bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Türk Millî Mücadele Döneminde Köylü ve Anadolu Köylüsünün Genel Durumu
Authors: İNCE Erdal 
Published: September 2023

Millî Mücadele döneminde Anadolu köylüsü, yeni bir savaşı göze alamayacak kadar yorgun ve yoksuldur. Bu dönemde köylü savaşlardan, eşkıya baskınlarından ve vergilerden bıkmış durumdadır.
Vatansever subay ve aydınlar hakkında, köylüye yanlış bilgiler verilmesi sonucunda, Mustafa Kemal’in 19 Mayıs 1919’da Samsun’dan başlattığı kurtuluş hareketi köylü tarafından kuşkuyla karşılanmış ve köylü bu harekete karşı ilk başlarda çekimser kalmıştır. Bu dönemde köylü borçları nedeniyle eşraf ve ağaların yönlendirmesiyle hareket eden bir kalabalık durumundadır. Ancak vatan topraklarının işgal edilmesini içine bir türlü sindiremeyen köylü, yer yer işgalcilere karşı durduysa da başarılı olamamıştır. Kısa bir süre sonra da ilk başlarda yönlendirmelerle çekimser kaldıkları, milli mücadeleye katılıp işgalcilere ve azınlık çetelerine karşı gerekli direnişi göstermişlerdir.
Kurtuluş Savaşı süresince Anadolu, kadını erkeği ile tek yürek olup işgalcilere karşı savaşmıştır. Tüm bölgelerde olduğu gibi Karadeniz bölgesinde de köylü, işgalcilere ve azınlıkların kurduğu çetelere karşı bağımsızlık savaşı vermiştir.
Bu çalışmada Türk Milli Mücadele döneminde köylünün durumu incelenerek, bu dönemdeki köylülük olgusu üzerine saptamalar yapılacaktır. Ayrıca bu saptamaların ışığında konu özele indirgenerek, Anadolu köylüsünün bu dönemdeki genel durumu, tetkik eserler çerçevesinde ele alınacaktır.
Sosyal Arabuluculuk ve Uygulama Alanları
Authors: ASADOVA Günel , RAHİMLİ Farrukh 
Published: September 2023

Anlaşmazlık insan evladının günlük yaşamında sık-sık karşılaşılan bir durum olduğundan bu sorunu çözmek için geliştirilen yöntemler de toplumdan-topluma farklıklar göstermekle beraber birçok ortak yönlere malikler. Anlaşmazlıkları çözmek için özellikle gençlerin büyüklerin tavsiyelerine ve yönlendirmelerine kulak vermesi Türk toplumları için olağan bir durum iken bu sürecin kurumsallaşması ise Batı ülkelerinde başlamıştır. Günümüz dünyasında arabuluculuk anlaşmazlıkların alternatif çözüm yöntemi olarak genellikte gönüllü başvuru yapılan bir kurumsal yapıdır. Çalışma kapsamında çeşitli Türkçe, Azerbaycanca, Rusça, İngilizce dillerinde olan kaynaklardan yararlanarak arabuluculukla ilgili kavramsal çerçeve, arabuluculuk çeşitleri, arabuluculuğun kısa tarihi ve Azerbaycan’da bu konularda yapılan uygulamalar incelendi. Azerbaycan’da bu arabuluculukla ilgili Rusya imparatorluğuna ve SSCB’ye katılmadan önceki dönemlerde bazı uygulamalar yapılmış ve bu uygulamalar son yıllarda ise bu konuda daha sistemli ve kurumsallaşmış uygulamalar başlandı.
Bu makale Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Adalet Bakanlığı ve Şiddetle Mücadele Vakfı işbirliği ile gerçekleştirilen “Uluslararası Katılımlı İnsan Hakları Ve Şiddetle Sivil Mücadele Bilincini Güçlendirme Yolu Olarak Türkiye’de Sosyal Arabuluculuk Çalıştayı”nda sunulan aynı başlıklı bildirimiz temel alınarak hazırlanmıştır.
Community relation strategies and sustainable development: a study of Shell Petroleum Development Company Limited (SPDC) and her host communities in Bayelsa State, Nigeria
Authors: Itu Madu , Atiye Ebikeme D. 
Published: September 2023

The objective of the study was to investigate and assess the community relations strategies (CRS) and sustainable development (SD) of Shell Petroleum Development Company (SPDC) and their host communities in Bayelsa state. The study adopted the marginality and mattering theory (MMT) proposed by Schlossberg (1989), as theoretical underpinning for understanding community relation strategies and sustainable development particularly marginalized SPDC host communities in Bayelsa state, and applied descriptive survey research design to generate data. It was reinforced by secondary sources. The study finds that SPDC has not imparted positively to the sustainable development of the host communities in Bayelsa state compared to the negative consequences rising from the exploitation and exploration of oil and gas activities in their host communities, which include: environmental pollution, oil spillage, unemployment, destruction of farmland and other forms of degradation. It also reveals that even the little efforts put towards host community’s development projects such as Scholarships, health centre construction/maintenance, school renovations, link road construction, market construction, portable water and electricity supplies, etc, have not been sustained after at least six months of commissioning. Despite this, SPDC's relationship with her host communities has been tense. Thus recommend that government and SPDC should implement capacity-building programmes, assure full community engagement in need identification, and devise measures to foster peace and harmony within SPDC's host communities’ operation to takes place.
FEATURES OF DETERMINATION OF MODERN GAS MIGRATION IN THE UPPER LAYERS OF THE LITHOSPHERE
Authors: Vergelska N.V. , Skopychenko I.M. 
Published: September 2023

The study of modern gas migration is a topical issue both to determine its impact on mineral deposits and the environmental impact of gases released into the Earth's atmosphere. The redistribution of gases in the lithosphere and their release to the surface correspond to geological processes that last for millions of years. Each geologic structure can have both more active periods and periods of relative dormancy. Discontinuous faults in the lithosphere are the paths of migration of gases (fluids).
The modern migration in different geological structures was determined on the basis of gas samples taken from the surface. The author's methodology is based on determining the gas state of the upper layers of the lithosphere and establishing individual compositions of gas mixtures from the selected samples. The development is based on geological, structural and geochemical studies to determine gas migration to the surface. The results can also be used to identify discontinuities and areas with anomalous gas content, which are mainly characteristic of oil and gas and coal deposits.
Based on the change in quantitative and qualitative gas indicators compared to the generally accepted data on the gas composition of the atmosphere, areas with the most abnormal gas indicators, in particular methane or its homologues, are identified, which allows us to identify areas with active modern gas migration. It is worth noting that gas indicators may differ at different times of the year. Such peculiarities are usually determined by the intensity of migration to the surface, which is characteristic of each structure, and not only by the change of season.
On the basis of studies of gas mixtures (methane, heavy hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and helium), the polygenetic composition of natural gas in the studied areas opened by mine workings at the surface and at depth is substantiated. This allows us to attribute them to mobile gas-geodynamic systems, in which intensive gas transfer processes are still taking place in the near-surface layers of the lithosphere.
Determinants Of Intention To Emigrate Among Final Year Medical Students And Junior Doctors In Ghana
Authors: Amoah Boakye Mathias , Maame-Boatemaa Amissah-Arthur 
Published: September 2023

Objective: Historically, doctors left the shores of Ghana for professional development and greener pastures; however, the institution of Ghana College of Physicians and Surgeons to train postgraduate doctors locally significantly reduced the rate of emigration.
Methodology: A cross-sectional survey-based study of final year medical students of the University of Ghana Medical School, house officers and medical officers working at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital. Demographic data, Push Factors (poor conditions of service, lack of equipment and facilities, and economic instability) and Pull Factors (better career opportunities, shorter length of training programmes, family or spouse living abroad and improved conditions of service) were collected and analysed.
Results: Of the 189 respondents, 94.18% intended to
pursue postgraduate medical education, with greater than half wanting to go outside Ghana due to push factors. The existence of a well-established postgraduate training programme in Ghana, was a consideration that could influence their decision to stay for 24.27% of the participants who wished to emigrate, however for 65.05%, this did not influence their decision. Other factors like the Covid-19 pandemic had no impact on the decision to emigrate among most respondents.
Conclusion: Physician emigration, although dynamic, is not as rife as it was two to three decades ago in Ghana. This study recommends a review of existing policies and strategic planning among all stakeholders to ensure that postgraduate training is locally attractive to stem the possibility of another cycle of brain drain.
Constitutional Guarantees of Protection against Unjustified Dismissal of Officials with an Important Public Legal Function in a Democratic Society
Authors: Kopaleishvili Maia 
Published: September 2023

In a democratic society, the activities of officials with a special public legal function, elected by the legislative body for a specific term, should be stable. It is true that a number of such officials do not have constitutional status, but nevertheless, their dismissal from office should not be done without justification, in violation of the constitutional guarantees of protection of rights. By appointing a person to a position for a fixed term, the legislator equips the person in this position with guarantees of independence. Personal and institutional independence is required for impartial decision-making and is therefore a prerequisite for impartiality. When limiting the official powers of such persons, the legislator is obliged to justify the valuable public (legitimate) interest that led to the need to limit the right.

Reforming public institutions is a discretionary authority of the government, however, the legal norm should provide for the possibility for such officials to continue their term of office as the head of any newly created service. Termination of the term of office would be justified if the goal of institutional reform was to perform fundamentally different functions. In addition, premature termination of authority undoubtedly causes a "stinging effect" not only for the dismissed person, but also for other public officials. The disputed legal norm has discouraged them because they do not have the sense of stability to exercise their public office without interruption.
Emotion: the ‘e’ in engagement in online distance education in social work
Authors: Goldingay Sophie Jennifer 
Published: September 2023

Many social work students approach the pre-practicum practice skills unit with dread, due to the required role-play exercises designed to prepare them for practicum. Online distance students may be seen to be challenged even further in their preparation for practicum due to a perception that they are learning practice skills on their own. A survey of online distance education social work students who had completed the practice skills course in 2012 showed that a number struggled to remain engaged and felt isolated. A large percentage did not engage in all the set tasks, which may have contributed to them feeling unprepared for their first practicum experience. A pedagogy involving extensive online peer interaction linked to formative assessment of role plays was implemented for a subsequent cohort in the practice skills unit, with the aim of improving online distance students’ opportunity and motivation to practice the required skills prior to their practicum. Learning platform usage data for students in the 2013 cohort showed that the number of times students accessed online readings and used interactive technology increased. Interestingly, while both cohorts expressed a positive emotional experience in relation to their learning in the end of trimester Student Evaluation Survey, only the 2013 cohort spontaneously articulated the content of what they actually learnt despite both groups being asked the same questions. This suggests that the ongoing peer interaction generated by the intervention resulted in a deeper and enduring learning experience. In addition, students in the 2013 cohort demonstrated a feeling of being connected with the unit and the teaching staff. It is posited that a combination of reduced isolation and alienation, and ongoing peer feedback and self-reflection, has a multipronged positive impact on the process of learning, including a positive emotional experience as well as a developing sense of pride in one’s professional identity and competence.
Social media and e-learning in response to seismic events: Resilient practices
Authors: Tull Susan P.C. , Dabner Nicki , Ayebi-Arthur Kofi 
Published: September 2023

The motivation to adopt innovative communication and e-learning practices in education settings can be stimulated by events such as natural disasters. Education institutions in the Pacific Rim cannot avoid the likelihood of natural disasters that could close one or more buildings on a campus and impact their ability to continue current educational practices. For one university, the impetus to innovate was a series of seismic events. This paper presents findings from studies that identified resilient practices within this ‘late adopter’ university in New Zealand. The findings indicate that the combined use of social media and e-learning to support teaching, learning, communication and related organisational practices fosters resilience for students, staff and organisations in times of crises. Recommendations are presented that have relevance to all educational organisations which could be impacted by similar events.
A Kullback-Liebler divergence-based representation algorithm for malware detection
Authors: Aboaoja Faitouri A. , Zainal Anazida , Ghaleb Fuad A. , Alghamdi Norah Saleh , Saeed Faisal , Alhuwayji Husayn 
Published: September 2023

Background
Malware, malicious software, is the major security concern of the digital realm. Conventional cyber-security solutions are challenged by sophisticated malicious behaviors. Currently, an overlap between malicious and legitimate behaviors causes more difficulties in characterizing those behaviors as malicious or legitimate activities. For instance, evasive malware often mimics legitimate behaviors, and evasion techniques are utilized by legitimate and malicious software.

Problem
Most of the existing solutions use the traditional term of frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) technique or its concept to represent malware behaviors. However, the traditional TF-IDF and the developed techniques represent the features, especially the shared ones, inaccurately because those techniques calculate a weight for each feature without considering its distribution in each class; instead, the generated weight is generated based on the distribution of the feature among all the documents. Such presumption can reduce the meaning of those features, and when those features are used to classify malware, they lead to a high false alarms.

Method
This study proposes a Kullback-Liebler Divergence-based Term Frequency-Probability Class Distribution (KLD-based TF-PCD) algorithm to represent the extracted features based on the differences between the probability distributions of the terms in malware and benign classes. Unlike the existing solution, the proposed algorithm increases the weights of the important features by using the Kullback-Liebler Divergence tool to measure the differences between their probability distributions in malware and benign classes.

Results
The experimental results show that the proposed KLD-based TF-PCD algorithm achieved an accuracy of 0.972, the false positive rate of 0.037, and the F-measure of 0.978. Such results were significant compared to the related work studies. Thus, the proposed KLD-based TF-PCD algorithm contributes to improving the security of cyberspace.

Conclusion
New meaningful characteristics have been added by the proposed algorithm to promote the learned knowledge of the classifiers, and thus increase their ability to classify malicious behaviors accurately.
Abnormal Effect of CSR on Company Financial Performance
Authors: Admantyasyahri Inge Fitri , Iqbal Syaiful , Roekhudin  
Published: September 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Abnormal CSR on the Company's Financial Performance
Research Method: This study uses a quantitative approach. The type of research used is causality research. The population that is used as the research subject is related to manufacturing companies that are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange and publish consistent and complete financial reports during the 2014-2019 period. Manufacturing companies listed as go public companies on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2014-2019 period were 139 companies, then reduced by 10 unusable data because they did not meet the specified criteria so that the total sample used was 129 companies. The source of data used in this research is financial statements consisting of balance sheets, profit/loss reports, and financial ratios.
Results: The results of this study show the results of the t test, namely abnormal CSR has a significant positive effect on profitability, leverage has a significant positive effect on profitability, and company size has no significant effect on profitability. The results of the f test produce abnormal CSR, Leverage, and company size which together have a significant influence on profitability. And the results of the r-square test have abnormal results CSR, Leverage, and company size has an effect of 72% on profitability.
Conclusion: Based on the study results, it can be concluded that abnormal CSR has a significant positive effect on profitability.
In silico Analysis of SlNAC1 Transcription Factor, a Positive Modulator for Tomato Leaf Curl Virus
Authors: Ramchandra Nimbal Shivraj , Williams M.  , Behera Debasmita , Sakthi, A. R.  , Ranjani Veera , Saraswathi T.  , Varanavasiappan S.  , Raveendran M.  , Sudha M.  
Published: September 2023

NAC proteins, part of the largest plant transcription factor family, play pivotal roles in plant development, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Among them, the SlNAC1 protein in tomato serves as a Negative regulator, enhancing tolerance to cold, bacterial, and viral diseases. However, our knowledge of SlNAC1 protein in silico analysis, evolutionary relationships, and protein interactions remains limited. We used in silico tools to study the SlNAC1 protein in tomato. Phylogenetic analysis showed it is closely related to other Solanaceae family members. Motif analysis revealed seven conserved motifs shared among Solanaceae members. The presence of NLS confirms its abundance in the nucleus. Protein-protein interaction analysis predicted ten potential nuclear partners, including five uncharacterized proteins and others involved in plant development. In silico expression, analysis showed abundant SlNAC1 presence in both fruit and roots. This study provides the role of SlNAC1 protein in tomato, shedding light on its evolutionary context and protein interactions.
Effectiveness of Different Desensitizing Agents on In-office Tooth Whitening: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fachin Felipe Gustavo , Cardoso Poliana Maria de Faveri , Ueda Julio Katuhide , Camilotti Veridiana , Mendonça Márcio José 
Published: September 2023

Introduction: Teeth whitening is the most sought after aesthetic conservative treatment by patients, however, one of the side effects is the sensitivity caused by the technique. To promote the reduction of post-bleaching sensitivity, different presented and systemic protocols were presented. However, it is clear that there is still no desensitizer that controls tooth sensitivity during and after bleaching.
Objective: To summarize the available evidence on the efficacy of desensitizing agents on dentin sensitivity following tooth whitening.
Sources: On September 04, 2021, a comprehensive search of MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, LILACS (Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature), LIVIVO, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and the gray literature by Google Scholar was performed.
Study Selection: After removal of duplicates, title, and abstract screening by two reviewers (performed in the Rayyan tool for systematic reviews), 13 articles were included, selected only blinded randomized clinical trials, which present patients with discolored teeth submitted to in-office and/or home tooth whitening and desensitizing agents used. The following data were collected: authors, year of publication, objectives or research questions, desensitizing agent, number of participants, number of groups, control group description, study group description, whitening approach, outcomes evaluated, main results, main conclusions, the scale used for outcome measurement, risk of tooth sensitivity (outcome), statistical test used, odds ratio/IC results, dentin sensitivity intensity analysis (intergroup statistical test), dentin sensitivity intensity analysis (intragroup statistical test), and maximum analysis time. After applying readability criteria, a total of 11 articles were deemed suitable for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The overall analysis demonstrated a statistically significant difference in the impact of desensitizing agent use, with lower dental sensitivity scores observed compared to placebo treatment (p = 0.036, 95% CI: -0.273; -0.009).
Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study, it was possible to verify that the desensitizing agents acted significantly reducing tooth sensitivity and the odds-ratio of patients submitted to in-office tooth whitening.
Glycidyl Ethers (Aliphatic Glycidyl Ethers, Aromatic Monoglycidyl Ethers, Aromatic Diglycidyl Ethers, Polyglycidyl Ethers) and Precursor Epoxy Compounds
Authors: Jean Paul A. , Pottenger Lynn H. , Mattke Siv , Hunziker René W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter updates the hazard information of glycidyl ether epoxy compounds frequently encountered in industrial manufacture of epoxy resins as an important reference for Industrial Hygienists and other industry health and safety professionals. The chapter covers basic general information, including chemical/physical properties, production and uses, and a review of available toxicology data for 20 of these substances. There have been significant additions to the health and safety information available for these glycidyl ether substances since the previous publication of this chapter. This includes filling data gaps for the most basic of hazard characterizations as well as important studies evaluating the potential forin vivogenotoxicity and reproductive/developmental toxicity. The advancements in our understanding of the hazard potential are substance‐specific and growing as there are significant studies ongoing at the time of this publication. The information provided in this chapter represents our understanding of the most up‐to‐date information for each substance.