bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Antigenicity of Formaldehyde- and Glutaraldehyde-Treated Bovine Serum Albumin and Ovalbumin-Bovine Serum Albumin Conjugate
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Chemical, conformational and antigenic studies of bovine serum albumin (BSA) treated with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, as well as a conjugate formed by intermolecular cross-linking of ovalbumin (OA) to BSA, were undertaken. Formaldehyde reacted predominantly with the free amino groups and caused intramolecular cross-links with no apparent change in shape or antigenicity of the molecule. Glutaraldehyde caused intermolecular cross-linkages which formed soluble aggregates; such modified proteins were antigenic in rabbits and produced antibodies with two specificities, one directed against antigenic determinants on BSA and the other against newly acquired groups arising from the modification. Anti-OA-BSA conjugate contained antibodies against antigenic determinants of BSA, OA, and glutaraldehyde-treated BSA and OA.
Molecular Heterogeneity of Immunoglobulin-M (γM-Globulin)
Authors: Solomon Alan 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Low-molecular weight 7 S protein with γM antigenic determinants (LMW-γM) has been identified in normal human serum and in sera obtained from patients with a variety of disease states. In particular, LMW-γM protein was detected in approximately 50% of patients with lymphoproliferative disorders who had 19 S-macroglobulinemia (HMW-γM).
Several types of techniques were employed to separate and distinguish these two molecular forms of γM protein found in fresh serum. These included sucrose density ultracentrifugation, gel filtration and immuno-gel filtration. This protein could also be detected directly in serum, and its level determined by immunodiffusion in 7% agarose gels.
A third type of protein with γM antigenic determinants was also detected in certain sera. This γM component, which sedimented more slowly than LMW-γM and was antigenically deficient when compared with both LMW-γM and HMW-γM or with the monomeric subunit of HMW-γM appeared to result from proteolytic cleavage of HMW-γM protein.
Enhancing Antibody
Authors: Zimmerman Barry , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Enhancing sera were produced in Lewis rats by several different immunizing schedules involving bilateral skin grafting and multiple injections of spleen cells. Test grafts from Buffalo (Bf) and Brown Norway (BN) donors were placed on Lewis neonates 2 to 5 and 10 to 12 days old and enhancing sera were injected once intraperitoneally at this time. Significant prolongation of graft survival was obtained with enhancing sera against Bf and BN grafts in from 10% to 60% of the trials. The viability of several grafts was extended beyond 30 days. Enhancing activity resided in the IgG fraction and was specifically effective for the grafts of the immunizing strain.
Studies on IgA
Authors: Zschocke Rainer H. , Grieble Hans G. , Bach Gerhard L. , Anderson Truman O. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A new fractionation procedure is presented for the isolation of IgA from pooled normal human plasma. The method involves seven definable steps including ammonium sulfate precipitation of euglobulins, dialysis against Veronal buffer, a batch separation on DEAE-Sephadex A 50 followed by cold ethanol and ammonium sulfate precipitation, and semifinal resolution on TEAE-cellulose. The final key step utilizes immunospecific removal of residual traces of IgG on a bromoacethyl cellulose absorbent. From 350 ml of plasma 77 mg of purified IgA are obtained. The end product is pure by immunoelectrophoretic criteria and is representative of IgA in native plasma in terms of electrophoretic heterogeneity.
In Vitro and In Vivo Properties of Antimacrophage Sera
Authors: Hirsch M. S. , Gary G. W. , Murphy F. A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Rabbit anti-mouse macrophage sera (AMS) were used to study in vitro and in vivo responses of mouse macrophages. AMS treatment of macrophages in vitro reduced their adherence to plastic dishes and interfered with their capacity to phagocytose zymosan particles. Clearance of colloidal carbon from peripheral blood of mice was reduced by intraperitoneal and intravenous inoculation of AMS. Pretreatment of mice with AMS hastened morbidity and mortality following infection with vesicular stomatitis virus; the earlier signs of infection were associated with more rapid appearance of high titers of virus in brain tissue.
Latex Reagent for Determining IgM Levels in Cord and Newborn Sera
Authors: Sever John L. , Shanbrom Edward , Steinmeier Robert , Schacher Steven A. , McCracken George , Fuccillo David A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A rapid (5 min) latex method for determining serum IgM levels was developed and set to detect levels of approximately ≥20 mg%. The method was accurate with sera from adults, serially diluted adult specimens, and sera from children with congenital infections. When used in a study of 500 cord serum specimens in a random sample of patients, the latex and gel methods were in good agreement. There were, however, 25 instances in which conflicting results were obtained. The variability inherent in both methods was sufficient to account for these differences. The full latex method clearly distinguished levels of 10 mg% and 30 mg% IgM and became positive between 15 and 30 mg%. The same degree of variation was found with the gel method. The variability of both methods must be considered in clinical applications.
Characteristics of Some “Natural” Autoantibodies in Rabbits
Authors: Rose Noel R. , Brinckerhoff Constance E. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Autoantibodies to pancreas, ileum, kidney and liver extracts were formed in the sera of three of eighteen rabbits immunized with pooled rabbit pancreas extract. The autoantibodies were shown to be present in the serum prior to immunization, although injection of pooled rabbit pancreas extract with complete Freund's adjuvant increased their titer.
Absorption with any autologous organ extract removed reactivity to all other autologous extracts, while absorption with allogeneic ileum or kidney removed activity to these extracts, but not to pancrease. Therefore, along with increased production of autoantibody, pancreas-specific isoantibodies were formed. However, no pancreas-specific autoantibodies were found following immunization with pooled rabbit pancreas extract.
Sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation showed autoantibody in both 19 S and 7 S globulins. Heating the antisera to 65°C for 30 min destroyed their complement-fixing ability.
Immunogenicity of a Fragment of Human Serum Albumin
Authors: Lapresle Claude , Goldstein Irwin J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A fragment (F1) of human serum albumin of molecular weight 6600 and carrying one of the determinant groups of HSA has been injected into rabbits and demonstrated to induce the formation of antibodies.
The rabbit immune sera were shown to agglutinate red blood cells sensitized with F1 as well as with HSA. Anti-F1 antibodies were isolated by adsorption on a column of insoluble F1-benzylcellulose conjugate. They were shown to consist solely of IgG. They precipitated slightly with F1 but not with HSA. They agglutinated red blood cells sensitized with F1 or HSA. Both F1 and HSA inhibited these agglutination reactions.
A Mathematical and Experimental Study of the Kinetics of Neutralization of Bacteriophage øX 174 by Antibodies
Authors: Krummel William M. , Uhr Jonathan W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The kinetics of the in vitro neutralization of φX 174 by guinea pig antibody has been studied under dilute conditions. A mathematical model comprising a system of n differential equations has been constructed to represent this reaction. To account for the behavior of reaction samples in a bioassay, the model includes an infectivity function for the phage-antibody complexes. Experimental results show that dissociation can be neglected in the in vitro reaction. The model explains discrepancies such as departure from first-order kinetics that appear when a neutralization reaction is studied by “direct plating” and “decision tube” methods. Proceeding logically from the model, a new antibody assay, “complex inactivation (CI)” is described. Results from this assay support the model and suggest a more sensitive antibody detection system. Using the CI assay, phage neutralization experiments showed that over 99% of φX exhibit homogeneity in their association activity
The Immunosuppressive Effect of Passively Administered Antibody IgG Fragments
Authors: Cerottini Jean-Charles , McConahey Patricia J. , Dixon Frank J. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immunosuppressive effect of hyperimmune anti-KLH IgG fragments on the primary response of rabbits to KLH has been studied using three different antibody fragment preparations: bivalent F(ab′)2, univalent Fab′, and a mixture of univalent and bivalent F(ab′)2 (F(ab′)2 reduced and oxydized).
The precipitating activities and antigen-binding capacities of these three antibody fragment preparations were compared on a molar basis with those of intact antibody IgG. The relative avidity of the fragments was very similar to that of intact antibody IgG as estimated by the effect of antigen dilution upon the binding capacity and by the dissociation rate of radiolabeled KLH-anti-KLH complexes in presence of an excess of unlabeled antigen.
Both bivalent and univalent fragments inhibited the primary response of rabbits to KLH. When immunosuppressive antibody preparations were injected intravenously, repeated injections of antibody fragments were necessary to reach a degree of immunosuppression as great as that produced by a single injection of antibody IgG, because the fragments were rapidly eliminated.
With a single intravenous injection of anti-KLH F(ab′)2, no greater than 85% suppression of the immune response was obtained despite a several-fold increase in the antibody dose injected, suggesting that KLH immunogenic molecules were not all accessible to passive antibody 1 day after antigen injection.
Despite an antigen-binding capacity, a relative avidity and a rate of elimination similar to those of bivalent F(ab′)2, univalent Fab′ injected intravenously had a lower immunosuppressive effect. On the other hand, Fab′ produced a much greater inhibition than did IgG or F(ab′)2 when these preparations were mixed in vitro with KLH before incorporation in adjuvant.
The Effect of Chlorphenesin on the Immune Response
Authors: Berger F. M. , Fukui G. M. , Goldenbaum E. G. , DmAngelo M. , Chandlee G. C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Chlorphenesin administered jointly with sheep or chicken erythrocytes or with penicillin conjugates suppressed the antibody-producing capacity of isolated spleen cells as evaluated by the localized hemolysis in gel technique. The production of humoral antibodies was also depressed. The suppressive effect of chlorphenesin was dose-dependent and was also influenced by the concentration of the drug present in the chlorphenesin-antigen mixture. Administration of chlorphenesin before or after the antigen had little effect on the immune response. Chlorphenesin did not affect pre-existing antibodies and did not produce immunologic tolerance. The drug inhibited the immunologic responses to the antigen but nevertheless primed the animal, as evidenced by the rapid rise of antibodies after a booster injection of the antigen.
Chlorphenesin was also able to suppress the tuberculin reaction in guinea pigs when administered at the time of challenge.
Graft Versus Host Inhibition
Authors: Bortin Mortimer M. , Rimm Alfred A. , Saltzstein Edward C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Graft-vs.-host disease in B6D2F1 mice was evaluated by growth curves, weight, survival and simonsen spleen weight-gain assays. Mixing and incubating C57BL/6 adult spleen with neonatal liver cell suspensions was successful in preventing graft-vs.-host reactions by all of these tests in this “hot” graft-vs.-host parent-F1 hybrid combination. Incubating immunologically competent C57BL/6 spleen cells alone resulted in a significantly reduced but still strongly positive graft-vs.-host reaction as measured by the Simonsen assay. These results reflect a loss of immune capability and/or a loss of reactivity of adult spleen cells when incubated with neonatal liver.
Development of an Attenuated Mumps Virus Vaccine
Authors: Shramek Grace , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The immunogenicity and virulence of mumps viruses for mammals decreases during adaptation to growth of the virus in avian cells. However, mumps viruses grown for more than 30 passages in embryonated hen's eggs and/or CEF cell cultures can still infect mammalian cells in culture and alter the immune status of guinea pigs by infecting them. The immune responses of guinea pigs to even the most attenuated mumps viruses are qualitatively different from the responses to inactivated mumps viruses.
Inhibition of the Lytic Effect of Guinea Pig Complement by Rabbit Complement
Authors: Kempf Raymond A. , Gigli Irma , Austen K. Frank 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A sensitized target cell, either a rat peritoneal mast cell or a sheep erythrocyte, when exposed to normal rabbit complement or heat-inactivated rabbit complement, becomes resistant to lysis by guinea pig complement. The inhibition of lysis observed by pretreatment of sensitized sheep erythrocytes with rabbit complement is due to a functional incompatibility between the EAC1ra4ra intermediate that is generated, and C2gp either functionally pure or in guinea pig complement. The second inhibitory mechanism, produced by heat-inactivated rabbit complement, is due to the action of an altered form of C1ra which retains its binding capacity for the sensitized site but is lytically unreactive.
A Comparison of Seven Procedures to Detect the Primary Binding of Antigen by Antibody
Authors: Minden Percy , Anthony Bascom F. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Seven procedures to detect and measure humoral antibody that depend entirely on the primary interaction between antigen and antibody were applied to the same human and rabbit antisera.
Two tests, the precipitation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes by 50% saturated ammonium sulfate and by heterologous anti-γ globulin provided quantitative data with respect to the amount of bovine serum albumin bound by an antiserum. The percentage of antigen bound by antibody as determined by either method was remarkably similar at various serum dilutions and at two antigen concentrations. Early primary rabbit antisera bound slightly less antigen when anti-γ globulin data were compared to the ammonium sulfate data. Sera were also studied for the effect of antigen dilution on a serum's binding capacity and the results obtained by precipitating antigen-antibody complexes with either ammonium sulfate or anti-γ globulin were again comparable. These data confirmed that the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes with heterologous anti-γ globulin is a highly sensitive and reliable procedure especially if sera are from hyperimmunized subjects.
Two other quantitative tests that depend on the separation of antigen-antibody complexes from free antigen by ultracentrifugation or by electrophoresis in acrylamide gel were employed. Although data were based on objective determinations of radioactive antigen, results could be expressed only in terms of a serum dilution endpoint.
The remaining three tests, radio-immunoelectrophoresis, radio-immunodiffusion and radio-gel-electrophoresis were qualitative radio-autographic procedures. Radio-gel-electrophoresis depends on the natural migratory characteristics of different serum proteins on slides covered with agar. The results of these three tests were also expressed in terms of a serum dilution endpoint but depend on subjective visualization on sensitive x-ray film of radioactive antigen associated with antibody.
The procedures in which electrophoresis was involved appeared to be less sensitive than the other primary methods. Within the limits of comparison, the five other primary tests were remarkably similar to each other in sensitivity.
Data derived from the P-80 test which measures spontaneous precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes, a secondary manifestation of a primary reaction, were compared with data from the primary tests. The antigen-precipitating efficiencies of the antisera were estimated and expressed as the ratio of the precipitating capacity of a given antiserum determined by the P-80 test, to the serum's binding capacity as determined by a quantitative antigen-binding test.
As in previous studies, antibodies in human sera were sometimes not detected except by a primary binding test. Accordingly, it is suggested that if the interpretation of an experiment is dependent upon the presence or absence of detectable antibody, the protocol should include at least one primary test.
Immunochemical Studies on the Cross-Reactivity between Streptococcus Bovis, Strain S19, and Group A Streptococcal Carbohydrates
Authors: Kane Judith A. , Karakawa Walter W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Terminal β-N-acetylglucosaminide residues are the prominent antigenic determinant of the cell-wall carbohyrate of S. bovis, strain S19. This carbohydrate gave a precipitin reaction with antisera of rabbits immunized with either Group A streptococci or S. aureus. The antigenic cross-reactivity among S19 carbohydrate, Group A carbohydrate and S. aureus teichoic acid is due to the fact that the immunodominant determinants of each antigen are terminal β-N-acetylglucosaminide residues. The antigenic similarity of these three antigens was emphasized by patterns of identity in double-diffusion studies in agar.
Studies on Brain Antigens
Authors: Hatcher Victor B. , Macpherson Catherine F. C. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Seventeen antigens were detected in saline extracts of bovine brain by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoretic experiments using antisera produced in rabbits by prolonged and intensive immunization with saline extracts of whole bovine brain or whole rat brain.
Ten of the antigens were species-specific and shared by other bovine organs, five antigens were organ-specific and common to the brains of other mammals, and two antigens had specificities that were both organ- and species-restricted (OSR antigens).
If bovine brain antigens were to be listed in the order of their prominence, the OSR antigens would be accorded a very low rank. In contrast, OSR antigens were major components of rat brain. Moreover, two bovine brain OSR antigens that are also characteristic components of bovine CSF could not be identified in brain extracts with any of our anti-BBE sera.
The Immune Response of Mice to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin Bound to Macrophages
Authors: Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A comparison was made of the immune response to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) administered either in free form or after uptake by macrophages. It was found that either in the primary response or when priming for a secondary challenge, free KLH was more immunogenic than macrophage-bound KLH. These results should be compared with others using weaker immunogens, wherein the macrophage-bound antigen was more immunogenic than the free antigen. The effect of macrophages in the immune response appears to depend upon the type of antigen used.
A Method for the Immunoadsorption of Cells to an Antibodycoated Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Evans Warren H. , Mage Michael G. , Peterson Elbert A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Reticulated polyester polyurethane foam was found to be a suitable matrix for the immunoadsorption of cells. The column used to support the foam was mounted in a horizontal position and slowly rotated about its long axis in order to permit maximal contact between cells and the foam surface while at the same time allowing free passage of unbound cells through the column. Bound cells were easily removed, intact, by gently squeezing the foam.
Untreated foam had a high affinity for guinea pig erythrocytes suspended in physiologic medium at pH 7.4. This nonspecific affinity was greatly reduced by pretreating the foam with various polyanions. Immunospecific binding of erythrocytes was achieved by adding anti-erythrocyte antibody to a gum arabic solution used to protect the foam. A 38-fold increase in binding of the cells was thus obtained. A single antibody-coated foam disk having a diameter of 1 in. and a thickness of ½ in. was capable of binding up to 3 × 108 guinea pig erythrocytes. The high specificity of this method was further demonstrated by the finding that erythrocytes coated with haptens were bound specifically to foam coated with their corresponding anti-hapten antibodies, with a low background of cross-reactivity.
Enrichment of Antibody Plaque-Forming Cells by Immunoadsorption to an Antigen-Coated Polyurethane Foam
Authors: Mage Michael G. , Evans Warren H. , Peterson Elbert A. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Spleen cells from mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes were passed through a horizontal rotating reticulum of open pore plastic foam to which sheep erythrocytes had previously been bound by means of specific antibody. Cells forming hemolytic antibody plaques were preferentially and specifically bound, which resulted in partial separation and a sixfold increase in their concentration.
Some Characteristics of the Antigenic Moiety of Calfskin Collagen
Authors: LeRoy E. Carwile 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Precipitating antibodies to acid-soluble calf-skin collagen which quantitatively precipitate collagen from solution recognize antigenic determinants which are separable from the major collagen subunits by heat denaturation and ion exchange chromatography. This smaller portion of collagen which retains full antigenicity is collagenous in that immunologic activity is completely lost by collagenase digestion and in its content of hydroxyproline and glycine, the latter in just less than one residue out of three. Some molecular size and charge characteristics of the antigenic moiety are described.
Wasting Disease Induced with Cortisol Acetate
Authors: Jutila John W. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
The extent of immunologic impairment and time of immunologic recovery was studied in germfree mice following the neonatal administration of cortisol acetate.
The hemolysin and hemagglutinin response to sheep erythrocytes was found to be markedly impaired for at least 30 days, but had fully recovered 50 days after cortisol treatment.
The ability to reject tail skin allografts was fully developed 20 days after cortisol treatment. The recovery of the homograft reaction appeared to be related to the time of functional recovery of the thymus and peripheral lymphoid system.
The ability of spleen cells from GF mice to elicit the GVH reaction was severely impaired for 10 days following treatment with cortisol. By day 30, the GVH reactivity of spleen cells from treated mice was comparable to that of control cells.
The significance of these results obtained in germfree mice is discussed in relation to the role of the thymus and the normal bacterial flora in immunologic recovery.