bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased Response of Cultured New Zealand Mouse Spleen Cells to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: McCombs Candace , Hom Joanne , Talal Norman , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
New Zealand (NZ) mice give excessive immune responses when immunized in vivo with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Spleen cells of young New Zealand Black and New Zealand Black/White hybrid mice developed low primary responses compared to conventional strains when immunized in vitro. These low responses could be raised to levels achieved by other strains by adding peritoneal cells and 2-mercaptoethanol to the NZ spleen cultures. Studies of the peritoneal cells indicate that the restoring activity is a property of the adherent population and that it is not due to thymus derived lymphocytes.
Antigenicity of Reduced and Alkylated Australia Antigen
Authors: Imai M. , Gotoh A. , Nishioka K. , Kurashina S. , Miyakawa Y. , Mayumi M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The association of Australia antigen (AuAg)2 with human type B hepatitis has been fully established. It has been reported that AuAg, which contains 6.5 M% of cysteine (1), completely lost the ability to react with humoral anti-Au antibodies after reduction and alkylation (2). Recently, Vyas et al. (3) have further reported that the reduced and alkylated AuAg could induce a delayed-type hypersensitivity response in guinea pigs but did not raise humoral antibody, suggesting the significance of the disulfide-bond dependent conformation in stimulating the humoral antibody response.
We have found, however, that a part of the antigenic reactivity of AuAg was relatively resistant to reduction and alkylation, although most of it was sensitive to this procedure. This unexpected finding prompted us to study in detail the hitherto recognized antigenic determinants of AuAg—a, d, y, w and r3—with respect to their susceptibility to the conformational changes induced by this chemical modification.
The Utilization of Properdin in the Alternate Pathway of Complement Activation: Isolation of Properdin Convertase
Authors: Stitzel Ann E. , Spitzer Roger E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Normal human serum contains an α-globulin, designated properdin convertase, which after activation by zymosan will interact with native properdin to generate a C3 reactive enzyme. The activation of properdin convertase as well as its interaction with properdin after activation requires no additional factors. The C3 reactive material which is generated reacts directly with C3 and contains properdin in an altered state; the exact composition of this C3 reactive enzyme, however, is not completely clear.
Removal of properdin convertase from serum aborts the consumption of C3-C9 when zymosan is added. In addition, although C3 proactivator is not required for the action of properdin convertase on properdin or for the subsequent cleavage of C3, it, nevertheless, can be activated by products of the properdin convertase, properdin, C3 reaction. Hence, properdin convertase may be involved as an initiating step in the alternate pathway of complement activation.
Delineation of B and T Lymphoid Cells in the Chicken
Authors: Albini Boris , Wick Georg 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The percentage of lymphoid cells from chicken bursa of Fabricius, thymus, spleen, blood, cecal tonsils and Harder's glands reacting with an anti-chicken bursa cell serum (ABS) and an anti-chicken thymus cell serum (ATS) raised in turkeys was evaluated in a chronologic study from the day of hatching until 24 weeks of age using indirect immunofluorescence and lymphocytotoxicity tests. The predominant number of bursa cells reacted with ABS, while most thymus cells reacted with ATS. In these central lymphoid organs, the relationship between the two cell populations remained fairly constant over the whole observation period. In the spleen and-even more pronounced-in the lymphoid cell populations of blood, cells reacting with ATS were predominant. In contrast, in Harder's glands a majority of cells reacting with ABS could be detected from hatching until the 23rd week of age. Cecal tonsils contained equal amounts of cells reacting with ABS and ATS at 5 weeks, but a preponderance of ABS reactive cells at 10 weeks of age. These findings implicate very distinct relationships of lymphoid cell populations in different lymphoid organs of the chicken, which may account for the different time course in the acquisition of immunological competence in these various organs and are suggestive of their possible different responsibilities within the immunologic defense system.
Production of Colony-Stimulating Factor in Mitogen-Stimulated Lymphocyte Cultures
Authors: Parker John W. , Metcalf Donald 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The addition of phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A or bacterial lipopolysaccharide to mouse spleen cultures strongly stimulated production of colony-stimulating factor (CSF), the humoral regulator of granulopoiesis and macrophage formation. Column-filtered spleen cells depleted of macrophages exhibited similar responses. Cultures of macrophage monolayers failed to produce elevated levels of CSF when stimulated by PHA or PWM. The results suggest that activated T- and B-lymphocytes can both produce significant amounts of CSF, providing a possible mechanism for stimulating macrophage formation in chronic immunologic or inflammatory responses.
Characterization and Properties of an Anaphylactic 7S Antibody in Sheep
Authors: Esteves Maria B. , Sant'Anna Osvaldo A. , dos Santos Annes Vera C. , Binaghi Rubén A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Anti-DNP antibody was specifically purified from hyperimmune anti-DNP-BGG sheep antiserum. The antibody was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose. Two components belonging to different immunoglobulin classes were isolated and designated IgS (slow) and IgF (fast) on account of their relative electrophoretic mobility. The molecular size of both antibodies is the same and it is similar to that of human IgG. IgS induces homologous anaphylactic reactions (PCA) and does not fix complement in the classical way. IgF fixes complement and is not anaphylactic for the sheep. The biologic activities of IgS are not destroyed by treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol. The skin sensitization obtained with IgS does not persist more than 2 hr.
Cytotoxic Antibodies and Lymphocytes Induced by Orthotopic Tooth Bud Allografts in Mice
Authors: Riviere George R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Under most circumstances, viable teeth are promptly rejected when transplanted to allogeneic recipients. However, the influence of the perioral environment on the induction of specific immune responses has been little studied. As few as 4 × 104 A/J lymphocytes injected per oris into either C57BL/6 (H-2 plus multiple non-H-2 disparities) or A.BY recipients (H-2 disparity only) stimulated the production of lymphocytoxic alloantibodies. Moreover, 4 × 107 cells administered periorally elicited cytotoxic antibody titers quantitatively similar to those obtained after challenge with similar numbers of cells by the i.p. route. In vitro cytotoxicity was not detected by either means of sensitization among non-H-2 (H-4, H-11) incompatible mice. Tooth buds transplanted orthotopically among juvenile mice differing at the H-2 locus also yielded production of cytotoxic serum antibodies and killer lymphocytes. The antibodies were detected in vitro after 10 days (1 to 2 days past the median survival time of the transplanted teeth), whereas cytotoxic lymphocytes were detectible at 10 to 13 days. Although tooth buds were rejected in an acute manner in the B10.129(21M) to B10.129(10M) non-H-2 disparate combination, they survived indefinitely in the reciprocal direction despite a transient immunologic crisis. Nevertheless, in vitro cytotoxicity was not demonstrable in either strain combination. The implications of the results of these experiments for prolonged or indefinite survival of allogeneic tooth transplants are discussed. The perioral tissue environment as such offers no immunologic privilege to transplanted allogeneic tissue.
Tolerance and Contact Sensitivity to DNFB in Mice. II. Specific in Vitro Stimulation with a Hapten, 2,4-Dinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid (DNB·SO3Na)
Authors: Phanuphak Praphan , Moorhead John W. , Claman Henry N. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
A hapten, 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acidsodium salt (DNB·SO3Na), a tolerogen, was shown to stimulate (in vitro) specifically lymph node or spleen cells from mice contact-sensitized to DNFB. This stimulation could be carried out in the absence of added serum. Cells from normal and from tolerant mice were not stimulated by DNB·SO3Na.
Characterization of the Fv Fragment Isolated from a Human Immunoglobulin M
Authors: Kakimoto Kiichi , Onoue Kaoru 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A fragment composed of the variable regions of heavy and light chains was isolated from a Waldenström IgM(Hi) protein (κ-type). This fragment was obtained almost quantitatively either by direct peptic digestion of the IgM at pH 4.5, or by peptic digestion of the Fabµ fragment produced by papain digestion of the IgM. The fragment, which was called Fv fragment, had a molecular weight of 30,000. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the antigenicity indicated that this fragment carried essentially all the antigenicity of the variable region of the Hi protein, except some of that of the variable region of κ chain; but it carried only a trace, if any, of the antigenicity of constant region. The results showed that the variable regions of heavy and light chains of an IgM molecule were isolated in their associated form maintaining the structural integrity as in the native molecule.
Effect of Polyadenine: Polyuridine on Brucellosis in Conventional and Congenitally Athymic Mice
Authors: Cheers Christina , Cone Robert E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The adjuvant poly A:U given immediately after infection with Brucella abortus markedly retarded the growth of this organism in both conventional and congenitally athymic mice. The time of administration of poly A:U was critical, and poly A:U given 2 days after brucella had no effect on the course of infection. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of action of poly A:U are discussed.
The Tolerant Cell: Direct Evidence for Receptor Blockade by Tolerogen
Authors: Aldo-Benson Marlene , Borel Yves 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Autoradiographic studies were done with spleen lymphoid cells of normal and tolerant mice to investigate three questions: 1) Does the specificity of lymphocyte receptors change during tolerance? 2) Are the antigen-binding cells (ABC) eliminated in tolerant animals? 3) Does the tolerogen and/or antigen stay on the surface of the ABC in tolerant animals? BDF1 mice were made tolerant by dinitrophenyl isogeneic IgG (DNP-MGG, the tolerogen) and the state of tolerance was tested by challenging the animals with dinitrophenyl-keyhole limpet hemocyanine (DNP-KLH, the antigen). It was found that the lymphocyte receptor of the ABC was specific for the hapten DNP in normal and tolerant animals. Thus, we have no evidence that the hapten-specific B cell receptor changes its specificity during tolerance and recognizes antigenic determinants present on the tolerogen but not the antigen. The number of splenic lymphocytes with receptors free to bind either the antigen or the tolerogen was the same in normal animals and in animals tolerant for 1 week, whereas it was markedly decreased in animals tolerant for 4 weeks. For determining whether the tolerogen and/or the antigen stayed on the cell surface receptor of the ABC in tolerant animals, indirect autoradiography with labeled anti-DNP antibody was done. Purified antibody to DNP was labeled with 125I and reacted with splenic lymphocytes. We found that animals tolerant for 1 week had significantly more cells which bound anti-DNP than either normal animals or animals which received DNP-KLH. Animals tolerant for 4 weeks had even larger numbers of cells which bound anti-DNP-125I than the mice tolerant for 1 week. Blocking studies showed that the binding of anti-DNP in tolerant animals was specific for DNP on cell surfaces.
These experiments demonstrated the functional divergence in the tolerogenic and immunogenic forms of the same antigenic determinant (DNP). The tolerogen remains on the cell surface of the ABC although the antigen does not. They also show that the DNP clone of cells is not deleted in tolerance. This provides direct evidence for the receptor blockade mechanism of tolerance induction and the existence of the tolerant cell (i.e., ABC with receptor “paralyzed” by tolerogen). We suggest that the existence of this tolerant cell may account for the mechanism of acquired and self tolerance.
The Release of Antigen Molecules from Macrophages: Characterization of the Phenomena
Authors: Calderon Jesus , Unanue Emil R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Macrophages were pulsed with 125I-labeled hemocyanin and then cultured in media devoid of any radioactive material. A great part of the cell-bound 125I was released into the culture fluid in a form not bound to protein; however, a small amount (3 to 7%) was released as protein-bound 125I. The released protein-bound 125I was associated with live, viable macrophages and did not derive from dishes nor from lysis of dead cells. About ¼ of the released protein was immunochemically reactive with anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH); the remaining ¾ most likely represents KLH in which the immunoreactive groups lost their original conformation. Trypsin treatment of macrophages did not affect the release of 125I-KLH, suggesting that the product derives from the cell interior. A great majority of the 125I KLH tends to be of smaller size than the original molecule. The release of KLH decreases with time of culture but can be reactivated if fresh medium is added. We conclude that the cell conserves a small pool of intracellular antigen in a form or in a compartment which is slowly catabolized; from this pool a small amount is slowly released into the cell exterior, probably by a process akin to endocytosis but in reverse.
Immunity to Murine Sarcoma Virus-Induced Tumors
Authors: Gorczynski Reginald M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Experiments have been performed to examine the immune status in animals carrying tumors which are in their progressive phase of growth. Unfractionated spleen or lymph node cells of BALB/c mice, inoculated 10 to 14 days previously with murine sarcoma virus (MSV), have no demonstrable immunity in vitro to MSV-viral antigens. On fractionation of the spleen cells from such animals, however, large and small cells can be detected which react in well defined assays for immunity in this system. A cell population of intermediate size is capable of suppressing this activity.
Treatment of the suppressing cell population with anti-θ or anti-immunoglobulin antiserum has provided data to suggest that the suppression is caused by a cell with immunoglobulin moieties on its surface. Moreover, evidence is presented to show that this suppression is nonspecific, in that the induction of protein synthesis in thymus-associated (T) cells in response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is also suppressed by a cell with the above characteristics. The significance of these findings in relation to the status of growth of the tumor in the host is discussed.
Macrophage Receptors for Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF), Migration Stimulatory Factor (MSF), and Agglutinating Factor
Authors: Fox Roy A. , Gregory Douglas S. , Feldman Joseph D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The action of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in fetal calf serum (FCS-MIF) was inhibited by l-fucose and by blood group substances and bovine submaxillary mucin, both of which contain l-fucose. FCS-MIF agglutinated human erythrocytes and guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages. Agglutination of these cell types was inhibited by l-fucose and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. Human type O erythrocytes removed MIF from FCS. Supernatants of antigen stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes, containing MIF, agglutinated guinea pig peritoneal exudate macrophages which could be inhibited by l-fucose and N-acetyl-d-galactosamine; and human type A erythrocytes which could be inhibited by N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. A macrophage migration stimulatory factor in fetal calf serum (FCS-MIF) was inhibited by N-acetyl-d-galactosamine. These observations suggest that macrophages and erythrocytes have distinct membrane receptors for MIF and MSF and that these receptors contain monosaccharides.
Relationship of Immunoglobulin to Complement Receptors of Human B Cells
Authors: Abrahamsohn Ises , Nilsson Ulf R. , Abdou Nabih I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
By using the disappearance of the surface Ig from human peripheral lymphocytes as a parameter of modulation, at 37°C it was shown that anti-Fab antibody is a more effective and faster modulator of the surface Ig than anti-Fc, anti-IgM, or anti-IgG antibodies. The C-binding site was demonstrated to be fully independent and distinct from the surface Ig and a stable marker of Ig-bearing cells. The C receptor can be blocked by the addition of fresh C5-sufficient, C5-deficient mouse serum, or fresh autologous human serum, at 37°C before binding to EAC by a mechanism still to be defined. Both IgM and IgG cells possess the C receptor. The relationship of Ig to C receptors and their role in cell activation by the specific antigen is discussed.
Ontogeny of Immunoglobulin-Bearing Lymphocytes and DNP-Specific Antigen-Binding Cells in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Davie Joseph M. , Paul William E. , Asofsky Richard , Warren Robert W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ontogeny of immunoglobulin (Ig)-bearing and antigen-binding lymphocytes in guinea pigs was examined. At 54 days of gestation, fetal spleen contained adult percentages of IgM-bearing lymphocytes, but few which bore either IgG1 or IgG2, immunoglobulin. By term, the fraction of cells bearing each of the major Ig classes had reached, or was approaching, adult levels. In addition, the appearance of Ig-bearing cells with receptors specific for 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) groups was determined. By 50 days of gestation considerable numbers of these cells were found. Virtually all these cells possessed surface Ig of the µ class. Only at term did IgG2-bearing DNP-binding cells appear. In the adult guinea pig, the majority of DNP-specific lymphocytes possess surface Ig of the IgG2 class.
Immunogenesis from Cultured Marrow and Thymus Cells
Authors: Schmiege Susan K. , Miller Harold C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Bone marrow cells and thymocytes were cultured together in a system that provided a suitable microenvironment for maturation of the various lymphoid cell types. The thymus-derived cells collaborated with marrow-derived cells to yield a biphasic antibody response that was not unlike primary and secondary in vivo responses. The kinetics of thymocyte-antigen reactivity and the maturation into functional T lymphocytes indicated rapid cell division over the first 9 days in vitro. These T cells were capable of serving as educated helper cells in induction of B cell terminal differentiation into antibody-forming cells. In addition these cells supported proliferation of NDV virus in the Bloom et al. assay which serves as a corollate of delayed hypersensitivity.
A Simple Method for the Isolation of the Subcomponents of the First Component of Complement by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Assimeh Seth N. , Bing David H. , Painter Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The three subcomponents of the first component of human complement, C1q, C1r and C1s have been separated and purified by a simple method with affinity chromatography on a column of chemically modified agarose to which human IgG has been covalently linked. This method employs human serum as a starting material, and separates active C1 from serum without the need for euglobulin precipitation. Large quantities of hemolytically active and physicochemically and immunochemically homogeneous C1s can be obtained by a subsequent preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis step. C1q and C1r may be purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography followed by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. A fourth protein which was recovered from the affinity column appears to be a subcomponent of the C1 complex.
Active and Inactive States of Immunologic Unresponsiveness
Authors: Scibienski R. J. , Harris L. M. , Fong S. , Benjamini E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic tolerance was induced in newborn mice by administration of 1, 5, 10, or 20 mg of lysozyme. These mice were subsequently challenged with a mixture of lysozyme and bovine serum albumin (BSA), or with a covalently coupled conjugate of lysozyme and succinylated BSA. When challenged at 6 weeks of age none of these mice responded to lysozyme when administered admixed with BSA. Of the mice challenged with the lysozyme-SBSA conjugate, those tolerized with 1 or 5 mg of lysozyme responded with antilysozyme antibodies but those tolerized with 10 or 20 mg of lysozyme did not. When challenged at 10 weeks of age, mice which had been tolerized with 20 mg of lysozyme mounted a low level antilysozyme response to both the mixture and the conjugate. Assessment of the response of these animals to BSA and SBSA revealed that the anti-SBSA responses of the conjugate-challenged animals were significantly suppressed whereas the anti-BSA response of the mixture-challenged animals was unaffected.
Tolerance was also induced in adult mice, by the injection of 20, 50, or 100 mg of lysozyme. When challenged 12 days after cessation of the tolerizing regimen, all of these mice exhibited suppressed antilysozyme responses regardless of the challenge antigen, although the antilysozyme responses to the conjugate were slightly higher than to the mixture. No suppression of either anti-BSA or anti-SBSA responsiveness was seen in any of these adult tolerant animals.
It was concluded that administration of low doses of tolerogen to neonatal mice results in only T cell tolerance whereas administration of higher doses of tolerogen also effects B cell responsiveness. Furthermore, neonatally induced tolerance appeared to involve some form of active suppression which did not appear to be a factor in the adult tolerized mice. This suppression was only demonstrable at the B cell level.
Leukemic Serum Inhibition of Phytohemagglutinin-Induced Transformation
Authors: Humphrey G. Bennett , Lankford Janice , Oleinick Samuel , Nitschke Ruprecht 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The influence of leukemic serum on phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P)-induced lymphocyte transformation was studied. Twenty of 22 pretreatment sera collected at diagnosis inhibited the transformation of normal lymphocytes stimulated with PHA-P by more than 50%. In these experiments with PHA-P, kinetic studies of transformation demonstrated that leukemic serum inhibited rather than delayed transformation. The inhibition of transformation by PHA-P was assumed to be due to binding of PHA by components of leukemic serum because the inhibition could be overcome by an increase in the PHA concentration. A biologic assay of the PHA content of lysates of lymphocytes preincubated with PHA and leukemic serum further substantiated the PHA-binding mechanism of leukemic serum. Whether the differences observed in the binding capacity of normal and leukemic serum are qualitative or quantitative remains to be determined.