bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody Responses in Experimental Infections with Listeria Monocytogenes
Authors: Armstrong A. S. , Sword C. P. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbits infected with one or several intraperitoneal injections of Listeria monocytogenes produced antibodies which were characterized by elution from diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, sucrose density gradient centrifugation, and resistance to mercaptoethanol. Rabbits which received one, two, or multiple injections of viable Listeria cells produced both 19S and 7S agglutinins, although 19S antibody predominated in most rabbits. 19S agglutinins usually appeared within 2 weeks, followed by the presence of 7S antibody.
All rabbits produced precipitins capable of reacting with soluble Listeria antigens. Precipitin activity was associated only with 7S antibody but not with 19S antibody fractions. Radioimmunoelectrophoretic data showed that early rabbit sera bound I131-labeled Listeria antigens in the 19S γM- and 7S γG-globulins. In later sera and hyperimmune sera, only 7S γG-globulins were able to bind the I131-labeled antigens.
The results are discussed in light of heterogeneity and functional difference of antibodies. The relative efficiency of serologic tests to detect 19S and 7S antibodies is considered important in interpreting the results of this study and may be of significance in naturally occurring infections.
Heterogeneity and Sequence of Appearance of Rabbit Antibodies to Hog Intrinsic Factor
Authors: Samloff I. Michael , Barnett Eugene V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The primary and secondary immune responses of rabbits to HIFC were investigated with the radioimmunoelectrophoretic method. Three anti-HIFC-Co60B12-binding antibodies were detected. When a goat anti-rabbit serum was used as a developer, γM and γG antibodies were found to appear simultaneously, 7 to 8 days following primary immunization. When the developing serum was not used, an illusion suggesting the later appearance of γG antibody was seen. These results provide further evidence for the concurrent synthesis of γM and γG antibodies following primary immunization. In addition, the data suggest that early γG anti-HIF antibody forms a soluble or easily dissociable complex with HIFC-Co60B12 while later γG antibody forms an insoluble or less readily dissociable complex with the radioactively labeled antigen.
In two of three rabbits, a third HIFC-Co60B12-binding antibody appeared from 3 to 4 weeks after primary immunization. This antibody migrated slightly faster than γG on electrophoresis in agar gel, was eluted with γG-globulins from Sephadex G-200, and was resistant to 2-mercaptoethanol.
Following secondary immunization an anamnestic response was observed for the synthesis of all three antibodies.
Studies on Rabbit Lymphocytes in Vitro
Authors: Sell Stewart 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The peripheral lymphocytes of rabbits may be stimulated in vitro to undergo blast transformation by the F(ab′)2 and F ab fragments of sheep globulin containing antibody activity to rabbit IgG. This indicates that the secondary biologic properties of immunoglobulin molecules and the capacity to precipitate with antigen are not necessary for blastogenic activity. The initial event in the induction of blast transformation by specific antiserum and by specific antigen may be the same mechanism, the primary union of antigen and antibody.
Respiratory Virus Vaccines
Authors: Brandon F. B. , Cox F. , Lease G. O. , Timm E. A. , Quinn E. , McLean I. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody responses of hospital staff volunteers to polyvalent influenza vaccines containing either intact virus or SPEE virus antigens were compared.
Significant increases in HI antibody against each virus strain in both vaccines were observed. Furthermore, postvaccination antibody titers against three of the four strains were significantly greater in the group receiving the SPEE antigens than were those in the group given intact virus.
Evidence that the SPEE antigens may be more efficient antibody stimulators than their intact counterparts is presented and discussed.
Changes in Subcellular and Circulating Antibody Levels During the Hemolysin Response in Rabbits
Authors: Chapman Susan E. , Sussdorf Dieter H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Microsomal and cell-sap antibody titers in the spleen were compared with serum antibody levels for 18 days following the intravenous injection of sheep erythrocytes into rabbits. The microsomal fraction was isolated from individual spleens, sonicated and treated with DOC to release antibody. Both released and unreleased microsomal antibody was titrated. Titers were determined by a modification of the standard, 50% photometric assay for hemolytic antibody.
As compared with the serum hemolysin response, the response measured on the subcellular level displayed a marked shortening of the interval between antigen injection and rise in titer. This interval was 4 days in the serum, 3 days in the microsomal fraction and 1 day in the cell-sap fraction. Subsequently, the subcellular antibody levels increased logarithmically, reached peak titers between days 6 and 12 and then declined. The data suggest an earlier peak titer in the cell sap and a more rapid titer decline in both the cell-sap and microsomal fractions than in the serum.
The apparently earlier titer rise in the subcellular fractions than in the serum may be attributed to the masking effect of natural hemolysin levels in the serum, while the earlier appearance of antibody in the cell sap as compared with the microsomal fraction suggests the existence of an antibody pool in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm.
The Effect of Kaolin on Immunoglobulins: An Improved Technique to Remove the Nonspecific Serum Inhibitor of Reovirus Hemagglutination
Authors: Mann John J. , Rossen Roger D. , Lehrich James R. , Kasel Julius A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The present work has shown that removal of nonspecific inhibitors of hemagglutination by kaolin resulted in the loss of 40 to 60% of the immunoglobulins. The nonspecific inhibitor of reovirus hemagglutination has been shown to be either β-lipoprotein or a substance associated with β-lipoprotein. It was also shown that this inhibitor could be effectively removed by the heparin-MnCl2 method. This method was found to give higher HI antibody titer than kaolin and to remove less than 10% of the immunoglobulins.
Systemic Tuberculin Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Han Shou-Hwa , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The hypothermic reaction was found to be a reliable indicator of the systemic tuberculin reaction in both actively and passively sensitized C57B1/6Ks mice.
In actively sensitized mice highly significant differences between the body temperatures of sensitized and control mice were recorded from the 3rd to the 12th hr following challenge with PPD.
In passively sensitized mice highly significant differences between the body temperatures of sensitized and control mice were recorded from the 9th to the 12th hr after challenge with PPD.
Systemic Tuberculin Sensitivity in Mice
Authors: Han Shou-Hwa , Weiser Russell S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Bilateral adrenalectomy increased the susceptibility of the tuberculous C57B1/6Ks mouse to tuberculin shock by approximately 100-fold. A single dose of 2.5 mg of cortisone given subcutaneously was fully protective against fatal tuberculin shock in tuberculous mice when given 12 or 24 hr before challenge and had little or no protective effect when given at the time of challenge or after challenge. When given 24 hr before challenge, this amount of cortisone increased the resistance of adrenalectomized tuberculous mice to tuberculin shock by approximately 1000-fold. The serotonin-depleting agent reserpine, which is effective for protecting mice against anaphylaxis, afforded no protection against tuberculin shock in mice. The anti-mediators Benadryl and Pyribenzamine were also ineffective for protecting mice against tuberculin shock.
Characteristics of Direct and Indirect Complement-Fixing Antibodies Obtained from Turkeys Infected with Ornithosis Agent
Authors: Dreesman Gordon R. , Benedict Albert A. , Moore R. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response of turkeys experimentally infected with ornithosis was measured by three different methods: indirect complement-fixation (ICF), direct complement-fixation utilizing a detergent-extracted soluble antigen (DCF-det), and a DCF method in which a small amount of fresh normal fowl serum was added (DCF-Brum). Possible explanations for the discrepancies between the titers obtained by these three assay methods were tested by studying the physical properties of the antibodies. Early acute-phase antisera (9–14 days) contained 7 S γ2 antibody, as determined by all three tests. These early antisera also contained anti-ornithosis activity detectable only by ICF, which sedimented in sucrose gradients intermediate between the 7 S and 19 S fractions. The ICF antibody migrated electrophoretically in the γ1- and γ2-globulin regions.
Primary anti-BSA turkey sera contained three distinct populations of hemagglutinins (HA): 19 S γ1, 19 S γ2 and 7 S γ2. In contrast, only 7S anti-BSA antibodies were detected in primary antisera by an antigen-binding technique. The chromatographic properties of 7 S anti-ornithosis antibody and 7 S anti-BSA HA differed; the anti-ornithosis antibodies were eluted with a lower salt concentration than were the more strongly anionic-binding 7 S anti-BSA HA. Reasons for the absence of 19 S anti-ornithosis antibody are discussed.
The Quantitation of Nonspecific Staining As a Guide for Improvement of Fluorescent Antibody Conjugates
Authors: Pittman Bertie , Ann Hebert G. , Cherry William B. , Taylor Gerald C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A technique for the precise measurement of nonspecific staining produced by conjugates labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate has been described. Since it has given comparable results with two cell lines and in preliminary studies with a third, it is felt that data obtained by this technique can be extrapolated to a prediction of the behavior of more complex tissues when they are exposed to labeled globulins. Quantitative data have been obtained which directly relate NSS to F/P ratios at all levels and which relate specific staining to F/P ratios within certain limits.
Factors Affecting the Degree of Nonspecific Staining Given by Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Labeled Globulins
Authors: Ann Hebert G. , Pittman Bertie , Cherry William B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experimental data showed that nonspecific staining (NSS) as measured by the tissue culture cell technique increased in a linear fashion as the fluorescein to protein ratios (F/P) increased. Similar results were found at levels of conjugated protein ranging from 0.5 to 2.5%. When the same data were plotted without regard to protein concentration, it was evident that NSS was related directly to the fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) content of the conjugates. The F/P ratios were misleading when used to judge the NSS characteristics of conjugates since reagents having the same F/P ratios may differ widely in FITC concentration.
It was shown that the NSS values given by conjugates prepared with some impure dyes were considerably higher than those of conjugates labeled with pure dyes.
Globulins labeled by the dialysis method for short periods of time with the purer dye preparations yielded conjugates which gave markedly reduced NSS but whose specific staining titers were comparable to those of reagents prepared by routine methods.
If conjugates of sufficiently high specific titer can be obtained, dilution is the simplest and most effective way of reducing or eliminating NSS as measured in these studies. Isomer I and II of FITC vary in respect to the nonspecific staining given by their respective conjugates depending upon the filter system employed.
Studies on the Neutralization of Japanese Encephalitis Virus
Authors: Ozaki Yoshikatsu , Tabeyi Kanafu 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The neutralization of Japanese encephalitis virus by rabbit antiserum was studied by the plaque assay method in porcine kidney stable cell cultures. Neutralizing antibodies in the antiserum were significantly potentiated in the presence of normal fresh guinea pig serum. The kinetic neutralization at pH 8.0 in the presence of fresh guinea pig serum followed the first order kinetics within a certain limited incubation period. The slope of the curve was proportional to the serum concentration and independent of the initial virus concentration. The neutralization rate constant (K value) calculated from each curve was found to be applicable to the antigenic characterization of the virus as a precise measure of neutralizing potency of antiserum against a given virus strain. In reciprocal neutralization each serum neutralized the isologous virus more rapidly than any other strains. The antigenic relationships among strains isolated from the field were examined by this method.
A Tissue Hemadsorption Inhibition Neutralization Test for Rubella Antibody
Authors: Murphy Ray , Scheff George J. , Morrissey Richard A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A rapid, sensitive and reliable neutralization test for rubella virus (RV) antibody has been described. Test readings were made by observing the interference produced by RV infection with tissue hemadsorption of aged guinea pig red blood cells. Test results could be obtained by this method earlier than by cytopathic effect (CPE) readings. They were found to be more sensitive than those obtained by complement fixation tests and comparable to those obtained by CPE neutralization tests.
Infectivity Assay of Reoviruses: Comparison of Immunofluorescent Cell Count and Plaque Methods
Authors: McClain Mary E. , Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of plaque assay for reoviruses using BS-C-1 and L929 cell lines has been described and evaluated by comparison with the immunofluorescent cell counting technique in four cell lines. Both procedures were found satisfactory for infectivity assay of nine strains of reoviruses which included representatives of the three antigenic types. Demonstration of maximal infectivity required prior treatment of viral suspensions with a proteolytic enzyme such as chymotrypsin.
A variety of quantitative and qualitative differences was observed among the reoviruses tested in respect to plaque morphology, plating efficiency, response to enzyme treatment and infectivity for various cell types. These differences are discussed in terms of the function of the protease-sensitive reovirus inhibitor.
The Incidence of HI Antibody to Influenza Virus A2/Singapore/1/57 in Individuals of Blood Groups A and O
Authors: Potter C. W. , Schild G. C. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Collections of human sera from individuals of different age groups were studied for the presence of hemagglutination inhibition antibody to influenza virus A2/Singapore/1/57. In all age groups, a higher incidence of antibody was detected in blood group O than in blood group A subjects and statistical analysis showed the differences to be significant in two of the seven age groups studied.
There was no evidence that the findings were due to any interference of human blood group antibody in the mechanism of the hemagglutination inhibition test or that purified human A or B blood group antibody inhibited the tissue culture growth of influenza viruses A2/Singapore/1/57 or A/PR8.
Genetic factors, related to the A or O blood groups are suggested as influencing the susceptibility of individuals to infection with influenza A2 virus.
The Antigens of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Authors: Brown F. , Cartwright B. , Smale C. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The infective component of vesicular stomatitis virus was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, differential ultracentrifugation and sucrose density gradient centrifugation and then treated with Tween-ether. This treatment reduced the infectivity of the preparation by ca. 4 logs but the complement-fixing activity and immunogenicity for guinea pigs was enhanced. Three fractions possessing complement-fixing activity and immunogenic activity were isolated from the disrupted virion by sucrose density gradient centrifugation: 1) a skeleton-like structure of about the same size as the virion but lacking the fringe structure and possessing a greater sedimentation coefficient than the virion, 2) rosettes with a sedimentation coefficient of 16 S and 3) material of about 3 to 6 S, which is presumably the fringe-like structures removed from the virion by the Tween-ether treatment.
The Development of Autoimmune Thyroiditis in Rabbits Following Injection of Aqueous Preparations of Heterologous Thyroglobulins
Authors: Weigle W. O. , Nakamura R. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Injection of rabbits with certain aqueous preparations of heterologous thyroglobulin results in the production of both thyroiditis and antibody to rabbit thyroglobulin. Injections of bovine and human thyroglobulin were effective, whereas injections of porcine thyroglobulin were relatively ineffective. Injections of a mixture of several thyroglobulins were more effective than injections of individual thyroglobulins. The thyroid lesions which developed in some of the rabbits injected with the mixture were very extensive, involving most of the thyroid tissue.
Rabbits immunized with bovine thyroglobulin were responsive to injections of rabbit thyroglobulin given as late as 5 months after the injections of bovine thyroglobulin. However, the ability of these rabbits to respond to rabbit thyroglobulin decreased with time. The antibody produced as a result of the subsequent injections of rabbit thyroglobulin was directed to only the determinants on rabbit thyroglobulin related to determinants on bovine thyroglobulin. The similarities between the induction of autoimmune thyroiditis and termination of acquired immunologic unresponsiveness following injections of cross-reacting and altered antigens are discussed.
The Antibody Response in Nasal Washings and Serum to S. Typhosa Endotoxin Administered Intravenously
Authors: Rossen Roger D. , Wolff Sheldon M. , Butler William T. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Antibody activity was detected in serum and nasal washings from four adult male volunteers 5 to 8 days following the onset of a 14-day series of injections of S. typhosa endotoxin. γA- globulin antibodies sedimenting between 17 S and 9 S, rapidly sedimenting antibodies (21 S to 17 S), possibly belonging to the γM-globulin class, and 7 S γG-globulin antibodies were found in the nasal washings. Rapidly sedimenting antibodies, presumably γM, intermediately sedimenting antibodies, probably of the γA-class, and γG-globulin antibodies were detected in sera from all four volunteers, suggesting that in man the somatic antigens of S. typhosa evoke a heterogeneous antibody response similar to that seen with other antigens.
Allelic Light Chain Allotype Distribution in Purified IgG and IgM Rabbit Antibodies
Authors: Hoyer Leon W. , Mage Rose 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Anti-benzenearsonic acid antibodies were purified from sera of b4b5 heterozygous rabbits and the IgG and IgM antibodies separated by gel filtration. The relative allotype content of the IgG and IgM antibodies was similar to that of the IgG of the serum from which they were isolated. Evidence is thus provided for a regulatory mechanism controlling the relative amounts of light chains of alternative allelic allotypes in total serum γG-immunoglobulins and antibodies of at least two different heavy chain classes.
Comparison Between Hartley and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs—Antibody Production and Delayed Hypersensitivity
Authors: Munoz J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody response to hen's egg albumin (HEA) was compared in random bred Hartley guinea pigs and inbred strain 13 guinea pigs. It was found that when HEA was given in complete Freund's adjuvant (CF), both strains responded with high titers of antibody regardless of whether the antigen injection was given subcutaneously (s.c.) or by the footpad (f.p.) route. The number of sites into which the immunizing dose of HEA was given had no appreciable effect on the antibody response. When incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IF) was used, the s.c. route was inferior to the f.p. route.
A marked latent period after immunization, in which antibody could not be detected in the circulating blood, was found in both strains, but this period seemed to be longer in strain 13 guinea pigs than in the Hartley strain, especially when the s.c. route of immunization was employed.
In some cases HEA in CF stimulated the production of slow γ-globulin with antibody activity. Animals immunized by the f.p. route almost invariably develop both slow and fast γ-globulin antibody whether CF or IF was used. By the s.c. route IF stimulated mainly fast γ-antibody production and the f.p. route stimulated both fast and slow γ-antibodies. Antibody from early and late bleedings from both strains of guinea pigs showed some sensitivity to mercaptoethanol. This sensitivity was not exclusively confined to the 19 S antibody as judged by immunoelectrophoresis.
Strain 13 guinea pigs did not develop as intense skin sensitization to PABA-HEA, HEA or PPD, as did Hartley guinea pigs. Strain 13 animals developed delayed hypersensitivity to HEA uncomplicated by immediate reactions when they were immunized with as much as 320 µg of PABA-HEA in CF adjuvant. Hartley guinea pigs, on the other hand, also developed weak immediate sensitivity to HEA.
Delayed hypersensitivity to HEA in strain 13 guinea pigs had almost disappeared by 112 days after sensitization and could not be detected at 168 days. Immediate sensitivity to PABA-HEA was still present at this time.
Human Diphtheria Antitoxin in Immunoglobulin Classes IgG and IgA
Authors: Newcomb Richard W. , Ishizaka Kimishige 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Diphtheria antitoxin that could be attributed to each immunoglobulin class (γG, γA and γM) in human sera was measured using radioiodinated diphtheria toxoid. Soluble toxoid-antitoxin complexes were formed, following which each immunoglobulin was precipitated with rabbit antisera specific for that class. Comparisons of the antigen-binding activity with toxin-neutralizing and hemagglutinating activities of the same samples indicated that the antitoxin associated with γG- and γA-globulins can quantitatively be measured by the technique.
The kinetics of the response to immunization were studied by measuring antigen-binding activity of γG and γA antitoxins. In general, γG and γA antitoxins appeared in circulation at the same time after the immunization but there was no correlation between the concentration of the immunoglobulins and antitoxin belonging to the proteins. In addition, γA antitoxin was fractionated into polymer and monomer fractions; results of studies on these fractions suggested a preponderance of antitoxin activity associated with the polymer form of γA-globulin.