bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IgE-Induced Blood Coagulation Alterations in the Rabbit: Consumption of Coagulation Factors XII, XI, and IX in Vivo
Authors: Pinckard R. Neal , Tanigawa Cheryl , Halonen Marilyn 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Intravenous administration of BSA into 3-month-old rabbits producing detectable anti-BSA antibody only of the IgE class of immunoglobulin induced a variety of intravascular blood coagulation alterations. The IgE-induced blood coagulation alterations observed in the plasma 15 min after antigen challenge included: a) the intravascular consumption of intrinsic blood coagulation factors XII, XI, and IX and possibly the reduction in clottable fibrinogen; b) a significant prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time but not the prothrombin time; and c) the production of an inhibitor affecting the last stage of blood coagulation. The observed blood coagulation alterations were not caused by the manipulative procedures utilized, the presence of anti-BSA, IgG or IgM antibody, histamine-induced alterations in the vascular endothelium or the development of hypotensive shock. It is proposed that specific IgE antibody can induce directly or indirectly the activation of intrinsic blood coagulation in vivo.
The Effect of Staphylococcal Enterotoxins on the Primary in Vitro Immune Response
Authors: Smith Bennett G. , Johnson Howard M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins, like several plant lectins, have been shown to stimulate mitogenic activity and lymphokine production in lymphocytes. The effect of enterotoxins A and B on the primary in vitro plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of mouse (C57BL/6) spleen cells to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was examined. PFC responses in 4-or 5-day cultures were inhibited τ; 90% by 0.1 µg enterotoxin A and by 3- to 6-µg enterotoxin B when the toxins were added to the cultures either at the time of SRBC addition or 24 hr before. Both enterotoxins A and B were shown to be T lymphocyte mitogens. Kinetic data indicated that the enterotoxins (10 µg) inhibited the PFC response as early as day 3, but were relatively more inhibitory at days 4 and 5. The PFC response was inhibited when enterotoxins were added to cultures at the same time as antigen or a day later; it was enhanced when added at day 2; and it was unaffected when added at day 3 of 4-day cultures. Further, the presence of enterotoxin A during the first 24 hr of culture and subsequent removal was still as effective in inhibiting the PFC response as when it was present throughout the culture period. The PFC inhibitory properties of enterotoxins appear, then, to affect some early event(s) in the in vitro immune response.
α-Methyl-D-mannopyranoside blocked the PFC inhibitory effect of concanavalin A (con A), but it had no effect on enterotoxin A. The two mitogens appear, then, to react with different receptors on the lymphocytes or to differ in the dynamics of their reactivity.
The effects of staphylococcal enterotoxins on the PFC response of spleen cells were remarkably similar to those reported for lectins such as con A. Enterotoxins are structurally simpler than con A and should therefore be quite useful in studying various biologic activities of lymphocytes.
Ia Alloantigen(s) Detected on Thymocytes by Use of a Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorter
Authors: Fathman C. G. , Cone J. L. , Sharrow S. O. , Tyrer H. , Sachs D. H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
With the increased sensitivity of detection of fluorescence made possible by a fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS), Ia antigen(s) have been demonstrated, although in very small amounts, on murine thymocytes by using an indirect immunofluorescent technique. Absorption studies indicate that the Ia antigens detected on thymocytes are also present on spleen B cells, however, they do not rule out the possibility that certain Ia antigens may exist only on B cells. These studies suggest that the surface distribution and/or the decreased density of Ia antigens on thymocytes relative to peripheral B cells may preclude their demonstration by more conventional assays. Although these studies demonstrate Ia antigens on less than 50% of thymocytes, the percentage may in fact be much higher since current methods do not allow an upper limit to be assigned.
Suppressor Cell Control of Unresponsiveness to Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Swierkosz James E. , Swanborg Robert H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Lymph node cells (LNC) from Lewis rats rendered unresponsive to experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) by pretreatment with myelin basic protein markedly suppressed clinical (but not histologic) EAE in normal recipients later challenged with an encephalitogenic emulsion. Unresponsiveness was immunologically specific, and required viable LNC; serum transfer was ineffective. These findings suggest that suppressor cells exert control over this autoimmune disease.
Sera and the in Vitro Induction of Immune Responses
Authors: Shiigi Stanley M. , Mishell Robert I. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
More than 200 samples of pooled fetal bovine sera (FBS) were tested to determine their capacity to support primary immune responses by cultured mouse spleen cells. Less than 10% of the FBS samples were fully supportive; the majority of the samples were moderately to very deficient. Several lines of evidence suggest that bacterial contamination during the processing of sera plays a major role in determining which sera are supportive. Serum samples known to have been temporarily contaminated during processing were strongly supportive. Samples of FBS which were likely never to have been contaminated were deficient. Bacteria from a specific lot of supportive serum converted a very deficient serum into one which was supportive. Several mechanisms by which bacteria could affect sera are discussed.
Intestinal Uptake of Macromolecules
Authors: Walker W. Allan , Wu Margaret , Isselbacher Kurt J. , Bloch Kurt J. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The mechanism(s) whereby immunization interferes with the intestinal absorption of macromolecules has been examined. After repeated intraperitoneal injection of protein antigens emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant into rats, everted gut sacs from these animals and controls were exposed to radiolabeled antigen in vitro. There was a significant decrease in absorption of antigen by gut sacs from immunized rats as compared to control rats. On further analysis, it was found that, in contrast to controls, gut sacs from immunized rats showed an increased initial adsorption of labeled antigen. Furthermore, gut sacs from immunized rats showed enhanced breakdown of labeled antigen on prolonged incubation. Following incubation, gut sacs were rinsed and the amount of radioactivity eluted was determined. More radioactivity was present in the first rinse fluid of gut sacs from immunized rats than in rinse fluid from controls. On density gradient ultracentrifugation of the former fluids, radioactivity was localized in the middle or bottom of the gradient, whereas radioactivity in the latter fluids was located at the top of the gradient. The rapidly sedimenting labeled antigen was co-precipitated in the reaction of rabbit anti-rat IgG1 and IgG1 protein, suggesting the presence of antigen-IgG1 antibody complexes in the rinse fluid.
These findings suggest that in vitro, antigen becomes rapidly associated with antibodies present on the surface of the gut. Formation of antigen-antibody complexes seems to prevent binding of antigen to and subsequent pinocytosis by the intestinal epithelial cells. Antigen-antibody complexes retained in the mucous coat of the gut may be degraded by local proteases. The findings in this study suggest an additional role for antibodies present on mucosal surfaces, i.e., protection against absorption of ingested proteins which have escaped normal digestion in the intestinal lumen.
The Basis for Conflicting Results Obtained in Studies on the Plaque-Forming Cell Response to Type III Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Baker Phillip J. , Prescott Benjamin 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Treatment with several preparations of anti-lymphocyte or anti-thymocyte serum (ALS or ATS)1 has been shown to cause a significant increase (10- to 20-fold) in the magnitude of the plaque-forming cell (PFC) and serum antibody response to Type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SSS-III) in different strains of mice (1–4); such enhancement is evident with respect to both PFC/106 nucleated spleen cells and PFC/spleen, indicating that it is not due simply to splenomegaly (3). These observations have been confirmed using preparations of ALS and SSS-III, made independently by different methods (5). In all of these studies, sheep erythrocytes, sensitized with purified SSS-III by the CrCl3 coupling method (6), were used as indicator cells for the detection of PFC making antibody specific for SSS-III. Despite these reproducible findings and their independent confirmation, some investigators have reported that treatment with ALS produces either no change, or a significant reduction in the number of PFC found after immunization with this antigen (7–9); here, sheep erythrocytes, sensitized with uncharacterized filtrates from broth cultures of pneumococci (10), were used as indicator cells in assays for PFC.
Immunochemical Properties of Streptococcal M Protein Purified by Isoelectric Focusing
Authors: Cunningham Madeleine , Beachey Edwin H. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Electrofucusing of an alkaline extract of type 24 streptococcal M protein yielded an antigenic fraction that was type specific and apparently homogeneous. The haptenic nature of this fraction was suggested by its inability to precipitate type-specific antiserum or to induce opsonic antibodies in rabbits, despite its ability to strongly inhibit opsonization of homologous-type streptococci by M antibody. The fraction migrated as a single band upon electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel. The mobility of the protein band was consistent with a molecular weight of 36,500 daltons. In some experiments using larger quantities of protein, a second faint protein band with an average molecular weight of 70,000 was observed, suggesting the presence of dimers of the 36,500-dalton protein. Amino acid analysis showed the predominant amino acid to be glycine followed by aspartic acid and glutamic acid.
Moreover, this M protein fraction was free of non-type-specific immunotoxic properties in guinea pigs and in man. Although apparently not immunogenic, this nontoxic fraction may provide a useful tool to study the relationship of the type-specific protective moiety to potentially harmful “impurities” in M protein vaccines.
Aleutian Disease of Mink: The Antibody Response of Sapphire and Pastel Mink to Aleutian Disease Virus
Authors: Bloom Marshall E. , Race Richard E. , Hadlow William J. , Chesebro Bruce 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The specific antiviral antibody response of sapphire and pastel mink to Pullman strain of ADV has been examined. Sapphire mink inoculated with from 300,000-3 LD50 developed high levels of specific antibody and AD. Pastel mink inoculated with parallel doses of ADV also produced antibody but did not develop AD. The low incidence of AD in pastel mink inoculated with Pullman strain of ADV is probably related to factors other than antiviral antibody.
In Vitro Human Reactivity to Staphylococcal Phage Lysate
Authors: Dean J. H. , Silva J. S. , McCoy J. L. , Chan S. P. , Baker J. J. , Leonard C. , Herberman R. B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The cell-mediated reactivity of normal individuals to staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL) were tested in vitro in the lymphocyte stimulation (LS) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays. There were 95% positive responses in LS (stimulation ratio ≥ 3 with p &lt; 0.01) and 67% positive responses in LMI (migration index ≤ 0.80). Enriched subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes were prepared with rosette formation and density gradient centrifugation. SPL stimulated lymphoproliferative responses in both T and B cell subpopulations whereas phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated only the T cell subpopulation. Cord blood leukocytes were tested in the LS assay and 41% gave positive responses to SPL, 81% to PHA, and 17% with SLO. SPL appears to be a useful reagent for the in vitro study of cell-mediated reactivity, and may provide somewhat different information from that obtained with other mitogens or antigens.
Interaction of C3b, B, and D̄ in the Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation
Authors: Nicholson Anne , Brade Volker , Schorlemmer Hans-Ulrich , Burger Reinhard , Bitter-Suermann Dieter , Hadding Ulrich 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The interaction of ZXd2, an insoluble intermediate of the alternative pathway on zymosan (Z5), with factor B and the enzyme D̄ proceeds in a two-step reaction: 1) B binds in the presence of Mg++ to ZXd2 to form the intermediate ZXd2B, 2) B bound to ZXd2 is subsequently activated enzymatically by D̄ to yield the complex ZXd2B̄ which cleaves C3. Evidence was obtained that C3b, which is present on ZXd2, is required for ZXd2B̄ formation. Studies of the functional role of C3b for ZXd2B̄ formation revealed that C3b is involved in the first reaction step, i.e., binding of B to ZXd2 to yield ZXd2B. Formation of ZXd2B is inhibited by pretreatment of ZXd2 with either anti-C3 Fab or with C3b-INA. Low ionic strength of about 2 mS was found to favor the interaction of the C3b with B. Mg++ concentrations from 1 to 31 mM as well as variation of pH in the range from 6.2 to 8.5 did not greatly influence the reaction of B with ZXd2. For the enzymatic activation of B only C3b on ZXd2 and factor D̄ are required. This is concluded from the finding that fluid phase C3b is sufficient for the activation of B in the presence of D̄. This does not exclude the fact that other proteins present on ZXd2 may help to stabilize the intermediate ZXd2B or the enzymatically active complex ZXd2B̄, or both of them.
Comparison of the Binding Affinities of Rabbit IgG Fractions to the Rabbit Fetal Yolk Sac Membrane: Use of 22Na to Facilitate Quantitation of 125I-IgG Binding
Authors: Tsay David D. , Schlamowitz Max 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit IgG was purified, Fr-1-(G-200)2, and then separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into three major fractions, Fr-I, -II, and -III. Binding affinities of the 125I-labeled IgG and its fractions to the rabbit fetal yolk sac membrane were studied. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml, rabbit IgG is bound to the extent of 9 µg/cm2 membrane, whereas the values for fractions Fr-I, -II, and -III are 13, 7, and 5 µg/cm2, respectively. The maximal amount of IgG bound appears to be approximately the same, i.e., 23 µg of IgG/cm2 membrane, for Fr-1-(G-200)2 and its three fractions. In contrast, bovine IgG does not bind to the membrane over the range of concentration tested. Binding constants for Fr-1-(G-200)2, fraction Fr-I, -II, and -III are estimated to be 5.4, 8.6, 4.0, and 2.0 × 104 M-1, respectively. The binding affinities of IgG fractions to the yolk sac membrane correlate with the chemical and physicochemical properties of the fractions.
Also detailed in the text is the use of 22Na to facilitate quantitation of specific binding of the 125I-IgG to the membrane under equilibrium conditions.
IgM Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity in the Moloney Sarcoma Virus System: the Involvement of T and B Lymphocytes as Effector Cells
Authors: Lamon E. W. , Whitten H. D. , Skurzak H. M. , Andersson B. , Lidin B. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV) system was analyzed with respect to the subpopulations of effector cells involved in tumor target cell destruction when IgM was used as the sensitizing antibody. With unfractionated aera from animals that had undergone regression of primary MSV tumors it was found that macrophages did not contribute to the cytotoxicity induced by normal spleen cells that were syngeneic to the target cells. The IgM fraction of MSV regressor sera was found to induce cytotoxicity against the target cells by immunoadsorbent column-fractionated normal spleen cells, which were either depleted of T cells or B cells, according to the specificity of the columns. Immune IgM was also found to potentiate the activity of MSV regressor spleen cells that had been similarly fractionated. Furthermore, IgM antibody was found to induce cytotoxicity by normal spleen cells which had been depleted of either T or B cells by the appropriate antiserum (anti-T or anti-Ig) in the presence of complement and subsequent recovery of the viable cells by trypsinization, filtration, and washing. However, spleen cells treated with both anti-T and anti-Ig sera simultaneously in the presence of complement and subsequent recovery of viable cells, were not induced to be cytotoxic against the IgM-coated tumor target cells. Further support of the finding that IgM antibody could induce cytotoxicity by T cells was provided by an experiment showing the induction with IgM of cytotoxicity against the target cells by normal thymocytes.
The Interdomain Disulfide Bond of a Homogeneous Rabbit Pneumococcal Antibody Light Chain
Authors: Strosberg A. Donny , Margolies Michael N. , Haber Edgar 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rabbit light chain 3315, prepared from a homogeneous antipneumococcal antibody, was subjected to hydrolysis by pepsin without prior reduction and alkylation of the intrachain disulfide bonds. Gel filtration of the hydrolysate on Sephadex G-10, G-15, and G-25 and ion exchange chromatography on SP-Sephadex yielded several disulfide bridge peptides. These were fully reduced and alkylated and sequenced by Edman degradation. The peptides were located in the light chain sequence determined in independent studies from our laboratory.
The half-cystine residues in this κB rabbit chain are located at positions 23, 80, 88, 134, 171, 194, and 214. The extra disulfide bridge extends between residues 80 and 171, thus joining the variable and constant domains. This is consistent with x-ray diffraction crystallographic studies showing that the corresponding residues in human light chains are separated by a distance compatible with disulfide bond formation.
The Effect of Alloantisera on Antigen-Induced T Cell Proliferation
Authors: Ruhl HartmÜt , Shevach Ethan M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
In the guinea pig, alloantisera raised by cross-immunization of strain 2 and strain 13 animals are capable of specifically inhibiting the in vitro proliferative response of (2 × 13)F1 T lymphocytes to those antigens the response to which is controlled by Ir genes linked to the genes controlling the alloantigens against which the serum is directed. However, in similar studies performed in the two parental strains, the responses to antigens not known to be under unigenic control were also markedly inhibited by the appropriate alloantisera. We have extended our studies of this “nonspecific” inhibitory effect of alloantisera on T cell proliferation and have demonstrated that the proliferative response of strain 2 and strain 13 T cells to a large number of antigens is markedly inhibited by anti-2 and anti-13 sera, respectively. Antisera to the B alloantigen, the product of a linked but distinct histocompatibility locus, which is present in both strain 2 and strain 13 animals, also produced a marked inhibition of T-lymphocyte proliferation. A number of possible explanations for the generalized inhibitory effect of alloantisera on T cell proliferation are discussed.
Response of Mouse Splenic Lymphocytes to Timothy Pollen Antigens in a Microculture System
Authors: Fairchild Sally S. , Malley Arthur 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Spleen cells from LAF1 mice were stimulated in a microculture system with T and B cell mitogens or antigens of timothy pollen. Only cells from mice immunized with crude timothy pollen extract (WST) or a major antigen of timothy pollen conjugated to Ascaris (antigen B-Ascaris) responded to timothy antigens in vitro. Optimum responses were obtained at 120 to 144 hr of culture with 5 to 10 μg WST per culture and ranged from three to 10 times greater than cell background. No correlations could be found between the optimum antigen concentration or the maximum response and the immune status of the spleen cell donor. Response could be inhibited by a dialyzáble fraction of timothy pollen, antigen D, which is a monovalent form of a major antigen of timothy pollen.
Histamine Release from Human Leukocytes: Relationships Between Cyclic Nucleotide, Calcium, and Antigen Concentrations
Authors: Gillespie Elizabeth , Lichtenstein Lawrence M. 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The antigen-induced IgE-mediated release of histamine from human basophils has previously been shown to require calcium, to be inhibited by agents which raise cyclic AMP levels and by high antigen levels, and to be unaffected by cyclic GMP. The interrelationship between these phenomena has been studied. The major findings are: 1) in the region of antigen-excess inhibition dibutyryl cyclic AMP potentiates release; 2) antigen-excess inhibition is seen at lower antigen concentrations when the calcium concentration is reduced from 0.6 to 0.1 mM; and 3) cyclic GMP modestly potentiates release when the calcium concentration is 0.1 mM.
Ionophore A-23187 Induced Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells and Rat Basophil Leukemia (RBL-1) Cells
Authors: Siraganian Reuben P. , Kulczycki Anthony , Mendoza Guillermo , Metzger Henry 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Ionophore A-23187 releases histamine from normal mast cells apparently by promoting Ca++ influx (Foreman et al, Nature 245: 249, 1973). In our hands at concentrations of τ; 0.2 μg/ml release occurs in 1 to 2 min, is blocked by metabolic inhibitors, and is unaccompanied by cytotoxicity (trypan-blue uptake, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) release). At higher doses (0.5 μg/ml) histamine release is followed by significant cytotoxicity, but again Ca++ is required. In parallel studies, we examined cultured rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells. These cells, which apparently have normal surface receptors for IgE, contained ∼700 ng histamine/106 cells but did not release histamine when IgE-mediated release was looked for. They do not respond to doses of ionophore which would be expected to give noncytotoxic histamine release. At higher doses histamine release is preceded by progressive LDH release: LDH release is 75% complete at 5 min whereas 10 min are required for 75% maximal histamine release. This reaction requires Ca++ and is temperature dependent but is not inhibited by metabolic poisons (2-deoxyglucose, dinitrophenol, CN-). These studies suggest that either Ca++ does not enter into these cells normally or that one or more mechanisms which are ordinarily triggered by the changes in Ca++ flow are unresponsive in the RBL-1 cells. These studies also underline the importance of ruling out cytotoxicity in ionophore-induced phenomena.