bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Army
Authors: Winter Charlie 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Islamic State's framing of its military forces as a collective entity. Deployed alongside photographs of the warrior mujāhidīn, images glorifying the broader military machine within which they were fighting tended to manifest in three ways: pictures of battle-ready squadrons, weapons systems, and war spoils. Together, and working in harmony with the image frames described in the previous chapter, this subgenre of photo-propaganda continuously reiterated three underlying ideals, each of which was implied to characterize the essential nature of the Islamic State's military machine: professionalism; power; and supremacism. Through them, the Islamic State positioned its forces as equivalent to the standing armies of modern nation-states and, hence, a manifestation of Salafi-jihadism that was uniquely capable of fighting its enemies as equals
The Political Game
Authors: Elhoudaiby Ibrahim 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Rejecting the dualism of politics and professional football, this study explores the genealogy of Egypt's football league--the oldest league in Africa and the Middle East. I take the league's inauguration to be an uncertain outcome of a complex historical process, at the heart of which was the emergence of clubs as sites for negotiating Egyptian nationalism and organizing sports and youth under British colonial rule. While accepting the inseparability of football and politics, I contend that such a view falls short of capturing the politics of the game. It takes professional football to be a platform on which (inter)national politics (the purview of formal political institutions) plays out, and not a political terrain in its own right. But professional football is not just a sport played by athletes. It is, more importantly, a game organized by clubs, associations, and other corporations that are invested in forming subjects, distributing power, and organizing the collective lives of teams and fans alike—all of which are political matters par excellence. Professional football does not therefore merely overlap with politics: it is politics. The very organization of a football league is ipso facto political, and it is inseparable from the broader contestations of power that were taking place in colonial Egypt.
Beyond Soft Power
Authors: Al-Arian Abdullah 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Beginning with the premise that “soft power” explanations fall short in explaining fully the ways by which states utilize football toward their political objectives, this chapter pursues a more expansive exploration of the political uses of football within authoritarian contexts among states in the Middle East and North Africa regions. Specifically, it argues that states have found uses of football as a tool for acquiring legitimacy in the face of internal and external threats. It demonstrates this by highlighting five categories of state instrumentalization of football. Utilizing cases studies that span the region over a two-decade period, it showcases state uses of football to legitimize neo-imperial control, to stabilize authoritarian transitions of power, to ward off external threats, to achieve goals of securitization, and to deflect criticism of unpopular policies in a practice known as sportswashing. Though they have appeared under different circumstances and have taken on a variety of forms, all of these state uses of football share the desire for legitimacy. The cases under examination demonstrate the limits of football as a form of legitimation, given its inability to address underlying concerns on the part of domestic and international audiences.
To See and be Seen
Authors: Akhavan Niki 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Given football's popularity, one might expect the Iranian state to embrace football and the opportunities it affords for mobilizing nationalist sentiments and exercising state symbolic power. Yet football has become a site for contestation and not consensus. Iranian football is both a literal and figurative arena for challenging the state's social policies, particularly as they pertain to women. The state's policies on football and football spectatorship--in-person spectatorship or broadcasting--reflect both the inconsistencies of an internally divided power structure and the attempts of that power structure to maintain control on how Iranian sport and society are defined. To show these dynamics at work, this chapter addresses key developments and debates inside Iran around football stadium and broadcasting policies. Using two football-related incidents from 2019 as case studies, the chapter also shows how football in contemporary Iran has become a central site for political action and social change enacted by the state, activists, and ordinary citizens. It concludes that while contemporary Iranian football is a game, political theater, and a powerful opportunity for challenging the state, the state has not relented in its attempts to claim football as a site for asserting state power and state legitimacy.
Post-Authoritarian Governance and Elusive Stability
Authors: Zayani Mohamed 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the midst of the turmoil that ensued after the Arab uprisings and put the MENA region on an uncertain course, Tunisia charted for itself a unique path. Embracing a new culture of democracy based on freedoms, pluralism, peaceful rotation of power, and civic engagement, it emerged for some time as a lone "success story" of democratization, peaceful transition, and civil rule. In spite of these achievements, Tunisia finds itself facing daunting challenges, which are impeding its transition and hindering its ability to consolidate the gains it has made since the revolution. Although Tunisia has fared better than other Arab states shaken by revolutions, its transition has been uneasy and its democracy fledgling. A decade after its revolution, the country faces formidable political, economic, social, and security challenges. Particularly noteworthy is the instability of the political scene, the slow pace of reform, deepening economic difficulties, enduring social unrest, the unrealized aspirations of the youth, the elusiveness of social justice, and the unfulfilled promises for development in the inner regions. Increasingly, these challenges are locking the country in a liminal state that is characterized by perpetual fragility.
The Tunisian Transition and Authoritarianism in the Middle East
Authors: Ottaway Marina 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The Tunisian transition, triggered by the uprising of 2010-11, has resulted in a democratic system that reflects the realities of democracy as it is in practice, not an ideal and unrealistic concept of democracy. The outcome, unique so far among countries that experienced uprisings in 2011, is due to a number of internal factors. The most important factors include a combination of structural conditions, the deeply embedded political pluralism that had survived repressive regimes; agency, in the form of capable leadership; an element of luck; and a degree of pragmatism as major players accepted the politics of the possible rather than of absolute principles and ideals. These internal factors were crucial, particularly considering that the international context was unfavorable and had at best a minor impact. Significantly, though, Tunisia paid a price to become democratic, trading success in achieving some form of democracy for failure to carry out the substantive reforms that many of its citizens expected. As a result, many Tunisians, particularly among the youth, are disillusioned about the outcome of the transition and believe that the formation of a democratic system does not make up for the absence of concrete socioeconomic changes.
Tunisia’s Re-Invigorated Civil Society
Authors: Hudáková Zuzana 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Following the departure of Ben Ali in January 2011, Tunisian civil society has witnessed a profound transformation. Thousands of new civil society organizations (CSOs) have mushroomed around the country, more than doubling the total number of associations over the last decade. Driven by a resurgence of citizen activism, as well as the availability of foreign funding, the Tunisian civil society landscape has also become more diverse. Tracing the historical development of Tunisian civil society, as well as the general trends in the evolution of both new and established CSOs, the chapter highlights the diversity of civil society, including in its roles, issues of concern, and approaches to activism. Located between political parties and social movements, CSOs have an important function as both mediators and actors in their own right. In particular, CSOs have played a crucial role in both steering the democratic transition, as well as increasing citizen participation and articulation of societal interests in the public sphere. However, as an increasing disillusionment with the Tunisian democratic transition demonstrates, a strong, vibrant civil society might be an important element of democratization but it is not a panacea for all the problems faced by the country on its path to democracy.
Mobilization in Tunisia Post-2011
Authors: Weipert-Fenner Irene 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Social contention in Tunisia has changed substantially since the 2011 revolution. This chapter differentiates between three distinct phases. From 2011 to 2013, political protests along lines of polarization between Islamist and secular forces were dominant during the struggle over the political transition. After the re-institutionalization of the political system from 2014 to 2017, socioeconomic protests at the local level erupted over particular issues such as unemployment. Outbursts of discontent occasionally amounted to regional waves of contention, but the protesters tended to remain isolated from one another. During this second phase, initial attempts to campaign for socioeconomic demands developed, paving the way for more networked forms of mobilization in the third phase. Now broader in political scope, protests against austerity policies specifically targeted the budget laws of 2018 and 2019, leading to greater cooperation between different protest actors and the re-emergence of the UGTT as a key socioeconomic protest actor. This development of mobilizing social discontent partly accounts for the victory of populist individuals and parties during the 2019 elections. The question as to whether the change in political personnel will actually lead to different policies remains to be seen, but will certainly influence the future of Tunisian democracy.
Changing Security Dynamics in Tunisia
Authors: Santini Ruth Hanau 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The 2016 jihadist attack on Ben Gardane represented a watershed moment for Tunisia's post-revolutionary trajectory, the capacity of the state and its institutions, and the relationship between marginalized citizens and the state. When a group of Islamic State, mostly Tunisian, militants stormed the city, counting on popular support against a distant state, their attack was met with fierce resistance by local residents who sided with Tunisian security forces and defended the city. The response to the Ben Gardane attack reveals two significant developments: The first is evolving notions and practices of security, from authoritarian regime security--which revolved around the physical and political survival of the rulers--to state security--which is premised on defending the country's borders and physical security of the population. The second is a post-Ben Gardane attack transformation into granular practices of citizens' involvement in local security practices, signalling the emergence of a new pact between the authorities and citizens. A pivotal moment in the country's fight against security threats, Ben Gardane has come to epitomize the rapidity with which rhetorically the image and perception of a local community can be transformed, but also the limited impact this has on material conditions of inequality and marginalization.
What Can Tunisia’s Past Tell Us About its Future?
Authors: Blackman Alexandra Domike 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
A decade after the revolution, Tunisia's process of democratization continues to transform the country's formal and informal political institutions. Despite these changes, important continuities between Tunisia today and Tunisia prior to the revolution remain. Debates around secularism, women's rights, and regional inequalities continue to dominate the national conversation, much as they did in the colonial and postcolonial periods. This chapter explores some of the long-run political patterns and critical junctures that continue to shape Tunisian politics today. It discusses the historical legacies linked to the pre-colonial, colonial, and Bourguiba and Ben Ali eras, and explores the mechanisms of persistence that connect the past and present. Focusing on two issues that remain critical today--regional inequality and the Islamist-secular cleavage--this chapter provides a critical analysis of the historical processes that have contributed to these issues since the colonial era. These case studies are of interest not only because of their continued importance in Tunisian politics, but also because the post-revolutionary period represents an opportunity for a break with past patterns.
The Sacred Depths of Nature
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The book presents an accessible and engaging account of our science-based understandings of Nature, with a focus on biology and ecology, and then suggests ways that this account can elicit abiding and enriching non-theistic spiritual responses, generating a religious naturalist orientation. Each chapter begins with a story about the dynamics of Nature, recounting what has been called “The Epic of Evolution” or “Everybody’s Story”: our current understandings of the origins of the universe and the planet; the origins of chemistry and life; the workings of cells and organisms; the patterns of biological evolution and the resultant biodiversity; awareness and feelings; sex and intimacy; multicellularity and death; and human evolution. Each chapter then concludes with a “reflection” that articulates spiritual sensibilities elicited by these understandings, many of which are also central to traditional religions and to indigenous peoples. For example, the existence of the Cosmos invokes a sense of mystery; the exuberance of biodiversity invokes humility and reverence; the evolution of consciousness opens pathways to experiences called immanence and transcendence; and the evolution of death offers important ways to think about our forthcoming death. The final chapter, Morality and Ecomorality, explores ways that a religious naturalist orientation can anchor our quest for planetary social and environmental justice and sustainability. The book builds on the well-received first edition but has been extensively updated and revised to expand and deepen both the science-based accounts and the avenues they offer to an immersion in the sacred.
Origins of the Earth
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
In the chapter’s Narrative, the 13.8 billion year story of our universe and the 4.6 billion year story of our planet is told in sparse and evocative language: the Big Bang, the material composition and physical forces of the universe, the expansion of the universe, the formation of hydrogen atoms and the fusion of their nuclei to form helium nuclei in early stars; the forging of heavier elements during the late stages of large stars; the association of billions of stars into billions of galaxies; the Milky Way; our star and its planets; the geological history of planet Earth. In the chapter’s Reflections, the specter of cosmic and quantum alienation is considered and a Covenant with Mystery is offered as a pathway to its resolution.
How Life Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative outlines the core molecular dynamics of present-day organisms, with a consideration of DNA and RNA, protein structure and protein-protein interactions in three dimensions, enzymes as catalysts, the biophysics of membrane channels and ion gradients, biochemical cascades and signal transduction cascades, and cellular homeostasis. The chapter’s Reflections include a consideration of reductionism vs. holism. The “grunge theory of matter” is replaced by a paean to matter for all the incredible things it has achieved, followed by a consideration of the distress we may feel in considering our materiality and an invitation to invoke the spiritual practice of assent.
How an Organism Works
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
This chapter’s Narrative considers how organisms regulate the expression of their genes, and hence the levels of their encoded proteins, via complex feedback systems. These programs play out in time in response to internal and external cues and are governed by transcription factors called activators and repressors that bind to promoter sequences in DNA. In multicellular organisms, such patterns of gene expression also play out in space, with some genes expressed in some cells/tissues and not others, creating embryonic and adult forms. The chapter’s Reflections consider how the complexity and improbability of being a human self, of having a life, invites profound gratitude for and celebration of one’s existence.
Interpretations and Feelings
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative considers awareness as entailing interpretations of what is perceived. In animals these are guided by homeostatic feelings, generated by neuroendocrine systems, that are elicited by internal states like hunger and fatigue, and by emotional feelings generated by external stimuli, such as anger, fear, and elation. In humans, these feelings can also be elicited by memories of past experience, and they become integrated with our language-based thoughts and ideas. The chapter’s Reflections explores the various temperaments encountered in nonhuman and human apes and the feeling states that accompany a religious frame of mind, with attention given to empathy/compassion.
Sex
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative describes how eukaryotic sex entails the coming together of two parental genomes and their assortment into new genome configurations and hence new kinds of gametes, generating new kinds of offspring. The reader is introduced to genetic concepts such as alleles, meiosis, independent assortment, and crossing over. A detailed overview of the process is given with analogies to encyclopedia volumes and the shuffling of playing-card decks, and the evolutionary role of sex is discussed. The chapter’s Reflections consider how sex introduces the imperative that immature offspring be nurtured and our human sense that children represent the hope and promise of what we might become.
Human Morality and Ecomorality
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The chapter’s Narrative and Reflections, which are merged, first consider how human morality derives from our communal sensibilities as a social lineage. Religious traditions mold these sensibilities into aspirational mindful virtues—compassion, fair-mindedness, reverence, and courage—that are pitted against our tendencies to be self-serving, proactively aggressive, and xenophobic. Particular attention is given to war and racism. The virtues can be broadened in scope to become eco-virtues—respecting, cherishing, nurturing, and celebrating that from which we have come and upon which we depend—sensibilities that are prominent in indigenous and Asian traditions. Ecomoral practices are suggested, and the chapter closes with a tribute to the sustainable life-styles of the lichens.
Epilogue: Emergent Religious Principles
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The epilogue offers emergent religious principles in the context of the naturalist perspective presented in this book. These principles include taking on ultimacy and orienting oneself in the universe; offering gratitude for the gift of the planetary matrix and its creatures; experiencing reverence for the planetary matrix and its creatures and humility when considering our Earthly context; and committing to nurture and compassion in our human relationships and in our planetary presence. A Credo of Continuation—the continued flourishing of life, including human life—is offered as the foundation of the author’s Faith. A weaving metaphor is presented for the integration of our religions of origins with naturalist perspectives.
Epilogue: The Religious Naturalist Orientation
Authors: Goodenough Ursula 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The foundations of this orientation, infused throughout the book, are summarized here. A naturalist is defined as one who adopts Everybody’s Story as a core narrative. A religious person self-orients within a core narrative, and develops responses to that narrative along three axes: the interpretive (e.g. what does it tell me about the meaning of life and my life?), the spiritual (inward states such as reverence, gratitude, humility, and joy), and the moral/ethical (outward virtue-laden responses to family, community, and the natural world). A religious naturalist explores these three axes in the context of Everybody’s Story, usually without employing God language, taking nature to both mind and heart. Many religious-naturalist sensibilities are to be found in the teachings, rituals, and art of the traditional religions.
Motivation Resides Only in Our Language, Not in Our Mental Processes
Authors: Murayama Kou 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation is, in the author’s view, a convenient linguistic construct that subjectively explains a coherent series of phenomena or subjective experiences without explicitly referring to underlying behavioral, psychological, and neural processes. Many motivation theories suppose that types of motivation exist in our mind. But most human decision-making processes can be sufficiently explained without supposing the concept of motivation. Rather, motivation is a consequence of our active psychological construction of underlying psychological decision-making processes. This can be illustrated by using the reward-learning model of autonomous knowledge acquisition as an example. This model explains autonomous behavior, and it does so without supposing any specific types of motivation.
Two Routes to the Self-Regulation of Motivation and Goals
Authors: Gollwitzer Peter M. , Bargh John A. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Motivation and goals are two different things. Motivation strength is determined by how much the person desires a future outcome as well as by the perceived feasibility of reaching it. Goal strength is determined by the commitment to realize it. The self-regulation of motivation can thus be achieved by heightening the desirability and feasibility of future outcomes (e.g., by highlighting their attractiveness and reachability), whereas the self-regulation of goals is achieved by strengthening goal commitment (e.g., by setting specific challenging goals). Such self-regulation can be further advanced by engaging in self-regulatory strategies that facilitate the translation of one’s motivation into binding goals and by the translation of one’s goals into successful action. These two self-regulation strategies may be used separately and in combination.