bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plato 1—Sôphrosunê and the Capacity for Action
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The Phaedo contrasts the nonphilosopher’s incarnation of sôphrosunê with the philosopher’s: the former is a canceling out of inconsistent desires, the latter gives wisdom a role. This account leaves open questions that this and the next two chapters address by looking at six other Platonic dialogues. In the Protagoras, Protagoras places sôphrosunê (perhaps equated with aidôs, respect/shame) and justice at the heart of civic flourishing. Later, when arguing for some equivalence between the cardinal virtues, Socrates seeks Protagoras’ agreement to the coincidence of sôphrosunê and wisdom and justice. In the Gorgias, Socrates’ argument with Callicles becomes most heated once they disagree on the value of sôphrosunê and talk of justice falls away. Socrates cannot defend sôphrosunê as a reduction of desire, since for Callicles the excellent human life amounts to the full manifestation and realization of desire. So Socrates must defend sôphrosunê as a virtue of agency, of human power and responsibility: he therefore argues that it amounts to a well-functioning soul that includes, as subordinate aspects of sôphrosunê, wisdom and courage, the instrumental virtues of agency Callicles has already accepted.
Sôphrosunê for Later Greek Women
Authors: Moore Christopher 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Classical authors disputed whether virtue had gendered forms: the Socratics argued that it didn’t; Meno and Aristotle claimed that it did. The chapter begins with an overview of this debate. It then turns to close readings of two post-Classical texts, each of which is closely informed by those debates. The first is the On Women’s Sôphrosunê, ascribed to a late-Hellenistic or early Roman-era woman called Phintys. This work opens with a theory about gendered virtue and proceeds to vaunt a conservative—husband-respecting, social-norm-obeying—sôphrosunê for women or wives. Readers must wonder whether Phintys enjoins submissiveness, the abandonment of agency, or, by contrast, an active self-possession governed by norms of women’s thoughtful acceptance, the constitution of agency. The other text is Iamblichus’ letter to a woman named Arete on the subject of sôphrosunê. Unlike Phintys, Iamblichus does not assume that this virtue is gendered, and he leaves no question whether sôphrosunê is the virtue of agency.
On African Music
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractComposed over a decade and a half and originally delivered to audiences in Europe, Africa, and the US, these lectures celebrate African musical creativity by illuminating selected compositional techniques, key influences, and dominant scholarly themes. Chapters on minimalism, iconicity, tonality as a colonizing force, and African pianism are supplemented by a critique of ethnotheory, a capsule history of African rhythm studies, and an invitation to music theorists to consider whether greater encounter with African music might not enhance the work that they do. Framed as an exercise in postcolonial criticism, the work refers to a large body of recorded music from various parts of Africa, provides close readings of a handful of compositions to supplement the more general appreciative commentary, and engages recurring and controversial talking points in contemporary discourses on African music. Written in clear and accessible prose, these self-standing essays are designed to enhance admiration for the animating structures of African music.
Iconicity in Musical Thought and Expression
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter assembles instances of iconicity to show that this modality is widespread in African cultures. It also offers a technical description of iconicity’s principal features and assesses its limitations as a creative option. Referring to semiotician C. S. Peirce’s theories aimed at formulating a universal algebra of equations to help us grasp reality, the chapter refers specifically to the widely cited icon-index-symbol trichotomy. While the symbolic mode is well known to Africanists—Africa, indeed, is a land awash in symbols—the indexical and iconic modes have not received as much attention. Focusing on the iconic, which is said to be the most immediate and rampant of the signifying modes, the chapter describes vivid instances of auditive iconicity and visual iconicity drawn from different performance traditions across the African continent. The chapter does not stop at description and illustration, however, but goes on to speculate on iconicity’s “developmental” potential, concluding that iconicity is limited and suggesting that its ubiquity be considered an ambiguous “gift.”
Against Ethno-Theory
Authors: Agawu Kofi 
Published: June 2023

AbstractThis chapter examines the rationale for an ethno-theory (a species of theory distinguished by its greater fidelity to the way native musicians think and talk about their music) and concludes that ethno-theory is a limited and limiting discourse for African musicology. Since ethno-theory in principle announces a difference from theory, the chapter first inquires into the distinction between the two and suggests that the line separating them is weak. It is argued that giving pride of place to indigenous categories of thought, including the words and formulations of indigenous musicians, should represent the beginning rather than the end of a theoretical proceeding. The chapter describes earlier efforts by ethnomusicologists (Feld, Misonu Amu, and others), including situations in which experts disagree, and asks why African musicologists have not invested in ethno-theory. It suggests that a larger cosmopolitan theory seems to be of greater interest to African musicology (like Nketia) than the more confining ethno-theory. Without undervaluing indigenous knowledge, nor underestimating its role in self-affirmation, the chapter nevertheless argues against ethno-theory because of its precarious status and because of the exoticizing temptations that attend its construction. Parallel critiques of ethnophilosophy by African philosophers suggest further why African musicologists may wish to be wary of ethno-theory.
How Journalists Might Care
Authors: Robinson Sue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores the how of trust-building theory: How do we enact an identity-aware care through engagement practices so that we build trust in public information? This chapter offers the example of listening-to-learn literacies, a group of engagement strategies being employed across many initiatives, programs, and projects around the world. In these literacies, listening is centered as the primary construct and a way for journalists and their audiences to better learn. These trust projects expanded the work of media literacy into four spaces: the civic space (which would include K–12 spaces of literacy learning), the journalistic professional space, the social amateur sharing space (such as Facebook), and the technological space (such as algorithms).
How Journalists Can Listen to Learn and Learn to Listen
Authors: Robinson Sue 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 5 takes up two specific cases that focus on listening to learn. One is Citizens Agenda, a collaboration between Hearken, Trusting News, and the Membership Project to train more than 100 newsrooms in specific outreach to communities ahead of the November 2020 presidential election. The second is the implementation of a set of four trust-building modules for reporting classes that have PowerPoint presentations, discussion prompts, readings, exercises, and assignments created from this data. The trainers, journalists, professors, and journalism students for both projects were all either interviewed or surveyed about challenges, logistics, and strategies, and the trainings recorded and analyzed. Both were deemed successful overall but with caveats about constraints and disappointments, especially during the global pandemic and unusual news cycle happening from 2019 to 2021, when these were implemented.
Dealing with Threats to Health and Welfare
Authors: Tashi Kelzang T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on family and individual concerns and examines the ways in which people deal with threats to everyday life, health, and welfare posed by a range of supernatural entities. It demonstrates that it is not only the weak Buddhist presence but also the dearth of healthcare services in the village that have left the utility of Bon rituals unchallenged and ever relevant to the villagers. The chapter concludes that the ubiquity of the idea of fluctuating five life elements, the shamanic worldview of sharing this world with nonhumans, and the rituals concerning the placation of the supernatural beings, predominantly the domain of Bonpos, reveal that Bon is central to Golengpas’ ways of dealing with life’s everyday anxieties and misfortunes.
Languages
Authors: Massicotte Claudie 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the involvement of Ferdinand de Saussure and other linguists in the study of Smith’s séances, introducing her glossolalic inventions from her Martian and Sanskrit to her Ultra-Martian and Uranian languages. It suggests that the medium’s linguistic creations influenced Saussure’s later theorizations of signification and shaped some of the first encounters between psychoanalytic and linguistic concepts—encounters that would later define Jacques Lacan’s conception of the unconscious. Here again, Smith’s séances come to provide a different lineage for the discovery of the unconscious: contrasting the linguistic exuberances of mediums with the loss of language among early hysterics, the chapter argues that mediums’ unconscious appeared shaped by higher powers of creativity and knowledge, thus differing from the more symptomatic and disabling forces of the hysterics’ unconscious.
Morality and what we ought to do
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
There is no moral ought. For one thing, a morality of what one ought to do cannot account for the reason-giving force of moral judgements. For another, autonomy properly understood excludes our being subject to moral requirements. It is often argued that our common moral understanding is committed to there being things we ought to do—which is true, but does not decide the matter. That commitment itself lacks sufficient grounds, as among other things Aristotle’s example of a moral theory without ought shows. It is also argued that without moral requirements the ideas both of guilt and of blame will be lost—which is true again, but no cause for concern: we are better off without them.
Practical reason is about good things for somebody to do
Authors: Bittner Rüdiger 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
To say that something is good ‘for somebody’ to do is not to say that the person would benefit from doing it, it is just to indicate whose doing it we recommend. And to say that something is ‘good’ for somebody to do is not to say, as W.D. Ross suggested, that the person’s doing it would be an event which is simply good, an explanation that Thomson rejected as itself meaningless. Nor is it to say, as T.M. Scanlon proposed, that there is some reason for the person to do it—its being good to do may by itself be a reason for doing it and not just indicate that there is one. It is to say, following an idea of Spinoza and the Stoics, that doing it joins the series of things that proved helpful.
Doing Religion
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter exposes the integrated approach to development/peacebuilding and how religion is relevant to this integration; religion’s role in providing healthcare, education, and other services correlates with the possibility of peace. Religious actors as implementing partners are the key to the utilitarian intersection of peacebuilding/development. The chapter sketches a typology of such religious actors. The emphasis on doing rather than knowing religion signals the horizontalization of virtuosity as a utilitarian rather than a normative (postsecular) intervention in peace/development. It burdens the individual with the task of producing social transformation and often requires that the individual undergo a spiritual and religious formation.
Survival Piety
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The chapter examines what it means to theorize religion within the neoliberal frame, shifting the focus from a prosperity gospel to piety of survival or pious resiliency. If the prosperity gospel preaches wealth, neoliberal resiliency links survival with piety and reforming subjectivities to be more conducive to keeping the peace. Pious survival exposes the very spirituality of survival and peace practices as well as how they unfold within a neoliberal frame that depoliticizes religion/culture through a reductive analysis of the causes of conflict (and poverty) and singles out the religious as the key to unlocking local buy-in. The chapter challenges the limits of the language of “partnership” central to the postsecular turn to religious actors. It argues that this concept invisibilizes those on the margins by overlooking historical injustices and their long-term impacts. In distinction, a social justice and solidarity lens prioritizes the margins—or, in the language of liberation theology, it commits to a “preferential option for the poor.”
Does Justice Have Anything to Do with Religion and the Practice of Peace?
Authors: Omer Atalia 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter challenges the realist constraints on religion and peace praxis as delimiting the discourse of justice. The chapter examines why the realist and utilitarian neoliberal approach relies on non-intersectional and nonfeminist accounts of religiosity. The instrumentalist model likewise promotes thin and depoliticizing versions of the “public good.” Triangulating the findings, especially from the Philippines (including interviews with Indigenous peoples), with decolonial and Indigenous studies shows that merely eliciting Indigenous epistemologies does not go deep enough into people’s capacity to decolonize their imagination of an alternative future. This capacity involves shifting outside the realist questions of what works and how to harness religion better to maintain peace and security. Decolonizing the imagination requires border thinking, theological disobedience, Indigenous criticality, and interculturality. Yet the empirical findings reveal that the interlinking of Indigenous cultural and material survival constitutes resistance to the ongoing forces of colonial erasures and divisions and thus points to (nonevolutionary) decolonial openings.
A Lineage So Grandly Historic
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
John Sullivan Dwight, born in Boston the midst of the War of 1812, was the scion of an old and respected New England family. The first Dwights arrived in the mid-1630s; John Sullivan Dwight belonged to the branch that settled in Shirley, Massachusetts, a musically advanced town. His parents’ early exposure to music deeply affected him and his siblings, and a passion for music was a hallmark of the Dwight family. Although they were nominally religious, Dwight was born and raised on Court Street, a cultural beehive that gave him ample contact with music in a secular setting. He was ideally positioned to experience music—which was generally employed for worship, for dancing, and for social gatherings—as it emerged in America as a vehicle for artistic expression and intellectual and emotional engagement.
Musical Awakenings
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
After schooling at the historic Boston Latin School, Dwight matriculated at Harvard University. There he read constantly and immersed himself in his studies. The German language especially was a subject of tremendous interest. But besides academics, there was at Harvard an underground network of music enthusiasts, and, although not officially sanctioned, music contributed substantially to the life of the university. Dwight learned several instruments and led the Arionic Society and the Pierian Sodality, Harvard’s nascent music clubs. Following a nine-month stay in Meadville, Pennsylvania, where he tutored and briefly ran the local lyceum, Dwight continued his education at Harvard Divinity School and published “On the Proper Character of Poetry and Music for Public Worship,” an advocacy piece that insists on higher standards for church music and changes to the rituals of the contemporary church. Dwight’s tastes and expectations for good music were quickly rising.
The World Idealized
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Dwight’s friendship with Ralph Waldo Emerson and the emergence of New England Transcendentalism deeply affected his thinking and writing. Other forces contributed as well, including William Gardiner, whose The Music of Nature (1837) gave Dwight a usable analytical language. According to Dwight, Gardiner opened the door “to a new branch of literature, musical criticism.” Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, and Thomas Carlyle also offered powerful aesthetic stances that Dwight could emulate. Dwight’s friendship with George Ripley, a pivotal figure in Transcendentalism, also intensified. During several scandalous religious skirmishes, Dwight was at Ripley’s side, and Ripley taught Dwight how to take (and throw) a punch. As Dwight made his first forays into music journalism, his own masterful volume, Select Minor Poems Translated from the German of Goethe and Schiller (1839) appeared. Carlyle wrote, “No Englishman, to my knowledge, has uttered as much sense about Goethe and German things” as had Dwight.
Dwight on the Issues
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Dwight’s Journal addressed innumerable topics, but some had a special appeal to Dwight. He allotted space to several major Civil War events—the Emancipation Proclamation, the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, and others. Virtuosi, wind bands, and monster concerts he thought especially vulgar, and he took out his ire on Louis Moreau Gottschalk and Patrick S. Gilmore. Dwight battled off and on with “A Native Musician,” who penned letters that were published in the Journal, bringing to the fore Dwight’s seeming preference for German musicians. Although Dwight is sometimes considered harsh toward American musicians, he regularly supported them in the Journal, and he often raised money for them via benefit concerts. Contemporary music got plenty of coverage, but despite his strong attitudes against modernist music and its composers, Dwight nevertheless maintained a positive outlook. He never lost faith in long-cherished Transcendentalist ideals that stipulated that music could improve society, the individual, and the self.
The Last Transcendentalist
Authors: Faucett Bill F. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
When Dwight’s Journal folded, Dwight still had a dozen years of life remaining. With his daily toil behind him, he set about becoming Boston’s most formidable music historian through his contribution to The Memorial History of Boston (1881), an article on “Handel’s Messiah,” and his first major essay on J. S. Bach. Dwight also penned a significant portion of the authoritative History of the Handel and Haydn Society and wrote “Common Sense,” a thirty-page tract in which he railed against the “metaphysical and moral systems [that] spring up like the successive or alternate growths in forests.” “Common Sense” is Dwight’s final apologia on behalf of Transcendentalism. But he was to have one more significant crack at music criticism when he wrote for the Boston Evening Transcript. In the span of nine months, Dwight produced at least fifty-nine columns, many of which showed him at his most perceptive.
Introduction: An Overview of Islamism in Central Asia
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The introduction presents the two sets of questions that motivate this book. First, what drives Islamist emergence and mobilization, that is, under what conditions does Islam become the language and the defining character of political opposition movements? Why has such mobilization taken place in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, whereas in Kyrgyzstan, civil Islam—rather than Islamism—has predominated? And why have three distinct waves of Islamism emerged and mobilized in Central Asia, from the 1980s through the 2010s? Second, why do some Islamist organizations achieve relatively high mobilization, attracting a mass following, whereas many others remain fringe groups or disappear altogether? What strategies do Islamists employ to win a social base? Are ordinary people attracted to any of the multiple Islamist movements that have surfaced? The chapter also reviews the book’s country cases and the Islamist movements within each country, as well as the research methodology.
The Russian Revolution and Muslim Mobilization
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 first presents the Islamic context of pre-Soviet Central Asia, showing its foundations, common culture, and also variations by region within Central Asia on the eve of the Russian Revolution. The chapter then discusses the implications of the Revolution and the onset of Bolshevik control over Central Asia and argues that the Communist Party of the Soviet Union laid the foundations of Islamist opposition through its atheist policies and assault on Islam. From 1917 to 1926, albeit inconsistently, the onset of religious repression, new Muslim ideas about Islam’s role in politics, and growing space to associate under a weak Bolshevik state triggered the emergence of multiple forms of Muslim mobilization. However, absent an expressly Islamist ideology, no Islamist movement emerged during this era. This chapter also reveals that varied Soviet implementation of religious repression led to higher contestation over Islam in certain regions.
The Atheist State
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the consequences of Soviet persecution of Islam from 1927 onward and argues that fluctuations in this persecution motivated and enabled nascent Islamic mobilization by the last quarter of the twentieth century. Militant atheism resulted in the catastrophic destruction of Islamic institutions and public practices but generated significant contention and resistance, primarily in the Uzbek Ferghana Valley and Tajik republic. Soviet policy also, paradoxically, created the possibility for Islam to revive by inconsistently repressing religion. Minimal associational space emerged with Stalin’s creation of the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (SADUM), which also opened channels for the spread of Islamic literature from the Middle East. Khrushchev renewed religious persecution but otherwise increased associational space. Under Brezhnev, Party leaders silently recognized their failure to eradicate Islam and other religions. Incomplete repression together with marginal increases in space allowed the reemergence of religious actors. They became agents of Islamic revival, often credited with “saving Islam.”
A Democratic Islamic Party Confronts an Extremist Secular State
Authors: Collins Kathleen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 explains the emergence of a second wave of Islamism in Tajikistan. In the early to mid-2000s, postwar associational space was greater but religious repression was again growing, generating widespread discontent. This second wave entailed the rebirth of the postwar IRPT, which became a legal party and a peaceful, democratic opposition force in the country. The chapter argues that the IRPT, as it had a decade earlier, successfully mobilized followers despite harsh regime repression because it had deep sacred authority, developed transcommunal networks that spanned much of the country, and adapted its ideas to Tajikistan’s local political concerns and particular Islamic norms. The IRPT grew steadily until it was banned in 2015. This chapter also discusses other variants of the second wave, which were more extreme and sometimes violent. These Islamists had little authority, narrow networks, and radical ideas; they failed to mobilize widely.