bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the anti-oxidant reduced glutathione in oral squamous cell carcinoma – Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Mohideen Khadijah , Sudhakar Uma , Jeddy Nadeem , Sankari S. Leena , Radhika T. , Vani N. 
Published: April 2023

Background:
The excess reactive oxygen species or free radicals reaction leads to oxidative injury to the biological components such as cells and tissues, which would result in the initiation and progression of carcinogenesis. The magnitude of oxidative damage depends primarily on the balance between free radicals (pro-oxidants) and antioxidant system activity.

Aim:
To assess antioxidant status by evaluating the reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in various biological samples of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) using available literature.

Materials and Methods:
An electronic literature search was carried out in PubMed (MeSH), Science Direct, Scopus and Cross Reference by using specific keywords.

Results:
The systematic electronic search identified 704 articles. After studying the articles' titles and abstracts, 657 articles were excluded for the following reasons; duplicated articles, animal studies, studies of low quality and not relevant to the research question. The remaining 47 articles were selected for full-text assessment. After eliminating the articles that did not match the objectives, the present qualitative synthesis finally included 27 articles for evaluation. The ten studies, which showed coherent data, were included in quantitative analysis. The GSH levels in OSCC groups are significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in plasma and erythrocyte samples compared to healthy controls.

Conclusion:
The selected studies showed significantly lower levels of GSH in various biological samples of OSCC. Hence, future studies are required to validate the expression of GSH as a prognostic biomarker in oral cancer.
Elucidating the immunohistochemistry of Nanog
Authors: Afroze Syeda Neelam , Rao Guttikonda Venkateswar , Suri Surekha 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Nanog is a key transcription factor regulating pluripotency in mammalian early embryos and pluripotent stem cells. Nanog plays a central role in pluripotency and forms autoregulatory loops to maintain ESC (embryonic stem cell) identity. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is an extensively studied malignancy that occurs due to accumulated genetic and epigenetic changes. Hence, the current study was done to evaluate role of Nanog in OSCC.

Objective:
The present study was done to evaluate Nanog role in OSCC.

Materials and Methods:
Thirty normal subjects and 30 patients of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were included in study. The cases were staged clinically based on tumour node metastasis (TNM) staging and graded histopathologically using modified Broder's grading system. Thirty tissue sections of OSCC were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) with Nanog antibody. Random fields were chosen and 300 cells were counted in five areas and mean percentage of immunopositive cells were calculated. The results were analysed using ANOVA test.

Results:
The results demonstrated a statistically significant difference between normal subjects and in patients with OSCC with respect to mean of IHC score (P = 0.0001*). High mean values for Nanog in tissue with OSCC in both histopathological (P = 0.0001*) and clinical grading (P = 0.0276*) with statistically significant result were observed.

Conclusion:
The increased expression of Nanog in patients with OSCC was statistically significant, suggesting its role as diagnostic biomarker. Statistically significant result with respect to clinical staging and histopathological grading of Nanog expression in patients with OSCC suggests its role as prognostic biomarker also.
Malignancy mimics- diagnostic perplexities for oral and maxillofacial pathologists
Authors: Kaur Harpreet , Mishra Deepika , Roychoudhury Ajoy , Kakkar Aanchal , Mridha Asit Ranjan , Sharma Mehar Chand 
Published: April 2023

Objective:
In pathology practice, one frequently encounters benign lesions which superficially resemble malignancy clinically and histopathologically. The diagnostic pitfalls can be avoided if the approach exemplified in the present study is followed. We expect that familiarity of these cases will be helpful for pathologists at the beginning of their career.

Methods:
Clinical case records of all the pathological specimens reported in our laboratory from January 2018 to September 2019 were queried. Cases displaying pseudotumor features were reviewed along with the special stains were performed and immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies. A working classification of pseudotumors presenting in the oral cavity was proposed.

Results:
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease, nodular fasciitis, fibrolipoma, odontogenic keratocyst with giant cell granuloma, juvenile ossifying fibroma with central giant cell granuloma and tumor-induced osteomalacia were the most common diagnoses where the tissue specimens resembled malignancies on routine clinicoradiological evaluation and light microscopy of tissue specimens. Their differential diagnosis and the pathological diagnostic dilemmas are explained. We have also highlighted the importance of correlating clinical, radiological and microscopic details with the findings deduced from advanced pathological aids to establish the final diagnosis.

Conclusions:
Pathologists should be aware of the conditions where the diagnosis of malignancy needs stricter evaluation to rule out malignant mimics. In such scenarios, correlation of light microscopy findings with clinical and radiological details cannot be overemphasized. Advanced pathological aids such as IHC, where necessary are often indispensable for reaching the accurate diagnosis in these cases.
Immunohistochemical analysis of cathepsin-D in benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. Evaluation of its role as a prognostic indicator
Authors: Mohan Mridula , Suresh Rakesh , Janardhanan Mahija , Savithri Vindhya , Aravind Thara 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Salivary gland tumors are histologically the most heterogeneous group of tumors. Traditional diagnostics and grading of these tumors often fail to provide any insight into patient's clinical course. Cathepsin-D is a lysosomal acid protease secreted in increased levels in several malignancies. However, its role in salivary gland tumors has not been studied extensively. The present study aims to assess the expression of cathepsin-D in malignant and benign salivary gland tumors and to compare its expression in these tumors.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 40 salivary gland tumors which included 10 cases each of adenoid cystic carcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor were evaluated immunohistochemically for cathepsin-D expression. Intergroup comparison of cathepsin-D expression was done between the benign and malignant groups using the Mann–Whitney U-test. Intragroup comparison was also done using Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results:
A statistically significant difference in the expression of cathepsin-D was observed between the benign and malignant groups. The malignant group showed a considerably higher cathepsin-D expression (mean value 6.284 ± 4.377) when compared to the benign group (mean value 2.281 ± 2.459). The differences in the immunopositivity between the malignant and benign groups were found to be highly significant (P = 0.004).

Conclusions:
Increased expression of cathepsin-D is observed in the malignant salivary gland neoplasms. This may prove to be a useful marker for the aggressive biologic behavior as well as invasive potential of salivary gland neoplasms.
Comparative evaluation of alteration in taste perception among Gutkha chewers with and without OSMF and healthy subjects
Authors: Harini T.C , Ila Anbu , Nagarajappa Anil Kumar , Chandran Ajay , Kolte Deepak R. , Gunturu Srikanth 
Published: April 2023

Context and Aim:
The major afflictions such as odynophagia (painful swallowing) and trismus that occur in patients with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) are well documented, but the impairment of gustatory functions has not received much consideration in the past. The present study was planned with a similar intent to assess and compare the alteration in taste perception among gutkha chewers with and without OSMF and healthy subjects.

Materials and Methods:
The present study was designed as a prospective case–control study comprising 90 individuals within an age range of 15–50 years who were divided into three groups with Group A consisting of 30 patients who were gutkha chewers with OSMF, Group B consisting of 30 individuals who were gutkha chewers but without OSMF and Group C consisting of 30 healthy subjects who were included as normal controls. The taste intensity response scores for the four basic tastes were recorded and the results obtained were, then, subjected to statistical analysis.

Statistical Analysis Used:
The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). Comparison of the said parameters was done using Chi-square test, analysis of variance and Tukey's post-hoc test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
The findings of the present study suggested that all taste sensations were affected more in Group A patients than the Group B and Group C individuals.

Conclusion:
The results obtained in the present study were found to be encouraging as it was demonstrated that taste perception varied significantly among the patients with OSMF as against those having habit of betel nut/gutkha chewing but those who did not develop OSMF and the normal healthy controls and this data, though, initial, might be used on a scientific basis to improve the quality of life in the affected patients as well as to prevent the further progression of the disease process.
Inhibitory effect of garlic and omam extracts on Mucor circinelloides, a fungus causing mucormycosis
Authors: Nimoshini G , Nataraj Priyadharsini , Rameshkumar Annasamy , Krishnan Rajkumar , Savithri S. 
Published: April 2023

Context:

Mucor circinelloides is reported to be the second among the most common causative agents of emerging mucormycosis. It is intrinsically resistant to most known antifungals. Further the use of antifungals cause side effects. Traditional knowledge system for treating various ailments is stronger in India and it also backs deriving various bioactive compounds from herbal sources, in the modern system of medicine. Therefore, two most commonly used culinary herbal materials viz., ginger and omam were studied in vitro against M. circinelloides, as an alternate to antifungal drugs.

Aims:
To explore the traditional herbal resources as alternate to Amphotericin B to use against M. circinelloides, a fungus causing mucormycosis.

Methods and Material:
Aqueous extracts of garlic and omam were prepared and tested against M. circinelloides, at different concentrations. A positive control with Amphotericin B and negative control without any supplements were also maintained. The inhibitory effect was assessed by adopting optical density (OD) measurement method in SD broth and SD Agar Well Plate using spore suspension as inoculum.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Paired student T test was employed using SPSS Version 1.6.

Results and Conclusions:
Both garlic and omam extracts were found to inhibit the M. circinelloides and their MICs were 600 and 700 μL/mL. It is comparable with the MIC of Amphotericin B, 200 μg/mL. Thus, the regular use of garlic and omam can reduce the risk of possible mucormycosis and these herbs can be explored for drug formulations against M. circinelloides.
Qualitative assessment of Aloe vera as natural tissue fixative
Authors: Narwal Anjali , Singh Esha , Duhan Jigyasa , Dhattarwal S. K. , Singh Virender , Kamboj Mala , Devi Anju , Gupta Shruti 
Published: April 2023

Objectives:
The art of microscopy is only appreciable in well-fixed tissues. We conducted this study to determine the effectiveness of Aloe vera as a tissue fixative and compare its results with the natural fixatives already studied in the literature.

Materials and Methods:
A pilot study was tried out using commercially available fresh chicken and fish with Aloe vera, and then after getting the promising results similar study protocol was carried out using 10-autopsied human tissue. Four natural fixatives-30% jaggery solution, 20% honey solution, 20% sugar solution, 20% Aloe vera solution and 10% formalin were used for fixation in the study. Fixation of tissues was carried out at room temperature for 24 h. All pre- and postfixation measurements were recorded using stereomicroscope and its software. The difference between pre-and postfixation was calculated and later, all pieces were kept for routine tissue processing followed by routine staining. The tissue sections were assessed for quality, and the whole procedure was blinded among three oral pathologists who scored them.

Results:
The mean percentage of shrinkage in each bit with different reagents was calculated. The shrinkage seen with 10% formalin and 20% Aloe vera were more likely similar. Among all the natural fixatives, qualitatively also Aloe vera excelled and its results were comparable to that of formalin.

Conclusion:
The use of Aloe vera in the present study as fixative is the first of its kind, as exhaustive search of the literature shows only its use as transport media in dentistry.
Analysis of Inheritance patterns, gender dimorphism and their correlation in lip and palm prints – A cross-sectional study
Authors: Vanguru Raviteja , Pasupuleti Swetha , Manyam Ravikanth , Supriya Alapati Naga , Shrishail Birajdar Smita , Yoithapprabhunath Thuckanaickenpalayam Ragunathan 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Forensic sciences deal with key areas to be included in judicial makeup that has been approved by both the court and the scientific community, which distinguishes truth from counterfeit. Lip and palmprints are one of a kind and do not change during the lifetime of a person unless any pathologies.

Objectives:
To evaluate the heritability, and gender dimorphism of lip and palm prints among parents and their offspring.

Methods:
A total of 280 participants were included in the study. Lip and palm prints were collected from participants using a digital camera. The photographic data obtained is subjected to Adobe Photoshop and analysed for inheritance. Gender dimorphism is evaluated by the predominant lip pattern and palm ridge count in four designated areas.

Results:
A positive resemblance of 28.4% was found between parents and offspring in lips, and for the right palm, it was 60.2% and 55.12% for the left palm (principal lines) which are statistically insignificant. In all six quadrants, the most predominant lip pattern found in males is type 5, and in females, type 11. The mean palm ridge density was significantly higher among females than males in all designated areas.

Conclusion:
The digital method of analysing lip and palm print images with Adobe Photoshop 7 software is a convenient method that allows for better visualisation and easier lip and palm print recording and identification. Considerable inheritance patterns and gender dimorphism were observed that aid in personal identification.
Salivary and serum acetaldehyde levels in betel quid chewers, pan masala chewers with or without tobacco and tobacco smokers
Authors: Pavithra Dorairaju , Dineshkumar Thayalan , Rajkumar Krishnan 
Published: April 2023

Background:
Acetaldehyde, a natural by-product of combustion and photo-oxidation, has been detected at low levels in cigarette smoke. Various literature studies have shown increased salivary acetaldehyde production among smokers and heavy drinkers.

Aim:
The present investigation was performed to estimate the salivary and serum acetaldehyde levels in pan masala chewers (with or without tobacco), betel quid chewers and tobacco smokers.

Methodology:
Blood and Saliva samples were collected from 40 participants. The study participants were categorized into 4 groups of 10 individuals each. Subjects with no habits, betel quid chewing habit, pan masala chewing habit with or without tobacco and tobacco smoking habit. All the samples were centrifuged and subjected to gas chromatography (GC) analysis as per standard protocols provided by the manufacturer.

Results and Discussion:
No statistically significant difference in either serum or salivary acetaldehyde levels between Pan Masala chewers (with or without tobacco) and smokers was noted. However, higher mean serum and salivary acetaldehyde levels than the normal subjects and betel quid chewers was observed. It may be speculated that natural acetaldehyde, may not be released in estimated quantity of acetaldehyde by head space GC. Nevertheless, it is possible that addition of acetaldehyde as flavoring agents or preservatives for improving acceptability of the product can be a possible cause for these observations.

Conclusion:
Owing to various socio, economic and political reasons, implementation of the ban remains to be a formidable challenge. With these observations, we believe that absolute ban of all pan masala product is the ideal solution for minimizing the oral cancer burden in India.
HBE homozygous haemoglobinpathy – Fortuitous finding
Authors: Premika Sri V. L. , Sreeja C , Muthukumar R. Sathish , Nachiammai N. , Jayaraj Merlin , Harini Priya A. H. 
Published: April 2023

A 24-year-old male patient presented with the principal complaint of deposits on his teeth and gingival pigmentation. After examination, he was diagnosed with chronic generalized gingivitis. He was further referred for pre-procedural routine blood investigations. Bleeding time, clotting time, and his random blood sugar values were normal. CBC report revealed the presence of erythrocytosis with microcytic hypochromic red blood cells. Following this peripheral smear was taken which reveals the presence of polychromatophils, target cells and a few spherocytes. Haemoglobin electrophoresis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was performed which disclosed 90.8% of HbE, suggestive of homozygous haemoglobinopathy. He had no other associated systemic findings, and there was no relevant family history.
The patient was informed about his condition and stated to have pre-marital and pre-natal genetic counselling in the future. The patient being a carrier of the thalassaemic trait happened to know his condition incidentally, which could prevent future complications.
Evaluation of roots and root canals’ morphology of maxillary premolars in a Syrian subpopulation using cone-beam computed tomography
Authors: Allawi Safa , Madarati Ahmad A , Al-Tayyan Mouhammad 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
The morphology of the roots is variable and complex; hence, a better understanding of the root canal systems is important to provide optimal endodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the number of roots, and root canals’ morphology of the first and second premolars in the Syrian subpopulation, and their bilateral symmetry. In addition, it aimed at exploring the effect of gender on the morphological aspects.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and fifty cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images (140 images for females, 110 images for males) were collected and examined by two endodontists. Details of the number of roots, number of canals, and canals’ configurations in each root were recorded according to Vertucci classification by inspecting the CBCT images in all levels (axial, coronal, sagittal, oblique, and three dimensional). The Chi-square statistical analysis was performed to compare the canals’ morphologies and bilateral symmetry in both genders.

Results:
While most of the first premolars had two roots (59.2%), the majority of second premolars (80.8%) had one root. The highest proportions within the first and second premolars (41.8 and 36.1%) had Vertucci Type-II configuration. The ratios symmetry of maxillary first and second premolars for the number of roots were 90.4% and 93.6%, respectively, and for the number of canals were 94.4% and 90.4%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the proportion of symmetry for both genders in the first and second premolars regarding the number of roots and the number of canals (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:
While most maxillary first premolars were two-rooted with two root canals, maxillary second premolars tended to be single-rooted with two root canals; males had a greater number of roots than females. While maxillary second premolars exhibited greater bilateral symmetry in the number of roots than maxillary first premolars, the latter exhibited greater bilateral symmetry than maxillary second premolars in the number of root canals.
Evaluation of pH and dimensional stability of mineral trioxide aggregate and biodentine with and without triple antibiotic medicament: An in vitro study
Authors: Halkai Rahul S. , Ishaq. S Syed , Halkai Kiran R. , Zakaullah Syed , Diwanji Pavan R. , Mahveen Syeda Uzma , Algahtani Fahda Nabeel , Almohareb Rahaf 
Published: April 2023

Introduction:
Calcium silicate-based cements has been shown to have improved antibacterial properties when incorporated into the triple antibiotic paste (TAP). However, the new material combination must withstand the tissue environment and be dimensionally stable when employed for endodontic applications. Therefore, this study aims to determine the pH and dimensional stability of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and Biodentine incorporated with TAP.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 80 cylindrical discs of 6 mm × 3 mm dimensions (n = 20) were prepared with MTA, MTA + TAP (1:1), Biodentine, and Biodentine + TAP (1:1) in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Each group’s specimens had half of their samples tested for dimensional stability (n = 10) and pH (n = 10). Samples were submerged for 1 min in containers containing 10 ml of distilled water and the initial pH was recorded and after the 7th day using a digital pH meter. To evaluate the dimensional stability, the samples were wrapped in wet gauze and kept at 37°C in the incubator for 24 h. Then, their initial lengths were measured, and were stored in distilled water at 37°C for a month before being measured once more with digital calipers. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey, and a paired Student “t” test (P ≤ 0.05).

Results:
MTA and Biodentine without TAP demonstrated a higher pH than with TAP; nonetheless, at both time points, all groups had an alkaline pH. With the exception of MTA + TAP, all the groups were dimensionally stable at both time intervals, but no significant difference was identified between the groups (P ≤ 0.05).

Conclusion:
Both MTA and Biodentine combined with TAP exhibited alkaline pH throughout the study period; however, Biodentine combined with TAP was dimensionally more stable compared to MTA with TAP.