bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Antibodies to Complement Components C2, C3 and C5 on the Production and Action of Lymphotoxin
Authors: Gately Maurice K. , Mayer Manfred M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A study was made on the effects of monospecific rabbit antibodies to guinea pig C2, C3 and C5 on the production and action of guinea pig lymphotoxin. Lymphotoxin was produced by incubating ovalbumin or purified protein derivative (PPD) with lymph node cells from guinea pigs which had been immunized with ovalbumin in complete Freund's adjuvant. Culture fluids from cultures of lymph node cells which had been preincubated with anti-C2, anti-C3 or anti-C5 and then incubated with both antigen and the anti-complement component antiserum were as cytotoxic when assayed on L cell monolayers as were culture fluids from cultures of lymph node cells incubated with antigen alone. Furthermore, anti-complement component antibody activity could be demonstrated in culture fluids containing lymphotoxin produced in the presence of anti-C2, anti-C3 or anti-C5 indicating that the concentrations of antisera used were sufficient to neutralize respectively all the C2, C3 or C5 present in the culture system. It is therefore concluded that the complement system, activated either via the classical pathway or via the “alternate” pathway, plays no role in the lymphotoxin phenomenon.
A Mechanism for the Unresponsive State in BALB/c Mice after Repeated Doses of Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Thomson Philip D. , Jutila John W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
BALB/c mice were rendered unresponsive to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) by injections of 5 × 108 SRBC every other day from 7 days of age to adulthood. It was shown that unresponsiveness was specific by injection of burro red blood cells which produced normal plaque-forming cell responses in SRBC-unresponsive mice. Neither normal thymus nor bone marrow alone or in combination, nor normal peritoneal exudate cells (80 to 90% macrophages) reconstituted unresponsive mice. However, SRBC-primed peritoneal exudate cells (80 to 90% macrophages) did reconstitute the plaque-forming response of unresponsive mice. Normal BALB/c mice were rendered unresponsive by injection of 32 hemagglutinin units of serum from unresponsive mice. Serum from unresponsive mice was absorbed with IgG2. Serum absorbed in this manner failed to render mice unresponsive when administered passively. It was concluded that unresponsiveness to SRBC involves IgG2 which interacts with the macrophage and, in turn, inhibits antigen-macrophage interaction. Thus this system represents a feedback mechanism which prevents the presentation of antigen to the lymphocyte.
Preparation of Dinitrofluorobenzene-Treated Sheep Erythrocytes for Detection of Anti-DNP Plaque-Forming Cells
Authors: Trump Gary N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method is described for covalent attachment of dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to sheep red blood cells (RBC). The solubility and ionization characteristics of DNFB are considered in this procedure and relatively large amounts of hapten are reacted with RBC. Unreacted DNFB is partially precipitated and soluble DNFB is carefully removed from DNP-RBC at the end of reaction. Haptenated erythrocytes are extremely sensitive to hemolytic antibody in the direct agarplaque assay as well as in passive hemolysis. Previously reported DNFB techniques were carried out in parallel experiments and results of such comparisons highly recommend the present method for use in detection of direct anti-DNP plaque-forming cells.
Use of the Macrophage Migration Inhibition Test to Monitor Fractionation of Soluble Antigens of Chemically Induced Sarcomas of Inbred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Suter Ludwig , Bloom Barry R. , Wadsworth Elisabeth M. , Oettgen Herbert F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Soluble tumor antigen was prepared from two transplanted sarcomas of strain 13 guinea pigs, induced with 3-methylcholanthrene or 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene, by extraction with isotonic saline followed by ultracentrifugation. Further fractionation by ammonium sulfate precipitation, gel filtration on Sephadex G-150 or Biogel A-5m, and DEAE Sephadex chromatography was performed. Antigenic activity was assayed in vivo by skin tests and in vitro by the macrophage migration inhibition method. Antigenic activity was not restricted to a single species of molecules as defined by size or charge. The major part of the activity was associated with two fractions, one excluded by Sephadex G-150, and the other included in Sephadex G-150. The behavior of the antigen preparations in isopycnic sucrose gradient centrifugation indicated that they were truly soluble and not membrane associated. The active fractions were nontoxic for the skin and for peritoneal cells and stable under the conditions of the macrophage migration test. Their antigenic activity was specific for each of the two tumors. In terms of the amount of antigen required to give a positive reaction, the migration inhibition assay was more sensitive than the skin tests.
C3 Shunt Activation in Human Serum Chelated with EGTA
Authors: Fine Douglas P. , Marney Samuel R. , Colley Daniel G. , Sergent John S. , Des Prez Roger M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Complement (C) fixation via the C3 shunt, as exemplified by zymosan (Z) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), requires ionized magnesium but not ionized calcium and proceeds in the presence of 10 mM ethyleneglycoltetraacetic acid (EGTA). C-fixation via the C142 pathway requires calcium and is inhibited by EGTA. Both pathways of C-activation are inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). EGTA serum may be a useful and simple reagent to distinguish between C142 and C3 shunt-mediated complement activation.
Prevalence of Hepatitis B Virus Antigen As Revealed by Direct Radioimmune Assay with 125I-Antibody
Authors: Ling C. M. , Overby L. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A two-step direct radioimmune test was used to detect hepatitis B virus associated antigen in human serum or plasma. The procedure involved the use of polypropylene tubes coated with hyperimmune guinea pig serum, and 125I-labeled specific hepatitis B virus antigen immune globulin. The technique appeared to be more sensitive than other immunologic assays, including indirect radioimmune methods based on competition of unlabeled antigen with 125I-labeled antigen.
Various blood donor populations were tested for antigen by the direct radioimmune test, by complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and counterimmunoelectrophoresis. The increased sensitivity of the radioimmune procedure resulted in the detection of about 3 to 8 times as many positive sera as the above three immunologic methods. The percentages of positive sera by radioimmune assay were: about 1% in volunteer blood donors, about 2% in commercial blood donors and about 40% in hepatitis-implicated patients.
Use of 2-Mercaptoethanol for Distinguishing Between IgM and IgG Antibody-Producing Cells of Mice Immunized with Bovine γ Globulin
Authors: Hosono Masamichi , Muramatsu Shigeru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from mice immunized with heat-aggregated bovine γ globulin (BGG) were assayed by the technique of localized hemolysis in gel. Target cells were prepared by the conjugation of BGG to sheep red blood cells by means of chromic chloride. No anti-BGG direct plaques were developed by the addition of guinea pig serum alone throughout the period under examination. Practically all of the plaques were obtained by the indirect method with the aid of anti-mouse immunoglobulin antiserum, and at least two categories of cells which secrete either 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME)-sensitive or 2ME-resistant antibodies were involved. The pretreatment of gel plates with 2ME after cellular antibodies have diffused out may be recommended for distinguishing between IgM and IgG antibody producers against protein antigens. We also discuss why direct plaques do not appear in this experiment.
Production of Antibody in the Canine Tracheal Pouch after Local and Systemic Influenza Immunization
Authors: Lieberman Phillip , Berlin Byron S. , Metzger James , Patterson Roy 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The canine tracheal pouch model was utilized to compare the secretory and systemic immune response to topical tracheal or subcutaneous immunization with influenza A, swine strain, and influenza B viruses. Serum antibody responses were comparable regardless of the route of administration of virus, but topical tracheal immunization was more effective than subcutaneous immunization for eliciting anti-influenza antibody in tracheal secretions. Both IgG and IgA anti-influenza antibodies were found in tracheal secretions after topical immunization. The IgA response was consistent with the presence of local antibody production. In addition, tracheal secretions contained a nonspecific inhibitor of influenza hemagglutinating activity which reacted to high titer with A2 influenza virus and was susceptible to receptor-destroying enzyme.
Complement Fixation Blocking Activity of Anti-Dengue IgM Antibody
Authors: Scott Robert McNair , Russell Philip K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The serologic tests commonly used for the diagnosis of arbovirus infections are complement-fixation (CF), hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and virus neutralization (N) tests. In group B arbovirus infection such as Japanese encephalitis and dengue, early convalescent sera often have little or no CF activity, although HI and N antibody activity may at times be present in high titer; later in convalescence, CF activity increases, while there may be little change or a drop in HI and N activity (1). This phenomenon has also been observed in experimentally infected guinea pigs (2). In both man and guinea pigs early convalescent serum with high HI and N activity, but lacking CF activity, contains either antiviral IgM antibody alone or both IgM and IgG antibody. Conversely late convalescent sera with high levels of CF reactivity contain IgG antibody but little or no IgM.
Reaginic Antibody Receptors on Murine Mastocytoma Cells
Authors: Minard Patricia , Levy David A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Sensitization for the allergic reaction requires the firm binding of IgE antibody in homologous tissues. Studies with monkey tissues (1) and with human leukocytes (2) show that IgE binds exclusively to mast cells and basophils. Electron micrographs show that IgE is bound to the plasma membrane of the human basophil (3). This localization of IgE suggests that these cells possess a specific membrane receptor for IgE.
A mast cell tumor arose spontaneously in an LAF1 mouse which had been subjected to whole body radiation (4). This mastocytoma was originally a solid tumor and now also grows in an ascitic form. Receptors for homologous immunoglobulins on malignant mouse mast cells have recently been demonstrated by the technique of rosette formation with antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes (5–7). This report presents evidence for the ability of mouse mastocytoma cells to deplete serum of skin sensitizing activity, and suggests that these cells may have receptors for homologous reaginic antibody.
A Simple Automated Method for Complement Estimation in a Continuous Flow System
Authors: Nydegger U. E. , Achermann L. M. , Lambert P. H. , Miescher P. A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The activity of the complement system is routinely evaluated through the quantitation of serum hemolytic activity in presence of sensitized sheep red blood cells (SSRBC).3 Such measurements do not reflect the activity of each complement component but provide a useful screening test for clinical investigation in various immunologic disorders. However, time consumption is still a practical limitation of this hemolytic technique.
Automated methods using continuous flow systems have been described for complement titration (1–4). These methods are based on serial or exponential dilutions of serum with determination of the 50% hemolytic point, and require numerous manipulations for each sample.
We are reporting a similar automated procedure for complement titration in which only one dilution of plasma is assayed in the presence of two SSRBC concentrations. This technique provides a simple, accurate and fast estimation of complement values lying between 20% and 120% of normal.
Bursectomy and Thymectomy of Obese Strain (OS) Chickens with Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Simultaneous Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wick Georg , Steiner Renate 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was induced in obese strain (OS) chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT). The effects of surgical bursectomy (BE) in ovo on the 18th day of incubation and of thymectomy (TE) on the day of hatching on the development of these two diseases were studied within the same animal. EAE was elicited in 6- and 11-week-old unoperated, thymectomized or bursectomized OS chickens by a single injection of a saline extract of bovine spinal cord and complete Freund's adjuvant, with Pertussis vaccine as a coadjuvant. Unimmunized birds and chickens injected with bovine liver extract served as controls. Neonatal TE led to an increase in the severity of SAT irrespective of the consecutive immunization, but resulted in a decrease of EAE. BE in ovo entailed a significant decrease of SAT, but also a marked suppression of EAE. Thus the bursa dependency of SAT in OS chickens has been confirmed, while both bursa-derived and thymus-derived lymphoid cells appear to be involved in the development of EAE in this strain.
Macrophage Accumulation, Division, Maturation, and Digestive and Microbicidal Capacities in Tuberculous Lesions
Authors: Dannenberg Arthur M. , Ando Masayuki , Shima Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophage turnover and activation were evaluated in dermal BCG lesions produced in normal and tuberculin-positive rabbits. Turnover, i.e., the rate of entry of mononuclear cells (MN) into the lesions and their rate of dealth, was studied by labeling the MN with tritiated thymidine (3HT). Their activation was studied by staining the MN for the lysosomal enzyme β-galactosidase.
A single pulse of 3HT was given 1 day before, or 6, 14 or 27 days after the tuberculous lesions were begun. Five days after the injection, 19 to 33% of the MN in the lesions were labeled with 3HT and their fate could be followed by means of periodic biopsies, each on a different lesion.
3HT-labeled MN entered BCG lesions of reinfection more rapidly than primary lesions. Such MN also died more rapidly in the former. Thus the presence of preexisting tuberculin hypersensitivity markedly accelerated MN turnover.
This conclusion was confirmed in the experiments in which 3HT was given 6, 14 or 27 days after primary BCG lesions were begun. During the week following the 14-day 3HT injection (when tuberculin hypersensitivity was strong), the highest rate of MN entry and the highest rate of MN death were found.
Delayed hypersensitivity to the tuberculin-like products of the bacilli was also correlated with increased numbers of 3HT-labeled, β-galactosidase-positive macrophages. The level of this lysosomal enzyme is a measure of the macrophage's state of activation and reflects its microbicidal capacity, i.e., the degree of its nonspecific cellular immunity. The 3HT-labeling studies just outlined showed that the rate of development of 2- to 4-plus galactosidase activity was most rapid in MN that entered the lesions between 14 and 21 days. At this time the host was highly sensitive to the antigen, and this antigen had probably reached a relatively high concentration. A more rapid development of high β-galactosidase levels also occurred in the MN present in BCG lesions of reinfection.
This work has changed our concept of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Formerly, tuberculous lesions were thought to be rather static, and macrophages were thought to become activated and develop antimicrobial immunity gradually. Now such lesions are thought to be dynamic. Macrophages constantly enter and constantly die, and the speed with which they become activated and increase their microbicidal ability seems to be of crucial importance.
A Predictive Equation for the Primary Immune Response of Mice to Adsorbed Tetanus Toxoid As a Function of Dose of Antigen and Dose of Adjuvant
Authors: Levine Leo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Of all the adjuvants used in experimental immunology, the insoluble aluminum compounds comprise the only type permitted in human immunization. They confer a 3- to 10-fold higher primary immune response to the usual protein antigens over that available from the plain fluid state, and such priming enhances the secondary response 20- to 40-fold. Immunologists have long been interested in this more complex dose-response relationship with two independent variables, dose of antigen interacting with dose of adjuvant. Applying the data of a human field trial by using four preparations of AIPO4-adsorbed tetanus toxoid with different antigen-adjuvant ratios, the author previously derived an equation that predicted the mean primary serum antitoxin response of subject groups from the dose of antigen and adjuvant injected. The present paper demonstrates the fit of this equation, with the constant terms changed, to the published data of another investigator who used mice to test 14 adsorbed tetanus toxoid preparations differing in antigen-adjuvant ratio. The probit-survival primary responses of the mice were predicted with reasonable accuracy for all 14 preparations by entering the dose of antigen and of adjuvant of each into the equation. The implications for biologic standardization and for the mechanism of the primary immune response are discussed.
Anti-DNA Plaque-Forming Cells (PFC) and Rosette-Forming Cells (RFC) in Spleens of NZB/W F1 Female (B/W) Mice
Authors: Clark C. , Bell D. A. , Vaughan J. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
NZB female × NZW male F1 hybrid (B/W) mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)4 characterized by the appearance of antinuclear antibodies and fatal glomerulonephritis (1). Although a variety of autoantigens may be involved, anti-DNA has been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of the renal disease (2, 3). The detectable anti-DNA in the serum is directed predominantly to determinants on single stranded DNA (4, 5).
One of the critical questions with respect to autoimmune diseases in general is whether lymphoid cell function is normal, or if in fact there is altered function of thymic dependent (T) or thymic independent (B) lymphocytes. Although other investigators have approached this problem by examining the cellular response to heterologous antigens in the B/W mouse, similar approaches to autoantigens have not been reported. The present study describes preliminary experiments which demonstrate that the spontaneously occurring immune response to single stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (S-DNA) in B/W mice can be readily detected and quantitated by the hemolytic plaque assay.
The Production of a Monocyte Chemotactic Factor by Agammaglobulinemic Chicken Spleen Cells
Authors: Altman Leonard C. , Kirchner Holger 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The classification of lymphocytes into bursal derived (B)2 and thymic derived (T) subpopulations has been a significant advance in our understanding of lymphocyte biology. A variety of immune functions have been attributed to each of these subpopulations, while other functions depend on a cooperation between both cell types (1). It has been suggested that lymphokines, the biologically active substances produced in vitro by activated lymphocytes (2, 3) are produced by T lymphocytes (2). However, little definitive experimental evidence to substantiate this conclusion has been reported. The agammaglobulinemic (aγ) chicken has been shown to be largely depleted of B cells (4, 5) and represents an excellent model in which to investigate the contributions of B and T cells to various aspects of the immune response (6). In the present investigation we have adapted a recently described assay of mononuclear leukocyte (MNL) chemotaxis (7) to study lymphokine production by mitogen-stimulated normal and aγ chicken spleen cells.
The Effect of Enzyme Digestion on the Antigenicity and Biologic Activity of Clq
Authors: Wiger Donna , Natvig Jacob B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The human complement component Clq was found to be sensitive to the action of pepsin and papain. Treatment with these two enzymes under certain conditions caused a marked decrease in the ability of Clq to agglutinate latex particles coated with IgG. Gel diffusion studies also showed the presence of components antigenically deficient when compared to non-treated Clq. After ultracentrifugation of the pepsin-treated Clq the antigenically deficient components were located in fractions having much lower sedimentation rates than native Clq.
Reduction and alkylation of Clq also resulted in decreased ability to agglutinate the latex particles and caused the formation of antigenically deficient components. However, the components with lower sedimentation constants than Clq were detected only if conditions causing decreased non-covalent interaction were utilized.
The Immune Response in Mice to the Haptenic Determinant Dnp Coupled to a Thymus-Independent Carrier (Levan)
Authors: Guercio P. Del , Leuchars Elizabeth 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A thymus-independent antigen (levan) can function as a carrier and induce the synthesis of antibodies to DNP. The DNP-levan conjugate is able to elicit only 19S antibody against the hapten. This immune response is not affected in thymectomized mice, but is abolished in mice tolerant to levan. A mechanism involving cooperation between hapten-specific B lymphocytes and carrier-specific B lymphocytes is suggested to account for these findings.
Measurement of Antibody Release from Single Cells. II
Authors: Hiramoto Raymond N. , Hamlin N. Marlene , McGhee Jerry R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A method for determining the relative amounts of antibody released from single cells in a population is presented. The procedure is based on estimating the minimal amount of antibody molecules required to give complete lysis in a given plaque volume. The results show that the average cellular rate from five populations studied was 360 molecules/cell/sec. The value is regarded as a minimum estimate of the average rate.
The Release of Granule Enzymes from Human Neutrophils Stimulated by Aggregated Immunoglobulins of Different Classes and Subclasses
Authors: Henson P. M. , Johnson H. B. , Spiegelberg H. L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Aggregated human myeloma proteins of subclasses IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1, and IgA2 and normal IgG have been shown to react with human neutrophils in a serum-free medium and to induce release of the lysosomal enzyme β glucuronidase to the exterior of the cells. In contrast, IgD, IgE and IgM macroglobulins did not stimulate this release. Incubation of neutrophils with insoluble IgG and IgA aggregates resulted in adherence of the aggregates to the neutrophils and their phagocytosis. During this process, release of granule enzymes, but not of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactic dehydrogenase, occurred, indicating a selective process rather than one of cell lysis. Soluble aggregates did not induce liberation of enzymes when incubated with the neutrophils in suspension, but when bound to micropore filters to serve as nonphagocytosable surfaces, they stimulated adherent cells to release their granule contents. This latter process has previously been shown to result from direct extrusion of neutrophil granules to the exterior.