bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bathrooms and Locker Rooms
Authors: Key Aidan 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Chapter 13 addresses some of the most often expressed areas of contention when considering the successful inclusion of trans students in schools—bathrooms and locker rooms. This chapter dives head long into the questions, ranging from practical to inflammatory, that arise. How do students respond to the presence of gender-diverse students in facilities versus the responses and fears from their adult counterparts. Is a separate bathroom or locker room a diplomatic solution or a way of segregating trans youth from their peers? This chapter offers numerous real-life examples that make evident the experiences, and implications of those experiences, of trans children, their peers, and the educators involved as they strive to optimize safety and privacy for every student.
Experimental psychology and psychopathology on animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As I believe the language of facts to be the most eloquent one, I shall take the liberty of addressing myself directly to that experimental material which has given me the right to speak on the topic of my presentation today. This will be first of all a story of a physiologist’s turn from purely physiological questions toward the area usually called psychic. This transition was not anticipated, but it occurred quite naturally, and—what seems to me to be especially important in this case—without changing, so to speak, the methodological front lines. Having worked for many years on the normal function of the digestive glands and having analyzed the regular conditions of this function, I encountered here—as had actually been pointed out by others as well—situations of a psychic nature.
On the psychic secretion of the salivary glands
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Most recently, the physiology of the salivary glands has especially foregrounded, within their functioning, certain phenomena which are usually called psychic. The latest research on the salivary glands by Glinski?, Vul’fson, Henri and Malloizel, and Borisov has revealed a most perfect adaptability of these glands to external stimulations, as had already been anticipated by Claude Bernard. In response to food that gets into the mouth and is hard and dry, the salivary glands release great quantities of saliva, and mixing with it allows such food to realize its chemical properties and helps its mechanical processing, thus aiding its passage through the esophagus into the stomach. In contrast, saliva is produced in much smaller quantities when the food contains a lot of free water, and less saliva is produced the higher the water content. To be sure, milk causes a decent amount of saliva to flow, but it should be kept in mind that the addition of mucous saliva to milk prevents, by virtue of the mucous layering, the formation in the stomach of a large compact curd mass, and by this it facilitates the digestive effect of gastric juice on the milk. In response to water or to a physiological saline solution, no salivation occurs at all, as saliva is of no use to them. When strong chemical irritants are introduced into the mouth, saliva always flows in quantities strictly proportional to the irritating strength of these substances.
Further steps in the objective analysis of complex-nervous phenomena as contrasted with their subjective understanding
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This presentation concerns the so-called conditional reflexes, an area of objective research of the central nervous system of the dog. Let me first remind you of the basic tenets of this theory. From the standpoint of objective research, the dog’s total nervous activity, with no omissions, is understood by us as reflexes, the animal’s reactions to the external world realized by means of the nervous system. We distinguish two kinds of reflexes. The common reflex, the old one, which we dub “unconditional”, is the kind of reaction when given external phenomena correlate with given responses of the organism in a predictable, unchangeable way.
Natural science and the brain
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It would be fair to say that the progress of natural science, which had marched on inexorably since the time of Galileo, first noticeably slowed down when it reached the highest parts of the brain, or, to put it more generally, the organ that handles the most complex relations of animals to the external world. And this seemed to be for a reason, it seemed that this was indeed a critical moment for natural science, for the brain—which in its highest form, the human brain, has created and continues to create natural science—has itself become the object of this science.
The principal laws governing central nervous system activity as revealed through conditional reflex research
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of the two main components of the nervous system—the peripheral nervous system, i.e. the nerve fibers, and the central nervous system, hence mostly the grey matter, nerve cells—differs a lot in content and significance. In the physiology of the peripheral nervous system, as most of you know, many very precise laws related to both excitability and conductivity have been established. Of course, the nervous process as such remains mysterious and unexplored so far, but this is also true for the central nervous system, since this process is the same in both parts.
Physiology and psychology in the study of the higher nervous activity of animals
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Among many, many dogs which have served in our laboratories for experiments with the so-called conditional reflexes, two stood out in certain ways. When a stranger entered the special room where the person conducting these experiments on his animals usually was, the animals normally showed no reaction, except for a slight orientational one. But these two dogs met every new arrival with overt hostility. Not only was it impossible to touch these dogs with impunity, but even extending your hand to the experimenter would cause a strong attacking move of the dogs toward the visitor. It soon became obvious that these dogs displayed a special guarding reaction. Because this reaction was so peculiar and so pronounced, and also because it caused so much inconvenience in the laboratory setting, we decided to subject the problem to special investigation.
The freedom reflex
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
First of all, I consider it my duty to thank the Philosophical Society for expressing, through its chairman, its willingness to listen to my report. It was not easy for me to gauge how interesting this presentation will be to the esteemed membership. As for me personally, I have a special purpose in doing this, as will become clear at the end of my presentation. I must report to you about the results of a very big project that has been going on for many years. This project was undertaken by me jointly with a dozen or so of my co-workers, who regularly participated in it with their heads as well as their hands. Were it not for them, the results would have been a tenth of what they are now. When I use the word “I”, I hope you will understand it not in the narrow sense of an author, but rather in the sense of, shall we say, a music conductor. What I did was mainly directing and coordinating everything.
A strictly objective study of all the higher manifestations of animal life
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
As a result of my earlier research on blood circulation and digestion, I have developed a strong conviction that clinical case studies—the endless series of all possible pathological variations and combinations of the organism’s functions—can be of great service to physiological thought. For this reason, having now been engaged for many years in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres, I have thought many times that I should take advantage of the field of psychiatric phenomena as an auxiliary analytical material for the study of this physiology. Indeed, instead of our terribly crude—compared with the complexity and delicacy of the mechanism we study—method of destroying parts of the brain for the sake of analysis, we could have obtained in some cases a clearer, better defined and more refined decomposition of the brain’s work in its totality into elements, a delimitation of separate functions of the brain resulting from pathological causes, which sometimes reach an extremely high degree of differentiation of the effect.
On the so-called animal hypnosis
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
At the very end of the past century, biology witnessed the beginnings of an extremely important new direction—which by now have become fully established—to subject all the higher manifestations of animal life, all animal behavior, to a strictly objective analysis. This means limiting the analysis to juxtaposing the stimuli the animal is exposed to at any moment in a given environment with the visible responses to them—with the animal’s activities and reactions—and discovering the laws of this correlation. In this way, the research has acquired a natural-scientific deterministic foundation, completely tossing away all the attempts to make speculative and counterproductive guesses about the inner state of the animal as the putative cause of its actions, using analogies to our own subjective world.
The inhibitory type of the dog’s nervous system
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
I am highly honored to present to your kind attention a report on the latest results of my research, carried out jointly with my collaborators. I hope that the subject of the research has the potential of stimulating considerable interest. These studies were conducted on animals, specifically on the dog, this friend of man since prehistoric times. Moreover, it is 25 years now since we undertook the challenge to understand all the higher nervous activity of the animal, with no exceptions, in a purely physiological way, completely avoiding psychological concepts and terminology. Needless to say, the main organ of the higher nervous activity is the cerebral hemispheres.
A physiological theory of the types of nervous system, a.k.a. temperaments
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
A two-month summer break in our experiments using conditional reflexes on dogs presented us with an opportunity to observe special changes in the animals’ behavior. Dog ? 1. This animal, generally very active, once put on the stand after the break turned out to be much more excited than before the break. Its tail was constantly moving, and it reacted very quickly to the slightest movements of the experimenter. At the same time, all the conditional food reflexes had disappeared, and the dog wouldn’t even take the food offered to it after the conditional stimuli. After several fruitless attempts to evoke the conditional reactions, it was decided to apply a previously very well-developed differentiation, i.e., a very strong inhibitory process. After we did this, all the reflexes that had vanished were restored and the dog ate the food offered to it. A natural explanation for these facts is as follows. This dog had a very pronounced freedom reflex. Before the break, by systematically applying unconditional and conditional food stimuli, the freedom reflex was suppressed, inhibited. During the break, because of lack of reinforcement, the conditional food stimuli became weaker and the freedom reflex regained its strength and took the upper hand.
An attempt to interpret the symptomatology of hysteria physiologically
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
I report the results of my work done jointly with my colleagues, without making distinctions. The material we have at the present time is considerable, and today I can convey here, of course, only a small portion of it and only in a general way. What we mean by neuroses are chronic (lasting for weeks, months, or even years) deviations of the higher nervous activity from the norm. As far as we are concerned, the higher nervous activity is revealed primarily in the system of conditional positive and negative reflexes in response to all sorts of stimuli, and partly (to a minor degree) in the general behavior of our animals (dogs).
Physiology of the higher nervous activity
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The objective study of the higher nervous activity using the method of conditional reflexes has advanced, expanded, and developed so much that it does not seem too audacious to attempt to physiologically interpret, analyze such a complex pathological picture as that presented by hysteria in all of its symptoms, even though hysteria is considered by all clinicians to be a mental disorder that is fully or primarily a psychogenic reaction to the surroundings. So this attempt will be at the same time a test of how well-equipped the theory of conditional reflexes is to pretend to explain physiologically the so-called psychic phenomena. And here again, unfortunately, it is impossible to dispense with a physiological introduction, however brief. Even in their country of birth conditional reflexes are still relatively unknown, and moreover, the theory is developing so quickly that many things, and important things, in this theory have not yet even been published and will be reported here for the first time.
Dynamic stereotypy of the higher part of the brain
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Last year at the International Neurological Congress in Berne I reported on our experimental neuroses only in a most general way. Now I will describe in detail one example of a neurosis that has recently been studied substantively by one of my oldest and most appreciated collaborators, Petrova. When talking about purely experimental neuroses, we must begin from the question of the types of the animals’ (in our case, dogs’) nervous system. We distinguish three basic types: the strong, even very strong, but unbalanced one, whose inhibition is weak relative to its excitatory process; the strong and balanced one, with both opposite processes at the same level; and the weak one, with both processes weak, but sometimes one or the other of them especially weak.
Experimental pathology of the higher nervous activity
Authors: Yokoyama Olga T. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The images, pictures of our own behavior as well as the behavior of the familiar higher animals that participate in our daily lives (like dogs)—if we take behavior in its totality, in all of its minutest details of the kind we see especially in humans—present an enormous, really boundless variation. But since our and other higher animals’ behavior is determined and controlled by the nervous system, it should be possible to reduce this variation to a more or less limited number of basic properties of this system along with their combinations and gradations. In this way it should become possible to distinguish among the types of nervous activity, that is, among different bundles of the basic properties of the nervous system.
Speech Acts, Effects, and Responses
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Taking John Searle’s discussion of conversation as its point of departure, this paper examines the relationship between individual speech acts and conversational sequences. Instead of inquiring whether one can extend speech act theory to the study of conversation, it argues that the study of speech acts already presupposes some reference to conversational sequences. This is so because the hearer’s uptake, which is necessary for an illocutionary act to take effect, is indicated by the hearer’s response. This makes the success of illocutionary acts of any kind “conditional” on the hearer’s behavior (in a sense which should be kept distinct from the sense in which some illocutionary acts produce conditional obligations). The shift in illocutionary force that may occur when an utterance appears to be infelicitous under one interpretation but not under another, as well as the functioning of adjacency pairs, are both discussed in this light.
Illocutionary Force and Degrees of Strength in Language Use
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Some aspects of the received conception of a speech act do not allow illocutionary force to vary in degree, but a revised conception of the illocutionary act as bringing about a change in the interpersonal relation between the interlocutors is compatible with the results of pragmatic research on mitigation/reinforcement and can contribute to a better understanding of it. A speech-act theoretical framework is proposed in which mitigation and reinforcement are considered not as stylistic phenomena superficially affecting the speech act, but as the adjustment and tuning of its illocutionary effect. It is claimed that illocutionary effects and their adjustment and tuning can be described in deontic modal terms. In support of these claims, examples of mitigation or reinforcement taken from recorded conversations in Italian are analyzed. It is also pointed out that there are overlaps between their indicators and illocutionary force indicators.
Illocution and Silencing
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It has been claimed by various authors that pornography subordinates and silences women. This paper discusses the related problem of how to account for a person’s being “silenced.” Considering the case of the ineffective refusal of sexual advances, various ways of explaining what goes wrong are distinguished (perlocutionary failure, illocutionary disablement, misfire, lack of reciprocity and therefore of uptake, epistemic injustice). It is argued that none of them provides the complete picture of what is going on. Sexual refusal is then analyzed as an exercitive illocutionary act and its silencing as a denial of the woman’s authority over her own body and her entitlement to autonomous decision.
Varieties of Speech Act Norms
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper explores the field of speech act norms, shedding some light upon the different roles they play in the dynamics of illocution. A three-fold distinction is proposed: constitutive rules (upon which the performance of illocutionary acts depends), maxims (based on rational motivations, encoding regulative advice for optimal speech act performance in the perspective of the participants), and objective requirements for the overall correctness of the accomplished speech act. Some examples applying the proposed distinction to varieties of illocutionary act provide a very limited test of its potential as a descriptive framework. The proposal to consider rules of accommodation as a further kind of speech act norm is discussed and rejected. Since among the three kinds of norms, only constitutive rules can be said to be conventional, it is proposed that all speech acts may be considered as conventional for certain aspects and non-conventional for others.
Illocution and Power Imbalance
Authors: Sbisà Marina 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This paper examines the role of speech as regards certain kinds of power imbalance. It introduces and illustrates exercitive illocutionary acts, consisting of the exercise of authority or influence and affecting the rights and obligations of the participants. After acknowledging that there are ways in which we bring about effects on the rights and obligations of the participants, other than the performance of Exercitives, it focuses attention on examples of Exercitives from informal speech situations, showing how the exercitive force of an utterance can be detected and what effects it may have on the degree of power or authority of the participants, either as its illocutionary effect or by accommodation. It also discusses a case in which the characteristic effects of Exercitives are achieved in a “backdoor” fashion and the strategies that may be employed to block them.
Luck and Metasemantics
Authors: King Jeffrey C. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
In a series of works, Duncan Pritchard has defended a modal account of luck. On this account, events are the things that are lucky or not. For an event to be lucky is for it to occur in the actual world but, keeping the initial conditions for the event fixed, for there to be close possible worlds in which the event doesn’t occur. I intend to take on Pritchard’s modal account of luck here without argument. The question that concerns me here is whether the notion of luck has significant application in philosophy of language. I argue that it does. Specifically, in recent work I have defended an account of how contextually sensitive expression that are not pure indexicals, like deictic pronouns, tense, possessives, modals and so on, secure semantic values in context. I call such an account a metasemantics for the relevant expressions. In the present chapter, I argue that in a case where a hearer forms a true belief about the semantic value of a contextually sensitive expression, where my metasemantics assigns the semantic value in context to the expression, there are no nearby worlds that share the initial conditions of the actual world of utterance where that true belief is not formed. That is, the event of forming the true belief is not lucky. I claim that other metasemantic accounts do not have this property and that the fact that mine does is an argument in its favor.
Epistemicism without Metalinguistic Safety
Authors: Khoo Justin 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Epistemicists claim that vague predicates have precise but unknowable cutoffs. But this leads to a problem. Suppose the cutoff for being tall is being more than N inches tall. This is a fact, so why can’t I know it? Williamson appeals to metalinguistic safety: we can know that p only if our belief that p is not metalinguistically lucky, meaning that it couldn’t have easily been the case that we continued to believe that the sentence ‘p’ expresses a truth even when it means something false. Claims about the precise cutoffs for vague predicates are not metalinguistically safe—even if “x is tall iff x is taller than N inches” is true, it could have easily meant something false, though we still to believed it. In this chapter, I argue against metalinguistic safety as a necessary condition on knowledge. This undermines the metalinguistic safety strategy for the epistemicist. I then offer the epistemicist an olive branch: they should opt for a slight variant of their view that I call diagonalized epistemicism. I show how this alternative version of epistemicism has a more satisfying response to why we cannot know the cutoffs of vague predicates. However, in an M. Night Shyamalan-style twist, I then argue we should not be diagonalized epistemicists either.
Introduction
Authors: Jankauskas Vytautas , Eckhard Steffen 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main findings of the book and introduces its conceptual framework, empirical strategy, and overall structure. It also discusses the implications of the book’s findings on evaluation research and practice as the book advances our knowledge about the evaluation’s role in international organizations’ (IOs’) policymaking. The book shows that evaluation is indeed used for political purposes in IOs, yet by changing the institutional architecture of evaluation systems, stakeholders can control the nature of such politics. Also, the chapter situates the book in the broader literature on IOs and global governance as its findings unveil how power dynamics between IO member states and their secretariats affect the functioning of IOs.