bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rubber Stamp
Authors: Wallach Philip A. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 10 lays out a second future scenario, “Rubber Stamp,” in which reformers frustrated with congressional inaction make major changes, including eliminating the filibuster, restricting amendments, and providing for automatic continuing resolutions whenever Congress fails to pass spending laws. Remote participation is embraced, allowing members to cast their votes from afar. Congress would no longer be able to obstruct presidential agendas. But having lost most of its power, it would be little more than a venue for cheap talk, much like the ornamental legislatures of authoritarian regimes. Such chambers are not without their purposes, but they are in no way responsible for making their countries’ most important decisions. The chapter argues that if the United States is deprived of a vital Congress, and citizen participation is limited to rendering judgments in plebiscitary presidential elections, American politics will no longer be truly free.
Philosophy Lost
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
For Scottish Enlightenment scholars, the mid-1700s was a heady time. Europe had never seen better prospects. Scholars knew they wanted to do what Newton was doing. Exactly what that meant was unclear though, and determining how to conceive of science—then called natural philosophy—would take time. But natural science was rising, and Hume thought there ought to be a science of human nature as well. Hence Hume’s attempt to “introduce the experimental method of reasoning into moral subjects” (the subtitle of Hume’s Treatise). Instead, during the course of the 1800s, moral philosophy had to reinvent itself as what was left after testable hypotheses became the turf of newly emerging departments of social science. This was the opposite of what Hume and Smith intended, which was to apply experimental methods of reasoning to moral subjects.
Justice as Traffic Management
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Justice has fact-insensitive features implicit in the meanings of the words themselves. For example, justice is about people getting what they are due. That much is true no matter what the context, which is what it means to call it fact-insensitive. Exactly what a given person is due is a different question: when we ask that question, context matters. David Hume was coming to see justice as in some way grounded in convention—in observing what people come to be warranted in expecting from each other. Moral science starts by observing what happens when people expect one thing rather than another.
What Is a Theory?
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
To theorize is to draw a map with words. Here is a crucial fact about theorizing, expressed as a point about maps: there is no such thing as the correct way to draw the map. Consider how astounding it would be if two cartography students, working separately on mapping a terrain, drew identical maps. It would not happen. So, too, with drawing theories. Theorists choose how to represent terrain. A crucial fact about this activity is that terrain underdetermines choices that are made about how to map it. Theorizing per se does not lead to consensus. Seeing moral theories as decision procedures makes it look as though people can permit only one procedure lest multiple procedures conflict. But construing moral theory as decision theory is a mistake worth correcting. Theories are maps: nothing more, nothing less. It is fine to have more than one.
What Works
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
What has enabled billions of people to work their way out of pits of famine? Adam Smith inquired into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Smith set aside the egocentric question “What does morality ask of me?” and instead asked what was making the world so prosperous. (Peter Singer has been studying this, too, to his credit.) What the author calls social (as opposed to personal) morality is not about deciding what to expect from ourselves. It is about discovering which of the evolving patterns of cooperation and coordination that people inhabit are observably making the world a better place. The question that arises is about what to respect, not what to do.
Introduction
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates why territorial withdrawal—and exit from occupations in particular—remains an enduring policy problem throughout global politics. This chapter also introduces this book’s primary research questions, namely: why do some occupations end, while others persist? Why would the same occupying power entrench itself in one territory, while leaving another? What factors influence an occupier to withdraw from an occupied territory, or entrench itself within it? This chapter demonstrates the gap in the existing literature pertaining to these questions and illustrates the utility of focusing on the Israeli milieu for addressing them. Concurrently, it delineates the book’s case studies, analytical framework, and core assumptions. It also outlines the book’s contributions: within the field of security studies and territorial conflict in particular and for the study of Israel and the Israeli-Arab conflict as a milieu.
Occupation without Exit #1
Authors: Pinfold Rob Geist 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 examines why Israel has not withdrawn from the West Bank. Prior to each of the withdrawals examined here, the international and bilateral arenas coalesced to create a new, pro-withdrawal domestic consensus. Chapter 5 explains why this pattern of bargaining did not manifest in the West Bank. It demonstrates that, unlike other cases examined here, Israel’s domestic arena does not perceive the West Bank as one contiguous entity. Instead, it attributes divergent value throughout the territory. Inputs across all three arenas, such as international pressure and the millions of Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank, have prevented Israel from annexing the entire territory. Conversely, Israel considers parts of the West Bank uniquely valuable and no amount of bilateral and international pressure altered this perception. This chapter delineates how this dichotomy has caused Israel to withdraw from some parts of the West Bank, while simultaneously entrenching itself elsewhere in the territory.
Varieties of Harm
Authors: Feit Neil 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses some varieties of harm, largely for the purpose of setting the stage for the rest of the book. It discusses the distinction between intrinsic harm, or harm in virtue of the intrinsic properties of an event, and extrinsic harm. It also discusses the distinction between pro tanto harm, or harm in some respect, and overall harm or harm all things considered. This chapter also contains a preliminary discussion and evaluation of a basic version of the counterfactual comparative account of harm and benefit. It also considers the notion of harm at a time—for example, harm in the short term—and previews some related issues about the harm of death.
Physics II 3 in Argumentative Context
Authors: Stein Nathanael 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s key claims about causes are re-evaluated against the results of the preceding chapters. In contrast to explanatory reductionism, he describes his causes in terms of second-order roles, which allows them to function across different ontological kinds and different types of metaphysical relationship. His principle about natural regularities reveals a commitment to a multiplicity of types of intrinsic (kath’hauto) cause—causes which relate to what they cause precisely insofar as those things come to be what they are. Aristotle offers a distinctive way of defining natural kinds in terms of their arrays of intrinsic causes, especially matter. This constitutes an extension of the conceptually simple schema for explaining true predications to the task of explaining things and the transformations they undergo. Explanatory power is achieved not by reduction, but rather by isolating a causally precise and perspicuous way of picking out intrinsic (kath’hauto) causes.
Introduction
Authors: Hussein Waheed 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The market plays a central role in the lives of most people in the world today, leading them into patterns of production activity and consumption activity. The market does not always involve us in the right way in generating these patterns, and it does not explain the reasons behind the patterns that emerge from the process. The introduction articulates three criteria by which a pattern of production and consumption can be judged: (a) whether the arrangement draws citizens into the most rational or choice-worthy pattern of activity; (b) whether the arrangement enables citizens to judge for themselves the merits of the pattern; and (c) whether the arrangement gives citizens a rational basis for trusting that the arrangement is drawing them into the most rational pattern of activity. Based on these criteria, the introduction explains the importance of understanding the market as a shared social institution that must be consistent with the mutual respect among market participants as free persons. This approach is contrasted with some other prominent views. The German system of codetermination is introduced as a possible mechanism for achieving a less authoritarian and more transparent market society. The introduction concludes with an outline of the book’s chapters.
Mapping Humanity
Authors: Miller Richard J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
By the twentieth century science had become a widely practiced profession, and hundreds of millions of animals are now used every year for research purposes. Animals are used for conducting basic research and for testing purposes in the pharmaceutical industry. But how useful are these experiments? Do they generally provide results that help solve human-related problems? This chapter examines the types of animal models that are used in research today. In addition to very simple animals like worms and flies, mice are the most widely used animal for research purposes. How similar are mice to humans? Genetics tells us that they are 85% similar, but what does that mean in practice? Do experiments on mice accurately reflect human biology? In many instances scientists do not adequately consider this issue and mice and other animals fail to recapitulate humans, which makes their use problematic.
Ontology and Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The way society is organised means that we all get made into members of various types of people, such as judges, wives, or women. These ‘human social kinds’ may be brought into being by oppressive social arrangements, and people may suffer oppression in virtue of being made into a member of a certain human social kind. This book argues that we should pay attention to the ways in which the very fact of being made into a member of a certain human social kind can be oppressive in and of itself. For example, someone who becomes a wife under circumstances where husbands have unjust powers over their wives has suffered a wrong, even if her husband never in fact exercises these powers. The book argues that social movements against racial and gendered oppression, including efforts to advance trans liberation, must get to grips with this phenomenon, and it supplies the conceptual tools needed to do so. The first tool is an analysis of this general form of wrong, termed ‘ontic injustice’. The second tool is an account of ‘ontic oppression’, a particular kind of ontic injustice in which the wrong amounts to a form of oppression, in the sense of being structural and pervasive. The third tool is a pluralist account of race and gender kinds, according to which there is no single social kind that corresponds to a gender category such as ‘woman’, but, rather, there are various different social kinds, each of which is explanatory for different purposes.
Interpersonal Race and Gender Kinds and Ontic Oppression
Authors: Jenkins Katharine 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a second variety of race and gender kinds, ‘interpersonal race and gender kinds’, drawing on Ásta’s account of social categories as conferred social statuses. Interpersonal kinds are unified by the interpersonal constraints and enablements that individuals fall under in a particular context. The chapter shows how these kinds fit into the constraints and enablements framework and argues for a particular understanding of the role that deontic normativity plays in constructing interpersonal kinds, which is a point of departure from Ásta’s account. Finally, it argues that some interpersonal race and gender kinds are ontically oppressive, but others are not, and some even have an emancipatory function.
A Broader View of Punishment
Authors: Sullivan Michael J. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 argues that state actions that undermine caregivers’ capacities to support their families inflict undeserved collateral consequences on their innocent dependents. Scholars of criminology, political science, and sociolegal studies have expanded the understanding of what it means to experience punishment. There is a cross-national trend toward the criminalization of regulatory offenses such as immigration violations and thought or allegiance “pre-crimes” in anti-terrorism prosecutions. Despite formal divisions in the law between administrative sanctions and criminal punishment, immigration enforcement actions, denials of citizenship, denationalizations, and preventive detentions for inchoate offenses are equally punitive. Suspects, offenders, and those who depend on them should be entitled to counsel and other protections reserved for offenders in the criminal justice system. The state should assume responsibility for ensuring the adequate protection and well-being of those who are dependent on persons detained on immigration and terrorism charges.
The Concepts
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
We hear all kinds of claims today about nationalism, populism, fascism, and nativism, but it is unclear what all of this means or how these things are interrelated. The political movements that have engulfed Europe and the United States clearly share attributes of nationalism, populism, fascism, and nativism. But none of these concepts fully encompasses what we are experiencing. Therefore, to understand how these concepts relate and differ from one another, the chapter offers a basic introduction to each of these concepts, highlighting how they align and where they diverge. The chapter is divided into four sections, each of which introduces something of the history of each concept, as well as the approaches that scholars have taken to define each.
Joseph Schumpeter
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 explains how Joseph Schumpeter’s theory can be used to overcome the weaknesses in Polanyi’s. Schumpeter characterizes the mid-nineteenth century not as marked by “high finance,” but by “the railroadization of the world.” He explains that railroads were the central economic stimulus of the mid-nineteenth century because they “set off a great building boom.” So dramatic was the change, that new forms of finance were required. Schumpeter’s schema is valuable for understanding the rise of global finance and liberalism. Bringing the strengths of these theories together, I argue that both turn-of-the-century movements were periods of the “double movement” because remarkable technological innovations in transportation and communications created “economies of speed” in addition to “economies of scale.” So dramatic was the change that everything was in flux. Self-seeking politicians were able to galvanize growing fear and anxiety to launch anti-globalization populist movements, producing an era of defensive nationalism.
The Concert of Europe
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how four critical outcomes from the Concert of Europe peace accords explain the rise of global trade, finance capitalism, and with that hyper-liberalism. First, border disputes were settled and large-scale wars ended on European soil allowing for trade and industry to ramp up; second, Britain emerged as the new center of finance and economic power that could impose a liberal agenda on the world; third, mounting pressures from trade forced the adoption of a new gold standard as the first international monetary system; and fourth, these combined processes provoked a global economic crisis in 1848, which provided the political impetus to dismantle what remained of the mercantile economic order. The combined effect of these outcomes was that capital became mobile, laissez-faire trade globalized, and the “liberal creed” internationally disseminated. All of this set the stage for the double movement in the latter part of the century.
The Bretton Woods Era
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
This chapter catalogs the same processes one hundred years later. It shows how the Bretton Woods agreements created a new international system that would preclude devastating conflicts on European and American soil. This allowed war-torn countries to ramp up their economies. Again, a new world economic power, the United States, emerged from the wars, which was able to push its liberal agenda. As trade increased, the stability of the Bretton Woods monetary system was undermined. A new monetary system, the fiat system, was developed, which allowed capital to move freely again. Finally, the scales tipped away from the social and economic protections baked into the Bretton Woods system after the 1970s oil crises. The crises discredited Keynesian economics and set off a slow but steady ideological turn away from the welfare state and toward neo-liberalism. Once again, global economic interconnectivity and neoliberal policies produced the “double movement.”
Conclusion
Authors: Rabinowitz B. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
The conclusion considers the viability of the comparison between these two epochs and how much the earlier century can tell us about today. It looks at both differences and similarities between the two periods and ends with a quote from two sociologists writing right before World War I. One, Sir Ralph Norman Angell, argued in 1910 that industrialized countries had become so economically intertwined that a European war had become highly unlikely. The other, S. H. Swinny, wrote that “Unenlightened sentiment may easily be turned to evil” and warned that aggression could easily be manipulated. The chapter closes saying that it is not clear which of these predictions fit our own times, but we should be ever vigilant.
Strategic Taxation
Authors: Martin Lucy E. S. 
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Across the developing world, governments still lack the fiscal capacity to fund critical public goods, alleviate poverty, and invest in economic development. Yet, we know little about how to effectively build strong states in these settings. This book develops and tests a new theory to explain why fiscal capacity in African states is low. Drawing on work in psychology and behavioral economics, this book argues that taxation leads citizens to demand more from leaders as they seek to recover lost income from taxation. It then argues that governments’ willingness to tax will depend on the extent to which they can satisfy citizens’ demands while maintaining rent extraction. Rent-seeking leaders of low-capacity states will strategically underinvest in fiscal capacity in order to avoid the higher demands they face under taxation. Contrary to many existing theories, I show that this can actually lead to lower taxation in democracies compared to autocracies, as citizen accountability demands pose a bigger threat to rulers. The book uses multiple empirical approaches to test the theory. Laboratory experiments in Uganda and Ghana, combined with Afrobarometer data, demonstrate that taxation increases citizens’ demands on leaders. Global cross-national panel data show that democracy can actually lead to lower taxation in low-capacity states. When taxation is sustainable, however, it is associated with better governance. Case studies in Uganda, based on the author’s own fieldwork and original survey data, provide additional support for the theory. These findings provide new framework for understanding the challenges to building state capacity, especially fiscal capacity, in modern developing countries.
Ruling Emancipated Slaves and Indigenous Subjects
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThis book examines why forced settlement colonies, where European colonists established large-scale agricultural plantations with enslaved African labor, show favorable developmental outcomes relative to colonies of occupation, whose indigenous nonwhite populations predate the onset of European colonial expansion. Both patterns of imperial control were extractive and labor-repressive, yet forced settlement colonies emerged from European domination with higher levels of education attainment, greater postcolonial democratization, and favorable human development outcomes relative to Global South countries that emerged from colonial occupation after 1945. This book explains this paradox by examining the distinctive legal-administrative institutions used to control emancipated Afro-descendants and indigenous colonial subjects in the Global South. It highlights the importance of liberal reforms that expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants and undermined the political dominance of local white planters following the abolition of slavery in the New World. By contrast, the late nineteenth-century territorial expansion of colonial occupation generated extractive legal-administrative institutions that restricted the legal rights and political agency of indigenous colonial subjects following the abolition of slavery. These distinctive patterns of state-building and administrative control ultimately favored the long-term development and postcolonial democratization of forced settlement colonies like Jamaica, Cape Verde, and the French Antilles colonies relative to continental African states that experienced colonial occupation. The book’s core arguments are supported by statistical evidence from more than 90 developing countries that gained independence after World War II, and comparative-historical evidence from the British, French, and Portuguese colonial empires.
A Historical Overview of Forced Settlement and Colonial Occupation in the Global South
Authors: Owolabi Olukunle P. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChapter 2 presents a historical overview of forced settlement and colonial occupation in the Global South. This chapter highlights the extractive and repressive nature of plantation slavery in forced settlement colonies, and the liberal institutional reforms that expanded the legal rights and political agency of emancipated Afro-descendants in forced settlement colonies. The chapter also outlines the geostrategic and economic factors that contributed to the territorial expansion of colonial occupation following the abolition of slavery in the New World. The historical overview of forced settlement and colonial occupation also highlights the distinctive legal-administrative frameworks that governed emancipated Afro-descendants and indigenous colonial subjects under British, French, and Portuguese rule.