bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Preparative Method for Isolation of Human C3 with Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Molenaar J. L. , Müller M. , Pondman K. W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A new preparative method for isolation of highly purified human C3 was developed by using a reversed application of affinity chromatography. Antisera against contaminations usually present in crude C3 preparations were produced. These antibodies were irreversibly coupled to Sepharose 4B and as a whole used in column form. When crude C3 preparations were applied to these columns the impurities were bound and thus eliminated. The resulting C3 preparations were pure when tested in concentrations of 5 mg/ml against anti-human serum and when tested by immunizing rabbits. C3 appeared to be homogeneous in the analytical ultracentrifuge, in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and according to N-terminal amino acid analysis. The recovery from 400 ml normal human serum was about 65 mg.
Guinea Pig Lymphotoxin (LT)
Authors: Rosenberg Steven A. , Henrichon Margaret , Coyne John A. , David John R. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphotoxin (LT) was found to be present in the same supernatants as antigen-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes in which migration-inhibitory factor (MIF) was found. LT activity was determined by staining target cells with trypan blue, counting the cells present in the media and determining their viability, direct observation by time-lapse cinematography and measuring protein synthesis by surviving target cells. Like migration-inhibitory factor, the induction of LT release was antigen specific. LT was effective on a number of different target cell lines; however, young cultures of guinea pig embryo fibroblasts were resistant to it.
The Molecular Classes of Two Homocytotropic Antibodies in the Mouse
Authors: Schwartz Harvey A. , Levine Bernard B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Heat-labile homocytotropic antibody (HCA), which persists in homologous skin sites for long periods of time, and heat-stable HCA, which persists in skin sites for short periods of time, were studied to determine their immunoglobulin classes. Absorption was done in liquid phase with monospecific antisera against mouse IgG2, IgG3, IgM and IgA, and with a Sepharose-coupled insoluble anti-IgG1. The short-latency, heat-stable HCA was completely removed with anti-IgG1 and by none of the other absorptions, i.e., it is an IgG1 antibody. The long-latency, heat-labile HCA was not removed by any of the immunoabsorptions. In addition, neither of the mouse HCA was removed from immune sera by absorption with a potent anti-human IgE antiserum, and fixation of mouse HCA to mouse skin was not blocked by human IgE Fc at 10 µ/ml concentration. The long-latency HCA is similar in many properties to human IgE and is accordingly tentatively called mouse “IgE” antibody. However, immunologic cross-reactivity between mouse and human IgE could not be demonstrated, nor could fixation of mouse IgE to mouse skin be blocked by human IgE Fc.
The Use of Column-Bound B Lymphocytes for Absorption of Antisera to T Lymphocyte Antigens
Authors: Hudson Leslie , Phillips Bernice 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antisera raised in rabbits to BALB/c brain homogenates were not specific for thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes when tested by indirect immunofluorescence. After absorption with liver cells, erythrocytes and bone marrow-derived (B) cells adsorbed to an anti-Fab immunoadsorbent column, the antisera stained all thymocytes from BALB/c and AKR mice but only a proportion of lymphocytes from spleen and lymph node. Virtually no cells were stained in nude mouse lymphocyte suspensions. Staining of lymphocytes fractioned by affinity chromatography into T and B cells provided further evidence for the specificity of the absorbed antiserum.
Characterization of an Immunosuppressive Factor Present in Mouse Serum
Authors: Veit Bruce , Michael J. Gabriel 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Serum of unimmunized mice contains an inhibitor capable of suppressing the immune response of mouse spleen cell cultures to sheep erythrocytes. The concentration of this serum inhibitor increases after immunization of mice with erythrocyte antigens.
The serum inhibitor exerted its effect in the early stages of the immune response. Addition of mouse serum to spleen cells up to 48 hr after initiation of in vitro cultures was immunosuppressive. Washing or trypsinization of serum-incubated spleen cells removed the inhibitory effect. Plastic-adherent populations of spleen cells were not inactivated by the mouse serum factor whereas nonadherent cells were markedly affected.
The inhibitory factor was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and Sephadex chromatography. The immunosuppressive factor was found to migrate to the α-region, and its inhibitory function was not related to RNase activity.
Cooperative Effects in Antibody Formation Produced by Hapten-Specific Delayed Sensitivity
Authors: Hanna Nabil , Leskowitz Sidney 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The ability of delayed sensitivity specific for the azobenzenearsonate (ABA) group to function as a carrier cooperating in the production of antibody to another determinant has been demonstrated in guinea pigs. If guinea pigs are primed with bovine serum albumin (BSA) in alum, the cooperative effect produced by a boost with ABA-BSA leads only to γ1-anti-BSA antibody. If animals are primed with BSA in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, some γ2-antibody is produced as well as γ1-antibody. Priming with BSA in complete Freund's adjuvant leads to sufficient self-helper effects so that no increased antibody production is seen as a consequence of ABA helper effects.
The ABA helper effect is seen only if animals have ABA-specific delayed sensitivity, not ABA-specific antibody. Best cooperation is achieved when ABA and BSA are covalently linked.
Genetic Control of Immune Responses to Synthetic Polypeptides in Mice: Cellular Analysis of the Phenotypic Correction of the Ir-3 Gene Defect by Polyadenylic-Polyuridylic Acid
Authors: Mozes Edna , Shearer G. M. , Sela Michael , Braun Werner 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody responses to the multichain synthetic polypeptide poly (L Tyr, L Glu)-poly L Pro-poly L Lys, (T, G)-Pro--L, and to the Pro-L portion of the related polymer poly (L Phe, L Glu)-poly L Pro--poly L Lys, (Phe, G)-Pro--L, are controlled by the dominant, autosomal, non-H-2-linked, Ir-3 gene. SJL/J and DBA/1 mice are the respective high and low responder strains to Pro-L. Injection of low responder DBA/1 mice with 300 µg poly(A)·poly(U) 24 hr after immunization with either of these immunogens resulted in an enhancement of DBA/1 anti-Pro--L titers which were indistinguishable from those of untreated or poly(A)·poly(U)-treated SJL/J mice. In contrast, no effect of poly(A)·poly(U) on enhancing the antibody responses to poly (L Phe, L Glu)-poly DL Ala--poly L Lys, (Phe, G)-A-L, or to the (Phe, G) immunopotent region of (Phe, G)-Pro-L (immune responses controlled by the H-2-linked Ir-1 gene) was obtained. The anti-Pro--L response was also enhanced in another low responder strain, DBA/2. Thus, the effects of poly(A)·poly(U) described here are selective for phenotypic “correction” of antibody responses controlled by the Ir-3 gene only, and confirm that the modes of action of the Ir-1 and Ir-3 genes are distinct. Enhancement of the DBA/1 anti-Pro--L response using (Phe, G)-Pro-L, which contains two immunopotent regions, occurred at the expense of the anti-(Phe, G) response.
Limiting dilution patterns of low responder spleen and marrow cells were quantitatively and qualitatively affected by administering poly(A)·poly(U) to the syngeneic hosts 24 hr after immunization with (T, G)-Pro--L. No effect of the polynucleotide was detected for dilutions of SJL/J high responder spleen cells, nor for those of DBA/1 low responder thymocytes. The lack of effect of poly(A)·poly(U) on thymocytes was verified in a two-step experimental design by exposing the thymocytes to antigen and the polynucleotide in the absence of marrow cells, followed by transferring the thymus-derived and marrow cells to irradiated test recipients. These results, as well as those (published elsewhere) for the Pro--L specific response, are compatible with the hypothesis that the immunologic effect of the Ir-3 gene is expressed at the level of cell-to-cell interaction, and that poly(A)·poly(U) immunologically “corrects” expression of this gene by making the interaction of the complementary cell types more effective.
The Immune Response Against Hapten-Autologous Protein Conjugates in the Mouse
Authors: Rubin Bent , Hiesche Klaus , Schirrmacher Volker , Wigzell Hans 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The present experiments were carried out to determine whether antibody formation in response to a hapten coupled to a non-immunogenic carrier was thymus-dependent. Mouse serum albumin (MSA) was used as the nonimmunogenic carrier. The anti-hapten responses to hapten-MSA conjugates of different hapten density were compared to the anti-hapten responses to hapten coupled to heterologous carriers in the following types of mice: 1) normal mice, 2) thymectomized, irradiated, and bone marrow cell reconstituted (TXBM) mice, 3) “sham”-thymectomized mice, and 4) TXBM mice further reconstituted with thymocytes (TXBMT mice).
The anti-hapten response to hapten-MSA conjugates of medium and high density were all found to be suppressed in TXBM mice, whereas in TXBMT mice it was fully reconstituted. Thus, the antibody response to hapten-MSA conjugates in the mouse is thymus-dependent regardless of hapten density.
Role of Intracellular and Extracellular Cationic Composition in Immune Lysis of Mammalian Erythrocytes
Authors: Dalmasso Agustin P. , Giavedoni Elda B. , Lelchuk Rosalia , de Bracco Maria M. E. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Immune lysis of human, rat, and sheep erythrocytes (E) containing high K and low Na (HK) was markedly influenced by the alkali metal ions present in the reaction mixture. The degree of lysis in the various cations conforms to the series K &gt; Rb &gt; Li &gt; Cs &gt; Na or to a slightly different one. Immune lysis of dog, cat, and sheep E containing low K and high Na (LK) was unaffected or only slightly affected by changes in the alkali metal ions present in the reaction system.
Human E which were converted artificially into LK E had a larger degree of immune lysis in Na buffer than the original HK E, approaching the degree of lysis obtained in K buffer. This suggests that the intracellular cationic composition of naturally occurring HK E is essential for their different reactivity with complement (C) in media with various alkali metal cations. In contrast, experimental conversion of sheep LK E into HK E caused no modification of their initial reactivity with C in Na and K media. This indicates that the membranes of naturally occurring LK E react optimally with C independently of the intra- and extracellular cationic composition.
Previous work demonstrated that immune lysis in Na buffer could be enhanced by treatment of the cells with K before the C reaction. The degree of C lysis in Na buffer of the sheep HK E examined in the present study, however, was not enhanced by preliminary treatment with K buffer. Therefore, it appears that this assay permits differentiation of two types of sheep HK E. Human E failed to respond with enhancement of immune lysis in Na buffer after pretreatment with K buffer. Ouabain treatment of HK sheep E caused no modification in the degree of C lysis obtained in either Na or K buffer.
Immunogenicity and Arthritogenicity in the Rat of an Antigen from Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Wax D
Authors: Koga Toshitaka , Pearson Carl M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Most of the conventional wax D preparations from human strain Mycobacterium tuberculosis induced adjuvant arthritis (AA) and typical delayed skin reaction to purified protein derivative (PPD) in the rat. However, the tuberculin-sensitizing ability of these waxes D as judged by skin testing with PPD was variable from preparation to preparation. “Pure” wax D containing trace amounts of tuberculin-sensitizing materials has recently been extracted from a human strain M. tuberculosis H37Ra, cultivated on Sauton medium for 4 weeks. The water-soluble portion (WSP) subfractions designated as F-IA and F-IB were obtained from this pure wax D. These subfractions, which are homogeneous as revealed by Ouchterlony tests and immunoelectrophoresis, were capable of inducing AA and a delayed hypersensitivity elicited by themselves, but not by PPD. PPD and π, which were less immunogenic than F-IA and F-IB, failed to produce AA. Arthritogenicity of the parent wax D correlated more closely with the degree of skin reaction to the WSP subfractions than with the PPD skin reaction. However, after development of AA the skin reaction to F-IB decreased significantly, especially in severely diseased rats, whereas PPD positivity remained constant and strong.
Although Ouchterlony double diffusion tests with F-IA, F-IB, PPD and π revealed that an identical or partially identical component is present in all, F-IA and F-IB are peptidopolysaccharides and differ in their immunologic behavior from the tuberculoproteins, PPD and π. Evidence of two different delayed-type antigens in conventional wax D as opposed to one in pure wax D was revealed in Ouchterlony tests.
Subpopulations of Human Lymphocytes Defined by β2-Microglobulin
Authors: Fanger Michael W. , Bernier George M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A human serum protein with structural homology to immunoglobulins, β2-microglobulin, was synthesized by normal lymphocytes in vitro. Production of microglobulin was increased when lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A) but was not increased by stimulation with pokeweed mitogen, suggesting that microglobulin was elaborated by thymus-dependent lymphocytes. Maximal β2-microglobulin production occurred at a concentration of PHA (2 µg/106 cells) which was far lower than that which led to maximal DNA and protein synthesis. Treatment of normal lymphocytes in culture with anti-β2-microglobulin and complement removed 20% of the cells and abolished β2-microglobulin production while stimulation of DNA synthesis by PHA was only slightly decreased. Fluorescein coupled antibody to β2-microglobulin stained virtually all normal lymphocytes, but 15 to 20% stained brightly. Although 15 to 25% of normal lymphocytes stained with anti-light chain antibody, none of these cells stained brightly with antibody to microglobulin when double-staining experiments were performed with two fluorochromes. Lymphocytes from a patient with acquired agammaglobulinemia synthesized microglobulin at a normal rate although the thymus independent (B) cell population as determined by staining for immunoglobulin was less than 3%. On the other hand, synthesis of microglobulin by lymphocytes from four patients with stage IV Hodgkin's disease was minimal. Production of β2-microglobulin by peripheral lymphocytes of patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) was low when the lymphocytes were identified as B-cells; synthesis was normal, however, by lymphocytes lacking surface immunoglobulin in one case of CLL. These results suggest that in man β2-microglobulin is in large part the product of a thymic dependent lymphocyte subpopulation.
In Vitro Assessment of Cellular Immunity to Rauscher Leukemia Virus
Authors: Mortensen Richard F. , Ceglowski Walter S. , Friedman Herman 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity to Rauscher leukemia virus (RLV) was studied utilizing the macrophage migration inhibition assay. Cell-mediated immunity to purified RLV antigen was detected in splenic lymphocytes of the leukemia resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain inoculated with infectious RLV. In contrast, no cellular immunity to RLV could be detected in splenic lymphocytes of the leukemia susceptible BALB/c mouse strain upon infection with RLV. Both strains of mice exhibited an active cell-mediated immune response following inoculation with heat-inactivated RLV. Appropropriate controls ruled out a contribution of either antibody or antibody-antigen complexes as mediators of the observed inhibition of macrophage migration. These data support the view that an inhibition of cell-mediated immune function may be a prerequisite to the induction of viral leukemia.
Purification of the Human Complement Protein Clq by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Sledge Carlos R. , Bing David H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A subunit of the first component of human complement C1q, was purified by the technique of affinity chromatography. The chromatographic resin was cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose covalently linked to human IgG. For the removal of traces of IgM it was necessary to subject further the C1q obtained from the chromatographic step to ultracentrifugation in sucrose gradients. The highly purified C1q was characterized immunochemically and according to its electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gel. The purified material was capable of combining with C1r and C1s to reconstitute fully active macromolecular C1.
Alterations in Lymphocyte Populations in Tumorigenesis
Authors: Zatz Marion M. , White Abraham , Goldstein Allan L. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Studies have been conducted of the migration of 51Cr-labeled lymph node cells into the lymphoid tissues of mice inoculated with the Moloney sarcoma virus. Significant numbers of labeled cells were trapped in the draining lymph nodes and spleens of tumor-bearing mice. The kinetics of lymphocyte trapping correlated with the cycle of growth and spontaneous regression which is characteristic of this tumor in healthy mice. Trapping first occurred after injection of the virus and maximal retention of lymphocytes corresponded to the time of tumor regression.
Cellular Events in Tolerance
Authors: Scott David W. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cultures from Lewis rats rendered unresponsive to ultracentrifuged sheep immunoglobulins (soluble ShIg or ShIgSo) were examined at various times after exposure to tolerogen in vivo to determine if activation of macromolecular synthesis occurred during tolerance induction. Cells from ShIgSo treated animals could not be stimulated by antigen to incorporate precursors of DNA, RNA, or protein. “Tolerant” cells could not be stimulated over a 10,000-fold dose range in vitro and did not show early or delayed DNA synthesis in vitro. In contrast, cells from rats injected with ShIg in adjuvant showed dose-dependent stimulation at all times examined. In addition, thoracic duct lymphocytes from tolerant rats were not “activated” in terms of their ability to support the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus. These results suggest that tolerance induction to this soluble protein does not proceed through the active steps in the immune response which are readily detected after the injection of an immunogen.
Furthermore, the in vitro proliferation of ShIg-immune lymph node cells, stimulated with ShIg, occurred whether these cells were cultured with normal rat serum or serum from rats tolerant to ShIg. In addition, co-cultivation of lymph node cells from tolerant animals with immune lymphocytes did not lead to suppression of the responsiveness of the latter cells in vitro. These results suggest that the induction and maintenance of tolerance to ShIg occur through mechanisms involving neither blocking factors nor suppressor cells. Multiple pathways of tolerance to different types of antigens are proposed.
Antigenicity of Formaldehyde-Inactivated Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B
Authors: Warren John R. , Spero Leonard , Metzger Joseph F. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The reactivity toward or ability to stimulate production of antibodies specific for native staphylococcal enterotoxin B (nSEB) demonstrated by formaldehyde-inactivated toxin (fSEB) is directly related to the extent to which SEB is polymerized by aqueous formaldehyde. Combined use of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and agarose gel chromatography revealed that: 1) 30-days incubation of SEB in 1% formaldehyde solution buffered to pH 5.0 or 7.5 resulted in a series of small to very large SEB polymers, while SEB incubated at pH 9.5 formed heterogeneous monomers and a small amount of dimer; 2) SEB was polymerized to maximal extent in pH 7.5 formaldehyde. Polymeric fSEB obtained with neutral or acid formaldehyde retained the capacity to precipitate quantitatively nSEB antibodies from rabbit antiserum and to induce the formation of nSEB hemagglutinins in rhesus monkeys. In contrast, the nonpolymerized fSEB failed to react with, or stimulate production of nSEB antibodies. Furthermore, the relative in vitro antibody-combining activities of the two polymeric fSEB products were inversely related to in vivo antibody production. Thus, although quantitative precipitation experiments revealed that 50% of the native antigenic determinants were retained after polymerization in acid aqueous formaldehyde (5.0-fSEB), while only 15% were preserved upon polymerization in neutral formaldehyde solution (7.5-fSEB), hemagglutinin responses of rhesus monkeys were generally several fold greater after parenteral injection of 7.5-fSEB than of 5.0-fSEB. The greater antibody response to 7.5-fSEB may be explained by its more extensive polymerization; the greater average molecular size of the 7.5-fSEB antigenic complex may permit more efficient processing by macrophages or provide a more effective presentation of reactive sites for attachment with, or activation of, immunocompetent cells.
Graft-vs-Host Reaction with an H-2 Mutant
Authors: Klein J. , Egorov I. K. 
Published: December 2022

Summary
GVHR can be induced across the H-2D locus, presumably uncontaminated by any other genetic differences (Ir); it can also be induced across differences that do not have any histocompatibility effect on skin grafts. This is interpreted as evidence for two types of genes in the H-2 complex, H-genes involved in both GVHR and skin graft rejection, and Gvh-genes involved in GVHR but not in skin graft rejection.
Thymus Function in Spontaneous Lymphoid Leukemia
Authors: Nagaya Hiroshi 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymphoid cells from normal, “preleukemic” and leukemic AKR mice were cultured in vitro to evaluate their response to mitogens, concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA).
Normal thymus cells were stimulated by Con A to increase their 3H-thymidine uptake 455-fold (median) whereas the thymidine uptake by autologous leukemic thymus cells was increased only 5-fold by Con A, the latter response resembling that of normal bone marrow cells. The median increases in thymidine uptake by “preleukemic” 4- and 5-month-old thymus cells stimulated by Con A were 280-fold and 269-fold, respectively. Failure in the thymic function to convert Con A-unresponsive bone marrow precursor cells to Con A-responsive normal thymus cells appears to precede leukemogenesis in the thymus of AKR mice.