bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Butanol-Extractable Human Placenta-Specific Antigen with Alkaline Phosphatase Activity
Authors: Chang Chin-Hai , Angellis Dennis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
n-Butanol extracts of whole-term placenta from different individuals were prepared, and used as immunogens to raise heterologous hyperimmune sera in rabbits. Upon immunoelectrophoresis the anti-placenta antisera could recognize at least six antigenic components in the placental extract even after they had been completely absorbed with pooled male serum proteins. However, the antisera so absorbed, designated (-PMS) antisera, could still react strongly with several normal adult tissue extracts including kidney. Systematic and quantitative absorptions of the (-PMS) antisera were thus further carried out with individual butanol extracts of normal adult liver, lung, intestine, stomach, kidney, bone, pancreas, spleen, heart, cerebrum, cerebellum, breast, and packed red cells, as well as a composite extract containing equal amounts of each of the 13 adult tissue extracts. Of the six antigenic components in the placental extracts reacting with the (-PMS) antisera the only one which retained its reactivity with the antisera throughout exhaustive absorptions was associated with alkaline phosphatase activity. This immunologic and enzymologic identity was confirmed with homogeneous placental alkaline phosphatase. Extracts from each of three placentae injected into three pairs of rabbits all produced an identical antibody reaction with the unique determinant(s) of placental alkaline phosphatase. The same identity of precipitin reaction was also found with extracts of 14 other placentae against each of these antisera. It thus firmly establishes that placental alkaline phosphatase is a characteristic placenta-specific fetal protein.
Cross Reactivity of Human β2-Microglobulin with Human Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Activity
Authors: Price G. B. , McCulloch E. A. , Till J. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Effects of antisera to human β2-microglobulin (β2m) on factors able to stimulate colony formation in culture by human granulopoietic progenitor cells were investigated. The colony-stimulating activity (CSA) present in media conditioned by cultures of human peripheral leukocytes was suppressed by treatment with anti-β2m. This inhibition was not due to a direct effect on the granulopoietic progenitor cells; controls to test for cytotoxicity and for noncytotoxic inhibition of the progenitor cells by anti-β2m yielded negative results. These experiments provide evidence for a relationship between human CSA and β-microglobulin, and suggest a possible analogy between molceules involved in the in vitro regulation of granulopoiesis and products of the major histocompatibility gene complex.
Two Functionally Distinct Anti-Tumor Effector Cells Isolated from Primary Murine Sarcoma Virus-Induced Tumors
Authors: Holden Howard T. , Haskill J. Stephen , Kirchner Holger , Herberman Ronald B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of cells from primary MSV-induced tumors to function as effector cells in vitro was evaluated. Host cells were isolated by enzymatic disaggregation of the tumor and fractionated by sedimentation velocity at unit gravity on a Ficoll gradient. Characterization of these cells indicated that 30 to 40 % were T lymphocytes, about 50% were macrophages and less than 5% were B lymphocytes. Two different functional activities were mediated by these cells: cytolysis, as measured by the CRA, and inhibition of proliferation, as measured by the GIA. The effector cells in the CRA were T cells with sedimentation velocities of 3.5 to 4.0 mm/hr, whereas those cells which mediated the GIA were presumably macrophages and displayed a heterogeneity in size with two peak sedimentation velocities, one at 4.0 mm/hr and another at 6.0 mm/hr. Activity by the effector cells in the CRA was antigen specific in contrast to the activity in the GIA which was directed against cells which did not carry detectable cross-reacting antigens.
Complement-Mediated Release of Histamine from Human Basophils
Authors: Grant J. Andrew , Settle Linda , Whorton Elbert B. , Dupree Elton 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Release of histamine from human basophils was induced by activation of complement using zymosan. The histamine-releasing factor resembled C5a on the basis of m.w. (15,000) as well as previous studies showing inactivation by anti-C5. Complement-induced release of histamine was compared with allergic release of histamine which is mediated through appropriate allergens and reaginic IgE. Previously we demonstrated that the former reaction occurred more quickly. Both reactions were inhibited by drugs which increase intracellular concentrations of cAMP3 (theophylline, prostaglandin E1, and histamine) or which mimic the action of cAMP (its dibutyryl derivative). Calcium was required for complement-mediated release of histamine and an increasing response was observed up to physiologic concentrations (2 mM). Magnesium (0 to 1 mM) did not affect the amount of histamine released. Also, glycolysis was probably required for optimal release by complement, since both 2-deoxyglucose and iodoacetamide were inhibitory. When basophils were partly enriched by depletion of neutrophils and eosinophils, the percentage of histamine released by complement was unchanged. Finally, it was shown that activated complement desensitized basophils from responding to a second challenge by the same stimulus. Cross-desensitization was not observed between complement and pollen allergens.
Structure and Biologic Functions of Human IgD
Authors: Kermani-Arab Vali , Burger Denis R. , Leslie Gerrie A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human peripheral lymphocytes with the capacity to be stimulated by anti-δ exhibited in PHA responsiveness when cultured with anti-δ 1 or 12 hr before PHA exposure over cells exposed to PHA alone. When these lymphocytes were preincubated with PHA 1 or 12 hr before anti-δ activation, no augmentation of the PHA response was seen. In addition, lymphocytes from donors with a high PHA response (low anti-δ activation) failed to show an enhancing effect on PHA responsiveness when pretreated with anti-δ. Moreover, anti-µ showed no synergistic effect on PHA responsiveness. This study is the first to indicate that anti-δ-activated cells enhance PHA responsiveness.
Cold Activation of Complement
Authors: Kondo Motoharu , Hosokawa Keimei , Masuda Masasuke 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Determination of the complement titer in the serum and plasm of 120 patients with chronic liver diseases showed that in eight (7%) patients with cirrhosis of the liver, chronic active or chronic inactive hepatitis complement in the serum was less than half in the plasma. The dissociation of complement serum and plasma was due to cold activation of the classical pathway of complement in vitro since serum drawn from these patients at 37°C lost hemolytic activity in 4 hours when transferred to a cold environment. Neither HB antigen nor cryoglobulin participated in this phenomenon. The activation of complement in the cold could be prevented by increasing the ionic strength, or by adding vitamin E or, to a lesser extent its vehicle HCO-60, while heparin, Trasylol, soybean trypsin inhibitor, or hirudin had no effect. Trans-AMCHA prevented activation in one case. It is speculated that a factor appearing as a result of blood clotting is able to activate the classical pathway of complement in the cold; it is probably not related to Hageman factor (factor XII), factor VII, thrombin, kallikrein.
Neonatal Infection with Mouse Thymic Virus
Authors: Cross Sue S. , Morse Herbert C. , Asofsky Richard 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Neonatal infection with mouse thymic virus (TA), a murine herpes virus, produced extensive but temporary necrosis of the thymus which was maximal at 10 to 14 days of age. Studies of precursor and amplifier cells mediating graft-vs-host (GVH) reactivity of thymocytes, spleen cells (SC), and lymph node cells (LNC) of normal and TA-infected mice were made at 4 and 8 weeks of age. Infection with TA resulting in a profound reduction (70 to 80%) in the direct GVH reactivity of thymocytes at both ages; by comparison, the capacity of thymocytes to produce synergy when combined with normal LNC was normal at 8 weeks. Direct GVH reactivity of SC was depressed 90% 4 weeks after infection with TA but returned to near normal at 8 weeks. Direct GVH reactivity of LNC from TA-infected mice was normal at 4 and 8 weeks of age, but amplifier T cell activity in LNC was markedly depressed at 8 weeks. These results demonstrate that TA has highly selective effects upon subpopulations of T cells in thymus and lymph node.
Suppression of Allogeneic Lymphomas in Spleens of Irradiated Mice: Importance of the D End of the H-2 Complex
Authors: Bonmassar Enzo , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Dispersed lymphoma cells were transplanted into heavily irradiated mice of a series of congenic resistant strains. Newly synthesized deoxyribonucleic acid was subsequently measured to estimate tumor cell proliferation in spleen and liver. Despite host irradiation, growth of lymphoma cells was suppressed 4 to 7 days after transplantation in the spleen of mice of certain allogeneic strains, but it was barely affected in the liver. The genetic differences resulting in “localized” resistance were mapped in the D region of the H-2 complex. Differences at other regions, including those most important for transplantation resistance in nonirradiated mice (K, I), were inconsequential for lymphoma growth in irradiated hosts. There was a striking resemblance with hemopoietic histoincompatibility, i.e., the rejection of foreign bone marrow grafts by irradiated mice, suggesting that the products of strong Hh gene(s) were expressed in the lymphoma cells.
Early Steps in Specific Tumor Cell Lysis by Sensitized Mouse T Lymphocytes
Authors: Martz Eric 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In a previous study of the mechanism of specific target cell lysis by alloimmune cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), we established that the target cell becomes irreversibly programmed to lyse within a few minutes after contact with the CTL. We here show that at each point in time, the level of specific release of the potassium analog, 86Rb, equals the percentage of target cells which have been programmed to lyse. It is also shown that specific release of 86Rb is more rapid than that of a small metabolite of similar weight, 14C-nicotinamide, which in turn is specifically released more rapidly than 51Cr. Thus, an electrolyte-permeable lesion is produced in the target cell membrane within minutes of contact with the CTL. Since measurements of 86Rb release, unlike measurements of programming for lysis, do not involve exposure of the cells to EDTA and vigorous shearing forces, the present observations corroborate and extend, by an independent and gentler method, our previous conclusion that the CTL effects crucial and irreversible changes in the target cell within minutes after contact. The present results are consistent with the possibility that the first, and perhaps the only damage administered directly by the CTL is a membrane lesion permeable to electrolytes and possible to small molecules.
The Kinetics of Interferon Production by Mouse Lymphocytes and Its Modulating Effect on the Virus Plaque-Forming Cell Assay As a Quantitative Method to Determine Activated Lymphocytes
Authors: Heine Jochen W. , Adler William H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The validity of the virus plaque-forming cell (V-PFC) assay as a means to quantitate stimulated mouse T cells is dependent on the rate and amount of coinciding interferon production which varies with different strains of mice.
In addition, the V-PFC assay demonstrates that the kinetics of cellular activation by mitogens initially involves about 0.01% of responding cells and possibly recruitment of other cells which include cells requiring a longer lag period for activation.
Rapid Detection of Mycoplasma Antibody
Authors: Goldschmidt Barbara L. , Menonna Joseph P. , Dowling Peter C. , Cook Stuart D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a significant nonviral cause of acute respiratory disease in children and young adults. The clinical expression of mycoplasmal respiratory tract infection ranges from minor upper respiratory symptoms to acute bronchitis and atypical pneumonia. Indistinguishable respiratory syndromes are commonly caused by several viral agents (1). Mycoplasma pneumonia responds to antibiotics in contrast to the other common respiratory pathogens, but treatment is often inappropriate because mycoplasma infections cannot be distinguished from other causal agents without laboratory aids. Laboratory confirmation by culture is of limited diagnostic use because the organism grows very slowly and may be found in the absence of clinical infection (2, 3). Thus, serodiagnosis, demonstrating changing levels of complement-fixing (CF)3 antibodies to mycoplasma, has become the most widely accepted routine diagnostic tool (4). The CF test, although fairly sensitive and reliable, is a tedious, cumbersome technique, especially for the small laboratory.
The Role of Circulating Interferon in the Modifications of Immune Responsiveness by Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV-3)
Authors: Virelizier Jean-Louis , Virelizier Anne-Marie , Allison Anthony C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
MHV-3 modifies the humoral immune response to SRBC. During acute infections timing was critical: infecting mice before antigen administration led to immunodepression. Simultaneous injection with virus and SRBC resulted in immunostimulation. Persistent MHV-3 infections were associated with a chronic immunodepression. The presence of circulating interferon (IF) was well correlated with these modifications. IF peaking before antigen was associated with immunodepression whereas IF secretion after antigen was associated with immunostimulation. Low, permanent levels of IF were associated with chronic immunodepression. Since IF is, up to now, the only product of activated lymphocytes that has been shown to modulate immune responses, our results suggest that induction of IF by MHV-3 may be the main mechanism by which this virus modifies immune responsiveness. Moreover, we have shown that MHV-3 infection in susceptible mice diminishes the secretion of lymphocyte IF in response to Sendai virus. In these animals, the thymus cortex was profoundly depleted although the thymus medulla remained unchanged. The MHV-3 infection may, therefore, interfere with a subpopulation of IF-secreting lymphocytes. The possible physiologic role of such lymphocyte subpopulation in terms of host-virus relationships is discussed.
In Vitro Induction of F1 Hybrid Anti-Parent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity
Authors: Shearer Gene M. , Garbarino Carol A. , Cudkowicz Gustavo 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from normal (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1 mice were sensitized in vitro for 5 days with irradiated C57BL/6 or DBA/2 parental stimulating cells. Effector cells were generated which specifically lysed 51Cr-labeled targets (leukemia or mitogen-stimulated lymphoid cells) H-2-matched with the parental genotype used for sensitization. The response of F1 spleen cells to the C57BL/6 parent was stronger and more reproducible than that to the DBA/2 parent. The kinetics of generation of effector cells were similar for the F1 anti-parent and an F1 anti-allogeneic response. However, the magnitude of the F1 anti-C57BL/6 cytotoxic response was considerably lower than the F1 response to allogeneic cells. The ratio of responder to stimulator cells in the cultures was more critical for the former than for the latter response. Several lots of fetal bovine serum were found to be adequate for supplementing the medium in the induction of F1 hybrid anti-parent and anti-allogeneic cytotoxic effector cells.
Based on these and other studies, it would appear that the F1 hybrid anti-parent cytotoxic response provides an in vitro model of murine hemopoietic graft rejection in vivo. This response may be elicited by a mechanism distinct from T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and involve different subpopulations of spleen cells.
Immune Response of Mice to the Thy-1.1 Antigen: Intra-H-2 Mapping of the Complementary Ir-Thy-1 Loci
Authors: Zaleski Marek B. , Klein Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The primary immune response to the Thy-1.1 antigen was measured by a plaque assay that detected cells producing antibodies lytic for AKR thymocytes. F1 hybrids which were b/d heterozygous at the entire H-2 complex or at only some of its regions were studied. All F1 hybrids which were b/d heterozygotes at the K, IA and possibly IB regions displayed a complementary effect of the alleles at the Ir-Thy-1A and Ir-Thy-1B loci. The complementary effect was indicated by the significantly higher responses of the F1 hybrids than the responses of their parental strains. No complementary effect could be demonstrated in F1 hybrids which were b/d heterozygous at the IB, IC, S and D regions, but not at the K and IA regions. The results excluded participation of the IC, S and D regions in the phenomenon of the complementation. Furthermore, one of the Ir-Thy-1 loci could be mapped to the left of the IB subregion, most likely in the IA subregion of the H-2 complex. The second Ir-Thy-1 locus could be mapped to the left of the IC subregion in either the IA or IB subregion.
Participation of Cyclophosphamide-Sensitive T Cells in Graft-vs-Host Reactions
Authors: Schwartz Anthony , Orbach-Arbouys Simone , Gershon Richard K. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclophosphamide (CY)3 is toxic for a population of mouse T cells which is active in graft vs host (GVH) responses. This observation contrasts with previous reports which indicate that treatment of mice with CY regimens, similar to those used in this study, enhances the reactivity of T cells which mediate delayed type hypersensitivity to sheep red blood cells. The GVH-inducing capacity of T cells is not altered by removal of B cells by nylon wool columns. We suggest that CY-sensitive T cells may be “regulatory cells,” and that the effect they have depends on, among other things, the nature of the stimulating antigen to which the cells are responding and/or the assay used for study.
Immunosuppression by Spleen Cells from Moloney Leukemia
Authors: Stiller Ronald A. , Cerny Jan 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism by which spleen cells from mice bearing established Moloney leukemia suppress the in vitro anti-SRBC PFC response and the mitogen-induced proliferative response was investigated. Suppression of the PFC response was clearly evident when leukemic spleen cells (SMuLV) were mixed with normal responder spleen cells (SN) at a ratio of 1:10. The suppressor cells were most effective when added to the responders during the first 24 to 48 hr of culture. Similarly, suppression was seen when responders were treated with homogenate fractions prepared from SMuLV. No suppression of the PFC response was demonstrated when responder cells were mixed with supernatants harvested from cultures of SMuLV. In contrast, the incorporation of 3H-thymidine by mitogen-stimulated B and T cells was inhibited by supernatants collected from cultures of both SN and SMuLV, however, this suppressive effect was abrogated after dialysis of the supernatants. In addition, responder cells were unaffected when separated from suppressors by a 100-nm Millipore filter in double Marbrook tissue culture chambers. The results of this study lend considerable support to the hypothesis that suppression in the Moloney leukemia model system is not due to the effect of extracellular mediators, but rather is the result of direct cellular interactions between the suppressor and responder cells. The exact nature of the suppressor cell has yet to be determined.
An Indirect Radioimmunoassay for Thymus Leukemia (TL) Antigens
Authors: Esmon Naomi L. , Russell Little J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An indirect radioimmunassay for thymus leukemia (TL)2 antigens has been developed and its specificity documented. The assay makes use of anti-TL antibodies produced in congenic mice (A-Tlab) and radioiodinated purified rabbit anti-mouse IgG. Using this assay, differences can be detected in the amounts of antigen expressed on thymocytes of the three known phenotypes (TL.1,2,3; TL.2; TL-) of inbred mouse strains. Significant differences are also detected in comparison of the thymocytes from homozygous TL.1,2,3 mice (A-Tlaa) and heterozygotes from Tlaa and Tlab parents. Optimum conditions for the assay have been established. Its ability to detect antigens on glutaraldehyde-fixed cells and the binding of noncytolytic antibodies on both viable and fixed cells are documented. The assay has also been used to quantitate the changes in TL antigen expression on cells incubated in anti-TL antisera under conditions of antigenic modulation.
Development of Monoclonal IgA and an Apparent IgG in a Patient with Macroglobulinemia: Sharing of Individually Specific Antigenic Determinants among IgM, IgA, and IgG
Authors: Fair Daryl S. , Schaffer Susan , Krueger Robert G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Patient CM, who initially was diagnosed as having macroglobulinemia (IgM, κ) was subsequently found to develop a monoclonal IgA(κ) protein. Rabbit antisera directed against the patient's IgAm and IgM were rendered specific for individual antigenic (ind) determinants. The anti-IgAm and IgM ind sera reacted with both 131I labeled monoclonal proteins in a double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA). In addition, both monoclonal immunoglobulins inhibited the reaction between labeled immunoglobulin and both ind antisera, and statistical analysis of the data suggested that the shared ind determinants were identical. The IgG fraction of patient CM's serum also contained a component which competed with both monoclonal IgA (CM) and IgM (CM) in the RIA specific for ind determinants. Analysis of serum samples taken over a 2-year period revealed that, in addition to IgM, both the IgA and IgG components possessing the shared ind determinant(s) were present in low concentrations in the earliest sample, although not detected by conventional techniques. The monoclonal IgA and the igG component were found to increase in concentration over this time interval with a concomitant decrease in IgM. The regulation of immunoglobulin expression with respect to the proposed models of gene organization in antibody-producing cells was discussed.
Circadian Rhythmic Plaque-Forming Cell Response of Spleens from Mice Immunized with SRBC
Authors: Fernandes Gabriel , Halberg Franz , Yunis Edmond J. , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies under controlled conditions of lighting and temperature revealed clear evidence of circadian periodicity with respect to the number of PFC present in the spleens of BALB/c mice 3 or 4 days after immunization with SRBC. Striking differences in proliferative responses of spleen lymphocytes to PHA or Con A were also observed at two different circadian times. Large proliferative responses occurred at the time when injection of antigen and/or sampling for PFC yielded a low PFC formation (early in the daily dark span) and small proliferative responses occurred at the time when antigen injection and sampling yielded high formation of PFC (early in the daily light span). These findings indicate that care should be taken to control the circadian timing of stimulation and sampling in studies of immune responses, and that rhythmically varying aspects constitute a new dimension of immunologic processes awaiting further analysis in both the circadian and weekly spectral regions.