bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Induction of Tolerance to Nucleic Acid Determinants by Administration of a Complex of Nucleoside d-Glutamic Acid and d-Lysine (D-GL)
Authors: Eshhar Zelig , Benacerraf Baruj , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The administration of nucleosides coupled covalently to the copolymer of D-glutamic acid and D-lysine (D-GL) or to its stereoisomer, L-GL, induces a state of nucleoside (NUC)-specific tolerance in inbred SJL and BALB/c mice, irrespective of their immune status at the time of treatment. Such tolerance is characterized by the inability of treated animals to mount either primary or secondary, intact or adoptive, anti-NUC antibody responses following immunization with a highly immunogenic conjugate of NUC-Keyhole limpet hemocyanin. These observations have potential therapeutic importance in autoimmune processes involving anti-DNA antibody production.
Maturation of B Lymphocytes in the Rat
Authors: Strober Samuel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Thoracic duct and spleen cells of normal (unimmunized) adult rats were fractionated according to size by 1 × G velocity sedimentation. Fractions were tested for their ability to restore the adoptive antibody response of irradiated hosts to horse spleen ferritin. A constant source of T cells (small numbers of unfractionated thoracic duct cells) was added to each fraction in order to monitor the B cell activity of the latter. Although large and small cell fractions of the spleen showed restorative activity, only the small cell fractions of the thoracic duct lymph showed activity.
The turnover rate of the spleen cell fractions was determined by treating donors with high specific-activity 3H-thymidine for 48 hr before splenectomy. Rapidly dividing cells are preferentially killed by this treatment. The results suggest that a considerable proportion of large, intermediate, and small virgin B cells turn over within 48 hr.
The cell surface of the various spleen cell fractions was examined for the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) and a receptor for complement. The percentage of Ig-bearing cells in the large cell fractions was similar to the percentage of cells bearing IgM and a receptor for complement. However, the majority of Ig-bearing cells in the small cell fractions did not show the latter two surface markers. Experiments with the fluorescence-activated cell sorter showed that the large functionally active B cells bore surface IgM.
The experimental findings suggest that there are subpopulations of virgin B cells in the spleen of the adult rat which differ with respect to size, migration pattern, turnover rate, and cell surface characteristics. The relationship of these cells to one another is discussed in the framework of an antigen-independent model of B cell maturation in the rat.
Mechanism of Action of Concanvalin A on Human Basophils
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Siragania Patricia A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A) activates human basophils to release histamine. This reaction has great similarities to that of antigen-or anti-IgE-induced release. It is characterized by a two stage reaction: the initial stage is the binding of Con A to the cell and the second stage is a secretory process of the cell. Cells desensitized by incubation with excess amounts of Con A or by prolonged incubation in the absence of cations cannot be activated to release with antigen or anti-IgE. When the native (tetravalent) Con A molecule is modified by succinic anhydride to become divalent it is much less active in releasing histamine.
There is wide variation in the response of cells from different individuals to Con A. However, a close correlation exists between the histamine release induced by Con A and anti-IgE. Therefore, in general, cells from allergic donors release more histamine with Con A than those from non-allergic individuals.
Evidence is presented to demonstrate that Con A acts by binding to carbohydrate groups on the IgE molecule located on the basophil membrane. On a molar basis, IgE is 4000-fold more active than α-methyl-D-mannoside in inhibiting the Con A-induced histamine release. Succinyl Con A blocks the ability of Con A and anti-IgE equally well and to a lesser extent the ability of antigen to activate cells to release histamine.
Control of Histamine Release: Effects of Various Conditions on Rate of Release and Rate of Cell Desensitization
Authors: Baxter James H. , Adamik Ronald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Histamine release from rat mast cells by dextran and by antigen under various conditions was studied in terms of the rate of release and the duration of release, which together determined the total amount released. Reducing the concentration of the releasing agent decreased the rate of release without greatly affecting its duration. Reducing the temperature also decreased the rate, but prolonged the duration. Under all of the various conditions, release stopped as the cells became desensitized to the releasing agent. It appeared, therefore, that the rate of desensitization controlled the duration of release.
Demonstration of in Vitro Lymphocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity against Measles Virus in Sspe
Authors: Kreth Wolfgang H. , Käckell Mathilde Y. , Meulen Volker Ter 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) are presumed to lack specific cellular immunity against measles virus. In order to test this hypothesis in vitro, the interaction between peripheral lymphocytes and measles virus-infected tissue culture cells was investigated in 10 SSPE patients. Human fibroblasts, either uninfected or carrying a persistent measles virus infection, were labeled with 51Cr and incubated with lymphocytes for 18 to 20 hr in the absence of antibody and complement. Peripheral lymphocytes from measles sero-positive and sero-negative individuals were tested, and the system was found to be virus specific. The lymphocytes from the 10 SSPE patients caused specific cytotoxicity of target cells. A correlation was not found between antibody titer and specific 51Cr release. It could also be demonstrated that target cell destruction was not mediated by monocytes or B lymphocytes. These in vitro studies suggest that SSPE patients do not have a specific defect of cellular immunity against measles virus.
Complement-Mediated Alteration of Antibody Specificity in Vivo
Authors: Drake Walter P. , Mardiney Michael R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The simultaneous injection of heterologous anti-EL4 lymphoma serum and complement results in the rapid disappearance of such antibody from the periphery of non-tumor bearing mice. However, this phenomenon is only observed when a complement source capable of mediating the lysis of EL4 cells sensitized with such heterologous antibody is used. This complement mediated enhancement of anti-tumor antibody absorption was observed in vivo for three strains of mice. Omission of complement or the use of genetically deficient complement sources resulted in no effect on circulating antibody titer when compared to the titer of heterologous anti-tumor antibody observed in the periphery when injected alone. Exogenous complement did not enhance the clearance of heterologous anti-tetanus toxin serum, thereby suggesting that the increased absorption of anti-EL4 in vivo is not related simply to the enhanced clearance of foreign γ-globulin. Confirmatory evidence of the role of complement in altering anti-tumor antibody specificity in vivo was obtained in a guinea pig tumor model as well. The data suggest that anti-tumor serum shown to be relatively specific for the tumor cell gains additional specificity in the presence of functional complement and consequently manifests avidity for crossreactive determinants previously thought to be unrelated.
Immunosuppressive Effects of Glucocorticosteroids: Differential Effects of Acute vs Chronic Administration on Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Balow James E. , Hurley Douglas L. , Fauci Anthony S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of acute vs. chronic glucocorticosteroid administration on established cellular immune responses were studied in guinea pigs previously sensitized to tuberculin. A greater than 50% reduction in circulating lymphocytes was observed 4 hr after injection of soluble hydrocortisone and 24 hr after daily subcutaneous injections of depot cortisone acetate. After a single dose of hydrocortisone, peripheral lymphocyte migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production and antigen and mitogen-induced proliferation were unchanged. However, the peripheral lymphocytes remaining in the circulation after chronic cortisone treatment showed a marked decrease in both antigen-induced MIF and proliferation, although mitogen responses remained normal. Although similar levels of lymphocytopenia were induced by acute and chronic glucocorticosteroid administration, only chronic treatment was associated with depression of certain cell-mediated lymphocyte functions. The available evidence suggests that these changes may depend on GCS-induced selective alterations in the circulation patterns of certain subpopulations of lymphocytes.
Antibody-Dependent Cytotoxicity: Modulation by the Cytochalasins and Microtubule-Disruptive Agents
Authors: Gelfand Erwin W. , Morris Simon A. , Resch Klaus 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cytochalasin B was shown to inhibit lysis of antibodycoated target cells by effector cells from rabbit spleen and lymph node. The inhibitory activity was dose-dependent and reversible. At low concentrations of cytochalasin B (0.15 to 0.3 µg/ml) enhancement of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity was observed. The drug appeared to act at an early stage of the lytic pathway after effector cell-target cell interaction, but before triggering of the cytotoxic event. Cytochalasin A was shown to be a more potent but similarly reversible inhibitor of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. No enhancement of cytotoxicity was seen at non-inhibitory concentrations of cytochalasin A. The microtubule-disruptive agents colchicine (10-4 M), vinblastine (10-5 M) and colcemid (10-6 M) did not influence antibody-dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations which were not toxic to the effector cells. Our results suggest that antibody-dependent cytotoxicity is a surface membrane-initiated process and microtubule-associated functions are not essential.
The Hapten-Carrier Effect in Teleost Fish
Authors: Yocum David , Cuchens Marvin , Clem L. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The sea robin (Prionotus evolans), a representative teleost fish, was found to undergo the hapten-carrier effect, suggestive of T-B cell cooperativity, in vivo with dinitrophenyl as the hapten and bovine γ-globulin or bovine serum albumin as carriers. In contrast to mammalian systems, the secondary anti-hapten response in the sea robin was found to involve exclusively high molecular weight antibody.
Complement-Dependent Alterations in the Handling of Immune Complexes by NZB/W Mice
Authors: Miller Gary W. , Steinberg Alfred D. , Green Ira , Nussenzweig Victor 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum of normal mammals contains factors which can release antigen-antibody complexes from the surfaces of leukocytes and platelets. This “complex release activity” (CRA) is mediated by the alternative pathway of complement activation, and is measured by a kinetic assay of the release of lymphocyte-bound soluble immune complexes. CRA activity was measured in the sera of NZB/W mice, which develop an autoimmune disease with aging. CRA in these mice declined rapidly after 16 weeks of age, and by 32 weeks was barely detectable. Serum C3 levels also declined in these mice. An association test correlating CRA and C3 concentration was highly significant. The decreased complement levels in the older mice led to profound changes in their handling of injected soluble immune complexes, as demonstrated in studies of the kinetics of distribution of the complexes between plasma and circulating cells. These abnormalities may be related to the disease which occurs spontaneously in NZB/W mice, as well as in human immune complex diseases.
A Radioactive Hapten-Binding Assay for Measuring Antibodies to the Pentapeptide Determinant of Peptidoglycan
Authors: Heymer Berno , Bernstein David , Schleifer Karl H. , Krause Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A major portion of the humoral immune response to peptidoglycans is directed against the non-cross-linked pentapeptide side chains of these ubiquitous bacterial antigens. At present, no specific and sensitive assay for pentapeptide antibody determination is available. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay has been developed which employs the synthetic pentapeptide hapten L-Ala-γ-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala, labeled by the active ester method of Bolton and Hunter to high specific activities (6.74 to 18.18 µCi/µg) with 125I, and used as a reagent for measuring pentapeptide antibody. A-variant streptococcal antisera, known to contain pentapeptide antibodies as shown by quantitative precipitation, would bind more than 95% of the radiolabeled hapten in contrast to 2 to 3% by preimmune rabbit sera. Specificity of the binding reaction was demonstrated by inhibition experiments employing various synthetic oligopeptides related or unrelated to the pentapeptide in the radioimmunoassay. Binding curves established with serial dilutions of peptidoglycan antiserum were linear from 15 to 500 µg/ml of antibody permitting pentapeptide antibody measurement within this range. Comparative data on pentapeptide antibody determinations by quantitative precipitation and radioimmunoassay are given and the time course of the production of this antibody in 14 rabbits hyperimmunized with A-variant streptococcal vaccine is reported.
Tumor Development after Polyoma Infection in Athymic Nude Mice
Authors: Stutman Osias 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Nude (nu/nu) mice in a CBA/H background show an age-dependent susceptibility to tumor development after polyoma virus infection (strain LID-1) when compared with nu/+ or CBA/H mice, which is apparent when 15- or 30-day-old mice are used: tumor incidence was 83 to 90% in nudes and 0 to 10% in controls. Latent periods for tumor development were also shortened in nudes. However, with increasing age nude mice become partially resistant and only 25% develop tumors when infected at 120 days of age. This partial resistance could be transferred with spleen cells to newborn mice. The cells in spleen responsible for this transfer can be eliminated by lysis with anti-Ig and complement or by pre-treatment of the donor with 100 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide and were not affected by treatment in vitro with anti-Thy.1.2 or procedures that remove adherent cells and/or macrophages. When the cells in 15-day-old nu/+ spleen were studied, both anti-Ig or anti-Thy.1.2 treatment eliminated tranfer of resistance to newborn. Virus replication in tissues of nude mice was increased 5 days after infection when compared with nu/+ but became comparable by day 15 after infection. Hemagglutination-inhibition antibodies in serum of nude and nu/+ had comparable titers when measured early after infection but higher titers were observed in nu/+ later after infection.
Electrophoretic Fractionation of Guinea Pig Lymphocytes: Evidence for Different Subsets of T and B Cells in Spleen and Lymph Node
Authors: Andersson Leif C. , Nordling Stig , Häyry Pekka 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pig lymph node and blood lymphocytes have been physically fractionated in preparative cell electrophoresis into two functionally viable populations, the high mobility cell population (HMC) and the low mobility cell population (LMC). By using cell surface markers and functional tests known to be specific for T and B lymphocytes, respectively, it is shown that the T lymphocytes localize in the HMC population and the B lymphocytes in the LMC population. The spleen lymphocytes do not separate into the two populations. They move into one single broad peak containing both T and B cells. This finding indicates the presence of electrokinetically different subsets of T and B lymphocytes in the spleen on one hand and in the lymph node and blood on the other hand.
Activation of T and B Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Armerding Dieter , Katz David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the presence of a preparation of purified thymus extract factors (TEF), spleen cells from athymic nude mice develop in vitro immune responses to soluble DNP-protein conjugates, to particulate sheep red blood cells, and to allogeneic cells. TEF has similar effects also on the in vitro antibody responses of normal mouse spleen cells, enhancing antigen-dependent plaque-forming cells responses to dinitrophenyl carrier complexes of unprimed and primed mice. TEF fails to reconstitute helper cell function in cultures of T cell-deprived spleen cells. The thymic factor increases the reactivity or normal thymus cells in the in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction and has at high doses mitogenic effects. The role of humoral thymus factors on the differentiation process of T cells is discussed.
Studies on Tolerance Induction in Vitro
Authors: Schaefer Annette E. , Adler Louise T. , Fishman Marvin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Tolerance was induced in rabbit spleen cells by incubation with solubilized T2 phage (S-T2)2 at 37°C. Spleen cells thus treated maintained normal responsiveness to an unrelated antigen, S-SP82. Transfer of tolerance was demonstrated in in vitro in that the addition of washed tolerant cells caused suppression of the response of untreated cells to an immunogenic dose of S-T2. Evidence is presented that this suppression is not due to the transfer of tolerogenic quantities of antigen. Spleen cell populations depleted of adherent cells were still capable of being made tolerant and of transferring tolerance.
The Nature of Murine Immune Response to Nucleic Acids
Authors: Fuchs Sara , Mozes Edna , Stollar B. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antibody response of mice to nucleic acids appears to be genetically regulated, and may show varying patterns. SJL/J mice and AKR/Cu mice are high responders to denatured DNA complexed with MBSA and produce 7S as well as 19S antibodies. DBA/2 mice respond with low titers to this immunogen which consists of 19S antibody exclusively. C57BL/6 mice are high responders to denatured DNA, but produce only 19S antibodies. Denatured DNA-MBSA is immunogenic when injected without complete Freund's adjuvant, thereby suggesting that this antigen might be thymus independent.
The pattern of immune responses of some strains to the polyribonucleotides poly(I)·poly(C) and poly(A)·poly(U) is opposite to that observed with denatured DNA. Thus, DBA/2 mice are high responders and SJL/J mice are low responders. However, the low responders SJL/J mice produce 7S as well as 19S antibody which suggests that different mechanisms operate for the regulation of immune responses to the two types of nucleic acids.
Whereas no antibody is elicited upon immunization with DNA in the absence of a carrier protein, poly(A)·poly(U) and poly(I)·poly(C) are immunogenic when injected without MBSA. Immunization with complexes of the polyribonucleotides and MBSA enhanced the responses to these immunogens; however, the strain differences were not completely abolished.
Poly(A)·poly(U) did not enhance the low immune responses of DBA/2 mice to denatured DNA when injected i.v. following immunization with the DNA-MBSA. However, simultaneous immunization of DBA/2 and SJL/J mice with poly(A)·poly(U) and denatured DNA-MBSA resulted in high antibody titers to both immunogens in either mouse strain.
Mechanism of the Suppressive Effect of Interferon on Antibody Synthesis in Vivo
Authors: Brodeur Bernard R. , Merigan Thomas C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mouse interferon preparations significantly suppress the in vivo antibody response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC), a thymus-dependent antigen, and to Salmonella typhimurium lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a thymus-independent antigen. It is also possible to effect the late responses of antigen sensitive “memory” cells observed during secondary immunization by administration of interferon prior to primary immunization. The immunosuppressive activity of interferon was time- and dose-dependent. Maximum suppression was produced when animals were given 1.5 × 105 units of interferon between 4 and 48 hr before antigenic stimulation. These findings suggested that interferon affects some early event(s) in the process of antibody synthesis which might be related to the general inhibitory effect of interferon on rapidly dividing cells and viral m-RNA translation. In addition, the use of nonadherent spleen cell cultures from interferontreated mice, immunized in vitro with a thymus-independent antigen, indicated that in this situation the inhibitory effect of interferon was due to an action on B lymphocytes. A variety of soluble “suppressive” factors are secreted by T cells as a consequence of activation by mitogens or specific antigens in vitro. Since T cells are recognized as one of the sources of interferon, it is suggested that interferon should be investigated as a suppressor T cell-produced lymphokine which can regulate B cell expression.
Induction of Blood Eosinophilia by Pulmonary Embolization of Antigen-Coated Particles: The Relationship to Cell-Mediated Immunity
Authors: Schriber Robert A. , Zucker-Franklin Dorothea 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method of immunization has been described which consists of the i.v. injection into rats of large latex particles coated with human γ-globulin (HGG). The coated particles embolize the pulmonary capillary bed and induce blood eosinophilia, which correlated strongly with the development of lymphocyte responsiveness to HGG in vitro. Sequential histologic studies of the lungs including ultrastructural analysis suggest a delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the coated particles. These studies support the concept that the induction of blood eosinophilia may be mediated by T lymphocytes.
Delayed Clearance of Morphine from the Circulation of Rabbits Immunized with Morphine-6-Hemisuccinate Bovine Serum Albumin
Authors: Hill Jeffrey H. , Wainer Bruce H. , Fitch Frank W. , Rothberg Richard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Morphine clearance from the circulation of normal rabbits and rabbits with circulating anti-morphine antibody was studied. Individual animals were injected with 14C trace-labeled morphine in saline (6 mg morphine/kg body weight). The rabbits were bled at various times after morphine injection and the amount of morphine present in the serum at each time interval was determined. Morphine could be detected in the serum of normal animals for 1 week following injection and up to 12 weeks following injection in at least one animal with antibodies to morphine. The rate of morphine clearance in animals immunized to morphine-6-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin was not significantly different from normal during the first 4 hr after morphine injection. However, by 24 hr after injection, the rate of morphine clearance in morphine-6-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin-immunized animals was significantly slower than in normal animals. The amount of morphine present in the sera of the rabbits 24 hr after injection was related to the antigen-binding capacity and independent of antibody avidity. However, the rate of morphine clearance at times greater than 24 hr after injection was related to the average antibody avidity and not related to the antigen-binding capacity.