bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding diarrhoeal diseases in response to climate variability and drought in Cape Town, South Africa: a mixed methods approach
Authors: Lee Tristan Taylor , Dalvie Mohamed Aqiel , Röösli Martin , Merten Sonja , Kwiatkowski Marek , Mahomed Hassan , Sweijd Neville , Cissé Guéladio 
Published: August 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe climate of southern Africa is expected to become hotter and drier with more frequent severe droughts and the incidence of diarrhoea to increase. From 2015 to 2018, Cape Town, South Africa, experienced a severe drought which resulted in extreme water conservation efforts. We aimed to gain a more holistic understanding of the relationship between diarrhoea in young children and climate variability in a system stressed by water scarcity.MethodsUsing a mixed-methods approach, we explored diarrhoeal disease incidence in children under 5 years between 2010 to 2019 in Cape Town, primarily in the public health system through routinely collected diarrhoeal incidence and weather station data. We developed a negative binomial regression model to understand the relationship between temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity on incidence of diarrhoea with dehydration. We conducted in-depth interviews with stakeholders in the fields of health, environment, and human development on perceptions around diarrhoea and health-related interventions both prior to and over the drought, and analysed them through the framework method.ResultsFrom diarrhoeal incidence data, the diarrhoea with dehydration incidence decreased over the decade studied, e.g. reduction of 64.7% in 2019 [95% confidence interval (CI): 5.5–7.2%] compared to 2010, with no increase during the severe drought period. Over the hot dry diarrhoeal season (November to May), the monthly diarrhoea with dehydration incidence increased by 7.4% (95%CI: 4.5–10.3%) per 1 °C increase in temperature and 2.6% (95%CI: 1.7–3.5%) per 1% increase in relative humidity in the unlagged model. Stakeholder interviews found that extensive and sustained diarrhoeal interventions were perceived to be responsible for the overall reduction in diarrhoeal incidence and mortality over the prior decade. During the drought, as diarrhoeal interventions were maintained, the expected increase in incidence in the public health sector did not occur.ConclusionsWe found that that diarrhoeal incidence has decreased over the last decade and that incidence is strongly influenced by local temperature and humidity, particularly over the hot dry season. While climate change and extreme weather events especially stress systems supporting vulnerable populations such as young children, maintaining strong and consistent public health interventions helps to reduce negative health impacts.
Executive Dysfunction in Klinefelter Syndrome: Associations With Brain Activation and Testicular Failure
Authors: Foland-Ross Lara C , Ghasemi Elnaz , Lozano Wun Vanessa , Aye Tandy , Kowal Karen , Ross Judith , Reiss Allan L 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Context
Executive dysfunction is a well-recognized component of the cognitive phenotype of Klinefelter syndrome (KS), yet the neural basis of KS-associated cognitive weaknesses, and their association with testicular failure is unknown.

Objective
We investigated executive function, brain activation, and pubertal development in adolescents with and without KS.

Methods
Forty-three adolescents with KS (mean age 12.3 ± 2.3 years) and 41 typically developing boys (mean age 11.9 ± 1.8 years) underwent pubertal evaluation, behavioral assessment, and completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as they performed an executive function task, the go/no-go task. Group differences in activation were examined. Associations among activation, executive function, and pubertal development measures were tested in secondary analyses.

Results
Boys with KS exhibited reduced executive function, as well as lower activation in brain regions subserving executive function, including the inferior frontal gyrus, anterior insula, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, and caudate nucleus. Secondary analyses indicated that the magnitude of activation differences in boys with KS was associated with severity of pubertal developmental delay, as indexed by lower testosterone (t(36) = 2.285; P = .028) and lower testes volume (t(36) = 2.238; P = .031). Greater parent-reported attention difficulties were additionally associated with lower testicular volume (t(36) = −2.028; P = .050).

Conclusion
These findings indicate a neural basis for executive dysfunction in KS and suggest alterations in pubertal development may contribute to increased severity of this cognitive weakness. Future studies that examine whether these patterns change with testosterone replacement therapy are warranted.
Insulin Signaling Through the Insulin Receptor Increases Linear Growth Through Effects on Bone and the GH–IGF-1 Axis
Authors: Okawa Marinna C , Tuska Rebecca M , Lightbourne Marissa , Abel Brent S , Walter Mary , Dai Yuhai , Cochran Elaine , Brown Rebecca J 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Context
Childhood overnutrition is associated with increased growth and bone mineral density (BMD) vs the opposite for undernutrition. The role of insulin receptor (InsR) signaling in these phenotypes is unclear. Rare disease patients with hyperinsulinemia and impaired InsR function (homozygous [−/−] or heterozygous [+/−] INSR pathogenic variants, type B insulin resistance [TBIR]) model increased InsR signaling, while patients with intact InsR function (congenital generalized lipodystrophy, CGL) model decreased InsR signaling.

Objective
This work aimed to understand mechanisms whereby InsR signaling influences growth.

Methods
A cross-sectional comparison was conducted of CGL (N = 23), INSR−/− (N = 13), INSR+/− (N = 17), and TBIR (N = 8) at the National Institutes of Health. Main outcome measures included SD scores (SDS) for height, body mass index, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, and BMD, and IGF binding proteins (IGFBP)-1 and -3.

Results
INSR-/− vs CGL had higher insulin (median 266 [222-457] vs 33 [15-55] mcU/mL), higher IGFBP-1 (72 350 [55 571-103 107] vs 6453 [1634-26 674] pg/mL), lower BMI SDS (−0.7 ± 1.1 vs 0.5 ± 0.9), lower height SDS (−1.9[−4.3 to −1.3] vs 1.1 [0.5-2.5]), lower BMD SDS (−1.9 ± 1.4 vs 1.9 ± 0.7), and lower IGFBP-3 (0.37 [0.19-1.05] vs 2.00 [1.45-2.67] μg/mL) (P &lt; .05 for all). INSR +/− were variable. Remission of TBIR lowered insulin and IGFBP-1, and increased IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 (P &lt; .05).

Conclusion
Patients with hyperinsulinemia and impaired InsR function exhibit impaired growth and lower BMD, whereas elevated InsR signaling (CGL) causes accelerated growth and higher BMD. These patients demonstrate that insulin action through the InsR stimulates direct anabolic effects in bone and indirect actions through the growth hormone (GH)–IGF-1 axis. TBIR patients exhibit abnormalities in the GH axis that resolve when InsR signaling is restored, supporting a causal relationship between InsR and GH axis signaling.
Metal-azolate Framework-derived Porous Carbons for Removal of Sulfamethoxazole from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Konno Hiroki , Hanaka Yusuke , Koizumi Daiki , Ogawa Mihina 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
In recent years, water contamination by pharmaceutical compounds and personal care products (PPCPs) has become increasingly severe. This study synthesizes and evaluates the efficacy of three metal-azolate frameworks as precursors for porous carbon materials to remove pharmaceuticals from aqueous solutions. The synthesized MAF-derived porous carbons (MDPCs) were tested as adsorbents for sulfamethoxazole and other pharmaceuticals in aqueous solutions. Kinetic analysis showed that all MDPCs fit the pseudo-second-order reaction model. The adsorption isotherm was analyzed using the Langmuir adsorption model, suggesting monolayer adsorption in micropores. Additionally, MDPCs demonstrated effective adsorption capacity for PPCPs such as not only sulfamethoxazole, but also metronidazole, oxybenzone-4, and ibuprofen.
Using Biomechanics to Optimize Mobility
Authors: Leong Chee-Hoi 
Published: August 2023

Apply It!This article explores the use of biomechanics to optimize mobility and includes case studies demonstrating the approaches to performing biomechanical analyses. By reading this article, exercise professionals will receive the following takeaways:• Biomechanics involves the application of mechanics to investigate the structure and function of biological systems, including the human body, by describing the body's motion and explaining the causes of motion.• Mobility is fundamental to having the capacity to maintain functional independence while performing activities of daily living leading to an increased quality of life.• Learn how to perform biomechanical (quantitative and qualitative) analysis by following a sequence of steps beginning with the need for the exercise professional to possess a prerequisite knowledge of mechanics and anatomy to enable the client/patient to consolidate, automate, and retain a skill or movement pattern once it has been determined to be within an acceptable range.
Simple Strategies to Get Your Clients and Athletes Moving Better Without Sacrificing Fitness
Authors: Boland Michelle , Cahill TJ 
Published: August 2023

Apply It!
By reading this article, you will learn how to:
• Challenge your clients' stability and mobility by incorporating exercises with offset positions and/or offset loading.
• Improve your clients' ability to rotate by using exercises with alternating grips and/or alternating repetitions.
Case Report: Orbital cellulitis with panophthalmitis during pregnancy: a rare case in Bangladesh
Authors: Iqbal Md Iftekher , Osman Fariah 
Published: August 2023

Background: It is uncommon to develop vision-threatening orbital cellulitis with panophthalmitis during pregnancy. Typically, the reasons are trauma-related or endogenous. It requires immediate diagnosis and treatment, but this has proven difficult because of local and systemic medications’ safety and adverse effects during pregnancy. Globe salvage has a poor prognosis, with most patients undergoing enucleation or evisceration of the diseased eye. Case presentation: We presented a 22-year-old woman in her third trimester of pregnancy who encountered orbital cellulitis with panophthalmitis caused by methicillin-positive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). Despite rigorous intravenous and topical antibiotics, she underwent evisceration of the affected eye. However, the pregnancy, progressed without incident, with the delivery of a healthy baby at full-term. Conclusion: Bacterial infection is uncommon during pregnancy, but may cause endogenous panophthalmitis and orbital cellulitis, especially in immunosuppression and anemia, with a poor visual outcome.
Muscle activity and emotional behavior changes in rats with chronic brain ischemia via comprehensive pathogenetic correction
Authors: Kirchev V. 
Published: August 2023

Cerebrovascular pathology has evolved from a medical concern to a social issue, with the efficacy of secondary neuroprotection remaining a pertinent question. While some investigations have been conducted to elucidate the effectiveness of a comprehensively grounded pharmacological correction scheme under conditions of experimentaly induced chronic brain ischemia, further refinement is necessary to understand the behavioral effects of animals, dosages, routes of administration of pharmacological agents, and analysis of obtained data. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of applying Semax and hopantenic acid in the comprehensive treatment of motor disorders and established neurological impairments in rats with experimentally induced chronic brain ischemia. We determined that rats with chronic brain ischemia exhibit muscular dysfunctions and experience pronounced disturbances in emotional behavior from the first day. It has been demonstrated that the separate and combined application of Semax and hopantenic acid contributes to the restoration of muscle activity, normalization of coordination, and emotional behavior in rats with chronic brain ischemia. The most significant neuroprotective effect in rats with chronic brain ischemia was observed with the combined administration of Semax and hopantenic acid, starting from the 3rd day of the trial. The subsequent in the series of anti-ischemic effectiveness is the impact of Semax from the 3rd day of the experiment. The least pronounced neuroprotective effect was exhibited by hopantenic acid, starting from the 5th day of the experiment. We consider these findings to be an experimental foundation supporting the feasibility of clinically testing the effects of combined Semax and hopantenic acid administration, capable of restoring functional disorders caused by chronic brain ischemia. In conclusion, the observed effectiveness of the developed pathogenetically justified complex for the correction of post-ischemic muscle dysfunction and disorders indicates the development of an anti-ischemic effect, as well as the fundamental possibility of improving the treatment for patients with chronic brain ischemia through clinical intranasal administration of Semax, either alone or in combination with hopantenic acid. However, for a more comprehensive understanding of the temporal and dose-dependent effects of this complex pathogenetic correction scheme on other disorders and dysfunctions related to chronic brain ischemia and to formulate final conclusions, it is essential to conduct separate series of experimental studies.
Detergents - useful or dangerous. Discussion of the toxic effects of detergents based on studies
Authors: Tkaczyk Rafał , Tchórz Michał , Świątek Gabriela , Sosnowska Weronika , Brzozowska Aleksandra , Tomkiewicz Maria , Tomczyk Jakub , Tomkiewicz Maciej , Trusz Kornelia , Wanat Iwona 
Published: August 2023

Introduction and purpose:
Soap is an everyday, much-needed, widely available product that helps prevent the spread of infectious diseases due to its bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties. Despite the positive qualities, soap and detergents contribute to damage of the skin barrier, cause inflammation and other serious consequences. The purpose of this work is to draw attention to the dangers of improper use of household detergents and to educate how to prevent negative consequences from them through preventive measures or rapid response in an exposure situation.
Material and methods: The study was retrospective in nature. It used an analysis of the records of 11707 intoxications in patients hospitalized from 01.01.2013 to 31.12.2022 in the Clinical Department of Toxicology and Cardiology of the Stefan Cardinal Wyszynski Regional Hospital in Lublin, from which the group of people poisoned by soap and detergents (T55) was distinguished, consisting of 36 cases.
Results: The study population consisted of 18 (50%) women and 18 (50%)men. The largest group consisted of patients between the ages of 21 and 30, with 7 patients (19.44%), and between the ages of 31 and 40, also with 7 patients (19.44%), with a male predominance of 71.43%. In most cases (61.11%), people poisoned by soap suffered from chronic diseases. The average duration of hospitalization was 85.09h (3.54 days).
Conclusions: Soap, despite its many positive features, can contribute to poisoning. Particularly vulnerable groups are children and the elderly. In order to reduce the number of complications in the community, there should be increased funding for prevention, education of families, school children and GPs on how to deal with poisoning situations.
Teplizumab - current state of knowledge on the effects of teplizumab in preventing the development of type 1 diabetes in people at risk
Authors: Białek Justyna , Nitka Karolina , Więckowska-Deroń Marta , Leszcz Monika , Ćwik-Błotnicka Dominika , Borczyk Joanna , Lewkowicz Martyna 
Published: August 2023

Background and Purpose: Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease from the group of metabolic disorders, where the immune system attacks and destroys the insulin producing cells of the pancreas, leading to hyperglycemia and the need for lifelong exogenous insulin supplementation. This results in increased morbidity, life threatening complications, shortened lifespan and quality of life. So there is an urgent need to develop prevention and treatment for people at risk of developing type 1 diabetes.
Current state of knowledge: Recently, there has been significant progress in the field of immunotherapy with therapeutic strategies that focus on stopping the disease in the presymptomatic stage by preserving residual beta-cell function. Randomized, double-blind clinical trials of teplizumab were conducted in relatives of patients with established type 1 diabetes who had not yet been diagnosed with the disease, but were at high risk of developing clinical disease, based on these studies The FDA has approved teplizumab, under trade name Tzield, as a treatment to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes.

Conclusion: The reviewed research papers present strong evidence that teplizumab halts the severe decline in beta cells and possibly improves their function after treatment in a high-risk population. In addition, the effect persists.
Improved Online Contention Resolution for Matchings and Applications to the Gig Economy
Authors: Pollner Tristan , Roghani Mohammad , Saberi Amin , Wajc David 
Published: August 2023

Motivated by applications in the gig economy, we study approximation algorithms for a sequential pricing problem. The input is a bipartite graph [Formula: see text] between individuals I and jobs J. The platform has a value of vj for matching job j to an individual worker. In order to find a matching, the platform can consider the edges [Formula: see text] in any order and make a one-time take-it-or-leave-it offer of a price [Formula: see text] of its choosing to i for completing j. The worker accepts the offer with a known probability pijw; in this case, the job and the worker are irrevocably matched. What is the best way to make offers to maximize revenue and/or social welfare? The optimal algorithm is known to be NP-hard to compute (even if there is only a single job). With this in mind, we design efficient approximations to the optimal policy via a new random-order online contention resolution scheme (RO-OCRS) for matching. Our main result is a 0.456-balanced RO-OCRS in bipartite graphs and a 0.45-balanced RO-OCRS in general graphs. These algorithms improve on the recent bound of [Formula: see text] and improve on the best-known lower bounds for the correlation gap of matching, despite applying to a significantly more restrictive setting. As a consequence of our online contention resolution scheme results, we obtain a 0.456-approximate algorithm for the sequential pricing problem. We further extend our results to settings where workers can only be contacted a limited number of times and show how to achieve improved results for this problem via improved algorithms for the well-studied stochastic probing problem. Funding: This work was supported by the National Science Foundation [Grant CCF2209520] and a gift from Amazon Research.
Minimum structure of high-order harmonic spectrum from molecular multi-orbital effects involving inner-shell orbitals
Authors: Fu Ting-Ting , Zhou Shu-Shan , Chen Ji-Gen , Wang Jun , Guo Fu-Ming , Yang Yu-Jun 
Published: August 2023

The spectral features of high-order harmonic spectra can provide rich information for probing the structure and dynamics of molecules in intense laser fields. We theoretically study the high harmonic spectrum with the laser polarization direction perpendicular to the N2O molecule and find a minimum structure in the plateau region of the harmonic spectrum. Through analyzing the time-dependent survival probability of different electronic orbitals and the time-dependent wave packet evolution, it is found that this minimum position is caused by the harmonic interference of HOMO a, HOMO-1, and HOMO-3 a orbitals. Moreover, this interference minimum is discovered over a wide frequency range of 0.087 a.u. to 0.093 a.u., as well as a range of driving laser intensities with peak amplitudes between 0.056 a.u. and 0.059 a.u.. This study sheds light on the multi-electron effects and ultrafast dynamics of inner-shell electrons in intense laser pulses, which are crucial for understanding and controlling chemical reactions in molecules.
Incidence and predictors of antiretroviral treatment failure among children in public health facilities of Kolfe Keranyo Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: Institution-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Misasew Meseret , Menna Takele , Berhan Eyoel , Angassa Daniel , Teshome Yesunesh 
Published: August 2023

Background
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a public health concern globally. The number of people living with HIV worldwide in 2018 was estimated at 37.9 million; of those, 1.7 million are children. Globally, 62% of the 37.9 million people were receiving Antiretroviral treatment (ART); and among those who were on ART, 53% had achieved viral suppression. This study aimed to assess the incidence and predictors of Antiretroviral treatment failure among children in Kolfe Keranyo sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods
An institution-based retrospective cohort study was conducted among 250 children who were enrolled in first-line Antiretroviral treatment from January 2013 to May 2020 in Kolfe Keranyo sub-city. Data was collected by using a data extraction checklist and data were extracted by reviewing children’s medical charts and electronic database. Kaplan–Meier method was used to estimate the probability of treatment failure. During bivariable analysis variables with p-value < 0.25 were taken for multivariable Cox regression analysis to assess predictors of treatment failure. Statistically significant association was declared at p-value < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval.

Result
The overall proportion of treatment failure within the follow-up period was 17.2%. This study also found that the overall incidence rate was 3.45 (95% CI: 2.57–4.67) per 1000 person-month observation. Infant prophylaxis for PMTCT (AHR: 3.59, 95% CI: 1.65–7,82), drug substitution (AHR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.09–0.37), AZT/3TC/NVP based regimen (AHR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.14–4.25), and more than 3 episodes of poor ART adherence (AHR: 2.27, 95% CI: 1.17–4.38) were found to be predictors of treatment failure among children.

Conclusion
High proportion of treatment failure was found among children on first-line ART in Kolfe Keranyo sub-city, Addis Ababa according to the UNAIDs virological suppression targets. Infant prophylaxis for PMTCT, drug substitution, AZT/3TC/NVP based initial regimen, and poor ART adherence were found to be predictors of first-line ART treatment failure. Close follow-up of children on medication adherence and revising the AZT/3TC/NVP based regimen need to be considered.