bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indigenous Wildlife Hunting and Trapping Practices of the Mishmi (Kaman), Arunachal Pradesh
Authors: Aiyadurai Ambika 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Wildlife hunting and trapping have been practiced and are part of the traditional livelihoods and agricultural systems among the Mishmi (Kaman), Arunachal Pradesh. There is a high dependence on forests and swidden farming in providing alternate livelihood and contributing to the local economy. Relations with animals and forests in the Mishmi (Kaman) society are linked to the eco-cosmological realms where the animals are believed to be the property of spirits or supernatural entities who share the world with human beings. Therefore, hunting and trapping are seen not just as an act of removal or extraction of animals for consumption but as a form of exchange between humans and the spirits as part of a large, complex socio-ecological network. With the arrival of conservation laws (Wildlife Protection Act, 1972), several of the indigenous practice of trapping and hunting became unlawful acts. Labelled as stigmatized activities, people who engage in these activities are criminalized. This chapter documents indigenous hunting methods and traps of the Mishmi (Kaman) in Lohit and Anjaw districts of Arunachal Pradesh, along with the socio-cultural knowledge related to animals. By doing this, the chapter will be a tribute to indigenous knowledge that is fast eroding, and formal documentation is an important step toward acknowledging the Mishmi’s (Kaman) eco-cultural wisdom.
Opioid Overdose
Authors: Jones Jermaine D. , Luba Rachel R. , Mumtaz Mudassir , Castillo Felipe 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Opioid overdose (OD) has become a major public health issue in the United States and throughout the world. Opioid OD is typically defined by exposure to an opioid that results in decreased mental status and/or unconsciousness, shallow breathing, constricted pupils, and respiratory depression which, if left untreated, may lead to cardiorespiratory arrest and death. The opioid antagonist naloxone (Narcan) is a first-line treatment for opioid overdose and is very effective at reversing opioid-related respiratory depression. The current chapter will review the etiology of opioid OD, including risk and protective factors, the pharmacological factors relevant to opioid OD as well as naloxone-based reversal of OD, additional medications under investigation for overdose reversal, and the clinical presentation of opioid over-intoxication and a lay-person reversal using naloxone.
Challenges of Opioid Use Disorder in Rural Settings
Authors: Sigmon Stacey C. , Havens Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
It is generally accepted that the prescription opioid (PO) epidemic had its beginnings in rural communities of the United States. This chapter reviews the origins, scope, and impacts of the opioid epidemic in rural geographic areas, with a particular focus on the ways in which these may be unique from urban or nonrural areas. We first review the scope of the problem, including the complex factors contributing to opioid use in rural settings, as well as opioid overdose trends and infectious disease transmission. We also discuss the clinical impact on treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) and harm reduction strategies, as well as testing and treatment for infectious disease. Next, we discuss clinical considerations when treating persons with OUD in rural environments, including logistical barriers and concurrent stimulant use, as well as innovations in treatment delivery for rural settings (e.g., including novel treatment models, telehealth, sustained release formulations of medications). Overall, the data are clear that rural regions have been disproportionately affected by the opioid crisis, yet geographic isolation, economic strain, and other factors have presented challenges for efforts to expand evidence-based OUD treatment and harm reduction services. Efforts to identify new and creative methods for eliminating barriers to treatment access, including novel pharmacological-, technological- and systems-based approaches, are essential to reducing opioid-related deaths, infectious disease, economic costs, and other consequences in our rural communities.
The Current Status of Medical Student Education on Opioids
Authors: Jegede Oluwole , Na Peter J. , Petrakis Ismene , Muvvala Srinivas B. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The opioid epidemic and related surge in mortality has renewed the interest in the need for a structured, consistent, and innovative medical education geared toward training physicians to provide treatment to those with opioid use disorder. To meet this challenge, medical curricula must adapt at every level of training: undergraduate, graduate, residency, post-residency, and across medical specialties. A comprehensive medical curriculum recognizes the intersectionality of pain and addiction as a core requirement in medical education; includes the recognition, diagnoses, and treatment options for chronic pain and opioid use disorder; and addresses the ethical questions of opioid prescribing and deprescribing within an interdisciplinary framework.
Networks in International Political Economy
Authors: Winecoff William Kindred , Young Kevin L. 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
Network analysis has been used extensively by social scientists for decades, but in the field of International Political Economy (IPE) its use has been relatively rare until recently. This chapter describes the general usefulness of modern complex network science to the study of IPE, before turning to a variety of topics where network analysis has been used as a descriptive and inferential tool. It focuses in particular on the use of network analysis within the study of international trade, the international financial system, networks of corporate ownership and control, and the study of global elites. It argues that many of the key concepts that IPE scholars use—such as structural power, complex/weaponized interdependence, embeddedness, regime complexes and institutional proliferation, as well as prominence and status—can be analyzed using modern network analytical tools, allowing researchers to employ a methodological and theoretical toolkit that more closely aligns with the core assumptions and arguments in IPE than traditional statistical methods that assume observational independence. It concludes by speculating that the usage of theoretical and methodological techniques based in network science are likely to continue growing in coming years as the size and scale of network-relational datasets increases, and as IPE becomes even more attuned to the potential value of network science for the field.
A Rich But Contested History
Authors: Mälksoo Lauri 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical overview of the European States and lawyers in the history of international law. Can we still be proud of the contributions of Europeans in the history of international law when European empires were also responsible for colonialism and the 20th century witnessed several murderous totalitarian States in Europe? The chapter examines the extent to which we can say that international law was born in Europe and more generally the impact of European ideas for the evolution of international law globally, especially in curbing States’ right to wage wars. The chapter also argues that when we talk about Eurocentrism in the history of international law we do not take sufficient account of the quite divergent experiences of international law within Europe. Western and Eastern Europe, empires, and small States have often had different experiences in the context of international law within Europe.
Human Rights Ideas, Law, and Institutions in Europe
Authors: Çalı Başak 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the contribution of Europe to the development of human rights ideas, law, and institutions. In a spirit of ‘provincialising Europe’, it argues that Europe’s contributions to human rights are ambivalent and dynamic. The chapter first examines natural rights and rights of citizens as twin, but also potentially conflicting, developments in demarcating Europe’s contributions to human rights. Europe is historically a home of human rights ideas as well as strong critiques and double standards in the use of these ideas. The chapter then examines European contributions to the legalization of human rights with a focus on two institutional Europes: that of the Council of Europe and the European Union. Finally, the chapter reviews contemporary human rights debates, against the backdrop of authoritarianization in Europe on the one hand and demands for new human rights to tackle the climate crisis, and digitalization of modern societies on the other.
SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN control light-responsive splicing events and developmental characteristics in etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Saile Jennifer , Wießner-Kroh Theresa , Erbstein Katarina , Obermüller Dominik M , Pfeiffer Anne , Janocha Denis , Lohmann Jan , Wachter Andreas 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
The kinases SNF1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) are central sensors of the energy status, linking this information via diverse regulatory mechanisms to plant development and stress responses. Despite the well-studied functions of SnRK1 and TOR under conditions of limited or ample energy availability, respectively, little is known about the extent to which the 2 sensor systems function and how they are integrated in the same molecular process or physiological context. Here, we demonstrate that both SnRK1 and TOR are required for proper skotomorphogenesis in etiolated Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings, light-induced cotyledon opening, and regular development in light. Furthermore, we identify SnRK1 and TOR as signaling components acting upstream of light- and sugar-regulated alternative splicing events, expanding the known action spectra for these 2 key players in energy signaling. Our findings imply that concurring SnRK1 and TOR activities are required throughout various phases of plant development. Based on the current knowledge and our findings, we hypothesize that turning points in the activities of these sensor kinases, as expected to occur upon illumination of etiolated seedlings, instead of signaling thresholds reflecting the nutritional status may modulate developmental programs in response to altered energy availability.
Effects of a Novel Web-Based Sensorimotor Exercise Program for Patients With Subacute Whiplash-Associated Disorders: Protocol for a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ragnarsdóttir Harpa , Briem Kristín , Oddsdóttir Guðný Lilja 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Whiplash-associated disorder (WAD) often becomes a persistent problem and is one of the leading causes of disability in the world. It is a costly condition for individuals, for insurance companies, and for society. Guidelines for the management of WAD have not been updated since 2014, and the use of computer-based sensorimotor exercise programs in treatment for this patient group has not been well documented. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial is to explore the degree of association between self-reported and clinical outcome measures in WAD.

Methods
Individuals (n = 180) with subacute WAD grades I and II will be randomized into 3 groups using block randomization. The 2 primary intervention groups (A and B) will receive physical therapy involving manual therapy and either a remote, novel, computer-based cervical kinesthetic exercise (CKE) program starting at visit 2 (Group A) or neck exercises provided by the corresponding physical therapist (Group B). These groups will be compared to a “treatment as usual” Group C. Movement control, proprioception, and cervical range of motion will be measured. Neck disability and pain intensity, general health, self-perceived handicap, and physical, emotional, and functional difficulties due to dizziness will be measured using questionnaires. The short-term effects will be measured 10 to 12 weeks after the baseline measurements, and the long-term effects will be measured 6 to 12 months after the baseline measurements.

Impact
The successful completion of this trial will help guide clinicians in the selection of outcome measures for patients with subacute WAD in the assessment of the short- and long-term effectiveness of treatment combining manual therapy with computer-based CKE compared with manual therapy and non–computer-based exercises. This trial will also demonstrate the potential of using a computer-based intervention to increase the exercise dose for this patient group and how this influences outcomes such as levels of pain and disability in the short and long term.
How platform businesses mobilize their users and allies: Corporate grassroots lobbying and the Airbnb ‘movement’ for deregulation
Authors: Yates Luke 
Published: June 2023

Abstract
This article analyzes and theorizes the political strategies of businesses in the new digital ‘platform’ economy. Airbnb, Uber and meal delivery companies have transformed travel, urban space and repertoires of everyday exchange; they are also transforming norms around governance. Central to platforms corporate political strategies is the use of corporate grassroots lobbying (CGL), the selection, mobilization, resourcing and coordination of ordinary users and grassroots allies to influence the public and policy-making process. The article argues that platforms build on, and make five innovations to, the most common existing repertoires of CGL. Four main approaches of CGL among these businesses are also identified: temporary mobilization; curated storytelling; front groups; and grassroots alliances. The article demonstrates how these approaches to CGL are deployed and combined, using Airbnb as the main case study. Finally, I reflect on the implications of the findings for the platform economy, corporate political activity and socioeconomic change.
How does obstructive sleep apnea alter cerebral hemodynamics?
Authors: Gregori-Pla Clara , Zirak Peyman , Cotta Gianluca , Bramon Pau , Blanco Igor , Serra Isabel , Mola Anna , Fortuna Ana , Solà-Soler Jordi , Giraldo Giraldo Beatriz F , Durduran Turgut , Mayos Mercedes 
Published: June 2023

Abstract

Study Objectives
We aimed to characterize the cerebral hemodynamic response to obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea events, and evaluate their association to polysomnographic parameters. The characterization of the cerebral hemodynamics in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may add complementary information to further the understanding of the severity of the syndrome beyond the conventional polysomnography.

Methods
Severe OSA patients were studied during night sleep while monitored by polysomnography. Transcranial, bed-side diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) and frequency-domain near-infrared diffuse correlation spectroscopy (NIRS-DOS) were used to follow microvascular cerebral hemodynamics in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), total hemoglobin concentration (THC), and cerebral blood oxygen saturation (StO2) were analyzed.

Results
We considered 3283 obstructive apnea/hypopnea events from sixteen OSA patients (Age (median, interquartile range) 57 (52-64.5); females 25%; AHI (apnea-hypopnea index) 84.4 (76.1-93.7)). A biphasic response (maximum/minimum followed by a minimum/maximum) was observed for each cerebral hemodynamic variable (CBF, THC, StO2), heart rate and peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). Changes of the StO2 followed the dynamics of the SpO2, and were out of phase from the THC and CBF. Longer events were associated with larger CBF changes, faster responses and slower recoveries. Moreover, the extrema of the response to obstructive hypopneas were lower compared to apneas (p &lt; .001).

Conclusions
Obstructive apneas/hypopneas cause profound, periodic changes in cerebral hemodynamics, including periods of hyper- and hypo-perfusion and intermittent cerebral hypoxia. The duration of the events is a strong determinant of the cerebral hemodynamic response, which is more pronounced in apnea than hypopnea events.
What Is the Role of Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Patients with Lower Leg Ulcers?
Authors: Parsons Laurie M. 
Published: June 2023

ABSTRACT
Lower leg ulcers are a common clinical presentation to wound care clinics. They are often associated with the presence of dermatitis on the periwound skin, which can be a factor in delayed wound healing. Correctly diagnosing the underlying etiology is critical to reversing the breakdown in the skin barrier function. The author discusses allergic contact dermatitis as an etiology and describes the most common allergens, fragrances, and preservatives identified from a limited literature review. Patch testing is the criterion standard for the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis and is the most appropriate means of identifying causative allergens. An algorithm for the identification and treatment of lower leg dermatitis is provided to simplify the process.

GENERAL PURPOSE
To analyze the relationship between contact dermatitis and delayed wound healing, discuss the diagnosis and treatment of lower leg contact dermatitis, and provide an algorithm for the patient with a red leg and delayed wound healing.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will:
1. Describe the nature of contact dermatitis.
2. Distinguish between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis and the other major differential diagnoses of delayed wound healing in this clinical scenario.
3. Outline the steps in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis and irritant contact dermatitis and identify common haptens responsible for allergic contact dermatitis in patients with venous leg ulcers.
4. Apply the algorithm for delayed wound healing on a background of lower leg dermatitis.
The Effects of Cervical Orthoses on Head and Intervertebral Range of Motion
Authors: Oyekan Anthony A. , LeVasseur Clarissa M. , Chen Stephen R. , Padmanabhan Aditya , Makowicz Noah , Donaldson William F. , Lee Joon Y. , Shaw Jeremy D. , Anderst William J. 
Published: June 2023

Study Design.
Prospective Cohort.

Objective.
Quantify and compare the effectiveness of cervical orthoses in restricting intervertebral kinematics during multiplanar motions.

Summary of Background Data.
Previous studies evaluating the efficacy of cervical orthoses measured global head motion and did not evaluate individual cervical motion segment mobility. Prior studies focused only on the flexion/extension motion.

Methods.
Twenty adults without neck pain participated. Vertebral motion from the occiput through T1 was imaged using dynamic biplane radiography. Intervertebral motion was measured using an automated registration process with validated accuracy better than 1 degree. Participants performed independent trials of maximal flexion/extension, axial rotation, and lateral bending in a randomized order of unbraced, soft collar (foam), hard collar (Aspen), and cervical thoracic orthosis (CTO) (Aspen) conditions. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to identify differences in the range of motion (ROM) among brace conditions for each motion.

Results.
Compared with no collar, the soft collar reduced flexion/extension ROM from occiput/C1 through C4/C5, and reduced axial rotation ROM at C1/C2 and from C3/C4 through C5/C6. The soft collar did not reduce motion at any motion segment during lateral bending. Compared with the soft collar, the hard collar reduced intervertebral motion at every motion segment during all motions, except for occiput/C1 during axial rotation and C1/C2 during lateral bending. The CTO reduced motion compared with the hard collar only at C6/C7 during flexion/extension and lateral bending.

Conclusions.
The soft collar was ineffective as a restraint to intervertebral motion during lateral bending, but it did reduce intervertebral motion during flexion/extension and axial rotation. The hard collar reduced intervertebral motion compared with the soft collar across all motion directions. The CTO provided a minimal reduction in intervertebral motion compared with the hard collar. The utility in using a CTO rather than a hard collar is questionable, given the cost and little or no additional motion restriction.
Comparison of the Efficacy of Endoscopic Radial Incision and Cutting Procedure and Endoscopic Balloon Dilatation for Benign Anastomotic Stricture after Low Anterior Resection Combined with Preventive Loop Ileostomy in Rectal Cancer
Authors: Wang Shijie , Wan Jinliang , Li Zhiming , Long Chenyan , Zhang Renyi , Luo Yaxin , Han Zelong , Yan Jun 
Published: June 2023

BACKGROUND:
Endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure is a notable technique in the treatment of benign anastomotic strictures after low anterior resection in rectal cancer. However, the efficacy and safety of endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure and traditional endoscopic balloon dilatation remain unknown.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare the efficacy and safety of endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure and endoscopic balloon dilatation in patients with anastomotic stricture after low anterior resection.

DESIGN:
Rectal cancer patients with anastomotic stricture after low anterior resection combined with synchronous preventive loop ileostomy between January 2014 and June 2021 were retrospectively collected. These patients underwent endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure or endoscopic balloon dilatation as an initial treatment. The clinicopathological baseline data of the patients, endoscopic surgery success rate, complications and restricture rate were analyzed.

SETTINGS:
This study was conducted at Nanfang Hospital in China.

PATIENTS:
A total of 30 patients were eligible after reviewing the medical records. Twenty patients underwent endoscopic balloon dilatation and ten patients underwent endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
The adverse event rate and stricture recurrence rate.

RESULTS:
There were no significant differences in patient demographics or clinical features. No adverse events occurred in either of the two groups. The mean operation time was 18.9±3.6 minutes in the endoscopic balloon dilatation group and 10.2±3.3 minutes in the endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure group (p < 0.001). The stricture recurrence rates between the endoscopic balloon dilatation group and the endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure group were significantly different (44.4% vs. 0%, p = 0.025).

LIMITATIONS:
This was a retrospective study.

CONCLUSIONS:
The endoscopic radical incision and cutting procedure is a safe procedure and is more efficacious than endoscopic balloon dilatation for anastomotic stricture after low anterior resection combined with synchronous preventive loop ileostomy in rectal cancer.