bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Reservoir Souring in the Alba Field Using Produced Water Compositions – A Study of Biogenic Sulfate Loss
Authors: Ness Giulia , Sorbie Kenneth , Lugo Nancy , de Rezende Julia R. , Shi Xiang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Microbial reservoir souring poses a significant threat to safe oil and gas production and operations and it is difficult to control and mitigate. Predicting future H2S trends with reservoir souring models is done in an attempt to define the worst-case scenario and make critical decisions related to the asset field life. Unfortunately, these predictions often prove wrong because of the large uncertainties around parameters used within these models and because predicting the behaviour of living microorganisms is much more complex than dealing with most other chemical challenges in oil & gas.
This work proposes an alternative data-driven and mechanistic approach to the investigation of the souring problem in Alba, a mature North Sea field water flooded since 1994. A comprehensive dataset including water chemistry analyses, gas composition trends, fluid rates etc. is used to find important correlations between produced fluid compositions and changes in H2S production. The concept of biogenic sulfate loss is introduced to allow the comparison of results for wells located in different parts of the field and drilled at different stages of the field life.
When looking at produced sulfate concentration, injection water fraction (IWF) and produced H2S we clearly identify 5 stages of H2S generation in the Alba field. Sulfate loss in produced fluids is detected first and it is followed by a delayed H2S production. Eventually both biogenic sulfate loss and H2S generation reach a plateau although it is not easy to determine the end members of these concentrations.
Produced water data shows a significant sulfate loss in excess of 1000 mg/l caused by reservoir biogenic souring. To account for sulfate loss caused by changes in the IWF, the biogenic sulfate loss is calculated. This is defined as the SO42− drop from the expected SO42− concentration calculated using injection water fraction based on boron.
A plot of maximum produced H2S and biogenic sulfate loss is constructed to compare all wells, show the souring trend and bracket the maximum H2S generation for the field. Sulfate and BTEX are not the limiting factor in H2S generation in this field but the maximum concentration of sulfide that bacteria can tolerate determines how high H2S can rise.
This work shows for the first time how the change in produced sulfate concentration can be used to study the different stages of well reservoir souring in high sulfate waters. A new method of comparing wells based on biogenic sulfate loss and H2S production is proposed to bracket the maximum H2S generation expected in this field. This straightforward data analysis method is generally applicable in fields that are souring due to microbial activity and where the produced fluid compositions are available.
An Integrated Variable Viscosity Acidizing and Fracturing Dual-Use System
Authors: Ma Yingxian , Tian Bohan , Guo Jianchun , Mao Yuan , Ren Shan , Tang Chaojun 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
At present, carbonate reservoirs are becoming more and more complex, and multi-stage alternating injection acidification and acid fracturing process is required. Therefore, we have developed an integrated variable viscosity thickener based on a copolymer of a series of designed functional monomers and acrylamide. With this thickener, six liquid systems including slick water, linear glue, glue liquid, drag-reducing acid, gelling acid, and high-viscosity gelling acid could be prepared online in one dose. The viscosity of fracturing fluid could reach 195 mPa·s at a concentration of 6.0 wt% without any cross-linking agent. At the same concentration, the viscosity of the acidizing fluid was 150 mPa·s, with only a 23% decrease in viscosity compared to the fracturing fluid. And by changing the length hydrophobic chain, the thickening time in hydrochloric acid could reach 2 to 8min adjustable. Both fracturing fluid and acid fluids showed a good temperature resistance and shear resistance. Under high temperature and high-speed shear conditions, the viscosity retention rate was above 65%. And the lower reaction level of variable viscous acid indicated that the liquid performance was more stable when reacting in the formation. In a word, the suspension-type thickener could prepare six types of fluids with one agent with convenient construction, high time efficiency, and high temperature resistance and superior retardation performance, which could meet the demand of complex and variable fracturing and acidizing transformation process of deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs in real time.
Extended Field Study Tracking the Performance of the Preservative Biocides, THNM and DMO, in Unconventional Wells
Authors: Silva Veronica , Wunch Kenneth , Solomon Ethan , Maun Philip 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Hydraulic fracturing is prone to microbial contamination due to the large volumes of water used to recover oil and gas from the reservoir. Biocides are frequently added during hydraulic fracturing to mitigate operational problems such as souring, corrosion, and biofouling. In this multi-year case study, the preservative biocides, 4,4-dimethyloxazolidine (DMO) and tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane (THNM), were applied during completions for the long-term control of microbial contamination capable of surviving harsh reservoir conditions and to optimize hydrocarbon recovery.
A suite of high temperature, high pressure (HPHT) bioreactors were developed to investigate the ability of biocides to prevent souring in model hydraulic fracturing systems. The above-mentioned preservative biocides, known for their endurance, were selected for inoculation into the reactors. These results were compared to an identical biocide field application in the Vaca Muerta basin in Argentina. A multi-year study was conducted measuring efficacy of the biocide program in the produced fluids by measuring ATP, qPCR, most probable number (MPN) and NGS (Next Generation Sequencing) in selected samples. Concurrently, the operator measured H2S levels in the production fluids and calculated the estimated savings in H2S scavengers top side by implementing preservative biocides.
Results indicated that both DMO and THNM were able to effectively control souring and microbial growth in treated reactors at 60°C compared to the untreated control. When comparing reactor results to field applications, both biocides were successful in maintaining control of the field microbial populations and produced H2S from flowback through a few years of production. Furthermore, observations of nearby wells treated with non-preservative biocides indicated those wells lost control of the microbial population in the reservoirs after approximately 10 months of production. This microbial control study allows the correlation of lab bioreactor performance to real-world field results and demonstrates the effectiveness of the preservative biocides, DMO and THNM, in the long-term control of microbial biofouling in an unconventional reservoir.
Criteria for Robust Mercury Sampling and Analysis; A Review of Case Studies and Lessons Learnt
Authors: Langford Michael 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A set of criteria is proposed that will deliver a robust sampling and analysis programme for the trace measurement of mercury in reservoir fluids. Criteria are presented in the context of examples of sub-optimal mercury analysis, where lessons can be learnt.
This paper reviews a number of anonymised case studies to identify and highlight the limitations of flawed mercury analysis programmes which have either utilised offsite analysis, incorrect sampling techniques or failed to consider mercury analysis early enough in an appraisal and development schedule. Examples are presented from the last five years which illustrate the most commonly seen failings and the lessons that can be learnt from them. Potential consequences, including costly production delays and contaminated products, are demonstrated.
In each instance, due to incomplete or incorrect sampling and analysis, initial mercury estimates were demonstrated to be incorrect; generally, this was only identified once the field had commenced production, without mercury mitigation measures in place. In all cases, further testing was required to establish representative mercury concentrations, and identify the root cause of the initial inaccuracies. In some cases, mercury levels previously reported to be low during exploration and appraisal testing were subsequently found to be considerably higher during testing and clean up of development or production wells. Deferral of start-up, while mercury abatement measures were explored and implemented, significantly delayed production from the reservoir.
Based on the lessons learnt from these examples, a simple set of criteria has been identified which, when considered during the development of a test campaign, maximises the chance of obtaining representative and reliable mercury data, and avoids the most common pitfalls. Increased numbers of higher quality samples, analysed at the wellsite following structured measurement and quality control procedures, would improve the reliability of generated data and thus reduce the uncertainty around reservoir concentrations.
The findings of this paper will add clarity and structure to the design of mercury-target sampling and analysis campaigns, either standalone or part of a wider test programme.
Polymer Flood Pilot to Recover Heavy Oil Using Heated Water
Authors: Solairaj Sriram , Pope Gary , Pin Erica 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Days Chapel area of the Slocum oilfield was investigated as a target for conducting a polymer flood using heated water. The crude oil in the Carrizo zone of the Slocum oilfield is a heavy oil with an API gravity of about 19 degrees and a viscosity of about 1000 cp. The Carrizo formation is a shallow sand with high porosity and permeability. A new well was drilled for the purpose of obtaining log and core data needed to characterize the target area. Simulations using these data were used to assess its potential in this area of the field. Polymer flooding using heated water is significantly more complicated than conventional polymer flooding with respect to the surface facilities, the design and prediction of the flood, the operation of the flood, and the reservoir performance. One of the most important variables is the temperature of the heated water. Higher temperature results in lower oil viscosity, but it also results in higher heat losses from the wellbores and reservoir, and higher energy costs to heat the injected polymer solution. Injection and production rates are also key variables. Another important design variable is the duration of hot water injection before starting hot polymer flooding. Preliminary results indicate this innovative approach to polymer flooding of heavy oil zones is promising and should be evaluated in other heavy oil reservoirs.
Research on the Chemistry of Emulsifiers for Nonaqueous Drilling Fluids
Authors: Barmatov Evgeny , Khramov Dimitri 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
High-performance nonaqueous fluids (HP NAF) are complex engineering systems. The emulsifier is the backbone of any NAF; therefore, highest return on investment is likely to come from the development of emulsifier chemistry. The objective of the present research is to improve the knowledge of different reactions that occur during synthesis of an emulsifier and investigate how the different products of the synthesis impact emulsifier performance in a NAF.
Creating a new emulsifier is a one-step process of C18 amine condensation and various cyclic anhydrides. Reaction time and temperature was varied in this work to generate different reaction products, and analytical techniques, such as 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), 13C NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography were used to investigate the mechanism of the chemical reaction and for reaction process optimization.
The reaction is a simple formation of a monoamide between the amine and the cyclic anhydride; however, secondary reactions are possible that decrease the emulsifier performance. The monoamide that forms initially can be transformed into other species under elevated temperatures, which no longer function as emulsifiers. This paper presents the performance of a new emulsifier in a HP NAF and provides a systematic insight into various chemical transformations that are possible when attempting to use this amide-formation reaction to create an emulsifier.
Development of structure-activity relationships for chemical components of emulsifiers and a systematic knowledge of invert emulsion performance will improve the comprehension of emulsifier performance in an HP NAF. This knowledge can be applied to improve emulsion stability and rheology of a drilling fluid.
The finished vehicle routing problem with a heterogeneous transport fleet
Authors: Liu Jiansheng , Yuan Bin , Zan Yang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper presents a new variant of the vehicle routing problem, known as the heterogeneous multi-type fleet vehicle routing problem in finished vehicle logistics (HVRP–FVL), which is modeled and solved. The HVRP–FVL considers various transportation costs, such as highway tolls, labor costs, power costs, time penalty costs, and carbon emissions costs. Moreover, the highway toll is charged based on the transport vehicle model, loading weight, and traveled distance, which adds to the complexity of the problem. The objective of the problem is to minimize the total cost of the vehicle fleet. To solve the HVRP–FVL, a metaheuristic is proposed using a genetic algorithm (GA) metaheuristic. The GA incorporates a dual-chromosome encoding method with adaptive crossover, mutation, and climbing operators to improve computational performance. A case study from a logistics company is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, and a series of experiments are conducted. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach performs well and satisfies users in practice. The contributions of the paper are the effective modeling and solution of a natural and complex vehicle routing problem in finished vehicle logistics.
Global profiling of functional histidines in live cells using small molecule photosensitizer and chemical probe relay labeling
Authors: Zhai Yansheng , Zhang Xinyu , Yan Dingyuan , Wang Xianghe , Tian Kailu , Zhang Zhe , Huang Yan , Sun Wen , Yang Xi , Wang Dong , Tsai Yu-Hsuan , Li Gang 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in chemical proteomics have focused on developing chemical probes reacting with nucleophilic amino acid residues throughout the proteome. Among the nucleophilic amino acids, histidine is an attractive candidate due to its presence in enzyme active sites, metal-binding sites, and protein-protein interaction interfaces. However, histidine has moderate nucleophilicity, and its modification is easily influenced by cysteine and lysine, resulting in poor selectivity and narrow proteome coverage. Here, we report a singlet oxygen and chemical probe relay labeling method that achieves exquisite selectivity towards histidine. A small molecular photosensitizer library is screened together with a chemical probe library to optimize the histidine labeling, enabling histidine profiling in live cells with over 7500 unique sites. We applied this method to discover unannotated histidine sites for metalloproteins and characterize the key histidine residues H309 for metabolic enzyme IDH1 and H73 for CRIP1. Finally, we used this method to probe the accessibility of histidine residues in mitophagy, revealing H138 of PARK7 as the key residue influencing the protein subcellular localization and stability. These findings demonstrate the applicability of our method in discovering functional histidine sites in the human proteome.
Exploring factors influencing the uptake of Kangaroo Mother Care: Key Informant Interviews with Parents
Authors: Foong Wai Cheng , Foong Siew Cheng , Ho Jacqueline J. , Gautam Divya , Leong Jen Jen , Tan Pek Yong , Baskaran Mehala 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background
The updated World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline recommends immediate kangaroo mother care (KMC) for all infants, particularly those born premature. However, its uptake and sustainability have been unsatisfactory. Therefore, we aimed to gain deeper insight into factors influencing the uptake of KMC practice in our setting, and thereby identify possible solutions for the development of relevant interventions to improve its adoption and make a KMC routine practice for all infants.
Methods
Using the Triandis model of social behaviour as our framework, we conducted key informant interviews with parents and healthcare providers. Trained interviewers conducted interviews with nine parents, recruited via purposive sampling. These parents were parents of preterm infants who had been introduced to KMC. Data was transcribed and analysed based on Triandis theory of social behaviour. This paper only reports the results of the parent interviews.
Results
Major findings were how positive feelings like warmth and contentment, the sense of parenthood with KMC, the benefits of KMC for their infant and parents being enablers for KMC uptake. Conversely, the lack of KMC awareness, the initial negative feelings such as fear, uncertainty and embarrassment, the prioritization of time for milk expression, overcrowding in the ward, lack of space and privacy, limited visiting hours, lack of support and poor communication resulting in misapprehension about KMC were major barriers.
Conclusion
A deeper understanding of the factors influencing the uptake of KMC using the Triandis behavioural model provided a way forward to help improve its uptake and sustainability in our settings.
Trial registration
This study was registered with the National Medical Research Registry (NMRR-17-2984-39191).
Simulation of particle transmission in an emergency waiting hall and management proposals
Authors: Zhang Xueyan , Jia Ning , Xu Qing , Wang Zhongxu , Zhou Xiaoying , Tian Haoyuan , Sun Xin , Zhang Meibian 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Background: Particle transmission is relevant to nosocomial infection of respiratory infectious disease. It is essential to understand the particle concentration and movement and effect of respiratory protection in hospital to improve management proposals.
Methods: The particle number concentration, air condition wind velocity and temperature were collected from 6 locations in an emergency waiting hall. The particle concentration in waiting area and consulting room and coughing exhaled particle transmission were calculated by Lattice Boltzmann Method, Convection-Diffusion Equation and Discrete Phase Model, respectively. Fit tests of 4 respirators among 577 health care workers in the hospital were carried out.
Results: The wind velocity of air conditioner outlet was correlated negatively with particle concentration of diameter no more than 1μm(r=-0.671,P=0.000), either more than 1μm(r=-0.261,P=0.000). The particle concentration in the waiting area was higher than that in the consulting room both by field measurement and simulation. Particles exhaled by someone coughing can spread to several people around him or her within 1s. 60% of exhaled particles suspend for a few minutes or longer. The passing rates were 50%, 93.3%, 80.3% and 5.9% for 3M 9132, Siwo D918(hook), Siwo D918(headband) and Wenjian medical N95 respirator, respectively. The difference was significant in the same population(χ2=163.433, p=0.000).
Conclusion: Protective strategies should be strengthened in the waiting area during respiratory infectious disease epidemic. Fit test is essential to health care workers to select respirators.
Identification of Prognosis-Related Genes and Key Target Genes for Pancreatic cancer : A Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Patient Woulaidjei Ntomo Nicaise , Shang Zhong-Hua , Ntiak Achi , Apeku Ernestina. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Objective:
The mortality and morbidity rates associated with pancreatic cancer ( PaCa) are extremely high. Various studies have demonstrated that pancreatic cancer will be the fourth cancer-related death by 20230, raising more concern for scholars to find effective methods to prevent and treat in order to improve the pancreatic cancer outcome. Using bioinformatic analysis, this study aims to pinpoint key genes that could impact PaCa patients' prognosis and could be used as therapeutic targets.
Methods:
The TCGA and GEO datasets were integratively analyzed to identify prognosis-related differentially expressed genes. Next, the STRING database was used to develop PPI networks, and the MCODE and CytoNCA Cytoscape in Cytoscape was used to screen for critical genes. Through CytoNCA, three kinds of topology analysis were considered ( degree, betweenness, and eigenvector). Essential genes were confirmed as potential target treatment through Go function and pathways enrichment analysis, a developed predictive risk model based on multivariate analysis, and the establishment of nomograms using the clinical information.
Results:
Overall, the GSE183795 and TCGA datasets associated 1311 and 2244 genes to pancreatic cancer prognosis, respectively. We identified 132 genes that were present in both datasets. The PPI network analysis using, the centrality analysis approach with the CytoNCA plug-in, showed that, CDK2, PLK1, CCNB1, and TOP2A ranked in the top 5% across all three metrics .The independent analysis of a risk model, revealed that the four keys genes had a Hazard Ratio (HR) > 1. The monogram showed the predictive risk model and individual patient survival predictions were accurate.The results indicate that the effect of the selected vital genes was significant and that they could be used as biomarkers to predict a patient's outcome and as possible target therapy in patients with pancreatic cancer. GO function and pathway analysis demonstrated that crucial genes might affect the P53 signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway, through which Meiotic nuclear division and cell cycle may have a significant function in essential genes affecting the outcome of patients who have pancreatic cancer.
Conclusions:
This study suggests that CDK2, CCNB1, PLK1 and TOP2A are four key genes having a significant influence on PaCa migration and proliferation. CDK2, CCNB1, PLK1, and TOP2A can be used as potential PaCa prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. However, experimental validation is necessary to confirm these predictions. Ours study comes into contributions to the development of personalized target therapy for pancreatic cancer patients