bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Susceptibility to Infection as a Function of Postirradiation Time Following Oral Challenge
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Donaldson David M. , Marcus Stanley 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Total body x-irradiation (300–350 r) resulted in increased susceptibility of mice to infections induced by the gastric instillation of Streptococcus hemolyticus (Group C), paracolon bacilli, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli on the first, third, fourth, and fifth postirradiation days. No difference in mortality was observed if mice were challenged at later dates (between the sixth and twenty-fifth postirradiation days) or 1, 2, or 3 days prior to x-irradiation. Analysis of the data indicates that increased susceptibility to infection via the oral route following irradiation is dependent upon early damage to the gastrointestinal tract in conjunction with the depression of cellular and humoral defenses which develop at later postirradiation times.
Infection of One-Day-Old Fertile Hen's Egg with Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Yoshino Kamesaburo 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method for the inoculation of herpes simplex virus into the blastoderm of 1-day-old fertile hen's egg is described. After infection, embryonic development ceases, but an increment of virus titer occurs in the egg white of such nondeveloping eggs. Infection can be achieved by as little as one infectious unit as judged by titration on the CAM of 13-day-old embryos. Since the appearance of virus in the egg white was irregular, due to the inhomogeneity of the material, this was replaced by yolk saline. With the eggs thus treated, growth curves were obtained, and it could be demonstrated that newly formed virus was released into the yolk saline at an increasingly higher rate with the passage of time up to 5 days following inoculation, while the whole egg titer, presumably representing intracellular virus, showed a sharp rise already at the end of 24 hr.
Practical applications of the techniques are discussed.
The Effects of Aging, and the Modifications of These Effects, on the Immunity of Mosquitoes to Malarial Infection
Authors: Terzian Levon A. , Stahler N. , Irreverre F. 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
It has been shown that the older the mosquito Aedes aegypti grows the more resistant it becomes to infection with the malarial parasite Plasmodium gallinaceum. Thus, the levels of infection, as measured by the parasite population of the host, in groups of aging mosquitoes, 2 to 4 weeks old, were progressively and significantly lower than the levels of infection in young, newly emerged, control groups. It has been shown, too, that aging mosquitoes given a normal blood meal at least 9 days prior to the infective feed become again as susceptible to infection as newly emerged, young mosquitoes. Similarly, mosquitoes maintained on raisin infusions for a period of 4 weeks became again as susceptible to infection as young mosquitoes. On the other hand, aging mosquitoes fed on solutions of chick or human plasma, hemoglobin, lysed red cells, or plasma and lysed red cells combined, developed an even greater degree of resistance to infection than that which results as a consequence of advanced age. These facts, and the fact that changes in tissue nitrogen levels of aging mosquitoes bore no demonstrable relation to changes in the innate immunity of such mosquitoes, suggest that host immunity to infection depends upon the addition or depletion of specific physiological or metabolic factors which function in low concentration, rather than upon gross quantitative changes in the nitrogen levels of the host animal. Finally, from the observed differences in effect on host immunity between whole blood and separated blood elements, it appears not unreasonable to assume that there is present some labile component in whole blood, most probably associated with intact cells, which undergoes considerable qualitative change when cells are lysed or the blood elements are mechanically separated.
The Influence of the A-Like Substance of Rabbits on Their Immune Response to Human Blood-Group A-Substance
Authors: Glynn L. E. , Holborow E. J. , Johnson G. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Purified human blood group A substance from ovarian cysts may be rendered fully antigenic in rabbits by immunising with a streptococcal vaccine in which the organisms are “coated” with the substance. Specific precipitating antibody is obtained both in rabbits whose tissues contain A-like substance, and in rabbits which lack this substance. Evidence is presented that the antibodies produced by the two types of rabbit differ sharply in both specificity and serologic characteristics. Antibody obtained by this method in rabbits whose tissues contain A-like substance cannot be obtained by immunizing with human group-A red cells. The relationship of these findings to the problem of auto-antibody production is discussed.
Investigation of the Tetanus Toxin from Two Different Strains of Clostridium Tetani
Authors: Largier John F. 
Published: January 2023

Conclusion and Summary
The toxins produced by two different strains of Clostridium tetani, one sporulating and the other non-sporulating, appear to be identical in regard to molecular size, electrophoretic mobility, neutralization and flocculation tests. The principal difference appears in the amount of toxin and other macromolecular material synthesized by the Clostridium tetani under the conditions of growth used in this study. The non-sporulating Harvard strain produces a far greater yield of toxin and less other macromolecular material. However, the number of antigens produced by the two organisms appears to be qualitatively the same.
Both toxins show an approximate diffusion coefficient of 5.5 × 10-7cm2/sec using an analytic method of measurement, and a sedimentation constant of 3.9 Svedberg units as determined in a Spinco analytic ultracentrifuge. These results together with a partial specific volume of 0.749 (calculated from amino acid analysis), point to an approximate molecular weight of 68,000.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Abramoff Peter , Wolfe Harold R. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The antibody responses to simultaneous injection of varying concentrations (10, 20, 40 and 80 mg/kg body weight) of bovine serum albumin and human γ globulin, of 40 mg/kg body weight of bovine serum albumin and bovine hemoglobin and of 40 mg/kg body weight of bovine hemoglobin and hog thyroglobulin are described.
At each antigenic concentration the responses to bovine serum albumin and human γ globulin when compared at the 8th day after injection show lower titers than in their respective controls. Analysis of antibody production for 20 and 80 mg/kg body weight of bovine serum albumin and human γ globulin at various intervals after injection shows that anti-human γ globulin appears first and reaches a peak comparable to that of its control; however the response to bovine serum albumin is reduced. A crowding out effect which may be due to the larger molecular weight of human γ globulin is postulated. Simultaneous injection of bovine serum albumin and bovine hemoglobin shows no detectable antibody response to bovine hemoglobin in either experimental or control animals but the response to bovine serum albumin was considerably reduced in those animals receiving both antigens.
Studies on Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Combined Immunization in Children
Authors: Chen Bei-Loo , Chou Chi-Tao , Huang Chien-Tao , Wang Yao-Tung , Ko Hsiu-Hua , Huang Wan-Chen 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
The immune responses of 239 free-living children who received primary vaccination with 3 monthly doses of alum-precipitated DPT vaccine were analyzed on the basis of latent diphtheria immunity prior to vaccination. It was found that the latently diphtheria-immune group yielded significantly weaker pertussis agglutinin and tetanus antitoxin responses than the diphtheria non-immune group. The responses of the latently diphtheria-immune group showed the following characteristics: The magnitude of pertussis agglutinin formation was suppressed, with a mean titer ratio of 1:3.2 against the diphtheria non-immune group 1 mo after the third dose. During the period of observation, the interfered pertussis agglutinin response curve showed no tendency to cross the normal pertussis agglutinin response curve.Both speed and magnitude of tetanus antitoxin formation were heterologously interfered with, the most striking interference following the second dose (mean titer ratio 1:11.3). The interfered tetanus antitoxin response curve tends to cross the normal tetanus antitoxin response curve at their peaks.Weak but detectable interference of pertussis agglutinin and tetanus antitoxin responses occurs when there pre-exists the slightest degree of latent diphtheria immunity. As the degree of pre-existing diphtheria immunity increases, the interference intensifies. In our studies, a diphtheria antitoxin level of 0.01 u/ml represents that degree of immunity over and under which the intensity of interference differs significantly. A further graded increment of pre-existing diphtheria immunity above this level, however, does not result in proportional enhancement of interference.
The significance of these observations is discussed.
Selection of Hemophilus Pertussis Strains for Vaccine Production in the Mouse Protection Test in a Balanced Design
Authors: Cohen H. H. , Leppink G. J. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
An experimental balanced design, consisting of four 3 × 3 lattices, for selecting Hemophilus pertussis strains for vaccine production is described. In each test three vaccines were compared with a reference vaccine, using for each vaccine 20 mice per dose with three doses at five fold intervals. The ED50 values of the 9 vaccines examined in comparison with the N.I.H. reference vaccine no. 5 could be evaluated with reasonable accuracy by such a design.
The ED50 values of the nine vaccines were found to differ significantly in their immunizing capacity. Five strains were selected for vaccine production with the aid of the method of Tukey (7).
Antibody Response of Lethally X-Irradiated Mice Treated with Rat Bone Marrow
Authors: Gengozian Nazareth , Makinodan Takashi 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Mice receiving sublethal irradiation (710 r) responded better to sheep RBC antigens than to rat RBC antigens. Survival of lethally irradiated mice (950 r) injected with heterologous rat bone marrow was affected by caging conditions. As expressed by body weight and gross appearance, the recovery of lethally irradiated rat bone marrow treated mice was incomplete. Immunologically, the heterologously protected animals failed to respond to rat RBC antigens and responded weakly to sheep RBC antigens. The hypothesis of a delayed immunologic response of the host to the foreign transplanted tissue was tested in part. All mice receiving 710 r plus rat bone marrow died within 16 days after treatment, whereas all mice receiving 710 r plus isologous mouse bone marrow survived.
Effect of Ultraviolet Light on Poliomyelitis Virus
Authors: Taylor A. R. , Kay W. W. , McLean I. W. , Oppenheimer F. , Stimpert F. D. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
A method of calculating the effective incident ultraviolet energy available in the Oppenheimer Centri-Filmer and its practical application as an inactivation procedure is described and discussed in terms of actual experimental findings with poliomyelitis virus-infected tissue culture suspensions. It has been shown that the non-linear character of ultraviolet inactivation rate curves of poliomyelitis virus in tissue culture medium 199 can be attributed to 1) a marked differential in the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of the medium and the virus itself. and the fact 2) that progressive ultraviolet inadiation of the virus results in an increase in the ultraviolet absorption characteristics of the virus which may possibly be associated with alterations within the virus particle or cell itself.
Aspects of the Immune Hemolytic Reaction
Authors: Plescia O. J. , Amiraian K. , Heidelberger M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
It is again shown that the extent of hemolysis depends markedly on the concentration of sensitized erythrocytes even though the ratio of C′ to erythrocytes is kept constant. Because of concentration dependence, the concentration of sensitized erythrocytes must be in the range in which the extent of hemolysis is relatively independent of concentration if the hemolytic reaction is to be expected to give a valid titer of C′. The concentration dependence may differ quantitatively for C′ from different species and for C′ from individuals of the same species. Because of possible quantitative differences in concentration dependence, arbitrary concentrations of sensitized erythrocytes can be used to give relative titers of C′ only if the curves for concentration dependence can be superimposed.
An Indirect Hemagglutination Test for Hydatid Disease
Authors: Garabedian Garabed A. , Matossian Robert M. , Djanian Aida Y. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
By the employment of complement fixation and indirect hemagglutination tests 50 serum samples obtained from patients with hydatid disease and other conditions were tested. Of the 16 serum samples collected from hydatid disease patients positive results were obtained in 13 (81.25%) in indirect hemagglutination tests and in 11 (68.75%) in complement fixation tests. Of the 34 serum samples obtained from patients with other than hydatid disease the number of positive reactors was zero in indirect hemagglutination tests, and 2 (5.88%) in complement fixation tests.
The results of the limited number of determinations indicate that indirect hemagglutination is a more sensitive and more specific serologic diagnostic procedure for hydatid disease than is complement fixation. Furthermore, it is easier to run than the complement fixation test and is less expensive.
Influence of Normal Animal Sera on Influenza Viruses in Cultures of Trypsin-Dispersed Monkey Kidney Cells
Authors: Henry Claudia , Youngner J. S. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The normal sera of most species of animals contain varying amounts of both Francis and Chu inhibitors. The factor capable of neutralizing the cytopathogenic effects of influenza A′ strains in monkey kidney tissue cultures was heat labile, as is the Chu inhibitor. There is no factor in normal sera which inhibits the cytopathogenic effects of the B′ or mouse-pathogenic A strains tested. Presumably, these strains lack the receptors necessary for effective combination with the inhibitor.
The neutralizing effect of normal serum inhibitor is due primarily to direct combination of the inhibitor with the virus. This combination takes place rapidly, and the complex formed is stable and unaffected by further incubation or dilution. If present in sufficiently high concentration, the inhibitor of cytopathogenicity can exert a secondary effect, namely, neutralization of progeny virus released from infected cells. The presence of this inhibitor in normal sera has practical implications in the use of tissue culture methods for the study of influenza viruses.
Mechanism of Antibody Formation
Authors: Koshland Marian Elliott , Englberger Frieda 
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions
A study has been made of the secondary antibody response in guinea pigs immunized with purified diphtheria toxoid. The antitoxin content of the alum granuloma at the injection site, the draining lymph node and the blood was measured by the rabbit intracutaneous test and, whenever possible, by the quantitative precipitin technique.
From the observed time-concentration curves it is postulated that lymph antibody is a measure of the rate of antibody production and that serum antibody represents the accumulation of antibody liberated into the blood reservoir. The antibody pattern in the alum granuloma appears to reflect both the processes of synthesis and accumulation. A theoretical curve for serum antibody calculated from the above assumptions agrees well with the experimental data and strongly supports the hypothesis.
These findings confirm the results of a previous study on the kinetics of cholera antibody formation in guinea pigs (1, 4). Furthermore, since similar rates of antibody production were obtained with either a soluble or particulate antigen, with different routes of inoculation and at different sampling sites, it is concluded that a general measure of secondary antibody synthesis has been demonstrated for one species of experimental animal.
A correlation of the rate of diphtheria antitoxin formation with the determinations of toxoid decay in the lymph node indicates that the anamnestic production of antibody proceeds in at least two steps. The current theories of antibody formation which postulate various intermediates are considered in the light of the kinetic evidence.
Sedimentation Properties of Human and Sheep Erythrocyte Hemolysins
Authors: Johnson Alonza , Woernley Donald , Pressman David 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Rabbit antisheep erythrocyte hemolysin and rabbit anti-Rh+ human erythrocyte hemolysin are precipitated out of immune sera by Na2SO4 in the γ globulin fraction.
Sedimentation analysis in a partition cell indicated that the sheep hemolytic activity has a sedimentation value of 18.3 Svedberg units which corresponds to observations of others. However, human erythrocyte hemolysin has a sedimentation value of 6.95S which corresponds to the sedimentation constant, 6.94S, obtained by optical measurements on the bulk of the material (γ globulin) in this preparation.
Thus, different types of hemolysin are produced by rabbits depending on the source of erythrocytes used.
Studies of the Immunochemistry of Leptospires
Authors: Rothstein Nathaniel 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Precipitinogens prepared from 9 leptospiral serotypes were tested against a series of non-leptospiral antisera. Those sera that were positive were then tested against live leptospiral antigens in the micro-agglutination test. A Shigella dysenteriae 1 antiserum reacted at a significant level with 2 strains of Leptospira pomona; absorption of this antiserum with Leptospira pomona organisms removed the leptospiral titers almost entirely and reduced the Shigella precipitin titer to one-fourth of its original value. A precipitinogen prepared from Shigella dysenteriae 1 reacted with Leptospira pomona serotypes to titers of approximately the order usually obtained with the homologous antigen-antibody systems of both the Shigella and the leptospires. Shigella tube agglutination tests against leptospiral antisera showed a constant cross-reaction with Shigella flexneri 1. The data obtained from this study point to the existence of a heterogenetic relationship between Leptospira and other microorganisms.
Corneal Reactions to Horse Serum in Rabbits Passively Sensitized by Leukocytes
Authors: Tremaine Mary M. 
Published: January 2023

Abstract
Sensitization of experimental animals to serum antigens commonly results in the formation of circulating antibody. Subsequent reactions of the skin to the antigen are predominantly of the immediate type of sensitivity. These reactions are quantitatively related to the level of circulating antibody; they can be elicited in normal animals after passive sensitization with antigserum. However, occasional “delayed” or tuberculin-like reactions of the skin to serum antigens have been reported in actively sensitized animals (1) and in man (2). The number and intensity of “delayed” responses is increased when animals are sensitized with antigen plus acid-fast bacilli: injection of antigen into an active tuberculous lesion (3), incorporation of antigen with killed tubercle bacilli in oil (4), and use of extracted “wax” from tubercle bacilli as an adjuvant (5) are all effective techniques. Reactions of the skin to antigen after these procedures have characteristics of both immediate- and delayed-type sensitivity reactions.
Further Studies Upon the Complement Fixation Test in Chronic Gonorrhea in Women
Authors: Wilson M. A. , Forbes Mary V. , Schwartz Florence 
Published: January 2023

Summary
Investigation of various media for the preparation of gonococcus antigen showed that any of the starch-free and hemoglobin-free media that would give a profuse growth of the gonococcus within forty-eight hours at 37°C. would give antigens of equal value.
Recently isolated gonococci were of lower antigenicity than the Torrey strains isolated many years ago.
Autogenous antigens gave no stronger reactions with their homologous serums than did the Torrey strain antigen.
In this study we have encountered very few anticomplementary patients' serums that could not be controlled by heating.
The incidence of natural antisheep amboceptor that gave a negative reaction in a positive serum was only 0.3 per cent of 2374 bleedings. We found the Kaliski-Bauer test to be inadequate as a diagnostic measure, but of value as a control. Absorption of natural antisheep amboceptor did not give us uniform reactions.
As previously reported, we found the difference in fixative and hemolytic value of guinea-pig complements to be the greatest factor of variation in the gonococcus complement fixation test.
In order to give a true interpretation of our diagnostic tests in relation to the clinical classification, we have had to include three reactions frequently encountered in our tests that were not mentioned by Citron. Otherwise, our interpretations agree with Citron's.
Specificity tests with heterologous antigens gave no fixation with gonorrheal serums, as shown in table 3.
Non-gonorrheal serums tested with gonococcus antigens gave no complement fixation.
Tables 4 and 5 show the relative value of smear, culture and complement fixation. These three laboratory methods are discussed in a paper by Torrey and Wilson (15).
The clinical value of our gonococcus complement fixation tests is discussed in the publications of Barringer and Williams (3), and Barringer and von Bose (2).
Hepatic Reactions in Anaphylaxis
Authors: Manwaring W. H. , Chilcote R. C. , Hospital V. M. 
Published: January 2023

Summary
The isolated organs of horse serum sensitized dogs, perfused with Locke's solution containing 0.04 to 2.5 per cent horse serum, give the following reactions: Lungs: Slight preliminary vasodilation, followed by a pronounced vasoconstriction. Marked edema. Intestines: Distinct vasoconstriction. Marked edema. Liver: Slight vasoconstriction. Slight edema. Hind Quarters: Either: (1) slight vasodilation without edema or (2) slight vasoconstriction with marked edema. The vasoconstriction in these organs may possibly be secondary to increased tissue pressure from edema. If so, increased specific capillary permeability must be looked upon as the dominant underlying physiological factor in these reactions.