bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of 2D+1D nanoarchitecture for transition metal oxide modified CdS nanorods: A comparative study on their photocatalytic hydrogen-generation efficiency
Authors: Archana B , Kottam Nagaraju , Smrithi S P , Sekhar K B Chandra 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
We report the formation of Mo1−xWxO3-CdS (0 ≤ x ≤1) nanophotocatalysts by a combination of solid-state and solution-impregnation processes. The formation of 2D+1D heterostructured composite was revealed by electron microscopy and the structure of ternary co-catalyst and photocatalysts were confirmed by spectroscopic analyses. The H2 evolution activity of the nanocomposites was assessed via photocatalytic splitting of water under the irradiation of visible light. All the nanocomposites studied here exhibit notable catalytic activity and good photostability using lactic acid as the sacrificial electron donor compared to a pristine compound. Among these nanocomposites, WO3-CdS shows superior activity with H2 evolution rates of 15.19 mmolg−1h−1, 28 times higher than the pure CdS. The WO3-CdS photoactivity is not only superior among all the composites studied here but also highest among the reported WO3 composite catalysts to date. The novel construction of the oxide-based nanocomposite photocatalyst shown here efficiently enhances the catalytic activity by effective separation of charge carriers and inhibits photocorrosion of CdS nanorods. The apparent quantum yield of the hydrogen evolution for WO3-CdS was found to be 8% in the visible spectral range. The disparity of the catalytic ability between MoO3 and WO3 and the variance among the compositions was unraveled through optical band-offset alignment with respect to CdS. Though the 2D+1D novel fabrication is common to all the composites, the difference in the type of band alignment MoO3 (type-I) and WO3 (type-II) with CdS plays a highly significant role in the co-catalytic activity.
Urea additive improves the performance of low bandgap tin–lead perovskite solar cells
Authors: Gan Xinlei , Peng Xuefeng , Han Yinxia , Xing Yanjun , Xiong Jiaxing , Wang Qiuxiang , Zhang Jing , Zhu Yuejin 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Recently, narrow bandgap tin–lead mixed perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have become a research hotspot because they can be applied in tandem cells to break the Shockley–Queisser radiative limit of the single junction PSCs. However, the introduction of tin, on the one hand, makes the crystal quality of perovskite thin film worse, leading to the increase of film defects; on the other hand, the easy oxidation of divalent tin also leads to the increase of defect states, which seriously affects the photoelectric conversion efficiency of tin–lead cell devices. Good crystallization and low defect density of perovskite layer are very important to ensure good light absorption and photogenerated carrier generation and transport. Here, we adjust the crystallization of tin–lead perovskite films by a Lewis base—urea (CO(NH2)2), which significantly increases the grain size and improves the film morphology. At the same time, because of the Lewis base property of urea, the uncoordinated Pb2+ and Sn2+ defects of Lewis acids in the tin–lead films are effectively passivated, and the occurrence of non-radiative recombination in the films is reduced. Under the dual effects of improving crystallization and passivating defects, the photoelectric performance of tin–lead perovskite solar cell devices is significantly improved to 18.1% compared with the original device of 15.4%.
Enhancing ion extraction with an inverse sheath in negative hydrogen ion sources for NBI heating
Authors: Sun Guang-Yu , Yang Wei , Chen Jian , Sun Hao-Min , Guo Bao-Hong , Zhang Shu , Wang Ying-Han , Yang Xiong , Sun An-Bang , Zhang Guan-Jun 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Negative hydrogen ion (H−) sources employed in neutral beam injection (NBI) systems are subject to extraction efficiency issues due to the considerable volumetric losses of negative hydrogen ions. Here, we propose to improve the H− extraction by activating an alternative sheath mode, the electronegative inverse sheath, in front of the H− production surface, which features zero sheath acceleration for H− with a negative sheath potential opposite to the classic sheath. With the inverse sheath activated, the produced H− exhibits smaller gyration, a shorter transport path, less destructive collisions, and therefore higher extraction probability than the commonly believed space-charge-limited (SCL) sheath. Formation of the proposed electronegative inverse sheath and the SCL sheath near the H–-emitting surface is investigated by the continuum kinetic simulation. Dedicated theoretical analyses are also performed to characterize the electronegative inverse sheath properties, which qualitatively agree with the simulation results. We further propose that the transition between the two sheath modes can be realized by tuning the cold ion generation near the emissive boundary. The electronegative inverse sheath is always coupled with a plasma consisting of only hydrogen ions with approximately zero electron concentration, which is reminiscent of the ion–ion plasma reported in previous NBI experiments.
More to Offer Than Direct Clinical Benefit: FDA’s Vaccine Licensure Process Ignores Population Health and Social Determinants of Disease
Authors: Jones Malia , Jetelina Katelyn K 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The current US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensure process underestimates the potential benefits of vaccines at both the individual and population levels by considering only direct clinical outcomes of vaccination. While all approved vaccines do protect the person who takes them from poor clinical outcomes for a specific infectious disease, many vaccines also have the potential to offer measurable, direct nonclinical benefits. For example, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations for school-aged children may prevent school absenteeism. Also, by preventing infection or reducing its length and severity, some vaccines also protect—to some extent—the patient’s immediate contacts from contracting the same disease. These nonclinical and population-level benefits are not considered as part of the FDA’s current vaccine approval process, but they could be. We argue that the FDA’s structured benefit-risk assessment framework, used for vaccine approvals, can and should consider both clinical and nonclinical benefits of vaccination when sufficient evidence exists to make an informed assessment. Including them could incentivize vaccine developers to measure additional vaccination effects, inform population health, and address health inequalities—including inequalities in the social determinants of health.
Baclofen during alcohol detoxification reduces the need for additional diazepam: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Crunelle Cleo L , Jegham Sami , Vanderbruggen Nathalie , Matthys Frieda 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Baclofen may reduce the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal, as an alternative or as an adjuvant for benzodiazepines, but the available data are insufficient to support baclofen-assisted alcohol withdrawal. This study investigated the need for diazepam during acute alcohol withdrawal in patients receiving baclofen. In a single-blind, dose-dependent randomized controlled trial with three study arms, 63 patients with alcohol use disorder, starting in-patient benzodiazepine-assisted alcohol detoxification, were randomly assigned to receive placebo (n = 18), baclofen 30 mg/day (N = 20), or baclofen 60 mg/day (N = 25) for 7 days. Diazepam was provided as needed based on the withdrawal symptoms stated by Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol-revised. The primary outcome measure was the number of patients in need of diazepam during alcohol detoxification. Secondary outcome measure included the between-group difference in the amount of diazepam needed during alcohol detoxification. Using baclofen 60 mg/day, 32% of patients needed additional diazepam compared to 35% on baclofen 30 mg/day and compared to 72% on placebo (P = .013). The median total amount of diazepam needed was significantly lower in patients receiving baclofen 60 mg/day (0 ± 10 mg diazepam) and baclofen 30 mg/day (0 ± 10 mg diazepam) compared to placebo (10 ± 43 mg diazepam; P = .017). Adverse events were comparable between patients on baclofen and placebo. Baclofen can reduce the withdrawal symptoms during alcohol detoxification. Baclofen was well tolerated and may be considered for the management of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, especially useful in situations where benzodiazepines should be withheld, such as patients with liver impairment.
Current Trends in Ideal Nasal Aesthetics Show Younger Patients Have a Preference Toward Longer Augmented Noses
Authors: Patel Anmol A , Gordon Alexandra R , Townsend Alexandra N , Shah Jinesh , Garfein Evan S , Tepper Oren M 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Background
Aesthetic norms fluctuate over time and often result in generational differences in preferred ideal nasal aesthetics. While some traditional concepts of the ideal nasal aesthetic have been suggested in our literature, there has been no study to date that has identified contemporary preferences across different age groups.

Objectives
To understand the general population's current perception of ideal nasal profiles.

Methods
Two-dimensional images of female noses (n = 10) of varying ethnicities were simulated to alter either the radix height or nasolabial angle (NLA) independently. Radix height was manipulated by increasing or decreasing the height by 5 mm relative to baseline. For NLA, 3 images were created with the following measurements: (1) 90°, (2) 100°, and (3) 110°. Groups were categorized by generation and age at the time of completing the study: Generation Z (Gen Z; age 18-23), Millennial 20s (age 24-30), Millennial 30s (age 31-39), and Generation X (Gen X; age 40-55). Each figure consisted of either 3 variations in radix height (n = 10) or 3 variations in NLA (n = 10). Within each figure, volunteers were asked to choose their preferred nose.

Results
The younger generations, Gen Z and Millennial 20s and 30s, preferred a more augmented radix compared to Gen X which preferred a baseline radix height. Gen Z, Millennial 20s, and Gen X preferred a 90° NLA, while Millennial 30s preferred an NLA of 100°.

Conclusions
The authors found that younger populations (Gen Z, Millennial 20s, and Millennial 30s) preferred a more augmented appearance to the nasal radix and, on average, a more acute NLA than published data suggest.

Level of Evidence: 3
Sex and background risk influence responses to acute predation risk in Trinidadian guppies
Authors: Brusseau Alix J P , Feyten Laurence E A , Groves Veronica , Felismino Miguel Eduardo L , Cao Van Truong Denis , Crane Adam L , Ramnarine Indar W , Brown Grant E 
Published: August 2023

AbstractIntraspecific sex differences in morphology, physiology, and behavior are widespread among taxa. However, despite their fundamental importance, they have been relatively understudied in the context of risk assessment. For instance, with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), there has been a bias toward the exclusive use of females, as males are thought to be less responsive to acute predation threats. However, there is little empirical evidence supporting this assumption. Moreover, the antipredator behavior of male guppies has been unexplored, perhaps resulting in the over-generalization of female behavior to both sexes in previous studies. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments involving wild-caught and laboratory-reared guppies. In Experiment 1, shoals of either male or female guppies from a high-predation population were tested for their response to alarm cues, novel odor, or a water control. We found that while female shoals exhibited strong antipredator responses to alarm cues and neophobic responses to novel odor, male shoals exhibited only a weak response to alarm cues and no evidence of neophobia. In Experiment 2, we exposed male and female guppies to high- or low-predation risk and then tested individuals for their responses to alarm cues, novel odor, or water control. Regardless of background risk, males did not respond to any stimulus. In contrast, low-risk females exhibited antipredator responses toward alarm cues and those from high background risk displayed neophobia. Our results suggest that females are more cautious when encountering an acute predation risk, highlighting the importance of accounting for both sexes in studies on predation.
Predicting gastric cancer tumor mutational burden from histopathological images using multimodal deep learning
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Haiyan , Liu Wei , Zong Peijun , Huang Kaimei , Li Zibo , Li Haigang , Xiong Ting , Tian Geng , Li Chun , Yang Jialiang 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Tumor mutational burden (TMB) is a significant predictive biomarker for selecting patients that may benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Whole exome sequencing is a common method for measuring TMB; however, its clinical application is limited by the high cost and time-consuming wet-laboratory experiments and bioinformatics analysis. To address this challenge, we downloaded multimodal data of 326 gastric cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas, including histopathological images, clinical data and various molecular data. Using these data, we conducted a comprehensive analysis to investigate the relationship between TMB, clinical factors, gene expression and image features extracted from hematoxylin and eosin images. We further explored the feasibility of predicting TMB levels, i.e. high and low TMB, by utilizing a residual network (Resnet)-based deep learning algorithm for histopathological image analysis. Moreover, we developed a multimodal fusion deep learning model that combines histopathological images with omics data to predict TMB levels. We evaluated the performance of our models against various state-of-the-art methods using different TMB thresholds and obtained promising results. Specifically, our histopathological image analysis model achieved an area under curve (AUC) of 0.749. Notably, the multimodal fusion model significantly outperformed the model that relied only on histopathological images, with the highest AUC of 0.971. Our findings suggest that histopathological images could be used with reasonable accuracy to predict TMB levels in gastric cancer patients, while multimodal deep learning could achieve even higher levels of accuracy. This study sheds new light on predicting TMB in gastric cancer patients.
PhaBOX: a web server for identifying and characterizing phage contigs in metagenomic data
Authors: Shang Jiayu , Peng Cheng , Liao Herui , Tang Xubo , Sun Yanni 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Motivation
There is accumulating evidence showing the important roles of bacteriophages (phages) in regulating the structure and functions of the microbiome. However, lacking an easy-to-use and integrated phage analysis software hampers microbiome-related research from incorporating phages in the analysis.

Results
In this work, we developed a web server, PhaBOX, which can comprehensively identify and analyze phage contigs in metagenomic data. It supports integrated phage analysis, including phage contig identification from the metagenomic assembly, lifestyle prediction, taxonomic classification, and host prediction. Instead of treating the algorithms as a black box, PhaBOX also supports visualization of the essential features for making predictions. The web server is designed with a user-friendly graphical interface that enables both informatics-trained and nonspecialist users to analyze phages in microbiome data with ease.

Availability and implementation
The web server of PhaBOX is available via: https://phage.ee.cityu.edu.hk. The source code of PhaBOX is available at: https://github.com/KennthShang/PhaBOX.
AlphaPeptStats: an open-source Python package for automated and scalable statistical analysis of mass spectrometry-based proteomics
Authors: Krismer Elena , Bludau Isabell , Strauss Maximilian T , Mann Matthias 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Summary
The widespread application of mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics in biomedical research increasingly requires robust, transparent, and streamlined solutions to extract statistically reliable insights. We have designed and implemented AlphaPeptStats, an inclusive Python package with currently with broad functionalities for normalization, imputation, visualization, and statistical analysis of label-free proteomics data. It modularly builds on the established stack of Python scientific libraries and is accompanied by a rigorous testing framework with 98% test coverage. It imports the output of a range of popular search engines. Data can be filtered and normalized according to user specifications. At its heart, AlphaPeptStats provides a wide range of robust statistical algorithms such as t-tests, analysis of variance, principal component analysis, hierarchical clustering, and multiple covariate analysis—all in an automatable manner. Data visualization capabilities include heat maps, volcano plots, and scatter plots in publication-ready format. AlphaPeptStats advances proteomic research through its robust tools that enable researchers to manually or automatically explore complex datasets to identify interesting patterns and outliers.

Availability and implementation
AlphaPeptStats is implemented in Python and part of the AlphaPept framework. It is released under a permissive Apache license. The source code and one-click installers are freely available and on GitHub at https://github.com/MannLabs/alphapeptstats.
demuxmix: demultiplexing oligonucleotide-barcoded single-cell RNA sequencing data with regression mixture models
Authors: Klein Hans-Ulrich 
Published: August 2023

Abstract

Motivation
Droplet-based single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is widely used in biomedical research for interrogating the transcriptomes of single cells on a large scale. Pooling and processing cells from different samples together can reduce costs and batch effects. To pool cells, they are often first labeled with hashtag oligonucleotides (HTOs). These HTOs are sequenced alongside the cells’ RNA in the droplets and subsequently used to computationally assign each droplet to its sample of origin, a process referred to as demultiplexing. Accurate demultiplexing is crucial but can be challenging due to background HTOs, low-quality cells/cell debris, and multiplets.

Results
A new demultiplexing method based on negative binomial regression mixture models is introduced. The method, called demuxmix, implements two significant improvements. First, demuxmix’s probabilistic classification framework provides error probabilities for droplet assignments that can be used to discard uncertain droplets and inform about the quality of the HTO data and the success of the demultiplexing process. Second, demuxmix utilizes the positive association between detected genes in the RNA library and HTO counts to explain parts of the variance in the HTO data resulting in improved droplet assignments. The improved performance of demuxmix compared with existing demultiplexing methods is assessed using real and simulated data. Finally, the feasibility of accurately demultiplexing experimental designs where non-labeled cells are pooled with labeled cells is demonstrated.

Availability and implementation
R/Bioconductor package demuxmix (https://doi.org/doi:10.18129/B9.bioc.demuxmix)
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 is dispensable for lumicrine signaling regulating epididymal initial segment differentiation and gene expression
Authors: Kiyozumi Daiji , Ikawa Masahito 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
The mammalian epididymis is the organ for functional sperm maturation. In rodents, the initial segment, the most proximal region of the epididymis, plays a critical role in sperm maturation. The luminal epithelial differentiation and the following gene expression of the initial segment are regulated by the lumicrine signaling, a testis-epididymis transluminal secreted signaling. Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor G2 (ADGRG2) is expressed in the efferent duct and the initial segment epididymis. In the preceding study, Adgrg2 ablation decreased the expression of several genes expressed in the initial segment. Such downregulated genes include those known to be regulated by lumicrine signaling, suggesting the involvement of ADGRG2 in lumicrine signaling. The present study examined whether ADGRG2 is associated with the lumicrine signaling regulating epididymal initial segment differentiation and gene expression. Adgrg2-null mice were generated by CRISPR/CAS9-mediated genome editing. The postnatal differentiation of the Adgrg2-null male epididymal initial segment was histologically comparable with that of control wild-type animals. The RNA-seq of Adgrg2-null mice was performed together with those of efferent duct-ligated and W/Wv mice in both of which lumicrine signaling is defective. The comparative transcriptome analyses clarified that the expressions of genes expressed in the initial segment and regulated by lumicrine signaling were decreased by Adgrg2 nullification. However, the extent of such downregulations observed in Adgrg2-null epididymis was not so prominent compared with those of lumicrine signaling deficient Nell2−/−, efferent duct-ligated, or W/Wv mice. Collectively, these findings indicate that ADGRG2 is dispensable for the lumicrine regulation of epididymal initial segment differentiation.
Take-Up Advocacy in Social Work Practice: A Care-Oriented Approach
Authors: Benish Avishai , Weiss-Gal Idit 
Published: August 2023

Abstract
Securing rights for service users, particularly in taking up their social rights, has long been a goal of the social work profession. However, take-up advocacy is an under-researched and under-theorised practice, and little is known about how social workers engage in it and perceive it. The goal of this study is to provide an empirically driven conceptualisation of take-up advocacy by expanding knowledge on how social workers engage in it and their perceptions of its purpose and nature. This study employed a qualitative research design based on forty semi-structured interviews with social workers working in an Israeli programme that defined take-up advocacy as a core duty and practice. A thematic categorical content analysis of the interviews revealed that the social workers adopted a unique care-oriented model of advocacy, in which they infused the goals, principles and strategies of social work treatment into the legally oriented archetype of take-up advocacy. This care-oriented approach includes adopting broader perceptions of goals, taking a holistic perspective, involving service users in the take-up process, standing alongside service users, employing emotional tools and using the take-up process for relationship building.