bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Path to Understanding
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD) is nothing new. While it was given a specific name a little over a century ago, descriptions of its manifestations go back much further. Numerous renowned psychologists and philosophers, beginning in Europe, have observed, documented, and theorized about the nature of this baffling condition. Freud wrote about it in the context of his own personal experience of derealization. This chapter includes a comprehensive look at the history of exploration and commentary about depersonalization/derealization. The language used to describe the condition is examined herein. Other aspects of DDD are explored, including obsessiveness, altered sense of time, self-observation, cultural influences, and early family life.
Refining the Diagnosis
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter covers several key areas having to do with the clinical presentation of the disorder. Epidemiology discusses the prevalence of DDD, as estimated by national and regional sampling in both the U.S. and other countries. Clinical characteristics of DDD, derived from three large cohorts (U.S., U.K., Germany) are presented and compared. Comorbidity with depressive and anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and personality disorders is discussed. Studies relevant to the heritability of the condition are presented. Common psychological precipitants of the disorder are reviewed, followed by a discussion of DDD precipitated by drug use. Marijuana’s role in triggering DDD, and the implications of recent legalization, are examined.
Biological Treatments
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the broad range of biological treatments for depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), from electroconvulsive therapy and the use of barbiturates/stimulants in the early days of treatment to the various medications that are commonly used today. The latter include antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin norepinephrine inhibitors and clomipramine; benzodiazepines; lamotrigine; opioid receptor antagonists; and other less empirically founded medication options. Transcranial magnetic stimulation findings in the treatment of DDD are presented, and the studies that have targeted either the temporoparietal junction or the ventral prefrontal cortex are discussed. Though compared with other psychiatric disorders, treatment trials in DDD are more limited, there presently exists a range of biological treatment options.
Cognitive-Behavioral and Mindfulness-Based Psychotherapy
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness-based psychotherapy techniques in the treatment of depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD). Cognitive-behavioral therapy seeks to identify and change distorted thinking patterns, as well as avoidant and ritualistic behaviors. Ten cognitive distortions, commonly encountered in depersonalization/derealization (dpdr)-related anxious catastrophizing and obsessional ruminating, are identified and reframed. We also discuss how to target avoidant behaviors, as well as hyperawareness and self-monitoring. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is also explored for the treatment of DDD, based on the principle of mindfully accepting the present while committing to what a patient cares about and values. Six key components are discussed: cognitive fusion, identifying one’s self with the disorder, rumination and worry, experiential avoidance, clarifying values, and dealing with a narrow behavioral repertoire.
Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The chapter elaborates psychodynamic psychotherapy approaches to the treatment of depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD), intertwined with illustrative case examples. The chapter starts with more classic psychoanalytic reflections on the nature and treatment of depersonalization/derealization, including the often-assumed chronicity and refractoriness of the condition, the use of the couch, and the implications of different levels of personality organization. Compromised self-experiencing, escape from reality, and loss of genuine personhood are explored as phenomena underlying experiences of un-reality and de-personalization, starting with early development. The impacts of childhood trauma, in particular emotional maltreatment, as well as fearful attachment, are discussed, along with psychic processes organized around the fear of knowing and diminished emotional processing. The ways in which alexithymia and affect phobia unfold, and are worked with, in dynamic psychotherapy are laid out. Identity struggles of adolescence and early adulthood, commonly encountered in DDD, are elaborated. Depersonalization-related worrying and obsessing may have dynamic functions and meanings that are worth psychotherapeutic exploration. Psychodynamic entry points to tackling drug-induced presentations are put forth. The chapter concludes with an integrated model for the psychodynamic therapy of DDD.
Homo sapiens, a species among many others . . . but not quite like the others
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins by establishing some scientific foundations on the point of convergence of humans and nature, namely the nature of humans themselves. It shows that science is systematically destroying, one by one, all the old prejudices that claimed to make humans a species apart, at the top of creation. In particular, recent scientific studies have convincingly shown that self-awareness, empathy, thought, language, culture, morality, tool making, and tool use are also present in animals. What appears to distinguish humans from other animals is their capacity for creative supposition, i.e., their propensity to make fiction, especially collective fiction. Collective fictions are the glue that binds together human societies, for better or for worse.
A brief history of the divorce between humans and nature
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the reasons why modern humans have come to see themselves as separate from nature. Contrary to popular belief, humans are not innately destructive. The evidence for widespread species extinctions due to hunting during the Paleolithic is unconvincing, and an attitude of respect for nature is often associated with the hunter-gatherer lifestyle. Human domination over nature has developed through three main stages in Western civilization: first, the Neolithic transition in the Middle East, which created a new sedentary lifestyle based on the exploitation of nature and triggered a revolution in all aspects of social life; second, the emergence of the great monotheistic religions, which asserted the uniqueness of humans in the face of an external nature; and third, modernity and capitalism, which anchored Christianity in the earthly world. Descartes provided the philosophical foundations of modernity; his ideas consummated the divorce between humans and nature and still largely govern the world today.
Subject and object: The mirror of modernity
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The subject-object couple is a pure product of modernity and is tightly linked to modern society’s relationship with nature. Descartes’s philosophy unified the formerly fragmented notion of subject and gave it a new dimension: the human being as subject gives the measure of all things, becomes the center of the world represented in its totality and is no longer constrained by any limits. By contrast, the world faces humans as an inanimate, purely material, mechanical nature, governed by a mixture of chance and necessity. This view ignores the fact that the natural world is inhabited and animated by an innumerable multitude of actors who, like humans, participate in the great history of the evolution of the universe and of life. Reanimating the non-human world, recovering the consciousness or “spirit” that humans have arrogated to themselves in nature is a necessary condition for recovering humankind’s place in life and the cosmos.
Recovering nature in us through our fundamental needs
Authors: Loreau Michel 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Recovering nature is not only about connecting to the outer nature, but also about connecting to each person’s inner nature, starting with one’s own body. Human nature is what defines a human being regardless of gender, origin, or culture. It includes the biological characteristics of the human body, but also the fundamental human needs, which ignore the traditional separation of body and mind altogether. Needs can be seen from two opposing perspectives: the traditional Judeo-Christian perspective of unsatisfied needs, linked to lack and poverty, or that of satisfied needs, linked to fulfillment and flourishing. Experience shows that recognizing, naming, accepting, and embracing fundamental human needs, experiencing their power and beauty, is a source of joy and richness, not of misery and poverty. For fundamental needs are what connects humans to the general movement of life that flows through them and transcends them.
Madison's Militia
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book argues that James Madison and the First Congress wrote the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to ensure that the South could continue to have armed militia as a bulwark against slave revolts. Although neither Madison nor his colleagues explained why they included a right to bear arms in the Bill of Rights, the Amendment itself explains that a state needed a well-regulated militia to provide for its “security,” but what precisely worried the framers? The most reliable method of deducing why people acted as they did is to understand the imperatives they faced. During a debate over whether Virginia should ratify the Constitution and join the Union, Patrick Henry argued that the Constitution enabled Congress to subvert the slave system by disarming the militia—a terrifying prospect because the South lived in constant fear of slave insurrection. Later, Henry worked determinately to end Madison’s political career. When he wrote the Bill of Rights, Madison—who, according to a colleague, was “haunted by the ghost of Patrick Henry”—sought to allay the fears Henry had stoked by providing that the militia could be armed by their own members. Some historians believe the framers wanted to safeguard the militia to reduce the need for a standing army, which was considered a threat to liberty. This book shows, however, that the Revolutionary War conclusively demonstrated that the militia were incapable as a military force. The real concern was preserving armed militia for slave control.
Introduction
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
In the Stono Rebellion of 1739, up to one hundred slaves—armed with guns and ammunition seized from a general store—pillaged and burned plantation homes, killing forty slave owners and their families. In an ensuing battle, forty-four slaves and twenty-one militiamen perished. Stono sets the stage for the book’s thesis and methodology. The thesis is that James Madison wrote the Second Amendment to assure the South it could continue to have armed militia for slave control. The method is to understand the imperatives that James Madison and his colleagues in the First Congress faced when they wrote the Second Amendment.
Debate in Richmond
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This is the second of three chapters recounting debates at the Virginia Ratifying Convention. Henry rails against the Constitution, giving the lion’s share of control over the militia to the federal government. He raises the specter of Congress subverting slave control by interfering with the militia. A duel is narrowly avoided after Edmund Randolph interprets remarks by Henry as a personal insult. Henry suggests that dark motives lay behind weakening state control over the militia. Henry “Light Horse Harry” Lee, a hero of the Revolutionary War, tells the Convention that most militia fled in the face of battle.
Decision in Richmond
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This is the third of three chapters recounting debates at the Virginia Ratifying Convention. Patrick Henry and George Mason continue to argue that the Constitution must be rejected because it gives Congress principal authority over the militia, which Congress may misuse to subvert the slave system. They suggest the federal government might send a state’s militia far out of state or “disarm” the militia. When Madison says states may arm their own militia, Henry effectively ridicules him. Federalists win 88 to 80, and then, as a sop to the antifederalists, allow them to draft suggested amendments and a proposed bill of rights.
The Militia—War in the North
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters recounting how terribly militia performed during the Revolutionary War. The chapter covers the Battles of Bunker Hill, Long Island, Kips Bay, Harlem Heights, and Fort Washington, as well as Washington’s retreat across New Jersey and the Delaware River. It also covers military training, weaponry—especially the musket—and doctrine employed during the War. It introduces General Nathanael Greene and discusses General Charles Lee’s attempt to supplant George Washington as commander of the Continental Army. It also includes Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben’s contribution to military training at Valley Forge in 1788.
The Militia—War in the South
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This is the second of two chapters recounting how terribly militia performed during the Revolutionary War. The chapter covers the Battle of Camden, where militia ran without firing a single shot, resulting in a military disaster. It covers Nathanael Greene taking command of the Southern Department in December 1781, and Greene’s unorthodox but brilliant decision to divide his troops. It describes how Daniel Morgan found a way to way to deploy, coax, and threaten militia so that they fired at least one volley before executing an orderly withdrawal behind Continental troops, leading to American victory at the Battle of Cowpens.
Mr. Madison Goes to Congress
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Following the Virginia Ratifying Convention, Patrick Henry attempts to extinguish James Madison’s political career. Henry has the legislature select two other men, both antifederalists, to represent Virginia in the U.S. Senate; gerrymanders Madison’s congressional district by packing it with antifederalist counties; and recruits James Monroe to run against Madison for the House of Representatives. To win the election, Madison flips his prior position and promises, if elected, to write a bill of rights. The chapter discusses four states that had adopted a right-to-bear-arms provision in their constitutions, and it also includes insights into Madison’s romantic life.
The English Declaration of Rights of 1689
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
By placing the English Declaration of Rights of 1689 in context, this chapter shows that the Declaration’s provision stating that Protestants may have arms as allowed by law was never intended or understood as a right to have weapons. Rather, it was written to have William of Orange acknowledge, as a condition of being offered the Crown, that Parliament—and not the king—had the authority to regulate what arms could be possessed by Protestants. To provide necessary context, this chapter recounts the history of James’s reign and the Glorious Revolution of 1688.
Chimeras of Liberty
Authors: Bogus Carl T. 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with military policy following adoption of the Constitution and Bill of Rights, including how to organize the militia and whether to have a standing army and navy. Secretary of War Henry Knox submits plans for reorganizing the militia and raising five army regiments, but Congress has no enthusiasm for them. Stinging defeats of principally militia forces by American Indians create a new sense of urgency. Congress now passes the Five Regiments Bill and, shortly thereafter, the Uniform Militia Act of 1792. Political parties—Federalists and Republicans—arise, and following Jefferson, Madison undergoes a political transformation.
Jewish Piety in Islamic Jerusalem
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
The emergence of the Jewish Bible commentary in the tenth century marks a turning point in Jewish intellectual history, namely, the transition from ancient rabbinic culture to the Arabized Judaism of the medieval period. This book explores a formative moment in this cultural reorientation by analyzing one of the earliest Jewish Bible commentaries. Written in Arabic in tenth-century Jerusalem, Salmon ben Yerūḥīm’s commentary on Lamentations reveals a nuanced negotiation between the rabbinic tradition and the intellectual resources of the Islamic world. Salmon was a prominent figure among the Karaites, a Jewish movement defined by its commitments to biblical scholarship and penitential practices. For him, Lamentations is “instruction for Israel”—spiritual guidance for the Jewish community in exile—and his task is to communicate that instruction. Jewish Piety in Islamic Jerusalem explores the medieval Arabic dimensions of Salmon’s project, tracing his engagement with the nascent fields of Arabic literary theory, historiography, and homiletics. The central argument of the book is that Salmon articulates a Jewish pietistic message through emergent Arabic-Islamic genres, transforming them to reflect his own religious and exegetical commitments. In this way, Salmon applies Arabic learning to the Bible at the same time that his understanding of the biblical text expands the Arabic intellectual tradition. The book advances these claims through six analytical chapters and an annotated English translation of the homilies and excursuses from Salmon’s commentary.
Introduction to the Lamentations Commentary
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Salmon’s introduction to the commentary on Lamentations is a treatise on the religious significance of the book for the Jewish people in exile. Salmon describes his exegetical process, outlines the organization of the biblical book, and identifies the prophet Jeremiah as its author, but his main objective is to convey the pietistic instruction of Lamentations to his community. In Salmon’s view, Lamentations has seven purposes. For example, it summons the community to repent, instructs them to confess their sins, and offers them hope that the exile will end and not recur. Exile—as described in Lamentations and experienced by Salmon’s own community—does not negate God’s care for Israel. Rather, exile is God’s way of disciplining the sinful community and guiding it to repent. Mourning and lamentation are obligatory in times of exile, Salmon insists, and the Book of Lamentations teaches the community how to lament for themselves.
Lamentations 3
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides the complete English translation of Salmon’s commentary on Lamentations 3. Salmon opens the chapter by introducing a hybrid Arabic-Hebrew phrase, “instruction for Israel” (taʿlīm le-yiśraʾel), to explain his concept of Lamentations as the prophet Jeremiah’s guidance for Jews in exile (Lam 3:1). According to Salmon, Jeremiah foretells the future historical experience of the Jewish people even when the verbs of Lamentations 3 are in the past tense. Thus, Jeremiah teaches the Jews of Salmon’s generation how to lament over their suffering, repent of their sins, and thus merit their redemption. Salmon’s historical awareness and pietistic sensibility are both prominent in this chapter. He uses Isaiah 22 as a detailed historical record of the experience of exile (Lam 3:1). He uses Psalm 42 as evidence of the harsh conditions of exile under oppressive foreign kingdoms (Lam 3:20). In both cases, Salmon urges Jews to reflect upon the realities of exile in order to realize the urgent need for piety and penitence as the antidote to continued suffering. Salmon reads Lamentations 3:21–42 as an ethical manual. There, he urges Jews to develop an inner piety that governs their outer actions, and he extols the virtues of sincerity, prayer, patience, and hope.
Lamentations 5
Authors: Andruss Jessica 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
Salmon’s commentary on the final chapter of Lamentations focuses on the need for repentance and the hope of redemption. For Salmon, Jeremiah strategically reminds God of the calamities that Israel has endured in order to prompt divine action: after all, Salmon reasons, when the nations disgrace Israel, so too do they disgrace God (Lam 5:1). Salmon upholds the principle of “requital in kind” when interpreting the transfer of Israel’s territory and Temple to the nations as retribution for Israelite sins (Lam 5:2). The centerpiece of the chapter is Salmon’s homiletical excursus to Lamentations 5:7. There, he maintains that his own generation continues to endure exile, not as punishment for the sins of their ancestors, but as punishment for their own sins. The comments on verses 15–18 emphasize Israel’s downfall, culminating with a Hebrew invective against the non-Jews who pollute the sacred spaces of Jerusalem. Salmon reads verses 19–22 as pious supplications for God to pave the way for Israel’s repentance, renewal, and redemption.
Militant Leadership
Authors: Aggarwal Neil Krishan 
Published: March 2023

Abstract
This book profiles 12 militant leaders who have been responsible for violence in Indian-administered Kashmir to identify effective deradicalization and counterterrorist interventions for global impact. The book presents person-centered psychological case studies based on primary sources in Arabic, Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu—many previously inaccessible to English readers—to illustrate how leaders frame violence in their own words to recruit others. Through this lens, the book shows how militants from the Hizbul Mujahideen embraced political violence in response to abuses from the Jammu and Kashmir Police and encouragement from early childhood figures; how the Lashkar-e-Tayyaba has disseminated messages of violence through schools, places of worship, and a now-outlawed political party in Pakistan; how the Jaish-e-Mohammad’s militants became hardened fighters after missed opportunities for reform through the Indian criminal justice system; and how Al Qaeda and its local affiliates funnel foreign fighters into Indian-administered Kashmir. By comparing and contrasting individual, group, and organizational factors of violence, this book proposes evidence-based deradicalization and counterterrorism interventions, bringing the study of political violence in Indian-administered Kashmir into conversation with research trends in Europe and North America. By developing a method for analyzing militant leadership through state-of-the-art scholarship, the book’s insights can inform the development of case studies for scholars, policymakers, and practitioners across geographic regions and disciplines.