bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vilazodone-Induced Glycolimia
Authors: Jimenez Ayasta Maria de Guadalupe , Hirsch Alan Richard 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIntroductionGlycolimia is observed in a plethora of medical conditions including burning mouth syndrome, opioid withdrawal, as well as from a variety of medications including vortioxetine, l-methylfolate, lisdexamfetamine, and gabapentin. While vilazodone, an antidepressant with agonist like effects on 5-HT1A receptors, has been found to induce hyperglycemia, it has not heretofore been reported to induce glycolimia. Such a case is described.MethodCase study: A 60-year-old, left-handed (pathological) male presented with a past history of depression, minimally responsive to a variety of antidepressant medications, was begun on vilazodone, initially 20 mg and gradually increased to 60 mg a day. On 60 mg a day he noticed severe cravings for sweets, which he had never experienced prior to starting vilazodone. He found he had increased consumption, craving sweet foods including cookies and candy. For instance, in a typical day, he would eat eight Oreos, chocolate-covered graham crackers, one pint of ice cream a day, and he would crave sweets even after feeling satiated after consuming a meal. Along with this increased eating, he gained 20 pounds over the 3 months while on the vilazodone. Upon discontinuing the vilazodone, although the weight didn’t change, the sweet cravings resolved.ResultsAbnormalities on: Neurological examination: Mental status examination: Immediate recall: able to remember 6 digits forwards and 3 digits backwards. Motor examination: Drift testing: right inward drift. Gait examination: unstable tandem gait. Neuropsychiatric examination: Go-No-Go test: 6/6 (normal). Animal Fluency Test: 22 (normal).DiscussionThere are myriad mechanisms whereby vilazodone may have induced glycolimia. Possibly due to its antidepressant effects, it increased hedonics, generating appetitive behaviors, including enhanced socialization, sexual, and other consumptive behaviors, including eating. Peradventure it may have enhanced motivation and socialization. Along with socialization, there is escalation in social intercourse, with accompanying commensalism. Along with such consumptive behaviors, we could anticipate glycolimia. As a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, possibly vilazodone may have acted on the arcuate pro-opiomelanocortin neurons associated with hyperphagia, with modulation of energy homeostasis in the serotonin pathway. Alternatively, vilazodone may have triggered an enhanced insulin response with secondary reduction in blood sugar, leading to a homeostatic behavioral response of increased glucose intake. In those who are treated with vilazodone, query as to glycolimia is warranted and warning as to potential manifestations of hyperglycemia should be entertained.FundingNo Funding
Zuranolone, a Positive Allosteric Modulator of the GABAA Receptor: Hypothesized Mechanism of Action in Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Stahl Stephen M. , Hammond Rebecca , Garcia Manny , Kyaga Simon , Kotecha Mona , Pollack Mark , Doherty James 
Published: April 2023

AbstractMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is a heterogeneous condition characterized by depressed mood and/or loss of interest/pleasure in activities, among other symptoms. Most currently available treatments for depression were developed on the hypothesis that depressive symptoms arise from a depletion of monoamines within the central nervous system (CNS). However, clinical understanding has advanced to identify brain network dysregulation as the primary driver of depression, with monoamines playing a lesser role. Prolonged inability to regulate brain networks may lead to the core symptoms and clinical presentation of MDD. Depression has been linked to impaired neuronal activity in brain networks (e.g., central executive network [CEN], default mode network [DMN], and salience network [SN]). It is hypothesized that improvement in depressive symptoms may result from restoring balance in brain networks governing mood.γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is critical for maintaining and restoring excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain and regulating brain networks. Approximately one-third of neurons in the CNS are GABAergic, regulating network activity throughout the brain, including regions involved in mood, sleep, and cognition. GABA activates GABAA receptors (GABAAR), inhibiting neuronal activity through phasic (via synaptic GABAAR) and tonic (via extrasynaptic GABAAR) currents. Tonic GABA currents may play a particularly important role in regulating network activity, since they produce a large net inhibitory effect and are also involved in controlling the excitability of inhibitory interneurons, the key regulators of rhythmic brain network activity.Zuranolone is an investigational oral GABAAR positive allosteric modulator and neuroactive steroid. In clinical trials, treatment with zuranolone has shown significant improvement over placebo in depressive symptoms in adults with MDD or postpartum depression, with a generally well-tolerated and consistent safety profile.The hypothesized mechanism of zuranolone differs from monoamine-based antidepressants and from benzodiazepines. Unlike benzodiazepines, which bind to the α/γ subunit interface in synaptic GABAAR and enhance phasic inhibitory currents, zuranolone binds to the α/β subunit interface present in nearly all GABAAR, leading to enhanced phasic (synaptic) and tonic (extrasynaptic) inhibitory currents. Furthermore, in vitro evidence suggests that whereas benzodiazepines are associated with GABAAR downregulation, zuranolone upregulates the surface expression of GABAAR.In conclusion, by upregulating GABAAR expression and increasing phasic and tonic inhibitory GABAergic signaling, zuranolone may rapidly restore and maintain excitatory-inhibitory balance in brain networks, thus allowing the brain to potentially respond appropriately to internal and external stimuli.FundingSage Therapeutics, Inc., and Biogen Inc.
Inhibitory control in children with agenesis of the corpus callosum compared with typically developing children
Authors: Soon Emilyn , Siffredi Vanessa , Anderson Peter J. , Anderson Vicki A. , McIlroy Alissandra , Leventer Richard J. , Wood Amanda G. , Spencer-Smith Megan M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectives:The developmental absence (agenesis) of the corpus callosum (AgCC) is a congenital brain malformation associated with risk for a range of neuropsychological difficulties. Inhibitory control outcomes, including interference control and response inhibition, in children with AgCC are unclear. This study examined interference control and response inhibition: 1) in children with AgCC compared with typically developing (TD) children, 2) in children with different anatomical features of AgCC (complete vs. partial, isolated vs. complex), and 3) associations with white matter volume and microstructure of the anterior (AC) and posterior commissures (PC) and any remnant corpus callosum (CC).Methods:Participants were 27 children with AgCC and 32 TD children 8–16 years who completed inhibitory control assessments and brain MRI to define AgCC anatomical features and measure white matter volume and microstructure.Results:The AgCC cohort had poorer performance and higher rates of below average performance on inhibitory control measures than TD children. Children with complex AgCC had poorer response inhibition performance than children with isolated AgCC. While not statistically significant, there were select medium to large effect sizes for better inhibitory control associated with greater volume and microstructure of the AC and PC, and with reduced volume and microstructure of the remnant CC in partial AgCC.Conclusions:This study provides evidence of inhibitory control difficulties in children with AgCC. While the sample was small, the study found preliminary evidence that the AC (f2=.18) and PC (f2=.30) may play a compensatory role for inhibitory control outcomes in the absence of the CC.
Ecological validity of cognitive fluctuations in dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Webber Troy A. , Lorkiewicz Sara A. , Kiselica Andrew M. , Woods Steven P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectives:Cognitive fluctuations are a core clinical feature of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), but their contribution to the everyday functioning difficulties evident DLB are not well understood. The current study evaluated whether intraindividual variability across a battery of neurocognitive tests (intraindividual variability-dispersion) and daily cognitive fluctuations as measured by informant report are associated with worse daily functioning in DLB.Methods:The study sample included 97 participants with consensus-defined DLB from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC). Intraindividual variability-dispersion was measured using the coefficient of variation, which divides the standard deviation of an individual’s performance scores across 12 normed neurocognitive indices from the NACC neuropsychological battery by that individual’s performance mean. Informants reported on daily cognitive fluctuations using the Mayo Fluctuations Scale (MFS) and on daily functioning using the functional activities questionnaire (FAQ).Results:Logistic regression identified a large univariate association of intraindividual variability-dispersion and presence of daily cognitive fluctuations on the MFS (Odds Ratio = 73.27, 95% Confidence Interval = 1.38, 3,895.05). Multiple linear regression demonstrated that higher intraindividual variability-dispersion and presence of daily cognitive fluctuations as assessed by the MFS were significantly and independently related to worse daily functioning (FAQ scores).Conclusions:Among those with DLB, informant-rated daily cognitive fluctuations and cognitive fluctuations measured in the clinic (as indexed by intraindividual variability-dispersion across a battery of tests) were independently associated with poorer everyday functioning. These data demonstrate ecological validity in measures of cognitive fluctuations in DLB.
Preferential Trade Agreements, Geopolitics, and the Fragmentation of World Trade
Authors: Dadush Uri , Dominguez Prost Enzo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractFailure to reestablish an effective World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement procedure, stop the erosion of multilateral rules and end the China–US trade war causes capitals to rethink trade policy. One response is to redouble efforts to strike trade agreements with major trading partners. Already countries accounting for about 78% of world Gross Domestic Product (GDP) are members of mega-regional agreements, and based on our computations, preferential trade agreements (PTAs) will soon cover about two-thirds of world trade. Can PTAs replace a fading WTO or mitigate its effects? Amid deepening geopolitical rifts, how will trade relations among China, the EU, and the US, each a hegemon in their respective regions, evolve, and what will be the impact on smaller economies? In short, how will a trading system based increasingly on PTAs and weak multilateral rules look, and how will nations adapt? Absent reforms, the trading system is likely to fragment progressively into regional blocks organized around the hegemons. Trade within the regional blocks, mainly conducted under a mega-regional agreement, will likely remain quite open and predictable, but without strict multilateral rules and where PTAs are absent (as they are among the hegemons), interregional trade relations will become increasingly uncertain and unstable.
Hong Kong in the age of the PRC’s alienation from the international system: In search of normative consensus
Authors: Wang Chao 
Published: April 2023

AbstractHong Kong presents a test case of China’s willingness to adapt Western liberal values of individual freedom and the rule of law in a corner of China. The Western model of governance, along with its common law system and capitalist economic system, has been permitted to operate side by side with the Chinese socialist system within the framework of Chinese sovereignty and the People’s Republic of China’s (PRC) political and legal system. The formation and implementation of the policy of ‘one country, two systems’ (OCTS) entail Chinese law-makers’ selective integration of international and Western rules of governance into the Hong Kong and China context to serve the interests of the PRC party regime. This article explores the approaches taken by the PRC to the governance of Hong Kong in light of the regime’s political and economic goals and how the Western concept of rule of law and autonomy is perceived and substantiated in terms of the communist ideology. The author argues that the intrinsic value of OCTS lies in seeking complementarity and coexistence between the Western liberal norms of governance and Chinese communist ideology, and that this intrinsic value should be upheld and remain in full force to serve as a normative consensus between China and the West.
Projections of Global Land Runoff Changes and Their Uncertainty Characteristics During the 21st Century
Authors: Miao Chiyuan , Wu Yi , Fan Xuewei , Su Jiajia 
Published: April 2023

AbstractQuantifying uncertainty in runoff changes has profound implications for future runoff investigations and will support global climate model improvement. We analyze the runoff changes from model outputs of the 5th and 6th Coupled Model Intercomparison Projects (CMIP5 and CMIP6) and decompose the uncertainty of projected runoff changes into three main sources: internal variability, model uncertainty, and scenario uncertainty. The results indicate that 73% and 72% of the global land area, respectively, shows an increase in runoff for CMIP5 and CMIP6 under the high‐emissions scenarios in the long term (2070–2099) relative to 1970–1999, and runoff across all global land increases by 10.8% under the RCP8.5 scenario and 16.1% under SSP5–8.5 during 2070–2099 relative to 1970–1999. Regions with increasing runoff are mainly in Southeast Asia, eastern Africa, the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau and the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere. Model agreement during 2070–2099 for runoff changes under the high‐emissions scenarios is greater than under the low‐emissions scenarios. For uncertainty of relative changes in runoff (RRC) in CMIP6, the contribution from internal variability gradually decreases over time (from 49.2% to 2.0%) while the contribution from scenario uncertainty increases (from 0.6% to 30.0%); this result is similar in CMIP5. Spatially, model uncertainty in RRC has been a major source of uncertainty for CMIP5 and CMIP6, accounting for more than 60% of total uncertainty in most regions. The results of this study help us to better understand the uncertainty in runoff changes and also provide a theoretical basis for developing mitigation measures for future changes.
Astronomical Forcing on Loess Deposition in the Junggar Basin Since the Late Pliocene
Authors: Wang Zhixiang , Zhang Tianfu , Licht Alexis , Cao Mengmeng , Zhang Rui 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDeciphering dust outbreak frequency in inland Asia during the late Cenozoic is important for predicting future hydroclimate in the arid parts of China. Here, we present an eolian sedimentary sequence in the southern Junggar Basin over the past 3.5 Ma, Northwestern China. Our data provide a minimum age of 3.5 Ma for the Gurbantunggut Desert. Rb/Sr ratios exhibit prominent 405 Kyr eccentricity cycles throughout our record with weak expression 41 Kyr cycles. We interpret this cyclicity as resulting from a strong impact of the global carbon cycle on western China hydroclimate. By contrast, gamma‐ray intensity data displays significant 100‐ and 41‐Kyr cycles after 2.8 Ma, suggesting important variations of the input of westerly derived dust. Our results demonstrate that Westerly derived moisture supply and dust input into inland Asia respond differently to orbital forcing; they suggest that moisture supply and dust transport by the Westerlies are controlled by different drivers since 3.5 Ma.
A Numerical Model for the Interaction of Io‐Generated Alfvén Waves With Jupiter's Magnetosphere and Ionosphere
Authors: Lysak R. L. , Sulaiman A. H. , Bagenal F. , Crary F. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe interaction of Io with the corotating magnetosphere of Jupiter is known to produce Alfvén wings that couple the moon to Jupiter's ionosphere. We present first results from a new numerical model to describe the propagation of these Alfvén waves in this system. The model is cast in magnetic dipole coordinates and includes a dense plasma torus that is centered around the centrifugal equator. Results are presented for two density models, showing the dependence of the interaction on the magnetospheric density. Model results are presented for the case when Io is near the centrifugal and magnetic equators as well as when Io is at its northernmost magnetic latitude. The effect of the conductance of Jupiter's ionosphere is considered, showing that a long auroral footprint tail is favored by high Pedersen conductance in the ionosphere. The current patterns in these cases show a U‐shaped footprint due to the generation of field‐aligned current on the Jupiter‐facing and Jupiter‐opposed sides of Io, which may be related to the structure in the auroral footprint seen in the infrared by Juno. A model for the development of parallel electric fields is introduced, indicating that the main auroral footprints of Io can generate parallel potentials of up to 100 kV.
Proposed Origin of the Burns Formation (Meridiani Planum, Mars) by Erosion, Reworking, and Diagenetic Alteration of a Grasberg‐Like Precursor
Authors: McCollom Thomas M. , Hynek Brian M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe sulfate‐rich sandstones of the Burns formation investigated by the Opportunity rover on Meridiani Planum, Mars, are directly underlain by the fine‐grained sedimentary rocks of the Grasberg formation. It was recently shown that, except for differing amounts of MgO and SO3, the Burns and Grasberg rocks have very nearly the same chemical composition, suggesting that both units may be genetically related. Here, quantitative models demonstrate that the chemical composition of the Burns rocks is closely reproduced by the addition of MgO and SO3 to a Grasberg‐like precursor. Comparison with previously proposed chemical models indicates that this new model reproduces the measured Burns rock compositions far better than evaporite models and somewhat better than the addition of sulfur alone to pristine basalt. Based on this result, we propose that the precursor materials for both units were derived from related sources and initially had very similar (or identical) chemical compositions, but magnesium sulfate salts were added to the Burns formation during diagenesis. We further propose an alternative origin of the Burns sandstones that incorporates this new chemical model, which involves (a) deposition of fine‐grained airfall deposits with a composition similar to that of Grasberg, (b) induration and erosion into sand‐sized particles, (c) reworking and deposition of the sand grains by eolian and fluvial processes, and (d) diagenetic alteration of the resulting sediments that includes enrichment in MgO and SO3 through evaporation or freezing of infiltrating groundwater. This new scenario would have substantially different implications for sediment sources, depositional history, and diagenetic processes than other proposed scenarios.
Where Is the Lunar Mantle and Deep Crust at Crisium? A Perspective From the Luna 20 Samples
Authors: Shearer C. K. , Moriarty D. P. , Simon S. B. , Petro N. , Papike J. J. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRemote sensing observations have been interpreted to indicate that the Crisium basin‐forming event excavated deep crust and upper mantle. Samples from the highlands adjacent to the Crisium basin returned by Luna 20 (L‐20) bring a unique perspective for evaluating this concept. The magmatic lithologies returned from the noritic Hilly and Furrowed Terrain (nHFT) by L‐20 are coarse‐grained feldspar (>300 μm) with inclusions of pyroxene, and finer‐grained norites, troctolites, spinel troctolites, and gabbros (<100 μm). These two suites represent ferroan anorthosites (FANs) and the Mg‐suite, respectively. There is limited evidence for mantle or deep crustal material within the nHFT samples. Ultramafic rocks such as dunites and orthopyroxenites are absent, and Mg‐rich olivine‐ and orthopyroxene‐bearing‐assemblages are derived from magmatic rocks emplaced in the shallow crust. These lithic fragments represent pre‐Crisium episodes of magmatism (Mg‐suite) and lunar magma ocean products (FANs). The lack of deep lithologies at the L‐20 site seems contradictory to excavation models for Crisium. Mineralogical‐chemical differences suggest a higher FAN component in the rim and that this represents FANs excavated from the deep lunar crust. If it exists, the Mg‐rich olivine previously identified within the Crisium rim is most likely related to deep, complementary versions of the Mg‐suite rocks from L‐20. The material associated with the Crisium basin is not derived from the lunar mantle but represents crustal lithologies from the shallow to deep crust, a substantial mantle component may have been incorporated into the Crisium basin impact melt sheet, or that our “Earth‐analog” for the lunar upper mantle is incorrect.
Estimating Individual Tree Mortality in the Sierra Nevada Using Lidar and Multispectral Reflectance Data
Authors: Hemming‐Schroeder N. M. , Gutierrez A. A. , Allison S. D. , Randerson J. T. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWidespread tree mortality events occur during periods of severe drought in temperate conifer forests and are expected to become more frequent in many areas due to climate change. Improved mapping of individual tree mortality is needed to identify risk factors and design effective conservation strategies. In this study, we used National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) lidar and multispectral reflectance airborne observations to map individual tree mortality over a 160 km2 area during and after the 2012–2016 drought for two sites in California's Sierra National Forest. We used NEON lidar to derive tree locations and crown perimeters and multispectral data to map tree mortality for more than 1 million trees. We found that 25.4% of the trees in our study area died between 2013 and 2017, with considerably higher mortality at the lower‐elevation Soaproot Saddle site. Between 2017 and 2019, an additional 2.0%–2.8% of the trees died each year. Two wildfires in 2020 and 2021 increased tree mortality within burned area perimeters by 49%–89% between 2019 and 2021. Consistent with previous work, we found that tree mortality risk increased as a function of tree height. Tree mortality was positively associated with distance from rivers, trees per hectare, and decreasing slope at the lower elevation site. In contrast, increasing slope was positively associated with tree mortality at the higher elevation site. Our approach and dataset provide a means to study the combined effects of drought and wildfire on tree mortality and may improve projections of forest resilience under a changing climate.