were significant differences in the expression of four genes, namely, JrbZIP55, JrbZIP70, JrbZIP72, and JrbZIP88, under both vermiculite and agar culture conditions. There were multiple hormone (salicylic acid, abscisic acid, auxin, and gibberellin) signaling and regulatory elements that are responsive to stress (low temperature, stress, and defense) located in the promoter regions of JrbZIP55, JrbZIP70, JrbZIP72, and JrbZIP88. The walnut JrbZIP55 protein and Arabidopsis bZIP42 protein are highly homologous, and the proteins interacting with Arabidopsis bZIP42 include the AT2G19940 oxidoreductases, which act on aldehyde or oxygen-containing donors.

Conclusion
It is speculated that JrbZIP55 may participate in the regulation of browning in walnut explants.
Objective quantification of posterior capsule opacification after cataract surgery with swept-source optical coherence tomography
Authors: Zhou Yu , Xiang Jing , Xu Fang , Jiang Ziyuan , Liu Fang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To evaluate the application of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) and pentacam scheimpflug tomography in posterior capsule opacification (PCO) severity assessment.

Methods
The posterior capsule image region segmentation and adaptive threshold algorithm are used to process the SS-OCT scanned image to obtain the posterior capsule thickness (PCT). Scheimpflug tomography reconstructed and analysized by image J software can obtain the average gray value and evaluate the effectiveness with the two methods.

Result
One hundred sixty-two IOL eyes of 101 patients were divided into two groups, laser group (65 eyes) with the mean PCT was 8.0 ± 2.7 pixel unit and the mean gray value of the eyes was 66 ± 33 pixel unit. However, these figures in the control group (97 eyes) were 5.0 ± 0.9 and 11 ± 17. The sensitivity, specificity and area under curve(AUC) of SS-OCT PCT were 85%, 74% and 0.942,the sensitivity, specificity and AUC of Pentacam gray value were 91%, 76% and 0.947, respectively. After using the multivariable model of generalized estimation equation to corrected the dependence of subjects' eyes, it was found that SS-OCT PCT, Pentacam gray value, low vision quality of life questionnaire (LVQ questionnaire) for distance vision, and mobility and lighting dimension were significantly correlated with the PCO score (P = 0.012, P = 0.001, P = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusion
The region segmentation and adaptive threshold algorithm of posterior capsule image will accurately quantify the posterior capsule. Computer aided quantifications of posterior capsule are of great significance in the early surgical decision-making of PCO. The average occurrence time of most PCO was around 34 months, and the severity of PCO worsened with increasing postoperative time.
Effect of ready-to-use therapeutic foods on time to recovery among children with severe acute malnutrition in Ethiopia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Abebe Arsema , Simachew Yilkal , Delbiso Tefera Darge 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
The therapeutic feeding unit (TFU) provides comprehensive inpatient clinical care for children suffering from severe acute malnutrition (SAM) in three stages: stabilization, transition, and rehabilitation. During the transitional and rehabilitation phases, children receive either F-100 or ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF). Although both promote weight gain, RUTF is more energy dense than F-100. There is limited and contrasting evidence regarding their effect on recovery time. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the effect of RUTF on time to recovery among SAM children aged 6–59 months admitted to the TFU in Ethiopia.

Methods
Health Facility-based prospective cohort study was conducted among 476 children treated in three hospitals and four health centers in the Sidama region from September 2021 to January 2022. A structured questionnaire adopted from the Ethiopian national protocol for the management of SAM was used for data collection. Data were entered into EpiData version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. The Kaplan-Meir curve and log-rank test were used to compare time to recovery between children who received RUTF and F-100. Multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to assess the association between time to recovery and the type of therapeutic food, controlling for the confounding variables.

Results
The median recovery time was significantly shorter in children receiving RUTF (7 days; 95% CI: 6.62–7.38) compared to F-100 (10 days; 95% CI: 8.94–11.06). Children below 24 months (AHR = 0.54, 95% CI: 0.42–0.69), dehydrated (AHR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.07–1.75), edematous malnutrition (AHR = 1.29, 95% CI: 1.03–1.61), and anemic (AHR = 2.57, 95% CI: 1.90–3.48) during admission were associated with time to recovery.

Conclusions
Children who received RUTF recovered faster than children who received F-100. Administering RUTF to children below 24 months, who present with anemia and dehydration can improve their recovery rate and shorten their stay in the health facility.
Associations between postmigration living situation and symptoms of common mental disorders in adult refugees in Europe: updating systematic review from 2015 onwards
Authors: Nowak Anna Christina , Nutsch Niklas , Brake Tessa-Maria , Gehrlein Lea-Marie , Razum Oliver 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Refugees and asylum seekers have a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depression. The postmigration context inheres different risk and protective factors for mental health of refugees and asylum seekers in host countries. We conducted a systematic review to update knowledge on the association between characteristics of the postmigration living situation (PMLS) and mental health outcomes in Europe since 2015.

Methods
We searched in five databases according to the PRISMA statement. From a total of 5,579 relevant studies published in 2015–22, 3,839 were included for title and abstract screening, and 70 full texts screened for eligibility. Out of these, 19 studies on refugees and asylum seekers conducted in European countries after 2014 were included in this systematic review. The quality of studies was assessed by using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) – version 2018. We performed a narrative synthesis using the four layers of the social determinants of health framework.

Results
A wide range of risk and protective factors for mental health in the PMLS were identified as exposure measures, which included individual factors (e.g., language skills), social and community networks (e.g., family concerns, loneliness and social support, discrimination), living and working conditions (e.g., legal status, duration of residence, unemployment and financial hardship, housing) as well as general socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors (e.g., social status, acculturation). We found postmigration stressors are positively associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD, albeit not consistently so. Especially, the general socio-economic, cultural and environmental factors showed weak associations with mental health.

Conclusions
Heterogenous study characteristics likely explain the inconsistent associations between characteristics of the PMLS and mental health outcomes. However, broken down in its component layers, most risk and protective factors of the PMLS were significantly associated with symptoms of mental disorders showing the same direction of association across the included studies, while the association between some stressors or resources of the PMLS and mental health turns out to be less homogeneous than expected. Characteristics of the PMLS contribute to the high prevalence of mental diseases of refugees and asylum seekers. Disadvantages in general socio-economic conditions, living and working conditions, in access to social and community networks need to be redressed, in addition to better access to health care.
An unacceptably high burden of anaemia and it’s predictors among young women (15–24 years) in low and middle income countries; set back to SDG progress
Authors: Merid Mehari Woldemariam , Chilot Dagmawi , Alem Adugnaw Zeleke , Aragaw Fantu Mamo , Asratie Melaku Hunie , Belay Daniel Gashaneh , Kibret Anteneh Ayelign 
Published: July 2023

AbstractBackgroundAnaemia is a major global public health problem, considerably affects young women in resource limited countries. The available researches on anaemia focused on children, pregnant women, or all women of reproductive age. However, women's biology and life experiences vary dramatically across 15 to 49 years, putting young women bear the higher burden of anaemia, mainly in low and middle income countries (LMICs). Therefore, this study assessed the burden of anaemia among young women (15–24 years) in 24 LMICs which conducted Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) between 2016 and 2021.MethodData analysis was carried out with STATA version 14. The forest plot was used to explore the pooled prevalence of anaemia. Multilevel binary logistic regression was fitted to accommodate the hierarchical nature of the DHS data. Accordingly, a model with lowest deviance (model III) was the best-fitted model. All variables with ap-value ≤ 0.2 in the bi-variable analysis were fitted in the multi-level multivariable model. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI andp < 0.05 were presented to declare statistical significance.ResultThe pooled prevalence of anaemia among young (15–24 years) women in 24 LMICs was 41.58% (95%CI: 34.51, 48.65). Country wise, Mali (62.95%) and Rwanda (14.13%) constitute the highest and lowest prevalence of anaemia. In this study, young women who lived in the poorest wealth status, had no education, were underweight, perceived distance to the health facility a big problem, larger family size, and women who had ever terminated pregnancy were associated with increased odds of anaemia. Whereas, young women who were overweight and not breast feeding had decreased odds of anaemia.ConclusionThe unacceptably high burden of anaemia among young women setbacks the SDG target; to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. Therefore, it is highly recommended to take relevant interventions to reduce the burden of anaemia targeted the young women who are uneducated, have low socio-economic status, limited access to health facilities, and lived in larger family size.
Rare cavitary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of lung: clinical experience and literature review
Authors: Chen Guiqin , Yu Qiane , Ran Haifeng , Li XuHong , Zhang Tijiang 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
Background
Lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung is a rare primary malignancy of the lung, accounting for only 0.9% of primary malignancies of the lung. Those associated with cavities are even rarer, with fewer than five cases reported in the English literature. Concurrently, the imaging findings of tumors are usually non-specific, resulting in insufficient understanding of the disease by clinicians, thus leading to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment.

Case presentation
A 42-year-old female presented with a right lower lung mass with cavities. First identified on chest computed tomography (CT) in 2021, the mass persisted for 1 year and subsequently enlarged on chemotherapy and routine follow-up CT. Right lower lobectomy was then performed. Postoperative pathology confirmed primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. After 10 months of follow-up, the patient was still alive and no recurrence was observed.

Conclusions
This article aims to describe a rare case of cavitary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung and review it clinical and imaging characteristics reported in previous cases, which will be helpful for clinicians and imaging physicians in diagnosing this disease.