bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
409-P: Post Hoc Analyses of Longitudinal Changes of Plasma Proteins Associated with Progression to End-Stage Kidney Disease in Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Treated with GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Dulaglutide (AWARD-7)
Authors: MCFARLIN BRANDON E. , SATAKE EIICHIRO , MD DOM ZAIPUL , RICCA JOSEPH , KECHTER AFTON V. , WILSON JONATHAN M. , DUFFIN KEVIN L. , KROLEWSKI ANDRZEJ 
Published: June 2023

The AWARD-7 clinical trial of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) reported a slower decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and decreased urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) in patients treated with dulaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist, compared to insulin glargine over one year. Previous studies identified 21 circulating plasma risk proteins highly associated with progression to end stage kidney disease (ESKD) in patients with diabetes (Joslin Kidney Panel). The aim of this study was to determine the longitudinal changes of these proteins in AWARD-7 to evaluate their predictive performance as biomarkers of kidney disease progression. Plasma samples were obtained from patients with T2D and CKD stages 3-4 who received dulaglutide 1.5 mg (n=124) or insulin glargine as basal therapy (n=125) for 52 weeks. Using the Olink custom platform we measured the concentration of 21 proteins at baseline, 26-weeks, and 52-weeks of treatment. At baseline all 21 proteins were correlated with eGFR (r=-0.2 to -0.8; all p&lt;0.0003) and UACR (r=0.2 to 0.6; all p&lt;0.0001). After 26 weeks of treatment, 13 risk proteins significantly increased in glargine group (3 to 13%; all p&lt;0.05) whereas no significant change was observed in dulaglutide group at 26 weeks. By 52 weeks, 5 proteins remained significantly elevated in the glargine group compared to dulaglutide. Several proteins were correlated with declining kidney function (change of eGFR) and increasing UACR in patients with glargine, but not in patients treated with dulaglutide. In this study, the increase of plasma risk proteins associated with ESKD was slowed in dulaglutide-treated patients and is consistent with the hypothesis that several proteins within the Joslin Kidney Panel can serve as predictive biomarkers of treatment efficacy.

Disclosure
B.E.Mcfarlin: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. E.Satake: None. Z.Md dom: None. J.Ricca: None. A.V.Kechter: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. J.M.Wilson: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company. K.L.Duffin: Employee; Eli Lilly and Company, Stock/Shareholder; Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer Inc. A.Krolewski: None.
41-LB: Regular Physical Activity Plays a Crucial Role in Improving the Anti-inflammatory Status of Healthy Individuals by Modulating TLR2 Expression
Authors: BAHMAN FATEMAH , ALSAEED HALEMAH , ALBELOUSHI SHAIMA , ALMULLA FAHD , AHMAD RASHEED , ALRASHED FATEMA 
Published: June 2023

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are dominant components of the innate immune system and have been targeted for therapeutic drug development for several inflammatory disorders including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes mellitus. Daily levels of physical activity (PA) and dietary intake have been purported to influence the systemic circulation of cytokines, affecting the overall activation of TLRs and influencing the inflammatory milieu. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between daily physical activity and monocytic TLR2 expression in lean individuals. Normal-weight participants (n = 69) were recruited for this study. Daily physical activity was tracked for seven days using an ActiGraph accelerometer. The intensity of PA was determined by Freedson’s cut-offs, and participants were divided according to the 25th lowest (Q1), median (Q2), and top (Q3) percentiles of their activity level. Blood pressure measurements and heart rates were taken for each individual. Moreover, blood glucose, fasting insulin, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and triglycerides were determined. Surface expression of TLR2 was quantified on peripheral monocytes by flow cytometry. Our data show that individuals with higher levels of moderate-to-vigorous PA and daily step count were found to have higher levels of circulatory CD14+TLR2+ subset. The top 25th percentile groups also showed significantly lower diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride (TG), and matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) levels in their circulation. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative relationship between CD14+TLR2+ subset and cardiovascular risk markers. The presented results highlight a positive influence of higher daily PA on cardiovascular health, driven by the upregulation of monocytic TLR2+ subsets in circulation, suggesting that TLR2 may play a modulatory role in the regulation of inflammation and lipid metabolism.

Disclosure
F. Bahman: None. H. Alsaeed: None. S. Albeloushi: None. F. Almulla: None. R. Ahmad: None. F. Alrashed: None.
417-P: Functional Characterization of a Rare, Pathogenic Missense Variant Implicates FRAS1 as a Novel Gene for Risk of Progression to End-Stage Kidney Disease in Diabetes
Authors: CHEN TIEHUA , NEELEY MATTHEW B. , LAZARO-GUEVARA JOSE M. , PEZZOLESI MELISSA , SIMEONE CHRISTOPHER A. , RODAN AYLIN , HOLLAND WILLIAM L. , PEZZOLESI MARCUS G. 
Published: June 2023

Progressive renal decline is the central manifestation of diabetic nephropathy (DN) that ultimately leads to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). Leveraging an innovative family-based approach that integrates electronic medical record data, a unique population-based genealogy resource, and next-generation sequencing, we recently identified a rare missense variant (p.R2516C, allele frequency=0.00002) in FRAS1, which encodes an extracellular matrix protein that regulates epidermal basement membrane adhesion and mediates glomerular integrity, in a family with diabetes and ESKD. While this rare missense variant is predicted to be deleterious (CADD score=32), whether this impacts FRAS1 function is unknown; here, we set out to assess the functional impact of this variant. To do so, we used CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology to generate 3 novel HEK293 cell lines (2 FRAS1 knock-in cell lines (a synonymous p.H2520H control cell line and a missense p.R2516C variant cell line) and a FRAS1 knock-out cell line) and performed in vitro cell migration and cell adhesion assays. Relative to the control cell line, both the FRAS1 knock-out cell line and the missense variant cell line displayed significantly inhibited cell migration (p = 1.54X10-13 and p = 5.05X10-5, respectively). Similarly, cell adhesion was significantly inhibited in cells in which FRAS1 was knocked out and in those carrying the p.R2516C variant compared to the control cell line (p = 6.72X10-9 and p = 6.63X10-6, respectively). Together, these data suggest that the FRAS1 p.R2516C variant negatively impacts FRAS1 function and further implicates this gene as having a potential role in the progression of ESKD in individuals with diabetes.

Disclosure
T.Chen: None. M.B.Neeley: None. J.M.Lazaro-guevara: None. M.Pezzolesi: None. C.A.Simeone: None. A.Rodan: None. W.L.Holland: Research Support; SymbioCellTech, LLC. M.G.Pezzolesi: Research Support; Renalytix.

Funding
National Institutes of Health (R01DK128641)
430-P: Glycemic Control Assessed by Continuous Glucose Monitoring among Dialysis Patients With and Without Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: MAYEDA LAURA , ZELNICK LEILA , TRIKUDANATHAN SUBBULAXMI , HIRSCH IRL B. , WATNICK SUZANNE , DE BOER IAN 
Published: June 2023

Introduction: Glycemic control for dialysis patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) is challenging due to limitations of HbA1c, risk of hypoglycemia, and fewer options for glucose-lowering agents. We sought to comprehensively describe glycemic patterns among dialysis patients using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM).
Methods: The Blood Sugar Sensing On Maintenance Dialysis (BLOSSOM) study is a prospective community-based cohort of people treated with dialysis, with or without DM, designed to assess the prevalence, causes, and consequences of dysglycemia. Each participant wore a Dexcom G6 CGM for 10 days. This interim analysis examined the first 153 BLOSSOM dialysis participants.
Results: Dialysis participants had a mean (SD) age of 61 (14) years, 132 (86%) underwent hemodialysis, and 21 (14%) were treated with peritoneal dialysis (PD). Among 90 dialysis participants with DM, mean (SD) glucose management indicator (GMI) was 7.9% (1.2%), time in range (TIR) (70-180 mg/dL) was 50% (29%) and 27 (30%) participants achieved TIR ≥70%. Mean (SD) time high (&gt;180 mg/dL), very high (&gt;250 mg/dL), low (&lt;70 mg/dL) and very low (&lt;54 mg/dL) was 49% (29%), 21% (23%), 2% (11%) and 1% (11%), respectively. Of 63 dialysis participants without DM, mean (SD) GMI was 6.2% (0.4%), and time in normal range (70-140 mg/dL) 75% (18%). Mean (SD) time low and very low were 2% (8%) and 0% (3%), with low and very low sensor glucose values seen in 38 (60%) and 23 (37%) participants, respectively. PD patients without known DM (n=9) had a mean (SD) GMI of 6.6% (0.3%) and spent mean (SD) 54% (21%) of time in normal range.
Conclusions: In this community-based sample of maintenance dialysis patients, uncontrolled hyperglycemia was highly prevalent among patients with DM. PD patients without DM were in normal range less than half of the time. Hypoglycemia was seen in patients with and without DM. Our findings warrant additional investigation into causes and consequences of glycemic patterns in patients on dialysis.

Disclosure
L.Mayeda: None. L.Zelnick: None. S.Trikudanathan: Research Support; Insulet Corporation, Bionic pancreas. I.B.Hirsch: Consultant; Abbott Diabetes, Lifecare, Inc., Hagar, Research Support; Beta Bionics, Inc., Insulet Corporation, Dexcom, Inc. S.Watnick: None. I.De boer: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly Alliance, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Otsuka America Pharmaceutical, Inc., Bayer Inc., Consultant; George Clinical, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Medscape, Research Support; Dexcom, Inc.

Funding
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK126373)
439-P: Microalbuminuria and Hypertension among Indian Patients with Type 2 Diabetes—A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: SABOO BHARAT , DEV MEHTA KAPIL , NAIK AAFREEN 
Published: June 2023

Background and Aims: The India Microalbuminuria Survey (IMS) was a cross-sectional, national survey to understand the prevalence of microalbuminuria (MAU) in Indian hypertensive patients. In the IMS study, 992 patients out of 1369 were diabetic. The objectives of this subset analysis were to estimate the prevalence of microalbuminuria in Indian hypertensives patients with concomitant T2DM.
Methods: This cross-sectional subset analysis included 992 diabetic patients visiting a physician’s clinic, from 121 centres across India. Inclusion criteria were male and female outpatients aged ≥ 18years with hypertension and concomitant type II DM and no reason for false positive microalbuminuria reflected in dipstick tests. Exclusion criteria were presence of secondary hypertension and existing CKD. Microalbuminuria was diagnosed if the urinary albumin excretion was more than 30 mg/L using the ACR Kit manufactured by Biosense Technologies Pvt. Ltd. Patient data was analyzed with the help of the SPSS software.
Results: The mean age of the patients was 54.04 years. There were 186 (18.75 %) patients below 45 years of age and 806 (81.25%) patients more than 45 years of age. The prevalence of microalbuminuria in hypertensive patients with concomitant type II DM was 31.04 %. The prevalence was 34.4% in patients below 45 years of and 30.27% in patients above 45 years age.
Conclusions: This study reports a high prevalence of microalbuminuria in Indian patients with hypertension and concomitant type II DM. Hence, early recognition of renal dysfunction through detection of microalbuminuria and to start treatment without any delay will confer future protection from end stage renal disease as well as hypertension and its complications in type 2 diabetic patients.

Disclosure
B.Saboo: None. K.Mehta: Employee; JB Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd. A.Naik: Employee; JB Chemicals and Pharmaceuticals Ltd.
449-P: Truncations of Apolipoproteins C-I and C-II Are Associated with Coronary Artery Calcium Progression in Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA)
Authors: KOSKA JURAJ , FURTADO JEREMY , HU YUEMING , BILLHEIMER DEAN , ALLISON MATTHEW , BUDOFF MATTHEW , NEDELKOV DOBRIN , MCCLELLAND ROBYN , REAVEN PETER 
Published: June 2023

Higher truncated-to-native proteoform ratios of apolipoproteins (apo) C-I (C-I’/C-I) and C-II (C-II’/C-II) are associated with less atherogenic lipid profiles, including lower triglycerides (TG) and higher HDL levels. Here we examined the relationships of C-I’/C-II and C-II’/C-II, and total apoC-I and apoC-II concentrations with coronary artery calcium (CAC) progression. Apo C-I and C-II proteoforms were measured by mass spectrometry immunoassay in 5,791 baseline MESA plasma samples. Total apo C-I and C-II concentrations were assayed in 3,851 samples. CAC was measured 1 to 4 times (mean 2.5) over 10 years. Repeated measures regression models were adjusted for age, gender, race/ethnicity, and follow-up time (Model 1), then for BMI, diabetes, systolic BP, use of tobacco, statins and antihypertensive medications (Model 2), and then for plasma HDL and TG (Model 3). Among 5,069 participants with at least one follow-up CAC CT scan, 2,513 had CAC progression defined as events of CAC changing from 0 to &gt; 0, or ≥ 10 units/yr from CAC &gt; 0 but ≤ 100, or ≥ 10%/yr from CAC &gt; 100. Progression was inversely associated with C-I’/C-I (Risk Ratio per 1 SD: 0.93 [95% CI 0.87, 0.97], Model 3). In those with baseline CAC = 0 (n = 2,581), risk of CAC &gt; 0 (897 events) was inversely associated with C-I’/C-I in Model 1 only (0.85 [0.79, 0.93]). In those with baseline CAC &gt; 0, C-II’/C-II was positively associated with follow-up change in density score (β-estimate per 1 SD 0.02 [95% CI: 0.001, 0.03] units) in Model 3, indicating a potentially more stable plaque. Baseline-adjusted follow-up density score was also positively related to total apoC-I in Model 2 (0.02 [0.004, 0.04]). None of the CAC measures were related to total apoC-II. In conclusion, increased truncation of apo C-I and C-II is associated with reduced CAC progression and/or improved stability of coronary atherosclerotic plaque that is not explained by total concentrations of both apolipoproteins.

Disclosure
J.Koska: None. J.Furtado: Employee; Biogen. Y.Hu: None. D.Billheimer: Advisory Panel; AstraZeneca. M.Allison: None. M.Budoff: Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim Inc., Speaker's Bureau; Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly Alliance. D.Nedelkov: None. R.Mcclelland: None. P.Reaven: Research Support; Dexcom, Inc.

Funding
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL138969, 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01HC95159, 75N92020D00005, N01HC95160, 75N92020D00002, N01HC95161, 75N92020D00003, N01HC95162, 75N92020D00006, N01HC95163, 75N92020D00004, N01HC95164, 75N92020D000
467-P: Reinterventions after Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair in People with Diabetes Mellitus—A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: DHATARIYA KETAN , OTIFY EMAN A.A. , MEKKI MOHAMED A.E. , STATHER PHILIP W. 
Published: June 2023

Background: There is a known negative association between diabetes (DM) and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). Patients with DM have a higher long-term mortality following AAA repair. However, whether that is related to their AAA is unclear.
Aims: To determine the rates of reinterventions in patients with DM post-AAA repair. Outcomes included; AAA sac enlargement, reinterventions, endoleaks, AAA rupture, and conversion.
Methods: Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched for primary research studies between 2005 and 2022 according to PRISMA guidelines. Patients undergoing AAA repair either via endovascular aneurysm repair or open surgical repair were included. Meta-analysis was conducted using Review Manager.
Results: Eight studies were identified totalling 75678 patients in the control group, and 22284 in the DM group. Patients with DM had a lower rate of reintervention compared to the control group, (6.63% v 9.15%; OR 0.80, 95%CI[0.67, 0.94], P=0.007). There was no significant difference in rate of all endoleaks (8.54% v 12.38%; OR 0.91, 95%CI[0.53-1.58], P=0.74), which remained non-significantly in favour of DM when comparing type 1 and 2 separately, with similar results with sac expansion. There was a significant reduction in rates of conversion to open surgery in those with DM (3.07% v 4.21%; OR 0.75, 95%CI[0.55-0.99], P=0.04), and a reduction in post op AAA rupture (3.35% v 5.69%; OR 0.53, 95%CI[0.49-0.58], P&lt;0.001).
Conclusion: Postoperative AAA ruptures, reinterventions, and conversion to open surgery were lower in patients with DM. However, the rates of endoleaks were not significantly different, so the reason for higher complication rates remains unknown.

Disclosure
K.Dhatariya: Other Relationship; Novo Nordisk, AstraZeneca, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Eli Lilly and Company. E.A.A.Otify: None. M.A.E.Mekki: None. P.W.Stather: None.
47-OR: Association of Early Pregnancy Triglycerides and HbA1c in a UK Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: GHEBREMICHAEL-WELDESELASSIE YONAS , SUKUMAR NITHYA , SARAVANAN PONNUSAMY 
Published: June 2023

Introduction: Role and ethnic variations of early pregnancy triglycerides and HbA1c on birthweight in women without gestational diabetes (GDM) is not clear.
Aim: To explore the association of early pregnancy HbA1c and triglycerides in multi-ethnic women at risk of developing GDM
Methods: PRiDE study, designed to address the role of B vitamins on incident GDM, recruited 4746 women (12.5 weeks of gestation) from 10 centres across UK, who fulfilled NICE criteria for GDM screening (OGTT at 26.5 weeks). Intergrowth centiles were used to assess LGA. Multiple regression analyses were used to explore the effects of early pregnancy triglycerides and HbA1c, adjusted for key covariates. Additional model included 0- and 120-min glucose values at OGTT.
Results: 3782 did not have GDM (74% Whites; 10.1% South Asians). 81.3% were nulliparous. Mean age: 30.3 ± 5.2; BMI: 30.6 ± 7.1. Mean birthweight: 3417.1 ± 590.0 (at 39.1 ± 1.7 weeks). Early pregnancy plasma triglyceride but not HbA1c was independently associated with birthweight, macrosomia and LGA. Addition of OGTT glucose values reduced the effect size for macrosomia and LGA. No ethnic specific interactions were observed.
Conclusion: In women who are at high risk but did not develop GDM, early pregnancy triglyceride but not HbA1c levels was independently associated with birthweight. These effects were independent of ethnicity and partially mediated through plasma glucose levels at OGTT.

Disclosure
Y.Ghebremichael-weldeselassie: None. N.Sukumar: None. P.Saravanan: Other Relationship; Novo Nordisk, Research Support; Novo Nordisk, Amgen Inc., Abbott.

Funding
Medical Research Council, UK (MR/J000094/1)
484-P: Newer Glucose-Lowering Drugs and Risk of Parkinson’s Disease—A Meta-analysis of Randomized Outcome Trials
Authors: TANG HUILIN , LU YING , DONAHOO WILLIAM T. , OKUN MICHAEL S. , WANG FEI , BIAN JIANG , GUO JINGCHUAN 
Published: June 2023

Background: Cumulative results from preclinical studies have shown that newer glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs), i.e., dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), and sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, have been associated with a decreased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The findings from clinical and epidemiological studies are however mixed. We aimed to evaluate the potential effect of newer GLDs on the risk of PD through a meta-analysis of randomized outcome trial data.
Methods: We systematically searched Pubmed, Embase, and CENTRAL up to December 2022 for published randomized placebo-controlled outcome trials evaluating DPP-4 inhibitors, GLP-1RAs, and SGLT2 inhibitors. We extracted PD outcomes from clinicaltrials.gov. We estimated pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) using the Peto method and we performed a subgroup analysis by type of newer GLDs.
Results: Of 24 trials that qualified for inclusion, there were 33 incident PD cases among 185,305 participants with or without type 2 diabetes over a median follow-up of 2.2 years. Newer GLDs were significantly associated with a lower risk of PD than placebo (OR, 0.50; 95%CI, 0.25-0.98). Our subgroup analysis showed that DPP-4 inhibitors (OR, 0.71; 95%CI, 0.23-2.22), GLP-1RAs (OR, 0.51; 95%CI, 0.10 - 2.55), or SGLT2 inhibitors (OR, 0.37; 95%CI, 0.13-1.01) were all associated with a decreased risk of PD, but the differences were marginally or not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Newer GLDs may be associated with a decreased risk of developing PD. Given the low number of events and short duration of follow-up of existing clinical trials, comparative effectiveness studies using real-world data (RWD) are warranted. These RWD-based studies can pave the way for evaluating the potential drug repurposing value of these newer GLDs for PD, before moving to large-scale randomized controlled trials.

Disclosure
H.Tang: None. Y.Lu: None. W.T.Donahoo: None. M.S.Okun: None. F.Wang: None. J.Bian: None. J.Guo: Consultant; Pfizer Inc., Research Support; PhRMA Foundation, NIH - National Institutes of Health.

Funding
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK133465)
486-P: Reduced Serum Netrin-1 Levels Correlate with Corneal Nerve Fiber Loss in Diabetic Neuropathy
Authors: MONDAL ASIF , BOSE CHIRANJIT , PRAMANIK SUBHASISH , MUKHERJEE AYAN , MUKHERJEE BIDISHA , MUKHOPADHYAY SATINATH 
Published: June 2023

Objective: Deficiency of endogenous neurotropic factors are implicated in diabetic neuropathy (DN). While Netrin-1, a neurotropic factor, is downregulated in type 2 diabetes, its involvement in Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) is yet to be reported. While corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a sensitive, in-vivo, non-invasive technique for detection of DN at its earliest stages, the association between CCM parameters and serum Netrin-1 levels has not been reported before. The present study looked at serum netrin levels in populations with type 2 diabetes with or without neuropathy, using CCM as the gold standard.
Methods: Sixty subjects with type 2 diabetes (DN- 30, DN+ 30)] were stratified using DN4Q and Vibration perception Threshold Test (VPT). Cornea was assessed using CCM. Serum Netrin-1 level was measured by ELISA. Data compared 27 healthy controls were also studied.
Results: There was a significant reduction in corneal nerve fibre density (CNFD), branch density (CNBD), and fibre length (CNFL) in T2D. DN was associated with a greater reduction in all CCM parameters compared to those with type 2 diabetes but no DN (p&lt;0.05). There was a progressive decline in the mean serum netrin-1 level from healthy controls to T2D DN- to T2D DN+ (Control vs T2D, p&lt;0.05; T2D DN- vs DN+, p&lt;0.01)]. Netrin-1 correlated only with CNBD in T2D DN- group, (p=0.02). While ROC analysis showed CNFD, CNBD and CNFL to predict DN in 55.6%, 57.1% and 62.1% respectively, Netrin-1 alone predicted DN in 63.3%. CNBD and CNFL correlated with Netrin-1 (p=0.04 and p=0.01) in T2D DN+ group.
Conclusion: Serum netrin-1 levels declined progressively from controls to T2D to T2D with DN; netrin-1 levels correlated significantly with the CCM parameters. Serum Netrin-1 levels showed a significant positive correlation with CNBD in type 2 diabetes (DN- or DN+). A strong correlation was seen between CNFL and netrin-1 levels in more advanced diabetic neuropathy (abnormal VPT). The results of our pilot study need validation in larger populations.

Disclosure
A.Mondal: None. C.Bose: None. S.Pramanik: None. A.Mukherjee: None. B.Mukherjee: None. S.Mukhopadhyay: None.

Funding
Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India