bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photo‐Induced In Situ Generation of Brønsted Acid for Catalytic Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles
Authors: Pan Xuling , Wang Wei , Gao Xiuhui , Hao Gefei , Li Tingting 
Published: February 2023

AbstractA photo‐induced indole 2‐alkylation reaction was developed with unactivated stereo‐congested alkenes used as the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reagent. The neutral, traceless and inexpensive perfluoroalkyl iodide C4F9I was used as the radical initiator in catalytic amount under irradiation by a blue LED light. Brønsted acids are in situ generated from the radical transfer reactions between the indole substrates and the perfluoroiodide catalyst. A variety of 2‐branched alkylated indole molecules could be obtained from this approach in generally good efficiencies, with a broad scope of functional groups well tolerated. Mechanistic studies via both experimental and computational methods indicate that the reaction was accelerated by the protons generated from the crack of the indole‐derived radical cation species.
Numerical sensitivity analysis of temperature‐dependent reaction rate constants for optimized thermal conversion of high‐density plastic waste into combustible fuels
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Nabi Rao Adeel Un , Hussain Hammad , Naz Muhammad Yasin , Shukrullah Shazia , Khawaja Hassan Abbas , Rahman Saifur , Althobiani Faisal 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe use of experimental rate constants for producing a high yield of liquid fuels from the pyrolysis of plastic waste is not widely accepted owing to a lack of compatibility between the different kinetic rate constants responsible for successful conversion reactions. In R software, the Arrhenius law can forecast the ideal combination of reaction rate constants and frequency factors and then perform sensitivity analysis on individual rate constants to estimate the selectivity and quantity of primary pyrolysis products. Sensitivity analysis is a way of determining the effectiveness of individual rate constants in the reaction. This research element is currently lacking in the literature for the cost‐effective valorization of plastics into combustible fuels. We are the first to use R software to perform sensitivity analysis on specific rate constants by reducing or raising their initial values to a point where maximum oil yield is attainable in the temperature range of 340–370°C. The primary focus was to save time and cost of extracting empirical rate constants from experiments to produce commercial‐scale pyrolytic oil. The H‐abstraction, chain fission, polymerization, and scission reactions were chosen due to the high availability of free radicals for maximum oil production. The oil recovery rate improved drastically to 90% at the end of processing time, while the number of by‐products gradually decreased. The k8 rate constant driven reaction is the best‐suited condition for industrial‐scale pyrolysis of high‐density plastics into liquid fuels, with 74% improvement in oil production and 14% improvement in light wax during sensitivity analysis.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Sialyl Lactosamine Grafted Chitooligosaccharides
Authors: Yan Jun , Li Jianghua , Hu Zhifei , Ma Xiaoyao , Li Yun , Hu Xihuan , Ye Jinfeng , Wang Wei , Wan Renzhong , Cao Hongzhi 
Published: February 2023

Comprehensive SummaryAn efficient enzymatic assembly strategy was developed for the concise synthesis of structurally well‐defined sialylated chitooligosaccharides. Two enzyme modules for the β‐1,3‐N‐acetyl‐glucosaminylation and β‐1,4‐galactosylation were applied for the grafting N‐acetyl lactosamine (LacNAc) unit(s) onto the chitooligosaccharides. The LacNAc grafted chitooligosaccharides were further modified with α‐2,3‐ or α‐2,6‐sialylation by two enzymatic sialylation modules to generate a total of 20 sialylated chitooligosaccharides. The inhibition study of influenza virus‐induced cytopathy with synthetic sialylated chitooligosaccharides indicated that the sialic acid linkage and chain length both contribute to the binding preference and inhibition potency.
Accelerometer‐measured physical activity and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence in the Women's Health Accelerometry Collaboration
Authors: Hyde Eric T. , LaCroix Andrea Z. , Evenson Kelly R. , Howard Annie Green , Anuskiewicz Blake , Di Chongzhi , Bellettiere John , LaMonte Michael J. , Manson JoAnn E. , Buring Julie E. , Shiroma Eric J. , Lee I‐Min , Parada Humberto 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have examined accelerometer‐measured physical activity and incident breast cancer (BC). Thus, this study examined associations between accelerometer‐measured vector magnitude counts per 15 seconds (VM/15s) and average daily minutes of light physical activity (LPA), moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA), and total PA (TPA) and BC risk among women in the Women's Health Accelerometry Collaboration (WHAC).MethodsThe WHAC comprised 21,089 postmenopausal women (15,375 from the Women's Health Study [WHS]; 5714 from the Women's Health Initiative Objective Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Study [OPACH]). Women wore an ActiGraph GT3X+ on the hip for ≥4 days and were followed for 7.4 average years to identify physician‐adjudicated in situ (n = 94) or invasive (n = 546) BCs. Multivariable stratified Cox regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for tertiles of physical activity measures in association with incident BC overall and by cohort. Effect measure modification was examined by age, race/ethnicity, and body mass index (BMI).ResultsIn covariate‐adjusted models, the highest (vs. lowest) tertiles of VM/15s, TPA, LPA, and MVPA were associated with BC HRs of 0.80 (95% CI, 0.64–0.99), 0.84 (95% CI, 0.69–1.02), 0.89 (95% CI, 0.73–1.08), and 0.81 (95% CI, 0.64–1.01), respectively. Further adjustment for BMI or physical function attenuated these associations. Associations were more pronounced among OPACH than WHS women for VM/15s, MVPA, and TPA; younger than older women for MVPA; and women with BMI ≥30 than <30 kg/m2 for LPA.ConclusionGreater levels of accelerometer‐assessed PA were associated with lower BC risk. Associations varied by age and obesity and were not independent of BMI or physical function.
Metabolomics in oncology
Authors: Suri Gurparsad Singh , Kaur Gurleen , Carbone Giuseppina M. , Shinde Dheeraj 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundOncogenic transformation alters intracellular metabolism and contributes to the growth of malignant cells. Metabolomics, or the study of small molecules, can reveal insight about cancer progression that other biomarker studies cannot. Number of metabolites involved in this process have been in spotlight for cancer detection, monitoring, and therapy.Recent FindingsIn this review, the “Metabolomics” is defined in terms of current technology having both clinical and translational applications. Researchers have shown metabolomics can be used to discern metabolic indicators non‐invasively using different analytical methods like positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging etc. Metabolomic profiling is a powerful and technically feasible way to track changes in tumor metabolism and gauge treatment response across time. Recent studies have shown metabolomics can also predict individual metabolic changes in response to cancer treatment, measure medication efficacy, and monitor drug resistance. Its significance in cancer development and treatment is summarized in this review.ConclusionAlthough in infancy, metabolomics can be used to identify treatment options and/or predict responsiveness to cancer treatments. Technical challenges like database management, cost and methodical knowhow still persist. Overcoming these challenges in near further can help in designing new treatment régimes with increased sensitivity and specificity.
Enhanced Proton Transfer in Proton‐Exchange Membranes with Interconnected and Zwitterion‐Functionalized Covalent Porous Material Structures
Authors: Rao Zhuang , Zhu Deyu , Xu You , Lan Minqiu , Jiang Lipei , Wang Zhengyun , Tang Beibei , Liu Hongfang 
Published: February 2023

AbstractExcellent proton‐conductive accelerators are indispensable for efficient proton‐exchange membranes (PEMs). Covalent porous materials (CPMs), with adjustable functionalities and well‐ordered porosities, show much promise as effective proton‐conductive accelerators. In this study, an interconnected and zwitterion‐functionalized CPM structure based on carbon nanotubes and a Schiff‐base network (CNT@ZSNW‐1) is constructed as a highly efficient proton‐conducting accelerator by in situ growth of SNW‐1 onto carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and subsequent zwitterion functionalization. A composite PEM with enhanced proton conduction is acquired by integrating CNT@ZSNW‐1 with Nafion. Zwitterion functionalization offers additional proton‐conducting sites and promotes the water retention capacity. Moreover, the interconnected structure of CNT@ZSNW‐1 induces a more consecutive arrangement of ionic clusters, which significantly relieves the proton transfer barrier of the composite PEM and increases its proton conductivity to 0.287 S cm−1 under 95 % RH at 90 °C (about 2.2 times that of the recast Nafion, 0.131 S cm−1). Furthermore, the composite PEM displays a peak power density of 39.6 mW cm−2 in a direct methanol fuel cell, which is significantly higher than that of the recast Nafion (19.9 mW cm−2). This study affords a potential reference for devising and preparing functionalized CPMs with optimized structures to expedite proton transfer in PEMs.
Lipase‐Catalysed Polymerization of Eutectic Mixtures
Authors: Freitas David S. , Quesado Vânia , Rocha Diana , Noro Jennifer , Martins Madalena , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur , Silva Carla 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAiming to reduce the toxicity and operational costs often associated to chemical processes, the enzymatic synthesis is applied herein as a sustainable route for producing polyesters. The use of NADES’ (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents) components as a source of monomers for the synthesis of polymers through lipase‐catalyzed esterification in an anhydrous medium is detailed for the first time. Three NADES composed by glycerol and an organic base, or acid, were used to produce polyesters, through polymerization reactions catalyzed by Aspergillus oryzae lipase. High polyester conversion rates (above 70 %), containing at least 20 monomeric units (glycerol:organic acid/base (1 : 1)), were observed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) analysis. The NADES monomers′ capacity for polymerization, along with their non‐toxicity, cheap cost, and simplicity of production, sets up these solvents as a greener and cleaner approach for the synthesis of high value‐added products.
Investigation of the antenna characteristics with the impact of hexagonal metamaterial
Authors: Ponnupillai Ajitha , Arunakiri Sivasangari , Danasegaran Sathish Kumar , Somasundaram Poonguzhali , Rajkumar Immanuel 
Published: February 2023

SummaryAntenna miniaturization is a typical trend in contemporary wireless systems, notably for current wireless technology, to meet multiband needs while preserving high transmission qualities. The terahertz (THz) regime is helpful in advanced applications and significantly impacts wireless technology. This paper proposes a double‐layered hexagonal split ring resonator (HSRR) based on a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) and analyzes the simulated characteristics. The HSRR width is varied for different thickness “w” values and compares the analysis of with and without HSRR in the antenna. Due to the impact of metamaterials, the optimized antenna produces −44.02‐dB return loss, 1.012 voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), 6.47‐dBi gain, and 4.78‐dB directivity at 1.8‐THz frequency. This proposed antenna is suitable for THz applications, which include high‐speed data rate in wireless communication, bio‐medical field, and THz spectrometer.
Invasion by an ecosystem engineer changes biotic interactions between native and non‐native taxa
Authors: Holmquist Anna J. , Adams Seira A. , Gillespie Rosemary G. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEarth systems are nearing a global tipping point, beyond which the dynamics of biological communities will become unstable. One major driver of instability is species invasion, especially by organisms that act as “ecosystem engineers” through their modification of abiotic and biotic factors. To understand how native organisms respond to modified habitat, it is essential to examine biological communities within invaded and non‐invaded habitat, identifying compositional shifts in native and non‐native taxa as well as measuring how modification by ecosystem engineers has affected interactions among community members. Using dietary metabarcoding, our study examines the response of a native Hawaiian generalist predator (Araneae: Pagiopalus spp.) to habitat modification by comparing biotic interactions across metapopulations of spiders collected in native forest and sites invaded by kāhili ginger. Our study shows that, although there are shared components of the dietary community, spiders in invaded habitat are eating a less consistent and more diverse diet consisting of more non‐native arthropods which are rarely or entirely undetected in spiders collected from native forest. Additionally, the frequency of novel interactions with parasites was significantly higher in invaded sites, reflected by the frequency and diversity of non‐native Hymenoptera parasites and entomopathogenic fungi. The study highlights the role of habitat modification driven by an invasive plant in altering community structure and biotic interactions, threatening the stability of the ecosystem through significant changes to the biotic community.
Predicting age and mass at maturity from feeding behavior and diet in Manduca sexta: An empirical test of a life history model
Authors: Parker Anna L. , Albright Anna , Kingsolver Joel G. , Legault Geoffrey 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFeeding for most animals involves bouts of active ingestion alternating with bouts of no ingestion. In insects, the temporal patterning of bouts varies widely with resource quality and is known to affect growth, development time, and fitness. However, the precise impacts of resource quality and feeding behavior on insect life history traits are poorly understood. To explore and better understand the connections between feeding behavior, resource quality, and insect life history traits, we combined laboratory experiments with a recently proposed mechanistic model of insect growth and development for a larval herbivore, Manduca sexta. We ran feeding trials for 4th and 5th instar larvae across different diet types (two hostplants and artificial diet) and used these data to parameterize a joint model of age and mass at maturity that incorporates both insect feeding behavior and hormonal activity. We found that the estimated durations of both feeding and nonfeeding bouts were significantly shorter on low‐quality than on high‐quality diets. We then explored how well the fitted model predicted historical out‐of‐sample data on age and mass of M. sexta. We found that the model accurately described qualitative outcomes for the out‐of‐sample data, notably that a low‐quality diet results in reduced mass and later age at maturity compared with high‐quality diets. Our results clearly demonstrate the importance of diet quality on multiple components of insect feeding behavior (feeding and nonfeeding) and partially validate a joint model of insect life history. We discuss the implications of these findings with respect to insect herbivory and discuss ways in which our model could be improved or extended to other systems.
Langerhans cells in the skin and oral mucosa: Brothers in arms?
Authors: Brand Anna , Hovav Avi‐Hai , Clausen Björn E. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe skin and the oral mucosa represent interfaces to the environment that are constantly exposed to pathogens and harmless foreign antigens such as commensal bacteria. Both barrier organs share the presence of Langerhans cells (LC), distinctive members of the heterogeneous family of antigen‐presenting dendritic cells (DC) that have the unique ability to promote tolerogenic as well as inflammatory immune responses. While skin LC have been extensively studied in the past decades, less is known about the function of oral mucosal LC. Despite similar transcriptomic signatures, skin and oral mucosal LC differ greatly in their ontogeny and development. In this review article, we will summarize the current knowledge on LC subsets in the skin compared to the oral mucosa. We will discuss the similarities and differences in their development, homeostasis, and function in the two barrier tissues, including their interaction with the local microbiota. In addition, this review will update recent advances on the role of LC in inflammatory skin and oral mucosal diseases.
Fifty Years of Inorganic Biomimetic Chemistry: From the Complexation of Single Metal Cations to Polynuclear Metal Complexes by Multidentate Thiolate Ligands
Authors: Taut Josef , Chambron Jean‐Claude , Kersting Berthold 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis article covers 50 years of coordination chemistry of transition metal complexes and metal‐sulfur aggregates involving thiolate‐incorporating ligands by reviewing selected examples. The studies in the coordination chemistry of sulfur‐rich ligands have been undoubtedly triggered and fed by the concomitant development of bioinorganic chemistry, particularly of iron‐sulfur enzymes. The review is broken down in five sections, which examine complexes of increasing nuclearity, including binuclear complexes based on compartmental macrocyclic ligands. We show also how ligand engineering has allowed the researchers in the field to control the nuclearity of the complexes, which was a particularly difficult task for sulfur‐based ligands, as thiolates show a strong tendency to coordinate to more than one metal cation at once.
Fire safety of interior materials of buses
Authors: El Houssami Mohamad , Försth Michael , Fredriksson Henrik , Drean Virginie , Guillaume Eric , Hofmann‐Böllinghaus Anja , Sandinge Anna 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis study provides an analysis on the fire safety of passengers and the fire protection of coaches and buses. A brief review of major bus fire incidents, an overview of current regulations in Europe, and their limitations are presented. The study finds that the current small‐scale fire test methods described in UN ECE Reg No. 118 need to be replaced by test methods that can assess the reaction to fire of materials when exposed to ignition sources of varying sizes. To address these shortcomings, the study proposed an expert recommendation to update the material fire safety requirements and testing for buses. Additional measures are proposed, derived from objectives and strategies applied in other transport sectors, and can be tested through existing European and international standards, which are widely used by several industries. These measures aim to extend the time with tenable conditions for a safe evacuation in case of fire, reduce the degree of damage to buses, reduce the risk for fast and excessive thermal exposure on modern energy carriers needed for a more sustainable transport sector.
Swallowing outcomes following division of pseudo‐epiglottis resulting from vertical pharyngeal closure in laryngectomy
Authors: Tikka Theofano , Hall Mark Andrew , de Blieck Sarah Margaret , Buchanan Malcolm Alexander 
Published: February 2023

AbstractBackgroundVertical closure of the pharynx after laryngectomy can result in an outpouch of the anterior wall of the neopharynx below the tongue base, called a pseudo‐diverticulum. The prolapsed mucosa that separates the rest of the neopharynx from the pseudo‐diverticulum is termed a pseudo‐epiglottis.MethodsProspective study of patients with pseudo‐epiglottis. M. D. Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) scores were used to assess swallowing outcomes pre‐ and post‐pseudo‐epiglottis division, including minimally clinically important difference (MCID) assessment.ResultsOf 16 patients with a pseudo‐epiglottis, 12 had dysphagia (75%). Symptomatic patients had significantly worse global MDADI and subscale scores. After division, the mean composite MDADI increased from 48.3 to 64.7 (p = 0.035), including a high MCID (16.4) with a similar improvement in the global question rating findings (31.1 vs. 60, p = 0.021). The MCID was significant for all MDADI subscales.ConclusionsPseudo‐epiglottis formation is associated with significantly worse global and subscale MDADI scores. A clinically‐ and statistically‐significant improvement in the MDADI scores was found following surgical division.
Neuronal activity‐related transcription is blunted in immature compared to mature dentate granule cells
Authors: Parylak Sarah L. , Qiu Fan , Linker Sara B. , Gallina Iryna S. , Lim Christina K. , Preciado David , McDonald Aidan H. , Zhou Xavier , Gage Fred H. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractImmature dentate granule cells (DGCs) generated in the hippocampus during adulthood are believed to play a unique role in dentate gyrus (DG) function. Although immature DGCs have hyperexcitable membrane properties in vitro, the consequences of this hyperexcitability in vivo remain unclear. In particular, the relationship between experiences that activate the DG, such as exploration of a novel environment (NE), and downstream molecular processes that modify DG circuitry in response to cellular activation is unknown in this cell population. We first performed quantification of immediate early gene (IEG) proteins in immature (5‐week‐old) and mature (13‐week‐old) DGCs from mice exposed to a NE. Paradoxically, we observed lower IEG protein expression in hyperexcitable immature DGCs. We then isolated nuclei from active and inactive immature DGCs and performed single‐nuclei RNA‐Sequencing. Compared to mature nuclei collected from the same animal, immature DGC nuclei showed less activity‐induced transcriptional change, even though they were classified as active based on expression of ARC protein. These results demonstrate that the coupling of spatial exploration, cellular activation, and transcriptional change differs between immature and mature DGCs, with blunted activity‐induced changes in immature cells.
Study on the preparation and properties of acellular matrix from the skin of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
Authors: Wei Zeyu , Zhang Junjie , Guo Zhiwen , Wu Zhiming , Sun Yaru , Wang Ke , Duan Rui 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAcellular matrices are mainly composed of mammalian tissues, and aquatic tissues with lower biological risks and less religious restrictions are considered alternatives to mammalian tissues. The acellular fish skin matrix (AFSM) has been commercially available. Silver carp has the advantages of farmability, high yield and low price, but there are few studies on the silver carp acellular fish skin matrix (SC‐AFSM). In this study, an acellular matrix with low DNA and endotoxin was prepared from the skin of silver carp. After treatment with trypsin/sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X‐100 solutions, the DNA content in SC‐AFSM reached 11.03 ± 0.85 ng/mg, and the endotoxin removal rate was 96.8%. The porosity of SC‐AFSM was 79.64% ± 0.17%, which is favorable for cell infiltration and proliferation. The relative cell proliferation rate of SC‐AFSM extract was 117.79% ± 15.26%. The wound healing experiment showed that SC‐AFSM had no adverse acute pro‐inflammatory response, which had a similar effect as commercial products in promoting tissue repair. Therefore, SC‐AFSM has great application potential in biomaterials.