bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in associations between young adult caregiving and social relationships: Evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study
Authors: Lacey Rebecca E. , Di Gessa Giorgio , Xue Baowen , McMunn Anne 
Published: June 2023

AbstractIntroductionYoung adult caregivers (aged 16–29 years) are an important but underrecognized group of informal caregivers. There is some evidence suggesting that young adult caregivers have fewer social relationships. However, this research has been largely cross‐sectional in design or restricted to caregivers, providing no comparison with noncaregivers. Further, there is little evidence on whether and to what extent there are inequalities in associations between young adult caregiving and social relationships by gender, age, caregiving intensity, or household income.MethodsUsing five waves of data on 3‐4000 young adults aged 16–29 from the UK Household Longitudinal Study, we investigated associations between becoming a young adult caregiver and subsequent social relationships (number of close friends and participation in organized social activities) in the short‐term (1–2 years after caregiving initiation) and longer‐term (4–5 years later). We also assessed differences by gender, age, household income, and caregiving intensity.ResultsOverall, those who became young adult caregivers, and particularly those providing 5+ h/week, reported fewer friends in the short‐ but not longer‐term. No associations were observed between young adult caregiving and participation in organized social activities. Also, there was no evidence of differences by gender, age, income, or caregiving hours.ConclusionsBecoming a young adult caregiver is associated with a reduction in number of close friends, particularly in the short‐term. Given the importance of practical and emotional support provided by friends, the early identification of young adult caregivers and greater population awareness of caring in young adulthood may help to mitigate the effects on social relationships.
In critically ill adult patients with COVID‐19, lower energy and higher protein intake are associated with fewer mechanical ventilation and antibiotic days but not with ICU length of stay
Authors: Floro Geraldine C. , Schwenger Katherine J. P. , Ghorbani Yasaman , Zidar Deanna J. , Allard Johane P. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) nutrition management guidelines recommend hypocaloric, high‐protein feeding in the acute phase of critical illness. This study aimed to determine, among critically ill adults with COVID‐19, whether nutrition support affects outcomes in nonobese patients when providing a mean energy intake of ≥20 kcal/kg/day vs <20 kcal/kg/day and protein intake of ≥1.2 g/kg/day vs <1.2 g/kg/day, using actual body weight, and in patients with obesity when providing ≥20 kcal/kg/day vs <20 kcal/kg/day and a protein intake of ≥2 g/kg/day vs <2 g/kg/day using ideal body weight.MethodsThis retrospective study included adults with COVID‐19 on mechanical ventilation (MV) admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) from 2020 to 2021. Clinical and nutrition parameters were recorded the first 14 days of ICU stay.ResultsOne hundred four patients were included: 79 (75.96%) were male and had a median age of 51 years and body mass index of 29.65 kg/m2. ICU length of stay (LOS) was not affected by nutrition intake, but patients receiving <20 kcal/kg/day had fewer MV days (P = 0.029). In a subgroup analysis, MV days were lower in the nonobese group receiving <20 kcal/kg/day (P = 0.012). In the obese group, those receiving higher protein intake had fewer antibiotic days (P = 0.013).ConclusionIn critically ill patients with COVID‐19, lower energy and higher protein intake were respectively associated with fewer MV days and, in patients with obesity, fewer antibiotic days, but they had no effect on ICU LOS.
Perioperative nutrition in the setting of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Wong Jonathan , Densmore John , Hilbrands Julia , Elkadri Abdul , Cabrera Jose , Noe Josh , Eickhoff Jens , Goday Praveen S. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundOptimization of nutrition prior to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)–related surgery could improve outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the perioperative nutrition status and management of children undergoing intestinal resection for treatment of their IBD.MethodsWe identified all patients with IBD who underwent primary intestinal resection. We identified malnutrition using established criteria and methods of nutrition provision at various time points (preoperative outpatient evaluation, admission, and postoperative outpatient follow‐up) for elective cases (who underwent their procedure at a scheduled admission) and urgent cases (who underwent an unplanned surgical intervention). We also recorded data on postsurgical complications.ResultsA total of 84 patients were identified in this single‐center study (male sex: 40%, mean age: 14.5 years, Crohn's disease: 65%). Thirty‐four patients (40%) had some degree of malnutrition. Prevalence of malnutrition in the urgent and elective cohorts was similar (48% vs 36%; P = 0.37). Of these patients, 29 (34%) were noted to be on some type of nutrition supplementation prior to surgery. Postoperatively, BMI z scores increased (−0.61 vs −0.42; P = 0.0008), but the percentage of patients who were malnourished did not change from preoperative status (40% vs 40%; P = 0.10). Despite this, use of nutrition supplementation was only noted in 15 (17%) patients at postoperative follow‐up. Complications were not associated with nutrition status.ConclusionUtilization of supplemental nutrition decreased postprocedure despite no change in malnutrition prevalence. These findings support the development of a pediatric‐specific perioperative nutrition protocol in the setting of IBD‐related surgery.
Long‐term nutrition alterations after surgery for gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Jacobson Richard , Gurd Erin N. , Pimiento Jose M. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractAs surgical and adjuvant therapies for gastrointestinal (GI) cancers improve in safety and efficacy, extended survival in these diseases is becoming commonplace. Surgically induced nutrition alterations are common side effects of treatment and often debilitating. This review is intended for multidisciplinary teams to better understand the postoperative anatomy, physiology, and nutrition morbidity of GI cancer operations. We have arranged this paper by the anatomic and functional changes to the GI tract intrinsic to common cancer operations. Operation‐specific long‐term nutrition morbidity is detailed, along with the underlying pathophysiology. We have included the most common and effective interventions for the management of individual nutrition morbidities. Finally, we highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the evaluation and treatment of these patients over the oncologic surveillance period and beyond.
Effect of feed trace elements on eggs of five strains of laying hens and their health risk assessment
Authors: Hashemi Mohammad , Azadi Amin , Saghi Masumeh , Aminzare Majid , Noori Seyyed Mohammad Ali 
Published: June 2023

AbstractBackgroundTrace elements are essential for human nutrition, and their deficiencies or excesses are strongly associated with several diseases, such as cardiovascular ones.ObjectivesThe current cross‐sectional study investigated the concentration of essential trace elements (copper, non‐metal selenium, iron, zinc, cobalt and manganese) in eggs and diets of five strains of laying hens.MethodsThe yolk and albumen were analysed separately, and wet preparation was carried out following inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry detection. The target hazard quotients (THQs) for the non‐carcinogenic disease were calculated by the United States environmental protection agency (USEPA) method.ResultsThe highest concentrations of selenium, zinc and manganese were found in egg yolks of native hens (0.76, 44.22 and 6.52 mg/kg, respectively). The highest amounts of copper and cobalt were recorded in the egg yolk of Lohman (2.07 and 0.023 mg/kg, respectively). On the other hand, the egg yolk of Bovans contained the highest amount of iron (57.46 mg/kg).ConclusionOverall, the potential health risks were minimal, and the consumption of eggs was generally safe.
Lebensmittelbedingte Krankheitsausbrüche in der Schweiz von 2007 bis 2021
Authors: Lüthi Thomas , Fridez Françoise 
Published: June 2023

ZusammenfassungLebensmittelbedingte Krankheitsausbrüche in der Schweiz werden durch die kantonalen Behörden identifiziert und dem Bundesamt für Lebensmittelsicherheit und Veterinärwesen (BLV) übermittelt. Zwischen 2007 – 2021 wurden 200 Ausbrüche gemeldet. Mindestens 4668 Personen erkrankten, 303 wurden hospitalisiert und 18 verstarben. Es wurden hauptsächlich nachgewiesen: Salmonella spp. (25), Campylobacter spp. (17), Noroviren (16) und koagulase-positive Staphylokokken (16). Die Ausbrüche fanden in Gastronomiebetrieben (85), privaten Haushalten (19), Kindergärten und Schulen (13), und bei Take-away-Verpflegungen (9) statt. Um solche Krankheitsausbrüche abklären zu können, stellt das BLV einen neuen Werkzeugkasten zur Verfügung. Dieser umfasst eine Webseite, einen Praxisleitfaden sowie ein Set von 4 Handbüchern und weiterführende Hilfsmittel.
Birthweight is associated with clinical characteristics in people with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hansen Aleksander L. , Thomsen Reimar W. , Brøns Charlotte , Svane Helene M. L. , Jensen Rasmus T. , Andersen Mette K. , Hansen Torben , Nielsen Jens S. , Vestergaard Peter , Højlund Kurt , Jessen Niels , Olsen Michael H. , Sørensen Henrik T. , Vaag Allan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Low birthweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes but it is unknown whether low birthweight is associated with distinct clinical characteristics at disease onset. We examined whether a lower or higher birthweight in type 2 diabetes is associated with clinically relevant characteristics at disease onset.

Methods
Midwife records were traced for 6866 individuals with type 2 diabetes in the Danish Centre for Strategic Research in Type 2 Diabetes (DD2) cohort. Using a cross-sectional design, we assessed age at diagnosis, anthropomorphic measures, comorbidities, medications, metabolic variables and family history of type 2 diabetes in individuals with the lowest 25% of birthweight (<3000 g) and highest 25% of birthweight (>3700 g), compared with a birthweight of 3000–3700 g as reference, using log-binomial and Poisson regression. Continuous relationships across the entire birthweight spectrum were assessed with linear and restricted cubic spline regression. Weighted polygenic scores (PS) for type 2 diabetes and birthweight were calculated to assess the impact of genetic predispositions.

Results
Each 1000 g decrease in birthweight was associated with a 3.3 year (95% CI 2.9, 3.8) younger age of diabetes onset, 1.5 kg/m2 (95% CI 1.2, 1.7) lower BMI and 3.9 cm (95% CI 3.3, 4.5) smaller waist circumference. Compared with the reference birthweight, a birthweight of <3000 g was associated with more overall comorbidity (prevalence ratio [PR] for Charlson Comorbidity Index Score ≥3 was 1.36 [95% CI 1.07, 1.73]), having a systolic BP ≥155 mmHg (PR 1.26 [95% CI 0.99, 1.59]), lower prevalence of diabetes-associated neurological disease, less likelihood of family history of type 2 diabetes, use of three or more glucose-lowering drugs (PR 1.33 [95% CI 1.06, 1.65]) and use of three or more antihypertensive drugs (PR 1.09 [95% CI 0.99, 1.20]). Clinically defined low birthweight (<2500 g) yielded stronger associations. Most associations between birthweight and clinical characteristics appeared linear, and a higher birthweight was associated with characteristics mirroring lower birthweight in opposite directions. Results were robust to adjustments for PS representing weighted genetic predisposition for type 2 diabetes and birthweight.

Conclusion/interpretation
Despite younger age at diagnosis, and fewer individuals with obesity and family history of type 2 diabetes, a birthweight <3000 g was associated with more comorbidities, including a higher systolic BP, as well as with greater use of glucose-lowering and antihypertensive medications, in individuals with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes.

Graphical Abstract
Low birthweight is associated with a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes over two decades independent of adult BMI and genetic predisposition
Authors: Wibaek Rasmus , Andersen Gregers S. , Linneberg Allan , Hansen Torben , Grarup Niels , Thuesen Anne Cathrine B. , Jensen Rasmus T. , Wells Jonathan C. K. , Pilgaard Kasper A. , Brøns Charlotte , Vistisen Dorte , Vaag Allan A. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
Low birthweight is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Most previous studies are based on cross-sectional prevalence data, not designed to study the timing of onset of type 2 diabetes in relation to birthweight. We aimed to examine associations of birthweight with age-specific incidence rate of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged to older adults over two decades.

Methods
Adults aged 30–60 years enrolled in the Danish Inter99 cohort in 1999–2001 (baseline examination), with information on birthweight from original birth records from 1939–1971 and without diabetes at baseline, were eligible. Birth records were linked with individual-level data on age at diabetes diagnosis and key covariates. Incidence rates of type 2 diabetes as a function of age, sex and birthweight were modelled using Poisson regression, adjusting for prematurity status at birth, parity, polygenic scores for birthweight and type 2 diabetes, maternal and paternal diabetes history, socioeconomic status and adult BMI.

Results
In 4590 participants there were 492 incident type 2 diabetes cases during a mean follow-up of 19 years. Type 2 diabetes incidence rate increased with age, was higher in male participants, and decreased with increasing birthweight (incidence rate ratio [95% CI per 1 kg increase in birthweight] 0.60 [0.48, 0.75]). The inverse association of birthweight with type 2 diabetes incidence was statistically significant across all models and in sensitivity analysis.

Conclusions/interpretation
A lower birthweight was associated with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes independent of adult BMI and genetic risk of type 2 diabetes and birthweight.

Graphical Abstract
Physiological responses and performance factors for double-poling and diagonal-stride treadmill roller-skiing time-trial exercise
Authors: Andersson Erik P. , Lögdal Nestor , Byrne Darragh , Jones Thomas W. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To compare physiological responses between a self-paced 4-min double-poling (DP) time-trial (TTDP) versus a 4-min diagonal-stride (DS) time-trial (TTDS). The relative importance of peak oxygen uptake ($${\dot{\text{V}}}$$

V
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O2peak), anaerobic capacity, and gross efficiency (GE) for projection of 4-min TTDP and TTDS roller-skiing performances were also examined.

Methods
Sixteen highly trained male cross-country skiers performed, in each sub-technique on separate occasions, an 8 × 4-min incremental submaximal protocol, to assess individual metabolic rate (MR) versus power output (PO) relationships, followed by a 10-min passive break and then the TTDP or TTDS, with a randomized order between sub-techniques.

Results
In comparison to TTDS, the TTDP resulted in 10 ± 7% lower total MR, 5 ± 4% lower aerobic MR, 30 ± 37% lower anaerobic MR, and 4.7 ± 1.2 percentage points lower GE, which resulted in a 32 ± 4% lower PO (all P < 0.01). The $${\dot{\text{V}}}$$

V
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O2peak and anaerobic capacity were 4 ± 4% and 30 ± 37% lower, respectively, in DP than DS (both P < 0.01). The PO for the two time-trial (TT) performances were not significantly correlated (R2 = 0.044). Similar parabolic pacing strategies were used during both TTs. Multivariate data analysis projected TT performance using $${\dot{\text{V}}}$$

V
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O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE (TTDP, R2 = 0.974; TTDS, R2 = 0.848). The variable influence on projection values for $${\dot{\text{V}}}$$

V
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O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE were for TTDP, 1.12 ± 0.60, 1.01 ± 0.72, and 0.83 ± 0.38, respectively, and TTDS, 1.22 ± 0.35, 0.93 ± 0.44, and 0.75 ± 0.19, respectively.

Conclusions
The results show that a cross-country skier’s “metabolic profile” and performance capability are highly sub-technique specific and that 4-min TT performance is differentiated by physiological factors, such as $${\dot{\text{V}}}$$

V
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O2peak, anaerobic capacity, and GE.
Group Actions on Twisted Sums of Banach Spaces
Authors: Castillo Jesús M. F. , Ferenczi Valentin 
Published: June 2023

AbstractWe study bounded actions of groups and semigroupsGon exact sequences of Banach spaces from the point of view of (generalized) quasilinear maps, characterize the actions on the twisted sum space by commutator estimates and introduce the associated notions ofG-centralizer andG-equivariant map. We will show that when (A)Gis an amenable group and (U) the target space is complemented in its bidual by aG-equivariant projection, then uniformly bounded compatible families of operators generate bounded actions on the twisted sum space; that compatible quasilinear maps are linear perturbations ofG-centralizers; and that, under (A) and (U),G-centralizers are bounded perturbations ofG-equivariant maps. The previous results are optimal. Several examples and counterexamples are presented involving the action of the isometry group of$$L_p(0,1), p\ne 2$$Lp(0,1),p≠2on the Kalton–Peck space$$Z_p$$Zp, certain non-unitarizable triangular representations of the free group$${\mathbb {F}}_\infty $$F∞on the Hilbert space, the compatibility of complex structures on twisted sums, or bounded actions on the interpolation scale of$$L_p$$Lp-spaces. In the penultimate section we consider the category ofG-Banach spaces and study its exact sequences, showing that, under (A) and (U),G-splitting and usual splitting coincide. The purpose of the final section is to present some applications, showing that several previous result are optimal and to suggest further open lines of research.
Performance and Micro-Pacing Strategies in Biathlon Skiing
Authors: Staunton Craig A. , Jonsson Kårström Malin , Björklund Glenn , Laaksonen Marko S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Purpose
To examine the micro-pacing (within-lap) strategies during biathlon skiing with and without the biathlon rifle.

Methods
Twenty biathletes (7 women, 13 men) performed two cross-country skiing time-trials on a ≈2300 m course, once with and once without the biathlon rifle. During time-trials, biathletes wore a sensor that recorded position, distance and skiing-speed. A trajectory correction and statistical parametric mapping procedure determined the course positions (clusters) where instantaneous skiing-speed was significantly related to time-trial performance. The time differences between the fastest and slowest skier in these clusters were calculated.

Results
The fastest biathletes skied with greater instantaneous speeds in specific clusters, which included both uphill and downhill sections. The clusters represented time gains for the fastest skier over the slowest skier of between 16.1 and 25.8 s for the women and between 18.9 and 21.9 s for the men. The largest time gains between the fastest and slowest biathletes were observed in a downhill section that was preceded by a 180° turn, where time gains were between 2.9 and 4.1 s in clusters of between just 12 to 62 m. In biathlon skiing with-rifle, there were more clusters that were not present during without-rifle. When skiing with-rifle, there were additional clusters in the uphill sections that represented time gains of 5.2 s and 2.3 s for the women and men, respectively.

Conclusions
Statistical parametric mapping can be used in biathlon to provide pacing and performance feedback to athletes and coaches.
Gender Disparities in Blood Pressure and the Role of Body Mass Index: A Birth Cohort Analysis in China
Authors: Wu Jinjing , Jiao Boshen , Zhao Jiaying 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
The slow decline in cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and the stagnant or increasing hypertension prevalence in low- and middle-income countries necessitate investigation. Evolving gender disparities suggested that male cardiovascular health disadvantage may be preventable, offering potential for enhancing population cardiovascular health. Despite global body mass index (BMI) increases, its role in shaping the gender disparities remains underexplored.

Objective
This study investigated the birth cohort dynamics of gender disparities in systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) in China, one of the world's largest low- and middle-income countries, and explored the potential role of BMI in explaining the changing gender disparities.

Methods
Data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1991–2015) were analyzed using multilevel growth-curve models to estimate gender- and cohort-specific SBP/DBP trajectories among individuals born between 1950 and 1975.

Results
Men had higher SBP and DBP than women at the sample’s mean age of 41.7 years. The gender disparities in SBP and DBP increased with each successive one-year cohort from 1950 to 1975 by 0.14 mm Hg and 0.09 mm Hg, respectively. Adjusting for BMI reduced the increasing gender disparities in SBP and DBP by 31.9% and 34.4%, respectively.

Conclusion
Chinese men experienced a greater increase in SBP/DBP across successive cohorts compared to women. The increasing gender disparities in SBP/DBP were partially attributable to a greater BMI increase across cohorts among men. Given these findings, prioritizing interventions that aim to reduce BMI, particularly among men, could potentially alleviate the burden of CVD in China through lowering SBP/DBP.
Identification of novel p-cresol inhibitors that reduce Clostridioides difficile’s ability to compete with species of the gut microbiome
Authors: Harrison Mark A. , Farthing Rebecca J. , Allen Nyasha , Ahern Lucy M. , Birchall Kristian , Bond Michael , Kaur Harparkash , Wren Brendan W. , Bergeron Julien R. C. , Dawson Lisa F. 
Published: June 2023

AbstractTreatment of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is expensive and complex, with a high proportion of patients suffering infection relapse (20–35%), and some having multiple relapses. A healthy, unperturbed gut microbiome provides colonisation resistance against CDI through competition for nutrients and space. However, antibiotic consumption can disturb the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) resulting in the loss of colonisation resistance allowing C. difficile to colonise and establish infection. A unique feature of C. difficile is the production of high concentrations of the antimicrobial compound para-cresol, which provides the bacterium with a competitive advantage over other bacteria found in the gut. p-cresol is produced by the conversion of para-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPA) by the HpdBCA enzyme complex. In this study, we have identified several promising inhibitors of HpdBCA decarboxylase, which reduce p-cresol production and render C. difficile less able to compete with a gut dwelling Escherichia coli strain. We demonstrate that the lead compound, 4-Hydroxyphenylacetonitrile, reduced p-cresol production by 99.0 ± 0.4%, whereas 4-Hydroxyphenylacetamide, a previously identified inhibitor of HpdBCA decarboxylase, only reduced p-cresol production by 54.9 ± 13.5%. To interpret efficacy of these first-generation inhibitors, we undertook molecular docking studies that predict the binding mode for these compounds. Notably, the predicted binding energy correlated well with the experimentally determined level of inhibition, providing a molecular basis for the differences in efficacy between the compounds. This study has identified promising p-cresol production inhibitors whose development could lead to beneficial therapeutics that help to restore colonisation resistance and therefore reduce the likelihood of CDI relapse.