bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Messung der Bandscheibenhöhen in der Lendenwirbelsäule. Vergleich von Proiektionsradiographie und Kernspintomografie, Messmethode und Bestimmung der Inter-Observer-Reliabilität
Authors: Spahn Gunter , Ramadani Milot , Günther Stephan , Retzlaff Cornelia , Klemm Holm Torsten , Meyer-Clement Michael , Hofmann Gunther O 
Published: February 2023

Zusammenfassung
Zielstellung Retrospektive radiologische Untersuchung (Röntgen und MRT) zur Bestimmung der Reliabilität der Messmethoden der Bandscheibenhöhen der Lendenwirbelsäule.
Methode Von 130 Patienten ohne nachweisbare Schädigung der Bandscheiben wurden die Röntgen- und MRT-Bilder der Lendenwirbelsäule ausgewertet. Die Messungen erfolgten entweder in der Mittellinie (Hurxthal) oder mit der 2-Punkt-Methode nach Dabbs bzw. mit der 3-Punkt-Methode nach Fyllos.
Ergebnisse Die durchschnittliche Bandscheibenhöhe für alle gemessenen Segmente betrug 8,8 mm (SD 1,4 mm). In der Hurxthal-Messung wurden die signifikant (p < 0,001) höchsten Werte mit einem Durchschnitt von 9,1 mm (SD 1,3 mm) gemessen. Die durchschnittlichen Messwerte für die Fyllos-Methode betrugen 7,5 mm (SD 1,2 mm) und nach Dabbs 6,7 mm (SD 1,2 mm). Die Messwerte von Observer I waren im Durchschnitt 1,2 mm (SD 0,3 mm) kleiner als die von Observer II (p < 0,001). Die höchste Interobserver-Korrelation wurde bei den Messungen in der Projektionsradiografie in der AP-Methode nach Dabbs und Fyllos gefunden. Die Messwerte bei Männern waren unabhängig von der Methode 0,5 mm (SD 0,01 mm) größer als bei Frauen (p < 0,001). Die Höhe der Bandscheiben nimmt bis zum 40. Lebensjahr deutlich zu, aber über das 40. Lebensjahr hinaus bleibt die Höhe der Bandscheiben entweder konstant oder fällt leicht, aber nicht signifikant, ab. Der Lordosewinkel der Lendenwirbelsäule und
der Konkavitätsindex der Wirbelkörper zeigten keine Korrelation mit den gemessenen Bandscheibenhöhen.
Schlussfolgerungen Die radiologischen Messungen zur Bestimmung der Bandscheibenhöhe haben nur eine moderate Zuverlässigkeit. Die Ergebnisse des Röntgens sind denen der MRT-Untersuchung überlegen. Die genauesten Ergebnisse liefern Messungen, die auf exakten Landmarken der Wirbelkörper basieren. Die Methode nach Dabbs scheint im Moment die genaueste zu sein. Eine altersatypische Chondrose bei Patienten ohne Bandscheibenschäden gibt es offensichtlich nicht.
Flap Debulking and Secondary Revisions in Head and Neck Reconstruction: A Systematic Review with Clinical Applications
Authors: Bashorun Olatunde H. , Johnson R. Michael , Johnson Elise A. 
Published: February 2023

AbstractFlap debulking and secondary revisions are an integral factor in providing optimum outcomes to reconstructive patients. This review article summarizes systematically the available literature on flap debulking in head and neck reconstruction. The clinical applications of debulking techniques are discussed, including fractional direct excision, liposuction, and single-stage excision or planning with skin grafting. New technologies are also discussed.
A novel of de-formation: Cormac McCarthy’s Child of God as a postmodern Gothic parody of the Bildungsroman
Authors: Jafari Mona , Beyad Maryam Soltan , Ramin Zohreh 
Published: February 2023

AbstractCormac McCarthy’s fiction has been widely acclaimed for its unstinting exploration of the subterranean recesses of human subjectivity and its inarticulate horrors. His third novel, Child of God (1973), achieves the foregoing by tapping into Gothic and postmodern features, both of which demonstrate a corresponding concern with human subjectivity. As a literary tradition intimately intertwined with the teleological discourse of humanism, the Bildungsroman or the novel of formation can provide an optimal point of departure for participation in the contemporary debate on human subjectivity. Despite the distinct imbrication between Child of God and the Bildungsroman, a systematic study of its significance vis-à-vis the novel’s stance on human subjectivity in postmodern times has not been conducted. Accordingly, the present study stakes out a new terrain in postmodern Gothic studies by establishing a line of communication between the Gothic, postmodernism, and the tradition of the Bildungsroman based on their relationship with the discourse of humanism. The interplay reconfigures the significance of Gothic horror in the postmodern world. In particular, the current paper argues that Child of God is a postmodern parody—in accordance with Linda Hutcheon’s definition—of the Bildungsroman, which draws on subversive Gothic elements in order to make a polemic statement about the status of Man in the postmodern world. It will be demonstrated that the novel reiterates the elements of the Bildungsroman with ironic critical distance, portraying the horrid dissolution of humanist subjectivity rather than its teleological progress toward positive identity formation and social integration. It will be indicated, however, that although the protagonist edges toward posthuman monstrosity in such a way as to limn the failure of the Bildungsroman and its humanist tradition, the posthuman liminality and marginality ensuing from this disintegration are not celebrated in the novel, as its Gothicity serves to voice the consequent horrors of this dissolution.
Heat-induced ultrathin oxide layer blocks the current generation of Schottky nanogenerators
Authors: Li Kunying , Huang Xuanyu , Xiang Xiaojian , Zheng Quanshui 
Published: February 2023

Schottky nanogenerators (SNGs) are very simple power generation devices that can generate a direct current with a high current density of 104–107 Am−2 by sliding a metal-coated nanotip on semiconductor wafers. However, the current generation of SNGs has a rapid degradation if the sliding between metal and semiconductor is repeatedly performed over the same area. Although it is widely guessed that the oxidization during sliding on the semiconductor side induces the current attenuation, there is no reported in situ direct characterization of the ultrathin oxide layer (thickness &lt;0.5 nm) in the SNGs as a demonstration of the aforementioned attenuation mechanism, and no reason for the oxidation is given. Here, we performed meticulous characterization and then illustrated that the current attenuation is mainly derived from the growth of an ultra-thin oxide layer in the semiconductor side contact region, which is mainly caused by friction heating and Joule heating. This understanding may guide the design and development of Schottky generators with a high current density as well as sufficient long life.
Magnetic hyperthermia of AFe2O4 (A = Fe, Mn, Co) nanoparticles prepared by Co-precipitation method
Authors: Kaur Yashpreet , Chandel Abhishek , Chudasama Bhupendra 
Published: February 2023

With 10 million deaths in 2020 cancer remains one of the most challenging diseases in contemporary medicine. Chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy are commonly used to treat tumors. These treatments harm healthy tissues and succeed rarely in advance stages of cancer. Recent studies indicate that magnetic hyperthermia, which involves targeted delivery of magnetic nanoparticles to tumor cells followed by localized remote heating of cancer tissues could revolutionize clinical practice in the treatment of cancer, either as standalone intervention or adjunct to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Water dispersible magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of ferrites (AFe2O4; A = Fe, Mn, Co) are the promising candidates for magnetic hyperthermia due to their high chemical stability, biocompatibility, moderate magnetization and high specific absorption rates (SAR). In this article, we have evaluated magnetic hyperthermia efficiency of water based magnetic fluids of AFe2O4. AFe2O4 NPs were synthesized by chemical co-precipitation method. Nanoparticles were coated with a bilayer of oleic acid and dispersed in water. Structural and magnetic properties of MNPs were investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). XRD study revealed that AFe2O4 NPs exhibits cubic inverse spinel structure. Fe3O4 (Ms = 48 emu/g, Mr = 2.60 emu/g, Hc = 49 Oe), MnFe2O4 (Ms = 40 emu/g, Mr = 2.60 emu/g, Hc = 35 Oe) and CoFe2O4 (44 emu/g, Mr = 10.10 emu/g, Hc =440 Oe) NPs exhibits soft ferromagnetic behaviour. Magnetic hyperthermia measurements were performed as a function of magnetic field strength (2–10 mT), field frequency (162–935.6 kHz) for 10 minutes. MNPs exhibits highest SAR values for 10 mT field strength at 935.6 kHz. Amongst the tested MNPs, Fe3O4 possess the highest SAR value (27.35 W/g), followed by MnFe2O4 (1.91 W/g) and CoFe2O4 (0.94 W/g). Considering this, it is concluded that amongst the inverse spinel ferrites AFe2O4, Fe3O4 NPs and most suitable for magnetic hyperthermia applications.
Who Copied Whom?
Authors: Jacobsen Casper 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Is the vocabulary appended to a late copy of the Franciscan missionary Andrés de Olmos’ grammar of Nauatl from 1547 an addendum produced by the same author, thus constituting the earliest known lexicographic work of colonial America? By reviewing the debate surrounding this vocabulary found in the so-called Fischer (Tulane, or TULAL) manuscript and examining it using new insights into dictionary-making in the early modern world, I argue that it postdates the 1540s. In contrast to the assumption that the Fischer vocabulary was a source for the famous Spanish-to-Nauatl dictionary from 1555 by the Franciscan missionary Alonso de Molina, I demonstrate that the author of the vocabulary employed Molina’s later dictionaries from 1571 as its main lexicographic sources. The potential relation to Molina’s early dictionary is also examined and similarly indicates that the Fischer vocabulary was copied from Molina rather than vice versa, although the vocabulary may have been composed at different times.
Probiotics-loaded carrageenan microspheres for inflammatory bowel disease treatment
Authors: Yang Xiaowei , Li Cuihong , Wu Qinfang , Gan Qin 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, many studies have been established to develop strategies for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment. However, seldom of them explored the synergistic effects of materials and probiotics in IBD treatment. Herein, we prepared probiotics-loaded dietary fiber microspheres and studied their potential in IBD therapy. The carrageenan, a typical dietary fiber, was functionalized with polymerizable groups and employed to fabricate the methylacrylylated carrageenan hydrogel microspheres (CHMSs) by microfluidics. The CHMSs loaded with probiotics exhibited good monodispersity, biocompatibility, and the best effects in relieving the symptoms of IBD and body weight recovery than other groups, indicating the probiotics and carrageenan have synergistic effect for IBD treatment. These results show the huge potential of the probiotics-loaded CHMSs for IBD therapy.
Dose evaluation of the one-year-old child in PET imaging by 18F-(DOPA, FDG, FLT, FET) and 68Ga-EDTA using reference voxel phantoms
Authors: Sadremomtaz Alireza , Mohammadi Ghalebin Maziyar 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Because of more sensitive organs due to high growth rates, evaluating the absorbed dose is essential for children to prevent irreparable damage. Therefore, to this aim, a one-year-old child’s whole-body effective dose and organ absorbed dose were evaluated for various PET imaging Radiopharmaceuticals such as:18F-DOPA, 18F-FDG, 18F-FLT, 18F-FET, and 68Ga-EDTA. For this aim, one-year-old child reference voxel phantoms and GATE Monte Carlo simulation were used, and the results were compared with the ICRP128 report (for stylized phantom). The highest absorbed dose was related to bladder wall (for 18F-DOPA, 18F-FET, and 68Ga-EDTA), heart wall (for 18F-FDG), and liver (for 18F-FLT) between 30 organs that have been studied. Comparing the results with the ICRP128 report values for a one-year-old child show a significant difference in some organs. Comparison of the effective dose with the ICRP128 report shows a relative difference of 22%, 12.5%, 11.8%, 10.8% and 8.6% for 18F-DOPA, 68Ga-EDTA, 18F-FDG, 18F-FET, 18F-FLT, respectively. In conclusion, using new one-year-old voxel phantoms could provide a better estimate of organs absorbed dose and whole-body effective dose due to its exact structure.
The model pH-controlled delivery system based on gelatin-tannin hydrogels containing ferrous ascorbate: iron release in vitro
Authors: Osetrov Konstantin , Uspenskaya Mayya , Olekhnovich Roman 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Hydrogels have become an essential class among all biomaterials. The specialized biomaterials are highly valued in the field of biomedical applications. One of the problems in wound management is local microelement deficiency associated with extensive wound lesions. The significant lack of elemental iron in the human body leads to serious consequences and prolongs treatment. The synthesis of gelatin-tannin hydrogels with ion delivery function is proposed in this study. The ability to release ions in low acid solution is a sphere of great interest. The pH drop in the wound cavity is usually associated with the contamination of some bacterial cultures. pH-controlled delivery of iron in buffer solutions (рН = 5.5/6.4/7.4) was considered for these hydrogels. The kinetics of iron release was determined by visible spectroscopy. Theoretical models were applied to describe the process of ion delivery. The structure of materials was examined by IR-spectroscopy and demonstrated the incorporation of ferrous ascorbate into hydrogel matrix. Thermal analysis was used to point out the key differences in thermal behavior by isoconversional methods (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa/Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose). The mechanical properties of the materials have been studied. The effect of iron ascorbate on polymer network parameters was discussed. The current study demonstrated the possibility of obtaining gelatin-tannin hydrogels for pH-dependent iron delivery. That provides future perspectives to expand the set of releasing microelements for biomedical applications.
Potential of existing strategies to reduce net anthropogenic inputs of phosphorus to land in the United States
Authors: Algren Mikaela , Burke Tierra Tisby , Chowdhury Zia Uddin Md , Costello Christine , Landis Amy E 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
Improving phosphorus (P) management is important for both ecosystem protection and avoiding mineable P scarcity. In order to inform the development of impactful solutions to both of these issues, we assessed the potential of several specific management strategies to reduce demand for new mined P in fertilizers and supplements for livestock, thereby reducing net P inputs to land. The strategies assessed were variable rate fertilizer (VRF) application, improvements to P digestibility for livestock, efficient utilization of manure and wastewater treatment (WWT) P, and elimination of avoidable domestic food waste. The potential of these strategies to reduce net anthropogenic P inputs was assessed at the county level for the coterminous US using the commodity-specific net anthropogenic P and nitrogen inputs (CSNAPNI) model. The largest contributions toward eliminating NAPI in the US can come from efficient manure utilization either at national (30%–50% NAPI reduction) or county-level (21%–30% NAPI reduction). However, widespread adoption of VRF (10%–41% NAPI reduction), and all other strategies considered (5% or greater NAPI reductions each) could make significant contributions. In combinations of strategies that included VRF or P digestibility improvements, negative feedbacks occurred. VRF reduced demand for fertilizer, thereby reducing the potential for efficient manure and WWT P utilization at the county-level. P digestibility improvements in poultry and swine diets reduced the expected production of recoverable manure P by 36%, decreasing the total manure P that could be used to replace mined P fertilizer. However, P digestibility improvements also reduced county-level excess manure P by 25%. Prior studies have focused on quantifying P inputs or the potential of in-situ best management practices to reduce losses to water, but strategies to reduce P inputs are understudied.
Woodboring Beetle (Buprestidae, Cerambycidae) Responses to Hurricane Michael in Variously Damaged Southeastern US Pine Plantations
Authors: Miller Chelsea N , Barnes Brittany F , Kinz Sarah , Spinner Seth C , Vogt James T , McCarty Elizabeth , Gandhi Kamal J K 
Published: February 2023

Abstract
In October 2018, catastrophic Hurricane Michael caused $1.7 billion in damage to standing timber in Florida, USA. To inform recovery efforts, varying levels of damaged (low, moderate, and high) slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm) stands were sampled for woodboring beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae; Cerambycidae). These beetles generally colonize stressed and damaged trees, and their larval tunneling activities reduce the value of timber salvaged post disturbance. From 2019 to 2020, 3,810 adults of 32 species were trapped. Acanthocinus obsoletus Olivier and Monochamus sp. complex (M. titillator Fabricius; M. carolinensis Olivier) comprised 86% of all catches. Approximately 50% and 60% more woodborers, especially Monochamus sp., were trapped in moderate-damage stands in 2019 than in high- and low-damage stands, respectively. This trend was not present in 2020. From 2019 to 2020, total catches increased by ~29%, reflected by increases in Monochamus sp. and Xylotrechus sagittatus Germar. In 2019, high-damage stands had the greatest species richness, followed by low- and moderate-damage stands. Species composition in 2019 did not differ among variously damaged stands, but was more heterogeneous in low-damage than high-damage stands in 2020. Results indicate that timely salvage harvesting of moderate- and high-damage stands after catastrophic wind disturbances may lower the economic impacts by subcortical woodboring beetles.
Chromosome-level Genome Assembly ofEuphorbia peplus, a Model System for Plant Latex, Reveals that Relative Lack of Ty3 Transposons Contributed to Its Small Genome Size
Authors: Johnson Arielle R , Yue Yuanzheng , Carey Sarah B , Park Se Jin , Kruse Lars H , Bao Ashley , Pasha Asher , Harkess Alex , Provart Nicholas J , Moghe Gaurav D , Frank Margaret H 
Published: February 2023

AbstractEuphorbia peplus (petty spurge) is a small, fast-growing plant that is native to Eurasia and has become a naturalized weed in North America and Australia. Euphorbia peplus is not only medicinally valuable, serving as a source for the skin cancer drug ingenol mebutate, but also has great potential as a model for latex production owing to its small size, ease of manipulation in the laboratory, and rapid reproductive cycle. To help establish E. peplus as a new model, we generated a 267.2-Mb Hi-C-anchored PacBio HiFi nuclear genome assembly with a BUSCO score of 98.5%, a genome annotation based on RNA-seq data from six organs, and publicly accessible tools including a genome browser and an interactive organ-specific expression atlas. Chromosome number is highly variable across Euphorbia species. Using a comparative analysis of our newly sequenced E. peplus genome with other Euphorbiaceae genomes, we show that variation in Euphorbia chromosome number between E. peplus and Euphorbia lathyris is likely due to fragmentation and rearrangement rather than chromosomal duplication followed by diploidization of the duplicated sequence. Moreover, we found that the E. peplus genome is relatively compact compared with related members of the genus in part due to restricted expansion of the Ty3 transposon family. Finally, we identify a large gene cluster that contains many previously identified enzymes in the putative ingenol mebutate biosynthesis pathway, along with additional gene candidates for this biosynthetic pathway. The genomic resources we have created for E. peplus will help advance research on latex production and ingenol mebutate biosynthesis in the commercially important Euphorbiaceae family.
Climbing and Clinging of Urban Lizards are Differentially Affected by Morphology, Temperature, and Substrate
Authors: Vaughn P L , Colwell C , Livingston E H , McQueen W , Pettit C , Spears S , Tuhela L , Gangloff E J 
Published: February 2023

SynopsisUrbanization alters the environment along many dimensions, including changes to structural habitat and thermal regimes. These can present challenges, but may also provide suitable habitat for certain species. Importantly, the functional implications of these habitat shifts can be assessed through the morphology–performance–fitness paradigm, though these relationships are complicated by interactions among habitat choice, other abiotic factors, and morphology across scales (i.e., micromorphology and gross anatomy). The common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) is one example of a cosmopolitan and successful urban colonizer. Quantifying both shifts in morphology over time and morphology–performance relationships under various ecological contexts can provide insight into the success of species in a novel environment. To examine how morphological variation influences performance, we measured seven gross morphological characteristics and utilized scanning electron microscopy to obtain high-resolution images of a claw from individuals living in established populations in Cincinnati, Ohio, USA. We used a geometric morphometric approach to describe variation in claw shape and then compared the claws of contemporary lizards to those of museum specimens collected approximately 40 years ago, finding that claw morphology has not shifted over this time. We then performed laboratory experiments to measure the clinging and climbing performance of lizards on materials that mimic ecologically relevant substrates. Each individual was tested for climbing performance on two substrates (cork and turf) and clinging performance on three substrates (cork, turf, and sandpaper) and at two temperatures (24ºC and 34ºC). Clinging performance was temperature insensitive, but determined by substrate-specific interactions between body dimensions and claw morphology. Conversely, the main determinant of climbing performance was temperature, though lizards with more elongate claws, as described by the primary axis of variation in claw morphology, climbed faster. Additionally, we found strong evidence for within-individual trade-offs between performance measures such that individuals who are better at clinging are worse at climbing and vice versa. These results elucidate the complex interactions shaping organismal performance in different contexts and may provide insight into how certain species are able to colonize novel urban environments.
Strategy, Secrecy, and External Support for Insurgent Groups
Authors: Paliwal Avinash , Staniland Paul 
Published: February 2023

AbstractStates support transnational insurgents in an important variety of ways, from highly public efforts to transform the status quo to covert backing with limited ambitions. In this paper, we introduce a new theory to help explain variation in these strategies of external support. We argue that the offensive or defensive goals of state sponsors interact with their fears of escalation to shape how they support armed groups. Four strategies of state sponsorship emerge from different combinations of sponsor goals and escalation fears. We empirically investigate this argument with a unique medium-N study of Indian support and nonsupport for insurgents in South Asia. Based on fieldwork, primary sources, and specialized secondary literature, we uncover a rich landscape of links between India and armed groups in its neighborhood. We show a systematic connection between the strategies of support that India chooses with its aims in supporting rebels and its fears of escalation from doing so. However, there are mispredictions between our theory and empirical reality that we use in the conclusion to suggest new directions for research.