bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early wetting and interfacial behavior of Sn-based solder on copper substrates with different roughness
Authors: Han Yuzhu , Chen Jieshi , Zhang Shuye , Yu Zhishui 
Published: September 2023

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the effect of solder composition and roughness on early wetting behavior and interfacial reaction under atmospheric conditions.

Design/methodology/approach
High-speed photography is used to observe the early wetting and spreading process of the solder on the substrate in real time. The morphology of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the composition of IMCs micro bumps was determined by energy dispersive spectroscopy.

Findings
With a roughness range of 0.320–0.539 µm, the solder is distributed in an elliptical trilinear pattern along the grinding direction. With a roughness range of 0.029–0.031 µm, the solder spreads in the direction of grinding and perpendicular, forming a perfect circle (except in the case of Sn63Pb37 solder). The effect of three types of solder on early wettability is Sn63Pb37 > Sn96.5Ag3Cu0.5 > Sn. The wetting behavior is consistent with the Rn∼t model. The rapid spreading stage (Stage I) is controlled by the interfacial reaction with n1 values between 2.4 and 4. The slow spreading stage (stage II) is controlled by diffusion with n2 values between 4 and 6.7. The size of Cu6Sn5 formed on a rough substrate is greater than that produced on a smooth substrate.

Originality/value
Investigating the effect of solder composition and roughness on early wettability. This will provide a powerful guide in the field of soft brazing.
Predicting sub‐continental fuel hazard under future climate and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration
Authors: Yang Jinyan , Teckentrup Lina , Inbar Assaf , Knauer Jürgen , Jiang Mingkai , Medlyn Belinda , Price Owen , Bradstock Ross , Boer Matthias M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Bushfire fuel hazard is determined by the type, amount, density and three‐dimensional distribution of plant biomass and litter. The fuel hazard represents a biological control on fire danger and may change in the future with plant growth patterns. Rising atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) stimulates plant productivity (‘fertilisation effect’) but also alters climate, leading to a ‘climatic effect’. Both effects have impacts on future vegetation and thus fuel hazard. Quantifying these effects is an important component of predicting future fire regimes and evaluating fire management options.

Here, we combined a machine learning algorithm that incorporates the power of large fine spatial resolution (i.e. 90 m) datasets with a novel optimality model that accounts for the climatic and fertilisation effects on vegetation cover. We demonstrated the usefulness and practicality of this framework by predicting fuel hazard across the state of Victoria in Australia. We fitted and evaluated the models with long‐term (i.e. 20 years), ground‐based fuel observations.

The models achieved strong agreement with observations across the fuel hazard range (accuracy >65%). We found fuel hazard increased more in dry environments due to future climate and Ca. The contribution of the ‘fertilisation effect’ to future fuel hazard varied spatially by up to 12%.

The predictions of future fuel hazard are directly useful to inform fire mitigation policies and as a reference for climate model projections to account for fire impacts.

Synthesis and applications: Climate change and rising Ca have profound impacts on vegetation and thus fuel load. Operational fire management and future fire risk forecasts will benefit from our realistic fuel load prediction framework that incorporates plant responses and fine soil and terrain attributes.
Mechanistic partitioning of species richness in diverse tropical forest tree communities with immigration and temporal environmental stochasticity
Authors: Fung Tak , Takashina Nao , Chisholm Ryan A. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Hyperdiverse tropical forest tree communities illustrate a fundamental problem in ecology: How can many species coexist given relatively few limiting resources? Neutral theory provides a solution by positing that species have equal fitness and hence drift to extinction slowly. However, neutral theory seriously under‐predicts temporal changes in species abundances. This can be remedied by breaking neutrality and adding temporal environmental stochasticity (TES), but the mechanisms mediating the effects of TES on species richness remain unclear. Here, we make progress by analysing a local community model with species competing for a common resource under TES, to derive formulae partitioning species richness according to different mechanisms.

By applying our formulae to generic parameter sets for tropical forest tree communities, we found that when the autocorrelation time of TES was short, the dominant mechanism driving species richness was non‐linear averaging of the interspecific competition term over time, which reduced the typical strength of interspecific competition and boosted richness relative to the neutral case. However, greater immigration to the community resulted in more species and hence weaker non‐linear averaging due to the law of large numbers. In contrast, when the autocorrelation time of TES was long, the dominant mechanism driving species richness was strong selection between changes in environmental conditions, which increased the typical strength of interspecific competition and reduced richness relative to the neutral case.

By applying our formulae to a specific parameter set for a tropical forest tree community in Panama, we found that TES had minor effects on species richness because (i) the immigration rate was sufficiently large for non‐linear averaging of the interspecific competition term to be weak and (ii) the autocorrelation time was sufficiently short to suppress the effects of selection.

Synthesis. We provide a novel mechanistic explanation of how TES affects tree species richness in tropical forests, in particular how TES often has minor effects on richness despite having substantial effects on temporal changes in species abundances. This provides a deeper insight into why a neutral model with added TES can accurately capture static and dynamic aspects of tree community diversity in the tropics.
High‐quality genome of a pioneer mangrove Laguncularia racemosa explains its advantages for intertidal zone reforestation
Authors: Zhu Ranran , Shao Shao , Xie Wei , Guo Zixiao , He Ziwen , Li Yulong , Wang Wenqing , Zhong Cairong , Shi Suhua , Xu Shaohua 
Published: September 2023

AbstractEcological restoration of mangrove ecosystems that became susceptible to recent habitat perturbations is crucial for tropical coast conservation. The white mangrove Laguncularia racemosa, a pioneer species inhabiting intertidal environments of the Atlantic East Pacific (AEP) region, has been used for reforestation in China for decades. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its fast growth and high adaptive potential remain unknown. Using PacBio single‐molecule real‐time sequencing, we completed a high‐quality L. racemosa genome assembly covering 1105 Mb with scaffold N50 of 3.46 Mb. Genomic phylogeny shows that L. racemosa invaded intertidal zones during a period of global warming. Multi‐level genomic convergence analyses between L. racemosa and three native dominant mangrove clades show that they experienced convergent changes in genes involved in nutrient absorption and high salinity tolerance. This may explain successful L. racemosa adaptation to stressful intertidal environments after introduction. Without recent whole‐genome duplications or activated transposable elements, L. racemosa has retained many tandem gene duplications. Some of them are involved in auxin biosynthesis, intense light stress and cold stress response pathways, associated with L. racemosa's ability to grow fast under high light or cold conditions when used for reforestation. In summary, our study identifies shared mechanisms of intertidal environmental adaptation and unique genetic changes underlying fast growth in mangrove‐unfavourable conditions and sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of the white mangrove utility in ecological restoration.
Core taxa drive microeukaryotic community stability of a deep subtropical reservoir after complete mixing
Authors: Xue Yuanyuan , Chen Huihuang , Xiao Peng , Jin Lei , Logares Ramiro , Yang Jun 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMicroeukaryotes are key for predicting the change of ecosystem processes in the face of a disturbance. However, their vertical responses to multiple interconnected factors caused by water mixing remain unknown. Here, we conducted a 12‐month high‐frequency study to compare the impacts of mixing disturbances on microeukaryotic community structure and stability over different depths in a stratified reservoir. We demonstrate that core and satellite microeukaryotic compositions and interactions in surface waters were not resistant to water mixing, but significantly recovered. This was because the water temperature rebounded to the pre‐mixing level. Core microeukaryotes maintained community stability in surface waters with high recovery capacity after water mixing. In contrast, the changes in water temperature, chlorophyll‐a, and nutrients resulted in steep and prolonged variations in the bottom core and satellite microeukaryotic compositions and interactions. Under low environmental fluctuation, the recovery of microbial communities did not affect nutrient cycling in surface waters. Under high environmental fluctuation, core and satellite microeukaryotic compositions in bottom waters were significantly correlated with the multi‐nutrient cycling index. Our findings shed light on different mechanisms of plankton community resilience in reservoir ecosystems to a major disturbance over depths, highlighting the role of bottom microeukaryotes in nutrient cycling.
Acoustic communities in an environmental gradient from native to urban areas in Central Brazil
Authors: Araujo Angela Dutra , Machado Ricardo Bomfim 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAs urban areas expand due to increasing human populations, natural habitats are diminishing in quantity and quality. We conducted a study to examine the response of diurnal acoustic communities along a gradient of environments, ranging from native to dense urban areas. We hypothesized that acoustic indices would decline with urbanization, transitioning from natural and rural areas to urban environments. We conducted the research in and around Brasília, Central Brazil. We deployed 24 digital recorders in native, rural, low‐density and high‐density urban areas. We employed five commonly used acoustic indices (ADI, ACI, NDSI, H and BI) to characterize the acoustic communities and represent the existing biodiversity numerically. We initially compared the index values across different land use types using a non‐parametric rank sum test. Subsequently, we selected eight landscape metrics and performed a principal component analysis to summarize the surrounding matrix at each sampling point. We then employed generalized linear models to determine if the acoustic indices exhibited the anticipated variations. The results indicated significant variations in all indices among the different land use types, indicating their responsiveness to distinct acoustic communities and environmental characteristics. ADI, H and NDSI exhibited declining values from native to urban areas, while ACI and BI displayed the opposite trend. These findings underscore the influence of landscape structure on acoustic indices. Consequently, we concluded that adopting appropriate landscape planning, mainly through integrating natural and urban areas, could help preserve biodiversity in tropical urban regions.
Association between acetaminophen use and vitiligo in US women and men
Authors: Sachar M. , Lin B. M. , Wong V. , Li W. , Huang V. , Harris J. , Ezzedine K. , Cho E. , Qureshi A. A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesExposure to chemical phenols, which can act as tyrosine analogues and result in anti‐melanocyte autoimmunity, has been associated with vitiligo. Acetaminophen (N‐acetyl‐p‐aminophenol) is an over‐the‐counter analgesic of phenolic origin. The risk of vitiligo with systemic exposure to acetaminophen has not yet been evaluated.MethodsWe examined the risk of vitiligo with regular use acetaminophen in women, the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and in men, the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study (HPFS). Regular acetaminophen use was asked biennially from 1990 in NHS and from 1986 in HPFS, and the year of clinician‐diagnosed vitiligo was asked retrospectively in 2012 in the cohorts.ResultsIn NHS, a total of 161 vitiligo cases were identified during a follow‐up of 571,724 person‐years; in HPFS, a total of 183 vitiligo cases were identified during a follow‐up of 680,313 person‐years. Regular use of acetaminophen was associated with an increased vitiligo risk in NHS but not HPFS. The multivariable relative risk (RR) was 1.52 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–2.25) in NHS and 1.09 (95% CI 0.76–1.55) in HPFS. The higher risk of vitiligo was similar by duration of acetaminophen use in women; the multivariable RRs were 1.47 (95% CI 0.98–2.21) for acetaminophen use under 5 years, and 1.78 (95% CI 1.11–2.84) for acetaminophen use over 5 years.ConclusionsAcetaminophen may be associated with a higher risk of vitiligo in women.
Colorectal adenomatous and serrated polyps in rural South Australia: who, why, what and where?
Authors: Watson Matthew M. ,   South Australian Rural Surgical Research Group, Watson Dianne C. , Maddern Guy J. , Wichmann Matthias W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundsThe adenoma‐carcinoma and serrated pathways offer a window of opportunity for the removal of pre‐malignant polyps and prevention of colorectal cancer (CRC) through the use of colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to investigate variation in polyp incidence in different age groups, gender and indications for undertaking colonoscopy. We also address histological types of polyps found and where in the bowel they are located.MethodsThis study is based on the colonoscopy data collected prospectively over a one‐year period in multiple South Australian rural centres, 24 general surgeons contributed to this study. All histopathology results were subsequently entered into the dataset.ResultsA total of 3497 colonoscopies were performed, with a total of 2221 adenomatous and serrated polyps removed. Both serrated and adenomatous polyps were more common in the distal colon. Patients of male gender, aged 70 years and over and with an indication of polyp surveillance had higher adenoma and serrated polyp detection rates (ADR and SPDR). Patients aged 40–49 years old who underwent colonoscopy for positive faecal occult blood had an ADR and SPDR of 25.0% and 6.3%, respectively.ConclusionsThis study has shown variation in ADR and SPDR depending on age, gender and indication for colonoscopy. This variation will help further develop key performance indicators in colonoscopy. The high ADR and SPDR in patients aged 40–49 years old whom underwent colonoscopy for positive faecal occult blood may support lowering the age of commencement of CRC screening in Australia.
Adenomyoma of the small intestine in children: a 12‐year experience in a tertiary referral center
Authors: Li Yunpeng , Wang Dayong , Liu Tingting , Li Xianling , Li Shuanling , Wang Li , Chen Long , Liang Yiyuan , Xu Liyuan , Shen Qiulong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBackgroundAdenomyoma of the small intestine is rare in children and the clinical characteristics is not clear. The study was to document the clinical characteristics and treatment of children with adenomyoma of the small intestine.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted in children with intestinal adenomyoma from 2010 to 2022. We recorded age, gender, symptoms, location, tumour size and treatment options.ResultsThirteen patients with adenomyoma of the small bowel were included. The median age was 20 months with a male‐to‐female ratio of 10:3 and more than half of the patients were younger than 2 years old. The mean tumour size was 2.0 cm. The lesion was found accidentally in one patient, and the others presented with symptoms of intussusception. A pathological lead point was found on ultrasound in seven patients. All tumours were located in the ileum, ranging from 24 to 260 cm proximal to the ileocecal valve. The tumour was found in an antimesenteric site in eight patients. Three patients suffered intestinal necrosis, and segmental resection of the ileum was performed. Three patients without intestinal necrosis underwent tumour rection, while intestinal resection and anastomosis were performed in the remaining seven. All patients recovered well except one, who developed intussusception 7 days after surgery; that patient underwent surgery and recovered uneventfully.ConclusionsAdenomyoma of the small intestine has a male predominance in children and intussusception is a common presentation. The ultrasound feature is a mass of mixed echogenicity containing several small cystic areas. Surgery is the primary treatment option and the procedure should be chosen based on intraoperative findings.
Analysis of postoperative exodrift according to surgical methods for intermittent exotropia
Authors: Joo Hye Jun , Choi Dong Gyu 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to compare the periods for exodrift stabilization and the long‐term surgical outcomes among different surgical methods in intermittent exotropia.MethodsThe medical records of 350 patients who had undergone intermittent exotropia correcting surgery [unilateral lateral rectus recession–medial rectus resection (R&R, n = 221), bilateral lateral rectus recession (BLR, n = 51) and unilateral lateral rectus recession (ULR, n = 78)] with a postoperative follow‐up period of 1.5 years or more were retrospectively reviewed. The deviation angles every 6 months after surgery, periods of exodrift stabilization and surgical outcomes were analysed. The period of postoperative exodrift stabilization was defined as when exodrift was no longer significantly different from that at the next visit (p > 0.05). An alignment of 5 PD (prism diopters) esotropia to 10 PD exotropia at a distance and near fixation was considered surgical success.ResultsThe mean angle of exodeviation was significantly different among surgical procedures at postoperative 1 month (BLR > ULR > R&R, p < 0.001); however, there were no differences among the procedures at 6 months (p = 0.088). The periods of exodrift stabilization were 6 months after ULR, 1 year after BLR and 4.5 years after R&R. The surgical success and reoperation rates did not show significant differences among procedures at the final follow‐up.ConclusionPatients undergoing R&R showed smaller exodeviation shortly after surgery but required a longer period to stabilize the exodrift. Following ULR, exodeviation was larger in the early postoperative period, but the exodrift was stabilized earlier. Therefore, the long‐term surgical outcomes were similar among ULR, BLR and R&R.
Comparative study showed that children faced a 78% higher risk of new‐onset conditions after they had COVID‐19
Authors: Di Chiara Costanza , Barbieri Elisa , Chen Yu Xi , Visonà Elisa , Cavagnis Sara , Sturniolo Giulia , Parca Agnese , Liberati Cecilia , Cantarutti Luigi , Lupattelli Angela , Le Prevost Marthe , Corrao Giovanni , Giaquinto Carlo , Donà Daniele , Cantarutti Anna 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAimChildren have largely been unaffected by severe COVID‐19 compared to adults, but data suggest that they may have experienced new conditions after developing the disease. We compared outcomes in children who had experienced COVID‐19 and healthy controls.MethodsA retrospective nested cohort study assessed the incidence rate of new‐onset conditions after COVID‐19 in children aged 0–14 years. Data were retrieved from an Italian paediatric primary care database linked to Veneto Region registries. Exposed children with a positive nasopharyngeal swab were matched 1:1 with unexposed children who had tested negative. Conditional Cox regression was fitted to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the exposure and outcome associations after adjusting for covariates.ResultsWe compared 1656 exposed and 1656 unexposed children from 1 February 2020 to 30 November 2021. The overall excess risk for new‐onset conditions after COVID‐19 was 78% higher in the exposed than unexposed children. We found significantly higher risks for some new conditions in exposed children, including mental health issues (aHR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–3.0) and neurological problems (aHR 2.4, 95% CI 1.4–4.1).ConclusionExposed children had a 78% higher risk of developing new conditions of interest after COVID‐19 than unexposed children.
Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy influences clinical outcomes and enhances performance of conventional risk prediction models in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure with severe sepsis
Authors: Kajal Kamal , Premkumar Madhumita , Izzy Manhal , Kulkarni Anand V. , Duseja Ajay Kumar , Divyaveer Smita , Loganathan Sekar , Sihag Bhupendra , Gupta Ankur , Bahl Ajay , Rathi Sahaj , Taneja Sunil , De Arka , Verma Nipun , Sharma Navneet , Kaur Harpreet , Zohmangaihi Deepy , Kumar Vishesh , Bhujade Harish , Chaluvashetty Sreedhara B. , Kalra Naveen 
Published: September 2023

SummaryBackgroundPoint‐of‐care echocardiography (POC‐Echo) is an essential intensive care hemodynamic monitoring tool.AimsTo assess POC‐Echo parameters [i.e., cardiac index (CI), systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) and cirrhotic cardiomyopathy (CCM) markers] and serum biomarkers in predicting circulatory failure (need for vasopressors) and mortality in patients with acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (ACLF) having sepsis‐induced hypotension.MethodsWe performed serial POC‐Echo within 6 hours (h) of presentation and subsequently at 24, 48 and 72 h in patients with ACLF and sepsis‐induced hypotension admitted to our liver intensive care unit. Clinical data, POC‐Echo data and serum biomarkers were collected prospectively.ResultsWe enrolled 120 patients [59% men, aged 49 ± 12 years, 56% alcohol‐related disease and median MELDNa of 30 (27–32)], of whom 68 (56.6%) had circulatory failure, with overall mortality of 60%. CCM was present in 52.5%. The predictors of circulatory failure were CI (aHR −1.5; p = 0.021), N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (aHR −1.1; p = 0.007) and CCM markers; e′ septal mitral velocity (aHR −0.5; p = 0.039) and E/e′ ratio (aHR −1.2; p = 0.045). Reduction in CI by 20% and SVRI by 15% at 72 h predicted mortality with a sensitivity of 84% and 72%, and specificity 76% and 65%, respectively (p < 0.001). The MELD‐CCM model and CLIF‐CCM model were computed as MELDNa + 1.815 × E/e′ (septal) + 0.402 × e′ (septal) and CLIF‐C ACLF + 1.815 × E/e′ (septal) + 0.402 × e′ (septal), respectively, based on multivariable logistic regression. Both scores outperformed MELDNa (z‐score = −2.073, p = 0.038) and CLIF‐C ACLF score (z score = −2.683, p‐value = 0.007), respectively, in predicting 90‐day mortality.ConclusionPOC‐Echo measurements such as CCM markers (E/e' and e' velocity) and change in CI reliably predict circulatory failure and mortality in ACLF with severe sepsis. CCM markers significantly enhanced the CLIF‐C ACLF and MELDNa predictive performance.