bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of an in Vitro Cytotoxicity Test to Studies of the Effects of Drugs on the Cellular Immune Response in Mice
Authors: Fass Leroy , Fefer Alexander 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
An in vitro assay for cytotoxic cellular immunity has recently been developed based on the release of 51Cr from labeled target cells killed by specifically sensitized allogeneic lymphocytes. This test was applied to studies of the effects of chemotherapeutic agents on cellular immunity in mice. Adult C57BL/6 mice (H-2b) were inoculated with x-irradiated ascitic lymphoma cells (LSTRA) of BALB/c origin (H-2d) on day 0 and their spleen cells tested for reactivity against labeled LSTRA cells 4 to 10 days later. Each test was performed on quadruplicate samples with the standard error of the mean being less than 2%. In mice immunized with LSTRA cells but not given drugs a peak cytotoxicity of 16% was observed on day 6. Cells from mice treated on day +1 with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU), 48 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CY) or CY 180 mg/kg exhibited a peak reactivity of 41%, 12% and 2%, respectively, while drug administration on day -1 resulted in a peak reactivity of 36%, 33% and 23%, respectively. The results show that this test can be used to study the effects of drugs on the cellular immune response and that the timing of the drug and antigen administration, as well as the dose of drug, are critical. The increased cytotoxic reactivity of lymphocytes from drug-treated immunized mice suggests that although chemotherapeutic agents may be immunosuppressive as assayed in vivo, the activity of a given number of surviving lymphoid cells when tested in vitro and compared with the same number of cells from immunized but non-drug-treated hosts may be increased.
Immunoglobulins on the Surface of Lymphocytes
Authors: Grey Howard M. , Colón Sonia , Campbell Priscilla , Rabellino Enrique 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) on the surface of lymphocytes that were negative for Ig by immunofluorescence was investigated by combining a quantitative inhibition assay with immunofluorescence. Thymus cells; thymus, spleen and lymph node cells that had been passed through anti-Ig-coated plastic bead columns; and ϑ-positive mouse lymphomas were evaluated by using these two systems. These cell preparations had 0 to 1% of cells with detectable surface immunoglobulin by immunofluorescence. If the assumption is made that the fluorescent-positive cells were relatively homogeneous with respect to the amount of surface Ig, then it could be calculated that there was more Ig present in the various cell populations studied than was accountable by the small percentage of fluorescent-positive cells. Based on these calculations, the amount of Ig present in the different populations was found to be: fluorescent-positive cells: 5 to 14 ng N/106 cells; fluorescent-negative thymus cells: 0.01 ng N/106 cells; fluorescent-negative spleen and lymph node cells 0.07 to 0.1 ng N/106 cells. Three of four ϑ-positive lymphomas also had detectable Ig in amounts 3 to 10 times that found in normal thymus. Routinely there was more IgM found in both fluorescent-positive and -negative normal cells than IgG2.
The Effect of the Immunogenicity of the Heterologous Carrier on the Early Secondary Anti-2,4-Dinitrophenyl (DNP) Response of BALB/c Mice
Authors: Havas H. Francis , Pickard A. R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The effects of different carriers on the anamnestic response to the DNP-ligand were investigated at the level of circulating antibody and of the single antibody-forming cell (PFC) by a modified hemolysin in gel technique with a number of different indicator sheep red blood cells (SRBC).
In all groups of mice it was found that regardless of the primary antigen the highest number of direct and indirect PFC was obtained on rechallenge with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hemocyanin (DNP-Hcy). The greatest difference between the different groups appared in the number of indirect PFC. The number of PFC after second challenge seemed dependent on the immunogenicity rather than the homology of the carrier used for challenge. Spleen weights were proportional to cell counts but generally did not correlate with the PFC response.
The indicator cell played a crucial role in the number of PFC detected: SRBC coupled with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide HCl DNP-bovine serum albumin (ECDI-DNP-BSA) detected the largest number of cells, presumably those secreting both high and low affinity antibody, while both EDCI-DNP-mouse serum albumin and 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNP-F) coupled with SRBC detected fewer cells, presumably only those of high affinity.
It was found that circulating antibody titers were higher in DNP-human γ globulin (DNP-HGG) and DNP-Hcy-primed mice when challenged with the homologous rather than the heterologous conjugate. However, no significant differences were observed in the DNP-BSA-primed group between homologous and heterologous challenge. Antibody concentrations were highest in DNP-HGG-primed and challenged mice but differed little in the other groups. There was little correlation between antibody concentration measured by radioimmunoassay, hemagglutination (HA) titers and the number of direct or indirect PFC.
Affinities varied insignificantly among the different groups but the heterogeneity index varied significantly (0.05 τ; p τ; 0.005). The heterogeneity indices were highest after heterologous and lowest after homologous challenge. These differences were statistically significant and are indicative of a more homogeneous antibody population after heterologous challenge.
Sensitization of Guinea Pigs to Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Rogers Howell W. , Scott L. Vernon , Patnode Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Guinea pigs were sensitized to herpes simplex virus (HSV) by inoculation with infective virus, inactive virus or a HSV soluble antigen (SA) preparation. Sensitivity was assayed by means of skin tests with SA. The largest skin reactions (erythema and induration) were observed in guinea pigs that had received two sensitizing injections of infective HSV. Inactive HSV was found to be an effective sensitizing material, suggesting that production of cutaneous hypersensitivity to HSV can occur in the absence of viral infection. A single intracutaneous injection of SA also sensitized animals to a subsequent skin test with SA.
Based upon the timing of maximal response, the mononuclear nature of the cellular infiltrate at 24 hr and non-transferability of reactivity with serum by the local passive transfer technique, the skin reactions observed in SA-sensitized animals are believed to be those of classical delayed hypersensitivity. While the skin reactions seen in these animals were not as large as those observed in animals sensitized with infective or inactivated HSV, they were shown to be specific for SA. Animals sensitized with infective vaccinia virus or L-cell control antigen did not respond to skin tests with SA.
Use of Dextran-Conjugated SRBC for the Detection of MOPC 104E Tumor Cells
Authors: Ghanta Vithal K. , Hamlin N. Marlene , Pretlow Thomas G. , Hiramoto Raymond N. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A dextran, fraction S, from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL strain B-1355 was oxidized with sodium periodate and allowed to react with the side chain amino groups of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). The SRBC coated with this oxidized dextran fraction were used for the estimation of the number of mouse plasma tumor cells actively synthesizing IgM antibody in a population. We report optimal conditions for conjugation of this oxidized dextran to SRBC. The coated cells were agglutinated with the antibody produced by the tumor cells and in the presence of complement, lysis occurred. Formation of plaque-forming units in liquid chamber was readily demonstrable. The IgM antibody gave similar results when compared with actively induced IgM hemolysin to SRBC by the quantitative radial hemolysis in gel technique.
Suppression of Graft-vs-Host Reaction by a Spleen Extract
Authors: Garcia-Giralt E. , Morales V. H. , Lasalvia E. , Mathe G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In 1970, we reported the inhibitory effect of an alcohol extract of calf spleen (S4) on the in vitro proliferation of stimulated lymphocytes (1). The active molecule has been found to be a protein, with a molecular weight of 45,000 (2). Its inhibiting activity in vivo has been shown to be tissue specific and not species specific (1), fulfilling, therefore, the main criterion for a chalone (3, 4). The reduction of the number of hemolytic plaque-forming cells in the spleens of mice immunized with sheep red blood cells and the inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte transformation and proliferation induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or histocompatibility antigens in the mixed lymphocyte culture (5, 6) suggested that this extract could exert an immunosuppressive action. Similar results have been obtained in our laboratory by Kiger in 1971 with a similar thymus extract (7) and later with thymus and spleen extracts by Houck et al. (8).
Synthesis of Macrophage Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF) by Immunoglobulin-Producing Lymphocyte Lines and Their Clones
Authors: Tsuchimoto T. , Tubergen D. G. , Bloom A. D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies have established the existence of two distinct populations of immunocompetent cells (1). One of these is thymus dependent (TL) and is responsible for cell-mediated immunity. Cells from this population do not contain intracellular immunoglobulin (Ig) and when stimulated in vitro by antigen these cells release substances which have been described as possible effector molecules of cellular immunity (2–7). The second population consists of cells (BL) capable of producing Ig and specific antibody.
Numerous human lymphocyte cell lines (LCL), derived from peripheral blood, have now been established in various laboratories, and many of the LCL are known to synthesize Ig (8, 9) as well as some of the putative effector molecules of cell-mediated immunity (10, 11). We have developed clonal sublines of established human LCL to test the hypothesis that production of the effector molecules of cell-mediated immunity occurs in a population of cells distinct from those capable of Ig synthesis.
Lysis of Rabbit Platelets by F(ab′)2 Antibody Fragments
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Sandberg Ann L. , Osler Abraham G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunologic injury to rabbit platelets provides a model system for the study of tissue damage mediated by unrelated immune complexes, complement and divalent cations (1, 2). Since numerous immunobiologic reactions require the Fc antibody fragment, it was of interest to determine whether the Fc portion is also essential for platelet injury. Recent evidence has indicated that the F(ab')2 fragments of guinea pig (3) and rabbit (4) immunoglobulins can activate the complement system via the alternate pathway.
Immunoglobulins were obtained from the sera of rabbits hyperimmunized with human serum albumin (HSA)4 or ferritin. The γ-globulin fraction precipitated at 40% saturated ammonium sulfate served as intact antibody and was presumed to consist primarily of 7S immunoglobulins. Aliquots of these preparations were subjected to pepsin digestion according to the method of Nisonoff (5) followed by chromatography on Sephadex G-150 and concentration of the 5S eluate by pressure ultrafiltration. The antibody concentrations of the intact and pepsin-digested preparations were determined by quantitative precipitin analysis.
Studies on Heterologous Antilymphocyte and Antithymocyte Sera
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Singla Om 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The immunosuppressive properties of rabbit and burro anti-mouse lymphocyte sera (ALS) before and after absorption with sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) have been studied. Five out of nine absorbed sera retained their ability to depress splenic plaque-forming cells (PFC) and serum hemagglutinin and hemolysin titers of mice immunized with SRBC. Four sera completely lost their immunosuppressive activity. Seven of the nine ALS had low titer anti-SRBC antibodies, but their complete removal by absorption did not reduce the potency of five of these sera indicating that their immunosuppressive activity was independent of passively transferred heterophile antibodies. The ability of absorbed ALS to prolong mean survival time of A/J to C57BL/6 skin allografts was significantly reduced when compared to that recorded in mice treated with unabsorbed ALS (16.2 vs 23.8 days). These findings are most consistent with the interpretation that immunosuppressive antilymphocytic antibodies had been removed from ALS by absorption with SRBC.
Molecular Restriction of Anti-Hapten Antibody Elicited in Neonatal Rabbits: Antibody Production in Littermates
Authors: Montgomery Paul C. , Williamson Alan R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The structurally complex antigen dinitrophenylated bovine γ globulin (DNP-BGG) was used to study the immune response of neonatal rabbits. The results of these studies indicated that neonates frequently produce structurally restricted anti-DNP antibody. The isoelectric spectra of certain of these antibodies resembled myeloma proteins or antibodies produced by cell clones. The binding characteristics of these antibodies were consistent with monoclonality or structural homogeneity. An examination of anti-DNP antibody produced by littermates demonstrated that there was no simple genetic control or antibody heterogeneity early in life. Each neonate possessed the potential for anti-DNP antibody production with a differing capacity to express this potential. The results were consistent with the presence at birth of an extensive set of germ-line variable-region genes. while the element of somatic diversity could not be ruled out, somatic processes probably added little to the extent of antibody diversity present in the neonate.
In Vitro Responses of Rat Lymphocytes Following Adult Thymectomy
Authors: Folch Hugo , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Inbred DA rats thymectomized at 8 weeks of age showed a marked decrease in in vitro reactivity of spleen cells to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and concanavalin-A, appearing as early as 3 days and vanishing by 35 to 40 days. This change could not be explained by enlargement of the spleen. However, there was a proliferation of blasts in the splenic marginal zones at 1 to 2 weeks, but not at other times. Peripheral (popliteal, inguinal, and axillary) and mesenteric lymph nodes showed a similar effect. This effect was of lesser magnitude and appeared only 20 days after thymectomy, with recovery at the same time as the spleen, and was not observed in rats thymectomized at 4 weeks of age. Spleen cells after thymectomy showed a relatively inconstant decrease in reactivity to hemiallogeneic cells, while the decrease with both types of lymph node cells was, if anything, greater than the decrease in PHA reactivity. The evidence suggested that these findings could not be simply attributed to loss of a putative thymus-derived lymphocyte subpopulation.
Ontogeny of Bursal Function in Chicken
Authors: Toivanen Paavo , Toivanen Auli , Good Robert A. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyclophosphamide-treated 4-day-old chicks were injected with cells from yolk sac, liver, bursa of Fabricius, bone marrow, spleen and thymus by using embryonic and 4-day-old donors. Recipients and donors were isogeneic at the major histocompatibility locus. Survival pattern, gain of body weight, production of natural and immune antibodies, and microscopic morphology of bursa and spleen were studied to assess the reconstitution achieved. Of all the cell types used, only bursa cells were capable of a functional and morphologic reconstitution of the bursa-dependent lymphoid system. These findings are interpreted to indicate that in embryonic life and immediately after hatching the bursa alone possesses cells that can home to the bursa of 4-day-old chicks and re-establish its functions. These cells derived from embryonic liver and yolk sac are considered stem cells for humoral immunity. The findings illustrate the significance of the critical developmental relationship between the stem cell and its environment.
Alpha and Gamma Heavy Chain Diseases in Man: Intracellular Origin of the Aberrant Polypeptides
Authors: Buxbaum Joel N. , Preud'Homme Jean-Louis 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immunofluorescent and in vitro labeling studies were carried out on cells obtained from patients with α and γ heavy chain diseases. No evidence of post-ribosomal intracellular degradation of a normal size heavy chain was found in either case. Intracellular polymerization of the aberrant peptides appeared to take place in a fashion similar to that seen in cells synthesizing intact heavy chains.
Induction of Temporary IgA Deficiency in Mice Injected with Heterologous Anti-Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Antisera
Authors: Manning Dean D. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
Complete temporary suppression of IgA in both serum and the lumen of the gut has been achieved by injecting either anti-µ or anti-α antiserum into neonatal BALB/c mice. A model suggesting possible mechanisms of suppression and eventual recovery is discussed.
H-2 Dependence of Co-Operation Between T and B Cells in Vivo
Authors: Kindred Berenice , Shreffler D. C. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In nude mice from a stock which has been backcrossed several times to BALB/c (H-2d), a lasting restoration of immune competence could be induced by H-2 compatible (BALB/c, DBA, B10.D2) thymus cells but not by H-2 incompatible thymus cells. Heterozygous, H-2bH-2d, thymus cells from BALB/c × C57, F1 or from a BALB/c × (BALB/c × C57) backcross produce variable effects; only sometimes was a lasting restoration achieved. This cannot be accounted for by rejection of the injected thymus cells since nude mice do not reject tissue grafts. Therefore the H-2 complex must play an active role in an enduring co-operation between bone marrow-derived (B) cells and thymus-derived (T) cells.
The Unique Reassociation of Human IgA2 Immunoglobulins from Dimer Subunits
Authors: Jerry L. M. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Am2(+) genetic variant of human IgA2 immunoglobulins lacks disulfide bridges between the heavy and light chains. Under dissociating conditions these proteins separate spontaneously into covalent heavy (H2) and light (L2) chain dimer subunits. In this study covalent heavy (H2) and light (L2) chain dimers were prepared from Am2(+) IgA2 myeloma proteins. These subunits recombined readily to give molecules which closely resembled the native proteins in hydrodynamic, antigenic and optical properties. In contrast, in the case of IgG, IgA1 and Am2(-) IgA2 proteins with intact H-L interchain disulfide bridges, covalent heavy and light chain dimers prepared from these proteins failed to recombine, although monomer heavy and light chains recombined readily. Among human immunoglobulins this property of reversible dissociation and reassociation appears to characterize the Am2(+) genetic variant of IgA2.
The light chains exist within these molecules as disulfide-bonded dimers. Selective cleavage of this inter-light (L-L) chain disulfide bridge was possible by gentle reduction with cysteine, with the inter-heavy (H-H) chain bridges remaining intact.
Porcine Immunoglobulins
Authors: Kaltreider H. Benfer , Johnson John S. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody activity was demonstrated in each of six porcine immunoglobulins by the technique of indirect radioimmunodiffusion. Anti-BGG antibody of IgM, IgA and IgG classes were detected in serum simultaneously on the 4th day after primary immunization. The acquisition of antibody activity in the IgG subclasses was variable and no clear pattern was seen. IgA antibody reached peak titer last among the major classes and was the first to decline.
Studies on the Properdin System: Isolation of a Heat-Labile Factor from Guinea Pig Serum Related to a Human Glycine-Rich Beta-Glycoprotein (Gbg or Factor B)
Authors: Brade V. , Cook C. T. , Shin H. S. , Mayer M. M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A heat-labile factor (HLF), which is essential for C3 inactivation by purified cobra venom factor, has been isolated from guinea pig serum. In addition to HLF, other protein(s) are required for inactivation of C3 by the cobra venom factor. HLF has a molecular weight of about 100,000 and is antigenically related to the human glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein (GBG). HLF is believed to be the guinea pig counterpart of factor B of the human properdin system.
Deae-Dextran and Polybrene Cation Enhancement and Dextran Sulfate Anion Inhibition of Immune Cytolysis
Authors: Ebbesen P. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The polycations DEAE-dextran and polybrene enhanced the sensitivity of the dye exclusion cytotoxic test performed on mouse spleen cells, whereas the anion dextran sulfate had an inhibitory effect.
Dextran sulfate prevented the enhancing effect of the polycations when admixed before incubation of the cells and reversed the polycation effect when added after the sensitization had taken place.
The in vitro infection of fibroblasts with murine leukemia virus was largely influenced in the same way, indicating a similarity of the membrane processes involved.
Antibodies to a Distinct Antigenic Determinant of Staphylococcal Nuclease
Authors: Sachs David H. , Schechter Alan N. , Eastlake Ann , Anfinsen Christian B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibodies to staphylococcal nuclease have been fractionated on immunoabsorbent columns bearing selected polypeptide fragments of the enzyme. By this means a population of antibodies specific for a distinct antigenic determinant in the helix-rich, carboxyl-terminal third of nuclease was prepared. The monospecificity of these antibodies was operationally defined by ultracentrifugal analysis in the presence of nuclease. Although prepared against the intact, native nuclease molecule these antibodies are able to bind to a disordered polypeptide fragment thereof. It is postulated that the native antigenic determinant may be generated in such a fragment by spontaneous folding of the polypeptide chain.
Complement: Effects of C1 Binding Affinity on the Efficiency of the C2 Reaction
Authors: Linscott William D. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A variable amount of the C1 will dissociate from IgG-sensitized EAC14 at 30°C, µ = 0.065, depending on the relative amounts of antibody and C1 employed. for this reason, use of 30°C and µ = 0.065 for reacting C2 with IgG-sensitized EAC14 is inefficient, particularly with low IgG concentrations. Decreasing the ionic strength to 0.032 prevents dissociation of weakly-bound C1 during the C2 reaction at 30°C, and thus gives optimal results. Similar but not quite as good results can be obtained by adding 100 to 200 molecules of IgM anti-Forssman antibody/cell. It is suggested that this added IgM may function by capturing C1 which dissociates from IgG-SAC14 at 30°C, µ = 0.065. The resulting IgM-SAC1 could activate C2 molecules which then could bind to the IgG-SAC4, converting them to IgG-SAC42 which in turn could react with C3 and later components.
Excessive amounts of IgM (1000 to 10,000 molecules/cell under the conditions employed here) can reduce the efficiency of the reaction with C2, perhaps by raising the C1 binding affinity above some optimal level and/or by taking control of some of the C4 sites away from the more efficient IgG antibody molecules. Given a relatively constant number of molecules of C1/cell, IgM-sensitized EAC14 show a progressive decrease in C2 reaction efficiency with increasing amounts of IgM/cell over a 100-fold range of SA/SAC1 ratios.