bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Antigenic Specificity of Spermatozoa
Authors: Barth Rolf F. , Russell Paul S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Experiments were undertaken to determine whether histocompatibility antigens were detectable on spermatozoa and whether it might be possible to differentiate spermatozoa bearing X and Y chromosomes by means of the fluorescent antibody technique.
C57BL/6 female mice were immunized with skin grafts and lymphoid cells from C57BL/6 males in an attempt to produce antibody specific for Y-determined antigen(s). Despite accelerated second-set rejection of male skin grafts, it was not possible to detect antibody to Y-determined antigen in female C57BL/6 mice immunized with male tissue. It was possible to demonstrate the presence of H-2 antigens on the cell membranes of lymphoid cells but not spermatozoa by means of the fluorescent antibody technique.
Using sera from both male and female C57BL/6 mice which had been immunized with sperm or testis, it was possible to demonstrate by both direct and indirect fluorescent staining techniques antibody specific for the acrosome of mouse, rat and guinea pig sperm. It is suggested that acrosomal antigen may be a cell-specific antigen of spermatozoa.
Immunoelectrophoretic Studies of the Protein Components of Normal Tears
Authors: Josephson Alan S. , Lockwood David W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Immunoelectrophoresis of tears with anti-tear as well as more conventional antiserum revealed that tears contain several proteins not present in serum. β2A-Globulin, apparently identical with that of serum, is present, as are ceruloplasmin and oroseromucoid. γ-Globulin was uncommonly found in normal tears. Little or no material immunologically similar to serum albumin was found. Lysozyme, although its presence in all tears has been determined by its ability to lyse bacteria, could not be identified by the immunoelectrophoretic technique. It was observed that mild trauma such as rubbing the eyes causes γ-globulin, serum albumin and transferrin to appear in tears.
Inhibition by Metabolic Analogues of Plaque Formation by Herpes Zoster and Herpes Simplex Viruses
Authors: Rapp Fred 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Maximum adsorption of cells infected with herpes zoster virus to monolayers of human embryonic lung cells occurred in 15 to 30 min. An alkaline overlay allowed development of plaques; acid overlay reduced plaque size but not the number of plaques formed.
Iododesoxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside, but not methylisatinthiosemicarbazone, inhibited plaque formation by herpes zoster and herpes simplex viruses. Less than 1 µg/ml of either analogue was sufficient to reduce plaque formation by both viruses by more than 90%. A small number of virus particles initiated plaques in the presence of 10 µg/ml of inhibitor and these may represent resistant variants. The method described represents a sensitive and precise utilization of plaque methodology to measure the efficacy of antiviral compounds.
Mechanisms of Immunologic Paralysis by Pneumococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: Neeper Carolyn A. , Seastone C. V. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The optimal immunizing doses of type I pneumococcal polysaccharide for adult mice as measured by passive immunization tests were 0.05 and 0.5 µg. The optimal immunizing doses of formolized pneumococci were 0.5 and 5 µg. The ranges of effective immunizing doses of both materials were extensive when active immunity was measured. Paralysis by 700 and 7000 µg of formolized pneumococci and 5 and 50 µg of polysaccharide was readily demonstrated by passive tests. Formolized pneumococci gave rise to higher antibody titers. Paralysis by formolized pneumococci and by polysaccharide was terminated by immunizing doses of pneumococcal vaccine injected 1 week after the paralyzing dose and 1 week prior to challenge. Immunizing doses of polysaccharide were ineffective. Slightly less formolized pneumococcal vaccine was required to terminate paralysis by polysaccharide than to immunize normal mice.
A Comparison of Immunoglobulins and Antibody Production in the Normal and Thymectomized Mouse
Authors: Arnason Barry G. , de Vaux St. Cyr Christiane , Shaffner Janine B. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
BALB/C mice thymectomized at 4 or at 21 days show lowered peripheral blood lymphocyte counts at 6 months and at 1 year. Their antibody responses to BSA, diphtheria toxoid and ovalbumin are subnormal. Antibodies to these three antigens reside primarily in IgA (β2A, γ1A), a β-globulin for which antibody function has not previously been described. Typhoid “O” agglutinin responses are normal in thymectomized mice, and this antibody is shown to reside in IgM (β2M, γ1M). Thymectomized mice show subnormal serum IgA levels but normal levels of IgM and IgG (γ2, 7 S γ).
Reactivation by Physical Means of Antibody-Neutralized Poliovirus
Authors: Keller Robert 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The infectious capacity of poliomyelitis virus type 2 neutralized by an excess of rabbit antiserum can be reactivated by sonic vibration. This reactivation process can not be ascribed to the fragmentation of antibody-virus aggregates, since virus neutralized by univalent antibody and unable to form lattices was reactivated similarly. The rates of the neutralization of virus by antibody, before and after the reactivation procedure, were equal, indicating that the mechanism of the reaction is a complete separation of antibody and virus. The milder fragmentative process of repeated cycles of freezing and thawing was also capable of disrupting the virusantibody union but was strongly dependent on the degree of antibody saturation of the virus particles. A comparable effect could not be reproduced by reacting antibody molecules joined to virus, with an excess of anti-rabbit γ-globulin. These results are interpreted as suggesting that a critical number of viral antigenic sites must remain occupied by antibody in order to continue to obstruct the infectious capacity of the virus.
The Interaction between Carrageenan and the First Component of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Crisler Crile 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Carrageenan inhibits the hemolytic activity of C′1a by interfering with the capacity of C′1 (and of C′1a) to become bound to sensitized erythrocytes. Carrageenan has no effect on the esterase activity of C′1a. The degree of inhibition of C′ activity in vivo is too small to be of value in studies on the biologic action of C′.
Pasteurella Pestis Antibody Patterns in Sera of Plague-Convalescent and Vaccinated Persons Determined by Immunoelectrophoresis and Passive Hemagglutination
Authors: McNeill David , Meyer K. F. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
The relative immunogenicity of different Pasteurella pestis vaccines and antigens and the influence of different inoculation schedules have been studied extensively on rodents and primates.
In general, immunity against fatal infection by P. pestis has been correlated with antibodies in the peripheral blood, measurable in vivo by the passive mouse protection test (1). In vitro demonstrable antibodies against the Fraction I (F1) or envelope antigen likewise reflect immunity. Rodents (2) inoculated with different vaccines or primates (3, 4) in the 3rd month of recovery from infection with complement fixation (CF), and high passive hemagglutination (HA) titers and mouse protective indices (MPI) below 5, survive subcutaneous or pulmonary challenge with virulent organisms. Complete resistance against infection is usually indicated when the serum protects nearly all the mice in the protection tests. Although the presence of particular antibodies in rodents and primates indicates a state of immunity to infection, it has been argued that they may or may not be protective.
The Fate of a Bacterial Antigen (Streptococcal M Protein) after Phagocytosis by Macrophages
Authors: Gill Fred A. , Cole Roger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method is described for studying the postphagocytic fate of a bacterial surface antigen during degradation of the organism by macrophages. Observations of Group A, Type 1 streptococci after phagocytosis by unstimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages demonstrate cessation of bacterial growth, early partial loss of an immunofluorescent complex from the bacterial surface and later extrabacterial pooling of part of the complex in macrophage vacuoles.
Evidence is presented which suggests that the observed changes in fluorescence reflect the fate of M protein still bound to its fluorescent label. The observations indicate, therefore, that M protein is removed from the bacterial cell wall and pooled within the surrounding macrophage vacuole.
The significance of a mechanism within the macrophage which modifies particulate antigen is discussed in relation to initiating antibody synthesis and explaining the action of agents which alter the immune response.
Immunochemical Studies of Hemocyanin from the Giant Keyhole Limpet (Megathura Crenulata) and the Horseshoe Crab (Limulus Polyhemus)
Authors: Malley Arthur , Saha Anil , Halliday W. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of obtaining a highly purified preparation of horseshoe crab hemocyanin which was found to be highly antigenic in rabbits is described.
The horseshoe crab hemocyanin migrated as a single band by cellulose acetate electrophoresis at pH 7.0 and 7.5 and showed a single line of precipitation with rabbit anti-HCH serum in agar-gel diffusion studies.
Cross-reactivity between the hemocyanins of the horseshoe crab and the giant keyhole limpet by quantitative precipitation, and by immunogenicity tests both in vitro and in vivo, were found to be negative.
Inhibition of Interferon Action by Puromycin
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Sonnabend Joseph A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, also inhibits the anti-viral action of interferon; this does not appear to be due to a block in the adsorption of interferon. The inhibition of interferon action is reversed by prolonged incubation of cells in buffer after removal of interferon and puromycin. When protein synthesis is allowed to proceed normally after the addition of interferon, subsequent addition of puromycin is ineffective. These results indicate that protein synthesis is necessary for the antiviral action of interferon, and suggest that interferon induces a new antiviral protein in cells.
The Aggregation of γ-Myeloma Proteins
Authors: Morse Jane H. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The degree of aggregation of 18 isolated γG-myelomas was evaluated by reaction with rheumatoid factor, inactivation of complement and ultracentrifugal analysis. Eleven of 18 myelomas were not aggregated by heat or mercaptoethanol-urea treatment. Of the remaining seven, four showed virtually complete aggregation and three appeared to be partially aggregated. Preparations of normal γG-globulin were approximately 20% aggregated.
In evaluating the degree of aggregation, the methods of ultracentrifugation and precipitation with rheumatoid factors of broad specificity correlated well. Since many isolated myelomas were anticomplementary prior to heating and varied in their ability to inactivate complement after heating, complement inactivation was a poorer method for evaluating aggregation.
Studies on the Catabolism of γG Subunits and Chains
Authors: Spiegelberg H. L. , Weigle W. O. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The catabolism of I131 labeled H- and L-chain of RGG and HGG, Bence Jones protein and H-chain protein was studied in rabbits. Evidence is presented that the molecular structure responsible for the persistence in the circulation of γG is localized in the H-chain.
The H-chain was slowly eliminated from the circulation similar to reduced and alkylated γG. The H-chain protein, obtained from patients with H-chain disease, was eliminated from the circulation with a half-life not significantly different from that of HGG. Two populations of H-chain protein with different electrophoretic mobilities were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. Both populations were catabolized at the same rate. The rabbits did not excrete the H-chain protein in the urine. The L-chain and the Bence Jones protein were very rapidly eliminated from the circulation. A significant amount of the L-chain obtained from RGG but not from HGG was excreted in the urine as protein bound radioactivity.
Sialic acid was shown not to be an important part of the structure necessary for the persistence in the circulation of γG. Removal of sialic acid did not change the rate of elimination of HGG, HGG papain Fc fragment and an H-chain protein preparation with a low sialic acid content. In contrast, a large portion of the H-chain protein preparations with a high sialic acid content was rapidly eliminated and catabolized after removal of sialic acid.
Further Studies on the Mechanism of Antibody-Complement Induced Hemolysis: Specificity of Complement
Authors: Scott J. G. , Weed R. I. , Swisher S. N. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
These studies indicate that the size of the defect or functional “hole” produced in the red cell membrane by the action of antibody and C′ is not influenced by the animal source of the C′. These findings, in addition to those previously described, lend further support to the view that the primary determinant of the nature of the induced membrane injury is in the antigen-antibody interaction, perhaps related to the structural and spatial relationships of the antigenic sites.
A Comparison of Some Commonly Used Methods for Detecting Antibodies to Bovine Albumin in Human Serum
Authors: Minden Percy , Reid Robert T. , Farr Richard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Fifteen human and two rabbit sera that contained anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) as measured by the ammonium sulfate test were studied with a variety of other methods for detecting antibody. These included radioimmunoelectrophoresis, P-80 precipitin test, microimmunodiffusion, hemagglutination, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and the Prausnitz-Küstner passive transfer for reaginic activity. The rabbit anti-BSA sera bound amounts of I131-BSA comparable to the human antisera and gave strongly positive reactions when tested with each procedure. Radioimmunoelectrophoresis studies confirmed that each of the human sera selected on the basis of the ammonium sulfate test contained antibodies capable of binding I131-BSA, but among all the other techniques there was considerable variation with regard to their capacity to detect and measure anti-BSA activity in the human sera.
The P-80 test revealed that the human sera had reduced precipitating efficiency as compared to similar rabbit anti-BSA sera. Microimmuno-diffusion was relatively insensitive in that it detected antibody in only one human serum. The hemagglutination test was positive in 10 of the 15 sera, but the titers were relatively low and did not reflect the major differences observed with the ammonium sulfate test. Reaginic activity was present in four human sera and only three of these contained γA-globulin which bound I131-BSA when tested with radioimmunoelectrophoresis. Conversely, one human anti-BSA serum contained γA-globulin which bound I131-BSA but did not have reaginic activity. Thus, reaginic activity was not necessarily related to the presence or absence of γA-globulins with the capacity to bind I131-BSA. The passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests were uniformly negative employing the human anti-BSA sera.
Of the techniques used in this study, only radioimmunoelectrophoresis and the ammonium sulfate method detect the primary interaction between antigen and antibody. In contrast, the other in vitro and in vivo tests depend upon measuring secondary events which in varying degree may occur sometime after the primary antigenantibody reaction.
Pathogenesis of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus
Authors: Kundin William D. , Liu Chien , Rodina Patricia 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The pathogenesis of an attenuated and an unattenuated strain of Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus infection in suckling mice as studied by infectivity titrations and direct fluorescent antibody-staining technique was described. Both strains of VEE virus caused a pantropic infection in suckling mice regardless of the concentration of inoculum used or the route of inoculation given. Viral antigen was detected in many tissues, notably in the central nervous system and in the pancreas. However the intensity of antigenic fluorescence was rather weak, making it difficult to discern sequential development of the viral antigen in infected tissues.
Strain ES4 Avian Leukosis Virus: Titration and Immunologic Characterization
Authors: Lucas Linda , Beard Dorothy , Langlois A. J. , Beard J. W. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Studies were made for biologic characterization of the ES4 strain leukosis virus with respect to quantitative host response and antigenic properties studied by the neutralization reaction in comparison with the properties of other avian tumor virus strains. In Line 15 White Leghorn chicks, the median log latent period was closely related to log dose which yielded procedures like those useful with strains BAI A and R for titrating the agent. Older chicks to 60 days, as with strain R but contrary to RPL 12 and BAI strains, were more responsive than 5-day-old birds. The ID50 was 104.9 ES4 virus particles per inoculum in comparison to analogous values of 105.7 and 107.5 for R and BAI A, and the chicken response to ES4 was more homogeneous than to R and far more so than to BAI A in the same line of chickens. In cross-neutralization tests, ES4 was reciprocally related to BAI A; ES4 immune serum was effective against R but little reverse activity occurred; and there was no reaction with RPL 12 strain. ES4 virus was neutralized by anti-chick tissue rabbit immune serum (like BAI A and R) but not by Forssman (like R but unlike BAI A) antibodies. Although ES4 strain was either directly or indirectly related to the other strains, it was not identical with any. A comparison of the antigenic behavior of avian tumor viruses studied revealed differences among all, but familial interrelationships were evident.
Delayed Skin Reactivity to Carbohydrate and Protein Fractions of Mycobacterium Bovis (BCG) Culture Filtrate in the Absence and Presence of Serum Antibody
Authors: Baer H. , Chaparas S. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
When animals are sensitized with heat-killed BCG, tests with a polysaccharide fraction always reveal delayed skin reactivity, but no CF or precipitating antibody, and only occasionally PCA antibody. Tests with protein reveal delayed skin reactivity and CF antibody, but poor PCA and Precipitating antibody.
When the sensitizing injection includes soluble polysaccharide or protein fractions emulsified with either BCG or Nocardia, both the polysaccharide and protein induce delayed skin reactivity and CF, PCA and precipitating antibody.
Enterovirus Hemagglutination: Inhibition by Aldoses and a Possible Mechanism
Authors: Lerner A. Martin , Gelb Lawrence D. , Tillotson James R. , Carruthers Mary M. , Bailey Elizabeth J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Aldoses, but not their polyhydroxyl counterparts, were active in inhibiting enterovirus HA. The fewer the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain, the broader (in terms of the number of enteroviruses which are inhibited from HA) the blocking capacity of the compound. Thus glycerylaldehyde was much less specific and more active than D-galactose, D-mannose or D-ribose. Formaldehyde inhibited the HA of all of the viruses which were tested, namely echoviruses type 3, 7, 11, 12 and 19; coxsackieviruses group B, type 1 and 5; and reovirus type 2. The carbonyl group of these aldoses is thus implicated as the necessary reactive site in these blocking reactions. A number of L-amino acids were tested similarly for their ability to block enterovirus-red blood cell union. They were remarkably inactive. Pretreatment of erythrocytes with D, L-glycerylaldehyde rendered them much less agglutinable by echoviruses, type 3, 11 and 19; reovirus type 2; and coxsackievirus group B, type 1. Similarly treated red blood cells were not altered in their agglutinability by echoviruses type 7 and 12. The active aldoses attach firmly to erythrocytes, but not to virus. Enterovirus HA may involve the binding of a carbonyl group of a terminal sugar from an oligosaccharide side chain on the virus capsid to a specific receptor on the red cell surface.
The Effect of the Scorbutic State on Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Zweiman Burton , Besdine Richard W. , Hildreth Eugene A. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Lymphocytes were obtained from the peripheral blood of: a) unsensitized guinea pigs on a regular diet. b) guinea pigs sensitized with complete Freund's adjuvant while on a regular diet; these animals showed strongly positive tuberculin skin reactions. c) guinea pigs injected similarly with complete Freund's adjuvant while on a vitamin C-deficient diet; these animals showed marked depression of tuberculin skin reactivity compared with animals sensitized while on a regular diet. These lymphocytes were cultured separately in the presence of phytohemagglutinin, old tuberculin or without additive (controls). The lymphocytes of the scorbutic animals showed a mitotic response to PHA and OT which was at least as great as the response of the guinea pigs sensitized while on a normal diet. The mitotic response of cultured lymphocytes has been found to parallel the state of tuberculin skin reactivity in humans and guinea pigs and is thought to reflect an immune reaction in the cells. Cells from scorbutic guinea pigs with depressed tuberculin skin reactivity had formerly been shown to generally transfer tuberculin hypersensitivity to negative recipients.
the Reactivity of Serum against Protoplasts and Spheroplasts
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Jackson Jean E. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The bactericidal effects requiring the participation of the antibody-complement system affect many Gram-negative species. The Gram-positive organisms are, on the contrary, resistant to this system. The results of this study have indicated that the resistance of Gram-positive species may be associated with their comparatively thick cell walls since protoplasts of Bacillus subtilis may be destroyed by the antibody-complement system. Such protoplasts are more sensitive to basic substances in serum, unrelated to the β-lysins, whose activity has no serologic basis. As in the situation with Gram-positive bacteria, when Paracolobacterium ballerup, an organism which is usually quite resistant to complement, was converted to spheroplasts by penicillin, those forms were as sensitive to the action of complement as spheroplasts derived from other complement sensitive Gram-negative organisms. It appears, therefore, that the anatomical target of complement in bacteria, as well as in mammalian cells lacking cell walls, is the cell membrane. Cell walls, and possibly capsules, of complement resistant bacteria may interfere with the function of complement and thereby protect them against potentially destructive effects against their susceptible membranes.
Lymphocytopoiesis, Plasmacytopoiesis and Cellular Proliferation in Nonantigenically Stimulated Germfree Mice
Authors: Olson George B. , Wostmann Bernard S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Quantitative evaluation of lymphocytopoiesis and plasmacytopoiesis in various lymph nodes of germfree and conv mice show the conv animals have about 3 times (% basis) or 12 times (absolute basis determined from mesenteric lymph nodes) more blast and potential antibody producing cells than their germfree counterparts. Other cellular aspects such as cell distribution within respective lymph nodes and proliferation rate of lymphoid cells are not affected by the animal's germfree status.
Two hours after tritiated thymidine (TH3) pulse labelling, the nodes of the conv mice contained more labelled cells per 1000 cells than the respective nodes of germfree mice. Evidence suggests this difference was due to a smaller quantity of less differentiated cells and to a restriction of TH3 label movement in nodes of germfree mice. Cells which became labelled incorporated the TH3 to the same extent in both germfree and conv mice.