bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiphase condensation in cluster haloes: interplay of cooling, buoyancy, and mixing
Authors: Mohapatra Rajsekhar , Sharma Prateek , Federrath Christoph , Quataert Eliot 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Gas in the central regions of cool-core clusters and other massive haloes has a short cooling time (≲1 Gyr). Theoretical models predict that this gas is susceptible to multiphase condensation, in which cold gas is expected to condense out of the hot phase if the ratio of the thermal instability growth time-scale (tti) to the free-fall time (tff) is tti/tff ≲ 10. The turbulent mixing time tmix is another important time-scale: if tmix is short enough, the fluctuations are mixed before they can cool. In this study, we perform high-resolution (5122 × 768–10242 × 1536 resolution elements) hydrodynamic simulations of turbulence in a stratified medium, including radiative cooling of the gas. We explore the parameter space of tti/tff and tti/tmix relevant to galaxy and cluster haloes. We also study the effect of the steepness of the entropy profile, the strength of turbulent forcing and the nature of turbulent forcing (natural mixture versus compressive modes) on multiphase gas condensation. We find that larger values of tti/tff or tti/tmix generally imply stability against multiphase gas condensation, whereas larger density fluctuations (e.g. due to compressible turbulence) promote multiphase gas condensation. We propose a new criterion min (tti/min (tmix, tff)) ≲ c2 × exp (c1σs) for when the halo becomes multiphase, where σs denotes the amplitude of logarithmic density fluctuations and c1 ≃ 6, c2 ≃ 1.8 from an empirical fit to our results.
Partially ionized two-fluid shocks with collisional and radiative ionization and recombination – multilevel hydrogen model
Authors: Snow B , Druett M K , Hillier A 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Explosive phenomena are known to trigger a wealth of shocks in warm plasma environments, including the solar chromosphere and molecular clouds where the medium consists of both ionized and neutral species. Partial ionization is critical in determining the behaviour of shocks, since the ions and neutrals locally decouple, allowing for substructure to exist within the shock. Accurately modelling partially ionized shocks requires careful treatment of the ionized and neutral species, and their interactions. Here we study a partially ionized switch-off slow-mode shock using a multilevel hydrogen model with both collisional and radiative ionization and recombination rates that are implemented into the two-fluid (PIP) code, and study physical parameters that are typical of the solar chromosphere. The multilevel hydrogen model differs significantly from magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) solutions due to the macroscopic thermal energy loss during collisional ionization. In particular, the plasma temperature both post-shock and within the finite-width is significantly cooler that the post-shock MHD temperature. Furthermore, in the mid to lower chromosphere, shocks feature far greater compression than their single-fluid MHD analogues. The decreased temperature and increased compression reveal the importance of non-equilibrium ionized in the thermal evolution of shocks in partially ionized media. Since partially ionized shocks are not accurately described by the Rankine-Hugoniot shock jump conditions, it may be incorrect to use these to infer properties of lower atmospheric shocks.
Elentári:a massive proto-supercluster at
z ∼ 3.3 in the cosmos field
Authors: Forrest Ben , Lemaux Brian C , Shah Ekta , Staab Priti , McConachie Ian , Cucciati Olga , Gal Roy R , Hung Denise , Lubin Lori M , Cassarà Letizia P , Cassata Paolo , Chang Wenjun , Cooper M C , Decarli Roberto , Gomez Percy , Gururajan Gayathri , Hathi Nimish , Kashino Daichi , Marchesini Danilo , Marsan Z Cemile , McDonald Michael , Muzzin Adam , Shen Lu , Stawinski Stephanie Urbano , Talia Margherita , Vergani Daniela , Wilson Gillian , Zamorani Giovanni 
Published: August 2023

ABSTRACT
Motivated by spectroscopic confirmation of three overdense regions in the COSMOS field at z ∼ 3.35, we analyse the uniquely deep multiwavelength photometry and extensive spectroscopy available in the field to identify any further related structure. We construct a three-dimensional density map using the Voronoi tesselation Monte Carlo method and find additional regions of significant overdensity. Here, we present and examine a set of six overdense structures at 3.20 &lt; z &lt; 3.45 in the COSMOS field, the most well-characterized of which, PCl J0959 + 0235, has 80 spectroscopically confirmed members and an estimated mass of 1.35 × 1015 M⊙, and is modelled to virialize at z ∼ 1.5−2.0. These structures contain 10 overdense peaks with &gt;5σ overdensity separated by up to 70 cMpc, suggestive of a proto-supercluster similar to the Hyperion system at z ∼ 2.45. Upcoming photometric surveys with JWST such as COSMOS-Web, and further spectroscopic follow-up will enable more extensive analysis of the evolutionary effects that such an environment may have on its component galaxies at these early times.
Sensory acceptability of biofortified foods and food products: a systematic review
Authors: Huey Samantha L , Bhargava Arini , Friesen Valerie M , Konieczynski Elsa M , Krisher Jesse T , Mbuya Mduduzi N N , Mehta Neel H , Monterrosa Eva , Nyangaresi Annette M , Mehta Saurabh 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Context
It is important to understand the sensory acceptability of biofortified food products among target population groups if biofortification is to be realized as a sustainable strategy for mitigation of micronutrient deficiencies, able to be scaled up and applied through programs.

Objective
This systemic review aims to summarize and synthesize the sensory acceptability of conventionally bred iron-, zinc-, and provitamin A–biofortified food products.

Data Sources
MEDLINE (PubMed), AGRICOLA, AgEcon, CABI Abstracts (Web of Science), and organizational websites (eg, those of HarvestPlus and CGIAR and their partners) were searched for relevant articles. No access to any market research that may have been internally conducted for the commercial biofortified food products was available.

Data Extraction
This review identified articles measuring the sensory acceptability of conventionally bred biofortified food products. Extraction of the hedonic ratings of food products was performed.

Data Analysis
An “Acceptability Index %” was defined based on hedonic scoring to determine an overall rating, and used to categorize biofortified food products as “acceptable” (≥70%) or “not acceptable” (&lt;70%). Additionally, this review narratively synthesized studies using methods other than hedonic scoring for assessing sensory acceptability.

Conclusions
Forty-nine studies assessed the acceptability of 10 biofortified crops among children and adults, in mostly rural, low-income settings across Africa, Latin America, and India; food products made from mineral and provitamin A–biofortified food products were generally acceptable. Compared with studies on provitamin–A biofortified food products, few studies (1 to 2 each) on mineral-enhanced crops such as rice, cowpeas, lentils, and wheat were found, limiting the generalizability of the findings. Similarly, few studies examined stored biofortified food products. Few commercial food products have so far been developed, although new varieties of crops are being continuously tested and released globally. Certain crop varieties were found to be acceptable while others were not, suggesting that particular varieties should be prioritized for scale-up. Determining sensory acceptability of biofortified food products is important for informing programmatic scale-up and implementation across diverse populations and settings.
The regulatory effect of intermittent fasting on inflammasome activation in health and disease
Authors: Wang Chenchen , Liu Zhiqin , Cai Jinpeng , Xu Xi 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF), one of the most popular diets, can regulate inflammation and promote health; however, the detailed molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. The present review aims to provide an overview of recent preclinical and clinical studies that have examined the effect of IF on inflammasome signaling, and to discuss the translational gap between preclinical and clinical studies. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase) were searched to identify all relevant preclinical and clinical studies up to October 30, 2022. A total of 1544 studies were identified through the database searches, and 29 preclinical and 10 clinical studies were included. Twenty-three of the 29 preclinical studies reported that IF treatment could reduce inflammasome activation in neurological diseases, metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, immune and inflammatory diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, and pulmonary diseases, and 7 of the 10 clinical studies demonstrated reduced inflammasome activation after IF intervention in both healthy and obese participants. Among various IF regimens, time-restricted eating seemed to be the most effective one in terms of inflammasome regulation, and the efficacy of IF might increase over time. This review highlights the regulatory effect of IF on inflammasome activation in health and disease. Future studies using different IF regimens, in various populations, are needed in order to evaluate its potential to be used alone or as an adjunct therapy in humans to improve health and counteract diseases.
Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Patterns of Recurrence and Outcomes of Reoperative Surgery
Authors: Papachristos Alexander J , Nicholls Laura E , Mechera Robert , Aniss Ahmad M , Robinson Bruce , Clifton-Bligh Roderick , Gill Anthony J , Learoyd Diana , Sidhu Stan B , Glover Anthony , Delbridge Leigh , Sywak Mark 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
There remains uncertainty regarding the optimal extent of initial surgery and management of recurrent disease in medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). We aim to describe the patterns of disease recurrence and outcomes of the reoperative surgery in a cohort of consecutively treated patients at a specialized tertiary referral center.

Patients and Methods
A retrospective cohort study of 235 surgically treated patients with MTC at a tertiary referral center was performed using prospectively collected data.

Results
In the study period 1986-2022, 235 patients underwent surgery for MTC. Of these, 45 (19%) patients had reoperative surgery for cervical nodal recurrence at a median (range) 2.1 (0.3-16) years following the index procedure. After a median follow-up of 4 years, 38 (84%) patients remain free of structural cervical recurrence, although 15 (33%) underwent 2 or more reoperative procedures. No long-term complications occurred after reoperative surgery. Local cervical recurrence was independently predicted by pathologically involved nodal status (OR 5.10, P = .01) and failure to achieve biochemical cure (OR 5.0, P = .009). Local recurrence did not adversely affect overall survival and was not associated with distant recurrence (HR 0.93, P = .83). Overall survival was independently predicted by high pathological grade (HR 10.0, P = .002) and the presence of metastatic disease at presentation (HR 8.27, P = 0018).

Conclusion
Loco-regional recurrence in MTC does not impact overall survival, or the development of metastatic disease, demonstrating the safety of the staged approach to the clinically node-negative lateral neck. When recurrent disease is technically resectable, reoperative surgery can be undertaken with minimal morbidity in a specialized center and facilitates structural disease control.
New conjecture on exact Dirac zero-modes of lattice fermions
Authors: Yumoto Jun , Misumi Tatsuhiro 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We propose a new conjecture on the relation between the exact Dirac zero-modes of free and massless lattice fermions and the topology of the manifold on which the fermion action is defined. Our conjecture claims that the maximal number of exact Dirac zero-modes of fermions on finite-volume and finite-spacing lattices defined by a discretizing torus, hyperball, their direct-product space, and hypersphere is equal to the summation of the Betti numbers of their manifolds if several specific conditions on lattice formulations are satisfied. We start with reconsidering exact Dirac zero-modes of naive fermions on the lattices whose topologies are a torus, hyperball, and their direct-product space (TD × Bd). We find that the maximal number of exact zero-modes of free Dirac fermions is in exact agreement with the sum of Betti numbers $\sum ^{D}_{r=0} \beta _{r}$ for these manifolds. Indeed, the 4D lattice fermion on a torus has up to 16 zero-modes while the sum of Betti numbers of T4 is 16. This coincidence holds also for the D-dimensional hyperball and their direct-product space TD × Bd. We study several examples of lattice fermions defined on a certain discretized hypersphere (SD), and find that it has up to two exact zero-modes, which is the same number as the sum of Betti numbers of SD. From these facts, we conjecture the equivalence of the maximal number of exact Dirac zero-modes and the summation of Betti numbers under specific conditions. We discuss a program for proof of the conjecture in terms of Hodge theory and spectral graph theory.
Patients with rheumatoid arthritis presenting with mono- or oligo-arthritis and high VAS-ratings remain the most fatigued during 5 years of follow-up
Authors: Boeren Anna M P , Verstappen Marloes , Looijen Agnes E M , de Jong Pascal H P , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Objectives
The severity of fatigue in RA has improved very little in recent decades, leaving a large unmet need. Fortunately, not all RA patients suffer from persistent fatigue, but the subgroup of patients who suffer the most is insufficiently recognizable at diagnosis. As disease activity is partly coupled to fatigue, DAS components may associate with the course of fatigue. We aimed to identify those RA patients who remain fatigued by studying DAS components at diagnosis in relation to the course of fatigue over a 5-year follow-up period in two independent early RA cohorts.

Methods
In all, 1560 consecutive RA patients included in the Leiden Early Arthritis Cohort and 415 RA patients included in the tREACH trial were studied. Swollen joint count, tender joint count, ESR and Patient Global Assessment (PGA) [on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)] were studied in relation to fatigue (VAS, 0–100 mm) over a period of 5 years, using linear mixed models.

Results
Higher tender joint count and higher PGA at diagnosis were associated with a more severe course of fatigue. Furthermore, patients with mono- or oligo-arthritis at diagnosis remained more fatigued. The swollen joint count, in contrast, showed an inverse association. An investigation of combinations of the aforementioned characteristics revealed that patients presenting with mono- or oligo-arthritis and PGA ≥ 50 remained the most fatigued over time (+20 mm vs polyarthritis with PGA &lt; 50), while the DAS course over time did not differ. This subgroup comprised 14% of the early RA population. Data from the tREACH trial showed similar findings.

Conclusion
The RA patients who remain the most fatigued were those characterized by mono- or oligo-arthritis and high PGA (VAS ≥ 50) at diagnosis. This understanding may enable early-intervention with non-pharmacological approaches in dedicated patient groups.
Older Working Persons and the Gender Pay Gap: Estimations Using Gender Norm Variables in Peru
Authors: Cruz Saco María Amparo , Gil Mirian , Vergaray Valeria 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
This study investigated the gender pay gap in Peru among older working persons, i.e. sixty years of age and older, who represent more than half of this population. Cultural and social gender norm variables were incorporated as regressors in a Mincer-type income model. Household surveys for the period 2004–2021 were used to estimate the total gap and regional heterogeneities. Three gender norm variables substantially increase the explained portion of the gender pay gap in the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition. We find that the estimated pay gap among older working persons is 68 percent, larger than the gender pay gap for younger workers as documented in diverse contributions.
CGMP Compliant Microfluidic Transfection of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells for CRISPR-Mediated Genome Editing
Authors: Bohrer Laura R , Stone Nicholas E , Wright Allison T , Han Sewoon , Sicher Ian , Sulchek Todd A , Mullins Robert F , Tucker Budd A 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Inherited retinal degeneration is a term used to describe heritable disorders that result from the death of light sensing photoreceptor cells. Although we and others believe that it will be possible to use gene therapy to halt disease progression early in its course, photoreceptor cell replacement will likely be required for patients who have already lost their sight. While advances in autologous photoreceptor cell manufacturing have been encouraging, development of technologies capable of efficiently delivering genome editing reagents to stem cells using current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) are needed. Gene editing reagents were delivered to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using a Zephyr microfluidic transfection platform (CellFE). CRISPR-mediated cutting was quantified using an endonuclease assay. CRISPR correction was confirmed via digital PCR and Sanger sequencing. The resulting corrected cells were also karyotyped and differentiated into retinal organoids. We describe use of a novel microfluidic transfection platform to correct, via CRISPR-mediated homology-dependent repair (HDR), a disease-causing NR2E3 mutation in patient-derived iPSCs using cGMP compatible reagents and approaches. We show that the resulting cell lines have a corrected genotype, exhibit no off-target cutting, retain pluripotency and a normal karyotype and can be differentiated into retinal tissue suitable for transplantation. The ability to codeliver CRISPR/Cas9 and HDR templates to patient-derived iPSCs without using proprietary transfection reagents will streamline manufacturing protocols, increase the safety of resulting cell therapies, and greatly reduce the regulatory burden of clinical trials.
Dermatofibroma Versus Dermatofibrosarcoma Protuberans: A Nuclear Morphology Study
Authors: Khamdan Fatema , Brailsford Caroline , Dirr McKenzie A. , Sagut Pelin , Nietert Paul J. , Elston Dirk 
Published: August 2023

Abstract:
The locally invasive soft-tissue sarcoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSPs), shares certain histologic features of the much more common and benign dermatofibroma (DF). While immunohistochemical stains, specifically cluster of differentiation 34 and Factor XIIIa, can be used to distinguish the 2 entities using microscopy, these markers are not entirely sensitive nor specific. Three-dimensionally, DFSP nuclei resemble a “puck” or “coin”-like shape. As hematoxylin/eosin-stained slides are prepared, these “puck” nuclei are fixed in an infinite number of orientations depending on their current position in rotation about their axes within the tumor cells. Under histological examination, this random nuclear positioning produces the appearance of 2 predominate morphologies: an ovoid “disk” shape (en face) and a narrow spindled shape (side view), which distribute in a roughly 50:50 ratio throughout the tumor sample slide. Nuclear morphology was analyzed in 324 DFSP and DF samples at high magnification (×400) to determine the presence or absence of a predominant morphology in which nuclei appear to alternate between an ovoid (en face) and spindled (side view) throughout most of the tumor sample. An alternating ovoid-spindled nuclear morphology was the predominant cytology in 98% of DFSP and was not predominant in 100% of DF samples (P < 0.001). This morphology was found to be highly specific (Sp = 1) and sensitive (Sn = 0.98) for DFSP. This unique nuclear morphology may be a more sensitive and specific diagnostic tool in identifying DFSP from DF in comparison with costly immunohistochemical stains.
Anaplastic Large Cell Transformation of Mycosis Fungoides: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Flerova Elizaveta , Alpdogan Onder , Bhatti Safiyyah , Nikbakht Neda , Wang Zi-Xuan , Gong Jerald Z. 
Published: August 2023

Abstract:
We report a 48-year-old man with CD30+ large cell transformation of mycosis fungoides (tMF) with distinctive anaplastic morphology. The patient initially presented with folliculotropic and syringotropic mycosis fungoides (MF) manifested as occipital scalp plaque and trunk and extremities patches. Six years later, he progressed to the tumor stage from his scalp lesion and developed cervical lymphadenopathy. Lymph node and scalp biopsies showed diffuse infiltration of CD30+ anaplastic cells with multinucleated, hallmark-like, Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg-like, histiocytoid forms, indistinguishable from anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). T-cell receptor gamma gene (TCRg) rearrangement studies revealed identical clones in the initial MF scalp lesion and nodal anaplastic lesion, confirming the transformation. Ancillary studies showed absence of IRF4/DUSP22 and ALK rearrangements and positive RB1, SMARCA4, SOCS1, and TP53 mutations. The patient achieved partial response with systemic chemotherapy. Our case is an example of tMF presenting as the morphology and phenotype of ALCL. Because clinical behavior and therapeutic options of tMF and primary cutaneous ALCL may be different, it is clinically relevant to differentiate these 2 entities. The proof of clonal relationship may be useful in diagnostically challenging cases with features overlapping between tMF and primary cutaneous ALCL.
Defect rocksalt structures in the La-Na-N system
Authors: Yuan Yao , Kloß Simon D. , Attfield J. Paul 
Published: August 2023

Sodium azide (NaN
3
) is a versatile nitrogen source that can be used for the synthesis of new nitrides under high-pressure and temperature conditions. Reactions between lanthanum nitride (LaN) and sodium azide (NaN
3
) at 800°C under 8 GPa pressure have led to the discovery of two defect rocksalt phases which are the first reported ternaries in the La-Na-N system. Preliminary structure assignments have been made based on fits to powder X-ray diffraction profiles. One phase is La

1−
x

Na

3
x

N with vacancies at octahedral La sites and interstitial tetrahedral Na cations. This phase has a tetragonally distorted rocksalt structure (space group
I
4

/

mmm
,
a
= 3.8704(2) and
c
= 5.2098(3) Å for nominal
x
= 0.10) and the distortion decreases with increasing Na content (space group
I
4

/

mmm
,
a
= 3.8060(2) Å,
c
= 5.2470(3) Å for nominal
x
= 0.14), further giving a cubic phase (
a
= 5.3055(2) Å) for nominal
x
= 0.25. This coexists with another cubic

F
m

3
¯

m

phase (
a
= 5.1561 (5) Å), tentatively identified as rocksalt ‘NaN
1/3
’ stabilized by a small amount of La; NaLa

y

N

(1+3
y
)/3

with
y
≈ 1%. These initial investigations reveal that the high-pressure La-Na-N phase diagram may be rich in defect rocksalt-type materials although further work using neutron diffraction will be needed to confirm the structures.

This article is part of the theme issue 'Exploring the length scales, timescales and chemistry of challenging materials (Part 1)'.