bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Mechanism of Toxin-Antitoxin Reactions
Authors: Freund Jules 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
As long as the chemical constitution of antibodies is not established and as long as antibodies are not available in pure state it seems desirable to study the action of substances that have a similar effect upon antigens. Probably of all the antigen-antibody reactions agglutination can be most readily studied by immunologic and physico-chemical methods. There are many substances that cause agglutination of bacteria or red blood cells, but only a few of them imitate the action of antibodies. Bordet has shown that specific agglutinins do not clump bacteria or red blood cells directly but mediate agglutination by sensitizing them to the action of electrolytes. Substances that act like agglutinins without being specific, such as ricin (Stillmark) and collodial stannic acid (Landsteiner and Jâgić) might be called non-specific sensitizers.
The Correlation of the Protective Value with the Titers of Other Antibodies in Type I Antipneumococcus Serum
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
Thirty-nine freshly drawn polyvalent type I and type II anti-pneumococcus horse sera were studied to find the degree of correlation between the protective titer and various immunological reactions, namely, specific precipitation, agglutination, neutralization, and immune protein precipitable by soluble carbohydrate. It has been found that for type I the correlation coefficient between protection and precipitin titer is 0.93; between protection and agglutination is 0.80; between protection and neutralization is 0.88; and between protection and the amount of protein precipitated with specific carbohydrate is 0.91. From this degree of correlation it appears evident that, at least for type I freshly drawn sera, immunological examination other than the expensive mouse protection test can be utilized to estimate the probable therapeutic activity and to standardize antipneumococcus serum. Reproducible and accurate results in our experience have been possible by the use of the amount of protein in the sera precipitable with the soluble specific carbohydrate.
A Note on Improvement in the Method of Vaccine Production with Rickettsiae of Mexican Typhus Fever
Authors: Zinsser Hans , Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous publications (1, 2, 3) the writers have reported the successful protection of guinea pigs against infection with both Mexican and European typhus virus by intraperitoneal administrations of Rickettsia suspensions killed with 0.2 per cent formalin in salt solution. Since that time, experiments have been carried out with monkeys which cannot, however, be regarded as anything more than encouraging; for although two vaccinated monkeys appeared to be immune to massive injections of European typhus virus, and two control monkeys exhibited characteristic temperature curves, a third control monkey failed to react. The guinea pig experiments, however, have given such definite results that we consider it important to submit our present method of vaccine production for further investigation by others.
In our preceding communications, we failed to mention similarly encouraging active immunization with killed Rickettsiae, reported by Weigl in 1930. We had not seen Weigl's paper, which appeared in the Bulletin de l'Academie Polonaise des Sciences, a periodical not ordinarily available to us.
Studies on the Adsorption of Diphtheria Toxin to and Elution from Magnesium Hydroxide
Authors: Ecker E. E. , Weed L. A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An improvement on the purification of diphtheria toxin by adsorption to colloidal magnesium is reported. Whereas, the original toxic broth contained 37 mgm. of dried materials per gram the purified toxin contained only 0.17 mgm. of total solids per gram. The raw toxin gave 3.4 antigenic units per cubic centimeter. Neither the purified toxin, nor its filtrate or a mixture of the two, although each contained about 32 antigenic units per cubic centimeter, were capable of immunizing rabbits and guinea pigs.
“Le pouvoir antigène intrinsèque” of Ramon (the neutralizing power of the toxin toward antitoxin as determined by the flocculation method) being the true indicator of antigenicity does not hold for a toxin purified by adsorption to colloidal magnesium.
Immunity to Exotoxin of Streptococcus Hemolyticus Developed During Scarlet Fever, and Other Conditions as Shown by Skin Tests
Authors: Nemhauser Gustave 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A historical note shows that skin tests may be used as an approximate quantitative measure of scarlet fever antitoxin in the blood stream.
Method. We found intradermal injections of 1, 2, and 6 s.t.d. of scarlet fever toxin was a suitable method for testing the degree of immunity to scarlet fever. Somewhat more antitoxin-treated cases of scarlet fever showed immunity in convalescence, as well as a somewhat greater degree of immunity than the untreated cases, after the serum was believed to have disappeared. Only severe cases were given serum. Seven of 13 cases that remained Dick positive in convalescence were classed as mild, 6 severe. Figures comparing immunity, in convalescence, of mild and severe cases of scarlet fever are given (see tables 1 to 4 and charts 1 and 2).
Our patients (mostly suffering from contagious diseases) possessed a greater degree of immunity to scarlet fever than our normal adults (see table 7).
It was shown that carrying diluted toxin about in a pocket for eight hours caused some deterioration (see table 8).
Repeated (at three-day intervals) injections of 1, 2, and 6 s.t.d. of scarlet fever toxin (5 to 9 triple injections) in Dick positive young adults caused most to become negative to 1 and 2 s.t.d., but none became negative to 6 s.t.d. None of 3 Dick positive children became negative to 2 triple injections (see table 9).
Subcutaneous injections of 1, 2, and 6 s.t.d. of scarlet fever toxin, gave varying results from intracutaneous in 4 of 14 cases. Subcutaneous reactions, in addition, seemed to be paler and more diffuse than the intracutaneous.
Our negro patients did not possess a greater degree of antitoxic immunity to scarlet fever than our white patients.
Our measles patients having a negative Dick test showed a greater average degree of immunity to scarlet fever than the average of our groups of infected patients having a negative Dick test (excepting scarlet fever patients).
The per cent of tonsils present in Dick negative individuals, Dick positive individuals, and cases of scarlet fever was compiled, as well as in cases of scarlet fever grouped as to severity. Between the Dick negative individuals, the Dick positive individuals, and the cases of scarlet fever, there was no significant variation in the percentage of tonsils present. The group of scarlet fever cases classed as mildest in severity of 4 groups showed the smallest percentage of tonsils present (see table 10).
Diphtheria Antibodies Transmitted to the Offspring of Immune Guinea Pigs
Authors: Richardson Lurline V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Measurements were made of the diphtheria antibodies, antibacterial and antitoxic, in the sera of the offspring of guinea pigs previously immunized with diphtheria filtrate. The data showed that diphtheria antibodies of the antibacterial sort as well as antitoxin are placentally transmittted. The proportion of found in the sera of the offspring shortly after birth was comparable to that in the sera of their respective mothers.
The sera of a number of families were studied over periods of sixty or more days following the births; the data of these tests showed that the amount of antibodies originally transferred by the mother is the important factor in determining the duration of the passive immunity of the offspring.
Studies in Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Histamine does not kill the rabbit by arteriospasm of the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary arterial bed in rabbits killed with BaCl2 resists high pressures of the perfusion fluid in most of the animals. Some rabbits are not killed by the lethal dose of BaCl2 for the majority of rabbits. Rabbits that have received the usual series of sensitizing injections of an antigen and have been found insensitive by test may still die in typical anaphylactoid symptoms upon the injection of BaCl2; therefore the variability in the degree of the anaphylactic reaction in rabbits that have received the same treatment with egg white and horse serum is not due to a corresponding variation in the general reactivity of the pulmonary medial muscle to stimulation. Histamine, epinephrine and BaCl2 may produce a characteristically different effect (contraction, relaxation of normal tone, no change) upon the same unstriated muscular tissue (bronchial) in the same animal. Unstriped muscle from different sites in the same animal may be affected in quite different manner by the same substance. The same substance usually produces the same qualitative effect upon the unstriped muscle of the same organ in guinea pig and rabbit. The action of a substance upon the isolated unstriped muscular tissue in the bath is not always reflected in the physiologic action of the substance upon the same tissue in the living animal.
Studies in Anaphylaxis in the Rabbit
Authors: Grove Ella F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The experiments described in this paper confirm the well established rôle of unstriped muscle in acute anaphylactic shock in the rabbit. They also confirm the view of Simonds and of Wells that the difference in the pathology of acute anaphylaxis in the guinea pig and rabbit are due to differences in the structural relations in the respective shock organs because both bronchial and arterial muscle in the same animal (guinea pig) have been shown capable of specific contraction and therefore both contract during acute anphylactic shock; yet in the one situation the contraction results in closure of the lumen, whereas in the other, it does not.
Studies on Meningococcus
Authors: Malcolm Wilbur G. , White Benjamin 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By various methods, some of which have been previously described, it is possible to extract from meningococci of the four agglutination groups a substance or substances highly toxic for mice and rabbits. Evidence is presented which seems to prove that the toxin is an endotoxin. A method is described for preparing uniform and stable lots of meningococcus endotoxin, upon which definite m.l.d. determinations can be made. The precipitation and removal of cellular protein by means of acetic acid from sodium hydroxide extracts of meningococci appears to be an important step in the method. This toxin is a tissue poison, has a dilating effect on the blood vessels and produces hemorrhage in the brain. The Shwartzman phenomenon may be reproduced by the endotoxin. Some rabbits may be made tolerant or possibly immune to the local and systemic effects of the toxin. The endotoxin may be neutralized by some lots of specific immune horse and rabbit serum. The study is being continued.
Further Studies on the Meningococcus with Special Reference to the Shwartzman Reaction
Authors: Powell H. M. , Jamieson W. A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In recently reported experiments dealing with the Shwartzman toxic principle of meningococci (1) we have verified the fact that an injury-producing substance may be prepared from these organisms (2). Also we have noted neutralization effects of a moderate degree, and have used the Shwartzman reaction in order to investigate further antimeningococcic sera.
It appears that the exact nature of the Shwartzman meningococcus toxic principle, in common with that from other bacteria, has not yet been fully determined. Shwartzman has presented evidence, including multiple proportion neutralization experiments, indicating that this toxic principle resembles exotoxin. Burnet (3) in an interesting paper has pointed out the similarity of the Shwartzman toxic principle to endotoxin. His research indicates a greater degree of similarity between the Shwartzman toxic principle and endotoxin than with any other known bacterial substance. Burnet inclines to the view that the Shwartzman toxic principle is not of itself antigenic, and that neutralization effects of homologous antiserum may be attributed to bacterial substance usually associated with the toxic principle.
The Relationship of the Tuberculin Proteins of Different Acid-Fast Bacilli to Sensitization As Indicated by Their Reactivity in Sensitized Animals
Authors: Seibert Florence B. , Morley Nelle 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The great variation in degree of sensitiveness of tuberculous guinea pigs to tuberculin is a factor of considerable importance in the standardization of tuberculin, as well as in many research problems concerning tuberculosis. The cause for such fluctuations is at the present time entirely unknown. During the course of an experimental study of tuberculin extending over a period of eight years it had been noted that the skin sensitiveness of tuberculous guinea pigs was at times of such a low degree as to prevent any quantitative study of the potency of tuberculins by that method. The minimal lethal dose test was therefore resorted to (1). At other times, as at the time of writing, the sensitiveness was so great that the most delicate titration of potency by means of the skin test has been possible.
The Sedimentation Rate of Red Blood Cells of Tuberculous Rabbits Injected with Tuberculin
Authors: Freund Jules , Frank Dee E. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Since, on the one hand, the injection of old tuberculin into a tuberculous animal is followed by inflammation in organs containing tuberculous tissue, and, on the other hand, inflammation is associated with an increased sinking velocity of red blood cells in the sedimentation test tube, the injection of old tuberculin might be expected to cause an increase in the sedimentation rate of red blood cells of tuberculous animals. If so, it may be possible to demonstrate hypersensitiveness by measuring the rate of sedimentation of erythrocytes before and after the injection of old tuberculin. To test this possibility we have chosen the rabbit as our experimental animal. This test may prove useful in detecting tuberculous infection in rabbits, since in this animal neither the skin nor the temperature reaction is a dependable indication of hypersensitiveness to tuberculin.
The settling of red blood cells was observed in tubes 40 mm. long with an inner bore 5 mm. in diameter.
The Influence of Pregnancy and of Menstruation on the Power of Normal Human Sera to Inactivate Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Engle Earl T. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An impression has been gained by clinicians after many years of observations that a number of infectious diseases occur with notable rarity during pregnancy (1). This physiological protection which nature has temporarily provided for the expectant mother extends also into the first few weeks of life of the newborn, only to be followed shortly later by a period of maximum susceptibility to the common infections of childhood. The mechanism of this spontaneous and transitory phase of enhanced resistance is not clear, neither in the mother nor in the baby. The constitutional conditions, however, which are associated with the stated epochs of life, must evidently be of fundamental character since several examples have become known of an increase in the titer of certain normal protective principles in the serum during the period of gestation. We refer here only to the increase in anthrakocidal substances (2) and in dysentery agglutinins (3) in the serum of pregnant women.
Influenzal Meningitis
Authors: Fothergill LeRoy D. , Wright Joyce 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Influenzal meningitis is rarely seen under two months of age or beyond six years of age. About 80 per cent of the cases occur between the ages of two months and three years. The bactericidal power of whole defibrinated blood in various age groups for a meningitic strain of B. influenzae has been studied. Cord blood and the blood of infants under two months of age has considerable bactericidal power. With rare exceptions the blood of children between the ages of two months and three years has practically no bactericidal power. After three years the bactericidal power gradually rises and appears to be permanent in adult life.
Serum Sickness in Rabbits
Authors: Fleisher Moyer S. , Jones Lloyd 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In previous articles concerning serum sickness in rabbits we have reported some of the manifestations of this reaction (1) and certain phenomena associated with this reaction such as appearance of antibodies (2), alterations in temperature and white blood cells (3). The results here reported are based upon experiments carried out to determine some of the factors concerned in the occurrence of serum sickness in rabbits. As concerns the appearance of this phenomenon in man there have appeared in the literature statements that serum from various horses differed in their activity in causing serum sickness, that age of the serum might be of moment and that the individual variation of the person injected played a rôle. Very little has been stated regarding the effect of serum from species other than horse in causing this reaction. Our studies were undertaken to throw some light upon these questions in their relation to manifestations in the rabbit.
Experimental Study of an Antipoliomyelitic Serum from Monkeys Artificially Immunized with an Organism Cultivated from Poliomyelitis Nervous Tissue
Authors: Eberson Frederick , Mossman William G. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
By means of a series of subcutaneous injections of an organism cultivated from Berkefeld N filtrates of poliomyelitis virus, Macacus rhesus monkeys were apparently immunized against the virus of the disease.
The protection conferred upon the test animals was measured by the neutralizing power of their serums for poliomyelitis virus. In two instances the resistance of monkeys toward intracerebral inoculation of the virus was also tested.
The serums of animals treated with the cultures neutralized completely or in part the poliomyelitis virus in vitro. The outcome of an intracerebral inoculation test in two other instances showed that the monkeys had become resistant to infection by this route.
During the course of immunization with the living cultures 1 animal developed typical poliomyelitis. In an earlier series of experiments 3 monkeys also showed symptoms and signs of typical abortive infection.
The cultures used in the experiments were in the twenty-fourth subplant and represented a dilution of the original virus material that had been cultivated of approximately 2 × 10−38.
The results have been discussed with reference to possible survival of any hypothetical adsorbed virus and with reference to the viability of virus as compared with the cultures at incubator temperature.
The experiments, it is believed, confirmed further the previously reported observations on the possible relationship of this organism to the poliomyelitis virus.
Electric Charge of Antibodies
Authors: Olitzki Leo 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A number of investigators have studied the nature of electric charge of antibodies, especially of agglutinins. Landsteiner and Pauli (1908) were the first to record from cataphoresis experiments that the haemagglutinin of chicken serum carries a negative charge in neutral and alkaline solution and a positive charge in acid solution. Michaelis and Davidsohn (1912) determined the isoelectric point of various antibodies. They found the isoelectric point of agglutinins for B. typhosus to be between (H·) 1.0 × 10-6 and 5.1 × 10-6 and for precipitins between 3 × 10-6 and 6 × 10-6. From that they concluded that the antibodies are amphoteric and that their isoelectric point is identical with that of the globulins, that is (H·) 4 × 10-6. Recently Vera Schroeder (1930) found that the isoagglutinins are amphoteric proteins with an isoelectric point at pH 4.0.
The Distribution of the Virus of Poliomyelitis in the Cerebrospinal Axis of Monkeys
Authors: Brodie Maurice 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The lesions of poliomyelitis are found mainly in the central nervous system and take the form of inflammatory changes and nerve cell destruction. The latter is the outstanding pathological feature of the disease, but even in severe cases the reaction to the virus of poliomyelitis has an irregular distribution and varies in intensity throughout the cerebrospinal axis of monkeys. Thus, in the spinal cord, most of the neurones are affected, in the pons and medulla there may be considerable inflammatory exudate but there is decidedly less nerve cell destruction and specific changes are rarely present in the brain.
Whether the virus acts directly or indirectly upon the nerve cells, it appears reasonable to suppose an irregular distribution of the virus in the central nervous system, with greatest concentration in those areas having most nerve destruction.
The Titration of Poliomyelitic Virus Containing Tissue
Authors: Brodie Maurice 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
There is reason to believe that during the serial transmission of a single strain of poliomyelitis virus through monkeys, periodic changes in its infectivity occur (Flexner and Lewis (1), Flexner et al. (2), Flexner and Amoss (3)). It is not surprising, therefore, that the infectivity of the different strains in common use show no agreement. This is revealed in the experiences of various workers. Amoss (4), for example, states that as little as 0.001 cc. of a 5 per cent emulsion can infect monkeys, while Fair-brother (5), infected with 0.003 cc. and Stewart and Rhoads (6) with 0.005 cc. of a 5 per cent emulsion. On the other hand, Shaughnessy, et al. (7) and Rosenow (8) failed to infect monkeys with as much as 1 cc. of a 5 per cent emulsion.
Furthermore, as is shown in an accompanying paper, poliomyelitis virus is not uniformly distributed throughout the brain and cord.
The Preparation of Diphtheria Toxoid by Treatment of the Toxin with 1 Per Cent Formalin and Precipitation with Acetone
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus , Quigley James J. , Sickles Gretchen R. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
An earlier study having established that (1), as soon as the detoxification of diphtheria toxoid is complete, the formalin can be eliminated by precipitation with acetone without apparent injury to the toxoid, further experiments were undertaken to determine the most suitable concentration of formalin and period of exposure when the preparation was incubated at from 36 to 37°C.
The preparation of diphtheria toxoid by the methods of Glenny (2) and of Ramon (3) involves prolonged incubation at elevated temperatures and with minimal quantities of formalin, from 0.3 to 0.4 per cent, so carefully adjusted that, when detoxification has reached the desired stage, changes affecting the antigenic action will not take place. There are obvious advantages in avoiding this complicated procedure and in adopting one that would eliminate the formalin as soon as the product was satisfactorily detoxified.