bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Place of The Heart of the World in the Theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The Heart of the World was the first creatively (as opposed to historically) theological treatise of Balthasar. It was published in 1945, after several years of close friendship with Adrienne von Speyr. This essay argues that the book grows out of his relationship with Speyr and contains in nuce the themes of his great trilogy, Herrlichkeit, Theodramatik, and Theologik. It is a theology of experience, the redemptive experience of God-forsakenness, in which the Christian shares in the Son’s experience in the world, an experience that springs from the heart of the Trinity. In this experience the Son is substituted for the fallen and God-forsaken human: the human heart of the Son comes to contain the mystery of iniquity—it is the experience of the Paschal Triduum. In his working this out, there can be seen both opposition to Rahner, and inspiration from Barth.
Μονὰς καὶ Τριάς
Authors: Louth Andrew 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Common in mid-Byzantine theology, and with echoes later, is the use of μονὰς καὶ τριάς of the Godhead. The use of τριάς applied to God, perhaps in opposition to μονάς, can be traced back to the second century. Evagrios’ use of μονὰς καὶ ἑνάς, μονάς expressing the ineffable union binding the divine persons (and intellects) into the ἑνάς, divine oneness, seems to be found as μονὰς καὶ τριάς in Maximos, who draws on Gregory of Nazianzos, Dionysios, and Justinian. It represents the unknowable Trinity, celebrated in liturgically inspired language: the Trinity with whom intellects are united through deification. John Damascene follows Maximos, though without his sense of mystical deification. A brief appendix discusses the possible underlying influence of Pythagorean numerology.
Predicting the Future
Authors: Galpin Timothy 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAt its core, strategy is about predicting the future. Markets, consumers, geopolitics, economies, demographics, and even the weather, among many other factors, might impact an organization’s future performance over time. Some factors change rapidly and some more slowly. Of course, no one can accurately, or at least consistently, predict the future environment within which a firm will operate. There are too many variables. Simple guesswork might suffice, but guessing is not the best method, unless you want to leave your organization’s future performance to chance. Therefore, this chapter examines the approaches, tools, best practices, and potential pitfalls of the “external analysis” element of the strategy process, including key tools such as the Five Forces and PESTEL frameworks.
The many merchants of Venice
Authors: Colonomos Ariel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The first part of the book discusses the political role of the lives–materiality nexus in a pre-modern world, in two major literary works, The Merchant of Venice and Henry V. As this chapter shows, The Merchant of Venice draws a complex web of intertwining gifts and counter-gifts, where lives are being traded for material goods and vice versa. There are very few limits to these exchanges as Venice proves to be a very permissive society that allows for the commodification of life. In a pre-state political world, the measurement of the material equivalent to lives relies upon the market and the community (both religious and political). In the absence of a state-based political order, this chapter illustrates the political limitations and the dangers of this fragile equilibrium. It also shows the importance of two important dimensions that need to be incorporated into the valuation of both lives and interests: time and space.
The challenge of weighing up the value of hostages
Authors: Colonomos Ariel 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the historical evolution of pricing lives in the context of hostage taking. In ancient times, hostages were sometimes given as gifts by weaker powers to stronger rulers in the hope of reaching peace. Today, hostage-taking is still an important feature of international and domestic conflicts. However, hostages are no longer given, they are abducted. In the aftermath of the capture of their citizens, states have to calculate the consequences of their decision, that is, whether they agree to compromise with the hostage takers or not. For political reasons (i.e. states have to take into account what the expectations of their own population are) and logical ones (the non-commensurability of goods), states are often undecided. This chapter shows that the state is willing to maintain its stronghold on the lives of its citizens, therefore it is inclined not to compromise with hostage takers unless there is a strong social demand that requires its leaders to do so. Because lives are valued more than they were in the past, a growing number of states decide to compromise and make concessions with their interests in order to have their citizens freed.
“Nowhere’s Safe”
Authors: Rich Kelly M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2, “‘Nowhere’s Safe’: Angry Young Women and Communal Betrayal,” turns to Muriel Spark, whose focus on group dynamics models a different engagement with the promises of the welfare state than her immediate contemporaries, the Angry Young Men. The chapter proposes Virginia Woolf’s modernism as the more salient comparison to Spark, using a comparative postwar approach to reveal the nature of Spark’s literary innovation in The Girls of Slender Means (1963). Set in a girls’ wartime hostel, Spark’s novel idealizes her lodgers’ communal life only to reveal their inherent savagery, challenging the burgeoning mythology of the “People’s War.” The novel also refuses to transform state violence into an occasion for redemption, questioning the reparative logic of postwar reconstruction. The chapter then closes with a consideration of Hilary Mantel’s An Experiment in Love (1995), a rewriting of The Girls of Slender Means that re-enchants welfare’s potential in the face of its Thatcherite demolition.
Interlude
Authors: Rich Kelly M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This Interlude marks a crucial inflection point in British welfare state history and its cultural representations: namely, the transition from welfare’s “classic phase” of 1945–1975 to its neoliberal restructuring in the late 1970s and beyond. As an intermediary between the book’s two halves (Part I’s “Cradle” to Part II’s “Grave”), this section describes how the stakes of Britain’s “postwar” shift across this divide, both historically and aesthetically. In particular, the Interlude tracks welfare’s consolidation to residualization through the rise and fall of public housing, using remarks by Clement Attlee and Margaret Thatcher to capture the changing ethos of housing as a social service. It then turns to Buchi Emecheta’s In the Ditch (1974) and J.G. Ballard’s High-Rise (1975) as works that use the modern architecture of public housing as a way to metonymize the persistent utopian and dystopian undercurrents of the British welfare state.
Introduction
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Mining now impinges on the territories and lives of Indigenous peoples in every corner of the globe. In doing so it raises fundamental issues regarding Indigenous rights, environmental and cultural sustainability, and the survival of Indigenous societies given the ever-increasing demand of industrial society for raw materials. This chapter highlights the tensions that arise between large-scale extractive industry and Indigenous livelihoods and world views. In doing so it emphasises the diversity of Indigenous responses to mining and the insistence of Indigenous peopels, often in the face of great adversity, on maintaining control over what happens on their ancestral lands and waters. The chapter outlines my approach to the ethical issues involved in conducting research in a context where Indigenous peoples can be vulnerable to exploitation. It sets out how the book will analyse and seek to understand these tensions, and Indigenous, corporate, and state responses to them across the globe.
Indigenous Peoples
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter recognizes and illustrates the diversity that characterizes the world’s Indigenous peoples, but argues that Indigenous peoples also share defining characteristics that provide the basis for writing a book about their shared experience in dealing with mining. Commonalities include a denial that human kind is separate from, superior to, and entitled to exploit the environment or ‘nature’; a belief that humans are involved in social relations not just with each other, but also with animals, birds, rivers, and seas, and that these relationships are the key to well-being; and that their connection to their ancestral lands and waters, shaped for them by creator spirits, define their identities and social relations. Many Indigenous peoples also have in common a high degree of material disadvantage relative to dominant societies, with low life expectancy, poor access to social services, and limited economic opportunities. This combination of characteristics creates the basis for Indigenous responses to mining that are complex and defy simple characterization.
Maximizing Mining’s Economic Potential for Indigenous Peoples
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Most Indigenous societies suffer significant economic disadvantage relative to non-Indigenous populations, indicated by lower average incomes, higher unemployment, poor and overcrowded housing, and limited access to education and health services. As a result, the economic benefits potentially associated with mining are often highly valued. This chapter considers three avenues through which such benefits can accrue to Indigenous people and communities: employment in mining and related activities; establishment or expansion of businesses to provide goods and services to mining projects; and generation of revenues through royalty or other payments to Indigenous landowners and/or affected communities. Revenues create particular challenges, as their impacts can be highly positive or negative depending on how they are distributed between individuals and communities, and how they are utilized. The chapter illustrates how different approaches to their management yield different outcomes, and highlights the particular role that Indigenous women often play in achieving positive results.
Not Just Mining
Authors: O'Faircheallaigh Ciaran 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the experience of Sami reindeer herders in Sweden, which is Europe’s largest mineral producer, and which has experienced a rapid growth in mineral exploration and development in the last two decades. An analysis of the Sami experience brings into sharp focus the way in which cumulative impacts from mining in combination with other development activities affect Indigenous livelihoods, including forestry, renewable energy projects, infrastructure development, and tourism. The chapter provides a brief overview of the Sami as a people and of reindeer herding as a way of life. It then reviews the policies of the Swedish state, its support for mining, and its failure to acknowledge the rights of Sami people to control development on their traditional territories. Historically, Sami have had little capacity to stop, or to benefit from, industrial development on their territories. The chapter uses case studies of two mining projects that are currently stalled by Sami opposition to assess whether this situation is changing.
Time for Pragmatism
Authors: Price Huw 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Are the passage of time and the distinction between past and future features of the world in itself, or manifestations of the human perspective? The latter view has much in common with pragmatism, though few of its proponents think of themselves as pragmatists, and pragmatists are often unaware of this congenial application of their methodology. This link between time and pragmatism only scratches the surface of the deep two-way dependencies between these two topics. The human temporal perspective turns out to be deeply implicated not merely in our temporal notions themselves, but in many other conceptual categories—arguably, in fact, in all of them, and in the nature of language and thought. In this way, reflection on our own temporal character vindicates James’ famous slogan for global pragmatism: ‘The trail of the human serpent is thus over everything.’
Pragmatism and the Ontology of Art
Authors: Kraut Robert 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Contemporary pragmatism—often dubbed ‘neopragmatism’—opposes the idea that legitimacy of institutional practices consists in conformity to requirements issuing from objects, properties, or states of affairs; it is people, not objects, that demand compliance, and whose patterns of behavior constitute the ultimate grounds of normativity. This theme, conjoined with semantic anti-representationalism—viz., the denial that a privileged word-world relation of “reference” or “representation” plays a key role in understanding conceptual activity—constitutes the strain of neopragmatism to be explored. The goal here is to observe the impact of neopragmatist doctrine on theorizing about the arts. Two strategies often prompted by pragmatist agendas—“institutional” theories of art and expressivist semantics for art-critical discourse—are shown to face serious obstacles. But it emerges that pragmatist skepticism about metaphysics has considerable purchase, thereby casting doubt upon both the explanatory and normative power of artworld ontology. Neopragmatism thus earns mixed reviews in the domain of aesthetic theory.
The Modern Doctrines of Champerty and Maintenance
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
As torts and as crimes, champerty and maintenance were abolished by statute in England and Wales in 1967. They were considered to be obsolete and the product of a bygone age, when abuses of the court system as practised by rich and powerful noblemen required a robust legal response. A modern, sophisticated, and independent judiciary rendered it unnecessary either to punish or to compensate for champerty or maintenance any longer. However, post-1967, their impact was retained via a ‘Reservation Provision’, which ensures that any contract tainted by champerty or maintenance ‘is to be treated as contrary to public policy or otherwise illegal’. Fast forward five decades to the present day, and whilst maintenance has arguably reached its use-by date in English law, the same cannot be said of its more aggressive cousin. Champerty, as a doctrine, retains considerable modern impact in this jurisdiction, stalking the modern funding and civil procedure landscape. It continues to have greatest impact in two areas, viz, the funding of litigation and the assignments of causes of action. This book explores the modern complexities of champerty and maintenance, and concludes with a consideration of key reform issues which arise in this complex and challenging area of law.
Champerty and Maintenance in Other Jurisdictions
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the extent to which the recommendation of the England and Wales Law Commission in 1966 to abolish the torts and crimes of champerty and maintenance in England and Wales, but to enact the Reservation Provision contained in s 14(2) of the Criminal Law Act 1967, has been followed in other jurisdictions since. A wide sample of jurisdictions is canvassed. Some jurisdictions have retained the doctrines as torts; some have followed the English position and retained them as rules of public policy under a reservation provision but nothing further than that; some have retained the doctrines for litigation but not for arbitration; some have banished the doctrines in any form; in some jurisdictions, they have never existed; and in some, law reform bodies have recently considered their status. The subject of funding and of its governance is an inter-jurisdictional problem, given the increasing shortage in state funding.
Assigning Causes of Action Ancillary to Property Interests
Authors: Mulheron Rachael 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers those scenarios in which the cause of action being assigned has been held to be capable of assignment as being incidental to, or aligned with, a property interest, and, hence, is distinguishable from a bare right to litigate. Given that these are categories of cases to which the courts have traditionally been more accommodating, a claimant will typically seek to prove that the assignment under challenge falls within one of these categories, or is sufficiently analogous to one of them to warrant validity. There are six such categories: claims which are incidental to the purchase of property, claims for statutory compensation associated with property damage, assignments of the ‘fruits of the litigation’, assignment of debts (even disputed debts), assignments of claims associated with intellectual property, and assignment of liquidated sums (even where in dispute).
Listening
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the importance of listening to the life of every musician. By being trained to recognize tones and melody through listening, composers and arrangers become very adept in creating musical colors and performers become sensitized to tone qualities, intonation, balance, and anticipating the sounds they want to make. The reader is asked to consider how they learned to listen, and what they regularly listen for whether consciously or not. The best teachers spend a great deal of time training their students to listen. They know that even the most technically capable students will be severely limited as musicians if their listening skills are underdeveloped. The chapter also explains the different modes of listening—objective, critical, selective, and subjective, and how each is used. Intonation and tuning systems are discussed.
Conclusion
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapters conclude with the message that the role of teachers is to reflect on what they do and what they know, and to pass it along to their students. Music teaching is like any art that requires more than brief consideration. It needs ongoing analysis, exploration, and practice, since a teacher’s expertise will be revealed not by what they do, but what their students do. Balancing performing with teaching gives musicians the best of both worlds, but a teaching legacy will likely have a longer and more influential impact. Musicians should also remember to see themselves and their musical life in a bigger picture, and be willing to extend their influence beyond their immediate situation.
ISIL and the European Refugee Crisis
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues that the causes of both the 2015 European refugee crisis and Germany’s response to it have been misunderstood. In the former, the millions of refugees fleeing Iraq and Syria resulted from the tentacular effects of the 1973 oil crisis and its reconfiguration of the Middle East. American and European needs for secure supplies of Middle Eastern oil motivated in large part the First Gulf War and, in lesser part, the 2003 attack on Iraq. Without the 2003 Gulf War, Zarqawi would have remained an obscure Jordanian terrorist, and there would have been no al-Qaeda in Iraq. In the latter, Angela Merkel’s decision to open the doors to refugees had nothing to do with Christianity or war guilt. It was done to save Austria. And her decision had no effect on the numbers who arrived in Germany.
Where We Shop
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Until the advent of Walmart, the retail sector provided well-paid jobs with good benefits, and middle-class shoppers frequented middle-class retailers. OPEC and Walmart changed all that. After 1973, the US labor market bifurcated between the well-paid, educated salariat and low-paid workers. The former went to Macy’s, the latter to Walmart. Sears slowly withered. Walmart’s success is based on blocking unions and keeping wages low. As inflation-ravaged consumers switched to the discount store, all other middle-class retailers faced a stark choice: adopt its method or disappear. Those that survived aped the Walmart model. That model, the success of which is intimately bound up with the 1970s and how global capitalism transformed in response to oil-price-induced inflation, devastated working lives in the retail sector. Walmart’s wages are low so that the rest of us can buy cheap clothes, food, and everything else you can buy at Walmart.
What We Eat III
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The chapter highlights human trafficking and other forms of labor exploitation in the seafood and agricultural sectors. Examining the fishing industry in Asia, it shows that in Korea, Taiwan, and Thailand, retailers, responding as ever to consumer demand, put enormous pressure on seafood suppliers to provide their products at the lowest possible price. As in Europe and North America, nationals will not work for the wages offered, and firms turn to migrants. But the wages and conditions are so appalling that even migrant workers, who generally accept lower wages, will not voluntarily take jobs in the sector. The result is extensive human trafficking. Examining Cesar Chavez and the Delano grape strike, the chapter shows that the agricultural industry never had much appeal to US-born workers, that the rise in wages was smaller and covered fewer workers, and that retrenchment was faster and more complete. The result was almost complete reliance on migrant workers.
Proving your worth
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Popularity, sympathy, and the perceived worthiness of those in need have historically driven direct giving and the priorities of philanthropic organizations. Establishing worthiness for receiving help can be degrading because it rests on the notion that only certain people with specific, desirable attributes are worthy of receiving the necessities of life. Determining which people are worthy of help can also require extremely invasive examination of their lives. Crowdfunding continues this pattern by creating an environment where, if campaigners wish to expand their donor pool beyond close friends and family, they must compete for media attention, public engagement, and virality. Insofar as having to prove one’s worthiness to donors is an ethically problematic element of many giving traditions, crowdfunding can exacerbate this problem by requiring that worthiness be displayed online to the wider public in competition with other campaigners.
Crowdfunding during a pandemic
Authors: Snyder Jeremy 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Crowdfunding has been growing globally in terms of the numbers of campaigns, donors, and money raised. The COVID-19 pandemic created a spike in suffering and need that drove many new people online seeking financial support. The resulting wave of crowdfunding demonstrates the rising influence of this practice and the importance of assessing and responding to its ethical and political shortcomings. The concerns discussed in the previous chapters were on full display during the pandemic, including campaigners sacrificing their privacy to establish their worthiness to receive donations, deep inequities in who received support that also obscured the deep injustices leading to these needs, and a mix of fraudulent campaigns and campaigns that spread misinformation about the causes of and treatments for the COVID-19 coronavirus.