bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of an Eprinomectin Treatment at Fall Housing on Milk Production of Dairy Cows in Québec
Authors: Carrier Jérôme , DesCôteaux Luc 
Published: February 2023

Dairy cattle in Quebec are exposed to gastrointestinal nematodes throughout the grazing season, from May to October. The clinical and economic impact of these parasites, especially Ostertagia ostertagi, is well documented in replacement animals. In severe cases, clinical disease (diarrhea, weight loss and death) can be seen, but in most cases the infestations are subclinical and may lead to decreased productivity (reduced average daily gain). Many deworming products and protocols have been proposed to enhance dairy cattle productivity. The efficacy and economic justification of some of those are not always evident, especially for lactating animals. Animals over 2 years of age rarely show clinical signs of digestive parasitism, and clinical trials using a wide range of parasite control products have shown variable effects on lactation productivity. The discovery of the avermectin endectocide family was a major advance in clinical parasitology. Avermectins were shown to be highly effective and to improve dairy cattle productivity but they only were available for use in heifers and during the dry period, due to milk withdrawal times. The recent approval of eprinomectin with no witholding time for meat or milk has allowed the treatment of dairy cattle of all ages at any time of lactation.
The objective of this study was to determine the response in milk production of dairy cows treated with eprinomectin at fall housing.
Acidosis in Cattle
Authors: Stock Rick 
Published: February 2023

As with all feedstuffs consumed by ruminants, grains are subject to microbial fermentation in the rumino-reticulum part of the stomach complex. Ruminants evolved digesting forages. Therefore, digestion of grain by the ruminal ecosystem is a relatively foreign situation. Consumption of large, single meals and microbial fermentation not only favored energy and protein utilization of forages, but also allowed ruminants to survive from other predators. However, these feeding habits create problems when high grain diets are fed. The microbial fermentation of starches contained in grains can proceed too rapidly causing the rumen to become acidotic. The severity of the acidosis may range from mild to life threatening. Genetic selection of beef cattle over the last 50 years has done little to reduce the incidence of acidosis. Possibly, the selection of Holsteins for increased milk production may have indirectly selected for decreased acidosis by increasing saliva flow (bicarbonate buffer) and increasing rate of passage.
In many situations, the consequences of acidosis affect feedlot cattle and dairy cattle similarly. However, there are also unique feeding and management differences between these two industries. In general, I will discuss the two industries together. Where specific feeding and management differences occur, I will discuss these livestock industries separately.
Human-Cow Interactions
Authors: Grandin Temple 
Published: February 2023

W.D. Hoard, founder of Hoard's Dairyman, wroteover a 100 years ago that people working with dairy cowsshould have patience and kindness, and that rough treatmentdecreases the flow of milk. People who enjoy workingwith animals will have more productive animals.7 Jack Albright, Professor Emeritus at Purdue University, stated years ago that tame dairy cows that will approach people will give more milk. People have known for a long time that rough handling and stress is detrimental to dairy cattle, but some people have forgotten W.D. Hoard's wisdom. In fact the highest producing dairy in Colorado milks only twice a day, uses no growth hormone and has tame cows that will approach people.
Researchers have used statistical methods to determine the powerful negative effects of rough handling.14 Shocking or hitting a cow can reduce milk yield by 10%. Paul Hemsworth in Australia has found that cows that are fearful of people are less productive. Fear of people was measured on 14 dairy farms by measuring how close the cows would approach people. On dairies where cows had a large flight zone, there was significantly less milk production.6 Cows that avoided people and became restless when a person was nearby had lower milk production. Observation at a large dairy indicated that tame cows in a special research unit gave more milk. Breuer et al. (1997) found that dairy heifers that were slapped repeatedly before and after milking had reduced milk yield. Seabrook also demonstrated the beneficial effects of gentle treatment.16 Dairy cows that were slapped gave 13% less milk than cows that were gently stroked. People need to talk quietly to cattle. Yelling and whistling increased a cow's heartrate more than the sound of a gate slamming.17 Hemsworth and Coleman (1998) have authored an excellent book which outlines all the studies showing the beneficial effects of good stockmanship on farm animal productivity.
Salmonellosis in Feed Yards
Authors: Hawkins Larry L. 
Published: February 2023

Since the advent of the germ theory in the late 1800's and George Soper's10 discovery of the link the between Mary Mallon's employment history and 7 cases of typhoid fever in early 1907, salmonellosis has presented a diagnostic and clinical challenge to medical practitioners. Salmonellosis is caused by gram-negative, rod-shaped, facultative anaerobic, intracellular bacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae, genus Salmonella.12 There are at least 2300 serotypes (serovars) of Salmonella based on their somatic or O antigens (lipopolysaccharides or endotoxins), flagellar or H antigens, and in some cases virulence or Vi antigens. There is debate as to whether these serovars are distinct species or are a subspecies of one species, S. enterica, but most often serovars are considered species.
Most of the serovars of Salmonella are potential pathogens, but approximately 15 are commonly identified in diseased animals. Some Salmonellae are host specific, such as S. choleraesuis in swine, S. typhi in people8 and S. abortus-ovis in sheep. In contrast others, such as S. typhimurium, infect cattle, sheep, goats, swine, horses, poultry, rodents, people, and occasionally dogs and cats.22 Salmonellosis is a serious zoonotic disease1 (CDC reported 41,901 cases in people in 1997)11 and is estimated to cost $0.6 to 3.5 billion23 in medical expenditures and lost production in the U.S. annually. Consequently, educating clients and their employees about the zoonotic hazards of working with animals during a Salmonella outbreak is as important as treating the animals. Salmonellosis is extremely important to all of the food animal industries because their products are common sources of Salmonella for people.1
Trace Mineral Programs and Pasture Quality
Authors: Blasi Dale A. 
Published: February 2023

Pasture and supplemental feed inputs represent the lion's share of a beef producer's annual expenses and are an ideal starting place for initiating hard-nosed cost control measures. When environmental variation is combined with ever-changing animal nutrient requirements and pasture quality indices, lower feed costs represent a moving target that can only be bull's-eyed with appropriate planning and constant evaluation. An excellent starting place for many operations intent on reducing production costs is an evaluation of the existing pasture mineral supplement program.
An understanding of mineral nutrition requires a solid appreciation of the complexities and interactions which occur between the trace elements as affected by numerous factors (such as soil and environment) and conditions (animal and microbial requirements, ruminal conditions, etc.). Consequently, no class of nutrients has caused as great a confusion among beef producers as the trace minerals. The trace mineral levels found in many commercially available supplements today is a good case in point. Unfortunately, element levels in a mineral supplement are often used as a marketing tool and usually the higher the level, the better perceived the supplement is. Meeting 100% of the animal's requirement with no consideration for the contributions from the trace elements originating from the diet or grazed forage base could potentially lead to toxic levels that create more problems than was originally intended to solve.
Practically every recent review of trace minerals has focused entirely upon animal requirements, trace mineral antagonisms, bioavailability and the subsequent effects of deficiency (or excess) upon immunity, reproduction and performance, with very little discussion of those factors which may potentially affect trace mineral content and variation in forages. The objectives of this paper are to: 1) define the function of trace minerals in plants and how they compare to animal requirements, 2) discuss the effects of forage quality on trace element content and forage intake, 3) discuss the factors which affect absorption of trace minerals by plants, and 4) review techniques for determination of whole plant mineral status.
Teaser Bull Preparation
Authors: Hull Bruce L. 
Published: February 2023

Heat detection by human observation in beef cows is much more difficult and time intensive than it is in dairy cows. Consequently many producers rely on teaser bulls (a.k.a. gomer bulls). Any time one creates a teaser bull there are two main objectives. The first and most important is to be sure the bull in question is unable to impregnate the cows he is placed with. Of secondary importance in creating a teaser that is a non-entry teaser and will not spread venereal disease. In some herds the spread of venereal disease is of very little concern and as such the herd owner does not worry about this aspect. Choosing a bull from the owner's herd helps assure a healthy bull.
A third aspect that people seldom worry about is the libido of the teaser. We as veterinarians should be creating teaser bulls from young, vigorous, fertile bulls. We are occasionally presented with a cull bull (rejected because of failure to pass a breeding soundness examination) to be made into a teaser bull. This is always an uncomfortable scenario as if the bull does not have enough libido to follow and mark cows in heat we have failed in our mission. With this same thought in mind a young bull is far more sexually active than an older more lethargic bull, and therefore makes a superior teaser bull.
We are often asked how long a given teaser bull will remain sexually active, and there are certainly techniques that produce bulls that are only active (at least in the owners perception) for a year. Far too much emphasis is placed on this aspect of teaser bull preparation. From a production economics standpoint, new teaser bulls should be created each year from young sexually active bulls. These young bulls will gain weight over the summer and can be sold in the fall of the year before harvested forages and purchased feed needs to be put into them. Basically these are non-productive animals and to winter them does not produce profits.
The technique one uses to create a teaser bull is largely a matter of personal preference, although client demand may enter into the selection process.
Magnetic Nanoparticles with Aspects of their Use in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Dinc Rasit 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Cancers remain the leading cause of death worldwide, despite significant advances in their
diagnosis and treatment. The inadequacy and ineffectiveness of standard treatments (chemotherapy, radiotherapy,
and surgery), their severe side effects, and the resistance of tumor cells to chemotherapeutics
have forced researchers to investigate alternative therapeutic strategies. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)
have been evaluated as one of the promising strategies in treating cancers, a major public health problem.
Due to their intrinsic magnetic properties, MNPs are tools that can be designed to be multifunctional in
medicine, including cancer therapy. Multifunctionality can be achieved with various drug/agent loadings,
such as chemotherapeutic drugs, radionuclides, nucleic acids, and antibodies. This provides a multimodal
theranostics platform for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy. These substances can then be delivered
to the tumor tissue using an external magnetic field (EMF). Magnetic or photothermal applications
kill cancer cells at the tumor site by inducing local hyperthermia, whereas photodynamic therapy kills
them by producing reactive oxygen species. MNP applications also prevent drug resistance. In addition,
alone or with different combination options, MNP applications provide synergistic effects and reduce side
effects. Functionalized MNPs can be used to remove unwanted cells from blood, including circulating
tumor cells (CTCs), which are key factors in the metastatic process and leukemia cells. Despite numerous
successful studies, there are some unpredictable obstacles to be discovered in routine usage. This review
focuses mainly on the application of MNPs in cancer treatment, covering future perspectives and challenges.
Recent Advances in N-Heterocycles for COVID-19 Treatment - A Mini
Review
Authors: Dinodia Monica 
Published: February 2023

Abstract:
Severe emergencies occurred across the globe, beginning with the outbreak of SARSCoV
in 2002, followed by MERS-CoV in 2012. In December 2019, an acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified in Wuhan, China as the agent responsible for the recent
COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. The virus rapidly spread throughout the world due to its high
transmissibility, leading to enormous health problems and complexities. The COVID-19 pandemic
has affected public health, the weak persons were severely affected by this virus. To stop the disease
from spreading further, effective remedies are the need of the hour. Although SARS-CoV-2
vaccination campaigns are being carried out all over the globe, several new SARS-CoV-2 variants
have emerged, and each has caused a wave of infections, highlighting an urgent need for therapeutics
targeting SARS-CoV-2. Heterocyclic compounds have been explored extensively for a very
long time for their biological activities, namely, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antitubercular, anticancer,
antiviral, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and many more bio-activities. Through this review,
the author has tried to report the heterocyclic compounds synthesized all over the world over the
last 2 years to fight against the SARS CoV-2 coronaviruses. The heterocyclic motifs mentioned in
the review can serve as important resources for the development of COVID-19 treatment methods.
Combination of Probiotics and Resveratrol to Target Drug Resistance in
Breast Cancer: An In vitro and In vivo Study
Authors: Farhan Faten , Talib Wamidh H. 
Published: February 2023

Background:
Probiotics exhibit significant activity in the immune system by activating
multiple immune mechanisms. Resveratrol is a non-flavonoid polyphenol. It has various pharmacological
effects, including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative, and anti-angiogenesis
effects.

Objectives:
The present study investigates the potential immunomodulatory and antitumor activity
of the combination treatment of probiotics and resveratrol in sensitive and cisplatin-resistant breast
cancer.

Methods:
In the in vivo study, tumor-bearing mice received one of the following treatments:
2.5*108 CFU/ml probiotics, 50 mg/kg resveratrol, the combination of probiotics and resveratrol,
vehicle, or cisplatin. Balb/C mice were inoculated with sensitive EMT6/P and cisplatin resistance
EMT6/CPR cancer cell lines, and in vivo antitumor activity was evaluated.

Results:
The antiproliferative activity of the probiotics, resveratrol, and their combination treatments
was assessed using an MTT assay to evaluate lymphocyte proliferation activity. LDH colorimetric
assay was conducted to measure the effectiveness of the treatments on the activity of natural
killer cells. Nitro blue tetrazolium assay and neutral red method were used to evaluate macrophage
function.

Conclusion:
The combination treatment showed an enhanced effect in splenic lymphocyte proliferation,
macrophage function, phagocytosis, and pinocytosis in both cell lines. A significant reduction
in tumor size and weight in EMT6/P and EMT6/CPR-bearing mice occurred. Hence, the combination
treatment of probiotics and resveratrol was found to have a valuable activity against sensitive
and cisplatin-resistant breast cancer cells and might act as a stimulator of the immune system.
Therefore, the combination of probiotics and resveratrol deserves further analysis to be used in
cancer prevention and treatment.
Genomic Characterization of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: A Systematic
Review
Authors: Sharma Shikha , Rani Rinkle , Kalra Nidhi 
Published: February 2023

Introduction::
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus – 2, SARS-CoV-2, is a wellknown
virus for its fatal infectivity and widespread impact on the health of the worldwide population.
Genome sequencing is critical in understanding the virus’s behavior, origin, and genetic variants. This
article conducts an extensive literature review on the SARS-CoV-2 genome, including its Genome
Structure, Genome Analysis, Evolution, Mutation, and, Genome Computation. It highlights the summary
of clinical and evolutionary research along with the applicability of computational methods in the
areas. It lucidly presents the structural detail and mutation analysis of SARS-CoV-2 without overwhelming
the readers with difficult terms. In the pandemic, machine learning and deep learning
emerged as a paradigm change, that when combined with genome analysis, enabled more precise identification
and prognosis of the virus's impact. Molecular detailing is crucial in extracting features from
the SARS-CoV-2 genome before computation models are applied.

Methods:
Further, in this systematic study we investigate the usage of Machine Learning and Deep
Learning models mapped to SARS-CoV-2 genome samples to see their applicability in virus detection
and disease severity prediction. We searched research articles from various reputed journals explaining
the structure, evolution, mutations, and computational methods published until June 2022.

Results:
The paper summarizes significant trends in the research of SARS-COV-2 genomes. Furthermore,
this research also identifies the limitations and research gaps that yet have to be explored more
and indicates future directions.

Impact Statement::
There are few review articles on the SARS-CoV-2 genome; these reviews target various
aspects of the SARS-COV2 genome individually. This article considers all the aspects simultaneously
and provides in-depth knowledge about the SARS-CoV-2 genome.

Conclusion::
This article provides a detailed description about the type of samples, volumes of selection,
processes, and tools used by various researchers in their studies. Further, the computational techniques
applied to the SARS-COV2 genome are also discussed and analysed thoroughly.
The Role of Continuous Assessment Learning Activities (CALA) in Enhancing Mathematics Competency and Proficiency in Secondary School Learners
Authors: Makamure Chipo , Jojo Zingiswa M 
Published: February 2023

This paper examines the significance and contribution of CALA to the mathematics knowledge of students. It focuses on the instruments and methods used in CALA to teach mathematics effectively in Zimbabwe. Learners’ failure to implement what they learn in mathematics has been worrisome to the Ministry of Education whose focus is to promote industrialisation through effective teaching and learning of STEM subjects. It is believed that most learners memorise mathematics with little understanding in order to pass an examination. Inappropriate and ill-suited assessment methods of mathematics are regarded as the principal causes of this rote learning approach by learners. The educational policy makers came up with the concept of CALA, which was effected in 2021, to all levels of education in Zimbabwe. According to the curriculum framework, learners are expected to demonstrate their knowledge of mathematics through CALA. However, whilst the intended goal of CALA is prudent, the concern is whether teachers are knowledgeable about how this model of assessment can be implemented effectively. Ten secondary school mathematics teachers were interviewed to examine their views and practices in the classroom implementation of the CALA component. In this study, the findings established that the incorporation of the component in the teaching and learning of mathematics has come with limited benefits that were marred by teachers’ knowledge deficiency to operationalise CALA. This study recommends thorough support and developmental programmes which can equip teachers with the appropriate skills to implement CALA.
Ковид 19-Г ДОТООДДОО АЛДСАН ҮЕИЙН БОДЛОГО НИЙГМИЙН СЭТГЭЛ ЗҮЙД НӨЛӨӨЛСӨН БАЙДАЛ
Authors: Д. Бумдарь  , Б. Хишигням  , М.Тэгшбуян  
Published: February 2023

Агуулга
- Ковид-19 Улс төрийн эрсдэлийн менежментийн тогтолцоо
- Ковидыг дотооддоо алдсан үеийн бодлого
Судалгааны үр дүн (сэтгэл зүйн проектив арга)
- Ковид 19 Айдас ба зовинол
- Хандлага, харилцаа ба итгэл
Does YouTube offer high-quality ınformation? Evaluation of patient experience videos after orthognathic surgery
Authors: Albayrak Elif , Büyükçavuş Muhammed Hilmi 
Published: February 2023

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To evaluate the content, reliability, and quality of videos of patient experiences after orthognathic surgery on YouTube.

Materials and Methods
Fifty videos that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. The demographic characteristics of the videos were determined, and 13 points were used to classify poor and rich-content videos. The quality of the videos was evaluated using the Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI), Global Quality Score (GQS), and DISCERN. The Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman correlation, and linear regression analysis were used for statistical analysis.

Results
When poor- and rich-content videos were evaluated, there were statistically significant differences in video duration, number of likes, number of comments, and interaction index (P &lt; .05). Compared to the poor-content video group, the GQS score, DISCERN, total content, and VIQI score of the rich-content video group were significantly higher. The interaction index and video duration and video information content quality showed a positive relationship.

Conclusions
Although the quality of the videos shared by patients on YouTube was generally moderate, the content of the information was generally poor. Nevertheless, it should be considered that YouTube videos can be a source of information for patients who want to have surgery, which can affect the process.
Hyperspectral Sensing and Plant Stress
Authors: Cullinan Cameron Brodrick 
Published: February 2023

Light and electromagnetic radiation possess properties that allow it to interact with matter. By using hyperspectral technology that measures electromagnetic radiation and therefore its interaction with matter, we can infer things about the quality of the matter. This technique can be and is being applied in the field of agriculture. This article provides an introduction to electromagnetic radiation, measuring it with hyperspectral technology and how the technique is used in agriculture for the detection of plant stress and the consequent sustainable management thereof. Importantly, it is intended to be entertaining and easy-to-read, particularly for those who do not have extensive backgrounds in the fields of physics and remote sensing.