bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimal model of diffusion with time changing Hurst exponent
Authors: Ślęzak Jakub , Metzler Ralf 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We introduce the stochastic process of incremental multifractional Brownian motion (IMFBM), which locally behaves like fractional Brownian motion with a given local Hurst exponent and diffusivity. When these parameters change as function of time the process responds to the evolution gradually: only new increments are governed by the new parameters, while still retaining a power-law dependence on the past of the process. We obtain the mean squared displacement and correlations of IMFBM which are given by elementary formulas. We also provide a comparison with simulations and introduce estimation methods for IMFBM. This mathematically simple process is useful in the description of anomalous diffusion dynamics in changing environments, e.g. in viscoelastic systems, or when an actively moving particle changes its degree of persistence or its mobility.
Genetic Path Coefficient Analysis of Genotypes of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Grown in Iraqi Conditions
Authors: Al-Wardi Mustafa Eskander Zaid , Abbas Saddam Hussein , Musa Abdul-Kadhim Jawad 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Rice is one of the main and pivotal grain crops that feed more than half of the world’s population, due to the increasing population, food shortage has become a real problem. Amid the study them to find out the direct and indirect effects of the studied traits on grain yield by path coefficient analysis. Twenty-two genotypes planted during the summer agricultural season of 2021 at the Rice Research Station in Al-Mishkhab, 20 km south of Najaf province. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with three replicates. The results of the mean squares of the genotypes were significant for all the studied traits at the 1% probability level. A positive significant correlation showed between the grain yield, the length of the deltoid, the number of branches in the panicles and the number of panicles grains (0.566, 0.513 and 0.503), respectively, while, it was not significant with the weight of 1000 grains (0.051). The genetic path analysis indicated to the direct effect of the length of panicles on the grain yield was high (0.413), while it was moderate with the number of branches in the panicle (0.206), and neglected with the number of grains per plant and the weight of 1000 grain (0.056, -0.040) respectively. Therefore, the traits of the length of panicles can be considered the best criteria for its adoption as a selection index for the yield of grains to give it the strongest positive correlation and the highest direct effect on the grain yield among the studied traits.
Effect of Weed Control Treatments and Row Spacing on the Yield and its Components of Faba Bean and Companion Weeds
Authors: Jihad Azhar J. , Mohammed Yas A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To determine the impact of four weed control treatments (the weed-free treatment, the weedy treatment, Bentazon spray at the recommended rate of 2 liters ha−1, and the same herbicide at half the recommended rate of 1 Liter ha−1, as well as the weedy treatment and the weedy row spacing of 40, 50, and 60 cm) and three row spacing (40, 50, and 60 cm) on the development and harvest of br, a field experiment was conducted during the winter of 2020. The experiment used a Split Plot Design layout with three replicates and was conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Row spacing in the sub-plots and weed control treatments in the main plots. As shown in the data, weed control treatments significantly reduced the dry weight of weeds compared to the weedy treatment. The dry weight of the weeds was reduced by 86.71% when Pentazone was sprayed at a rate of 2 liters ha−1, and this effect was visible in both the yield and its components. Maximum seed yield was achieved at 6.05 t ha−1 when rows were spaced 40 cm apart, 7.91 t ha−1 when they were spaced 50 cm apart, and 7.79 t ha−1 when herbicide was sprayed at a rate of 2 liters ha−1 at a distance of 40 cm apart; these three treatments did not differ significantly from each other, but did differ significantly from all other treatments. The lowest seed output was seen in the weedy condition at all three distances.
Effect of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Fermented Poultry Waste on Pigments Balance and Lettuce Plant Growth
Authors: Shamsullah J. A. , Hamid B. A. , Hassan W. F. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in the season 2021–2022 in the Dora/Baghdad area on lettuce plants and included the treatment of soil with two levels of poultry waste (0,12) tons ha−1, phosphorus added at three levels (0, 100, 120) kg P ha−1 and nitrogen at three levels (0, 120, 180) kg N ha−1. The results showed a significant increase in leaf area and chlorophyll when adding fermented poultry waste, and the treatment of fertilization with poultry waste was superior to 670 Dcm2 and 40.60 for both leaf area and chlorophyll, respectively, and a significant increase was found when fertilizing with poultry waste. In urea phosphate levels, significant differences were recorded, while no significant differences were recorded in chlorophyll, and the fertilization with ammonium sulfate levels recorded significant differences for the two indicators, and the interaction treatment p1A3U3 recorded the highest values, which were 793 Dcm2 and 45.16 for each leaf area and chlorophyll, respectively, and there was a significant increase in the biological yield and economic yield of lettuce. When adding fermented poultry waste, the treatment of fertilization with poultry waste was recorded as 3237 gm plant−1 and 1678 gm plant−1 for both biological yield and economic yield, respectively. significant increase when fertilizing with urea phosphate levels and with significant differences, and the addition of ammonium sulfate showed significant increases for the two indicators, and the interaction treatment p1A3U3 recorded the highest values, and it was 4250 gm plant−1 and 2200 gm plant−1 for both biological yield and economic yield, respectively, and there was a significant increase in the proportion of protein and beta-carotene When adding fermented poultry waste, the treatment of fertilizing with poultry waste was superior to 1.35 gm of 100 g−1 and 1.330gm 100ml−1 juice for both protein and beta-carotene ratios, respectively. A significant increase was also found when fertilizing with urea phosphate levels with significant differences, and the addition of ammonium sulfate, which resulted in significant increases for the two indicators. And the interaction p1A3U3 treatment recorded the highest values, which were 1.50 g for 100 gm−1 and 1.853 gm for 100 ml−1 juice for each of the protein and beta-carotene ratios, respectively.
The Effect of Planting Distances and Foliar Fertilization with Zinc on the Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Soybean Crop
Authors: Hussein Mamoun A. , Sarhan Ismail A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To investigate the impact of planting distance and zinc foliar fertilization on soybean growth, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2022 at the Hamidiyah research station of the College of Agriculture at the University of Anbar. The experiment was set up in a Split Plot R.C.B.D with three replicates. Four concentrations of zinc (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg Zn l−1), allocated to the main plots, whereas the planting distances (7, 14, 21, and 28 cm) between plants were allocated to the sub-plots which gave plant densities of 190,000, 95555, 63333 and 47777 plants ha−1, respectively. The planting distances between plants significantly affected the vegetative growth characteristics, as the distance of 7 cm (high density) was outperformed in plant height (116.11 cm) and the height of the first pod from the soil surface (29.25 cm). While the distance of 28 cm (low density) recorded the highest average for number of branches (8.67 branch plant−1), leaf area (53.66 dm2 plant−1), chlorophyll content of leaves (5.29 mg g−1 fresh weight), and the dry weight of the plant (410 g plant−1). With regards to plant development, a 75 mg L−1 zinc solution was the most effective. Plant height (106.78 cm), number of branches (8.67 branch plant−1), leaf area (5836 dm2 plant−1), chlorophyll content (5.06 mg gm−1 fresh weight), first height Pod from the surface of the earth (30.46 cm), and dry weight were the best averages (455.8 g plant−1). The plant’s height and the height of the first pod above the surface of the soil interacted significantly with a concentration of 75 mg L−1 at a distance of 7 cm, while the highest mean for the plant’s number of branches, leaf area, chlorophyll content, and dry weight was found at a distance of 28 cm under the same conditions.
Effect of Organic Fertilizer and Foliar Application of Kinetin, Boron on Some Fruit Characteristics of Fig cv. White Adriatic
Authors: Abdullah Abbas Mahmood , Al-Douri Mahmood. F. L. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The study was conducted in Kirkuk Governorate during the growth season 2022 to investigate effect of organic fertilizer Travert Evo (0, 5, 10) ml. L −1 and spraying with Kinetin (0, 150, 300) mg. L −1 and Boron (0, 40, 80) mg. L−1 in some fruit characteristics of fig cv. white Adriatic trees were treated at growth start, after fruit setting and a month later. experiment was included (81) treatments with (3) replicates adopted according randomized complete block design R.B.C.D. result indicated that application of organic 10 ml.L−1 and spraying with kinetin 300 mg.L−1 or boron 80 mg. L−1, single or interaction led to a high significant increase in TSS, total acidity, total sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose, vitamin c.as well as treatment of organic 10 ml.L−1 + kinetin 300 mg.L−1+ boron 80 mg. L−1gave a highest result compared another treatment which gave 19.68%, 0.255%, 19.33%, 17.16%, 2.17%, 7.35%, sequentially.
Effect of Humic Acid and the Level of Nano and Traditional Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Potato
Authors: Al-Hayani Ahmad S. H. , Sallume Mohammed Obed 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural Research Station of the University of Anbar-College of Agriculture in the autumn season of 2021 in soil with Sand Clay Loamy textures. To find out the effect of humic acid and the level of nano and Traditional nitrogen on the growth and yield of the potato variety Rivera, the experiment included two factors: the addition of humic acid (H1) at the level of 100 kg ha−1 as well as the comparison and the second factor adding nitrogen sources and their levels, which included the addition of nanonitrogen Nn1, Nn3, Nn2 At level 15, 30, 45 kg N ha−1 and Traditional nitrogen NT1, NT2 at level 150, 300 kg N ha−1 as (urea fertilizer) sequentially. The RCBD was randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results were statistically analyzed and the means of the coefficients were compared at the 0.05 probability level to test for the least significant difference. The results were the following: (1) The addition of humic acid positively affect most of the plant traits. The levels of the treatments of Nano and Traditional fertilizers (urea) and the two interactions recorded a significant increase in most of the studied traits. (2) Nano nitrogen Nn3 treatment achieved the highest rate of plant height, chlorophyll content in leaves, total tuber yield, total number of tuber, and the yield of the dry matter of the vegetative compared to the comparison treatment, while the NT2 urea treatment achieved an noticeable increase in some traits such as the number of aerial branches and the yield of the dry matter found in tubers and starch yield due to their high added quantities. (3) The two-interference treatment achieved the highest value of the fertilization efficiency of production 70.12% when treating the addition of nano-nitrogen with humic acid Nn3H1, and the single nano-nitrogen Nn3 treatment achieved a fertilization efficiency of 68.89%.
Effect of Foliar Potassium on Maize Yield (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Al-Khafagi Karrar Falah Hadi , Al-Wardy Mustafa Iskander Zaid , Kadim Haidar Abd Al-Mahdi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Field experiment was carried out during the 2018 growing season in the central Kut nursery located within the Kut district of the Wasit Province in Iraq, with four treatments and three replicates in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) to the response of maize to foliar application potassium irrigated by basin irrigation method. Foliar potassium spraying (K2O 43%) as follows; control (KO), 1000 (K1), 2000 (K2) and 3000 (K3) Mg.L−1. The study showed that there were substantial effects on the number of grains per row, the number of grains per ear, the grain yield, and the biological yield, with treatment K3 achieving the highest averages of (35.50, 554.5, 9.548 t. ha−1, and 25.97 t. ha−1) correspondingly. Although the weight of 500 grains and the harvest index were not significantly altered by treatment K2, while the number of rows per ear was (15.68), the number of rows per ear was.
Genetic Stability for New Genotypes of Maize (Zea mays L.) under Different Fertilizer Combinations
Authors: Al-Najmawi Dhufr Abdel-Razzaq Farhan , Al-Taweel Mohammad Subhi , Alhabbar Zaid , Al-Zubaidy Khalid Mohammed Dawod , Issa Hussein Abbas Muhammad 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted on maize crop for ten genotypes in two environmentally different locations in the autumn season (2020_2021) and included three levels of fertilization (Dabanah Company recommendation, Ministry of Agriculture recommendation, without fertilization), The first location is in one of the peasant farms located in the Rashidiya area in Mosul, which is 13 km away from the city center, and the second site is the Al-Dabbana company research station in Erbil, located in the Al-Kuwair area, which is approximately 54.5 km away from the center of Mosul. The results showed the excelled of genotype 215479, which was highly stable for (stem diameter and leaves area, ear length, Ash percentage), and these results provide the possibility of benefiting from this highly stable genotype. While the results of the stability triangle showed that the genotype (215472) was highly stable for five traits (number of days of female flowering, plant height, number of leaves, ear length, weight of 300 grains),Therefore, these two genotypes can be used in future cross-breeding programs to create new cultivars.
Biochar Application Increases the Amount of Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium in the Soil: a Review
Authors: Hussain Ahmed J. , Al-Taey Duraid K. A. , Kadhum Haider J. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Biostimulants can be given to seeds, plants, and soil to encourage growth. Improved tolerance to abiotic stressors and higher seed and grain yields and quality results from these components altering critical and biochemical processes throughout plant development. The need for fertilizers can also be minimized because of biostimulants. Biochar is a biostimulant, a porous material with a high sorption capacity, which can be put directly into the soil with fertilizers. Biostimulants can be either naturally occurring or synthetically produced compounds that stimulate and activate the plant to resist stressful situations. When biomass is pyrolyzed in an oxygen-deficient environment, biochar is produced as a byproduct. It has a carbonaceous structure and several functional groups, making it permeable. Its molecular structure also demonstrates remarkable resistance to chemicals and microbes. The chemical and physical properties of biochar are very sensitive to the pyrolysis temperature and other process parameters, including residence time and furnace temperature.
Enhancing the Availability of Potassium in New Egyptian Soils using Biochar Produced from Olive Stone Waste
Authors: Ayman Muhammad , Fawzy Zakaria Fouad 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The warming phenomenon is one of the most difficult challenges of the times. Agricultural waste decomposition contributes to global warming due to the increase in greenhouse gases. Carbon sequestering is used to reduce greenhouse gases to mitigate the warming phenomenon. Applying biochar is one of the most important tools for sequestering carbon in the soil for hundreds to thousands of years. Paper aims to produce olive stone biochar (OSB) and apply it to soils to study its effect on soil properties and the status of K (Quantity/Intensity of K). Biochar was produced from olive stone waste at 650°C and applied at rates of 0, 1, 2, and 5% in two investigated soils (sandy and calcareous) to study its effects on soil properties and growth of the wheat plants. Results of biochar analysis indicated that it possesses several functional groups and essential elements (N, P, and K), a large surface area (394.25 m2 g-1), and an average fine diameter (0.8 µm). The application of OSB improved several soil properties, including water holding capacity, %porosity, bulk density, cation exchange capacity, and availability of some nutrients, especially potassium. Additionally, it increased the soluble-K and ammonium acetate (NH4OAc-K) levels in the investigated soils. The potential buffering capacity of K (PBCK), activity ratio of K (ARK), and labile K (KL) were also enhanced. Moreover, OSB application improved the wheat plant’s height, root depth, dry matter, and NPK content. Therefore, we concluded that biochar is beneficial for sequestering carbon for the long-term and improving soil fertility.
The Allelopathic Effect of Root Exudates of Mungbean and Maize Plants Affected by Metabiolic, Fertilizer and Mechanical Stress Factors on some Indicators of Germination of Cowpea Seeds
Authors: Al-Deliamy Abdullah Oda Alwan , Abdul-Ameer Maha Ali 
Published: August 2023

AbstractAllelopathic compounds are secondary metabolites created biologically by plants and microbes from the metabolism of carbohydrate, fats and amino acids. The process of their synthesis is affected by the type of plants, the path of its photosynthesis, its nutrition and various stress processes. When released to the rhizosphere, its effect begins on soil organisms, as it is considered a from of communication between plants. Which affects biological and agricultural systemis. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was adopted with a factorial experiment with three factors and three replication. The experiment was carried out in one of the fields of Al-Taliáh sub-district/Babylon governorate to find out the allelopathic effect of root exudates of mungbean (Vigna radiataL.) and maize (Zea mays L.) affected by metabolic factors, fertilizer and mechanical stress on some germination indicators of cowpea seeds (Vigna unguiculataL.). The allelopathic effects of root exudates varied on the studied traits, as root exudates of mungbean caused a significant decrease in radicle length (RL), seedlings length (SL), and vigor index (VI) of cowpea plants for treatments affected by chemical fertilizer and not affected by mechanical stress, and a significant decrease in radicle length for treatments affected by mechanical stress and organic fertilizer, and a significant decrease in seedlings length and vigor index for treatments affected by mechanical stress and biofertilizer.
Effect of Spraying with Brassinolide on Yield and its Components of Sesame Cultivars
Authors: Nasser Seif El-Din M. , Sarhan Ismail A. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
To investigate the impact of brassinolide spraying on sesame yield and its components, a field experiment was conducted in the summer of 2022 in the Karma region of the Anbar Governorate. Three independent replicates of the experiment were conducted using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with a split-plot layout. The cultivars (Sumer, Rafidain, Wadea, and Hadd) occupied the sub-plots, while the concentrations of brassinolide (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L−1) comprised the main plots. The results showed that the Hadd cultivar was the best in terms of harvest index (22.9%), number of capsules produced by each plant (390.2 capsules plant-1), number of seeds produced by each capsule (96.42 seeds capsule−1), and total seed yield (2685.3 kg ha-1). Sumer was the only cultivar where the average weight of a thousand seeds was greater than any other (3.86 g). Brassinolide at a concentration of 1.5 mg L−1 resulted in an average of 273.9 capsules per plant, 95.50 seeds per capsule, 4.11 grams per thousand seeds, 2226.4 kilograms per hectare (kg) of seed output, 10.294 tons per hectare (t) of biological production, and a harvest index of 26.06%. The Hadd cultivar and a concentration of 1.5 mg L−1 had a significant interaction in terms of the number of capsules per plant, the number of seeds per capsule, the weight of a thousand seeds, total seed production (3017.9 kg ha−1), biological yield (13.707 tons ha−1) and harvest index.
Multiplication and Rooting Shoot Tips and Nodes of Petunia Plant (Petunia hybrida)
Authors: Bashi Amina Ameen Kassab , Almemary Aysar Mohammed Salim , Bashi Bashar Zeki Kassab 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study was performed in the cell and plant tissue culture laboratory of the Mosul University Department of Horticulture and Landscape Design, College of Agriculture and Forestry. Shoot tips and nodes were cultured on MS medium supplemented with (0.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0) mg.l−1 Kin during the multiplication stage of this investigation, and the resulting shoots were grown on 12 MS media for rooting with IBA (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0) mg.l−1. In this experiment, we cultured pieces of leaf clippings from plants grown in the field and exposed them to varying concentrations of 2,4-D (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg.l−1) in order to initiate and differentiate callus. After eight weeks, MS medium containing 6.0 mg.l−1 Kin resulted in the highest rooting percentage (70%) and highest root number (17.0 root/explant) from cultured shoot tips produced in vitro; in contrast, nodes resulted in 6.0 shoots/explants with a length of 3.8 cm from MS medium containing 6.0 mg.l−1 Kin. Eight weeks after their in vitro production, all of the Plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to the field with 100% survival. The highest callus initiation percentage was obtained from cultured parts of the leaf on MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg.l−1 2,4-D, while the highest shoots production percentage was 17.857% with 2.0 shoot/explant from callus initiation from MS medium supplemented with 0.25 mg.l-1 2,4-D.
UV and Laser Diode as a Source of Flavonoids Stimulation Production in Marigold Calendula officinalis
Authors: Alajaily Saja M. , Alsoufi Abdulwadood S. M. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Calendula officinalis is an important herbal plant as it is a source of value compounds, and it is a convenient model for plant micro propagation. The aim of this study was micro propagation of C. Officinalis and evaluation of the efficiency of Laser diode and UV-C irradiation, in the stimulation of flavonoids biosynthesis and accumulation in vitro culture. BA 1.5mg.L−1 had a significant effect on the number of explants, reached 6.7 shoots.explant−1. While the nodes, BA 1.mg.L−1 had the highest effect on the average shoot length explants, which increased to 2.9 cm. UV exposure resulted in an increase in the shoots and number of leaves of explants treated by BA 1.5 mg/L. After 60 min of UV exposure, the accumulation of flavonoids Rutin in marigold increased to 343.458 ppm /g compared to the control 21.735 ppm/g. Galic acid decreased to 0.122 ppm/ g. The laser diode caused more changes in flavonoids, the Rutin was 4.742ppm /g while Gallic acid reached 50.825 ppm/g, about 5-fold. This stimulation by laser can act as an actor to stimulate one compound and reduce the others, it seems the plant’s secondary compounds compete with each other’s and sometimes with the same type, like Rutin and Galic acid.