bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Rate of Discharge in Jerk-Pump Fuel-Injection Systems
Authors: DeJuhasz Kalman J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The performance of a jerk-pump fuel-injection system under varied operating conditions is analyzed by the graphical method developed by the author. Effect of open and closed nozzles, of varying orifice sizes, of pump-speed, of pipe-diameter, of pump delivery rate are discussed. The experimental equipment constructed at the Pennsylvania State College is described, which serves to measure the rate of discharge by the stroboscopic method.
Lubricating Problems in Connection With High-Speed Diesel Engines
Authors: Rosen C. G. A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
To a considerable extent the problem of lubrication connected with high-speed Diesel engines involves a study of the cause and effect of carbon and binder-forming depositions. For the purpose of this paper the problems of lubrication will be broken down into the following headings; (1) Influence of carbon and binder forming depositions on ring sticking, valve sticking, and lubricating-oil filter; (2) cylinder and ring scratching; and (3) bearings.
In breaking this subject into its related constituents, the influence of fuels and the combustion process is considered as distinct from the effect of piston-ring-belt temperatures.
This paper is to serve the purpose of illustrating the importance of cooperative research of engine manufacturers with the petroleum industry. The engine builder and the oil refiner serve a common customer, and his satisfaction is achieved as a result of the combined efforts of the two industries.
Slag and Deslagging of Steam-Generating Equipment
Authors: Bailey Alex D. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This is a discussion of the slagging of steam-generating equipment when burning low-grade coals having a high percentage of ash which fuses at relatively low temperatures. Slagging trouble has increased as the capacity and efficiency of this equipment have been increased, and the means for reducing it are briefly described.
Since the character of the fuel is such that the cause cannot be removed before the coal is burned without destroying the coal itself, slagging is generally accepted as a necessary evil. The design of steam-generating equipment is gradually being changed so that it will be better adapted to the coal to be burned, give less slagging trouble, and stay in service for longer periods.
Reducing the ash content of the coal by washing or any other means is, of course, advantageous, but the chemical treatment of coal with a view to eliminating slagging troubles or reducing them has been generally unsuccessful.
Some Results From Research on Flow Nozzles
Authors: Bean H. S. , Beitler S. R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The circumstances which caused the A.S.M.E. Special Research Committee on Fluid Meters to undertake the present research program on flow nozzles were recounted in an earlier paper. In that paper many of the committee’s arrangements and plans for conducting the research were given. In another paper, a description was given of the method being used to measure the size and shape of the nozzles.
This present paper which is the third of the series is a progress report presenting the results from various subsidiary tests. There is given a comparison of results from tests using rough and smooth pipe, standard and extra-heavy pipe, and clean and deposit-coated nozzles. Based upon tests with steam, there is given a comparison of the adiabatic-expansion factor ϕ and the “net”-expansion factor Y. The results from several groups of pressure-gradient tests are presented, and based upon these results there is given a recommendation on the location of pipe-wall taps.
Tests of Heat-Exchanger Flanges
Authors: Rossheim D. B. , Gebhardt E. H. , Oliver H. G. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A description of tests conducted on two test units involving large diameter forged-steel flanges of sizes and types commonly used in the manufacture of heat exchangers. This work has been done under the sponsorship of the Heat Exchange Institute. In these tests measurements have been made of the longitudinal hub stress and rotation of the flanges under bolt load alone and with hydrostatic pressure.
Chlorination of Condenser Cooling Water
Authors: Martin R. B. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper gives a history of the development of slime-control chlorination processes and equipment as applied to condenser cooling water. Present-day methods of attacking the problem of slime control are explained from engineering, chemical, biological, and economic aspects, and in a hypothetical case there is developed a formula based on average operating results which serves as a basis upon which to determine to what extent a proposed installation will be justified.
Design of High-Capacity Boilers
Authors: Van Brunt John 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author briefly reviews the development in designs leading up to the modern high-pressure high-capacity steam-generating unit and shows the limitations of the earlier types that render them unsuited to high-capacity requirements. Problems entering into the design of such units are discussed and curves are incorporated covering certain basic relations. Typical units are shown and the performances of several are included.
Problems in Modern Deep-Well Pumping
Authors: Coberly C. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author points out that special problems are involved in pumping oil from wells drilled to depths of 10,000 ft or more. He discusses the limitations of sucker-rod pumping; in lieu of an exact analysis, approximate relations are presented which are both useful in design and in indicating the conditions which must be fulfilled to lift profitable quantities of fluid from this depth.
The Drafting of Steam Locomotives
Authors: Jackson John R. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper gives a chronological summary of the experiments with and developments of various appliances for obtaining the draft necessary for firing steam locomotives. For the more important of these, test results are given and the advantages and defects are pointed out. This part of the paper concludes with a listing in the order of merit of five of the principal draft devices as tested by the author.
There follows a discussion of the characteristics and limitations of the relationship between exhaust pressure and draft, in the double-engine reciprocating steam locomotive having a single constant-area exhaust nozzle and intercommunicating exhaust passages.
The paper concludes by pointing out how the present standard exhaust nozzles limit the economic working range of locomotives, and suggesting changes in design to give better efficiency and a greater economic working range.
Rotary Oil Meters of the Positive-Displacement and Current Types
Authors: Cloran Everett M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
While much research has been done and a corresponding amount of written material presented on discharge coefficients and operating limitations of the orifice and venturi type of meter for oil measurement, little has been presented on the corresponding performance of quantity meters of the displacement and current or impeller classification.
The several types of quantity meters which have found application in the petroleum industry are discussed by the author. The first of these is the displacement meter of the piston type, which has an accuracy essentially independent of the density and viscosity of the liquid measured. A second type in the displacement class is the disk meter, which is critically discussed with respect to accuracy, operating range and rate of flow, and effects of viscosity of the liquid on the accuracy. The third displacement meter discussed is the rotary-vane type which offers a high volumetric efficiency and great accuracy, and is comparable to the piston type with respect to density and viscosity of fluid. In each case, the characteristic accuracy curve of each type of meter is analyzed and the general field of application, together with operating limitations of each meter, are outlined.
The current-type meter receives a more lengthy discussion covering both details of construction and operating characteristics for a type which has been adapted for measuring crude oils. Account is given of test results of oils of viscosity from 60 to 500 seconds Saybolt Universal and the effects of viscosity upon accuracy are analyzed and limitations stated. In general, this type of meter offers the advantage of direct reading of quantity and, in its present state of development, with a degree of accuracy equivalent to, and in some cases better than, measurement with the orifice meter, which is brought out by a comparison of possible accuracy with the square-edge orifice in the region of Reynolds’ number lower than 100,000 and the performance of the oil current meter in the same region. Within the range of 60 to 350 S.S.U. viscosity and over an operating range of 15 per cent to maximum, the current meter shows acceptable accuracy in measurement of oil.
Application of Automatic Control in the Oil Industry
Authors: Bergman Donald J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Automatic-control problems in cracking plants may be taken as typical of those found in the oil industry. The author presents a flow diagram showing the control system of a cracking plant, and discusses the requirements for the various controls. The variables affecting the operation of certain controllers are listed and compound effects resulting from the changes of some of these variables are described. In a cracking plant, location of control points is important in obtaining smooth and responsive control, as is attention to all means for reducing the time required for changes to be detected. The author points out that new chemical processes are being introduced into the oil industry which require still greater attention to control systems, and he emphasizes the fact that a discussion of present oil-refinery practice may offer unusual suggestions to those concerned with similar problems in other industries.
Some Problems Related to the Preparation of Illinois Coals
Authors: McCabe L. C. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the mixtures of coal and mineral matter from Illinois mines and relates the problems encountered in cleaning them. He points out the need for and the method of separating the coal and refuse, and discusses the losses encountered in coal separation. Attention is called to the reduction of ash and sulphur and to the enhanced heating value of washed coal, the value of which is difficult to overestimate because of the resultant reduction of fly ash and sulphur fumes during burning. The author states that any effort directed toward the reduction of atmospheric pollution by fly ash and sulphur fumes through the use of better prepared fuel should be encouraged.
Cavitation Characteristics of Centrifugal Pumps Described by Similarity Considerations
Authors: Wislicenus G. F. , Watson R. M. , Karassik I. J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Similarity considerations of hydraulic pumps and turbines can be obtained by comparing the known hydraulic performance of a given machine with the performance of other machines having geometrically similar waterways. The paper describes the application of this theory to the cavitation performance of centrifugal pumps and related machinery, and also introduces a characteristic parameter which, concerning cavitation performance, has properties similar to the specific speed with respect to other performance characteristics of such machines.
The Kaplan Turbines at Bonneville
Authors: Heslop Paul L. , Jessop George A. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The Bonneville project has an initial installation of two 66,000-hp Kaplan turbines designed to operate under heads varying from 30 to 69 ft. Noteworthy features are the physical size of the units, the extensive model tests, pioneering in the use of welded construction, new ideas in auxiliaries, and the care exercised in setting embedded parts.
Typical Analysis of Water Hammer in a Pumping Plant of the Colorado River Aqueduct
Authors: Peabody R. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a method of analysis of surge conditions in a pumping system by arithmetical integration and is an extension of the work done by Professor Knapp at the California Institute of Technology. The analysis utilizes the step-by-step method, includes the complete characteristics of the pumping equipment, and determines their effect upon surge conditions. The valve characteristics are also included, and this is the first presentation of such a method of analysis.
Further Experiments in the Planing of Hardwoods
Authors: Davis E. M. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is supplementary to a previous one, and gives results of further experiments in the planing of hardwoods.
Results are given in tabular and graph form showing the percentage of defective pieces obtained in planing samples of twenty-two woods with six different cutting angles; seven woods with unjointed knives and with four different amounts of jointing; and sixteen woods with four different depths of cut.
Obsolescence in Woodworking Machinery
Authors: Norton Paul T. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The author discusses the economic aspects of obsolescence of production machinery in general and its relation to cost accounting.
With respect to the woodworking industry, index figures for recent years are given of machinery purchases for comparison with figures for orders for metal-working machinery.
The author then points out the danger to an industry as a whole of the use of obsolete equipment and continues with a discussion of the problem in its relation to profits and governmental depreciation regulations. Finally there is considered the subject of unamortized values in studies of machine replacements.
Development of the Focke Helicopter
Authors: Focke Heinrich 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper gives a description of the methods used in the development of the Focke helicopter. After a short review of the analytical and experimental information regarding the helicopter in existence prior to 1932, the author states the fundamental requirements to be met and indicates the procedure adopted to satisfy them. The analytical discussion is based on the Glauert-Lock theory of the autogiro rotor, and the author shows in outline the various steps in extending the theory to cover the helicopter rotor.
Finally, the construction and testing of the first machine are described, together with its successful flights.
Industrial Power
Authors: Clarke Charles W. E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper covers briefly the progress that has been made in the generation of power in industrial plants. The author points out that industries and utilities are cooperating in the generation and interchange of electric energy in order to reduce waste in many manufacturing processes.
Higher steam pressures and temperatures are widely used, along with superposition of new turbines on old equipment. Only a few installations have pressures and temperatures which exceed 900 lb per sq in. and 850 F, respectively. A number of prominent industrial plants are described to indicate the application of all types of steam turbines to the three steam cycles most commonly employed. Steam-pressure-reducing and desuperheating equipment, as developed for topping units in central stations, is finding new applications in industry. Where large quantities of process steam are needed, many interesting arrangements of modern equipment can be used to reduce the cost of power generation.
The trend in design of boilers is toward larger units, higher steaming rates, and more complicated automatic controls to permit utilization of several different kinds of fuel in the same furnace. This presupposes the proper treatment of boiler feedwater, the importance of which is emphasized. Operating data from two outstanding installations are included. Among smaller plants there is a tendency toward the use of a self-contained boiler; also, there has been a revival of semi-outdoor constructions.
Progress is being made toward better utilization of unusual fuels, such as pulverized anthracite culm, lignite, acid sludges, and black liquor, the latter of which is obtained in the process of manufacturing kraft paper.
Improvements in electrical equipment for industrial plants include metal-clad switchgear, which may be located in any available space; also, air circuit breakers for voltages up to 5000 may soon be available in order to eliminate the fire hazard from using oil. Modern insulation on wire and cable offers greater resistance to high temperatures and the effects of moisture and other harmful substances.
Thin Oil Films
Authors: Claypoole Walter 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
A method is described for depositing very thin lubricating-oil films of any specified thickness of the order of 10−7 in. on polished metal in connection with experiments on boundary friction. The oil to be deposited is converted into a highly dispersed fog consisting largely of positively charged particles. The oil is readily deposited on a negatively charged metal surface at a rate depending on the nature of the oil, the potential gradient at the metal surface, and the concentration of the oil particles in the fog. The rate of deposition is best determined by observation of the progressive change in the interference color produced over a thickness range between 5 × 10−6 cm and 30 × 10−6 cm. Comparison of color with a standard stepped film of barium stearate laid down by the Langmuir and Blodgett technique gives a high degree of accuracy to the determination of film thickness.
Experiments have been made on the wearability of very thin oil films, and on the determination of the coefficient of static friction. An instrument is described which has been found especially suitable for this work. The author points out that a low value of the coefficient of static friction is a measure of the oiliness value of an oil-metal combination.
High-Temperature-Steam Experience at Detroit
Authors: Van Duzer R. M. , McCutchan Arthur 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper is a continuation of the one presented in December, 1933, in which the 10,000-kw, 1000-F turbine installed by The Detroit Edison Company, was described in detail together with the results obtained with various materials used in the construction of a small 1100-F superheater and piping system. The turbine installation was dismantled in 1937 after 26,453 hours of service and the 1100 F equipment has been continued in service for the further testing of materials.
The turbine operation has demonstrated the practicability of 1000-F operation. An examination of all principal materials used in the construction of the turbine, piping, and superheater showed that with several exceptions the alloys were in good condition. Measurements made to determine creep disclosed only small amounts.
The results of 1100-F steam-corrosion tests on 18 steels indicate that the scale formations offer material protection against subsequent steam attack and that the corrosion process is different in steam from that in air. A comparison of creep determinations made on four machined pipe sections—two in service at 380 lb per sq in. and 1100 F, and two in service at 380 lb per sq in. and 925 F—and laboratory specimens at the same temperature and stress tend to disprove the theory that total diametral elongation of a pipe subject to internal pressure is materially less than that indicated by tensile-creep tests.
The Vectorscope
Authors: Dashefsky George J. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper describes a new instrument capable of rapidly summing up a number of vectors. The machine consists of a disk, mounted in gimbals in the manner of a nautical compass, on which are placed weights representing the vectors to be added. A spot of light on the screen indicates directly the resultant vector and its direction, as well as its horizontal and vertical components.
The mathematical principle is developed and the instrument is shown to be suitable for studying crankshaft arrangements with respect to unbalanced moments and torsional vibration. The suitability of any firing order for any crankshaft configuration may be ascertained simply and quickly.
It is shown that the instrument is inherently adapted to making harmonic analyses of periodic functions and the theory of this application is discussed. Results by this method of analysis compare favorably with other methods.
Five Years’ Progress of Oil and Gas Power
Authors: Degler Howard E. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The last “Five Years’ Progress of Oil and Gas Power” has been primarily that of constantly lowering the engine weight, decreasing the bulk, increasing the flexibility, and lowering the installed cost per horsepower. With these worth-while improvements also came better performance, lower fuel consumption, and a more quietly operating engine. These gradual changes and improvements have broadened the field of application to such an extent that, from the first development, running into hundreds of pounds per horsepower and turning over at from 100 to 150 rpm, engines have been reduced in weight and increased in speed to an extent that now offers possibilities for universal application. Undoubtedly, the Diesel engine is recognized today as one of the most economical and reliable prime movers known, and is fast taking its place in applications for which it seemed unsuited a few years ago.
The Analogy Between Fluid Friction and Heat Transfer
Authors: Von Kármán Th. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The results of the modern turbulence research on velocity distribution near solid walls are applied to extend Reynolds’ analogy between fluid friction and heat transfer to liquids. Discrepancies between the experimental results and the theory of Taylor and Prandtl are explained. A new theoretical formula which fits the experimental results more satisfactorily is suggested and compared with the empirical equations of Dittus and Boelter.
Fundamental Relationships in the Design of Cooling Towers
Authors: Nance G. Russell 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a few theoretical considerations encountered when an attempt is made to correlate actual tower performance with that which may be predicted from thermodynamic considerations alone. The results of observed tests are correlated by means of empirical equations and sufficient material has been presented to enable the reader to check the performance of different types of towers with a fair degree of accuracy. A discussion follows in which information relative to the merits of various types of cooling systems is presented and suggestions are made as to the most economical type of tower to install.
Toward Economic Air-Line Equipment
Authors: Bonnalie A. F. 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
The paper is a discussion of some of the apparent factors determining the worth of the transport airplane. The author treats size, speed, range, and utilization as being among the major considerations for economic operation. Items of interest both in cost of operation and in sales of service are included.
The author finds no immediate limit to the size of airplanes, but does raise the question of crowding when larger numbers of passengers are involved. He also points out that, due to continual improvement, equipment in the future will be more economic.