bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in UK pre‐schooler's mental health symptoms over the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic: Data from Co‐SPYCE study
Authors: Lawrence Peter J. , Skripkauskaite Simona , Shum Adrienne , Waite Polly , Dodd Helen 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic caused significant disruption to the lives of children and their families. Pre‐school children may have been particularly vulnerable to the effects of the pandemic, with the closure of childcare facilities, playgrounds, playcentres and parent and toddler groups limiting their opportunities for social interaction at a crucial stage of development. Additionally, for parents working from home, caring for pre‐school aged children who require high levels of support and care, was likely challenging. We conducted an intensive longitudinal, but not nationally representative, study to examine trajectories of pre‐schoolers’ mental symptoms in the United Kingdom during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsUK‐based parents and carers (n = 1520) of pre‐school‐aged children (2–4 years) completed monthly online surveys about their pre‐schoolers’ mental health between April 2020 and March 2021. The survey examined changes in children's emotional symptoms, conduct problems and hyperactivity/inattention.ResultsIn our final mixed‐effects models, our predictors (fixed effects) accounted for 5% of the variance in each of conduct problems, emotional symptoms and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms scores, and the combined random and fixed effects accounted for between 64% and 73% of the variance. Pre‐schoolers’ emotional problems and hyperactivity/inattention symptoms declined from April through summer 2020 and then increased again during the autumn and winter 2020/2021 as lockdowns were re‐introduced. Pre‐schoolers who attended childcare showed greater decline in symptom severity than those who did not. Older children, compared to younger, showed greater lability of emotion symptom severity. Attending childcare predicted lower symptom severity across all three domains of conduct problems, emotional symptoms, and hyperactivity/inattention, while the opposite pattern was observed for children whose parent had a mental health problem.ConclusionsOur findings reinforce the importance of examining pre‐schoolers’ mental health in the context of micro and macro‐level factors. Interventions focussing on family factors such as parent mental health, as well as continued provision of childcare, may have most potential to mitigate the impact of COVID‐19 on young children's mental health.
Modulating role of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation on the relationship between interannual variation of the long rains over Tanzania and south‐central tropical Indian Ocean sea surface temperature
Authors: Kebacho Laban Lameck , Chen Haishan 
Published: April 2023

AbstractSeveral studies have demonstrated the influence of sea surface temperature (SST) in the Indian Ocean on the interannual variability of the Tanzanian long rains (TLR). A new investigation into the south‐central tropical Indian Ocean (SCTIO) SST–TLR relationship has been undertaken, focusing on the modulating role played by the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). The relationship experienced interdecadal change during the early 1990s and was strong (weak) during the 1950–1990 (1991–2010) period. Further diagnosis revealed that the interdecadal change is closely associated with changes in atmospheric circulation anomalies induced by the SCTIO SST anomalies (SSTAs). Prior to the early 1990s, warm SCTIO SST induced anomalous upper‐level cyclone and easterlies over Tanzania, which led to evidence of abnormal subsidence over this region. These were accompanied by an early onset of the Southeast Asia monsoon (SAM) to promote dryness in Tanzania. Easterlies, cyclones and SAMs ceased to exist after the early 1990s. The SCTIO SSTA alone does not induce distinct atmospheric circulation anomalies linked to the TLR variation. It was found that IPO is a crucial factor modulating the nonstationary SCTIO SST–TLR relationship. Prior to the early 1990s, IPO‐related SSTA induced anomalous descending motion through the atmospheric bridge, resulting in northeasterly (easterly) over the north Indian (eastern Indian) Ocean. These anomalies also affect the mixed‐layer depth (latent heat flux), which in turn alters the SST, warming the whole Indian Ocean basin. In this case, the SCTIO SSTA exerts significant influence on the TLR, independent of the IPO. After the early 1990s, sea surface height anomalies from the Pacific propagate through the oceanic pathway to the SCTIO, which in turn modifies SSTs. During the 1991–2010 period, a weaker SCTIO SST–TLR association correlated with a stronger SCTIO SST–IPO relationship. We suggest that the IPO may act as a crucial modulator for the SCTIO SST–TLR relationship.
Historical assessment and future projection of extreme precipitation in CMIP6 models: Global and continental
Authors: Feng Taichen , Zhu Xian , Dong Wenjie 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn this study, the new gridded daily precipitation dataset REGEN (Rainfall Estimates on a Gridded Network) was used to verify the performance of 23 global climate models participating in the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) in terms of extreme precipitation over global and continents during 1950–2014. Projected changes were also evaluated using CMIP6 multi‐model ensemble (MME) under different Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) by the end of the 21st century. Although positive biases exist in the climatology of most extreme precipitation indices simulated by the CMIP6 MME compared with observations, most of the CMIP6 models can reproduce the spatial distribution characteristics and temporal evolution trends of global extreme precipitation. The simulation is improved by using the CMIP6 MME, relative to the results from individual models. The projected results showed that in most regions of the world, extreme precipitation will significantly increase in the future, with more significant increase under higher SSPs. By the end of the 21st century, total precipitation of wet days (PRCPTOT), simple daily intensity (SDII), the number of very heavy rain days (R20mm), maximum 1‐day precipitation (Rx1day) and maximum consecutive 5‐day precipitation (Rx5day) over the global will increase by up to 50%, 20%, 70%, 50% and 50%, respectively, under the SSP5‐8.5 scenario. Nevertheless, marked uncertainties exist in the projection of extreme precipitation in South America and in the global for consecutive dry days (CDD) index. Noteworthy, average PRCPTOT, Rx1day and Rx5day over Asia, Europe and North America, as well as of the whole world, have significantly increased where the CDD index is also higher, shown by projected results. In summary, global extreme precipitation will increase in the future, and precipitation will become more uneven in space and time. Moreover, as the SSP scenario becomes higher, the uneven distribution of precipitation will become more pronounced.
How do caregivers of children living with HIV/AIDS cope, and where do they get support?: A qualitative study in Ghana
Authors: Atanuriba Gideon Awenabisa , Apiribu Felix , Laari Timothy Tienbia , Bonsu Adwoa Bemah Boamah , Dzomeku Veronica Millicent , Afaya Richard Adongo , Salifu Yakubu , Amooba Philemon Adoliwine 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundCaring for children living with human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is challenging and has a tremendous impact on the physical and psychological health of caregivers. Caregivers of children with HIV/AIDS need to adopt coping mechanisms to navigate these complexities as it influences the quality of care provided. The literature on coping strategies and support (formal and informal) available to caregivers of children living with HIV/AIDS is scant. This study aimed to explore the coping strategies and support systems for caregivers of children living with HIV/AIDS.MethodsA phenomenological study design was adopted. A total of nine participants across three hospitals in the Tamale metropolis were interviewed using purposive sampling. The interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using Colaizzi's approach.ResultsFour main themes emerged from the analyses: (1) coping strategies, (2) types of support activities, (3) support from informal institutions and (4) support from formal institutions. The caregivers navigated the caring process with much spiritual coping. The caregivers had little or no support from informal institutions such as immediate family, faith and community leaders. Non‐governmental organizations were not visible in support, and there were no support groups for caregivers.ConclusionSupport for caregivers and the active involvement of the immediate family in paediatric HIV care is imperative.
Transient squeezing flow of the lubricant impregnated in the porous material
Authors: Zhang Guotao , Ma Liangliang , Jiang Ting , Tong Baohong , Li Meng , Shi Liping 
Published: April 2023

AbstractPorous materials are widely used in friction pairs. The transient squeezing flow of the lubricant significantly affects the lubrication quality. The study found that the lubricant penetrates into the porous matrix in the contact area and exudes upward to the entrance of the contact area. The maximum stress occurs at the subsurface of the contact zone, and the maximum pressure occurs at the contact centre. In the early loading stage, the lubricant exudates, resulting in a higher liquid‐phase load. With the prolongation of the time, the average stress decreases and then increases gradually, whilst the average pressure has the opposite change. In the late loading stage, the load is completely borne by the solid phase. Increasing the load will increases the seepage velocity of the lubricant, which enhance the pumping effect of the friction interface. The findings can help for better understanding of the self‐lubrication mechanism of the porous materials.
Analysis of the Binding of Cytokines to Highly Charged Polymer Networks
Authors: Freudenberg Uwe , Atallah Passant , Sommer Jens‐Uwe , Werner Carsten , Ballauff Matthias 
Published: April 2023

AbstractA model describing the binding of biological signaling proteins to highly charged polymer networks is presented. The networks are formed by polyelectrolyte chains for which the distance between two charges at the chain is smaller than the Bjerrum length. Counterion condensation on such highly charged chains immobilizes a part of the counterions. The Donnan‐equilibrium between the polymer network and the aqueous solution with salt concentration is used to calculate the salt concentration of the co‐ and counterions entering the network. Two factors are decisive: i) The electrostatic interaction between the network and the protein is given by the Donnan‐potential of the network and the net charge of the protein. In addition to this leading term, a second term describes the change in the Born‐energy of the proteins when entering the network. ii) The interaction of the protein with the highly charged chains within the network is governed by counterion release: Patches of positive charge at the protein become multivalent counterions of the polyelectrolyte chains thus releasing a concomitant number of condensed counterions. The model compares favorably to experimental data obtained on a set of biohybrid polymer networks composed of crosslinked glycosaminoglycan chains that interact with a mixture of key signaling proteins.
Ionically Modified Gelatin Hydrogels Maintain Murine Myogenic Cell Viability and Fusion Capacity
Authors: Burattini Margherita , Lippens Robrecht , Baleine Nicolas , Gerard Melanie , Van Meerssche Joeri , Geeroms Chloë , Odent Jérémy , Raquez Jean‐Marie , Van Vlierberghe Sandra , Thorrez Lieven 
Published: April 2023

AbstractFor tissue engineering of skeletal muscles, there is a need for biomaterials which do not only allow cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation, but also support the physiological conditions of the tissue. Next to the chemical nature and structure of the biomaterial, its response to the application of biophysical stimuli, such as mechanical deformation or application of electrical pulses, can impact in vitro tissue culture. In this study, gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) is modified with hydrophilic 2‐acryloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (AETA) and 3‐sulfopropyl acrylate potassium (SPA) ionic comonomers to obtain a piezoionic hydrogel. Rheology, mass swelling, gel fraction, and mechanical characteristics are determined. The piezoionic properties of the SPA and AETA‐modified GelMA are confirmed by a significant increase in ionic conductivity and an electrical response as a function of mechanical stress. Murine myoblasts display a viability of >95% after 1 week on the piezoionic hydrogels, confirming their biocompatibility. The GelMA modifications do not influence the fusion capacity of the seeded myoblasts or myotube width after myotube formation. These results describe a novel functionalization providing new possibilities to exploit piezo‐effects in the tissue engineering field.
Measurement of neutron yield for a medical linear accelerator below 10 MV
Authors: Carlone Marco , Yang Ray , Hyde Derek , Becker Nathan , Cocarell John 
Published: April 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe recent trend toward 10 MV for volumetric radiotherapy treatment such as volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), and stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy (SABR) introduces photoneutron production, with implications for non‐therapeutic patient dose and additional shielding requirements for treatment room design. The sharply nonlinear drop‐off in photoneutron production below 10 MV to negligible at 6 MV has scarcely been characterized quantitatively, yet can elucidate important practical insights.PurposeTo measure photoneutron yields in a medical linac at 8 MV, which may strike a reasonable balance between usefully increased beam penetration and dose rate as compared to 6 MV while reducing photoneutron production which is present at 10 MV.MethodsA Varian iX linear accelerator undergoing decommissioning at our clinic was made to operate over a range of photon energies between 6 and 15 MV by calibrating the bending magnet and adjusting other beam generation parameters. Neutron dose within the treatment room was measured using an Anderson‐Braun type detector over a continuum of intermediate energies.ResultsThe photoneutron production for energies below 10 MV was measured, adding to data that is otherwise scarce in the literature. Our results are consistent with previously published results for neutron yield. We found that the photoneutron production at 8 MV was about 1/10 of the value at 10 MV, and about 10 times higher than detector background at 6 MV.ConclusionsPhotoneutron production drops off below 10 MV, but is still present at 8 MV. An 8 MV beam is more penetrating than a 6 MV beam, and may offer a suitable tradeoff for modern radiotherapy techniques such as VMAT, SRS, and SABR. Further studies are needed to better understand the impact on treatment plan quality between 8 and 10 MV beams considering the benefits to facility requirements and non‐therapeutic patient dose.
Thiourea‐Derived Single‐Source Molecular Precursor For Spin‐Coated PbS Thin Films
Authors: Ketchemen Kevin I. Y. , Lapalikar Vaidehi , Carrillo‐Aravena Eduardo , Nyamen Linda D. , Ndifon Peter T. , Ruck Michael 
Published: April 2023

AbstractIn search of a suitable single‐source precursor for the deposition of nanostructured PbS thin films at moderate temperatures under ambient conditions, we have synthesized the ligand N‐(thiomorpholine‐4‐carbothioyl)benzamide and its corresponding lead(II) complex. The structures of both compounds were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In the complex, two ligands coordinate to a lead(II) atom in hemi‐directed geometry through S and O atoms. Secondary intermolecular Pb⋅⋅⋅S interactions group the complexes into pairs. As bulk powders, both the ligand and complex show nominal composition and purity as evidenced by elemental analysis, 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. Thermal analysis of the lead(II) complex was carried out to understand its thermal decomposition behaviour for establishing a thin film fabrication protocol. Thin films of phase‐pure PbS were fabricated using this new molecular precursor at the comparatively low annealing temperature of 250 °C. The film showed nanoparticles with cuboidal morphology and a blue‐shifted optical absorption.
Properties of basalt/aramid fiber reinforced hybrid composites compared to carbon fiber composites
Authors: Çelik Okan , Yaşar Abdulkadir , Karaçor Berkay 
Published: April 2023

AbstractDue to environmental concerns and sustainability issues, researchers have focused on developing novel composite structures in different industries. In this study, aramid and basalt fiber reinforced polymer hybrid composites were designed and manufactured as an alternative material to carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites. The hybrid composites were manufactured with different fiber ratios and stacking sequences to examine the effect on mechanical characteristics. Tensile, impact, hardness, morphological analysis, water absorption, and loss on ignition tests were performed to determine the properties of composites. The test results showed that tensile strength of the hybrid samples was dependent on the ratio and the sequence of fibers, while CFRPs had the highest tensile strength among all samples. Impact test results revealed that B24A24 basalt/aramid fiber hybrid composites had higher energy absorption capability compared to CFRPs at all different fiber ratios. Water absorption test results increment that increasing basalt fiber ratio increased the water absorption capacity of the hybrid composites. In case of aramid fiber in the upper layer, a decrease in ignition loss and increase in hardness values were observed. Through scanning electron microscopy analysis, a weak fiber‐matrix bonding was observed in the structure of hybrid samples in contrast to CFRPs.
A novel method based on eddy‐current equilibrium for improving the sensitivity of fiber orientation detection
Authors: Wang Teng , Wu Dehui 
Published: April 2023

AbstractFiber orientation deviation is a typical defect type in carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites (CFRPs) manufacturing process. Unlike other defect types, fiber orientation deviation has minimal influence on the local conductivity of CFRPs, so it is difficult to be detected by eddy current (EC) detection methods. Based on the principle of eddy‐current equilibrium, a new method is proposed in this paper to improve the sensitivity of fiber orientation detection. In this method, an EC field with eddy‐current equilibrium distribution inside the specimen is excited by means of a special double D‐shaped probe. When there is a deviation from the fiber orientation, the eddy‐current equilibrium state is broken, resulting in a rapid increase in the intensity and distribution range of the induced EC inside the specimen, and finally lead to a drastic change in the probe signal. The experimental results show that the double D‐shaped probe with an eddy‐current equilibrium effect can detect the fiber orientation of CFRPs, and the changes in fiber orientation can cause up to a 423.1% variation in the probe signal. Compared with the traditional rectangular probe, the designed probe is more sensitive than the former to small changes in fiber orientation in the range of −20° to 20° under high frequency excitation above 3 MHz. In addition, the proposed method can also be used for rapidly identifying fiber waviness with a deviation angle of 7.4° inside unidirectional CFRPs, which can be achieved effectively and intuitively through defect imaging.
Prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal urinomas in relation to the underlying etiology
Authors: Simonini Corinna , Strizek Brigitte , Strömer Annika , Gembruch Ulrich , Geipel Annegret 
Published: April 2023

AbstractObjectiveEvaluation of course and outcome of pregnancies with prenatally diagnosed fetal urinoma in a single center over a 20‐year period.MethodsRetrospective study including all prenatally suspected or diagnosed fetal urinomas. Cases were analyzed by ultrasound findings during pregnancy, comparing urinomas caused by lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) and ureteropelvic or ureterovesical junction obstruction (UPJO/UVJO). Course of pregnancy and outcomes were compared according to the underlying etiology.Results87 cases of fetal urinomas were identified between 2002 and 2022. The underlying etiology was LUTO in 56.3% and UPJO/UVJO in 43.7%. Complications mainly included oligo‐ or anhydramnios, thoracic hypoplasia as well as associated renal abnormalities. Postnatally, loss of function (LOF) in kidneys affected by urinomas was seen in 78.6% of children overall, but significantly more often in cases of UPJO/UVJO than in LUTO (86.2% vs. 70.2%, p < 0.05).ConclusionAssociation of prenatal urinoma and postnatal LOF of the affected kidney is high, especially in cases caused by UPJO/UVJO. In survivors with urinoma caused by UPJO/UVJO, the general prognosis is excellent if the contralateral kidney was normal. In survivors with urinomas caused by LUTO, long‐term prognosis depends on postnatal renal and pulmonary function.
The feedback I want versus the feedback I need: Investigating students' perceptions of feedback
Authors: Van Boekel Martin , Hufnagle Ashley S. , Weisen Shelby , Troy Alexandra 
Published: April 2023

AbstractGetting feedback on assignments is a ubiquitous educational experience. Researchers have typically described the feedback process in one of two ways—feedback as transmission of information from a more knowledgeable other to the learner or feedback as a student‐centered dialogue. The present study highlights a gap between theory and practice by comparing undergraduate students' perceptions of the purpose and preferred content of feedback to the views of academics. To measure students' perceptions and preferences about feedback, we administered a survey to 80 undergraduate students from a large research university in the United States. We also analyzed the content of genuine feedback a subset of those students received as part of one of their authentic classroom assignments. Overall, results suggest a shared understanding of the purpose of feedback between students and academics. However, students do not necessarily want to receive feedback that reflects those purposes. Theoretical and practical implications of this misalignment between students' views on the purpose of feedback and their actual experiences with feedback are discussed.