bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of a Sustainable Composite Connection
Authors: Tsalkatidis Themistoklis , Rath Lars Christoffer Haug 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDuring the last decade there is an increasing awareness towards sustainable construction solutions. The reason of this shift is that the construction sector contributes to approximately 40 % of the global output of CO2 emissions, thus making it essential to act in lowering this high amount. A key aspect in the successful implementation of sustainable construction solutions is the use of construction materials that can be 100% recycled, such as steel, and that come from renewable sources, such as timber. Therefore, the interest in using steel‐timber composite (STC) elements and connections has grown since they can provide a robust alternative construction technique to traditional ones. The aim of this paper is to investigate the structural performance of a bolted STC shear connection using finite element analysis. The connection under study consists of two dahurian larch glulam elements that are bolted to the flanges of an H‐profile steel element by means of four M6 bolts for each timber component. The numerical model has been validated using the results of an experimental study where a pull‐out test of the same connection is performed [1]. Overall, the numerical results have shown good accuracy. The bolt failure has occurred when 47.5 kN of force had been applied. This amount of load is about 12% less than the failure load found in the experiment. The slip of the numerical model has been found equal to 5.4 mm whereas the slip measured in the experiment has been measured equal to 7.5 mm. In addition, the failure mode that has developed in the numerical model is governed by the formation of two hinges on the bolts which coincides to the experimental one. To sum up, the numerical model has managed to capture to a great extent the structural performance of the composite connection as presented in the experimental findings.
Testing of Post‐fire Brittleness for Certain Standard Duplex and Lean Duplex Stainless Steel Grades
Authors: Maslak Mariusz , Pazdanowski Michal , Stankiewicz Marek , Zajdel Paulina 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe results of post‐fire brittle cracking susceptibility tests conducted on samples made of selected duplex type stainless steel grades exhibiting austenitic‐ferritic structure, in particular on standard duplex X2CrNiMoN22‐5‐3 steel and on lean duplex X2CrMnNiN21‐5‐1 steel, are presented and widely discussed. General conclusions are based on the force‐displacement graphs obtained by the instrumented Charpy impact test. Prior to the test all samples have been subjected to simulated fire action following the steady‐state heating regime and then cooled down to room temperature. Two heating levels have been considered, namely 600°C and 800°C. The first of these levels has been considered as to low, while the second as sufficiently high, to induce in the considered steel structural changes of permanent character. For comparison, two groups of samples have been tested. Samples belonging to the first group have been heated for one hour (simulation of a short fire), while the ones belonging to the second group have been heated for ten hours (simulation of a long fire). In addition, two alternative cooling modes have been considered, i.e. slow cooling in the muffle furnace and rapid cooling in water mist. The toughness tests on samples made of both steel grades have been conducted at two different temperature values, that is at +20°C to simulate the continued service in summer conditions and at ‐20°C to simulate this future service in winter conditions.
Design and Numerical Simulation of a Reusable Steel Column Base Connection with Pinned Energy Dissipators
Authors: Ma Qi , Chan Tak‐Ming 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis paper presents a reusable steel column base connection in moment resisting frame (MRF), which involves simple yet effective pinned steel plates to dissipate seismic energy and makes full use of the self‐weight of the column to provide re‐centring force. Permanent deformations of dissipative plates may induce non‐negligible lateral drifts of the column. By virtue of the pinned design, additional rotational degrees of freedom are added to mitigate the resistance to the restoring behaviour. Based on the proposed connection, the column can rock back to its original position after earthquake‐generated deformations while remaining within the elastic range. Moreover, the proposed connection can be conveniently installed and replaced to facilitate adaptability and reusability. The mechanical performances of the proposed column base connection under monotonic and cyclic loadings are described by simplified analytical models. A refined three‐dimensional finite element (FE) model is developed. The results of FE modelling help verify the feasibility of the simplified analytical models. Besides, the self‐centring capacity, energy dissipation capacity and low damage behaviour of the proposed connection are then evaluated by the FE models.
Investigation on shear buckling of steel welded I‐section beams with reinforced web openings
Authors: Wang Jian , Li Zheng , Euler Mathias 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPlate girders with I‐section frequently require large web openings to accommodate ducts and pipes in buildings and bridges. It is known that the critical load equivalent to an unperforated plate can be achieved by an appropriate reinforcement of the web opening. The majority of the investigations on thin‐walled webs with web opening under shear loading has been focused on web slendernesses ranging between 200 to 360. Three tests on plate girders with a web slenderness of 416 are presented that contain web openings. The effect of an all‐around reinforcement (hollow section) of the web opening is studied in three‐point bending tests. The tests are calculated with finite elements accounting for imperfections that had been measured before testing. A parametric study is performed to evaluate different types of reinforcements for high web slendernesses.
Probabilistic design life selection procedure for a steel bridge
Authors: Svechnikov Egor , Snijder H.H. (Bert) , Maljaars Johan , de Boon Johan , Drenth Eize 
Published: September 2023

AbstractNumerous bridges and viaducts built in Western Europe in the middle of the 20th century are now in service for more than 50 years. Aging and changes in societal demands result in a gradual decline of their technical and functional performance. This consequently forces responsible authorities to replace the obsolete infrastructure in the coming decades.Large‐scale renovation programs together with further development of the highway network require a lot of resources and make a significant environmental impact. The assumed design life of bridges affects structural solutions and the choice of materials. Therefore, there is an opportunity for more efficient use of resources and reduction of the environmental impact if the design life of new bridges is optimized with respect to life cycle costs and CO2 equivalent emissions.As multiple design life options exist for any bridge, it is essential to have a consistent approach capable of indicating the favorable option. Therefore, a procedure has been developed for comparison of various design life options based on lifecycle costs and lifecycle CO2 equivalent emissions. The procedure accounts for different traffic growth and traffic load development scenarios and it considers probabilities of these scenarios to happen in the future. This allows to assess the effect of uncertainty in functional parameters resulting in probabilistic lifecycle costs and emissions, which indicate a proper design life option.The procedure is applied to a large span steel bridge over a river. Two design life alternatives, namely 100 years and 200 years, are considered. This paper summarizes the results of this study and it offers a discussion on limitations and perspectives of the suggested procedure.
Buckling tests on wire arc additively manufactured SHS Columns
Authors: Huang Cheng , Meng Xin , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAn experimental study into the flexural buckling response of wire arc additively manufactured (WAAM) columns is presented in this paper. A total of six square hollow section (SHS) columns were tested under axial compression with pin‐ended boundary conditions. The lengths of the members were varied to achieve a wide range of member slendernesses. Owing to the undulating as‐built profile introduced by WAAM, 3D laser scanning was adopted to capture the geometry and global imperfections of the specimens, while digital image correlation (DIC) was employed to monitor the surface deformation of the specimens during testing. The full load‐deformation histories and key experimental results are presented and discussed. The applicability of the column design provisions set out in EN 1993‐1‐4 to WAAM members is subsequently assessed using the obtained test results.
Innovations for Bolted RHS Column Splices
Authors: Packer Jeffrey 
Published: September 2023

AbstractTwo novel concepts, recently developed in North America, are presented for bolted splices between Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) column members. Single‐sided bolting through the RHS wall is performed, but using regular high‐strength bolts rather than “blind bolts”. The first concept employs nut‐holding devices, called “Shurikens”, that are pre‐installed on four splice plates fitted to the inside of the two RHS columns. The second innovation is a custom‐designed, hollow, cast steel insert – made of nut‐quality steel – that extends into both the upper and lower columns and has threaded holes to receive the inserted bolts, in lieu of nuts. This “internal plug” is a pre‐engineered solution, tailored to a particular RHS size, and requires no connection design. For both concepts, a bolted shear connection with little protruding steelwork is the result.
Fatigue improvement of rib‐to‐deck welded joints using adhesively bonded steel patches ‐ LEFM‐based parametric study
Authors: Wang Xudong , Leonetti Davide , Miao Changqing , Snijder H.H. (Bert) 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRib‐to‐deck welded joints in orthotropic steel decks of bridges are prone to develop fatigue cracks. Repairing such cracks allows for prolonging the life of the infrastructure, provided that structural safety is guaranteed. Among others, the repair technique of adhesively bonded steel patches is relatively simple and inexpensive. Moreover, it has the advantage that the original structure is not altered, e.g. as in the case of crack stop holes. This technique has been used in other details like the diaphragm of steel bridges. However, limited information is available when applied to rib‐to‐deck joints, which are the most common joint type in orthotropic steel decks. This study proposes two repair schemes using adhesively bonded steel patches for the rib‐to‐deck joints. A 3‐D finite element model which takes account of the crack size is established. Based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), a parametric study is performed to investigate the effect of patch geometry and adhesive thickness on the performance of repair schemes.
Experimental investigations – Steel rolled I shape beam‐columns with mid‐length restraint
Authors: Gizejowski Marian , Jastrzebski Kamil , Nykiel Damian , Sleczka Lucjan , Wiedro Pawel 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSteel rolled I shape beam‐columns, especially of narrow flange sections unrestrained between the end supports are sensitive to flexural‐torsional buckling. In order to increase their resistance, in‐span lateral‐torsional restraints are applied. Experimental investigations into the behaviour of steel rolled I‐section beam‐columns under moment gradient are presented in this paper. The beam‐column tested is restrained laterally and torsionally in a mid‐length. The experimental setup and testing procedures are described. A total number of 5 specimens (used for 9 tests with different proportions between the dimensionless maximum bending moment and compressive force) were designed. Test measurements and observations are reported. Finally, the experimental resistance results are compared with those of the preliminary finite element model made available in ABAQUS.
Equivalent global sway imperfections for use in design by GMNIA
Authors: Chan Hou Un , Walport Fiona , Gardner Leroy 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThree types of geometric imperfection need to be considered in the design of structural systems: global frame out‐of‐plumbness, also referred to as sway imperfections, member out‐of‐straightness, also known as bow imperfections, and local cross‐section imperfections. For modelling convenience, equivalent geometric imperfections are often employed to account for the combined influence of initial geometric imperfections and residual stresses. For design by geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections (GMNIA), amplitudes for equivalent bow imperfections for members are provided in prEN 1993‐1‐14; however, no provisions exist for global sway imperfections. Therefore, equivalent sway imperfections suitable for use in the design of steel structures by GMNIA, expressed by the out‐of‐plumbness Φ0,GMNIA are established herein. Two proposals for calculating Φ0,GMNIA are presented: (1) Φ0,GMNIA = Φ0,geom + α/100 with Φ0,geom representing the amplitude of the pure geometric sway imperfection, and (2) Φ0,GMNIA = α/50. In both proposals, the varying influence of residual stresses from different cross‐section geometries and axes of bending is captured by the imperfection factor α, as defined by the buckling curves in EN 1993‐1‐1 for carbon steel and EN 1993‐1‐4 for stainless steel, respectively.
Miniature specimen tests and fracture model of heat affected zone material
Authors: Liu Xiaofan , Yan Shen , Rasmussen Kim J. R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe paper investigates the mechanical properties of the heat affected zone (HAZ) material near welds and compares the properties to those of the base metal and weld materials. A dedicated experimental set‐up was designed and manufactured to test miniature specimens with a cross‐section width in the range of 1 mm to 2.5 mm and a parallel gauge length of less than 10 mm. To identify the HAZ of the welded connections, a macro‐etching technique was adopted, and the shape and size of the HAZ were measured. Afterwards, miniature specimens were extracted from the base metal, weld and HAZ in both the longitudinal and transverse directions of the weld, and subsequently tested in the specialised experimental set‐up. The miniature specimens not only included the normal rectangular plate‐type specimen, but also the notched round bar and grooved plane strain types of specimens. Hence, the stress‐strain curve and fracture strains under various stress states were obtained from the tests. The validity of the Lode angle Modified Void Growth Model (LMVGM) was investigated using the experimental data, and the fracture loci of the base metal, weld and HAZ in both the longitudinal and transverse directions were identified.
On the Optimal Shape and Placement of Longitudinal Stiffeners in Longitudinally Stiffened Plates
Authors: Reden Ghaith A. Abu , Adany Sandor 
Published: September 2023

AbstractLongitudinal stiffeners are widely used in plated structures to prevent buckling of the slender plate elements and, therefore, to increase the load bearing capacity of these structures. There has been extensive research in the past regarding the shapes, sizes, and placement of these longitudinal stiffeners, however, there has been little research to make comparison between the different stiffener shapes across different numbers of stiffeners. The presented study compares the use of a single open stiffener, single closed stiffener, as well as the use of two open stiffeners. A numerical parametric study was conducted, considering different stiffener types, rigidities, and aspect ratios of the plates, for the cases of pure bending and compressions. The results of the study confirm that using a single closed stiffener or two open stiffeners is almost always more advantageous than the use of a single open stiffener. Furthermore, the study highlighted that it might be more advantageous to use two open stiffeners instead a single closed one.
Influence of Profiled Faces on the Overall Shear Performance of Strongly Profiled Sandwich Panel with Mineral Wool Core
Authors: Silwal Shekhar , Mela Kristo , Ma Zhongcheng 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe total shear force induced on a profiled sandwich panel by an external load is distributed between the profiled face and core. Sandwich panel with a discrete core material such as mineral wool consists of multiple transverse lamella joints across the full width of the panel, affecting the overall shear performance of the panel as these joints have negligible resistance to shear. Additionally, in some cases the core material is partially bonded only to the lower flange of the profiled face which increase the concentration of stresses in the bonded area leading to the crushing of the core on the support. This work studies the distribution of shear force in mineral wool core sandwich panels with one profiled face utilizing a shear beam test on a specimen cut from the panel including the profiled part. Based on the results and failure modes obtained, this work investigates the behavior and role of the profiled face on the shear resistance of profiled sandwich panels. The distributed shear force between the core and profiled part obtained from the shear beam tests are compared with full‐scale tests suggested by the European Standard EN 14509:2013, thus, exploring the applicability of the devised shear beam test method for assessing the shear properties of profiled sandwich panel.
Fatigue performance of preloaded bolted connection with oversized holes
Authors: Christoforidou Angeliki , Baskar Abishek , Barelts Eric , Kavoura Florentia , Pavlovic Marko 
Published: September 2023

AbstractMoving towards a more sustainable and circular infrastructure has increased the demand for demountable connectors in hybrid structures combining steel, concrete, and nowadays FRP composite components. Large, prefabricated components need to be transported to the construction site and assembled by means of bolted connections for easy reuse of the components. Slip‐resistant connections are required for such hybrid structures in bridges, which are usually provided by injection or preloaded bolts. The former satisfies the need for large tolerances during execution. However, the behavior of such injection bolts depends on the environmental conditions and the resin complicates the installation and demountability. The current practice of preloaded bolts uses standard hole clearances that do not provide sufficient tolerance for the assembly of large structural components made of different materials and many connectors. This paper focuses on the fatigue performance of preloaded bolted connections with excessively oversized holes that could provide sufficient tolerance for execution. Double lap bolted joints for two different bolt‐hole diameters, regular and 60 mm oversized, are tested under cyclic loading and the increase in slip displacement during the load cycles is compared. The static performance is numerically obtained in terms of residual stiffness, slip and ultimate resistance. It was found the stiffness variation between normal holes and significantly oversized holes is insignificant.
The FAILNOMORE project – Practice‐oriented design recommendations against progressive collapse in steel and steel‐concrete buildings
Authors: Demonceau Jean‐François , Golea Tudor , Elghazouli Ahmed , Santiago Aldina , Dinu Florea , Baldassino Nadia , Kuhlmann Ulrike , Obiala Renata , Weynand Klaus 
Published: September 2023

AbstractStructural robustness is a specific safety consideration which is currently addressed in modern codes and standards, including the Eurocodes. It requires particular care from all professionals involved in the construction industry. The need for practical guidelines to mitigate the risk of progressive collapse has been emphasised by recent catastrophic events such as the 9/11 terrorist attack in New‐York. The lack of consistent design rules for practitioners is however clearly identified in existing normative documents and literature. Accordingly, various research projects were launched, particularly in Europe through RFCS research projects. Thanks to these research activities, significant scientific background has been developed, with the aim of understanding and characterising the behaviour of steel and composite structures subjected to exceptional events such as impact, explosion, or loss of a bearing member. Nevertheless, there was a need to consolidate the available scientific knowledge and to transform it into a consistent set of practical recommendations in order to facilitate the design of steel and composite structures for robustness. This was the purpose of a recent RFCS project “FAILNOMORE” (grant No 899371) which was concluded in June 2022. A brief summary and discussion of the main outcomes of this project are provided in the present paper.
Estimation of maximum admissible precambering of steel beams
Authors: Matos Rui , Candeias Miguel , Craveiro Hélder 
Published: September 2023

AbstractPrecambering of steel beams is a common process in construction to induce cold or heat deformation (parabola) to compensate for the deflections due to permanent dead loads and a fraction of a live load. However, the maximum allowable cambering (and consequently the minimum radius of curvature) before buckling of the element is not simple to be defined as it is dependent on the straightness of the beam and on the adopted cambering procedure. The main objective of this study is to describe and validate a numerical procedure (validated with experimental tests of beams with and without holes in the web) to properly assess the maximum load allowable. This numerical analysis was conducted including non‐linear material and geometrical imperfections (GMNIA). The effect of the magnitude of the imperfections as well as the impact of the distance between consecutive load application points have been considered and discussed.
Strain‐hardening dependent cross‐sectional slenderness limits for the elastic resistance of steel beams
Authors: Studer Patrick , Taras Andreas 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIt is important that cross‐sections are correctly classified, as this determines their utilisation. The focus of this paper lies on the analysis of the transition point between cross‐sectional classes 3 and 4 for I‐shaped and hollow cross‐sections. In particular, it studies how various degrees of strain hardening and ratios between ultimate and yield strength influence this transition point, which defines whether the elastic moment resistance of a section can be exploited. Numerical simulations with geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections (GMNIA) were carried out. The results of the numerical simulations were analysed and consequently, limit slenderness values could be determined and correlations to the hardening behaviour could be found and integrated into corresponding formulas.