bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pertussigen in vivo enhances antigen-specific production in vitro of lymphokine that stimulates macrophage procoagulant activity and plasminogen activator.
Authors: de Moerloose P A , Hamilton J A , Sewell W A , Vadas M A , Mackay I R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Pertussigen is a protein toxin of Bordetella pertussis that acts as a powerful stimulator of the intensity and duration of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) in mice. This study describes the potent in vivo effect of pertussigen on the levels of antigen-specific macrophage-activating lymphokine(s); lymphokine(s) was measured by the stimulation of macrophage procoagulant activity (mPCA), or plasminogen activator (PA) activity. Lymphoid cells were removed from immunized animals and cultured with specific antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, ovalbumin, or human gamma-globulin. The culture supernatants were then incubated with the monocyte-like cell line WEHI-265 to measure mPCA or with WEHI-265 or resident peritoneal macrophages to measure PA activity. Mice were given pertussigen at the time of immunization, and the subsequent generation by lymphocyte supernatants of both of these macrophage activities proved to be greatly enhanced; the effect of pertussigen was antigen specific. Pertussigen thus induces an increase in lymphokine(s) production responsible for the in vitro increase in macrophage mPCA and PA activity and which may be responsible for some of the potent immune effects of this agent in vivo.
Characterization of an anti-idiotypic T cell hybridoma involved in the regulation of the immune response to the P815 mastocytoma.
Authors: Steele J K , Tench Stammers A , Chan A , Levy J G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of a T cell hybridoma (A29) which secretes a factor that exhibits anti-idiotypic and immune-modulating characteristics. The A29 cell line is thought to represent the hybrid analog of the Ts2 suppressor cell population in the cascade regulating the immune response to the P815 tumor in DBA/2 mice. The putative TsF2 molecule is reactive with the monoclonal antibody B16G, shown previously by us to bind a public specificity of T suppressor factors (TsF). A29 TsF also exhibits specific binding to a TsF1 secreted by another T cell hybridoma, A10, which shows specificity for antigen from the P815 tumor (this has been described previously). A29 itself does not exhibit binding to P815 antigens. Affinity-purified material from A29 appears to share characteristics with A10 molecules in that the predominant material has an apparent m.w. of 70,000. Studies with calcium flux of A29 cells showed that they respond significantly and specifically on exposure to A10 TsF stimulus. We showed further that affinity-purified A29 TsF molecules can specifically suppress the in vitro generation of syngeneic CTL to the P815 tumor, and that panning of DBA/2 splenocytes over A29-TsF-coated plates renders cell populations capable of generating a higher in vitro CTL response to P815 than appropriately treated controls.
Molecular analysis of a functional subtype of HLA-B27. A possible evolutionary pathway for HLA-B27 polymorphism.
Authors: Vega M A , Bragado R , Iványi P , Peláez J L , López de Castro J A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The structure of a new HLA-B27 subtype antigen B27.4(B27D), distinguishable from the HLA-B27.1, B27.2, and B27.3 subtypes by cytolytic T lymphocytes and isoelectric focusing, has been established by comparative peptide mapping and sequence analysis. HLA-B27.4 differs from the main B27.1 subtype in the same two changes of aspartate-77 to serine-77 and valine-152 to glutamate-152, which distinguish the B27.1 and B27.3 subtypes. In addition, there are two other amino acid changes of histidine-114 to aspartate-114 and of aspartate-116 to tyrosine-116, which are unique to B27.4. The close structural relationship between B27.3 and B27.4 explains the similarity of these two subtypes in terms of T cell recognition. The presence of the two single amino acid differences between B27.3 and B27.4 within a span of three residues in the linear sequence provides a new example, suggesting that gene conversion-like mechanisms play a major role in the diversification of HLA-B27. A comparison of the structure of HLA-B27.4 with those of B27.1, B27.2, and B27.3 in the context of their ethnic distribution suggests that the diversification of the HLA-B27 antigens is an ongoing process that has continued after the separation of the major ethnic groups. A tentative evolutionary model for HLA-B27 polymorphism is proposed.
A major role for carbohydrate epitopes preferentially recognized by chronically infected mice in the determination of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomulum surface antigenicity.
Authors: Omer-Ali P , Magee A I , Kelly C , Simpson A J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A radioimmunoassay that makes use of whole schistosomula and 125I-labeled protein A has been used to characterize and to quantify the binding of antisera to the surface of 3 hr mechanically transformed schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni. This technique facilitates the determination of epitopes on the schistosomula in addition to those detected by surface labeling and immunoprecipitation. By using this technique, it has been demonstrated that there is a much greater binding to the parasite surface of antibodies from chronically infected mice (CMS) than of antibodies from mice infected with highly irradiated cercariae (VMS), and CMS recognizes epitopes that VMS does not. Treatment of the surface of the schistosomula with trifluoromethanesulphonic acid and sodium metaperiodate has suggested that the discrepancy of the binding between the two sera is due to the recognition of a large number of additional epitopes by CMS, which are carbohydrate in nature. Some of the carbohydrate epitopes are expressed on the previously described surface glycoprotein antigens of Mr 200,000, 38,000, and 17,000.
Deficiencies in suppressor T cell activity seen in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus are due to the dilution of normally functioning suppressor T cells by nonsuppressor T cells.
Authors: Sakane T , Takada S , Suzuki N , Tsuchida T , Murakawa Y , Ueda Y 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Concanavalin A (Con A)-activated T lymphocytes from patients with active, but not inactive, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) failed to express normal suppressor activity, regardless of the phenotype of CD4+ or CD8+. Con A-activated CD4+ or CD8+ T lymphocytes from the SLE patients and from normal controls were further separated into two populations, using the autologous erythrocyte rosette technique. One population very rich in cells capable of forming rosettes with autologous erythrocytes from the active patients showed the same degree of suppressor activity, as did that from normal controls; the CD4+ or CD8+ population poor in autorosetting cells derived from Con A-activated T lymphocytes from both the controls and patients did not express suppressor activity. Moreover, when autorosetting T cells from the active patients and nonrosetting cells from the same patients were mixed at a normal ratio (4:6), normal suppressor activity could be restored. It was notable that the frequency of autorosette-forming cells was markedly reduced in the Con A-activated T lymphocytes from the active, but not inactive, SLE patients, regardless of the phenotype of CD4+ or CD8+. These findings indicate the presence of a normally functioning suppressor T cell population in patients with active SLE. It seems that the lack of suppressor T cell function in patients with active SLE is due to the dilution of a few normal suppressor T cells by large numbers of nonsuppressor T lymphocytes.
Induction of proliferation in vitro of resting human natural killer cells: IL 2 induces into cell cycle most peripheral blood NK cells, but only a minor subset of low density T cells.
Authors: London L , Perussia B , Trinchieri G 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We report that resting human peripheral blood natural killer (NK) cells proliferate in response to recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2), and addition of irradiated lymphoblastoid B cells significantly increase their proliferative response. Interaction of IL 2 with the Tac IL 2 receptor expressed on activated NK cells is necessary to maintain continued growth of these cells. Experiments in which NK cell mitosis is prevented by colchicine show that the majority of peripheral blood NK cells are induced into the first cell cycle over a 6-day culture period in the presence of rIL 2. The addition of the irradiated lymphoblastoid B cell line, Daudi, to colchicine blocked cultures does not increase the proportion of cells entering cell cycle in response to rIL 2 alone. In limiting dilution analysis, only 1/1700 B73.1+ cells grow clonally in response to rIL 2. The frequency of clonal growth of NK cells in response to irradiated Daudi cells alone is minimal, whereas the addition of irradiated Daudi cells to rIL 2 stimulated cultures resulted in a 10-fold increase in clonal frequency compared with the cultures in rIL 2 alone. Therefore, Daudi cells may act by maintaining continuous proliferation of the NK cells originally responsive to IL 2. Unlike NK cells, only a minimal proportion of peripheral blood T cells proliferate in response to IL 2. These IL 2 responsive T cells are characterized by a lower bouyant density than the majority of peripheral blood T cells. These results indicate physiologic differences between peripheral blood resting NK and T cells in their ability to be induced to cycle. IL 2 is a growth factor for both cell types, but although the presence of the growth factor is sufficient for quiescent NK cells to be induced into cycle, T cells require antigenic or other mitogenic stimuli to respond to IL 2. The small proportion of light density IL 2 responsive T cells might represent in vivo activated T cells.
A syngeneic monoclonal antibody to murine Meth-A sarcoma (HepSS-1) recognizes heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG): cell density and transformation dependent alteration in cell surface HS-GAG defined by HepSS-1.
Authors: Kure S , Yoshie O 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
We have isolated a syngeneic monoclonal antibody (HepSS-1) reactive to a murine methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, Meth-A. HepSS-1 also bound to a wide variety of established and fresh normal cells derived from not only mice but also other species such as human, monkey, rat, hamster, and chicken. Immunoprecipitation of surface iodinated Meth-A cell extract with HepSS-1, as well as Sepharose 4B gel chromatography of Meth-A cell extract and detection of antigens recognized by HepSS-1 by a sandwich-type radioimmunoassay revealed that the HepSS-1 antigens were composed of several molecular species, with one as large as approximately 10(6) daltons. The following evidence indicates that HepSS-1 specifically recognizes an epitope present in heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycan (HS-GAG). First, treatment of Meth-A cells with heparitinase or heparinase, but not with chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase, resulted in the loss of HepSS-1 binding. Second, HS-GAG but not seven other types of GAG (hyaluronic acid, heparin, chondroitin, chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate) inhibited HepSS-1 binding to Meth-A cells. Third, HepSS-1 bound with HS-GAG but not with the seven other types of GAG. From the binding analysis of HepSS-1 to various modified HS-GAG and whale omega-heparin, it is additionally suggested that HepSS-1 recognizes an epitope closely related to O-sulfated and N-acetylated glucosamine. We found that NIH 3T3 cells expressed more HepSS-1 epitopes at a low cell density than at confluency and in G2 + M than in G1, whereas NIH 3T3 cells transformed with Kirsten-ras oncogene or SV-40 expressed high levels of HepSS-1 epitopes and ceased to show the density-dependent change in the amount of HepSS-1 epitopes. These observations were also reproduced by using NIH 3T3 cells transformed with a temperature sensitive Kirsten murine sarcoma virus maintained at permissive and non-permissive temperatures. Thus HepSS-1 is a first monoclonal antibody to HS-GAG and seems to be useful to elucidate changes in cell surface HS-GAG in normal cell growth and cell transformation.
Characterization of primate bronchoalveolar mast cells. II. Inhibition of histamine, LTC4, and PGD2 release from primate bronchoalveolar mast cells and a comparison with rat peritoneal mast cells.
Authors: Wells E , Jackson C G , Harper S T , Mann J , Eady R P 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
As described in the preceding companion paper, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of the primate Macaca arctoides infected with the nematode Ascaris suum yields a population of cells containing a high proportion of mast cells (21%). Nedocromil sodium, a new drug undergoing clinical evaluation for the treatment of reversible obstructive airways disease, inhibited the release of histamine, LTC4, and PGD2 from these cells challenged with antigen (with IC30 values of 2.1 X 10(-6) M, 2.3 X 10(-6) M, and 1.9 X 10(-6) M, respectively) and with anti-human IgE (IC30 values of 4.7 X 10(-6) M, 1.3 X 10(-6) M, and 1.3 X 10(-6) M, respectively). Cromolyn sodium was essentially inactive. Histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells induced by anti-rat IgE was, however, inhibited by both nedocromil sodium and cromolyn sodium with IC30 values of 1.1 X 10(-6) M and 5.5 X 10(-7) M, respectively. Both compounds induce phosphorylation of a 78,000 m.w. protein in the rat peritoneal mast cell in the absence of any stimulus at the same concentrations as those required to inhibit histamine release stimulated by anti-IgE. This event may be part of a feedback mechanism to limit degranulation. Nedocromil sodium and cromolyn sodium were equipotent in their ability to inhibit anti-IgE-induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells, but differed markedly in their ability to inhibit histamine release from macaque BAL cells.
Human and murine cytotoxic T cells specific to respiratory syncytial virus recognize the viral nucleoprotein (N), but not the major glycoprotein (G), expressed by vaccinia virus recombinants.
Authors: Bangham C R , Openshaw P J , Ball L A , King A M , Wertz G W , Askonas B A 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The viral antigens recognized by cytotoxic T cells (CTL) have not been defined in most viruses infecting mouse or man. Natural or artificial virus recombinants can be used to determine the antigen specificity of CTL directed against viruses with segmented genomes, such as influenza, but this technique is more difficult to apply to the study of unsegmented viruses. We describe here the use of recombinant vaccinia viruses, containing cDNA corresponding to either the nucleoprotein (N) gene or the major surface glycoprotein (G) gene of human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), to examine the antigen specificity of anti-RSV cytotoxic T cells from humans and mice. The results demonstrate that the RSV N protein is one of the target antigens for CTL in man and mouse, whereas the G protein was not recognized and can at best represent a minor target antigen for CTL.
Variable regions of antibodies to synthetic polypeptides. II. Analysis of variable region genes encoding antibodies specific for (T,G)-A--L.
Authors: Carmack C E , Pincus S H 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies specific for the synthetic polypeptide antigen (T,G)-A--L have been produced in two strains of mice, C57BL/10 and C3H.SW. The genes encoding the variable (V) regions of these antibodies have been studied by using the DNA hybridization technique of Southern, as well as by gene cloning and sequencing. Hybridization of DNA from 14 different cell lines with a kappa-chain probe revealed that the different cell lines used one of two different gene rearrangements to encode the recombined V region gene. There was a perfect correlation between light chain rearrangement, idiotype expression, and fine specificity. Hybridization analyses of the heavy chain revealed a more complex pattern. Seven hybridomas had the rearranged heavy chain V region genes on a 4.4 kb EcoRI restriction fragment. Others were found on restriction fragments that differed in length by several hundred base pairs. The recombined heavy chain V region genes were cloned from three different hybridoma cell lines secreting anti-(T,G)-A--L antibodies, all of which express the same idiotype and fine specificity pattern. Restriction mapping and sequencing indicate that all three utilize the same V gene, identified as the 186-2 germline gene. However, different D and J genes are used to encode each of the antibodies. In contrast to the results seen in other antigen systems, heavy chain D and J genes do not have a major influence on idiotype expression and fine specificity of antibodies to the synthetic polypeptide (T,G)-A--L.
Species-restricted recognition of transfected HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 by human CTL clones.
Authors: Mentzer S J , Barbosa J A , Strominger J L , Biro P A , Burakoff S J 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) clones and HLA-A2- and HLA-B7-transfected human, monkey, and mouse cell lines were used to investigate the basis for species-restricted antigen recognition. Most allospecific CTL clones obtained after stimulation with the human JY cell line (source of HLA-A2 and HLA-B7 genomic clones) recognized HLA antigens expressed in human and monkey cell lines but did not recognize HLA expressed in murine cells. By initially stimulating the responder cells with HLA-transfected mouse cells, two CTL clones were obtained that recognized HLA expressed in murine cells. Functional inhibition of these CTL clones with anti-class I monoclonal antibodies (MAb) indicated that clones reactive with HLA+ murine cells were of higher avidity than clones that did not recognize HLA+ murine target cells. MAb inhibition of accessory molecule interactions demonstrated that the LFA-1 and T8 surface molecules were involved in CTL-target cell interactions in all three species. In contrast, the LFA-2/CD2 molecule, previously shown to participate in a distinct activation pathway, was involved in the cytolysis of transfected human and monkey target cells, but not in the lysis of HLA+ murine cells. Thus transfection of HLA genes into different recipient species cell lines provides us with the ability to additionally delineate the functional requirements for allospecific CTL recognition and lysis.
Suppression of antigraft immunity by preimmunization. III. Characterization of suppressor T cells involved in suppression of the efferent phase of DTH against alloantigens.
Authors: Bianchi A T , Hussaarts-Odijk L M , Wolters E A , Molendijk A , Benner R 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Suppressor T (Ts) cells that can suppress delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) against histocompatibility (H) antigens can be isolated from spleen and lymph nodes a few days after i.v. immunization of mice with irradiated allogeneic spleen cells. In this paper we investigated the suppression of the efferent phase of DTH to characterize the Ts cells involved, and to compare them with the afferent phase Ts cells that have been characterized in a previous paper of this series. The DTH against third party alloantigens that were not used for the i.v. suppressive immunization could be suppressed by presenting the third party alloantigens together with the original alloantigens in the challenge inoculum for eliciting the DTH reaction. Thus the ultimate suppressive effect by the Ts cells that are active during the efferent phase of DTH is nonspecific. This non-specific suppression of DTH to alloantigens has previously been found for the afferent phase Ts cells as well. For suppression of the efferent phase of DTH to alloantigens, a population of Lyt-1+2+ Ts cells appeared to be essential, just like in the suppression of the afferent phase of DTH to alloantigens. We did not find evidence for the involvement of cyclophosphamide-sensitive auxiliary Ts cells in suppression of the efferent phase of DTH. Also no evidence was found for H-2 or Igh-restricted activation and function of the Ts cells that were active during afferent and efferent phases of the DTH response to H antigens. In view of these similarities between afferent phase and efferent phase Ts cells we conclude that there are no arguments as yet to suppose that there is more than one type of T cells involved in the suppression of the afferent and efferent limb of DTH against H antigens.
Differential expression of HLA class II antigens in fetal human spleen: relationship of HLA-DP, DQ, and DR to immunoglobulin expression.
Authors: Edwards J A , Durant B M , Jones D B , Evans P R , Smith J L 
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Frozen sections of human fetal spleen from 12 to 20 wk gestation were examined by using polyclonal antibodies to Ig isotypes, monoclonal antibodies to HLA class II subregion locus products, B and T cells, and follicular dendritic cells. Scattered lymphoid cells in spleen sections from fetuses of 12 to 13 wk gestational age expressed IgM but not IgD. The appearance of lymphoid cells expressing IgD occurred at 14 to 15 wk before the formation of loose clusters of B cells at 16 wk. IgD expression was associated mainly with cells in these clusters, which by 17 wk had become definite follicles. Follicular dendritic cells were not detectable until 20 wk. OKT3-positive T cells were not detected until 17 wk, and at 20 wk constituted 5% of the nucleated cell population. HLA-DR- and DP-positive lymphocytes and macrophages were detectable in fetal spleen from 12 wk onward; DR was expressed on more cells than DP, and the numbers of cells stained by HLA-DR-specific monoclonal antibodies exceeded the number of Ig-positive cells in all spleens examined. HLA-DQ was expressed by consistently fewer cells than HLA-DR and -DP in all spleens tested. The small number of DQ-positive cells in spleens from 12- to 13-wk fetuses had the morphology of macrophages; HLA-DQ expression by lymphoid cells followed a similar pattern to IgD expression and was associated mainly with follicular lymphocytes. It could be demonstrated by double-labeling experiments that all follicular IgM-positive cells in 17- to 20-wk spleens expressed HLA-DP, DQ, and DR antigens: IgM-positive cells in 12- to 16-wk spleens and interfollicular IgM-positive cells in 17- to 20-wk spleens all expressed HLA-DR, but only 59% and 43% expressed DP and DQ, respectively. Ninety-one to 100% of IgD-positive cells in all spleens examined expressed HLA-DQ in addition to DR and DP. In these experiments IgD-negative, DQ-positive cells had the morphologic appearance characteristic of macrophages. These data suggest that class II antigens are differentially expressed on developing lymphoid cells; DR and DP expression occurring in the earliest spleens examined, with expression of DP on a subpopulation of DR-positive cells; IgD and DQ expression appears to be coincident on maturing B cells as they begin to form follicles. An immunoregulatory role for HLA-DQ in B cell development is implicated and remains to be fully investigated.