bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stomatal behaviour moderates the water cost of CO2 acquisition for 21 boreal and temperate species under experimental climate change
Authors: Stefanski Artur , Butler Ethan E. , Bermudez Raimundo , Montgomery Rebecca A. , Reich Peter B. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe linkage of stomatal behaviour with photosynthesis is critical to understanding water and carbon cycles under global change. The relationship of stomatal conductance (gs) and CO2 assimilation (Anet) across a range of environmental contexts, as represented in the model parameter (g1), has served as a proxy of the marginal water cost of carbon acquisition. We use g1 to assess species differences in stomatal behaviour to a decade of open‐air experimental climate change manipulations, asking whether generalisable patterns exist across species and climate contexts. Anet‐gs measurements (17 727) for 21 boreal and temperate tree species under ambient and +3.3°C warming, and ambient and ~40% summer rainfall reduction, provided >2700 estimates of g1. Warming and/or reduced rainfall treatments both lowered g1 because those treatments resulted in lower soil moisture and because stomatal behaviour changed more in warming when soil moisture was low. Species tended to respond similarly, although, in species from warmer and drier habitats, g1 tended to be slightly higher and to be the least sensitive to the decrease in soil water. Overall, both warming and rainfall reduction consistently made stomatal behaviour more conservative in terms of water loss per unit carbon gain across 21 species and a decade of experimental observation.
γ‐Glutamyl‐transpeptidase CsGGT2 functions as light‐activated theanine hydrolase in tea plant (Camellia sinensis L.)
Authors: Chang Manman , Ma Jingyu , Sun Ying , Tian Liying , Liu Linlin , Chen Qi , Zhang Zhaoliang , Wan Xiaochun , Sun Jun 
Published: February 2023

AbstractTheanine is an important secondary metabolite endowing tea with umami taste and health effects. It is essential to explore the metabolic pathway and regulatory mechanism of theanine to improve tea quality. Here, we demonstrated that the expression patterns of CsGGT2 (γ‐glutamyl‐transpeptidase), participated in theanine synthesis in vitro in our previous research, are significantly different in the aboveground and underground tissues of tea plants and regulated by light. Light up‐regulated the expression of CsHY5, directly binding to the promoter of CsGGT2 and acting as an activator of CsGGT2, with a negative correlation with theanine accumulation. The enzyme activity assays and transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana showed that CsGGT2, acting as bifunctional protein, synthesize and degrade theanine in vitro and in planta. The results of enzyme kinetics, Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays and targeted gene‐silencing assays showed that CsGGT2 had a higher substrate affinity of theanine than that of ethylamine, and performed a higher theanine degradation catalytic efficiency. Therefore, light mediates the degradation of theanine in different tissues by regulating the expression of the theanine hydrolase CsGGT2 in tea plants, and these results provide new insights into the degradation of theanine mediated by light in tea plants.
Brazilian special olympics athletes: Oral health problems
Authors: Pinho Roberto Carlos Mourão , Campos Vanessa Ferreira , Pereira Cláudia Barbosa , Farias Flavio Artur Rego 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAimsThe people with intellectual disabilities have been reported to be a vulnerable population in terms of oral health. This study was carried out to determine the oral health condition and treatment needs of Special Olympics athletes in Brazil.MethodsThis study is a retrospective review of oral health data collected from athletes participating in Healthy Athletes Program Special Olympics in Brazil, between the years 2015 and 2019. About 1241 athletes from the Brazil Special Olympics program were screened in the cities of São Paulo, Jundiai and Belo Horizonte (located in southeastern Brazil) and Recife (in northeastern Brazil). At each of these events, volunteer dental professionals performed an oral health screening for each athlete, All oral health assessments were done visually; and extra lighting were available if needed. The examinations were performed with the aid of a wooden spatula of the tongue depressor type and under natural light. The following parameters were recorded: mouth pain, untreated tooth decay, missing teeth, gingival signs, urgency and mouth hygiene habits. Data was analyzed using the STATA 14.0 program. Frequency tables were used for descriptive analyses. Categorical variables were compared between the different years of the event using the Chi‐Square or Fisher's Exact test. Continuous variables were compared between different event years using the Kruskal‐Wallis test followed by Dunn's post‐hoc analyses. Simple logistic regression was used to assess the effect of age on dental assessment results. For all tests, a p‐value was considered significant when less than or equal to .05.ResultsNo statistically significant differences were observed in the frequencies of Mouth Pain and Missing Teeth over the years (p > .05). In relation to Untreated Tooth Decay, there is a higher frequency in the years 2016 and 2018 and a lower frequency in the year 2015 (p = .048). Regarding Gingival Signs of inflammation, there is a higher frequency in the years 2016 and 2018 and a lower frequency in the year 2017 (p < .001). In relation to cases of urgency (in need of treatment (Urgent treatment need, Non‐Urgent or Maintenance)), there was a higher frequency (no urgency) in 2016 (p = .007). Finally, in relation to mouth hygiene habits, there is a higher frequency of participants with irregular habits in the years 2017 and 2019 (p < .001).ConclusionThe dental condition of Brazilian athletes Special Olympycs Brazil reported in this study from 2015 to 2019 showed us that athletes have a high prevalence of dental diseases and these needs could contribute to health damage. The athletes have many unmet dental treatment needs and these needs are similar in different regions of the country and in the years reported.
The health‐related quality of life of older people through preventive home visits: A quantitative longitudinal study
Authors: Blotenberg Britta , Seeling Stefanie , Büscher Andreas 
Published: February 2023

AbstractAims and ObjectivesPreventive home visits are a low‐threshold counselling and support approach. They have been reported to achieve heterogeneous effects. However, preventive home visits have the potential to reduce the risk of becoming dependent on long‐term care. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of preventive home visits as a nursing intervention on health‐related quality of life of older people in a longitudinal survey and to develop recommendations for which target groups preventive home visits have the highest benefit. The sample consisted of 75 people, aged between 65 and 85, who were able to understand and speak German, had not yet been eligible for benefits from the long‐term care insurance and lived in the municipality under study.Methodological Design and JustificationA quantitative longitudinal study in order to investigate the effects of preventive home visits.Ethical Issues and ApprovalThere were no ethical concerns. Accordingly, ethical approval was granted.Research Methods, Results and ConclusionsThe health‐related quality of life was recorded four times between 01/2017 and 08/2020 with the Short‐Form‐Health‐Survey‐12 and analysed using descriptive statistics. Results reveal that the physical health status cannot be easily influenced over a short period of time. The main effect, however, is that preventive home visits have a significant positive effect on the mental health status. The main topics during the home visits were mobility, nutrition and social participation. Increased knowledge and motivation for preventive behaviour extended the autonomy of older people. Accordingly, preventive home visits can support a self‐determined life in a familiar environment. The results of the present study show that preventive home visits as a nursing intervention in rural areas are successful. In Germany, preventive home visits have not yet been implemented on a regular basis. In order to do so, a general definition of the concept is needed. Preventive home visits should be officially included in the regular health care services in Germany.
When it is better to give than to receive: Children's giving and happiness
Authors: Fast Anne A. , Ravi Sanjana , Olson Kristina R. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractHumans experience emotional benefits from engaging in prosocial behavior. The current work investigates factors that influence the experience of happiness from giving to others in early childhood. In three studies with 5‐year‐olds (N = 144), we find that young children are happier from giving resources to others than from receiving resources for themselves (Study 1) and investigate when children are most happy from giving. In Study 2, children were happier when they could see the beneficiary's positive reaction, suggesting that empathizing with the beneficiary's positive emotion contributes to happiness (consistent with the concept of vicarious‐joy). In Study 3, children were happier after they gave resources than when they watched someone else give resources, indicating that being responsible for prosocial action contributes to children's happiness (consistent with the concept of warm‐glow). These results provide a critical step toward understanding when children experience happiness from giving and a foundation for investigating happiness as a mechanism supporting early prosociality.
Can Europe live without Russian natural gas?
Authors: McWilliams Ben , Sgaravatti Giovanni , Tagliapietra Simone , Zachmann Georg 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThis paper analyses the implications of a complete halt of natural gas flows from Russia to the European Union (EU). The most challenging time horizon for the EU will be the winter of 2022/23 due to the little time available to roll out necessary measures to diversify the gas supply and develop alternatives to Russian gas. We explore supply availability and constraints as well as demand curtailment options. The challenge of refilling EU gas storage levels at the current abnormal prices for natural gas is also addressed. Finally, we consider the Russian standpoint and whether they would be able to redirect gas flows where European demand to suddenly dry up.
CT features of divisional bile ducts in healthy Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Mattolini Mirko , Citi Simonetta , Gianni Beatrice , Carozzi Gregorio , Caleri Elvanessa , Puccinelli Caterina , Rossi Federica 
Published: February 2023

AbstractComputed tomography (CT) is increasingly being used for the study of gallbladder and bile duct diseases. The first step in interpreting CT findings is understanding the cross‐sectional anatomy of the structures involved, but there are no published studies describing the CT features of the divisional bile ducts. In dogs, anatomic studies report two common patterns including three or four divisional bile ducts. The aim of this retrospective, descriptive, anatomical study was to describe the size and pattern of the visible divisional bile ducts, based on their location and extension, using contrast‐enhanced CT in a group of Labrador Retrievers without evidence of hepatobiliary diseases. The correlation between the biliary duct number and dimensions, and the visceral fat area percentage (VFA%) was also evaluated. The right lateral divisional duct (RLD) was visualized in four of 40 dogs, the left lateral divisional duct (LLD) in nine of 40 dogs, and in 17 of 40 dogs, both were simultaneously visualized. In 10 of 40 dogs, the RLD and LLD were not highlighted. When visible, the RLD has a median diameter of 0.23 cm and a median length of 0.82 cm. The LLD has a median diameter of 0.23 cm and a median length of 2.72 cm. The median diameter of the common bile duct before and after the insertion of divisional bile ducts was 0.23 and 0.25 cm, respectively. No correlation with the VFA% was found. At least one of the divisional bile ducts could be visualized using contrast‐enhanced CT in the majority of sampled dogs (75%) .
The role of maternal choline, folate and one‐carbon metabolism in mediating the impact of prenatal alcohol exposure on placental and fetal development
Authors: Steane Sarah E. , Cuffe James S. M. , Moritz Karen M. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractPrenatal alcohol consumption (PAE) may be associated with a broad spectrum of impacts, ranging from no overt effects, to miscarriage, fetal growth restriction and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. A major mechanism underlying the effects of PAE is considered to be altered DNA methylation and gene expression. Maternal nutritional status may be an important factor in determining the extent to which PAE impacts pregnancy outcomes, particularly the dietary micronutrients folate and choline because they provide methyl groups for DNA methylation via one carbon metabolism. This review summarises the roles of folate and choline in development of the blastocyst, the placenta and the fetal brain, and examines the evidence that maternal intake of these micronutrients can modify the effects of PAE on development. Studies of folate or choline deficiency have found reduced blastocyst development and implantation, reduced placental invasion, vascularisation and nutrient transport capability, impaired fetal brain development, and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcomes. PAE has been shown to reduce absorption and/or metabolism of folate and choline and to produce similar outcomes to maternal choline/folate deficiency. A few studies have demonstrated that the effects of PAE on brain development can be ameliorated by folate or choline supplementation; however, there is very limited evidence on the effects of supplementation in early pregnancy on the blastocyst and placenta. Further studies are required to support these findings and to determine optimal supplementation parameters.
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Probabilistic Validation: Theoretical Foundation and Methodological Platform
Authors: Bui Ha , Sakurahara Tatsuya , Reihani Seyed , Kee Ernie , Mohaghegh Zahra 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Addressing safety concerns in commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) often requires the use of advanced modeling and simulation (M&S) in association with the probabilistic risk assessment (PRA). Advanced M&S are also needed to accelerate the analysis, design, licensing, and operationalization of advanced nuclear reactors. However, before a simulation model can be used for PRA, its validity must be adequately established. The objective of this research is to develop a systematic and scientifically justifiable validation methodology, namely, probabilistic validation (PV), to facilitate the validity evaluation (especially when validation data are not sufficiently available) of advanced simulation models that are used for PRA in support of risk-informed decision-making and regulation. This paper is the first in a series of two papers related to PV that provides the theoretical foundation and methodological platform. The second paper applies the PV methodological platform for a case study of fire PRA of NPPs. Although the PV methodology is explained in the context of PRA of the nuclear industry, it is grounded on a cross-disciplinary review of literature and so applicable to validation of simulation models, in general, not necessarily associated with PRA or nuclear applications.
Dynamic Crushing Behaviors of Cylindrical Lithium-Ion Battery Under Multiple Impacts: An Experimental Study
Authors: Zhang Xin-Chun , Liu Nan-Nan , Dong Si-Jie , Zhang Tao , Yin Xiao-Di , Ci Tie-Jun , Wu He-Xiang 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To understand the dynamic failure mechanisms of cylindrical lithium-ion battery (LIB) under different impact loadings, the crushing behaviors of 18650 LIBs were experimentally investigated in this work. The drop weight impact tests with different impactor heads were conducted to analyze the crushing responses of the LIBs. By changing the state of charge (SOC) of the battery, impactor types, and impact energy, the force-electric responses of a LIB under multiple impacts were explored. Macro- and micro-deformation of the batteries were further studied including SOC dependency and the failure modes of the separator. Results show that except for impact energy, the mechanical responses and failure behaviors of the LIBs under repeated impacts also depended upon the SOC and impactor types. The relationship between impact velocity and the minimum impact times was established when a hard internal short circuit (ISC) appeared to evaluate the dynamic safety of the LIBs. These results can provide guidance for the crashworthiness design and safety assessment of the batteries under multiple impacts.
Anisotropic Vibration Characteristics Analysis of Steam Turbine Rotor Influenced by Steam Flow Excited Force Coupling Thermal and Dynamic Loads
Authors: Xue Chuan , Cao Lihua , Si Heyong 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In order to reveal the influence of thermal and dynamic loads coupling on the vibration characteristic of steam turbine rotor, the high-pressure cylinder anisotropic rotor of a 1000-MW ultra-supercritical steam turbine was modeled by the lumped mass method. The steam flow excited force of the front eight stages obtained through the numerical simulation before and after the coupling was converted to the equivalent gas bearing and added on the rotor, and the influence of steam flow excited force on rotor vibration characteristics was obtained by the Riccati transfer matrix method. The results show that, considering the thermal and dynamic loads, the two ends of the ellipse trajectory are smaller and the middle is larger. Before and after coupling thermal and dynamic loads, the azimuth of ellipse trajectory increases with the increase of load and nodes. The greater the load, the greater the changing range of azimuth. As the load increases, the first-order natural speed of the rotor increases and the second-order natural speed decreases, but the natural speed after the coupling is noticeably lower than that before the coupling. The changing scope of the first-order amplitude shrinks with the load increasing. The first-order logarithmic decrement rate can be increased under the relatively higher load by coupling thermal and dynamic loads, but the stability margin of rotor is insufficient, which causes the instability.
Analysis, Comparison, and Discussion on the Utilization of the Existing Slug Liquid Holdup Models to Predict the Horizontal Gas-Liquid Plug-to-Slug Flow Transition
Authors: Boutaghane Ayoub , Arabi Abderraouf , Ibrahim-Rassoul Nouara , Al-sarkhi Abdelsalam , Azzi Abdelwahid 
Published: February 2023

AbstractIn horizontal configuration, the gas-liquid intermittent flow can be plug flow or slug flow. Different works have demonstrated that the two flow patterns, despite their similarity, are differents. Thus, it is important to differentiate between them in order to develop more robust predictive models. The limit of the existing model to predict the plug-to-slug flow transition was demonstrated first. After that, 11 existing slug liquid holdup (HLS) models were used in order to test their potential utilization for predicting the plug-to-slug flow transition. Using HLS = 0.9 as the criterion to distinguish between the two regimes, the relationship between the superficial velocities of the two phases was generated. The obtained transition lines were compared with visual observations collected from several published works in order to test the predictions of each model, and for different operating conditions. It was concluded in this paper that the slug liquid holdup models can be easily used for this purpose. Meanwhile, the prediction level of each model depends on the pipe diameter and the viscosity of the liquid phase.
Water Invasion Into Multi-Layer and Multi-Pressure Carbonate Reservoir: A Pore-Scale Simulation
Authors: Huang Shilin , Zhao Yulong , Zhang Mingdi , Zhou Houjie , Zhu Langtao , Zhang Tao 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCarbonate reservoirs contribute the highest proportion of natural gas production around the world, and commingled production is frequently used to increase production for the multi-layer reservoirs. However, the complex pore structure including pore, fracture, and cavity, and the presence of edge/bottom water increase the difficulties in evaluating its commingled-production performances. In this work, three comingled patterns of digital rocks are reconstructed based on the computerized tomography scanning images, and the lattice Boltzmann method is used to investigate the commingled production with water invasion. The results show that the fracture and cavity commingled production pattern has the largest interlayer heterogeneity, and the production ratio between the two layers can reach 6.7. Commingled production for the system with different interlayer pressure may lead to backflow phenomenon, which is not only dependent on the initial pressure, but also related to the heterogeneity between the producing layers. Especially, if the interlayer heterogeneity is large and the initial pressure of the low-permeability layer is lower, the backflow volume would be very large. The water invasion during commingled production can influence the flow capacity of the other gas layers even there is no pressure interference. In addition, if the water layer has larger pressure, the produced water will continuously flow back to the gas layer until the pressure of the two layers becomes balanced. The coupled effects of pressure interference and water invasion significantly damage the commingled-production performance. This work can help for better understanding of the gas-water two-phase flow behaviors during commingled production, which provides fundamental support for the scientific development of multi-layer carbonated reservoirs.
Effects of Adiabatic Flame Temperature and Oxygen Concentration in CH4/N2/O2 Nonswirl Jet Flames: Experimental and Numerical Study
Authors: Aliyu Mansur , Nemitallah Medhat A. , Abdelhafez Ahmed , Said Syed A. M. , Okonkwo Paul C. , Habib Mohamed A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractThe combustion characteristics of oxygen-enriched air–methane (i.e., O2/N2/CH4) flames in a premixed mode are investigated using both experimentally and numerically under atmospheric conditions for emissions reduction purposes. The investigation is carried out using a gas turbine model combustor equipped with a multihole burner that mimics gas turbine micromixer burners. The resulting flame is of jet type, and the velocity of the jet is kept at 5.2 m/s for all the considered flames. Models used in the numerical study include large eddy simulation, discrete ordinate, and partially premixed combustion for turbulence, radiation, and species models, respectively. The numerical results are validated, and a suitable agreement is achieved with experimental data. The results indicated that the temperature distribution, shape, and size of O2/N2/CH4 flames are predominantly controlled by adiabatic flame temperature (Tad). However, the oxygen fraction, rather than Tad, is responsible for the reaction progress. The emission of NO, CO, and CO2 increases with an increase in oxygen fraction, and the product formation in O2/N2/CH4 flames is less compared to their oxy-fuel (i.e., O2/CO2/CH4) counterparts, because N2 is mostly inert, compared to CO2. The latter participates significantly in flame reactions, which increases the rate of product formation in O2/CO2/CH4 flames.