bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of borneol combined with astragaloside IV and Panax notoginseng saponins regulation of microglia polarization to promote neurogenesis after cerebral ischaemia
Authors: Ding Huang , Huang Xiao-Ping , Liu Xiao-Dan , Li Yan-Ling , Tang San , Xiong Hai-Long , Huang Mei-Ting , Li Ying , Liu Cai-Xia , Zhang Wei , Deng Chang-Qing 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objective
To study the effect of borneol combined with astragaloside IV and Panax notoginseng saponins (BAP) on promoting neurogenesis by regulating microglia polarization after cerebral ischaemia–reperfusion(CI/R) in rats.

Methods
A focal CI/R injury model was established. Evaluated the effects of BAP on ischaemic brain injury, on promoting neurogenesis, on inhibiting Inflammatory microenvironment and TLR4/MyD88/NFκB signalling pathway. A microglia oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was established that evaluated the effects of BAP on regulating the polarization of microglia and inflammatory microenvironment.

Results
BAP can inhibit the expression of TLR4, MyD88 and NFκB proteins, reduce IL-1β and increase IL-10, reduce M1 type microglia and increase M2 microglia. The proliferation of neural stem cells increased, synaptic gap decreased, synaptic interface curvature increased, expression of SYN and PSD95 proteins increased, which improved the neurological dysfunction and reduced the volume of cerebellar infarction and nerve cell injury.

Conclusion
BAP can reduce CI/R injury and promote neurogenesis, the effect is related to inhibition of the activation of TLR4/MyD88/NFκB, regulating the polarization of microglia from M1 type to M2 type and inhibition of inflammatory response.
Roles of pigment epithelium-derived factor in cardiomyocytes: implications for use as a cardioprotective therapeutic
Authors: Jones Isobel C , Dass Crispin R 
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death worldwide, with patients having limited options for treatment. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) is an endogenous multifunctional protein with several mechanisms of action. Recently, PEDF has emerged as a potential cardioprotective agent in response to myocardial infarction. However, PEDF is also associated with pro-apoptotic effects, complicating its role in cardioprotection. This review summarises and compares knowledge of PEDF’s activity in cardiomyocytes with other cell types and draws links between them. Following this, the review offers a novel perspective of PEDF’s therapeutic potential and recommends future directions to understand the clinical potential of PEDF better.

Key findings
PEDF’s mechanisms as a pro-apoptotic and pro-survival protein are not well understood, despite PEDF’s implication in several physiological and pathological activities. However, recent evidence suggests that PEDF may have significant cardioprotective properties mediated by key regulators dependent on cell type and context.

Conclusions
While PEDF’s cardioprotective activity shares some key regulators with its apoptotic activity, cellular context and molecular features likely allow manipulation of PEDF’s cellular activity, highlighting the importance of further investigation into its activities and its potential to be applied as a therapeutic to mitigate damage from a range of cardiac pathologies.
Epidermoid cyst beneath the scar after total knee arthroplasty: a case report
Authors: Ying Liwei , Luo Hua , Ying Xiaofang , Zhu Zhong 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The epidermal cysts are benign cysts most commonly found in the head, neck and trunk. An epidermal cyst of the knee is an unusual complication developed after total knee arthroplasty. Here, we present a case of an 83-year-old man with a palpable mass in the left knee located beneath the scar, 3 years after total knee arthroplasty. The patient underwent complete surgical excision of the mass. Histological analysis revealed an epidermoid cyst.
Herpes simplex virus colitis mimicking acute severe ulcerative colitis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Cathomas Marionna , Rosenberg Robert , Burri Emanuel , Javier-Gonzalez Marianna , Weber Achim , Filipowicz Sinnreich Magdalena , Cathomas Gieri , Galli Raffaele 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
A 60-year-old female patient with longstanding left-sided ulcerative colitis presented with symptoms mimicking an acute flare and developed a colonic perforation shortly after starting steroid treatment. Following left hemicolectomy and Hartmann’s procedure, rescue treatment with infliximab was started. Within a few days, the patient developed hepatic failure. Histology and immunohistochemistry of the specimen revealed extensive necrotizing herpes simplex virus colitis, and liver biopsy demonstrated herpes simplex virus hepatitis. Sixteen days after admission, the patient died from multiorgan failure. This compelling case of severe herpes simplex virus colitis raises awareness of a rare but potentially detrimental infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
The inability of barley to germinate after submergence depends on hypoxia-induced secondary dormancy
Authors: Gómez-Álvarez Eva María , Tondelli Alessandro , Nghi Khac Nhu , Voloboeva Viktoriia , Giordano Guido , Valè Giampiero , Perata Pierdomenico , Pucciariello Chiara 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Global climate change has dramatically increased flooding events, which have a strong impact on crop production. Barley (Hordeum vulgare) is one of the most important cereals and its cultivation includes a broad range of different environments. We tested the capacity to germinate of a large barley panel after a short period of submergence followed by a period of recovery. We demonstrate that sensitive barley varieties activate underwater secondary dormancy because of a lower permeability to oxygen dissolved in water. In sensitive barley accessions, secondary dormancy is removed by nitric oxide donors. The results of a genome-wide association study uncovered a Laccase gene located in a region of significant marker-trait association that is differently regulated during grain development and plays a key role in this process. Our findings will help breeders to improve the genetics of barley, thereby increasing the capacity of seeds to germinate after a short period of flooding.
The transcription factor GhTCP7 suppresses petal expansion by interacting with the WIP-type zinc finger protein GhWIP2 in Gerbera hybrida
Authors: Ren Guiping , Li Lingfei , Patra Barunava , Li Na , Zhou Ye , Zhong Chunmei , Wang Yaqin , Yuan Ling , Wang Xiaojing 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Petal size is a critical factor in plant reproduction and horticulture, and is largely determined by cell expansion. Gerbera hybrida is an important horticultural plant and serves as a model for studying petal organogenesis. We have previously characterized GhWIP2, a Trp-Ile-Pro (WIP)-type zinc protein, that constrains petal size by suppressing cell expansion. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains largely unclear. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and co-immunoprecipitation, we identified a TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) family transcription factor, GhTCP7, that interacts with GhWIP2 both in vitro and in vivo. Using reverse genetic approaches, we elucidated the function of the GhTCP7-GhWIP2 complex in controlling petal expansion. GhTCP7 overexpression severely reduced cell expansion and petal size, whereas GhTCP7 silencing resulted in increased cell expansion and petal size. GhTCP7 showed similar expression patterns to GhWIP2 in various types of G. hybrida petals. We further identified GhIAA26, which encodes an auxin signalling regulator, that is activated by the GhTCP7-GhWIP2 complex, leading to the suppression of petal expansion. Our findings reveal a previously unknown transcriptional regulatory mechanism that involves protein-protein interactions between two different transcription factor families to activate a negative regulator of petal organogenesis.
The salivary chaperone protein NlDNAJB9 of Nilaparvata lugens activates plant immune responses
Authors: Gao Haoli , Lin Xumin , Yuan Xiaowei , Zou Jianzheng , Zhang Huihui , Zhang Yixi , Liu Zewen 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The brown planthopper (BPH) Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) is a main pest on rice. It secretes saliva to regulate plant defense responses, when penetrating rice plant and sucking phloem sap through its stylet. However, the molecular mechanisms of BPH salivary proteins regulating plant defense responses remain poorly understood. A N. lugens DNAJ protein (NlDNAJB9) gene was highly expressed in salivary glands, and the knock down of NlDNAJB9 significantly enhanced honeydew excretion and fecundity of the BPH. NlDNAJB9 could induce plant cell death, and the overexpression of NlDNAJB9 gene in Nicotiana benthamiana induced calcium signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, jasmonic acid (JA) hormone signaling and callose deposition. The results from different NlDNAJB9 deletion mutants indicated that the nuclear localization of NlDNAJB9 was not necessary to induce cell death. The DNAJ domain was the key region to induce cell death, and the overexpression of DNAJ domain in N. benthamiana significantly inhibited insect feeding and pathogenic infection. NlDNAJB9 might interact indirectly with NlHSC70-3 to regulate plant defense responses. NlDNAJB9 and its orthologs were highly conserved in three planthopper species, and could induce ROS burst and cell death in plants. Our study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of insect-plant interactions.
Sex, Drugs, and Social Media
Authors: Evans Dwight L. , Benton Tami D. , Ellison Katherine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides some evidence-based tips for coping with the struggles of sex, drugs, and social media for children with bipolar disorder. Contemporary parents know that mental illness is real, so children are not exempted from the condition, and a wide variety of treatments can help make things better for them. Moreover, getting a diagnosis and appropriate treatment is the best hope for helping children with bipolar disorder behave more responsibly. The chapter highlights the significance of open communication and vigilance over online dangers. It also acknowledges how alcohol and drugs can dampen the benefits of medication.
Life After High School
Authors: Evans Dwight L. , Benton Tami D. , Ellison Katherine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the preparation to help children with bipolar disorder for a life outside the comfort of home. It suggests making a plan as choices ahead might be overwhelming and transitions can be stressful for anyone involved. Other coping strategies also involve managing expectations and laying the foundation. Moreover, college should be considered with care since higher education is not the best choice for everyone. The chapter then looks into college mental health resources and considerations made when joining the workforce. It advises looking into government support for people disabled by mental illness, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act.
Other Skills: Problem Solving and Relapse Prevention
Authors: Falk Avital , Bennett Shannon , Rozenman Michelle , Mohatt Justin , Bergman R. Lindsey 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
“Other Skills: Problem Solving and Relapse Prevention” details two additional skills useful in intensive treatment: problem solving and relapse prevention. First, the problem solving model and its many uses are applied to examples such as negotiating exposures, homework, and treatment compliance, and provided as a tool for patients to use on their own for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) or non-OCD symptoms. Relapse prevention is described as a strategy to be used in anticipation of the end of treatment, with formal recommendations for components of relapse prevention to be discussed with all patients, and families.
Dyspnea, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, and Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Authors: Donesky DorAnne , Howard Julie 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
In addition to the physiological damage to the lungs inherent in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), patients are often symptomatic because of deconditioning and the anxiety and panic inherent to living with chronic dyspnea. Pulmonary rehabilitation is an evidence-based comprehensive intervention that has been shown to improve quality of life and symptoms for patients with chronic lung disease. Even patients with severe lung disease can tolerate exercise training that begins at a very low intensity with gradual progression of intensity and duration over time. In addition, pulmonary rehabilitation provides the reassurance of skilled clinicians who monitor patients during exercise and the encouragement of other participants who model vicarious success. The synergy of physiological conditioning, education, and psychosocial support available through pulmonary rehabilitation can contribute to significant improvements in quality of life and symptom status for patients with COPD.
Treating Chronic Dyspnea in Patients with Lung Cancer
Authors: Higgins Elizabeth A. , Ezemenari Susan , West Julia Arana 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Dyspnea is a subjective sensation of shortness of breath and can be disabling for patients. It is a very common symptom that is often unrecognized in people with cancer. To optimally manage this distressing symptom, one must understand the pathophysiology and associated factors that contribute to dyspnea. Initial treatment of dyspnea should focus on optimizing the medical and pharmacological treatment of the cancer itself. Once the cancer treatment is optimized, other agents can be used. Opioids are the mainstay of pharmacological treatment and should be used to relieve suffering. Nonpharmacological methods such as the use of a handheld fan can also provide relief.
Reducing Dyspnea by Treating Ascites
Authors: Khan Habib A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Ascites is the pathological accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity. The most common cause is cirrhosis followed by malignancies, heart failure, Budd-Chiari syndrome, and liver metastasis. The reported median survival after a diagnosis of malignancy-related ascites ranges from 1 to 4 months, except for ovarian and breast cancers, in which survival can be longer if anticancer treatments are available. Ascites contributes to the development of dyspnea by elevating the diaphragm and reducing pulmonary vital capacity. Treatment begins with the addressing the underlying cause if anti-cancer therapies are indicated. Additional treatments may include diuresis, vascular shunting, paracentesis, or drainage catheters.
Regional Anesthesia Equipment
Authors: Halaszynski Thomas 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
It is important for physicians who practice regional anesthesia to be aware of the proper setup and to know their supplies and equipment. For performing regional interventions, a location that is equipped with monitors and resuscitation equipment is necessary. In addition, standardized documentation protocols are paramount and should include anesthesia consent, pre-block checklist (correct block/appropriate site), and anesthesia assessment. Anesthesiologists who practice regional anesthesia should have a good understanding of their ultrasound machines and nerve stimulators in order to use them to their highest potential. Understanding physics basics, types of artifacts, and different modes enables the anesthesiologist to make the best use of the ultrasound. Knowledge of the nerve stimulator basics makes a difference in locating the nerve and or avoiding intraneural injection. The needles and catheters types and designs are important for facilitating the placement block, providing proper anesthesia, and providing safety.
Multimodal Analgesia
Authors: O’Neill Archana , Lirk Philipp 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Adequate postoperative analgesia is an important goal of care to avoid both the acute as well as chronic complications of uncontrolled postoperative pain. Preventive analgesia has been identified as an approach to mitigate the phenomenon of central sensitization, which plays an important role in the development of chronic pain after surgery. As the over-reliance on opioids for pain control has led to issues such as opioid dependence and hyperalgesia, the role of multimodal analgesia has taken center stage in an effort to optimize perioperative pain control, reduce the chance of central sensitization, and avoid the detrimental effects of opioid overuse. Multiple classes of analgesic medications have been used to accomplish these tasks, and the aim of this chapter is to outline these medications, their mechanisms of action and key features, as well as the evidence behind their individual roles in multimodal analgesia.
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity
Authors: Edobor Osemeke , Graff Veena , Grosh Taras 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Local anesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST) is a life-threatening adverse event related to the administration of local anesthetics (LAs). Its presentation does not always follow the classic symptomatology of central nervous system excitatory symptoms followed by cardiotoxicity and arrest or collapse; many of the cases develop subtle symptoms that may go unreported. LAST happens if the LA level exceeds the capacity to be metabolized from the plasma and buffers are overwhelmed. The free fraction of the drug increases and the risks of accumulation and toxicity rise. Patients at the extremes of age, parturient, patients with end organ dysfunction, as well as those receiving high doses of LA due to concomitant administration, are at the highest risk. Also, the site of injection influences significantly the peak plasma concentration and the time to reach it. The American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine published an algorithm to treat LAST. Its pharmacologic treatment depends mainly on the administration of lipid emulsion. However, the resuscitation algorithm is different from other cardiac arrest scenarios. The best treatment of LAST is prevention; one must be vigilant concerning all the possible causes that contribute to LAST before planning a regional anesthetic nerve block.
Awake Intubation and Airway Blocks
Authors: Luansritisakul Choopong , Vlassakov Kamen V. , Zinboonyahgoon Nantthasorn 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Awake fiberoptic intubation (a more accurate term would be flexible endoscopic intubation) is still considered the gold standard and the ultimate backup approach for difficult airway management. To perform the procedure successfully and minimize patient discomfort, a number of methods have been utilized to provide anesthesia for the upper airway. Each of them has its own advantages and disadvantages. It is important for an anesthesiologist to understand these techniques and to be able to choose and perform them properly. In this chapter, the innervation of the upper airway is described, and both topical and regional anesthesia techniques are discussed in detail.
Regional Techniques for Cardiothoracic and Cardiac-Related Procedures
Authors: Shariat Ali N. , Bhatt Himani V. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Pain intensity after cardiac surgery is often severe and is not adequately treated. Inadequately treated postoperative pain has adverse physiologic effects in the postoperative period and is a risk factor of the development of chronic pain. Chronic pain following sternotomy has an incidence ranging from 11% to 56% at 1 year after surgery. Multimodal pain management, including regional anesthesia, has an increasingly important role. The use of regional anesthesia provided good hemodynamic stability, analgesia, less opioid use, and allowed for early extubation. Neuraxial anesthesia have been extensively studied in the context of cardiac surgery, but the risk of neuraxial hematoma in the setting of full heparinization limits the use of this modality. Compared to neuraxial techniques, paravertebral blocks may offer the advantage of a lower risk of bleeding complications. Alternatives to neuraxial blocks have become available. Parasternal blocks include pecto-intercostal fascial block (PIFB) and transversus thoracic plane (TTP) block, or parasternal infiltration done by the surgeon. Other fascial plane blocks, including pectoral nerve, serratus anterior plane, and erector spinae, are found useful based on the type of the procedure. Reports of the successful use of these blocks in minimally invasive cardiac surgery keeps emerging as well. Literature is still evolving about the successful use of certain blocks in conventional cardiac pacemakers and recently in subcutaneously implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (S-ICDs). Potential benefits include better analgesia and less use of general anesthesia, which can be especially helpful.
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopy and Thoracotomy
Authors: Agyekum Davies G. , Grosh Taras 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Pain management and chest physiotherapy are critical components of postoperative care following thoracic surgery. Effective management of acute pain is critical to ensure good pulmonary effort and function in an endeavor to decrease postoperative complications. Perioperative planning with discussions about surgical and anesthetic technique will have a significant impact on the postoperative course. Video-assisted thoracoscopy surgery (VATS) refers to the use of minimally invasive equipment to access thoracic structures during surgery through a series of small incisions. By contrast, an open thoracotomy is the surgical approach requiring a large incision and the spreading of the ribs to gain access to the thorax. A multimodal approach to analgesia, using a combination of systemic analgesia and regional analgesia procedures, has been used with success for pain management after thoracic surgery.
Postoperative Pain Management of Open Nephrectomy
Authors: Sidash Stanislav , Ranganath Yatish 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Regional analgesia techniques employable for major abdominal surgery are reviewed in this chapter. Thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) is widely used in clinical practice and is discussed here in detail. It is often advocated as the gold standard for analgesia for these procedures. However, the role of TEA is increasingly being challenged in the settings of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols and perioperative anticoagulation. Techniques like fascial plane blocks are being suggested as suitable alternatives. They are briefly discussed in this chapter. The chapter starts with the importance of the site of surgical incision and its effect on the respiratory muscles and the severity of postoperative pain. Different options available for postoperative pain management are discussed with a focus on TEA. Details of TEA administration, including placement, trouble shooting and management, epidural infusions used, common side effects and their management, are presented in detail. The use of alternative regional analgesia techniques in open abdominal surgery, such as paravertebral blocks, transversus abdominis plane block, rectus sheath blocks, quadratus lumborum blocks, and erector spinae blocks, is briefly presented in a separate section at the end of the chapter.