bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of sexual isolation during rapid ecological divergence: Evidence for a new dimension of isolation in Rhagoletis pomonella
Authors: Lackey Alycia C. R. , Murray Alyssa C. , Mirza Nadia A. , Powell Thomas H. Q. 
Published: May 2023

Abstract
The pace of divergence and likelihood of speciation often depends on how and when different types of reproductive barriers evolve. Questions remain about how reproductive isolation evolves after initial divergence. We tested for the presence of sexual isolation (reduced mating between populations due to divergent mating preferences and traits) in Rhagoletis pomonella flies, a model system for incipient ecological speciation. We measured the strength of sexual isolation between two very recently diverged (~170 generations) sympatric populations, adapted to different host fruits (hawthorn and apple). We found that flies from both populations were more likely to mate within than between populations. Thus, sexual isolation may play an important role in reducing gene flow allowed by early-acting ecological barriers. We also tested how warmer temperatures predicted under climate change could alter sexual isolation and found that sexual isolation was markedly asymmetric under warmer temperatures – apple males and hawthorn females mated randomly while apple females and hawthorn males mated more within populations than between. Our findings provide a window into the early speciation process and the role of sexual isolation after initial ecological divergence, in addition to examining how environmental conditions could shape the likelihood of further divergence.
Abstract
New evidence for sexual isolation between two recently diverged (~170 generations) sympatric populations of Rhagoletis pomonella flies adapted to different host fruits (hawthorn and apple). Our findings provide a window into the early speciation process and the role of sexual isolation after initial ecological divergence as well as the temperature sensitivity of sexual isolation.
Knodus borari, a new species from the lower Rio Tapajós basin (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Silva‐Oliveira Cárlison , Colares Canto André L. , Ribeiro Frank Raynner V. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractA new species of Knodus from the Rio Cupari, a right‐bank tributary of the lower Rio Tapajós, is described. Among its congeners, the new species shares exclusively with K. figueiredoi the presence of only uni‐tricuspid teeth in the premaxilla, maxilla and dentary. Knodus borari differs from K. figueiredoi by the colour pattern and morphological characteristics. The new species is the fifth species of the genus described from the Rio Tapajós basin, and the second restricted to the lower portion of the basin. This is additional evidence that the lower Rio Tapajós basin is a region of ichthyofaunal endemism.
Aerobic response to thermal stress across ontogeny and habitats in a teleost fish
Authors: Schneider Eric V. C. , Zuckerman Zachary C. , Talwar Brendan S. , Cooke Steven J. , Shultz Aaron D. , Suski Cory D. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractNear‐future climate change projections predict an increase in sea surface temperature that is expected to have significant and rapid effects on marine ectotherms, potentially affecting a number of critical life processes. Some habitats also undergo more thermal variability than others, and the inhabitants therefore must be more tolerant to acute periods of extreme temperatures. Mitigation of these outcomes may occur through acclimation, plasticity or adaptation, although the rate and extent of a species' ability to adjust to warmer temperatures is largely unknown, specifically as it pertains to effects on various performance metrics in fishes that inhabit multiple habitats throughout ontogenetic stages. Here, the thermal tolerance and aerobic performance of schoolmaster snapper (Lutjanus apodus Walbaum, 1792) collected from two different habitats were experimentally assessed under different warming scenarios (temperature treatments = 30, 33, 35, 36°C) to assess vulnerability to an imminently changing thermal habitat. Larger subadult and adult fish collected from a 12 m deep coral reef exhibited a lower critical thermal maximum (CTmax) compared to smaller juvenile fish collected from a 1 m deep mangrove creek. However, the CTmax of the creek‐sampled fish was only 2°C above the maximum water temperature measured in the habitat from which they were collected, compared to a CTmax that was 8°C higher in the reef‐sampled fish, resulting in a wider thermal safety margin at the reef site. A generalized linear model showed a marginally significant effect of temperature treatment on resting metabolic rate (RMR), but there were no effects of any of the tested factors on maximum metabolic rate or absolute aerobic scope. Post hoc tests revealed that RMR was significantly higher for creek‐collected fish at the 36°C treatment and significantly higher for reef‐collected fish at 35°C. Swimming performance [measured by critical swimming speed] was significantly lower at the highest temperature treatment for creek‐collected fish and trended down with each successive increase in temperature treatment for reef‐collected fish. These results show that metabolic rate and swimming performance responses to thermal challenges are somewhat consistent across collection habitats, and this species may be susceptible to unique types of thermal risk depending on its habitat. We show the importance of intraspecific studies that couple habitat profiles and performance metrics to better understand possible outcomes under thermal stress.
Heat‐treated Pediococcus acidilactici LM1013‐mediated inhibition of biofilm formation by Cutibacterium acnes and its application in acne vulgaris: A single‐arm clinical trial
Authors: Bae Won‐Young , Jung Woo‐Hyun , Lee Young Jin , Shin So Lim , An Yu‐Kyung , Kim Tae‐Rahk , Sohn Minn 
Published: May 2023

AbstractPurposeAcne vulgaris is a common skin disease accompanied by chronic inflammation in the pilosebaceous follicles, resulting from excessive Cutibacterium acnes. This study aimed to investigate the inhibition of biofilm formation by C. acnes ATCC 6919 using heat‐treated Pediococcus acidilactici LM1013 (HT‐LM1013), previously isolated from the Korean traditional fermented alcoholic beverage—makgeolli, and its application as a leave‐on‐type product for patients with acne vulgaris.MethodsHT‐LM1013 was prepared by Lactomason and homogenized using a high‐pressure homogenizer. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and lipase activity were evaluated for C. acnes inhibition. Inhibition of biofilm formation was demonstrated using a crystal violet solution. Damaged C. acnes was observed using field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM). Clinical trials were performed using a leave‐on‐type product containing HT‐LM1013.ResultsHT‐LM1013 inhibited the TCA cycle (36.80%) and lipase activity using palmitate (31.89%), stearate (36.91%), and oleate (30.86%) as substrates at 1 × MIC (p < 0.01). After treatment with HT‐LM1013, concave and elongated shapes of C. acnes were observed by FE‐SEM. In addition, HT‐LM1013 inhibited biofilm formation by 71.75% at 1 × MIC (p < 0.001) and removed 73.35% of mature biofilms (p < 0.01). In the clinical trial, the leave‐on‐type product decreased the number of closed comedones from 14.04 to 10.22, open comedones from 7.22 to 4.39%, and sebum content to 76.23% at week 4 (p < 0.01). The satisfaction score of the participants was recorded 3.83 on a five‐point scale.ConclusionHT‐LM1013 is potent for the treatment of acne vulgaris.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium among cardiac surgery nurses: A cross‐sectional multi‐centre study
Authors: Zhou Chenxi , Qu Xi , Wang Lan , Wu Qiansheng , Zhou Yanrong 
Published: May 2023

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo examine knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium and the relationships among cardiac surgery nurses in China.BackgroundPostoperative delirium is a prevalent and devastating complication following cardiac surgery. Nurses play a part in multi‐disciplinary collaboration for preventing and managing postoperative delirium, of whom knowledge, attitude, and practice are essential.DesignA cross‐sectional multi‐centre study.MethodsNurses from cardiac surgery wards and intensive care units of five tertiary hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China were enrolled. Data were gathered online using a self‐administered questionnaire. Student's t‐test, or analysis of variance, or non‐parametric tests were performed to compare differences across groups. Bootstrapping mediation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between knowledge, attitude, and practice. The STROBE checklist was used for the reporting of this study.ResultsOf 429 nurses, a moderate level of knowledge and high levels of attitude and practice regarding postoperative delirium were revealed. Nurses with higher education, higher academic title, 5–10 years of practice in nursing and cardiac surgery nursing exhibited increased knowledge. With advanced age, practice in a specialised hospital, and training experience, nurses reported a better degree of practice. Attitude played a full mediating effect in the relationship between knowledge and practice, accounting for 81.82% of the total effects.ConclusionsKnowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium are promising among Chinese cardiac surgery nurses, with knowledge of screening tools and perioperative nonpharmacological interventions and practice of screening in need of enhancement. Attitudes act as an intermediary between knowledge and practice regarding postoperative delirium.Relevance to Clinical PracticeInnovative and stratified in‐service education is warranted to address knowledge enhancement. Meanwhile, organisations are suggested to make efforts to foster nurses' positive attitudes, particularly in creating a favourable culture and developing institutional protocols for postoperative delirium management to improve practice.No Patient or Public ContributionThis study is focused on cardiac surgery nurses' knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding postoperative delirium, and the research questions and design are from clinical nursing practice, literature review, and expert panel review, in which the patient or public is temporarily not involved.
Bilateral treatment of the masseter with botulinum toxin: Consequences for mastication, muscle force and the mandibular condyle
Authors: Liu Zi‐Jun (Zee) , Rafferty Katherine L. , Wang Dennis B. , Owart Birkin , Herring Susan W. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractBackgroundClinical use of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) in masticatory muscles is usually bilateral, but most studies on the functional consequences of BoNT treatment have used unilaterally treated animals.ObjectivesTo test the hypothesis that bilateral BoNT treatment of the rabbit masseter hampers mastication and to assess its effects on bone density of the mandibular condyles.MethodsTen 5‐month‐old female rabbits received injections of BoNT into both masseter muscles and nine sham animals received saline. Body weight, incisor bite force during masseter tetany, and surface and fine‐wire electromyography (EMG) of the masseter and medial pterygoid muscles were assessed at regular intervals. Half the sample was terminated after 4 weeks and the remainder after 12 weeks. Muscles were weighed and mandibular condyles were scanned with microCT to analyse bone density.ResultsBoNT rabbits lost weight and required a soft‐food diet. Incisor occlusal force plummeted after BoNT injection and remained lower than the shams. The duration of masticatory cycles was increased in the BoNT rabbits for 5 weeks, with most of the increase due to the adductor burst. Masseteric EMG amplitude began to improve at Week 5, but remained low on the working side throughout the experiment. At the 12‐week endpoint, masseter muscles were smaller in the BoNT rabbits. Medial pterygoid muscles did not compensate. Condylar bone density was reduced.ConclusionBilateral treatment of the rabbit masseter by BoNT severely affected chewing performance. Even after a 3‐month recovery period, deficits remained in bite force, muscle size and condylar bone density.
Balancing costs and benefits of managing hibernacula of cavernicolous bats
Authors: Boyles Justin G. , Brack Virgil , McGuire Liam P. 
Published: May 2023

ABSTRACT

Manipulation of microclimates in caves and mines has gained renewed interest as a conservation and management strategy for populations of hibernating bats devastated by white‐nose syndrome (WNS). WNS creates an energy imbalance for hibernating bats and ultimately leads to starvation, so some researchers and management agencies suggest modifying hibernacula to meet conditions historically thought to minimise energy expenditure during hibernation.

Modifying hibernacula has great potential as a management strategy, but an oversimplified view of hibernation physiology and behaviour leads to an incomplete balancing of costs and benefits. Hibernaculum manipulations, as currently being implemented in the USA, carry high risk because cave systems used by bats have all the hallmarks of systems prone to falling into ecological traps.

We present an individual‐based model of bat energetics during hibernation, demonstrating the risk of relying on oversimplified descriptions of physiology and environmental conditions to design and implement hibernaculum manipulations. When realistic levels of variation in ambient conditions are included, proposed ‘target’ microclimates are very risky for hibernating bats.

Realistic natural conditions in many or most hibernacula mean that modifications to the microclimate may produce modest energy savings for hibernating bats while potentially exposing them to substantial long‐term fitness declines.

Due to the risks of creating ecological traps and negative energetic consequences, we generally urge caution when modifying subterranean sites for bat use, and specifically suggest that if hibernacula are modified, the primary goal should be to maximise spatial gradients and minimise temporal variability in ambient conditions (temperature and humidity), as opposed to aiming to achieve a specific midwinter temperature.
Early‐life telomere length predicts life‐history strategy and reproductive senescence in a threatened wild songbird
Authors: Morland Fay , Ewen John G. , Simons Mirre J. P. , Brekke Patricia , Hemmings Nicola 
Published: May 2023

AbstractTelomeres are well known for their associations with lifespan and ageing across diverse taxa. Early‐life telomere length can be influenced by developmental conditions and has been shown positively affect lifetime reproductive success in a limited number of studies. Whether these effects are caused by a change in lifespan, reproductive rate or perhaps most importantly reproductive senescence is unclear. Using long‐term data on female breeding success from a threatened songbird (the hihi,Notiomystis cincta), we show that the early‐life telomere length of individuals predicts the presence and rate of future senescence of key reproductive traits: clutch size and hatching success. In contrast, senescence of fledging success is not associated with early‐life telomere length, which may be due to the added influence of biparental care at this stage. Early‐life telomere length does not predict lifespan or lifetime reproductive success in this species. Females may therefore change their reproductive allocation strategy depending on their early developmental conditions, which we hypothesise are reflected in their early‐life telomere length. Our results offer new insights on the role that telomeres play in reproductive senescence and individual fitness and suggest telomere length can be used as a predictor for future life history in threatened species.
Positive associations matter: Microbial relationships drive tick microbiome composition
Authors: Fountain‐Jones Nicholas M. , Khoo Benedict S. , Rau Austin , Berman Jesse D. , Burton Erin N. , Oliver Jonathan D. 
Published: May 2023

AbstractUntangling how factors such as environment, host, associations among bacterial species and dispersal predict microbial composition is a fundamental challenge. In this study, we use complementary machine‐learning approaches to quantify the relative role of these factors in shaping microbiome variation of the blacklegged tickIxodes scapularis.I. scapularisis the most important vector forBorrelia burgdorferi(the causative agent for Lyme disease) in the U.S. as well as a range of other important zoonotic pathogens. Yet the relative role of the interactions between pathogens and symbionts compared to other ecological forces is unknown. We found that positive associations between microbes where the occurrence of one microbe increases the probability of observing another, including between both pathogens and symbionts, was by far the most important factor shaping the tick microbiome. Microclimate and host factors played an important role for a subset of the tick microbiome includingBorrelia(Borreliella) andRalstonia, but for the majority of microbes, environmental and host variables were poor predictors at a regional scale. This study provides new hypotheses on how pathogens and symbionts might interact within tick species, as well as valuable predictions for how some taxa may respond to changing climate.
Russia and the Kurds: A Soft‐Power Tool for the Kremlin?
Authors: Borshchevskaya Anna 
Published: May 2023

AbstractRussia has been the Kurds’ patron for more than two centuries, motivated primarily by the cynical desire to use them against adversaries in broader great‐power games while casting itself as a champion of the Kurdish cause. Russia's longstanding and multifaceted relationship with the Kurds demonstrates that when it comes to geopolitics, the United States has more than brute force to contend with. The Russian state also utilizes soft power as an authoritarian state defines it: a tool of pragmatic leverage. While the Kurds are not a monolith, they are anxious about the trajectory of US politics and feel they cannot rely on anyone. The Russian state has opportunities to undermine American interests in places such as Syria and Iraq through its connections with Kurdish groups. This article reviews tsarist, Soviet, and post‐Soviet policies toward the Kurds, including Kurdish communities in Russia. It concludes with a discussion about implications for the United States, given that Moscow will not let go of its Kurdish card, including in the context of the Ukraine invasion.
A probabilistic deep reinforcement learning approach for optimal monitoring of a building adjacent to deep excavation
Authors: Pan Yue , Qin Jianjun , Zhang Limao , Pan Weiqiang , Chen Jin‐Jian 
Published: May 2023

AbstractDuring a deep excavation project, monitoring the structural health of the adjacent buildings is crucial to ensure safety. Therefore, this study proposes a novel probabilistic deep reinforcement learning (PDRL) framework to optimize the monitoring plan to minimize the cost and excavation‐induced risk. First, a Bayesian‐bi‐directional general regression neural network is built as a probabilistic model to describe the relationship between the ground settlement of the foundation pit and the safety state of the adjacent building, along with the actions in a dynamic manner. Subsequently, a double deep Q‐network method, which can capture the realistic features of the excavation management problem, is trained to form a closed decision loop for continuous learning of monitoring strategies. Finally, the proposed PDRL approach is applied to a real‐world deep excavation case in No. 14 Shanghai Metro. This approach can estimate the time‐variant probability of damage occurrence and maintenance actions and update the state of the adjacent building. According to the strategy proposed via PDRL, monitoring of the adjacent buildings begins in the middle stage rather than on the first day of the excavation project if there is full confidence in the quality of the monitoring data. When the uncertainty level of data rises, the starting day might shift to an earlier date. It is worth noting that the proposed PDRL method is adequately robust to address the uncertainties embedded in the environment and model, thus contributing to optimizing the monitoring plan for achieving cost‐effectiveness and risk mitigation.
Association between low levels of anti‐inflammatory cytokines during pregnancy and postpartum depression
Authors: Ono Chiaki T. , Yu Zhiqian , Obara Taku , Ishikuro Mami , Murakami Keiko , Kikuya Masahiro , Kikuchi Saya , Kobayashi Natsuko , Kudo Hisaaki , Ogishima Soichi , Minegishi Naoko , Sugawara Junichi , Kuriyama Shinichi , Yamamoto Masayuki , Yaegashi Nobuo , Tomita Hiroaki 
Published: May 2023

AimPrevious studies based on a relatively limited number of subjects have indicated potential associations between plasma cytokine concentrations in perinatal women and postpartum depression (PPD). This report aimed to examine alterations in cytokine levels during pregnancy and after delivery by measuring nine cytokines in prenatal and postnatal plasma samples in a large cohort.MethodsA nested, case–control study was conducted using plasma samples from 247 women with PPD (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: EPDS ≥9) and 243 age‐matched control (EPDS ≤2) women from among perinatal women who participated in the Tohoku Medical Megabank three‐generation cohort. Concentrations of nine plasma cytokines (IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐4, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12p40, IL‐12p70, IL‐13, and TNF‐α) in plasma collected at the time of enrollment during pregnancy and 1 month after delivery were determined using an immunoassay kit.ResultsCross‐sectional comparisons of cytokine levels during pregnancy and after delivery indicated that the PPD group maintained significantly lower plasma IL‐4 levels during pregnancy and after delivery than the control group, and that plasma IL‐4 levels decreased significantly during pregnancy regardless of PPD status. Plasma IL‐10 levels were significantly higher during pregnancy than after delivery only among healthy controls, and plasma IL‐10 levels were significantly higher in the control group than in the PPD group. Moreover, IFN‐γ, IL‐6, IL‐12p40, and TNF‐α levels were significantly lower during pregnancy compared with after delivery regardless of PPD status.ConclusionsThese results suggest a potential protective effect of the anti‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐10 during pregnancy against the development of PPD.
Knowledge and belief of fecal occult blood screening: A systematic review
Authors: Hu Li‐feng , Yue Qian‐qian , Tang Tian , Sun Ying‐xue , Zou Jin‐yu , Huang Yu‐ting , Zeng Xi , Zeng Ying 
Published: May 2023

AbstractIntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is effective in the prevention of CRC.ObjectiveThis study aimed to assess knowledge and beliefs regarding FOBT‐based screening.MethodsThis study used PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE Complete, and Web of Science to search for articles. Original full‐text studies in English language focusing on knowledge and beliefs of FOBT screening were included.ResultsA total of 32 articles were included. This study indicated that the population in most studies had inadequate knowledge and lacked beliefs toward FOBT‐based screening. Most of the extracted studies showed that less than half of the participants had heard of FOBT‐based screening. Six studies showed that less than 50% of participants had knowledge of FOBT age. Three studies found that less than 40% of participants were aware of the screening interval. Some participants perceived the benefits of FOBT‐based screening, while others perceived many barriers to the test.ConclusionParticipants’ knowledge and belief in FOBT‐based screening were insufficient. This review highlights the importance of educational programs to increase knowledge and beliefs regarding FOBT‐based screening. It is important to include FOBT‐based screening in the health care system to promote the secondary prevention of CRC.