bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trait‐based species richness: ecology and macroevolution
Authors: Wiens John J. 
Published: April 2023

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the origins of species richness patterns is a fundamental goal in ecology and evolutionary biology. Much research has focused on explaining two kinds of species richness patterns: (i) spatial species richness patterns (e.g. the latitudinal diversity gradient), and (ii) clade‐based species richness patterns (e.g. the predominance of angiosperm species among plants). Here, I highlight a third kind of richness pattern: trait‐based species richness (e.g. the number of species with each state of a character, such as diet or body size). Trait‐based richness patterns are relevant to many topics in ecology and evolution, from ecosystem function to adaptive radiation to the paradox of sex. Although many studies have described particular trait‐based richness patterns, the origins of these patterns remain far less understood, and trait‐based richness has not been emphasised as a general category of richness patterns. Here, I describe a conceptual framework for how trait‐based richness patterns arise compared to other richness patterns. A systematic review suggests that trait‐based richness patterns are most often explained by when each state originates within a group (i.e. older states generally have higher richness), and not by differences in transition rates among states or faster diversification of species with certain states. This latter result contrasts with the widespread emphasis on diversification rates in species‐richness research. I show that many recent studies of spatial richness patterns are actually studies of trait‐based richness patterns, potentially confounding the causes of these patterns. Finally, I describe a plethora of unanswered questions related to trait‐based richness patterns.
When are buttresses and stilt roots necessary for a tree in terra‐firme Amazonian forests?
Authors: Alencar Gabriela Maciel , de Castilho Carolina Volkmer , Costa Flávia Regina Capellotto 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDeterminants of the occurrence of buttress and stilt roots are still poorly understood. These may be linked to individual's properties as a way to increase stability as trees get higher, to environmental factors that increase falling risks or interactions of both. We took advantage of a large dataset (presence of buttress, stilt roots, and tree diameter in 8415 trees from 35 1‐ha plots in central Amazonia) to investigate how tree and environmental properties interact to determine the occurrence of support structures. We also made detailed measurements of allometry and canopy size in 67 trees of two dominant species. The probability of occurrence of support structures was modeled with multiple logistic regressions and boosted regression trees. We established a best‐fitting subset model based on AIC ranking using unsupervised model selection. At the landscape scale, support structures were more common in large trees (bstd = 0.88, p < .001) and valleys (bstd = −0.09, p < .01), due to species turnover along topography and also due to intraspecific variation in the development of buttresses within species, linked to interactions of tree size and topography. The relationship between height and diameter (Height:Diameter) was the most important determinant of buttress occurrence (bstd = −1.57, p < .001). We conclude that less stable soils select a higher frequency of trees with support structures. However, coordinated allometric relationships among stem and crown sizes also influence the need of support structures. Thus, the presence of support structures depends on the interplay of individual plant's allometry and environmentally imposed conditions of instability.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Pemetrexed combined with dual immune checkpoint blockade enhances cytotoxic T lymphocytes against lung cancer
Authors: Chen Mei‐Chih , Hung Meng‐Yu , Pan Chih‐Ming , Huang Shi‐Wei , Jan Chia‐Ing , Li Yu‐Hsuan , Chiu Shao‐Chih , Cho Der‐Yang 
Published: April 2023

AbstractChemotherapy, in combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) targeting to programmed death‐1 (PD‐1) or its ligand PD‐L1, is one of the first‐line treatments for patients with advanced non–small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, a large proportion of patients, especially those with PD‐L1 negative tumors, do not benefit from this treatment. This may be due to the existence of multiple immunosuppressive mechanisms other than the PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis. Human leukocyte antigen‐G (HLA‐G) has been identified as an immune checkpoint protein (ICP) and a neoexpressed tumor‐associated antigen (TAA) in a large proportion of solid tumors. In this study, we evaluated the induction of HLA‐G as well as PD‐L1 using sublethal doses of chemotherapeutics including pemetrexed in different NSCLC cell lines. Except for gefitinib, most of the chemotherapeutic agents enhanced HLA‐G and PD‐L1 expression in a dose‐dependent manner, whereas pemetrexed and carboplatin treatments showed the most consistent upregulation of PD‐L1 and HLA‐G in each cell line. In addition to protein levels, a novel finding of this study is that pemetrexed enhanced the glycosylation of HLA‐G and PD‐L1. Pemetrexed potentiated the cytotoxicity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to treat NSCLC. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments revealed that CTL‐mediated cytotoxicity was most pronounced when both anti‐PD‐L1 and anti‐HLA‐G ICBs were combined with pemetrexed treatment. In conclusion, anti‐HLA‐G could be an intervention strategy in addition to the anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 pathway for NSCLC. Moreover, dual targeting of PD‐L1 and HLA‐G combined with pemetrexed might have a better extent of CTL‐based immunotherapy.
Metabolic profiles and correlation with surgical outcomes in mesial versus neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Zhu Hao‐yue , Tang Yong‐xiang , Xiao Ling , Wen Shi‐rui , Wu Yuan‐xia , Yang Zhi‐quan , Zhou Luo , Xiao Bo , Feng Li , Hu Shuo 
Published: April 2023

AbstractAimsDifferentiating mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) and neocortical temporal lobe epilepsy (NTLE) remains challenging. Our study characterized the metabolic profiles between MTLE and NTLE and their correlation with surgical prognosis using 18F‐FDG‐PET.MethodsA total of 137 patients with intractable temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 40 age‐matched healthy controls were recruited. Patients were divided into the MTLE group (N = 91) and the NTLE group (N = 46). 18F‐FDG‐PET was used to measure the metabolism of regional cerebra, which was analyzed using statistical parametric mapping. The volume of abnormal metabolism in cerebral regions and their relationship with surgical prognosis were calculated for each surgical patient.ResultsThe cerebral hypometabolism of MTLE was limited to the ipsilateral temporal and insular lobes (p < 0.001, uncorrected). The NTLE patients showed hypometabolism in the ipsilateral temporal, frontal, and parietal lobes (p < 0.001, uncorrected). The MTLE patients showed extensive hypermetabolism in cerebral regions (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Hypermetabolism in NTLE was limited to the contralateral temporal lobe and cerebellum, ipsilateral frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and bilateral thalamus (p < 0.001, uncorrected). Among patients who underwent resection of epileptic lesions, 51 (67.1%) patients in the MTLE group and 10 (43.5%) in the NTLE group achieved Engel class IA outcome (p = 0.041). The volumes of metabolic increase for the frontal lobe or thalamus in the MTLE group were larger in non‐Engel class IA patients than Engel class IA patients (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThe spatial metabolic profile discriminated NTLE from MTLE. Hypermetabolism of the thalamus and frontal lobe in MTLE may facilitate preoperative counseling and surgical planning.
The Practice of Food Justice: How Food Hubs Negotiate Race and Place in the Eastern United States
Authors: Rignall Karen E. , Tanaka Keiko , Velandia Margarita , Trejo‐Pech Carlos , Del Brocco Alessandra , Messer Nathaniel , Cuellar Teya 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDespite aspirations toward more equitable and sustainable food systems, alternative food movements have been critiqued for reproducing the inequalities of the agrifood system they contest. This article examines the challenges a group of justice‐oriented food hubs face in integrating racial justice into their work. We ask whether the financial pressures of enacting alternative approaches to food hub work within market logics can squeeze out racial justice goals. We find that dominant framings of alternative food movements diminish Black activism. We argue that justice‐oriented food hubs can get caught in a “justice trap” similar to the “local trap”—the tendency to assume that the local scale is inherently desirable and leads to a socially just food system. The notion of a justice trap signals the assumption that what constitutes justice in the food system is self‐evident and that different forms of justice are automatically subsumed within the general concept of “food justice.” Our analysis indicates that the justice trap arises from an inability to articulate the racial justice implications of the everyday realities of running organizations within the market logics that dominate even alternative food movements.
Current developments and perspectives in psoriasis
Authors: Schön Michael P. , Wilsmann‐Theis Dagmar 
Published: April 2023

SummaryThe study of psoriasis has yielded fundamental new insights into immunologic regulation and innovative therapies in a way that few other diseases have. In this review, we summarize the main features of current psoriasis research with emphasis on pathophysiological processes and the milestones in the approval of various biologics and small molecule drugs. Thus, through psoriasis research, we are gaining a better understanding of the interplay between the components of the innate and adaptive immune systems. New therapeutics interfere with crucial regulatory networks. Based on current knowledge, we outline what we believe to be some of the most important future research directions and therapeutic and clinical developments in psoriasis. These span multiple areas, ranging from the study of genetic, epigenetic, cellular, and immunological mechanisms to studies of particular clinical forms of psoriasis, individual systemic effects of the disease and its treatment, and the incorporation of large connected data sets and artificial intelligence. The goal is to understand psoriasis holistically, from the molecular to the organismic and societal levels, in order to develop individualized prevention and treatment strategies. Despite impressive progress, psoriasis research must continue to evolve at both the smallest and largest scales to comprehensively address the needs of both physicians and patients.
Factor structure of the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale among caregivers in Southeastern Europe
Authors: Murphy Hugh , Prandstetter Katharina , Ward Catherine L. , Hutchings Judy , Kunovski Ivo , Tăut Diana , Foran Heather M. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS‐21) among caregivers of young children in Southeastern Europe.BackgroundThe DASS‐21 is a widely used measure in prevention and intervention research with families. Studies regarding the scale's psychometric properties among caregivers, particularly from non‐Western countries, are limited and additional research is required.MethodThe DASS‐21 was administered to N = 835 primary caregivers from North Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova, and Romania. Competing models were tested with confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurement invariance was assessed using multigroup CFA (MGCFA). Bifactor dimensionality and reliability indices were used to evaluate the validity of the composite and subscale scores.ResultsA tripartite bifactor model with two specific factors (depression and anxiety) and one general factor (negative affectivity) represented the data well. This model showed cross‐country configural and partial metric invariance. Dimensionality and reliability indices supported a unidimensional interpretation of the measure, with the general negative affectivity factor accounting for a substantial share of the variance (82%) compared to the specific factors of depression (10%) and anxiety (8%).ConclusionThe tripartite model best represented the data. Configural and partial metric invariance were verified for this model. Dimensionality and reliability indices, however, indicate that the DASS‐21 functions best as a general measure of negative affectivity.ImplicationsFuture intervention studies involving caregivers from Southeastern Europe should consider using the DASS‐21 as an overall measure of negative affectivity and utilize the composite score instead of the subscale scores.
Effect of an N95 respirator and a surgical mask‐covered N95 on the cardiovascular responses of dentists treating paediatric patients: A crossover clinical trial
Authors: Pongvaramitchai Rittiporn , Nakornchai Siriruk , Apipan Benjamas 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe studies on cardiovascular alterations when using an N95 respirator or surgical mask‐covered N95 during dental treatments are limited.AimTo investigate and compare the cardiovascular responses of dentists treating paediatric patients while wearing an N95 respirator or a surgical mask‐covered N95.DesignThis was a crossover clinical trial in 18 healthy dentists wearing an N95 respirator or surgical mask‐covered N95 during the dental treatment of paediatric patients. Oxygen saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were monitored at baseline, intraoperation, and postoperation. The data were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation.ResultsThe mean SpO2, HR, SBP, DBP, and MAP significantly changed from baseline up to the end of the procedures after wearing an N95 by 3.1%, 19.3%, 11.5%, 17.7%, and 13.8% and after wearing a surgical mask‐covered N95 by 3.0%, 20.2%, 5.3%, 13.9%, and 8.8%, respectively (p < .05). No significant differences in these values were found between groups (p > .05).ConclusionsN95 respirators and surgical mask‐covered N95s significantly impact the cardiovascular responses of dentists treating paediatric patients with no differences between the two types of masks.
Enhancing light extraction efficiency of GaN LED by combining complex‐period photonic crystals with doping
Authors: Chen Jie , Wang Tiantian , Wang Xiangfu 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe light extraction efficiency (LEE) of GaN‐based light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) was limited by intense total internal reflection and the photothermal effect. In order to solve this problem, a method to synergistically control the LEE of GaN‐based LEDs by ​​combining the complex‐period photonic crystals (PhCs) with M (M = Al, In) material doping is proposed. The forbidden band width of two‐dimensional (2D) PhC array, three‐dimensional (3D) LED model, M doping, and electromagnetic field distribution are investigated respectively. By doping the M, the LED emission wavelength range is regulated to achieve the dual‐band emission. Furthermore, a triangular complex‐period photonic structure is introduced to establish stacked or etched PhCs models. By combining the plane wave expansion and finite difference time domain algorithm, the structural parameters of PhCs and M concentration dependent LEE are investigated, and the electromagnetic field distribution is explored also. The results show that the optimal LEEs can be achieved are 19.08% and 13.96% for blue light and ultraviolet, respectively, which are larger than that of traditional flat‐panel LED (4%). This work provides theoretical results and technical support for the design of LEDs with high luminous efficiency.
Unveiling surface stability and oxygen vacancy segregation of Yb2SiO5 and Lu2SiO5 by first‐principles calculations
Authors: Fan Yun , Zhao Juanli , Li Jiancheng , Chu Kaili , Zhang Yanning , Li Yiran , Li Wenxian , Liu Bin 
Published: April 2023

AbstractRE2SiO5 (RE = Yb and Lu) are significant environmental barrier coating (EBC) materials, in which surface and oxygen vacancy play crucial roles in their structural stability and functionality. In this work, the structural configuration and thermodynamics of (1 0 0), (0 1 0), and (0 0 1) surfaces of RE2SiO5 are investigated by first‐principles calculations. The (0 0 1) surface is preferred energetically, which is attributed to the weak bond broken environment and large rare‐earth polyhedron distortion on this surface. Moreover, the formation energies of various oxygen vacancies on the stable (0 0 1) surface are estimated and the optimal location for oxygen vacancies is held by the [SiO4] tetrahedron. The oxygen vacancies are more likely to segregate on the surface because of the lower formation energies on the surfaces compared with those in the bulk. These findings are expected to enable the development of RE2SiO5‐based EBCs by tuning grain size and/or thin film growth orientation.
Financial reporting quality and optimal capital structure
Authors: Synn Christina , Williams Christopher D. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractWe investigate the role of financial reporting quality in reducing a firm's over‐ and underleverage problems. While the prior literature examining reporting quality and capital structure has focused on observed capital structure, research suggests that financing frictions arising from adverse selection concerns can result in differences between observed and optimal capital structures. Using the deviation from a predicted model of optimal capital structure, we find that approximately a third of firms that have more leverage than their industry's median firm are in fact underlevered and more than 15% of firms that have less leverage than their industry's median firm are in fact overlevered. Building off a large literature that provides evidence that financial reporting quality can mitigate adverse selection concerns and reduce financing frictions, we find that a firm's deviation from the predicted model of optimal capital structure is decreasing in financial reporting quality, and these results are larger in magnitude for firms that are overlevered.
To concentrate or to diversify the supply base? Implications from the U.S. apparel supply chain during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Polyviou Mikaella , Wiedmer Robert , Chae Sangho , Rogers Zachary S. , Mena Carlos 
Published: April 2023

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in severe supply disruptions and revenue losses, especially for buyers highly dependent on foreign suppliers. Unsurprisingly, scholars and industry experts claim that high dependence on any exchange partner is detrimental to buyers. The literature, however, is ambivalent about whether supply base concentration—the number of sources in a firm's supply base and the degree of importance of each source—benefits or harms buyers. Our study addresses this ambivalence by investigating whether supply base concentration, conceptualized as supplier concentration, supplier country concentration, and carrier concentration, worsens or mitigates the impact of supply disruptions as they unfold over time. We use longitudinal data from ocean bills of lading to examine these relationships in the context of U.S. buyers importing apparel during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Our results show that higher pre‐disruption supplier concentration and supplier country concentration helped buyers mitigate the impact of supply disruptions related to COVID‐19, with diminishing effects once supplier and supplier country concentration exceeded specific inflection points. Conversely, higher pre‐disruption carrier diversification helped buyers mitigate the impact of supply disruptions related to COVID‐19. Notably, these effects depend on the specific phase of the supply disruption. We discuss implications for research and practice.
Implications of large language models such as ChatGPT for dental medicine
Authors: Eggmann Florin , Weiger Roland , Zitzmann Nicola U. , Blatz Markus B. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveThis article provides an overview of the implications of ChatGPT and other large language models (LLMs) for dental medicine.OverviewChatGPT, a LLM trained on massive amounts of textual data, is adept at fulfilling various language‐related tasks. Despite its impressive capabilities, ChatGPT has serious limitations, such as occasionally giving incorrect answers, producing nonsensical content, and presenting misinformation as fact. Dental practitioners, assistants, and hygienists are not likely to be significantly impacted by LLMs. However, LLMs could affect the work of administrative personnel and the provision of dental telemedicine. LLMs offer potential for clinical decision support, text summarization, efficient writing, and multilingual communication. As more people seek health information from LLMs, it is crucial to safeguard against inaccurate, outdated, and biased responses to health‐related queries. LLMs pose challenges for patient data confidentiality and cybersecurity that must be tackled. In dental education, LLMs present fewer challenges than in other academic fields. LLMs can enhance academic writing fluency, but acceptable usage boundaries in science need to be established.ConclusionsWhile LLMs such as ChatGPT may have various useful applications in dental medicine, they come with risks of malicious use and serious limitations, including the potential for misinformation.Clinical SignificanceAlong with the potential benefits of using LLMs as an additional tool in dental medicine, it is crucial to carefully consider the limitations and potential risks inherent in such artificial intelligence technologies.
From safety in silence to speaking up for LGBTQ+ families: A reflection on the personal, professional, and political through a feminist lens
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this article, I employ a feminist perspective in examining the interconnections across my personal, professional, and political activities. Rather than smoothing out the inconsistencies, tensions, and difficult spots, I strive to engage with them as points of entry to deeper knowledge and understanding. I begin by discussing elements of my personal upbringing, and the ways that it shaped my lens on families and my interest in the hidden and less understood aspects of family life. I then examine my professional career and trajectory, and how it has shifted alongside changes in the sociopolitical landscape, the evolution of scholarship in LGBTQ+ families, and my own privilege. I also explore how I have grappled with but also leveraged the politicized and political nature of my research, and sought to be an agent of change beyond the four walls of the university. I end with my thoughts on the benefits of this type of reflexive exercise for new and seasoned scholars.