bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Law, International Institutions, and the Pursuit of Peace
Authors: Gittings John 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts the development over the past two centuries of effective international law and institutions to limit war and promote peace. The effort gained popular support in the nineteenth century, with the growth of peace societies leading to The Hague peace conferences (1899 and 1907), and the first agreements for rules of war and for arbitration of disputes. Though the First World War represented a defeat for peace campaigns, the League of Nations established a new framework for war prevention and disarmament. This led to the more comprehensive approach towards international peace and security set out in the United Nations Charter. Collective action for peace-keeping and, later, intervention for humanitarian purposes, would become enshrined in international law. By the twenty-first century, broader issues including the prevention of non-state aggression and genocide, and the threat posed by nuclear weapons, were being addressed. Peace advocacy and the activities of non-governmental organizations have played a significant role, but now face the challenge of formidable new risks.
Historical Political Economy
Authors: Jenkins Jeffery A. , Rubin Jared 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines what historical political economy (HPE) is and is not, classifies the major themes in the literature, assesses the relative strengths and weaknesses of the literature, and points to directions for future study. We view HPE as social scientific inquiry that highlights political causes or consequences of historical issues. HPE is different from conventional political economy in the emphasis placed on historical processes and context. While the authors view HPE in the most inclusive manner reasonable, they define it to exclude works that are either solely of contemporary importance or that use historical data without any historical context (e.g., long-run macroeconomic time series data). The future of HPE is bright, especially as more historical data from around the world become available via digitization. Consequently, the future frontier of the field likely falls outside of the United States, which is the concern of a disproportionate amount of the current literature.
Culture in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Lowes Sara 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Culture—the set of socially transmitted values and beliefs held by individuals—has important implications for a wide variety of economic outcomes. The causes and consequences of culture have both been the subject of work in historical political economy (HPE). This chapter first outlines several theories on the origins, evolution, and transmission of culture. It then discusses various strategies for measuring culture. Finally, the chapter reviews recent research in HPE that explores the origins of variation in culture and the economic consequences of culture.
The Evolution of the Symbolic Sciences
Authors: Gontier Nathalie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Aspects of human symbolic evolution are studied by scholars active in a variety of fields and disciplines in the life and the behavioral sciences as well as the scientific-philosophical, sociological, anthropological, and linguistic sciences. These fields and disciplines all take on an evolutionary approach to the study of human symbolism, but scholars disagree in their theoretical and methodological attitudes. Theoretically, symbolism is defined differentially as knowledge, behavior, cognition, culture, language, or social group living. Methodologically, the diverse symbolic evolution sciences establish their teachings upon diverging evolutionary biological schools and paradigms. This chapter reviews past and current research fields in human symbolic evolution for how they differentially implement tenets of the major evolution schools that were discussed in the previous chapter. Traditional evolutionary epistemology and biosemiotics bring in a mesoevolutionary outlook by drawing on early Darwinism and evolutionary developmental biology movements that emphasize the role of the organism in evolution. Communication studies instead originally take on a microevolutionary perspective by investigating how units of information are transmitted across generations through time. Only later do they integrate studies on meaning-making at the organismal level. Sociobiology complements a microevolutionary with a macroevolutionary outlook by implementing population genetic approaches, typical of the Modern Synthesis, into studies on individual and group behavior. The new symbolic evolutionary sciences build upon these traditions and include disciplines such as evolutionary psychology, evolutionary linguistics, evolutionary anthropology, evolutionary archaeology, evolutionary sociology, and evolutionary economics. Originally centered on implementing Darwinian selection theory, these fields are now including ecological and evolutionary developmental biology as well as reticulate evolutionary paradigms. As diverse in outlook and scope as they are, no discipline holds a privileged position over the other and all have made valuable contributions to our understanding of human symbolic evolution.
IMPACT OF RETINAL FLUID-FREE MONTHS ON OUTCOMES IN NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: Eichenbaum David , Brown David M. , Ip Michael , Khanani Arshad M. , Figueroa Marta S. , McAllister Ian L. , Laude Augustinus , B Guruprasad , Tang Shuhan , Gmeiner Benjamin , Clemens Andreas , Souied Eric 
Published: January 2023

Purpose:
To assess the effect of the total number of fluid-free months after loading on visual and anatomical outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients receiving anti–vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.

Methods:
This post hoc analysis pooled patient-level data from the brolucizumab 6 mg (n = 718) and aflibercept 2 mg (n = 715) arms of the HAWK and HARRIER randomized clinical trials. Based on data from Weeks 12 to 96, patients were assigned to one of five categories based on fluid-free visits (FFVs; the total number of monthly visits at which they were observed to be without retinal fluid). Three definitions of “fluid-free” were explored based on the location of the fluid observed.

Results:
Patients allocated to Categories 4 (15–21 FFV) and 5 (22 FFV, always dry) consistently had the best visual and anatomical outcomes at Week 96, whereas patients allocated to Categories 1 (0 FFV, never dry) and 2 (1–7 FFV) consistently had the worst visual and anatomical outcomes. Variability in retinal thickness over time was lowest in Categories 4 and 5.

Conclusion:
Absence of retinal fluid at more visits after loading has a positive association with visual and anatomic outcomes in neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients, regardless of fluid type.
Can Mindfulness Buffer Against Negative Effects of Job Demands for Military and Police Personnel?
Authors: Krick Annika , Felfe Jörg , Klebe Laura 
Published: January 2023

Objective
We examined buffering effects of mindfulness on the relationship between job demands and health (ie, strain, complaints, affect, general health) in high-risk professions with high levels of unavoidable stressors.

Methods
We analyzed cross-sectional and longitudinal data from military (n = 362) and police personnel (n = 359).

Results
Study 1 showed that mindfulness buffered the effect of job demands at time 1 on strain and negative affect at time 2. Study 2 showed that mindfulness mitigates the relationship between job demands and strain and health complaints. With higher mindfulness, negative effects of job demands were reduced. Additional analyses reveal which facets of mindfulness are mostly important.

Conclusions
Findings provide evidence for the buffering effects of mindfulness and showed that mindfulness buffers against job demands in work contexts with high levels of stress and risk and a male-oriented culture.
Prognostic parameters on baseline and interim [18F]FDG-PET/computed tomography in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients
Authors: Czibor Sándor , Carr Robert , Redondo Francisca , Auewarakul Chirayu U. , Cerci Juliano J. , Paez Diana , Fanti Stefano , Györke Tamás 
Published: January 2023

Objective
2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose PET/computed tomography ([18F]FDG-PET/CT) is a widely used imaging method in the management of diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Our aim was to investigate the prognostic performance of different PET biomarkers in a multicenter setting.

Methods
We investigated baseline volumetric values [metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), also normalized for body weight] segmented with three different methods [>SUV4 (glob4); 41% isocontour (41pc), and a gradient-based lesion growing algorithm (grad)] and interim parameters [Deauville score, maximal standardized uptake value (ΔSUVmax), modified qPET, and ratio PET (rPET)] alongside clinical parameters (stage, revised International Prognostic Index), using 24-month progression-free survival as the clinical endpoint. Receiver operating characteristics analyses were performed to define optimal cutoff points for the continuous PET parameters.

Results
A total of 107 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients were included (54 women; mean age: 53.7 years). MTV and TLG calculations showed good correlation among glob4, 41pc, and grad methods; however, optimal cutoff points were markedly different.
Significantly different PFS was observed between low- and high-risk groups according to baseline MTV, body weight-adjusted (bwa) MTV, TLG, bwaTLG, as well as interim parameters Deauville score, ΔSUVmax, mqPET, and rPET. Univariate Cox regression analyses showed hazard ratios (HRs) lowest for bwaMTVglob4 (HR = 2.3) and highest for rPET (HR = 9.09). In a multivariate Cox-regression model, rPET was shown to be an independent predictor of PFS (P = 0.041; HR = 9.15). Combined analysis showed that ΔSUVmax positive patients with high MTV formed a group with distinctly poor PFS (35.3%).

Conclusion
Baseline MTV and TLG values and optimal cutoff points achieved with different segmentation methods varied markedly and showed a limited prognostic impact. Interim PET/CT parameters provided more accurate prognostic information with semiquantitative ‘Deauville-like’ parameters performing best in the present study.
Fecal Elastase in Preterm Infants to Predict Growth Outcomes
Authors: Holzapfel Lindsay F. , Hair Amy B. , Preidis Geoffrey A. , Halder Tripti , Yang Heeju , Unger Jana P. , Freedman Steven , Martin Camilia R. 
Published: January 2023

Objectives:
Preterm infants are born functionally pancreatic insufficient with decreased pancreatic production of lipase and proteases. Developmental pancreatic insufficiency (PI) may contribute to reduced nutrient absorption and growth failure. We sought to determine longitudinal fecal elastase (ELA1) levels in a cohort of preterm infants and whether levels are associated with growth outcomes.

Methods:
Prospective observational study of 30 infants 24–34 weeks gestational age and birth weight ≤1250 g fed the exclusive human milk diet, consisting of human milk with human milk-based fortifier. ELA1 was quantified by ELISA during the first 2 weeks of life [Early; 7.5 ± 1.8 days of life (DOL)] and after attainment of full, fortified feedings (Late; 63.6 ± 24.1 DOL).

Results:
Early ELA1 levels were 192.2 ± 96.4 µg/g, and Late ELA1 levels were 268.0 ± 80.3 µg/g, 39.4% higher (P = 0.01). Infants with early PI (ELA1 < 200 µg/g) were more likely male and of lower gestational age, weight, length, and head circumference at birth. These variables, but not PI status, independently predicted somatic growth.

Conclusions:
Fecal ELA1 in preterm infants fed exclusive human milk diet increases with postnatal age. Although pancreatic function in preterm infants may serve as a biological contributor to early postnatal growth failure, additional studies using fecal ELA1 as a predictive biomarker for growth failure are needed in larger cohorts.
Protocol Biopsies in Pediatric Liver Transplantation Recipients Improve Graft Histology and Personalize Immunosuppression
Authors: Karbaum Eva , Weidemann Sören , Grabhorn Enke , Fischer Lutz , Herden Uta , Oh Jun , Briem-Richter Andrea , Krebs-Schmitt Dorothee 
Published: January 2023

Objectives:
Protocol liver biopsies (PLBs) are part of the follow-up program at many pediatric liver transplant centers, but the impact on clinical decision-making and allograft histology following adjustments of immunosuppression (IS) after PLB has not been thoroughly analyzed.

Methods:
Following our previous single-center cohort study, we have now evaluated histological findings of 178 PLBs of 118 pediatric patients transplanted at our center between 1998 and 2017. In particular, we focused on the changes in allograft histology in the follow-up biopsy of a subgroup of 22 patients, in which the histologic findings led to an adjustment of immunosuppressive therapy. All biopsies of this sub-study group were reevaluated by an experienced pathologist.

Results:
The overall frequency and severity of fibrosis increased over time after orthotopic liver transplantation. Patients with donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) had a higher prevalence of fibrosis than DSA-negative patients. Graft inflammation decreased significantly after intensifying IS, but renal function needs to be monitored. A significant increase in fibrosis was detected in children with reduced IS.

Conclusion:
The adjustment of IS following PLBs has a significant impact on allograft histology. Since chronic inflammatory changes may lead to graft failure, adjustment of IS seems to be of major importance for the long-term outcome.
The Effect of a Multidimensional Home Rehabilitation Program for Post-Total Knee Arthroplasty Elderly Patients
Authors: Park Soo Ah , Jeong Younhee 
Published: January 2023

Patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) experience pain, decreased muscle strength, and decreased knee function, resulting in increases in depression and decreased subjective well-being. A multidimensional home program may prevent these adverse events.
The aim of this study was to test the effect of a home rehabilitation program that included education, exercise, aroma massage, and phone counseling for post-TKA patients.
We used a randomized control group pretest/posttest design. Fifty-nine patients participated, with 29 in the experimental group and 30 in the control group. Pain, knee joint range of motion (ROM), quadriceps strength, depression, and subjective well-being were measured as outcome variables. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance and generalized estimating equations.
The experimental group showed significant improvement in knee pain, active ROM, muscle strength, depression, and subjective well-being with no significant between-groups difference in passive ROM.
The multidimensional home rehabilitation program can be an effective nursing intervention for physical and emotional recovery of patients with TKA.
Do Anisometropic Eyes Have Steeper Retinas Than Their Isometropic Counterparts?
Authors: Manoharan Manoj K. , Atchison David A. , Verkicharla Pavan K. 
Published: January 2023

SIGNIFICANCE
Our findings suggest that retinal shapes of the eyes of anisometropes are not different from that of the eyes of isometropes with the same refractions.

PURPOSE
We investigated (a) intereye differences in relative peripheral eye lengths between isometropes and anisometropes and (b) if the retinal shape is different between isometropic and anisometropic eyes with the same central refraction.

METHODS
Central and peripheral eye lengths were determined along the horizontal meridian in 10° intervals out to ±30° using a noncontact biometer in 28 isometropes and 16 anisometropes. Retinal coordinates were estimated using these eye lengths and ray tracing. Retinal shape was determined in terms of vertex radius of curvature (R
v), asphericity (Q), and equivalent radius of curvature (R
Eq). Linear regression was determined for the R
Eq as functions of central refraction in a subset of isometropic and anisometropic eyes having the same refraction.

RESULTS
The differences in relative peripheral eye lengths between the two eyes of anisometropes were significantly greater than for isometropes at ±30° eccentricities. Higher myopic eyes of anisometropes had smaller R
v, more negative Q, and smaller R
Eq than the lower myopic eyes for both isometropes and anisometropes (mean ± standard error of the mean: R
v, 9.8 ± 0.5 vs. 11.7 ± 0.4 mm [P = .002]; Q, −1.1 ± 0.2 vs. −0.5 ± 0.2 [P = .03]; R
Eq, 11.5 ± 0.3 vs. 12.4 ± 0.2 mm [P = .01]). Intercepts and slopes of the linear regressions of R
Eq in anisometropes and their isometropic counterparts with the same refraction were not significantly different from each other (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS
Higher myopic eyes of anisometropes had similar retina shapes along the horizontal meridian to those of isometropic eyes with the same refraction.
Fighting Myopia with Intermittent Nearwork Breaks: 20 Seconds Every 20 Minutes Might Not Be Enough Time
Authors: Pucker Andrew D. , Gawne Timothy J. 
Published: January 2023

ABSTRACT

SIGNIFICANCE
Practitioners commonly prescribe the 20/20/20 rule with hopes that, if patients follow it, they will reduce their myopic progression. This clinical perspective provides evidence that 20-second break from nearwork every 20 minutes are not enough time to impact ocular growth.
The ongoing myopia epidemic is a major public health crisis. Although the correlation between nearwork tasks such as reading, computers, and smartphones and myopia development is controversial, multiple lines of research suggest that sustained nearwork contributes to myopia development. Clinicians have proposed that children should take short breaks from nearwork with a 20-second break every 20 minutes being a common suggestion. Animal model data do strongly support the idea that multiple short breaks across time can cancel out the effects of longer periods of myopia-promoting activities. However, the animal model data also suggest that repeated episodes of 20 seconds are ineffective at reducing myopia development and instead indicate that sustained breaks of 5 minutes or more every hour are needed to negate myopiagenic effects.
Satisfaction of individuals with partial-hand amputations after they were fitted with cosmetic silicone prostheses
Authors: Atallah Huthaifa , Qureshi Ahmad Zaheer , Msechu Zidikheri 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Partial-hand amputations are the most common level of upper-limb amputations which can lead to cosmetic and functional problems. Partial-hand amputations can be acquired or congenital. Cosmetic silicone prostheses are used in the management of partial-hand amputation; however, a literature review shows that most of the studies are on the fabrication of prosthesis, and data remain deficient on the satisfaction of users with silicone prostheses.

Objectives:
To assess the satisfaction of individuals after they were fitted with cosmetic silicone prostheses for partial-hand amputations.

Study design:
Cross-sectional study.

Methods:
Fifty-four participants with partial-hand amputations and who received cosmetic silicone prostheses participated in the survey using the validated Arabic version of the Client Satisfaction with Device (CSD-Ar).

Results:
Nearly half of the participants were using their silicone prosthesis daily. Most of the patients reported satisfaction with durability and donning, whereas most of the patients were dissatisfied with comfort. The mean of CSD-Ar total score was 16.8 ± 4.7 of 32. The CSD-Ar total score was significantly associated with the side of amputation (p-value = 0.014) and usage of prosthesis (p-value < 0.001).

Conclusion:
The satisfaction of individuals with partial-hand amputations can be enhanced by fitting them with cosmetic silicone prostheses. However, these prostheses should meet certain criteria including fitting, weight, comfort, donning, appearance, durability, skin abrasion and irritation, and pain. Individuals' expectations and concerns should be considered as well.
Recycling Tenofovir in Second-line Antiretroviral Treatment With Dolutegravir: Outcomes and Viral Load Trajectories to 72 weeks
Authors: Keene Claire M. , Cassidy Tali , Zhao Ying , Griesel Rulan , Jackson Amanda , Sayed Kaneez , Omar Zaayid , Hill Andrew , Ngwenya Olina , Van Zyl Gert , Flowers Tracy , Goemaere Eric , Maartens Gary , Meintjes Graeme 
Published: January 2023

Background:
Recycling tenofovir and lamivudine/emtricitabine with dolutegravir (TLD) after failure of non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor first-line antiretroviral therapy is more tolerable and scalable than dolutegravir plus optimized nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Studies have demonstrated TLD's efficacy as second line, but long-term follow-up is limited.

Methods:
ARTIST is a single arm, prospective, interventional study conducted in Khayelitsha, South Africa, which switched 62 adults with 2 viral loads >1000 copies/mL from tenofovir, lamivudine/emtricitabine, and an non-nucleoside transcriptase inhibitor to TLD. We report efficacy to 72 weeks and, in a post hoc analysis, evaluated viral load trajectories of individuals with viremic episodes.

Results:
Virologic suppression was 86% [95% confidence interval (CI) 74 to 93], 74% (95% CI: 61 to 84), and 75% (95% CI: 63 to 86) <50 copies/mL and 95%, 84%, and 77% <400 copies/mL at week 24, 48, and 72, respectively, with 89% (50/56) resistant (Stanford score ≥15) to tenofovir and/or lamivudine preswitch. No participants developed integrase-inhibitor resistance. Of the 20 participants not suppressed at week 24 and/or 48, 2 developed virologic failure, 1 switched regimen (adverse event), 2 were lost to follow-up, 1 missed the visit, 1 transferred out, 9 resuppressed <50 copies/mL with enhanced adherence counseling, and 4 remained viremic (3 with <200 copies/mL) at week 72.

Conclusions:
Recycling NRTIs with dolutegravir was effective for most participants to 72 weeks. Most with viremia did not develop virologic failure and subsequently suppressed with enhanced adherence counseling or continued to have low-level viremia. No integrase-inhibitor resistance was detected despite low-level viremia in a minority of participants.