bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subsection NF—Supports
Authors: Deubler R. Peter , Bandyopadhyay Uma S. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section III, Division 1, Subsection NF, was developed in an attempt to provide rules for the estimated 10,000 piping and component supports existing in a typical nuclear power plant. This chapter provides information on the origins and evolution of design rules and is intended to allow designers, engineers, and fabricators to make better use of Subsection NF of the ASME Code. It begins with an introduction to Article NF-1000, focusing on the scope, types of supports, and boundaries of jurisdiction for supports. The chapter then describes the NF-2000 material requirements, providing information on permitted and exempt materials, material certification requirements, and impact testing of materials. Next, it discusses the design rules for supports—both plate-and-shell and linear. All aspects of design are considered, including stress theory, loadings, welding, bolting, load testing, and functional requirements. The chapter then addresses rules for NF-4000 fabrication and installation. These rules provide requirements for the entire fabrication cycle, including forming, fitting, aligning, welding, heat treatment, and bolted connections. The chapter also describes methods for nondestructive examination of support welds and relevant acceptance standards. It provides cross-referencing to Subsections NB, NC, ND, NE, and NG, as well as to the B31.1 and B31.3 Codes. The closing pages of this chapter address Code Cases and Interpretations. Discussions include Subsection NF Appendices, and with the help of Figures, Tables, and references, it is anticipated that the reader will develop a better understanding of Subsection NF and appreciate its complexities and usefulness.

History
Robert J. Masterson was the author of this Chapter for the first edition, Uma S. Bandyopadhyay updated it for the second edition thru the fifth edition and R. Peter Deubler updated it for the current online edition.
Subsection NG—Core Support Structures
Authors: Keck David 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides commentary and some practical examples on the materials, design, fabrication, installation, and examination requirements for core support structures (CSS) in pressurized water reactors and boiling water reactors in Section III, Division 1, Subsection NG of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. It begins with background information on the development of Subsection NG and the definition of CSS, internal structures (IS), and threaded structural fasteners (TSF). The chapter then outlines the jurisdictional boundaries between CSS and reactor pressure vessels and the unique service loadings for reactor internals. The chapter details the material requirements in NG-2000; describes the examples of typical materials used in CSS, IS, and TSF; and discusses the salient subarticles of NG-3000 with regards to the design intent. Guidance is provided on specifying load combinations for the various service loadings and on development of the Owner’s Design Specification and Code Design Report. The chapter lists the requirements for fabrication and installation, including forming, fitting, and aligning; examining and repairing welds; and heat treatment and mechanical joining. The differences between NG-5000 and NB-5000 in the context of examination and repair during manufacture are also summarized. In addition, the chapter outlines requirements for hot functional testing for reactor terminals and the environmental effects that can lead to premature failures in CSS and IS. It also summarizes some notable Code Cases applicable to Subsection NG as well as some notable interpretations that apply to Subsection NG, most of which are related to materials, inspection procedures, and documentation. Finally, the chapter discusses the current and future issues and recommendations associated with Subsection NG in the design and manufacture of CSS and IS.

History
John T. Land was the author of this chapter for the original, second, and third ediYons. This chapter was revised and updated in the 4th and 5th editions by Richard O. Vollmer, and then revised by David Keck in the current online edition.
Nonmetallic Pressure Piping System Components
Authors: Rowley C. Wesley , Musto Thomas M. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the current and future nonmetallic construction codes and standards using nonmetallic plastic polymers. It is divided into four parts. Part A provides an overview of the major nonmetallic materials used in structural applications, namely, thermoplastic materials, thermoset plastic materials, and graphite materials. It describes the importance of a design specification as well as its recommended contents and major aspects. Part A also provides information on two extensively utilized thermoplastic jointing techniques: butt fusion and electro-fusion. Part B and C cover NM-1 and NM-2 Standards, which prescribe requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, inspections, examination, and testing of thermoplastic piping systems and glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-plastic piping systems, respectively. Included within the scope of the NM-1 Standard is thermoplastic piping which interconnects pieces or stages within a packaged equipment assembly. The contents and coverage of the NM-2 Standard address pipe and piping components that are produced as standard products, as well as custom products that are designed for a specific application. Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipe and piping components manufactured by contact molding, centrifugal casting, filament winding, and other methods are covered. The organization of the NM-3 Standard, addressed in Part D, is modeled on the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section II – Materials. ASME NM-3 addresses material specifications and material properties for both thermoplastic and thermoset plastic with glass reinforcing fibers. The NM-1 and NM-2 Standards reference NM-3 Standard for applicable material specifications and material physical and engineering property data.

History
Some of the material in this chapter had been originally covered in Chapter 3.6 in the Fourth Edition of the Companion Guide but consistent with the current activity of the ASME Code Committees it was considered appropriate by the authors to cover the efforts of the committee in a separate chapter. The current online edition was updated by C. Wesley Rowley and Thomas M. Musto
Nuclear Pumps
Authors: Klein Ross R. , Gregg John V. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on specific aspects that are the driving and controlling forces in hydraulic systems for nuclear power plants. It discusses how the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code requirements are implemented for Class 1, 2, and 3 nuclear pumps designed to meet the requirements of the Code. The Design Specification defines the applicable Code, the class of construction for the pump, and all operational requirements which define how the components function in their applications. The Owner’s Responsibilities for the system design play an important part in establishing the rules applicable to the Design Specification for each safety-related pump. The chapter provides a historical perspective for the Code rules, cross-referencing other Subsections of the Code. It is written to refer to and explain the requirements for pump Subarticles NB, NC, and ND-3400, and Articles NB, NC, and ND-7000 of the 2015 Edition of the Code. A Nonmandatory Appendix divides pump internal parts into various categories and sets up requirements for appropriate quality levels.

History
Douglas B. Nickerson was the original author of this chapter. The second and third editions were updated by Marcus N. Bressler. The fourth edition was updated by Robert E. Comman. The fifth edition was updated by Ross R. Klein. The current online edition was updated by Ross R. Klein and John V. Gregg Jr.
Code for Concrete Containments
Authors: Eberhardt Arthur C. , Jones Christopher A. , Smith Clayton T. , Jovall Ola 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the bases and provisions of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for Concrete Containments. It describes the concrete containment general environment, types of existing containments, future containment configurations, and background development including the regulatory bases of concrete containment construction code requirements. The chapter addresses reinforced-concrete containment behavior under internal pressure and temperatures of up to about 100°C. The discussion presented includes a comparison between prestressed and deformed-bar concrete reinforcements, the effects of elevated temperature on concrete, and the effect of radial and tangential shear in containment shells. It explains the analysis, design, and testing of concrete containment structures and provides information on the organization of the Concrete Containment Design Code contained in the Code Section III, Division 2, Subsection CC. The chapter summarizes the following requirements for concrete containments: general and specific construction or placement requirements for concrete, including the fabrication and placing requirements for steel reinforcement systems and the fabrication and welding requirements for liners; requirements for nondestructive examinations, procedure qualifications and evaluations; requirements for qualification and certification of nondestructive personnel; and general requirements for containment structural integrity test. The major areas to be considered in the future revisions of the Code are also highlighted in this chapter.on and certification of nondestructive personnel; and general requirements for containment structural integrity test. The major areas to be considered in the future revisions of the Code are also highlighted in this chapter.

History
John D. Stevenson was the original author of this chapter and updated it for the second edition. The third edition was updated by Joseph F. Artuso, Hansraj Ashar and Barry Scott. The fourth edition was updated by Arthur Eberhardt, Michael Hessheimer, Ola Jovall and Clayton Smith. The fifth edition was updated by Arthur C. Eberhardt, Clayton T. Smith, Ola Jovall and Christopher A. Jones. The current online edition was updated by Arthur C. Eberhardt and Christopher A. Jones.
Nondestructive Examination (NDE)
Authors: Batey Jon E. , Hembree G. Wayne 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides users of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section V, Nondestructive Examination (NDE), an insight into the significant Section V requirements, the NDE methods addressed therein, and the applicability of the ASME Code NDE methodology to Section V and other sections of the ASME book. It explains when and how to use the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) Standards. The chapter traces the history of Section V and outlines its organization. It highlights the need for users to understand the relationship of Section V to other ASME Code sections to ensure that all contract requirements are satisfied. Section V is divided into two basic subsections. Subsection A contains Articles 1 through 19, including Mandatory and Nonmandatory appendices that address general requirements, test methods, and specific Code requirements. Subsection B contains the ASTM Standards (Articles 22 through 31 with Mandatory Appendix II – Standard Units Used in Equations and Nonmandatory Appendix A, Guidance for the Use of U.S. Customary and SI Units in the ASME). The chapter covers each of the 19 articles, including the various NDE techniques such as radiographic examination, ultrasonic examination for welds and materials, liquid penetrant examination, magnetic particle examination, eddy current examination, visual examination, and leak testing. Additional NDE techniques discussed in the chapter are acoustic emission examination for fiber-reinforced plastic vessels and metallic vessels, acoustic emission monitoring of pressure boundary components, alternating current field measurement, magnetic flux leakage examination, remote field testing examination, acoustic pulse reflectometry examination, and guide wave examination for pipe testing. Eddy current array examination methodology is being considered for incorporation into Section V.
Subsection NCA—General Requirements for Division 1 and Division 2
Authors: Lambin Jason , Swayne Richard W. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Subsection NCA provides the general requirements for both Divisions 1 and 2 of Section III. It is applicable to all Classes of construction, covering steel vessels, storage tanks, piping, pumps, valves, core support structures, and concrete containment vessels. This chapter identifies how to classify components and how the jurisdictional boundaries of Section III define what is within and outside the scope of the Code. It discusses the use of Code Editions, Addenda, and Code Cases, and the requirements for Design Basis, Design and Construction Specifications, and Design Reports. The chapter addresses the responsibilities and Quality Assurance Program requirements of the different entities involved in constructing a nuclear power plant, from the manufacturer of materials to the Owner. Requirements for ASME accreditation, application of the ASME Code Symbol Stamp, and use of Code Data Reports are also described. The chapter then outlines the basis for exemptions, load combinations, responsibilities of the different entities involved in nuclear power plant construction, Certificate of Authorization Holders, and Quality System Certificate Holders. Finally, it provides cross-referencing to other Code Sections and Subsections, such as Sections III and XI, as well as to pertinent Regulatory Guides, such as the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.

History
The current online edition has been updated by Jason Lambin and reviewed by Kyle Blan.
Section III: Subsections NC and ND—Class 2 and 3 Components
Authors: Basavaraju Chakrapani , Lambin Jason 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses unique features of pressure vessels and atmospheric and 0–15 psi flat bottom storage tanks, as presented in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section III, Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant Components, Division 1, Subsections NC (Class 2) and ND (Class 3) Components. Emphasis is directed at discussing the generic design issues of flat bottom tanks. Subsections NC and ND are a combination of rules and requirements taken from Section III, Subsection NB and Section VIII. In addressing the Articles of Subsections NC and ND, the chapter presents comparisons, the most probable source of origin of the Code requirements, certain insights as well as contradictions that seem to exist, and the specific source document and some of the underlying theory. The chapter begins with a discussion on the material selection and qualification requirements as defined in NC-2000 AND ND-2000. It then describes the requirements for fabrication and installation, including forming, cutting, and aligning. In addition, the chapter outlines the requirements for nondestructive examination of NC for vessels and sidewall of tanks. It also discusses the requirements for hydrostatic testing and overpressure and vacuum protection of 0–15 psi tanks and atmospheric tanks. The rules governing nameplates, stamping, and data reports are then presented. Finally, the chapter provides a summary of changes made to the various editions of this Code.

History
John Hechmer was the original author of this chapter that was authored by Greg L. Hollinger for the second edition and David P. Jones for the third edition. The fourth edition is authored by David P. Jones and Chakrapani Basavaraju.
Chakrapani Basavaraju edited the fifth and sixth editions. The current online edition has been updated by Chakrapani Basavaraju and Jason Lambin.
Association between estimated cardiorespiratory fitness and breast cancer: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Christensen Rebecca A G , Knight Julia A , Sutradhar Rinku , Brooks Jennifer D 
Published: June 2023

ObjectiveTo examine the association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women.MethodsThis study used data from 17 840 cancer-free postmenopausal women with a CRF assessment from the UK Biobank. High estimated CRF (eCRF) was categorised as being>80th percentile within 10-year age bands. Fine and Gray regression was used to examine the association between eCRF and breast cancer risk, accounting for both non-breast cancer diagnoses and all-cause mortality as competing risks. Age was used as the time scale. Several different models were produced, including those adjusting for known breast cancer risk factors, and stratified by measures of body fat (body mass index and per cent body fat).ResultsOver a median follow-up of 11.0 years there were 529 cases of invasive breast cancer, 1623 cases of non-breast cancer disease and 241 deaths. With adjustment for breast cancer risk factors, high eCRF was associated with a 24% (subdistribution HR (SDHR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.60 to 0.97) lower risk of breast cancer. When stratified by measures of body fat, we found evidence of effect measure modification. Mainly, having high eCRF was only associated with a lower risk of breast cancer among those classified as having overweight/obesity (SDHR 0.33, 95% CI 0.11 to 1.01) or percentage body fat above the 1st quintile (SDHR 0.65, 95% CI 0.45 to 0.94).ConclusionHaving higher CRF may be a protective factor against breast cancer in postmenopausal women but only for women with elevated body fat.
Mental health problems among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 in Africa: a protocol for umbrella review
Authors: Hasen Aragaw Asfaw , Seid Abubeker Alebachew , Mohammed Ahmed Adem 
Published: June 2023

IntroductionCOVID-19 pandemic is a global health problem. In Africa, healthcare professionals face mental health problems due to COVID-19. But little was done on the prevalence of mental disorders among healthcare professionals during COVID-19 in Africa. This umbrella review of meta-analysis aimed to provide the pooled prevalence of anxiety, depression, stress, suicide, demoralisation and insomnia during COVID-19 pandemic in Africa.Methods and analysisWe will search the African Journals Online, MedRxiv, PubMed and Google Scholar to identify studies published from the occurrence of the pandemic to March 2023. Systematic review and meta-analysis studies assessing mental health problems among healthcare professionals in Africa will be considered. The outcomes of interest include prevalence of mental health problems on healthcare professionals following COVID-19. Two researchers will extract data and execute quality assessment independently. The Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist will be used to assess the quality of studies. Stata V.16.0 software will be used for statistical analysis. The I² and Cochran’s Q-statistics will be used for analysis of heterogeneity. Publication bias will be examined by DOI plot and Luis Furuya Kanamori (LFK) index.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval and informed consent are not required as this is a literature review. The final results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42022383939.
Association between antidepressants with pneumonia and exacerbation in patients with COPD: a self-controlled case series (SCCS)
Authors: Siraj Rayan A , Bolton Charlotte E , McKeever Tricia M 
Published: June 2023

ObjectiveTo assess whether antidepressant prescriptions are associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation.MethodsA self-controlled case series was performed to investigate the rates of pneumonia and COPD exacerbation during periods of being exposed to antidepressants compared with non-exposed periods. Patients with COPD with pneumonia or COPD exacerbation and at least one prescription of antidepressant were ascertained from The Health Improvement Network in the UK. Incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% CI were calculated for both outcomes.ResultsOf 31 253 patients with COPD with at least one antidepressant prescription, 1969 patients had pneumonia and 18 483 had a COPD exacerbation. The 90-day risk period following antidepressant prescription was associated with a 79% increased risk of pneumonia (age-adjusted IRR 1.79, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.07). These associations then disappeared once antidepressants were discontinued. There was a 16% (age-adjusted IRR 1.16, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.20) increased risk of COPD exacerbation within the 90 days following antidepressant prescription. This risk persisted and slightly increased in the remainder period ((age-adjusted IRR 1.38, 95% CI 1.34 to 1.41), but diminished after patients discounted the treatment.ConclusionAntidepressants were associated with an increased risk of both pneumonia and exacerbation in patients with COPD, with the risks diminished on stopping the treatment. These findings suggest a close monitoring of antidepressant prescription side effects and consideration of non-pharmacological interventions.
Evaluation of Spiking Neural Nets-Based Image Classification Using the Runtime Simulator RAVSim
Authors: Sanaullah  , Koravuna Shamini , Rückert Ulrich , Jungeblut Thorsten 
Published: June 2023

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) help achieve brain-like efficiency and functionality by building neurons and synapses that mimic the human brain’s transmission of electrical signals. However, optimal SNN implementation requires a precise balance of parametric values. To design such ubiquitous neural networks, a graphical tool for visualizing, analyzing, and explaining the internal behavior of spikes is crucial. Although some popular SNN simulators are available, these tools do not allow users to interact with the neural network during simulation. To this end, we have introduced the first runtime interactive simulator, called Runtime Analyzing and Visualization Simulator (RAVSim),adeveloped to analyze and dynamically visualize the behavior of SNNs, allowing end-users to interact, observe output concentration reactions, and make changes directly during the simulation. In this paper, we present RAVSim with the current implementation of runtime interaction using the LIF neural model with different connectivity schemes, an image classification model using SNNs, and a dataset creation feature. Our main objective is to primarily investigate binary classification using SNNs with RGB images. We created a feed-forward network using the LIF neural model for an image classification algorithm and evaluated it by using RAVSim. The algorithm classifies faces with and without masks, achieving an accuracy of 91.8% using 1000 neurons in a hidden layer, 0.0758 MSE, and an execution time of ∼10[Formula: see text]min on the CPU. The experimental results show that using RAVSim not only increases network design speed but also accelerates user learning capability.