bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROBLEMATIKA DAN SOLUSI ALTERNATIF PEMBELAJARAN DARING UNTUK MATA PELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI 13/IV KOTA JAMBI
Authors: Pebriansari Vina , Soedarto Harjono Hary , Ali Muhammad 
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini membahas tentang problematika dan solusi alternatif pembelajaran daring mata pelajaran Matematika. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan pelaksanaan pembelajaran daring pada masa pandemi Covid-19 dan mendeskripsikan problematika guru dalam pembelajaran matematika secara daring pada masa pandemic Covid-19 serta mendeskripsikan solusi pemecahan problematika pembelajaran matematika daring pada masa pandemic Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian mix method. Data penelitian ini diperoleh dari hasil angket, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Uji keabsahan data menggunakan uji validitas dan reliabilitas serta menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan metode. Teknik analisis data menggunakan skala Likert dan model interaktif terdiri dari pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data dan kesimpulan. Teknik sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik purposive sampling. Hasil temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran matematika secara daring di kelas V pada masa pandemi Covid-19 berlangsung dengan baik namun kurang maksimal. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh temuan problematika pembelajaran dari segi sarana prasarana, kemampuan guru dalam menggunakan teknologi daring dan kesiapan siswa. Selanjutnya, upaya yang ditempuh oleh guru dalam mengatasi problematika pembelajaran daring ini yaitu, guru maksimal dalam memberikan pelayanan pendidikan, namun ada beberapa problematika yang tidak bisa dihadapi sendiri, membutuhkan upaya bersama dalam menanganinya.
Kata kunci : Problematika daring, matematika, pandemi Covid-19
STUDI STRATEGI GURU KELAS DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PERMULAAN PADA PROSES PEMBELAJARAN DARING KELAS RENDAH SDIT CAHAYA HATI
Authors: Asmaryadi Ilham , Nazurty Nazurty , Muazza Muazza 
Published: July 2023

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui strategi guru dalam menigkatkan kemamuan membaca permulaan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif studi kasus, yang mendeskripsikan temuan penelitian dari hasil eksplorasi pengumpulan data penelitian. Subjek penelitian ini ialah guru kelas rendah SDIT Cahaya Hati. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa kemampuan membaca permulaan siswa kelas 1 dan 2 masih rendah selama proses pembelajaran daring dilaksanakan, hambatan yang terjadi pada proses pembelajaran daring diantaranya sulitnya guru berinteraksi secara khusus dengan siswayang mengalami kesulitan membaca strategi yang digunakan pada pembelajaran daring yaitu dengam memberikan video pembelaran yang dikirim melalui WA grup kelas,video call dan zoom.
Kata kunci : Pembelajaran Daring, Membaca Permulaan, Strategi Belajar
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA ONLINE PADA PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA TINGKAT SEKOLAH DASAR DI MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 (KAJIAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIK)
Authors: Artika Siti , Sulistyo Urip , Destrinelli Destrinelli 
Published: July 2023

Media pembelajaran adalah suatu alat yang digunakan dan berfungsi untuk menyampaikan pesan-pesan pembelajaran. Media pembelajaran merupakan salah satu upaya pengadaan media pembelajaran yang inovatif dan efektif. Sehingga pada akhirnya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan dan menjadikan pembelajaran lebih menarik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan media apa saja yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran matematika di tingkat sekolah dasar pada masa pandemi covid-19 serta mendeskripsikan pemanfaatan media dalam pembelajaran matematika di tingkat sekolah dasar selama masa pandemi covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan sistematika literature review. Peneliti menggunakan model PRISMA yaitu; Identifikasi, Penyaringan, Kelayakan, dan Inklusi untuk pengumpulan data. Data dianalisis melalui metode naratif dengan mengelompokkan hasil yang ditemukan dan yang sejenis. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa ada 8 media yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran matematika tingkat SD pada masa pandemi covid-19, yaitu; whatsapp, video belajar, Zoom, Google Classroom, Youtube, Google form, android, quizizz, cisco webex, pear deck dan jamboard. Guru menggunakan media; Sebagai platform berbagi, Sebagai aktivitas pembelajaran yang sinkron, Sebagai aktivitas pembelajaran yang tidak sinkron, Sebagai alat penilaian, dan sebagai platform diskusi.
Kata Kunci: Media online , Matematika SD, Literatur sistematik
Lysine 117 Residue Is Essential for the Function of the Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 1α
Authors: Chu Yuan , Zhao Long , Liu Xian , Chen Hui , Zhao Chen , Chen Sicong , Xiang Shensi , Lu Jun , Wang Xiaofang , Wan Yue , Dong Diandian , Yao Songhui , Li Changyan , Yin Ronghua , Ren Guangming , Yang Xiaoming , Yu Miao 
Published: July 2023

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) plays essential roles in controlling development and metabolism; its mutations are clearly linked to the occurrence of maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY3) in humans. Lysine 117 (K117) to glutamic acid (E117) mutation in the HNF1α gene has been clinically associated with MODY3, but no functional data on this variant are available. Here, we addressed the role of lysine 117 in HNF1α function using a knock-in animal model and site-directed mutagenesis. HNF1α K117E homozygous mice exhibited dwarfism, hepatic dysfunction, renal Fanconi syndrome, and progressive wasting syndrome. These phenotypes were very similar to those of mice with complete HNF1α deficiency, suggesting that K117 is critical to HNF1α functions. K117E homozygotes developed diabetes in the early postnatal period. The relative deficiency of serum insulin levels and the normal response to insulin treatment in homozygous mice were markedly similar to those in the MODY3 disorder in humans. Moreover, K117E heterozygous mutant causes age-dependent glucose intolerance, which is similar to the pathogenesis of MODY3 as well. K117 mutants significantly reduced the overall transactivation and DNA binding capacity of HNF1α by disrupting dimerization. Collectively, our findings reveal a previously unappreciated role of POU domain of HNF1α in homodimerization and provide important clues for identifying the molecular basis of HNF1α-related diseases such as MODY3.

Article Highlights
HNF1α K117E homozygous mice exhibited dwarfism, hepatic dysfunction, renal Fanconi syndrome, and progressive wasting syndrome. K117E homozygotes developed diabetes in the early postnatal period. K117E heterozygous mutant causes age-dependent glucose intolerance, which is similar to the pathogenesis of maturity-onset diabetes of the young. K117 mutants significantly reduced the overall transactivation and DNA binding capacity of HNF1α by disrupting dimerization.
Diurnal Cycling of Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetes: Evidence for Deviation From Physiology at an Early Stage
Authors: Lucidi Paola , Perriello Gabriele , Porcellati Francesca , Pampanelli Simone , De Fano Michelantonio , Tura Andrea , Bolli Geremia B. , Fanelli Carmine G. 
Published: July 2023

The aim of this study was to establish the contribution of insulin resistance to the morning (a.m.) versus afternoon (p.m.) lower glucose tolerance of people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Eleven subjects with T2D (mean [SD] diabetes duration 0.79 [0.23] years, BMI 28.3 [1.8] kg/m2, A1C 6.6% [0.26%] [48.9 (2.9) mmol/mol]), treatment lifestyle modification only) and 11 matched control subjects without diabetes were monitored between 5:00 and 8:00 a.m. and p.m. (in random order) on one occasion (study 1), and on a subsequent occasion, they underwent an isoglycemic clamp (a.m. and p.m., both between 5:00 and 8:00, insulin infusion rate 10 mU/m2/min) (study 2). In study 1, plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide, and glucagon were higher and insulin clearance lower in subjects with T2D a.m. versus p.m. and versus control subjects (P &lt; 0.05), whereas free fatty acid, glycerol, and β-hydroxybutyrate were lower a.m. versus p.m. However, in study 2 at identical hyperinsulinemia a.m. and p.m. (∼150 pmol/L), glucose Ra and glycerol Ra were both less suppressed a.m. versus p.m. (P &lt; 0.05) in subjects with T2D. In contrast, in control subjects, glucose Ra was more suppressed a.m. versus p.m. Leucine turnover was no different a.m. versus p.m. In conclusion, in subjects with T2D, insulin sensitivity for glucose (liver) and lipid metabolism has diurnal cycles (nadir a.m.) opposite that of control subjects without diabetes already at an early stage, suggesting a marker of T2D.

Article Highlights
In people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), fasting hyperglycemia is greater in the morning (a.m.) versus the afternoon (p.m.), and insulin sensitivity for glucose and lipid metabolism is lower a.m. versus p.m. This pattern is the reverse of the physiological diurnal cycle of people without diabetes who are more insulin sensitive a.m. versus p.m. These new findings have been observed in the present study in people without obesity but with recent-onset T2D, with good glycemic control, and in the absence of confounding pharmacological treatment. It is likely that the findings represent a specific marker of T2D, possibly present even in prediabetes before biochemical and clinical manifestations.
Process Design of Benzene Nitrification
Authors: Agustriyanto Rudy , Sapei Lanny , Mochni Endang Srihari , Setyopratomo Puguh 
Published: July 2023

Abstract—Aspen HYSYS was used to investigate several aspects of process design for benzene nitration. In this study, the frequency factor (ko) and the activation energy (Ea) for benzene nitration were given from the literature. Calculations of chemical and physical properties were performed automatically on Hysys using the NRTL and UNIQUAC Thermodynamic models. Some aspects of process design were studied, namely: (1) the effect of temperature on the conversion of reactions, (2) the effect of the ratio of sulphuric acid to nitric acid on the synthesis of nitrobenzen in the reactor, and (3) the effect of reactor arrangements ( parallel and series) on reaction conversion. The results showed that the peak of conversion that could be achieved on a single reactor was 96.9% at a ratio of sulfuric acid: nitric acid = 3.5 and a temperature of 50ºC. However, based on this study, it is suggested that the most favorable conditions for nitation of benzene in an isothermal reactor are 50°C and a sulfuric acid:nitric acid ratio of about 2.5 to 3.
Abstrak—Aspen HYSYS digunakan untuk menginvestigasi beberapa aspek perancangan proses pada nitrasi benzen. Energi aktivasi (Ea) dan faktor frekwensi (ko) untuk reaksi ini diperoleh dari literature. Perhitungan sifat-sifat fisis dan kimia dilakukan secara otomatis pada Hysys dengan menggunakan model Termodinamik NRTL dan UNIQUAC. Beberapa aspek perancangan proses dipelajari dengan simulasi, yaitu: pengaruh suhu pada konversi reaksi, pengaruh rasio asam sulfat terhadap asam nitrat pada sintesa nitrobenzen dalam CSTR (reaktor berpengaduk kontinyu), dan pengaruh susunan reaktor baik seri maupun parallel terhadap konversi reaksi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konversi tertinggi yang dapat dicapai pada CSTR tunggal adalah 96,9 % pada rasio asam sulfat: asam nitrat = 3,5 dan suhu 50ºC. Namun demikian, berdasarkan penelitian ini, disarankan bahwa kondisi yang paling disukai untuk nitasi benzen dalam CSTR isotermal adalah 50ºC dan rasio asam sulfat:asam nitrat sekitar 2,5 sampai 3.
Analysis Translation Methods of Text Translation in the Novel Al-Liṣ wa al-Kilāb by Najib Mahfuz
Authors: Choirun Nisa' Ummi , Shalihah Imroatus , Qomari Nur 
Published: July 2023

Based on Peter Newmark's translation methodology theory, this study aims to identify and classify the accuracy of the use of diction in the novel Al-Lis} wa al-Kila>b. A descriptive qualitative approach was used in this research type. Reading techniques, document analysis, and sampling were used to collect data. Meanwhile, data is being analysed at the following stages: 1) identify and classify the original text based on the translation method, then compare the diction with the translated text, and 2) analyse and provide reasons for the translated text's incompatibility with the original text. The results showed that the most appropriate translation method to use in this novel is one that favours the target language, because translation methods that favour the source language have some diction inaccuracies. The original text's source language contains a style of language that cannot be interpreted lexically but must be interpreted contextually. The study's implication is to improve the reader's understanding of the author's intended message.
مستخلص
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد وتصنيف دقة استخدام الإلقاء في رواية "اللص والكلاب" استنادا إلى نظرية بيتر نيومارك في منهجية الترجمة. يستخدم هذا النوع من الدراسة منهجا نوعيا وصفيا. يتم تنفيذ تقنيات جمع البيانات من خلال تقنيات القراءة وتحليل المستندات وأخذ العينات. وفي الوقت نفسه، يتم تحليل بيانات من خلال المراحل التالية: 1) تحديد النص الأصلي وتصنيفه بناء على طريقة الترجمة، ثم مقارنته بإملاء النص المترجم، 2) تحليل وتقديم الأسباب المتعلقة بعدم توافق النص المترجم مع النص الأصلي. أظهرت النتائج أن أنسب طريقة ترجمة مستخدمة في هذه الرواية هي الطريقة التي تفضل اللغة المستهدفة، حيث توجد بعض الأخطاء في استخدام الإلقاء كطريقة من طرق الترجمة لصالح اللغة المصدرية. تميل اللغة المصدرية في النص الأصلي إلى احتواء نمط من اللغة لا يمكن تفسيره معجميا، بل يجب تفسيره في السياق. الآثار المترتبة على هذه الدراسة هي زيادة فهم القارئ للرسالة التي يقصدها المؤلف.
الكلمات المفتاحية: تحليل الإملاء؛ طرق الترجمة؛ اللص والكلاب؛ بيتر نيومارك
Strategi dan Kualitas Terjemahan Kitab Bidāyatul-Hidāyah Karya Imam Al-Ghazali (Upaya Menangkal Degradasi Moral Bangsa Berbasis Kajian Terjemahan Kitab Keagamaan)
Authors: Mukminin Muhamad Saiful , Kusumadewi Justicia Shabirina , Rahmawati Khoirunnisa , Susanti Meilinda Ika , Anis Muhammad Yunus 
Published: July 2023

The purpose of this article is to determine the use of translation strategies and the assessment of translation quality in the translation of the Arabic-Indonesian book of Bidāyatul-Hidāyah. The descriptive qualitative research method was used in this study. The data in this study are sentences containing moral values from the book Bidāyatul-Hidāyah and its Indonesian translation. Data were gathered using two methods: listening and recording, as well as a questionnaire. Based on an analysis of 60 data points, three types of translation strategies were identified: syntactic translation strategies (62.8%), semantic translation strategies (8.3%), and pragmatic translation strategies (28.9%). The translation quality assessment results are classified as less accurate, less acceptable, and medium readability, with a final average score of 2.58. The use of syntactic translation strategies can improve the accuracy, acceptability, and readability of translation results.
مستخلص
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد تطبيق استراتيجيات الترجمة وتقييم جودة الترجمة في ترجمة كتاب بداية الهداية من العربية إلى الإندونيسية. إن منهج البحث المستخدم في هذا البحث هو المنهج الوصفي النوعي. البيانات الواردة في هذه الدراسة عبارة عن جمل تحتوي على قيم أخلاقية في كتاب بداية الهداية وترجمته باللغة الإندونيسية. تم جمع البيانات باستخدام تقنيتين، وهما الاستماع والتسجيل والاستبيانات. بناءً على تحليل ستين بيانا، وجد أن تطبيق ثلاثة أنواع من استراتيجيات الترجمة، وهي استراتيجيات الترجمة النحوية)٪ ٦٢٬٨) ، واستراتيجيات الترجمة الدلالية )٪٨٬٣) ، والاستراتيجيات العملية )٪٢٨٬٩). يتم تضمين نتائج تقييم جودة الترجمة في المستوى الأقل دقة، والأقل قبولًا، والمستوى المتوسط ​​من المقروئية بمتوسط ​​نهائي يبلغ ٢٬٥٨. إن تنفيذ إستراتيجية الترجمة النحوية قادر على جعل نتائج الترجمة دقيقة ومقبولة ومستوى عالٍ من قابلية القراءة.
الكلمات المفتاحية: إستراتيجية الترجمة؛ جودة الترجمة؛ القيمة الأخلاقية؛ كتاب بداية الهداية
Satu Abad Nahdlatul Ulama dalam sebuah Qasidah Karya KH. Afifuddin Muhajir (Analisis Semiotika Riffaterre)
Authors: Lutfi Mukhammad , Abdullah Abdullah , Suparno Darsita 
Published: July 2023

The goal of this research is to uncover the true meaning of a Qasidah that employs symbols and indirect expression. The material object studied is Qasidah Nahdliyah Satu Abad Nahdlatul Ulama by KH. Afifuddin Muhajir, also known as Qasidah NSANU, which is a qasidah written to commemorate the centennial of Nahdlatul Ulama (NU) on 16 Rajab 1444 H (7 February 2023 AD) according to the Hijri calendar. The descriptive qualitative method with Riffaterre's semiotic approach was used in this study. Riffaterre provides stages for understanding a poem's full meaning, including heuristic reading, hermeneutic reading, determining models, variants, and matrices, and determining hyprograms. The study's findings indicate that the Qasidah NSANU as a whole contains content about the history of NU's founding, its role in maintaining Indonesian unity, and the figures who played a role in NU's founding. This matrix was discovered after obtaining models in the form of words, phrases, and sentences. It is titled "a century of NU: the figure behind its founding and its attitude in maintaining Indonesian unity." The potential hypogram of the Qasidah's creation is a response from the Qasidah's creator's gratitude for the hundred years of NU, which is then poured into the Qasidah's text. Meanwhile, the actual hypogram was inspired by Hadlratus Shaykh Hasyim Asy'ari's jargon "Hubbul Wathan minal iman," as well as the song "Subbanul Wathan," or more colloquially "ya lal Wathan," composed by KH. Abdul Wahab Chasbullah.
مستلخص
الهدف من هذا البحث هو الكشف عن المعنى الشامل للقصيدة التي تستخدم الرموز وعدم مباشرة التعبير. الموضوع المادي الذي تمت دراسته هو قصيدة نهضية في قرن واحد بنهضة العلماء (Qasidah Nahdliyah Satu Abad Nahdlatul Ulama) بقلم كياهي الهاج عفيف الدين مهاجر⸻المشار إليه فيما بعد باسم Qasidah NSANU، هي قصيدة تم تكوينها خصيصًا للترحيب بالذكرى المئوية لنهضة العلماء (NU) في 16 رجب 1444 هـ (7 فبراير 2023 م) والتي يتم حسابها على أساس التقويم الهجري. الطريقة المستخدمة في هذا البحث هي الطريقة الوصفية النوعية مع منهج ريفاتير السيميائي. يقدم ريفاتير مراحل لفهم المعنى الشامل للقصيدة أوالشعر، أي من خلال القراءة الاستكشافية، والقراءة التأويلية، وتحديد النماذج (model)، والنوع (varian) والمصفوف (matriks) ، وتحديد الهيبوجرام. تظهر نتائج الدراسة أن Qasidah NSANU أساسا لها معنى عن تاريخ تأسيس NU، ودورها في الحفاظ على الوحدة الإندونيسية ، وكذلك الشخصيات التي لها دور في تأسيس NU. والمصفوفة التي تم الحصول عليها هي " في قرن واحد بنهضة العلماء: الشخصيات وراء تأسيسها وموقفها في الحفاظ على الوحدة الإندونيسية"، تم العثور على هذه المصفوفة بعد الحصول على نماذج في شكل كلمات وعبارات وجمل. الهيبوجرام المحتمل لإنشاء هذه القصيدة هو استجابة من امتنان مؤلف القصيدة لمئات السنين من NU ، والتي يتم سكبها بعد ذلك في نص القصيدة. في هذه الأثناء، تم استلهام الهيبوجرام الفعلي من المصطلح "hubbul wathan minal iman" لحضرة الشيخ هاشم أشعاري، وكذلك أغنية "syubbanul wathan" أو الأكثر شهرة “ya lal wathan”من ألحان كياهي الحاج عبد الوهاب حسب الله.
الكلمات المفتاحية: قصيدة؛ عفيف الدين مهاجر؛ نهضة العلماء؛ السيميائي
Emergence of canine hookworm treatment resistance: Novel detection of Ancylostoma caninum anthelmintic resistance markers by fecal PCR in 11 dogs from Canada
Authors: Evason Michelle D. , Weese J. Scott , Polansky Benjamin , Leutenegger Christian M. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
To describe dogs with detected Ancylostoma caninum anthelmintic treatment resistance markers in Canada.

ANIMALS
11 client-owned dogs with fecal quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay detected A caninum with benzimidazole (BZ) resistance genotypic markers.

METHODS
Signalment, presenting concern, duration of clinical signs, fecal testing, treatment, and outcomes were obtained. Where available, follow-up data were collected via telephone or email with the primary veterinarian.

RESULTS
Ancylostoma spp was detected from 184/32,205 dog fecal samples by reference laboratory qPCR surveillance, between May 15, 2022, and April 26, 2023. 11 of these 184 samples had A caninum with genetic BZ F167Y resistance marker detection. 4 dogs had not traveled outside Canada, 6 had been imported from the US, and the travel history was unclear in 1 dog.
7 of the dogs had gastro-intestinal signs (diarrhea or soft stool) on initial presentation. Clinical improvement was reported in 6 of these dogs (resolution of diarrhea and soft stool), with 1 dog lost to follow-up. All 11 dogs received anthelmintic treatment (varied drugs and duration).

CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Identification of genetic markers of BZ resistance raises concerns about the potential animal and human impacts of resistant hookworms. 4 dogs lacked an origin from or travel history to the US, indicating true emergence and/or novel spread within Canada, not just importation from an area where resistance has been reported. Fecal surveillance was performed with a qPCR test incorporating treatment (BZ) resistance markers. There is a need to raise clinician awareness around treatment-resistant hookworm in dogs and the capability of fecal surveillance for genotypic and phenotypic resistance.
New generalized Mellin transform and applications to partial and fractional differential equations
Authors: Ata Enes , Onur Kıymaz I. 
Published: July 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a generalized Mellin transformation in a general form that encompasses the generalized Mellin transformations found in the literature. Then, we give the fundamental properties of this new integral transformation and apply it to some elementary functions. Furthermore, we obtain the solutions of partial and fractional differential equations by means of this new integral transformation. Finally, we examine the relations between generalized Mellin transformations in the literature and the new generalized Mellin transformation and present a table showing the new integral transformations of functions commonly used in mathematics, physics and engineering applications.
The Legitimization of Forced Migration: A Long-Term Consequence of the Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Lausanne
Authors: Kulczycki John J. 
Published: July 2023

Following World War I, the Great Powers gathered in Paris to negotiate a series of treaties under the watchword “national self-determination.” By the beginning of the 20th century national homogeneity had become the ideal attribute of a nation-state, and in practice this is what the Great Powers saw as national self-determination. Only in very few instances did a population actually self-determine its future. In addition, the Great Powers took other considerations into account in redrawing borders in Eastern Europe, resulting in the inclusion of large minorities, which prompted the imposition of treaties protecting those minorities. If the new borders resulted in a change of an individual’s nationality, one could self-determine one’s nationality by “opting” for another nationality, but with the obligation to “transfer” one’s residence to the country of that nationality, the equivalent of forced migration and illustrating the primacy of national homogeneity over self-determination. The Treaties of Neuilly and Sèvres went further by obligating Bulgaria and Turkey to reduce their minority population. The failure of the latter Treaty led to a conference in Lausanne, at which the Great Powers in the resulting Treaty legitimized the expulsion of Greeks and Turks, providing an international sanction for forced migration. In the following decades, statesmen and others repeatedly invoked the Treaty of Lausanne by name as a successful model for dealing with minority-majority conflicts, supposedly by promoting national homogeneity, which culminated in massive forced migrations following World War II.