bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of Runt Disease by Treatment of the Donor with Lyophilized Tissues
Authors: Schlesinger Michael , Goitein Ruth 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The effect of pretreatment of C57BL mice with lyophilized tissues of RIII or Swiss mice on the capacity of their spleen cells to induce runt disease in newborn recipients of these strains was studied. Pretreatment with a transplantable RIII tumor (MMCIA) did not affect the induction of runt disease in RIII mice by large doses of C57BL spleen cells, but increased the incidence of the disease induced by small doses of cells. The mean survival time of mice injected with small doses of cells from either normal or pretreated C57BL donors was longer than that of mice receiving large doses of cells. Spleen cells from pretreated donors had a lower capacity than cells from normal donors to induce runt disease in 2- to 3-day-old RIII recipients. Pretreatment of C57BL donors with Swiss mouse tissues specifically decreased their capacity to induce runt disease in newborn Swiss mice. Surviving Swiss mice did not tolerate C57BL skin grafts and no C57BL antigens could be demonstrated in their spleens.
Immunochemical Study of Antigenic Specificity in Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Leskowitz S. , Jones V. E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hapten-specific delayed hypersensitivity of guinea pigs was suppressed by a variety of hapten-amino acid and hapten-protein conjugates. Suppression was short-lived when the conjugate carried one, two or three arsanilate groups but lasted longer than 11 days when larger carrier molecules with more arsanilate groups were injected. These results were interpreted as meaning that larger conjugates reacted with and used up the supply of reactive moiety in delayed sensitivity, while smaller conjugates were only inhibitory by virtue of reversible binding with the same entity.
The Immunoglobulin Sequence
Authors: Sahiar Khurshed , Schwartz Robert S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The local administration of bovine γ-globulin (BγG) to rabbits evoked a characteristic sequence of immunoglobulin synthesis: γM antibodies followed by γG antibodies. This progression of the immune response was disrupted by 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP), and rabbits so treated produced low titers of γG antibodies but normal amounts of γM antibodies. The period of γM synthesis was abnormally prolonged in 6-MP-treated rabbits. Passively infused, specific, reactive γG anti-BγG antibodies arrested the formation of γM anti-BγG antibodies in normal and 6-MP-treated rabbits. A second dose of antigen given to 6-MP-treated rabbits resulted in the rapid appearance of γG antibodies and the cessation of γM antibody synthesis. Splenectomized rabbits given a local injection of BγG had enhanced levels of γG antibodies. Splenectomy abolished the disruptive effects of 6-MP on the immunoglobulin sequence. The results of these experiments indicate: a) the process of γG antibody synthesis is more susceptible to the anti-metabolic action of 6-MP than that of γM formation; b) γG antibody exerts a negative feedback effect on the formation of γM antibody; c) antigen may play a direct and intimate role in the actual synthesis of γG antibodies; and d) under certain conditions, the spleen may inhibit the production of γG antibodies.
An Albumin and γ-Globulin Characteristic of Bovine Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: MacPherson Catherine F. C. , Saffran Murray 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunoelectrophoretic experiments using a rabbit antiserum to bovine CSF to develop the patterns have shown that a characteristic albumin and a γ-globulin exist in bovine CSF. Both proteins can also be demonstrated in saline extracts of calf brain. This finding suggests that certain as yet unknown neurosecretory cells of the brain are the source of these proteins.
The bovine γc-globulin is analogous to the γc-globulin of human CSF in that it exists in two molecular forms with different electrophoretic mobilities but the same immunologic specificities.
From visual inspection of the immunoelectrophoretic patterns of CSF from immature and mature animals, it would appear that the CSF of the young animal contains more γc-globulin and less γG-globulin than the CSF of the adult.
Adenovirus-Antibody Agglutination Reactions
Authors: Smith Kendall O. , Trousdale Melvin , Gehle Warren 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Adenovirus particles agglutinate in the presence of optimal proportions of type-specific antisera. Reactions can be visualized either by electron microscopy or, if virus concentrations are sufficiently high, in test tubes with the unaided eye. Virus-antibody complexes are characteristically leaf-like, and are usually composed of only one layer of particles. The width of the fringe (probably antibody molecules) surrounding particles after reaction with antiserum averaged 33 mµ. Agglutination cross-reactions occur between adenovirus types 12 and 18, but other adenoviruses tested (types 1, 2, 3 and 7) agglutinate only with their own antiserum.
Mast Cells and Local Resistance to Russell's Viper Venom
Authors: Higginbotham R. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It was observed that the subcutaneous injection of Russell's Viper venom initiated an explosive release of heparin-containing granules from local tissue mast cells and that the shed granules were subsequently ingested by fibroblasts and various other cell types involved in the connective tissue response to venom injury. Investigations of the significance of these cellular events indicated that heparin can form acid-base complexes with noxious factors of the venom in vitro and inhibit both local and systemic injury by this venom in mice. Inasmuch as this antivenom effect of heparin is only one aspect of a more general antitoxic activity of this mucopolysaccharide, it is suggested that the degranulation of mast cells may serve an important function in local resistance to injury by various cationic substances.
Accelerated Graft Rejection in the Offspring of Immunized Mothers
Authors: Stastny Peter 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Infant rats born of mothers sensitized prior to and during pregnancy displayed a) a state of delayed hypersensitivity as manifested by skin reactions to tuberculin in 26% of animals born of mothers immunized with tubercle bacilli and b) a state of homograft immunity manifested by accelerated rejection of donor homografts in infants born of homografted mothers.
Participation of maternal cells in the rejection of homografts in infants was excluded in an experiment in which highly tolerant mothers were used. Accelerated rejection was observed in infants of these mothers after the latter had been injected with trypsinized skin cells. The most likely basis for the accelerated graft rejection appeared to be a process of active immunization resulting from passage of antigen across the placenta.
Changes in Mouse Serum Proteins during Acute and Chronic Infection with an Intracellular Parasite (Toxoplasma Gondii)
Authors: Remington Jack S. , Hackman Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic patterns of mouse serum proteins are markedly altered during the course of the acute and chronic stages of infection with virulent and relatively avirulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii. In mice infected with the virulent RH strain, there was a remarkable increase in α- and β-globulins and decrease in albumin. Immunoelectrophoretic patterns of serum and peritoneal fluid of these animals revealed a marked increase in haptoglobin, conversion of β1C to β1D, disappearance of two major β-globulin precipitin arcs, and an increase in mobility of albumin. Similar but less marked changes were noted in some of the groups of animals infected with less virulent strains. In mice infected with strains M7741 and H44 a state of “chronic” hypergammaglobulinemia developed. Challenge of chronically infected mice with the original avirulent strain or with the RH strain resulted in very high levels of γ-globulins in the absence, in most animals, of significant rises in serologic test titers. Adsorption of such sera with proliferative organisms resulted in disappearance or marked decrease in antibodies but had no demonstrable effect on γ-globulin levels.
These findings are discussed in relation to the chronic infection in animals and humans, and an hypothesis is posed suggesting the existence of a form of the parasite other than the cyst to account for persistent antibody formation, hypergamma-globulinemia and parasitemia.
Enhancement of Immune Responses in Mice by a Booster Injection of Coccidioides Spherules
Authors: Kong Yi-Chi M. , Savage D. C. , Levine H. B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Induced immunity to Coccidioides immitis in mice challenged intranasally was enhanced greatly by the injection of a booster dose of 20 to 200 µg of killed spherules; fungal multiplication was suppressed up to 5 million-fold and 60 to 75% of boosted mice harbored no organisms in their lungs at 10 to 90 days postchallenge with arthrospore doses as high as 100 LD50. Enhancement of immunity was most pronounced when the booster injection was given at &gt;2 months postvaccination and 6 to 7 days before challenge and was not induced by injecting another fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans.
Low numbers of C. immitis in the lungs of boosted mice reflected marked clearance activity during the first 3 days postchallenge. In contrast, clearance activity during this period was less in nonboosted mice and was observed only in those vaccinated &lt;2 months before challenge. Additionally, enhanced clearance in the lungs of boosted mice was paralleled by an early rise in numbers of inflammatory cells obtained by tracheobronchial wash; total cell numbers reached a maximum 2 to 3 days earlier in boosted than in nonboosted mice.
Despite the demonstration of precipitins, attempts to transfer immunity passively with serum were unsuccessful. However, less fungal multiplication occurred after challenge in nonvaccinated recipients of live splenic cells from boosted mice than in recipients of live cells from normal mice or killed cells from boosted mice. The role of cells or serum in immunity was difficult to assess in passive transfer studies, because injection of normal splenic cells, their carrier fluid, or normal serum into intranasally infected mice often potentiated their infection.
Problems Encountered in Double Diffusion Analysis in Agar of Hapten Specific Immune Systems
Authors: Paul William E. , Benacerraf Baruj 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Complement-independent precipitin lines in double diffusion analysis of anti-hapten sera and hapten protein conjugates may show spurs within a single haptenic system. This phenomenon is observed when anti-DNP antibodies are analyzed with DNP conjugates with different numbers of haptenic groups. A spur is observed when the line formed by the highly conjugated antigen joins the line of the lesser conjugated antigen. This phenomenon is explained by the formation of soluble antigen-antibody complexes between antibody and DNP-BSA of relatively low degree of conjugation which are precipitated by DNP-BSA of high degree of conjugation. A similar finding is observed with the cross-reacting haptenic system—pentaCIB-DNP. An anti-pentaCIB serum causes the formation of a precipitin line with highly conjugated DNP-BSA which spurs over that formed with pentaCIB-BSA conjugated to a lesser degree. In anti-hapten systems spur formation of complement independent precipitin lines is not entirely predictable upon the basis of antigenic relationship.
Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly-α-Amino Acids)
Authors: Maurer Paul H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It has been shown that immediate and delayed sensitivities to the synthetic polymers Glu36Lys24Ala40 and Glu36Lys24Ala35Tyr5 can persist in humans for years in the absence of detectable precipitable antibody. Of the new polymers not previously tested in man, the polymer Glu60Ala30Tyr10 composed of L-amino acids and the three polymers of Glu42Lys28Ala30, in which one of the amino acids was of D and two were of the L configuration, were not immunogenic in man following five intramuscular injections in a period of 10 days, whereas Glu42Lys28Ala30 and Glu36Lys24Ala35Tyr5, made of L-amino acids, were very effective immunogens. The specificity of the response was shown by the lack of in vivo or in vitro corss-reactions of the polymers with D-amino acids with the individuals sensitive to the Glu42Lys28Ala30 or Glu36Lys24Ala35Tyr5 made solely of L-amino acids.
Influence of Corticosteroid Therapy on Serum Complement, Agglutinins, Free-Boundary Electrophoresis, Total Protein and Blood Counts in Dogs with Staphylococcal Bacteremia
Authors: Baltch Aldona L. , Lepper Mark H. , Lolans Valentina T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Corticosteroid administration in experimental staphylococcal bacteremia in dogs: Helped to maintain a bacteremic state.Caused a most severe clinical illness, debilitation and weight loss, sometimes terminating in death.Caused the most prominent drop in hematocrit and rise in white blood cell count.Altered serum complement levels by causing them to decrease and/or prevented the occurrence of an expected increase seen in dogs receiving no corticosteroids.Had no influence on the development of Staphylococcus aureus agglutinins.Caused a less prominent total protein increase and a more rapid return to normal than those observed in dogs receiving no corticosteroids.Caused a prominent drop of serum albumin and increase in α3-globulin with these changes returning back to normal more rapidly than in experimental animals receiving no corticosteroids.
Studies on the Mechanisms of Hypersensitivity Phenomena
Authors: Lichtenstein Lawrence M. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The serum from allergic individuals inhibits the antigenically induced release of histamine from sensitive human leukocytes. This is in contrast to the effect of normal serum, which enhances histamine release. On the basis of this observation, an in vitro method for the study of the reaction between ragweed antigen and the anti-ragweed activity contained in allergic sera has been presented. Over a wide range of antigen concentrations, an allergic serum binds a constant percentage rather than a constant quantity of the added antigen. This outcome is demonstrated to be predictable from the mass action law under the limiting condition of extreme antibody excess. Kinetic and multiplicity studies of the reaction are compatible with this formulation.
Determinations of the antigen-neutralizing capacity of allergic sera provide an index of those immunoglobulins in allergic serum which possess anti-anaphylactic properties. The results of these determinations differ only slightly when performed on the cells of the different allergic donors. In agreement with this observation is the demonstration that the concentration of cell-bound antibody is considerably less than that of serum antibody and does not compete with the latter for antigen.
Antigen-neutralizing activity has been demonstrated in every allergic serum tested, irrespective of previous desensitization therapy. The level of this activity in a group of untreated individuals and its increase as a result of immunization has been presented.
Role of Interferon during Viremia
Authors: Baron Samuel , Buckler Charles E. , Friedman Robert M. , McCloskey Richard V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Circulating interferon was shown to protect mice against intracerebral challenge with encephalomyocarditis or vesicular stomatitis viruses, against intraperitoneal challenge with Germiston virus and intradermal infection with vaccinia virus. The possibility that circulating interferon provides similar protection during natural infection, is considered.
The Allergic Response to Stinging Insects: Biochemical and Immunologic Studies on Bee Venom and Other Bee Body Preparations
Authors: Shulman Sidney , Bigelsen Fred , Lang Raymond , Arbesman Carl 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bee venom obtained by a method of electric shock contains a purer antigenic fraction than is found in extracts of dissected venom sacs, for the venom sac extract contains larger quantities of body antigen than is found in venom itself.
Bee venoms from the United States, Mexico, England and Germany, seem to be antigenically identical.
Bee venom contains only one prominent antigenic component, and this component is specific for venom. It could not be found in the body.
Bee venom obtained by stinging contains body antigens in trace amounts that could be found only by hyperimmunizing rabbits and allowing the antisera to react with body extracts.
The trace body components found in bee venom may originate in the excreta or other debris deposited on the nylon cloth by bees during the act of stinging.
The Stability of Neutralization of Poliovirus by Native Antibody and Enzymatically Derived Fragments
Authors: Keller Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The neutralization of poliovirus infectivity by enzymatically derived rabbit antibody fragments has been examined. Although univalent fragments prevented the adsorption of virus on cells and inhibited the infectious capacity of cell-adsorbed virus as efficiently as native γ-globulin, the pepsin-digested (5 S) bivalent fragments and pepsin-digested reduced (3.5 S) univalent fragments were progressively less stable in the maintenance of virus neutralization.
Evidence has been presented that antibody fragments are able to abolish the infectivity of large concentrations of poliovirus prior to dilution. On the other hand, the development of neutralized virus-antibody complexes stable to dilution at neutral pH was considerably slower with univalent antibody fragments than with intact γ-globulin. Moreover, mature neutralized complexes of antibody fragments and virus were more readily reactivated at moderately acidic pH than those with intact γ-globulin. On this basis, it is proposed that the difference in the virus neutralizing activities between native antibody and antibody fragments is due to the reduced capacity of antibody fragments to develop stable unions with virus. These findings are presented as evidence that virus neutralization is not only a function of the antigen-binding sites of the antibody but is dependent on the entire structure of the γ-globulin molecule.
The Immunologic Competence of Mouse Thymus Cells Measured by the Graft vs. Host Spleen Assay
Authors: Sosin Henry , Hilgard Henry , Martinez Carlos 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The thymus gland has been shown to be directly involved with the development of peripheral lymphatic system. The mechanisms of this relationship are not understood; however, many investigators believe that thymic cells are directly “seeded” to peripheral lymphatic tissues. The present investigations test the immunologic competence of the murine thymus cell itself. Thymus cell suspensions from newborn and adult mice were assayed for immunocompetence by the spleen assay method and compared with the competence of spleen cells from mice of similar ages. Thymus cells from both new born and adult animals were found to be competent, whereas spleen cells from newborn animals showed no immunologic reactivity. A-strain adult spleen cells were found to be approximately ten times as reactive as A-strain thymus cells.
Vaccination against Human Leprosy Bacillus Infections of Mice: Protection by BCG Given during the Incubation Period
Authors: Shepard Charles C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experimental infection of mice with Mycobacterium leprae and the natural infection of humans have uniquely long incubation periods. To see whether vaccination given during the incubation period of the experimental infection would provide protection, groups of mice were given one or two injections of BCG vaccine at intervals before or after they were challenged with M. leprae. The amount of protection was assessed by microscopic counts of M. leprae in the tissues 7 and 10 months after challenge, at a time when the leprosy infection had developed in the controls. It was found that vaccine given 1 or 2 months before challenge afforded the amount of protection observed previously with this schedule. Vaccines given just after challenge provided no protection. Vaccines given progressively later during the incubation period (closer to the logarithmic phase of growth of M. leprae) caused increasing protection, up to the same level as that provided by vaccine given 1 or 2 months before challenge. These changes in the amount of protection according to the schedule of the vaccine suggest that the vaccines exert their effect on M. leprae shortly after challenge or during its logarithmic phase, and that vaccine protection in the mouse usually deteriorates in a few months. Evidence from the literature on vaccination against M. tuberculosis indicates that protection afforded to man would last very much longer, so that BCG vaccine given early or late in the incubation period of leprosy in humans would be expected to provide protection.
Heterogeneity of Immune Anti-A Antibody in Relation to Forssman Antigen
Authors: Yokoyama Mitsuo , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Guinea pig antigen, sheep red cells (type R), human group A1 red cells and soluble specific blood group substance A contain a similar A-like antigenic determinant. The A-like antigen of certain pig red cells (API) reacts with “immune” but not with “naturally occurring” anti-A antibody in human serum. Pig Ap red cells also absorb anti-sheep red cell hemolysin from human sera containing “immune” anti-A antibody, but not from those containing “naturally occurring” anti-A; furthermore, such cells do not absorb the anti-sheep red cell hemolysin present in immune rabbit serum. These results suggest that immune group O sera may contain an antibody specific against both A antigen and Forssman antigen.
Hemagglutination-Inhibiting Antibody Responses in Human Infections with Group B Coxsackieviruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. , Dennis Juanita 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody responses for coxsackievirus types B1, B3 and B5 were compared with neutralizing antibody responses with respect to sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic value in patients with and without coxsackievirus infections. Most sera possessed nonspecific inhibitors for hemagglutinins of these viral types, but treatment of sera with filtrates from a psychrophylic Pseudomonas sp. was found to be highly effective for removing such inhibitors; this treatment appeared to have little or no detrimental effect on specific antibody. HI tests on treated sera were comparable to neutralization tests in diagnostic value, with 46% of patients with isolations of coxsackievirus types B1, B3 and B5 showing significant rises in homotypic antibody titers by both tests. Heterotypic antibody rises seen in HI tests on treated sera corresponded with those observed in neutralization tests. HI antibody was rarely observed in treated sera in the absence of neutralizing antibody for the corresponding viral type.
A Hemagglutination Test and a Specific Depolymerase for Studying Immunologic Paralysis in Mice
Authors: Brooke Marcus S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The specificity of a hemagglutination test for detecting antibodies against the polysaccharide of type III Diplococcus pneumoniae (SIII) and the ability of a specific depolymerase to clear the SIII from the blood of mice are described. Mice injected with relatively large quantities of SIII are specifically prevented from responding to further immunogenic doses of that antigen.
The response of different strains of mice injected with varying quantities of SIII is compared on the basis of the hemagglutination and challenge tests.