bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of post reconstruction- and reconstruction-based deep learning denoising methods in cardiac SPECT
Authors: Sohlberg Antti , Kangasmaa Tuija , Tikkakoski Antti 
Published: September 2023

Abstract

Objective. The quality of myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) images is often hampered by low count statistics. Poor image quality might hinder reporting the studies and in the worst case lead to erroneous diagnosis. Deep learning (DL)-based methods can be used to improve the quality of the low count studies. DL can be applied in several different methods, which might affect the outcome. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between post reconstruction- and reconstruction-based denoising methods. Approach. A UNET-type network was trained using ordered subsets expectation maximization (OSEM) reconstructed MPS studies acquired with half, quarter and eighth of full-activity. The trained network was applied as a post reconstruction denoiser (OSEM+DL) and it was incorporated into a regularized reconstruction algorithm as a deep learning penalty (DLP). OSEM+DL and DLP were compared against each other and against OSEM images without DL denoising in terms of noise level, myocardium-ventricle contrast and defect detection performance with signal-to-noise ratio of a non-prewhitening matched filter (NPWMF-SNR) applied to artificial perfusion defects inserted into defect-free clinical MPS scans. Comparisons were made using half-, quarter- and eighth-activity data. Main results. OSEM+DL provided lower noise level at all activities than other methods. DLP’s noise level was also always lower than matching activity OSEM’s. In addition, OSEM+DL and DLP outperformed OSEM in defect detection performance, but contrary to noise level ranking DLP had higher NPWMF-SNR overall than OSEM+DL. The myocardium-ventricle contrast was highest with DLP and lowest with OSEM+DL. Both OSEM+DL and DLP offered better image quality than OSEM, but visually perfusion defects were deeper in OSEM images at low activities. Significance. Both post reconstruction- and reconstruction-based DL denoising methods have great potential for MPS. The preference between these methods is a trade-off between smoother images and better defect detection performance.
Advanced manufacturing applied to nuclear fusion—challenges and solutions
Authors: Jones Steve 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Materials needed to achieve designed performance will require formulations and processing methods capable of delivering a compendium of metallic, ceramic and cermet chemistries, which must be finely tuned at source, and tolerant to down-stream thermomechanical adjustment. Structural steels and cermets are continuously being developed by researchers using computational thermodynamics modelling and modified thermomechanical treatments, with oxide dispersion strengthened steel (ODS)-reduced activated ferritic-martensitic steel (RAFM) steels based on 8%–16% wt.% Cr now being assessed. The combination of SiCf and CuCrZr as a metal matrix composite containing an active coolant would be seen as a major opportunity, furthermore, composite ceramic materials consisting of SiC fibres reinforcing a SiC matrix capable of being joined to metallic structures offer great potential in the development of advanced heat exchangers. Continuing the theme of advanced manufacturing, the use of solid-state processing technologies involving powder metallurgy–hot isostatic pressing and spark plasma sintering to produce near-net shaped products in metallics, ceramics and cermets are critical manufacturing research themes. Additive manufacturing (AM) to produce metallic and ceramic components is now becoming a feasible manufacturing route, and through the combination of AM and subtractive machining, capability exists to produce efficient fluid carrying structures that could not be manufactured by any other process. Extending this to using electron beam welding and advanced heat treatments to improve homogeneity and provide modularity, a two-pronged solution is now available to improve capability and integrity, whilst concurrently offering increased degrees of freedom for designers.
Combining variational autoencoders and physical bias for improved microscopy data analysis
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Authors: Biswas Arpan , Ziatdinov Maxim , Kalinin Sergei V 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Electron and scanning probe microscopy produce vast amounts of data in the form of images or hyperspectral data, such as electron energy loss spectroscopy or 4D scanning transmission electron microscope, that contain information on a wide range of structural, physical, and chemical properties of materials. To extract valuable insights from these data, it is crucial to identify physically separate regions in the data, such as phases, ferroic variants, and boundaries between them. In order to derive an easily interpretable feature analysis, combining with well-defined boundaries in a principled and unsupervised manner, here we present a physics augmented machine learning method which combines the capability of variational autoencoders to disentangle factors of variability within the data and the physics driven loss function that seeks to minimize the total length of the discontinuities in images corresponding to latent representations. Our method is applied to various materials, including NiO-LSMO, BiFeO3, and graphene. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach in extracting meaningful information from large volumes of imaging data. The customized codes of the required functions and classes to develop phyVAE is available at https://github.com/arpanbiswas52/phy-VAE.
Hierarchical Bayesian pharmacometrics analysis of Baclofen for alcohol use disorder
Authors: Baldy Nina , Simon Nicolas , Jirsa Viktor K , Hashemi Meysam 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD), also called alcohol dependence, is a major public health problem, affecting almost

10
%

of the world’s population. Baclofen, as a selective

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A
B
A

B

receptor agonist, has emerged as a promising drug for the treatment of AUD. However, the inter-trial, inter-individual and residual variability in drug concentration over time in a population of patients with AUD is unknown. In this study, we use a hierarchical Bayesian workflow to estimate the parameters of a pharmacokinetic (PK) population model from Baclofen administration to patients with AUD. By monitoring various convergence diagnostics, the probabilistic methodology is first validated on synthetic longitudinal datasets and then applied to infer the PK model parameters based on the clinical data that were retrospectively collected from outpatients treated with oral Baclofen. We show that state-of-the-art advances in automatic Bayesian inference using self-tuning Hamiltonian Monte Carlo (HMC) algorithms provide accurate and decisive predictions on Baclofen plasma concentration at both individual and group levels. Importantly, leveraging the information in prior provides faster computation, better convergence diagnostics, and substantially higher out-of-sample prediction accuracy. Moreover, the root mean squared error as a measure of within-sample predictive accuracy can be misleading for model evaluation, whereas the fully Bayesian information criteria correctly select the true data generating parameters. This study points out the capability of non-parametric Bayesian estimation using adaptive HMC sampling methods for easy and reliable estimation in clinical settings to optimize dosing regimens and efficiently treat AUD.
Artificial nanophotonic neuron with internal memory for biologically inspired and reservoir network computing
Authors: Winge David , Borgström Magnus , Lind Erik , Mikkelsen Anders 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Neurons with internal memory have been proposed for biological and bio-inspired neural networks, adding important functionality. We introduce an internal time-limited charge-based memory into a III–V nanowire (NW) based optoelectronic neural node circuit designed for handling optical signals in a neural network. The new circuit can receive inhibiting and exciting light signals, store them, perform a non-linear evaluation, and emit a light signal. Using experimental values from the performance of individual III–V NWs we create a realistic computational model of the complete artificial neural node circuit. We then create a flexible neural network simulation that uses these circuits as neuronal nodes and light for communication between the nodes. This model can simulate combinations of nodes with different hardware derived memory properties and variable interconnects. Using the full model, we simulate the hardware implementation for two types of neural networks. First, we show that intentional variations in the memory decay time of the nodes can significantly improve the performance of a reservoir network. Second, we simulate the implementation in an anatomically constrained functioning model of the central complex network of the insect brain and find that it resolves an important functionality of the network even with significant variations in the node performance. Our work demonstrates the advantages of an internal memory in a concrete, nanophotonic neural node. The use of variable memory time constants in neural nodes is a general hardware derived feature and could be used in a broad range of implementations.
Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna): A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This book provides an introduction to the most important philosopher of the Islamic world, Ibn Sīnā (called in Latin Avicenna). After introducing the man and his works, with an overview of the historical context in which he lived, the book devotes chapters to the different areas of Ibn Sīnā’s thought. Topics covered include his innovations in logic, his theory of the human soul, his medical writings, and his metaphysics of existence, which culminates in a famous proof for God’s existence. A final chapter looks at Ibn Sīnā’s legacy both in the Islamic world and in Latin Christendom.
Life and works
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of philosophy up to Ibn Sīnā’s time, discussing the Greek‒Arabic translation movement and the contributions of earlier thinkers like al-Kindī and al-Fārābī. It then moves on to the story of Ibn Sīnā’s life, drawing on his own autobiography and other sources. Here we learn about his voyages around central Asia and Persia as he joined a series of patrons who offered him support. Finally the chapter surveys his large corpus of writings and highlights the different writing methods used in his various works.
Logic and knowledge
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at Ibn Sīnā’s logic and epistemology and how he modified the ideas that came down to him on these topics from Aristotle. In logic, we learn how Ibn Sīnā introduced new ideas about modality and made other important distinctions about the ways terms are predicated of one another. In epistemology, he adopts strict standards for ‘knowledge’ in the strict and proper sense, according to which we achieve knowledge on the basis of syllogistic demonstrations that rest ultimately on first principles. The chapter then moves on to discuss the sources of knowledge in sensation and intellect, winding up with a discussion of whether he can be considered an empiricist.
Law: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Wacks Raymond 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Law: A Very Short Introduction 3e outlines the major branches of the law, which is at the heart of every society. The law protects rights, imposes duties, and establishes a framework for the conduct of almost all social, political, and economic activity. This VSI describes the role of lawyers and how courts operate, and considers the law’s pursuit of justice, freedom, and equality. The new edition examines a number of social and political events that have had an impact on the law. These include the COVID-19 pandemic, the growth of social media and surveillance, and the increasing threats to the rule of law.
Law’s roots
Authors: Wacks Raymond 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter defines and traces the origins of law. The legal system is widely perceived as a vehicle for the protection of individual rights, the attainment of justice, or economic, political, and sexual equality. Despite the importance of law in society, its manifestation in the form of general codes first appears only around 3000 bc. The chapter then looks at the Code of Hammurabi, the Twelve Tables, and the emergence of the Western legal tradition, considering the ideal of the rule of law. It also differentiates between civil law and common law, before examining religious law, customary law, and Chinese law. Finally, the chapter examines the functions and sources of law.
Law’s branches
Authors: Wacks Raymond 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the most significant branches of law: the law of contract, tort, criminal law, and the law of property. It begins by distinguishing between public and private law. Like the law of contract, the law of tort grants victims the right to obtain compensation for their loss. Criminal law punishes both serious and minor forms of antisocial behaviour. Meanwhile, the law of property determines what counts as ‘property’; when a person acquires an exclusive right to a thing; and the manner in which it protects this right. The chapter then considers constitutional and administrative law, as well as family law, public international law, environmental law, and company law.
Law and morality
Authors: Wacks Raymond 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between the law and the moral practices adopted by society. Where they overlap, one finds a correspondence between the law and moral or ethical values. Outside the overlapping zone reside, on the one hand, acts which are legally wrong but not necessarily immoral and, on the other, conduct which is immoral but not necessarily unlawful. In some cases, the law conflicts with the moral code of certain individuals or groups. The chapter then considers the debate on the right to an abortion, the right to die (euthanasia and assisted suicide), and the use of torture. It also looks at natural law theory and human rights.
Courts
Authors: Wacks Raymond 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses the role that courts play in legal systems. Courts personify the law, and judges are its custodians, guardians of its values: sentinels of justice and fair play. They have power, authority—or what lawyers called ‘jurisdiction’—over specified criminal, civil, and other matters. Judges do not legislate; they generally enforce those rights that have in the main already been enacted by a representative legislature. The chapter then looks at the procedures in trial courts and appellate courts, and distinguishes between common law judges and civil law judges. It also considers the process of sentencing, civil trials, judicial review, trial by jury, and alternative dispute resolution (ADR).
The political dimension of globalization
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on political globalization, which is the intensification and expansion of political interrelations across the globe. Political globalization raises issues such as the principle of state sovereignty, and the prospects for regional and global governance, demographics, and global migration flows. The chapter explains the structure of global governance that resembles an eclectic network of interrelated power centres like national and international private-sector associations. It considers David Held’s theory wherein political globalization is moving in the direction of cosmopolitan democracy. However, global governance sceptics raised apprehension that the proponents of cosmopolitan democracy have not considered in sufficient detail its cultural feasibility.
The ecological dimension of globalization
Authors: Steger Manfred B. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the ecological dimension of globalization. It explains how unsustainable forms of ecological globalization are recognized as threatening all life on our planet. Cultural values greatly affect people’s perspectives on their natural environment. For example, the capitalist culture industry endorsed that the chief value of life correlates to the limitless accumulation of material goods, but it ultimately threatens the livelihood and cultures of indigenous people. The chapter covers the major manifestations and consequences of global environmental degradation including climate change and biodiversity. It discusses how the major dimensions of globalization intersect by referencing how political and economic globalization has not kept up with the ecological demands of the planet.
Political Bohemias
Authors: Weir David 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter picks up on the political implications of the Schwabing Bohemia in the previous chapter and considers bohemian politics more generally. Beginning with Karl Marx’s withering criticism of bohemians as Lumpenproletariate incapable of collective political action, the chapter shows how bohemian culture became allied with anarchist ideology in the latter part of the nineteenth century before discussing the socialist Bohemia of Greenwich Village in some detail. The Greenwich Village Bohemia marks the brief entrance of Black participation in bohemian communities, but the chapter also critiques white people’s exploitation of Black experience as a means of “authenticating” their own bohemian credentials.
Inventing nature
Authors: Taub Liba 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
‘Inventing Nature’ discusses the early Greeks who theorized about nature and attempted to answer fundamental questions about the world. Most of what is known about what they thought has been preserved in the writings of later ancient authors, including Simplicius, who lived in the 6th century ce and who is a key source about the ideas of some earlier thinkers. The reporting and discussion of earlier ideas and activities by later thinkers demonstrates their continued importance. There is a tendency to refer to the early Greeks interested in nature as philosophers, because most of what is known about them has come to us via ancient accounts of the history of philosophy. Many of these early Greek thinkers were also involved in practical activities, including writing texts, teaching, designing scientific instruments (such as sundials), and making observations and predictions of different phenomena (often astronomical, meteorological, or medical).
Invasive Species: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Lockwood Julie , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Invasive species cost society hundreds of billions of dollars annually in lost economic productivity, impacts to human health and wellbeing, and losses to biodiversity. Invasive Species: A Very Short Introduction provides a concise and accessible path to understand how and why species become invasive, how they are managed, and what the future of biological invasions holds. It opens by exploring what it means for a species to be invasive, highlighting that society’s definition of what is and isn’t invasive is much more about human values and our relationship with the environment than the species themselves. Although the book is an introduction, it doesn’t avoid the difficult issues surrounding invasive species that arise from competing values and aims in society. While the future appears to hold more, not fewer, invasive species, hope is found in new methods of management and the social and political will to solve this global socio-environmental challenge.
Pathways of introduction
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the invasion process, primarily the introduction of an organism into a non-native location. It starts by noting introduction, establishment, and spread as the main components of the invasion pathway. Introduction involves the transport of organisms from one location where they are native to another where they are not native, and the subsequent entry of these individuals into an environment. The chapter highlights how all introductions of invasive species result from human activity, especially due to trade and transport networks. Additionally, not every organism entering the introduction pathway survives—some organisms perish because the conditions en route are outside their environmental tolerance.
Establishing a population
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the next step in the invasion process: the establishment of a non-native population. It clarifies that organisms surviving introduction have no guarantee of survival once released into a new habitat. The establishment of a non-native population depends on whether the species’ niche is available in the new habitat. An organism’s niche includes both the biotic and abiotic dimensions of an ecosystem, such as food or precipitation requirements. The chapter highlights the hurdle of reproduction for any non-native organisms that survive introduction, but adds that the measure of propagule pressure is the most consistent predictor of long-term establishment success.
Undesirable impacts
Authors: Lockwood Julie L. , Welbourne Dustin J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of why impacts might be considered undesirable. It elaborates on the categories of economic, human health, and environmental impact. Invasive species often result in the loss of economic opportunities and ecosystem services. Meanwhile, invasive species also affect human health and wellbeing through the introduction and spread of infectious diseases and parasites. The chapter explains that any impact of invasive species is of environmental concern whether or not it is directly concerned with human health or the economy. To examine why environmental impacts are undesirable, concepts of environmental ethics are introduced. The chapter explores how different philosophical paradigms give rise to differing levels of concern for invasive species.
A map of woe
Authors: Dixon Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks into the historical depictions of woe and sorrow. Apart from being one of the most influential recent cultural representations of sadness, the movie Inside Out (2015) also represents the wide influence of the theory of basic emotions. History challenges the idea that people have inherited instincts influenced by a small number of basic emotions. The chapter examines the woes portrayed in William Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus, in Robert Burton’s works, and in Augustine of Hippo’s autobiographical Confessions. It also considers how histories of grief and weeping in religious contexts reveal several recurring themes, before examining concepts of depression and emotional disorders.