bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ASSESSMENT OF THE POSSIBILITIES OF AGRICULTURAL USE OF SEWAGE SLUDGE FROM SMALL, MEDIUM AND LARGE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
Authors: Czarnota Joanna , Justyna Kurcek  , Natalia Twaróg  
Published: May 2023

The management of sewage sludge, generated at various stages of wastewater treatment, is still a significant problem. One of the possibilities of using sewage sludge, which is a valuable source of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), is its use for agricultural purposes. Sludge can be used for fertilising when it meets the requirements with regard to the content of heavy metals, the number of eggs of intestinal parasites and Salmonella bacteria, and when the amount of organic substances and fertilising components is sufficient. That is why it is so important to know exactly the characteristics of sewage sludge. This allows determination of whether it can be used as fertiliser in agriculture. The study assesses the agricultural use of sewage sludge from three mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plants of different PE, produced in 2016-2018. The analysis was carried out on the basis of the physicochemical parameters of the sludge. Particular attention was paid to the fertilisation and sanitary properties, as well as the presence of heavy metals, which were largely influenced by such factors as: the size of the wastewater treatment plant, the method of sewage sludge treatment and sludge management, and the nature of the catchment area. The concentrations of particular substances in sludge from wastewater treatment plants differed from one another, and sometimes these were very large differences. The conducted analysis showed that sewage sludge, from both small and large wastewater treatment plants, has a significant potential as agricultural fertiliser due to the presence of minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium.
STALOWA WOLA – THE CITY OF BIG INVESTMENTS. HISTORY, THE PRESENT, THE FUTURE
Authors: Anna Sikora  , Marek Kowal  
Published: May 2023

After regaining independence in 1918, Poland faced the task of rebuilding its infrastructure. One of the main achievements, apart from the port of Gdynia, was Stalowa Wola – a city built on a “raw root” with a closed, avant-garde composition, which was largely realized.
The appearance of the city was influenced by the doctrines: modernist (including socialist modernism) and socialist realist. The article presents a design procedure model that can be used in the case of designing areas with the morphogenesis of a modernist city. The proposed method uses the theoretical considerations of Aldo Rossi and Jan Gehl and the elements of User Experience Design (UX).
HOW A NATURAL EDUCATION SHOULD ADDRESS ISSUES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Authors: Olena Mitrasova  , Andrii Mats  
Published: May 2023

The purpose of the research is the creation of an effective didactic system through the integrated approach to the content of natural education with a special emphasis on professional orientation. Methods of the analysis, synthesis of knowledge, educational experiment, and mathematical statistics were used for the fulfillment of the purpose. The effective didactic system of interdisciplinary knowledge of natural-science course, namely the water security course, was created. The educational experiment proved the effectiveness of building the educational content of the training course based on an integrated approach.
Analysis of Value Chain Model of Sheep-Fattening Business in Langkat District
Authors: Marisa Julia , Sitepu Sukma Aditya , Rianto Aditiya Amanda 
Published: May 2023

Aims: To increase the beef cattle business by minimizing business production costs.
Study Design: This research begins with preliminary studies such as conducting literature studies, problem identification, needs analysis, and system identification. Then conduct field observations and expert interviews. Best practice value chain analysis consists of several steps, which are both descriptive and analytical. Value chain analysis describes the overall market in which a particular value chain operates.
Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted from November 2022-January 2023 in Sei Bingai District, Langkat Regency.
Methodology: The method used in this study is value chain analysis through mapping Hayami's value chain and added value.
Results: The value chain model for fattening sheep in the research area can be applied to improve performance through efficiency, integration of actors, and distribution channels to deliver to consumers. Based on data processing and analysis results, it is known that the problem of sheep value chain management is a constraint on resource input in the form of a shortage of sheep supply, so Langkat Regency still depends on supplies from other regions.
Conclusion: Mapping a value chain model based on actual business processes requires designing a supply chain solution to address critical aspects that hinder the smooth management of the sheep value chain.
Serratia marcescens Meningitis: Neonatal Case
Authors: Tahiri F. , Lalaoui A. , Kaouani D. , Bennaoui F. , Slitine N. El-Idrissi , Soraa N. , Maouainine F. M. R. 
Published: May 2023

Serratia marcescens belongs to the Enterobacteriaceae family, commonly found in water, soil, animals, insects, plants. Although Serratia marcescens has low virulence, it causes nosocomial infections and outbreaks in extremely immunocompromised or critically ill patients, particularly in intensive care units, particularly neonatal units. This pathogen causes a wide range of clinical symptoms in newborns, including keratitis, conjunctivitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, surgical site infections, sepsis, bloodstream infection, and meningitis. The bloodstream is the most commonly infected location, followed by the respiratory tract and the gastrointestinal tract. Serratia marcescens strains implicated in epidemic events have often proven to be multiresistant. Indeed, this species has an inherent resistance to multiple antibiotic families. Often, the particular source of infection cannot be determined. However, infected hands of healthcare professionals are thought to be a key vector for its spread. Infection of the central nervous system by this bacterium in the neonatal period leads to serious neurological sequelae with high mortality interest of early and adequate management. Through our work we report the clinical presentation, the positive diagnosis as well as the therapeutic management and the evolution of a newborn having presented a meningitis with Serratia marcescens complicated by ventriculitis.
Laboratory and Sonographic Assessment of Intestinal Parasitic Load of Peasant Farmers in Emekuku Village in Nigeria
Authors: Odumeru E. A. , Njoku C. B. , Ewurum C. , Agwunobi K. 
Published: May 2023

Background: Intestinal parasites (IP) are organisms that live and strife within the host for harm or mutual benefit, is a global concern infecting over 3 billion people and causing morbidity in about 450 million people worldwide of which the developing countries are most affected, the majority being school children, rural dwellers, and peasant farmers. Parasitic load (PL) in our locality has not been assessed, or determined, and comparisons made based on biographic data of the peasant farmers.
Objective: The study was aimed at determining the PL of peasant farmers in Emekuku by Laboratory and Sonographic examinations.
Methods: A cross-sectional study design with a purposive non-probability sampling technique was used to select 126 subjects within the age group of 20 years to 90 years of both sexes. Stool specimens were collected, Wet preparation and Concentration Methods were used for laboratory investigation and comparisons were made. Sonography was used for the confirmation and characterization of IP. Data were analyzed with simple descriptive statistics and chi-square.
Results: Wet prep technique recorded 10 (7.94%) positive cases while the Concentration method recorded 44 (34.92%) positive cases (P < 0.05). Ascaris lumbricoides amongst other IPs had the highest manifestation in the study, most prevalent in the age group 80 to 89 years,10 (62.5%) and more occurring in the female 10 (15.87%) and significant (P =0.039967). Sonographic indices for confirmation of IP were 4 (80.0%) out of 5.
Conclusion: Sonography complements the role of Laboratory stool analysis for the presence, characterization, location, and complications of IP such as Ascaris lumbricoides.
Low Cost Zero till In situ Green Manuring for Kharif Rice-A Success Story
Authors: Ghorai Ankit Kumar , Ghorai Asesh Kumar 
Published: May 2023

Low cost zero till in situ green manuring using plant species like dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata) and sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea) will eliminate the age old problems of large scale adoption of green manuring across the farming community. These two species germinated and grown well when sown before (as paira crop during last irrigation) or after rice harvest under zero till condition, with assured nor western rain/monsoon rain or with one post sowing irrigation (7.5 cm). The zero till paira dhaincha green manuring process opened up the scope of producing green manuring at lower cost and saves up to Rs.15000/ha over conventional rain fed green manuring system. Green manuring by dhaincha produced 50-60 tonnes of biomass at 35-40 DAS in alluvial (North 24 PGS), lateritic (Purulia) and clay soils (Paschim Medinipur), produced 30-50 q raw rice /ha and saved 20-27 kg (30 per cent) chemical nitrogen/ha. This green manure will help in quicker decomposition of rice straw left after combined harvest (3.5- 6,0 t/ha), minimise its field burning, sequester enough carbon to the soil. Fifty tonnes green biomass of dhaincha/sunnhemp, has the potential to absorb 15 tonnes CO2 from the atmosphere, sequesters 2 tonnes of carbon in soil, minimise environmental pollution, improve soil health, its structure and water holding capacity. This technique can be adopted in rice growing countries across the globe without difficulty. Seed production dhaincha and sunnhemp is possible by growing it as paira crop (40 kg/ha) within kharif rice which grows up to 45 cm height, produces healthy pods and matures by 70 days which otherwise takes 5-8 months in normal season. If the seed crop is not harvested in rice fallows, from shattered seeds, self-seeded zero till and rain fed dhaincha manure can be obtained in rice fallows.
Evaluation of Physico-chemical Parameters of Soil in Different Cropping Systems and their Co-relation with Earthworm Diversity
Authors: Kaur Arshpreet , Sidhu A. S. , Aulakh R. K. , Kaur Jagjot , Singh Amanpreet 
Published: May 2023

Aim: The present study is an attempt to evaluate the impact of earthworm diversity on physico-chemical parameters of soil in different cropping systems (i.e. basmati-wheat, basmati-chickpea, soybean-wheat, moong-wheat) under organic and conventional farming systems.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted at the School of Organic Farming, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India from June, 2020 to March 2021.
Methodology: The four earthworm species found during the study period are Metaphire posthuma, Lampito mauritti, Amynthas morissia and Travoscolides chengannure, which belong to two families i.e. Megascolicidae and Octochateidae. Out of these Travoscolides chengannure was reported for the first time in Punjab.
Results: The results indicate that richer earthworm diversity was found in the organic farming systems as compared to the conventional farming systems. The correlation analysis of earthworm abundance with the physicochemical parameters of soil in different farming systems revealed that the abundance of earthworms in organic farming system shows positive but non-significant correlation with pH, nitrogen and potassium levels. In conventional farming system, significant positive correlation (p=0.01) was found for organic carbon, electric conductivity and nitrogen.
Conclusion: The findings of this encourage switching from conventional to organic farming practices. These practices not only increase earthworm diversity, but enrich the soil with many major and micro-nutrients. The agriculture practices which are earthworm-friendly should be adopted for long-term soil productivity.
New Fe(III) Trichlorido Complex of a Bidentate N'-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)isonicotinohydrazide Ligand: Synthesis, X-ray Structure, Spectral Characterization, and Electrochemistry Study
Authors: Gadiaga Dame , Sy Adama , Ndoye Cheikh , Traoré Bocar , Excoffier Grégory , Diouf Ousmane , Gaye Mohamed 
Published: May 2023

Fe(III) complex of the hydrazone from (E)-N'-(thiophen-2-ylmethylene)isonicotinohydrazide (HL) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, electrical conductance in non-aqueous solvents, FT-IR and electronic spectroscopies, room temperature magnetic measurement, electrochemistry study as well as by X-ray diffraction structure determination. In the complex, the ligand acts in its neutral bidentate form, coordinating through the carbonyl oxygen and azomethine nitrogen. A high spin octahedral geometry assigned to the Fe(III) complex were further confirmed by room temperature magnetic moment data. Elemental analysis showed that Fe(III) complex is composed of metal and ligands in a molar ratio of 1:1. This complex of Fe(III) is a neutral electrolyte in DMF solution. The electrochemistry study shows that a one electron process determined the electrochemical reaction is governed by an electron transfer with an irreversible process. The structure of the complex has also been determined by X-ray diffraction revealing an octahedral environment around the Fe(III) ion.
Severe Maternal Morbidity Among Pregnant People With Opioid Use Disorder Enrolled in Medicaid
Authors: Auty Samantha G. , Frakt Austin B. , Shafer Paul R. , Stein Michael D. , Gordon Sarah H. 
Published: January 2025

ImportancePregnant people with opioid use disorder (OUD) are at high risk for potentially avoidable maternal morbidity. The majority of pregnant people with OUD receive health insurance through state Medicaid programs, but there is little comprehensive data on the burden of severe maternal morbidity (SMM)—a composite measure of adverse maternal health outcomes—among this high-risk group.ObjectiveTo estimate rates of SMM among Medicaid-enrolled pregnant people with OUD from 2016 to 2018.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsUsing the Transformed Medicaid Statistical Information System Analytic Files, this cross-sectional study identified 96 309 pregnant people with OUD enrolled in Medicaid in 47 states with 108 975 deliveries between March 1, 2016, and November 16, 2018. Data were analyzed from August 1, 2023, to September 1, 2024.Main Outcome and MeasuresSMM was identified using International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision diagnosis and procedure codes for 20 relevant conditions and was measured per 10 000 live births nationally and by state. Rates of SMM were also stratified by the timing of Medicaid enrollment before delivery.ResultsFrom 2016 to 2018, 96 309 Medicaid enrollees had a diagnosis of OUD before a live birth (108 975 deliveries). The mean (SD) age of Medicaid-enrolled pregnant people with OUD was 28.8 (5.0) years. The mean (SD) rate of OUD among pregnant people enrolled in Medicaid was 324.8 (260.9) per 10 000 live births across states. Among this group, the mean (SD) unadjusted rate of SMM excluding blood transfusions among those with OUD was 292.1 (112.3) per 10 000 live births, with these rates varying substantially across states, from 101.0 per 10 000 live births in South Dakota to 682.2 per 10 000 live births in California. Adjustment for enrollee characteristics and comorbidities did not meaningfully alter the estimated rate of SMM (305.6 [95% CI, 245.2-408.2] per 10 000 live births). Rates of SMM generally increased with decreased durations of Medicaid enrollment.Conclusions and RelevanceThis cross-sectional study of pregnant people enrolled in Medicaid found that the rate of OUD among this group was more than twice as high as previous estimates. Pregnant people with OUD face a disproportionately high risk of SMM, particularly those who enroll in Medicaid later in pregnancy. Targeted interventions that facilitate early Medicaid enrollment and coverage continuity may be needed to reduce the burden of adverse outcomes in this group.
Bilingualism and Speech Perception
Authors: Rojczyk Arkadiusz 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Humans are born with an astonishingly effective capacity for speech perception. This capacity allows them to acquire their native language in a spontaneous and effortless manner. The studies on early bilingual perception show that infants are exceptionally successful at perceptually differentiating two or even more languages and directing their attention to individual‐specific phonetic properties of each language. However, when learning a foreign language later in life, it is a common experience that perception is not optimal, leading to many difficulties with correct identification of sounds and words. This entry succinctly discusses the phenomenon of bilingual speech perception to show how it works in simultaneous bilingualism and late bilingualism. The core of the argument is that, despite the widespread beliefs that humans lose sensitivity to categorize speech sounds in a foreign language with age, the accumulated research shows that the mechanisms underlying speech perception remain intact over the entire life span and that they are retrainable to accommodate phonetic properties in L2 that are absent in a native language.
Connectives
Authors: Bondi Marina 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Connectives can be studied both as functional sentence elements and as elements of a textual or discourse grammar. The textual dimension introduced by text linguistics and discourse analysis has certainly intensified interest in their role. Attention is paid to the multifunctionality of connectives and to their independence from specific grammatical categories: connectives are seen as relational and organizational units, acting as instructions for the reader/hearer in many cognitive or semantic approaches. The study of connectors has been characterized by great terminological instability and by an emphasis on the complexity of the relations of these elements of textual grammar in the rapidly developing fields of semantics and pragmatics. Studies of connectives have often highlighted the problems of distinguishing semantic from pragmatic meaning in their use and attempts to arrive at a functional typology have been accompanied by an awareness that categories may be overlapping. The textual viewpoint developed by text linguistics and discourse analysis has rapidly inspired a wider range of different applied perspectives that can offer new insights into connectives. These include the following: discourse processing, argumentation, corpus‐based studies on variation and change, cross‐linguistic analysis, translation studies, studies on non‐native speakers, and learner corpora.
Grammar and Information Structure
Authors: Callies Marcus 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This entry discusses the concept of information structure and several fundamental principles of information structure that govern the ordering of units of information within a sentence or utterance (constituent order, information status, and syntactic weight/heaviness) as well as related concepts (topic, focus, emphasis, intensification, and contrast). It then explains and exemplifies how information structure interacts with grammar and how it is encoded in linguistic structure by means of focus constructions.
Language Planning, Policy, and Multilingualism
Authors: Safont Pilar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The complexity of multilingualism may be manifested in the existing policies and planning arrangements that can be identified in many speech communities around the world. The present entry provides a global overview related to language planning and policy as an area of study (i.e., LPP) while adopting a multilingual perspective. Existing research illustrating the relationship between LPP and multilingualism is described at the societal and the individual level. On that account, this entry tackles education policies as an instance of macro LPP and family language policies as examples of micro planning. In addition to that, some challenges deriving from societal needs and existing research on LPP and multilingualism are presented. More specifically, we refer to issues like the rise of information and communications technology, e‐multilingualism, and the elaborate implementation of policies favoring gender‐neutral language use in multilingual settings.
Multiliteracies in Education
Authors: Kalantzis Mary , Cope Bill 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
After defining multiliteracies and providing a brief bibliographical background, this encyclopedia entry analyzes the socio‐linguistic context which prompted the development of this approach, the multiliteracies analysis of multimodal meaning, and pedagogical applications of multiliteracies. The entry concludes with a call for education justice supported by the precepts and practices of multiliteracies.
Pragmatics: An Overview
Authors: Taguchi Naoko , Kádár Dániel Z. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Pragmatics is a field of linguistics concerning linguistic forms and the meaning they produce in a social context. Second language (L2) pragmatics is a field of applied linguistics which investigates how L2 speakers use linguistic and nonlinguistic means to produce and understand meanings, how their use develops over time, and what factors affect this development. This entry provides an overview of these two interrelated fields and also underscores the interface between them. We survey major theories of pragmatics and discuss how they have been applied to L2 pragmatics research to advance our understanding of L2 pragmatic competence and development. The entry is concluded with future directions for the pragmatics–L2 pragmatics partnership. Intertwining pragmatics and L2 pragmatics in this entry is necessary because these areas represent the backbone of the current volume of the Encyclopedia.
Grammar in Standards and Varieties of English
Authors: Shaw Philip M. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Within a set of texts or interactions in any language, there is always variation in linguistic form (pronunciation/spelling, lexis, and grammar). The variation between geographical or social groups is captured by the terms
norm
(or
usage)
,
standard
, and
variety
. Because communities develop norms different from one another, many varieties of English (especially spoken) can be identified, with partly differing grammars. Non‐standard grammar can vary quite widely as a result of different inputs to different varieties or separate development. Some features are inherited from the learner English of early users; some rules may be simplified, others imported from the previous language of the community. Written Standard English is a high‐status variety first formulated around the end of the eighteenth century and now broadly uniform worldwide. Different communities adopt different versions of the standard, but there is little grammatical variation in these; the variation in language in use comes mainly from its non‐standard features. The advent of corpora of varieties of English has allowed us to see statistical variation among varieties, even standardized ones, that is otherwise invisible.